Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2491 969308 885320 2026-10-18T22:14:20Z Nura Bello 24854 969308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb|Tambarin Gwamnan jihar Zamfara]] [[File:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|tambarin jihar zamfara]] [[File:Talata Mafara Post Office - Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Talata mafara post ofis]] [[File:Zamfara state Gallery at Arewa House museum.jpg|thumb|Zamfara state gallery at arewa house museum Seal of zamfara state government]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Kyau yan zamfara]] [[Fayil:Nomadic settlement in Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|wuri a zamfara ]] [[Fayil:Zamfara flag.png|thumb|zamfara gusau]] [[Fayil:Gusau 01.jpg|thumb|Gusau]] [[Fayil:Seal of Zamfara State Government.jpg|thumb]] '''Jahar Zamfara''' [[jiha|jaha]] ce dake [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] Maso Yammacin ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. jihar ta samu 'yancin kai ne lukacin mulkin soja na margayi General sani Abacha, a shekarar 1996. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita '''39,762''' da yawan jama’a kimanin [[mutane]] '''3,838,160''' (miliyan uku da dubu ,ɗari takwas da Talatin da Takwas da ɗari ɗaya da sittin) (jimillar ƙidayar shekara ta 2011)<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a556518742b7c156JmltdHM9MTcxOTQ0NjQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTQzOA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=population+of+zamfara+state+2011&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZmFjdHMubmcvbmlnZXJpYW4tc3RhdGVzL3phbWZhcmEvIzp-OnRleHQ9WmFtZmFyYSUyMGhhcyUyMHR3byUyMG1ham9yJTIwZXRobmljJTIwZ3JvdXBzJTJDJTIwSGF1c2ElMjBhbmQsYW4lMjBlc3RpbWF0ZWQlMjBwb3B1bGF0aW9uJTIwb2YlMjAzJTJDODM4JTJDMTYwJTIwYXMlMjBhdCUyMDIwMTEu&ntb=1</ref>. Babban birnin tarayyar jahar zamfara shi ne [[Gusau]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/23/gusau-cargo-airport-absurd-inconceivable-shinkafi-to-gov-lawal/&ved=2ahUKEwjGwJvM5vGGAxV5XEEAHcOPBT8QxfQBKAB6BAgGEAE&usg=AOvVaw2BUsg3-pX1t7Al-lIbd68v</nowiki></ref>. Dauda Lawal Dare ne gwamnan jihar tun a shekarar 2023, har zuwa shekara ta 2026, wato ƙarshen shekarar mulkin shi na farko wanda za'ayi zaɓe a farkon shekarar 2027.<ref>"Zamfara State". Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</ref><ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</ref> ==Labari Akkan zamfara == '''Asalin Zamfarawa''' [[File:Base to top section of Kwatarkwashi.jpg|thumb|mutanen Zamfara sun kasance maharba ne tun a lokacin baya]] ''Zamfara'' ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masarautun asali na [[Hausawa]]. zamfarawa asalin [[Hausa|Hausawa.]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://trtafrika.com/ha/africa/tashe-aladar-hausawa ne-lokacin-ramadan-17603105&ved=2ahUKEwj97MeRv_CGAxVVUUEAHYrSBCYQxfQBKAB6BAgMEAI&usg=AOvVaw2tqxPhOk-rB6iUbdwJ_ebE</nowiki></ref> Sarkin [[musulmi]] <ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://amp.dw.com/ha/musulmi-na-gudanar-da-babbar-sallah-ta-edi2024/a-69376621&ved=2ahUKEwj0hKHx5vGGAxUZXUEAHd_xAfoQyM8BKAB6BAgJEAI&usg=AOvVaw1anRUPTy7Py8jCPqpn1W_s</nowiki></ref><ref>"Zamfara Gold Mining Factory". krzysztofpilarczyk.pl. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref> Muhammadu yana ganin Zamfarawa sun samu asali ne daga uba Bakatsine da uwa Bagobira. To su [[Zamfara]]wa sun kafa asalinsu ne daga [[Maguzawa]] maharba waɗanda sun zauna a yankin ƙasar [[Kano]] kafin zuwan [[Bagauda]] tun kafin zuwan [[Barbushe]] a [[Dutsen Dala]]. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa [[Zamfara]]wa [[Hausa]]wa ne na asali tun can fil azal. Zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa dai asalinsu maharba ne daga [[Maguzawa]]. Watakila sun samu tasirin Bare-Bari a farkon tarihinsu ko kuma a ce Bare-bari ne na asalin sarautar [[Zamfara]]. Tarihin ƙauyen Zamfara ya samo asali ne daga [[mutum]] Na farko da ya fara zama a cikin garin, daga garin ZAMFARA wanda ake kira da BAWA. Shi ya sa ake kiran garin da suna [[Zamfara]]. Farkon fadar masarautar an rusa ta. Garin ya haɗa iyakoki kamar haka; Rogo Sabon Gari da,Tsohuwar [[Rogo]] ta Gabas, [[Kaduna]] daga gefen yamma, Kaduna daga Kudu da Gari da Tsohuwar Rogo ta arewa.<ref name=":1">G.ƙaraye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History of karaye. p.71 ISBN 978125341</ref><ref>"Zamfara State, Nigeria Genealogy". FamilySearch Wiki. 11 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021</ref> Ana ganin Zamfarawan asali wasu irin manya-manyan mutane ne, a takwaice dai [[Samudawa]] ne. [[Dakka]], sarkin Zamfara na farko kamar dai [[Barbushe]] yake, mutum ne mai tsananin girma da ƙarfi da jarumta. Akwai wasu manya-manyan kaburbura guda shida a Dutsi waɗanda aka ce ƙaburburan sarakunan [[Zamfara]] ne na asali. Sabo da girman kaburburan su ana kiransu da kmƙaburburan Samudawa. Ga alamu Zamfarawan asali na da girman jiki sosai.<ref>Abdu . P.S., K. Swindell (1982). ''Sokoto State in Maps: An Atlas of physical and Human Resources''. Ibadan: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>"Zamfara gold mining: Niger Delta seeks amendment of petroleum, mining acts". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 12 December 2020. Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021</ref> '''Birnin Zamfara''' [[File:Mtkwatarkwashi 4.jpg|thumb|dutsen kwatarkwashi]] Zamfarawa sun fara kafa garinsu na farko ne mai suna Dutsi a ƙasar [[Zurmi]] ta yanzu. Don haka har yau Sarkin Zurmi na amsa sunan Sarkin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Zamfarawa sai da suka kwashe shekaru bakwai ba su naɗa sarki ba a Dutsi,daga nan sai suka naɗa sarkinsu na farko mai suna Dakka. Domin haka Sarkin Zamfara ana masa take da ''gimshikin gidan Dakka''. Sarakuna huɗu ne suka gaji Dakka a Dutsi. Daga nan sai sarauniyar 'ƴar Goje. [[File:IMG FK1.jpg|thumb|Zamfara]] [[File:Even the beast of burden needs a break sometimes.jpg|thumb|Zamfara road]] [[File:Roundabout in Gusau.jpg|thumb]] Daga Dutsi sai Zamfarawa suka yi tafiyar kamar mil Talatin a kan gulbin Gagare kusa da garin Isa na yanzu suka kafa wani sabon gari mai suna Birnin [[Zamfara]]. An ce Sarkin Zamfara na Bakwai (7) mai suna Bakurukuru ya kafa birnin. Amma wasu masana tarihi sun haƙiƙance cewa sarakuna ashirin da uku 23 ne aka binne a garin Dutsi don haka ba dai sarki na bakwai ba wanda ya kafa Birnin [[Zamfara]]. Zamfarawa sun gina garinsu wanda ya habaka sosai. Sun katange shi da ganuwa. Har yanzu akwai kufan tsohon garin akwai rusasshiyar [[ganuwa]] mai tsawon milyan goma-sha-uku da kofofin gari hamsin<ref>"Zamfara State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021</ref>. A nan zamu iya fahimtar cewa Zamfarawa sun kafa garinsu na biyu wanda ya kasance babbar cibiyar mulkin [[Zamfara]]. Sannan garin ya samu arziƙin masarrafofin zamani irin su Makarantun Boko, islamiyya, rijiyoyi, Burtsatse da dai sauransu.<ref name=":1" />Ofishin siyasa ta mata an buɗeta ne a garin zamfara a shekarar 2007. <ref name=":0">Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. p.164 ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</ref><ref>"Geospatial Poverty Portal: Interactive Maps". World Bank. Retrieved 22 January 2024.</ref> ==Kananan hukumomi== {| width=50% |- valign ="top" |width=50%| # [[Anka, Nigeria|Anka]] # [[Bakura, Nigeria|Bakura]] # [[Birnin-Magaji/Kiyawa]] # [[Bukkuyum]] # [[Bungudu]] # [[Gummi, Nigeria|Gummi]] # [[Gusau]] # [[Kauran-Namoda]] # [[Maradun]] # [[Maru, Nigeria|Maru]] # [[Shinkafi]] # [[Talata-Mafara]] # [[Tsafe]] # [[Zurmi]] |} == Rufe Netwok A Jihar Zamfara == [[Fayil:Coat of Arm Zamfara State.jpg|thumb|Zamfara coat of arm]] A ranar 3 ga watan satumba na shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Jihar [[zamfara]] ta bada umarnin kulle dukkan layukan wayar hannu (sim card) da sabis na ɗaukacin Jihar [[zamfara]] gaba ɗaya don a samu a magance matsalar tsaro. Anyi hakan ne domin yaƙi da 'ƴan [[Banditry|Bindiga Daji]] da kuma 'Yan ta'adda. An bada umarnin rufe sabis ɗin ne na tsawon sati Biyu domin dawo da zaman lafiya da tsaro me ɗorewa a jihar ta [[Zamfara]].<ref>https://punchng.com/banditry-months-after-no-fly-order-fg-shuts-down-telecom-sites-in-zamfara/</ref> == Arziki == tattalin arzikin Zamfarawa ya ta, allaƙane da harkar noma da kuma kiwo, sannan kuma da kasuwanci. == Tsaro == == Wasanni == == Mutane == Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Mahadi Ali Gusau]]. Dattijan jihar su ne: Janar [[Aliyu Muhammad Gusau]] me Ritaya,[[Ahmad Rufai Sani]], [[Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi]], [[Abdul'aziz Abubakar Yari]],Hassan Nasiha,Sahabi Liman Kaura, Mansur Dan'Ali,[[Kabir Garba Marafa]], [[Dauda Lawal Dare]], [[Sadiya Umar Farouq]] da [[Tijjani Kaura]]. [[File:Nigeria_Zamfara_State_map.png|thumb|Taswira Najeriya, inda jan yake nanne jihar Zamfara (Gusau)]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} * Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. ''Northern women development''. [Nigeria]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-906-469-4</nowiki>. *Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu, Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman. Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *G.karaye, Ibrahim. J. Shea, Philip. History.of karaye. [[ISBN]] 978125341 {{DEFAULTSORT:Zamfara}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category: Garuruwan Hausawa]] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} 63ol0ncezt49khv0cob0cm3sy2x8ln2 0 2665 969018 883095 2026-10-18T12:25:34Z Escanor247 47754 mun cire mahada 969018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Ahmadu bello university senate.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar Ahmadu bello]] [[File:Ahmadu Bello Premier of the Northern Region of Nigeria 1960 Oak Ridge (24650572060).jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardauna tare da wasu mutane]] [[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 4 - 202 - Prime minister of Northern Nigeria Ahmadu Bello opens Sultan Bello Hall - Ibadan, Oyo State, South West Nigeria - 1-13 February 1962.tif|thumb|hoton sardauna lokacin da yake kaddamar da dakin taro a jihar oyo]] [[Fayil:Sir Ahmadu Bello (1959).jpg|thumb|sir ahmadu bello]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello Sardaunan Sokoto Estate Katsina Stae 02.jpg|thumb|Estate Katsina steta Ahmedu Bello Sardaunan sokoto]] [[Fayil:Ahmadu Bello.ogg|thumb|right]] Sir '''Ahmadu Bello''' (An haife shi ranar 12 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1910) a karamar hukumar Rada da ke a jihar Sokoto.<ref>Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle.p.1 [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]].</ref> '''Sardauna''' shi ne tsohon Firimiyan [[Arewacin Najeriya]] [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] kuma ya rike sarautar '''Sardauna''' a jihar Sokoto. A shekara ta 1949, ya sami zuwa majalisar dokoki ta yankin [[Arewa]], yana kuma daga cikin mutum uku da aka zaba acikin kungiyar da ta rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.<ref>http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,2846635,00.html</ref>'''Sardauna''' mutum ne dake da mahimmanci sosai ga mutanen arewacin Najeriya, dama fadin kasar baki daya, saboda irin ayyukan cigaba daya kirkiro a yankin arewa harma da kudancin kasar gaba daya. Kamar Jami'ar [[Ahmadu Bello]], Gidan Rediyo dake Jihar [[Kaduna]], da sauransu. Duk da cewa '''Sardaunan''' Sokoto Sarauta ce tashi a Jihar Sokoto, amma sunan ya zama kamar wani inkiya a gareshi inda ya shahara wajen amsa shi a ciki da wajen Najeriya. == Farkon Rayuwarsa == Ahmadu Bello Sardauna, an haife shi ne a garin Raba, shekara ta (1909), a Gidan Malam Ibrahim Bello. Mahaifinsa shi ne Sarkin [[Rabah|Raba]].<ref name="tunde">cite news |last=Savage |first=Babatunde |date=1959-03-16 |title=Profile of a Fearless Leader |url= |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Lagos |access-date= </ref> kuma zuri'ar [[Uthman Dan Fodio|Usman Dan Fodio]] ne, kuma tattaba kunnen Sultan [[Muhammed Bello|Muhammad Bello]] kuma jikan Sultan Atiku na Raba. Yayi makarantar Sokoto Provincial School da kuma Katsina Training College. Lokacin karatun sa an sansa da Ahmadu Raba.<ref name="tunde"/> Ya kammala karatun sa ne a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da talatin da daya (1931), Sannan yazama babban Malamin harshen [[turanci]] a Sokoto Middle School. == Siyasa == [[File:Sa'adu Alanamu Sardauna of Sokoto.jpg|thumb|Ahmadu bello sardaunan sokoto da sa'adu alanamu da kuma wani mutumi]] A shekara ta (1934), an nada Ahmadu Bello [[hakimi]]n garin [[Rabah|Raba]] daga Sultan Hassan dan Mu'azu, inda yagaji dan uwansa. A shekara ta (1938), an masa karin girma a matsayin Shugaban [[Gusau]] dake jihar [[Zamfara]] a yau, kuma yazama mabiyi a masarautar Sultan's council. A shekara ta (1938), yana da shekara 28, yayi kokarin zama sarkin sokoto amma bai samu nasara ba, yasha Kaye a hannun Sir Siddiq Abubakar II wanda yayi mulki na tsawon shekaru hamsin (50), har sai sanda yarasu a (1988). Sai sabon Sarkin yayi maza ya naɗa Sir Ahmadu Bello da Sardaunan [[Sokoto]], sarautan girmamawa kuma yakaisa ga matsayin Sokoto Native Authority Council. Wadannan muka man ne suka kai shi har ya zama babban mai bawa sultan shawara akan harkokin siyasa. Daga bisani, aka bashi ikon duba gundumomi arba'in (47) ashekara ta (1944), ya dawo fadar maimartaba Sultan danyin aiki a matsayin babban mai kula da jaha akan al-amura na gargajiya (Chief Secretary of the State Native Administration). === Jam'iyya === A kuma shekara ta (1940s), sai ya shiga cikin Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa wanda daga baya takoma NPC a shekara ta 1951. Zuwa shekara ta 1948, yasamu tallafin karatu daga Gwamnati zuwa kasar [[Ingila]] Dan yin karatun Local Government Administration wanda ya kara masa karin ilimi da fahimtar gwamnati. [[File:Nigerian Public Domain 363.jpg|thumb|Sardauna na gaisawa da Queen Elizabeth ta biyu]]. Bayan dawowarsa daga [[United Kingdom|Britain]], an zabe shi ya wakilci yankin [[Sokoto]] a ''regional House of Assembly''. A matsayinsa na ''member of the assembly'', ya kasance dakare wajen kare hakkin arewacin Najeriya da kuma hakin kan wakilan yankin wadanda suka fito daga manyan masarautun arewa, wato [[Kano]], [[Masarautar Borno]] da [[Sokoto]]. An zabeshi da wasu a matsayin member of a committee wadanda sukayi Richards Constitution kuma yaje general conference a [[Ibadan]]. Aikin sa a assembly da kuma gun tsarin constitution drafting committee ya janyo masa yarda da kauna a arewa, hakane yasa aka zabe shi da yayi mulki a karkashin Jam'iyyar Mutanen [[Arewa]].<ref name="tunde" /> A zabukan da aka gudanar na farko a arewacin Najeriya a shekara 1952, Sir Ahmadu Bello yasamu nasarar zuwa a Northern House of Assembly, kuma yazama member of the regional [[Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)|executive council]] as [[minister (government)|minister]] of works. Ahmadu Bello ya rike ministan ayyuka, dana Local Government, da minister of Community Development in the [[Northern Nigeria|Northern Region of Nigeria]]. A shekara ta 1954, Bello yazama [[Premier]] na farko a [[Northern Nigeria]]. A kuma shekara ta 1959 a zabukan yancin kai, Ahmadu Bello ya jagoranci jam'iyar NPC har ya samu nasara da yawan kujeru a majalisar kasa. NPCn da Bello ke jagoranta ta kulla kawance da jam'iyar Dr. [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] NCNC ([[National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons]]) to form Nigeria's first indigenous federal government which led to independence from [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. In forming the 1960 independence federal government of the [[Nigeria]], Bello a matsayinsa na shugaban NPC, ya zaɓi yaci gaba da zama Premier na [[Arewacin Nijeriya]] sannan ya bayar da matsayi. == Yadda aka kashe Sardauna == Kafin ya tafi Umara a Janairun shekarar 1966, sai da ya kai ziyara zuwa Sokoto domin yiwa yan' uwa sallama. Wadanda suke tare da shi duk sun kula da alamomin sarewa da duniya a tattare da shi. An ce kafin kisan sa, har wasika ya karba na bankado asirin kisan sa daga shugaban Misra, Jamal Abdul Nasser, amma sardauna yayi burus,yace mutum baya tsallake kaddarar sa. Duk da dai cewa gwamnan Yamma Dr. Awolowo ya zo ya samu Sardauna akan kishin-kishin din cewa sojoji suna shirin yi musu juyin mulki, amma Sardauna ya ki basu damar daukan wani mataki. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairu, wajen karfe 10 na dare, Major Nzeogu Kaduna da yaransa suka shiga gidan firemiya suka same shi yana lazimi, suka harbe shi da bindiga har lahira.Hakazalika har ɗaya daga cikin matan sa suka kashe. Bayan nan suka sanya wa gidan wuta. Sheikh Abubakar Gumi ne ya shirya jana'izar, sannan ya sallaci firemiya washegari. Daga cikin wadanda suka halarci jana'izar akwai minista Ibrahim Musa Gashash, Usman Kafin Baki, Turai Aliyu,Dr. Dikko da manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati. An binne shi wajen karfe 12-1 na ranar 16 ga wata. Duk wadanda suka kitsa juyin mulkin dukkan su kananan sojojin inyamurai ne. Daga dalilan wadanda suka kashe shi har da cewa suna zargin sa da raba kan kasa da maida hankali kan Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan wannan bai ma yarda da kasar Isra'ila ba da take jaririya a lokacin. == Bibiliyo == * sir ahmadi Bello, 1910 zuwa1966. (1999). ''Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto : his thoughts and vision in his own words : selected speeches and letters of the great leader''. Nchi, Suleiman Ismaila., Mohammed, Samai̕la Abdullahi. Makurdi: Oracle. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-34637-2-1|978-34637-2-1]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 44137937. *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366 *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;''Sardauna media coverage, 1950-1966 : His Excellency Sir Ahmadu Bello ... Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern NigeriaISBN978-978-49000-2-7OCLC696110889'' *· &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Bello, Ahmadu, Sir, 1910-1966. (2009). ''Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto, late Premier of Northern Nigeria : selected speeches and quotes, 1953-1966''. Kaduna, Nigeria: Sir Ahmadu Bello Memorial Foundation. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-49000-1-0</nowiki>. OCLC 696220895. *. Paden J.N (1986). Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto: Values and Leadership in Nigeria. Hudahuda publishing company, Zaria. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bello, Ahmadu}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1910]] ai1sgzigunjarzlgmvxxaklizrotku3 0 4413 969180 301102 2026-10-18T17:00:59Z Hauwa'u lawal ardo 27936 969180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ian Allison .jpg|thumb|Ian Allison]] '''Ian Allinson,''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar [[Ingila]] ne. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1957]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Allison, Ian}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] esm6ua49d8inovl8tq3ct695vtwdilf 969182 969180 2026-10-18T17:01:23Z Hauwa'u lawal ardo 27936 969182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ian Allison .jpg|thumb|Ian Allison]] '''Ian Allinson,''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar [[Ingila]] ne. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1957]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Allison, Ian}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] ihag91irhdjgdx29jsohqo38eqg7xa2 969184 969182 2026-10-18T17:02:00Z Hauwa'u lawal ardo 27936 969184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ian Allison .jpg|thumb|Ian Allison]] '''Ian Allinson,''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne, ta ƙasar [[Ingila]] ne. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1957]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Allison, Ian}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] dumpj547l2pl7ojkg8rwwrz782eanng 0 5392 969191 892746 2026-10-18T17:06:14Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 969191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Makkah''', <ref>/ˈmɛkə/</ref> Makkah al-Mukarramah a hukumance, <ref>Arabic: مَكَّة ٱلْمُكَرَّمَة, romanized: Makkah al-Mukarramah, lit. 'Makkah the Noble', Hejazi Arabic pronunciation: [makːa almʊkarːama]</ref> babban birnin lardin Makka ne a yankin Hejaz na yammacin Saudiyya; shi ne birni mafi tsarki a Musulunci<ref>Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2001. p. 724. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-87779-546-9</nowiki>.</ref>. Yana da nisan kilomita 70 (mil 43) daga Jeddah akan Bahar Maliya, a cikin wani kunkuntar kwari mai tsayin mita 277 (909 ft) sama da matakin teku. Yawan jama'arta a cikin 2022 ya kasance miliyan 2.4, wanda ya sa ya zama birni na uku mafi yawan jama'a a Saudi Arabiya bayan Riyadh da Jeddah. Kusan kashi 44.5 cikin 100 na al’ummar Saudiyya ‘yan kasar ne kuma kusan kashi 55.5% ‘yan kasashen waje ne musulmi daga wasu kasashe.<ref>"Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information". City Population. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</ref> Yawan alhazai fiye da sau uku a kowace shekara a lokacin [[Aikin Hajji|aikin hajji]], wanda ake yi a watan Hijira na sha biyu ga Zul-Hajji<ref>"Hajj The Holy Pilgrimage". Salamislam. 3 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.</ref>. Tare da baƙi sama da miliyan 10.8 na duniya a cikin 2023, Makka tana ɗaya daga cikin birane goma da aka fi ziyarta a duniya.<ref>"Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…". Euromonitor. 13 December 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2024.</ref> Makka gaba daya ana daukarsa "tushen tushen Musulunci"<ref>Ogle, Vanessa (2015). The Global Transformation of Time: 1870–1950. Harvard University Press. p. 173. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-674-28614-6</nowiki>. Mecca, "the fountainhead and cradle of Islam," would be the center of Islamic timekeeping.</ref><ref>Nicholson, Reynold A. (2013). ''Literary History Of The Arabs''. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN <bdi>978-1-136-17016-4</bdi>. <q>Mecca was the cradle of Islam, and Islam, according to Muhammad, is the religion of Abraham.</q></ref>. Ana girmama Makka a Musulunci a matsayin mahaifar Annabi Muhammadu. Kogon Hira da ke saman Jabal al-Nur ("Dutsen Haske"), kusa da birnin, shi ne inda Musulmai suka yi imani da cewa an saukar da Alkur'ani ne ga Muhammadu<ref>Khan, A M (2003). Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith. Global Vision Publishing Ho. pp. 26–. <nowiki>ISBN 978-81-87746-47-8</nowiki>.; Al-Laithy, Ahmed (2005). What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an. Garant. pp. 61–. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-441-1774-5</nowiki>.</ref>Ziyarar Makka don aikin Hajji wajibi ne a kan dukkan musulmin da ke da iko. [[Masjid al-Haram|Babban Masallacin Makkah]], wanda aka fi sani da Masjid al-Haram, gidan [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]] ne, wanda Musulmi suka yi imani da cewa Ibrahim da Isma'il ne suka gina shi. Shi ne wuri mafi tsarki na Musulunci kuma alkiblar salla ga dukkan musulmin duniya<ref>Nasr, Seyyed (2005). Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam. Aperture. <nowiki>ISBN 0-89381-752-X</nowiki>.</ref>. Mahukuntan musulmi na yankin da kewaye sun dade suna kokarin kwace birnin da kuma rike shi a hannunsu, don haka kamar yadda akasarin yankin [[Hijaz]] ya yi, birnin ya ga canje canjen gwamnatoci da dama. A kwanan baya ne [[Ibn Saud]] da abokansa suka mamaye birnin a lokacin da Saudiyya ta mamaye birnin Hejaz a shekarar 1925. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Makka ta samu gagarumin ci gaba a girma da ababen more rayuwa, tare da sabbin gine-gine na zamani irin su The Clock Towers, gini na hudu mafi tsayi a duniya da kuma na uku mafi girma a kasa<ref>Bayat, Ehsan (28 January 2021). "Dr. Ehsan Bayat - 6 Facts You Need to Know about the Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower". Dr. Ehsan Bayat. Retrieved 19 June 2024.</ref>.[[File:Bab Makkah 3.jpg|thumb|Kofa<ref>/ˈmɛkə/</ref>higa Makkah]] [[File:Makka.jpg|thumb|photon Ka'aba a birnin Makka mai girma]] [[Fayil:Kaaba 2.jpg|thumb|Ka'aba]] [[Fayil:Makkah Montage.jpg|thumb|gari mafitsarki aduniya]] [[Fayil:Uprooted palm trees at Makkah Street in Al Luqta.jpg|thumb|Jijiyar itace Na Makkah a ciki Al liqta]] [[File:Peace-Pakistan-Man-in-Ihram-Mecca.jpg|thumb]] == Tarihi == labari A cikin 2010, Makka da kewaye sun zama wuri mai mahimmanci don ilimin burbushin halittu game da juyin halitta na farko, tare da gano burbushin Saadanius. Ana ɗaukar Saadanius a matsayin ɗan fari mai alaƙa da kakannin kakannin birai da birai na Tsohuwar Duniya. Wurin zama na burbushin halittu, kusa da abin da a yanzu ake kira Bahar Maliya a yammacin Saudiyya, yanki ne mai dausayi mai dausayi tsakanin shekaru miliyan 28 zuwa 29 da suka wuce.<ref>Sample, Ian (14 July 2010). "Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016.</ref> Masana burbushin halittu da ke cikin binciken suna fatan samun ƙarin burbushin halittu a yankin.<ref>Laursen, Lucas (2010). "Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2010.354. ISSN 0028-0836.</ref> Tarihin farko (har zuwa karni na 6 AD) Tarihin farko na Makka har yanzu yana cike da rashin ingantaccen tushe. Garin yana cikin tsakiyar yankin yammacin Larabawa wanda akwai wasu mabubbugar rubutu ko kayan tarihi masu yawa.<ref>Peters, F. E. (1994). Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 135–136. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4008-8736-1</nowiki>. OCLC 978697983.</ref>Wannan rashin ilimin ya bambanta da yankunan arewaci da kudancin yammacin Larabawa, musamman yankin Syro-Falasdinawa da kuma [[Yemen]], inda masana tarihi ke da tushe daban-daban kamar ragowar wuraren ibada, rubuce-rubuce, abubuwan lura da marubutan Greco-Roman, da bayanan da masana tarihi na coci suka tattara. Yankin Hejaz da ke kewaye da Makka yana da yanayin nisa, dutsen da ba shi da kyau, wanda ke tallafawa tsirar jama'a a cikin warwatsewar tudu da kuma shimfidar ƙasa mai albarka. Gabar Tekun Bahar Maliya ba ta ba da tashar jiragen ruwa mai sauƙi ba kuma mazaunan bakin teku da ƙauyuka a yankin ba su da ilimi.<ref>Peters, F. E. (1994). ''Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land''. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 135–136. ISBN <bdi>978-1-4008-8736-1</bdi>. OCLC 978697983.</ref> Binciken ilimi ya nuna cewa a lokacin Muhammadu mutanen Makka sun kai kusan 550.[43] Malaman musulmi masu amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya na iya sanya adadin ya kai 10,000.[44] Maganar Makka ta farko a cikin adabin da ba na Musulunci ba ya zo ne a shekara ta 741, tun bayan rasuwar Muhammad, a cikin tarihin Byzantine-Arab, ko da yake a nan marubucin ya sanya yankin a Mesopotamiya maimakon Hejaz.[45][[File:Public Domain Mecca Maps 17.jpg|thumb|Zanen yanayin garin makka a wani karni na baya]] <gallery> File:Badr Saudi Arabia - panoramio (5).jpg|Yankin Badar a Saudi Arabiya </gallery> ==Tufafi == <gallery> File:Mitglieder verschiedener Scherifenfamilien in Mekka.png|Yanayin sanya kayan mutanen saudiya a zamanin da </gallery> == Mulki == <gallery> File:Public Security's Khalid Fahad al-Shunaber - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Jami'i mai bayar da tsaro ga al'umma Khalid Fahad File:King Abdul Aziz Gate - panoramio.jpg|Babbar kofar Sarki Abdul Aziz </gallery> == Addini == <gallery> File:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|Masallacin harami File:Haji pilgrimage mina tent city.jpg|Mina File:Jabal Rahmat 2008 - panoramio.jpg|Dutsen Jabal Rahamat File:Worshippers eat at the Haram - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Alhazai a Makka mai girma </gallery> ==Qur'ani == [[File:Madina Hilton.JPG|thumb|hotal madina]] ==Masallatai == [[File:Makka, Konkani vishvakosh.png|thumb|Masallacin ka'aba]] [[File:Makka Masjid, Hyderabad.JPG|thumb|Masallacin Hydrabad Makka]] [[File:Makka.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Ka'aba makka]] <gallery> File:Old Hubaidiyah Mosque - panoramio.jpg|Tsohon Masallaci a Hubaidiyah </gallery> ==Makkah == <gallery> File:Mekka .jpg|Massallacin Makkah da Dakin Ka'aba </gallery> ==Madina == [[File:Luxor El-Madina El-Monawwara R03.jpg|thumb|Cikin madina]] [[File:Luxor El-Madina El-Monawwara R01.jpg|thumb|Madina]] [[File:Madina Building, Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|Manyan gine ginen madina]] <gallery> File:Saudi arabia - panoramio (5).jpg|Masallacin Madina </gallery> == Mutane == <gallery> File:Essam Al Mojalid.JPG|Dan kasar Saudiya mai suna Essam Al Mojalid File:Hayat Sindi - PopTech 2012 - Camden Maine USA (8103609979).jpg|Hayat Sindi, Daya daga cikin sanannun mata a kasar Saudiya </gallery> == Noma == <gallery> File:Date Palm Tree.jpg|Bishiyan Dabino File:Date palm tree.jpg|Yayan Dabino File:Three palm trees during the sunset, Ayia Marina Chrysochous, Paphos District, Cyprus 02.jpg|Bishiyoyin dabino File:Nature of Cambodia. Palm trees.jpg|Gonan dabino File:Orangerieschloss, Potsdam (SPSG2277).jpg|Bishiyan dabino a wani muhalli inda ba gona ba File:Opaque and mirroring green paddy fields with palm tree.jpg| Gonan Dabino </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Makkah}} [[Category:Biranen Saudiyya]] 3fg9b4st9c8i7o4q9p2do0qju458bdl 0 6176 969302 871163 2026-10-18T21:59:29Z Nura Bello 24854 969302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Kebbi stadium car park.jpg|thumb|Garejin motoci a Kebbi]] [[File:Nigerian number plate Kebbi.jpg|thumb|Lambar motar kebbi]] [[File:Community group meeting Kebbi State - Nigeria June 2015 (18863735256).jpg|thumb|Mutanen jihar kebbi]] [[File:Seal of Kebbi State.png|thumb|Seal of kebbi state]] [[File:Floods in Kebbi State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Floods in Kebbi State, Nigeria]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.kebbistate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |archive-date=2023-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618205222/https://www.kebbistate.gov.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Village settlers crossing a river on boat in Kebbi.jpg|thumb|Kogin kebbi]] '''Jihar Kebbi''' jiha ce daga cikin jihohin [[Najeriya]]. Tana da yawan fadin kasa kimanin kilomita murabba’i 36,800 da yawan jama’a milyan Uku da dubu ɗari shida da talatin da ɗari takwas da talatin da ɗaya (jimillar 2005). An samar da jihar [[Kebbi]] ne daga Jihar Sakkwato a ranar 27 ga watan Agustan a shekarar 1991 a lokacin mulkin [[Janar Ibrahim Babangida]]. Babban Birnin Jihar shi ne [[Birnin Kebbi]]. Jihar Kebbi ta kasu zuwa ƙananan hukumomi 21, da masarautu hudu (Gwandu, Argungu, Yauri da Zuru), da gundumomi 35<ref>"This is how the 36 states were created". Pulse Nigeria. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2021</ref>. Jihar Kebbi ta samo sunan ta ne daga karni na 14" MULKIN KEBBI" wanda ya kasance lardin tsohuwar daular Songhai. Musulunci shine addini mafi rinjaye. Jihar tana Arewa maso Yammacin Najeriya, jihar Kebbi tana da faɗin murabba'in kilomita 36,800. Jihar Kebbi tana da iyaka da jihar Sokoto a bangaren arewa maso gabas, jihar Zamfara daga gabas, jihar Neja ta bangaren yamma sannan kudu da jamhuriyar Nijar a ɓangaren yamma.<ref>Ojo, Demola. "Family of Elephants Make Kebbi Their Home". This Day. Retrieved 25 December 2021.</ref><ref>Okpanachi, Eyene (2011). "Between Conflict and Compromise: Lessons on Sharia and Pluralism from Nigeria Kaduna and Kebbi States". Emory International Review. 25 (2): 900.</ref><ref>George Steinmetz (1999). State/culture: state-formation after the cultural turn. Cornell University Press. p. 231. <nowiki>ISBN 0-8014-8533-9</nowiki>. Retrieved 25 December 2021.</ref> ===TATTALIN ARZIKI=== [[Fayil:Seal of Kebbi State.png|thumb]] Jihar Kebbi tana da wuraren da ake amfani da su wajen noma tun da yake tana da arzikin kasa mai yawa, filayen gonaki masu yawa da kuma rafuka masu bunkasa fannin tattalin arziki da ke samar da yanayi mai kyau. Bisa wadannan dalilai, noma ya kasance babbar hanyar samun kudaden shiga a jihar, kuma shi ne kashin bayan tattalin arzikin jihar. Manyan kayan abinci da ake nomawa a yankin sun hada da gero, Dawa, masara, rogo, dankalin turawa, shinkafa, wake, albasa da kayan lambu, sannan kuma ana samar da kayan amfanin gona da suka hada da alkama, waken soya, ginger, rake, gyada a jihar.<ref>"U.S. Ambassador Joins Kebbi Governor to Launch New Partnership with WACOT Rice to Improve Food Security". USAID. 20 May 2021. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2021</ref><ref>"Human Development Indices". Global Data Lab. Retrieved 15 December 2021</ref> Hakazalika, ana samar da 'ya'yan itatuwa irin su mangwaro, kashu, Goba, da Gwanda a karkashin aikin gona. Jihar Kebbi tana da Hukumar Bunkasa Aikin Gona ta Kebbi wadda ke da alhakin aiwatar da manufofinta na noma. Jihar Kebbi tana da rafukan dasuke taimakawa wajen inganta tattalin arzikintav irin su Neja da Rima domin bunkasa ayyukan kamun kifi. Kamun kifi ya kasance daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan mazauna jihar. Har ila yau jihar ta shahara a bangaren kiwon dabbobi sun sanya jihar ta zama tushen albarkatun kasa<ref>"Human Development Indices". Global Data Lab. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref><ref>Holden, J. J. (1965). "The Zabarima Conquest of North-West Ghana Part I". Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana. 8: 60–86. ISSN 0855-3246. JSTOR 41403569.</ref> ===MA'ADANAN KASA=== Ma'adinai a jihar sun hada da farar kasa, gishiri, yumbu da gypsum.<ref>"African Books Collective: The History of the Zuru Emirate". www.africanbookscollective.com. Retrieved 16 January 2025</ref> ===BIKIN KAMUN KIFI=== Wannan dai na daya daga cikin bukukuwan da suka fi shahara a nahiyar Afirka kuma ana gudanar da shi a duk shekara a a garin Argungu, jihar Kebbi ta Najeriya. Daya daga cikin bukukuwan sana’o’i shi ne bikin kamun kifi da al’adu na Argungu. An fara gudanar da bikin Argungu a matsayin babban biki a shekarar 1934, inda aka shirya shi domin tunawa da ziyarar Sarkin Musulmi, [[Malam Hassan Dan Muazu]] a garin Argungu. Har ya zuwa yanzu, taron na masunta na Gudana duk Shekara inda dubban mutane ke taruwa domin Aiwatar da bikin wasan kamun kifin. Bikin kamun kifinl na Argungu hanya ce ta rayuwa ga al’ummar jihar Kebbi. Bikin yana kiyaye al'ada kuma yana inganta ta. Bikin na shekara-shekara yana faruwa ne al watan Fabrairu kuma yana nuna karshen lokacin noma da kuma lokacin kamun kifi. Bikin kamun kifi na Argungu na shekara-shekara ne da ke jan hankalin jama'a daga ko'ina cikin Najeriya da wajen kuma taron al'adu ne na kwanaki hudu da ke zuwa tare da bikin kamun kifi a kogin Matan Fada inda duk wani mai kamun kifi da ya kama kifi mafi girma yana samun lada. Ana ba masuntan sa'a guda ne kawai don su su kamo mafi girman kifia wannan lokacin, kuma kusan masunta dubu ne suke shiga cikin kogin tare da kayan kamun kifinsu da tarunsu don kama kifi mafi girma daga cikin Kogin, ana harbaba bindiga ne dokln ba masunta damar shiga cikin kogin. Bikin na shekara-shekara baya ga bikin kamun kifi kuma yana kunshe da abubuwan kade-kade, al'adu, da na wasanni. Wannan wata shahararriyar gasar kamun kifi ce da aka saba gudanarwa duk shekara a jihar Kebbi, kuma wurin yawon bude ido ne inda dukkan masunta ke fara farautar kamun kifi na awa daya. Kogin Matan Fada shi ne wurin da za a gudanar da gasar kuma yana a garin Argungu, wanda shi ne babban birnin masarautar Argungu, kuma ba wai kawai zai zama wurin shakatawa ba ne a lokacin bikin kamun kifi na Argungu, har ma a matsayin al'adun gargajiya na mutanen Kabawa da ke da dimbin tarihi. su ne manyan kabilun da ke zaune a masarautar Argungu. Babu wani hani ga dukbwanda zai iya shiga gasar, 'Yan kallo suna da yawa sosai wanda ya haifar da habakar tattalin arzikin jama'a sakamakon fa'idar kasuwanci da ke da alaka da bikin. [[File:Black pickup truck in birnin kebbi.jpg|thumb|cikin garin kebbi]] Jihar Kebbi tana da iyaka da jihohi hudu (4), sune: [[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]], [[Zamfara]] da kuma jihar [[Nijar (jiha)|Niger]]. [[File:Kebbi State Nigeria.png|thumb|Taswirar Jihar Kebbi]] [[File:ALMAJIRI children at Kebbi State Nigeria 2.jpg|thumb|Makarantar allo a kebbi]] <ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Kebbi-state-Nigeria</ref> ===Kananan Hukumomi=== Jihar Kebbi na da kananan hukumomi guda ashirin da daya (21), da masarautu hudu, su ne; ([[Masarautar Gwandu]], [[MasarautarArgungun]], [[Masarautar Yauri]] da [[Masarautar Zuru]]), tana kuma da gundumomi (35). Kananan hukumomin su ne: * [[Aleiro]] * [[Arewa Dandi]] * [[Argungu]] * [[Augie]] * [[Bagudo]] * [[Birnin Kebbi]] * [[Bunza]] * [[Dandi, Nigeria|Dandi]] * [[Fakai]] * [[Gwandu]] * [[Jega, Nigeria|Jega]] * [[Kalgo]] * [[Koko/Besse]] * [[Maiyama]] * [[Ngaski]] * [[Sakaba]] * [[Shanga, Nigeria|Shanga]] * [[Suru, Nigeria|Suru]] * [[Danko/Wasagu]] * [[Yauri, Nigeria|Yauri]] * [[Zuru]] == Manazarta == {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kebbi}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] 10qazh6y8ht7e1d8vqdwae7azfajrll 0 6194 969301 965728 2026-10-18T21:54:19Z Nura Bello 24854 969301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jihar Sokoto''' jiha ce daga cikin jihohi talatin da shida (36) da ke a tarayyar [[Najeriya]], kuma ɗaya daga cikin Jihohi 7 na Arewa maso yammacin ƙasa ta Najeriya. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita murabba’i 25,973 (25,973 km²). An kiyasta cewa yawan jama'ar da ke Jahar Sokoto ya haura kimanin mutane milliyan 6.3 zuwa milliyan 6.5 a shekarun (2025/2026). Babban birnin Jihar shi ne [[Sokoto (birni)|Sakkwato]]. jihar sokoto tana da kananan hukumomi guda ashirin da ukku 23, wadanda suka hada da na tsakiya da gabaccin sokoto da kuma yammaci ta. Sarkin Musulmi na Najeriya ya fito ne daga jihar Sultan [[Sa'adu Abubakar III]]. Jihar Sokoto tana da iyaka da jihohi biyu na [[Kebbi]] da [[Zamfara]] da kuma Kasar Nijar. == Tarihi == Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a matsayin jiha a shekarar 1976 (daga lokacin da aka raba Jihar Arewa maso Yamma (Taswira) zuwa Jihohin Sokoto da Nijar, gwamnonin jihar Sokoto, mafi yawan tsoffin jami'an soja, suka gaje juna a ɗan gajeren lokaci. Sokoto, a matsayin yanki, ta san tarihi mai tsawo. A lokacin mulkin Daular Fulani a ƙarni na 19, Sokoto muhimmiyar jiha ce ta Fula, ban da kasancewarta birni, na abin da a lokacin yake yammacin tsakiyar Najeriya.<ref>Sokoto State of Nigeria :: Nigeria Information & Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 11 February 2022</ref> Daga kimanin 1900, tare da mamayar Birtaniya, Sokoto, wacce a lokacin ta mamaye dukkan kusurwar arewa maso yammacin Najeriya, ta zama lardin da Birtaniya ke kula da Najeriya. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an ƙara Gando a matsayin ƙaramin lardi.<ref name=":0">Wikisource One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Shaw, Flora (1911). "Sokoto". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 353–354.</ref> Wannan lardi mai ninki biyu ya mamaye yankin murabba'in kilomita 90,000 (murabba'in kilomita 35,000) tare da kimanin yawan jama'a sama da 500,000. Ya haɗa da masarautun Zamfara da Argungu na lokacin, ko Kebbi,. Wannan ɗan taƙaitaccen bayani daga Encyclopædia na 1911 Britannica ta bayar da wasu bayanai daga mahangar mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya: An tsara lardin bisa ga ƙa'ida ɗaya da sauran lardunan Arewacin Najeriya. An sanya wani mazaunin Birtaniya mai aji ɗaya a Sokoto da mataimakan mazauna wasu cibiyoyi. An kafa kotunan shari'a na Burtaniya kuma an ware gwamnonin Burtaniya a lardin. An kuma sanya sassan 'yan sanda na farar hula a manyan ofisoshin. An tantance ƙasar a ƙarƙashin sabon tsarin haraji kuma ana buɗe ta cikin sauri don kasuwanci. Bayan kafa mulkin Birtaniya, manoma da makiyaya sun sake mamaye gundumomin kuma mazauna birane sun yi tururuwa zuwa ƙasar, suna sake gina ƙauyuka waɗanda suka yi kaura tsawon shekaru hamsin. Kiwo da dawaki da kiwon shanu sune babban tushen arziki a lardin. Akwai wasu noma na jimina. Banda a yankunan yashi akwai noma mai yawa, gami da shinkafa da auduga. Ana noma amfanin gona na musamman a kwaruruka ta hanyar ban ruwa. Saƙa, rini da tanning sune manyan masana'antun asali. Ana gudanar da gina hanyoyi masu kyau ta cikin lardin. Ciniki yana ƙaruwa kuma an gabatar da kuɗin kuɗi.<ref>Adebajo, Louis (12 May 2018). "HOW TO IMPROVE ETHNIC RELATIONSHIPS IN NIGERIA". Medium. Retrieved 18 March 2021</ref> [...] A cikin shekarun 1906 wani ƙaruwa da aka danganta da tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini ya faru kusa da Sokoto inda abin takaici jami'ai uku fararen fata suka rasa rayukansu. Sarkin ya yi watsi da shugaban masu tasowa, wanda ya yi ikirarin cewa shi Mahadi ne wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa ga korar farar fata daga ƙasar. Rundunar sojojin Birtaniya ta yi tattaki zuwa kan 'yan tawayen, waɗanda aka hambarar da su da babban rashi a watan Maris na 1906. An yanke wa shugaban hukuncin kisa a kotun sarki kuma aka kashe shi a kasuwar Sokoto, kuma lamarin ya fi ban sha'awa saboda nuna biyayya ga gwamnatin Birtaniya wanda ta jawo daga dukkan bangarorin daga sarakunan asali.<ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 1967, ba da daɗewa ba bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya, yankin ya zama sananne da Jihar Arewa maso Yamma. Wannan yanki, a shekarar 1976, an raba shi ne zuwa Jihar Sakkwato da Jihar Neja. Daga baya, Jihar Kebbi (1991) da Jihar Zamfara (1996) suka rabu da Jihar Sakkwato.[[File:Front of Sokoto Sultan Palce.jpg|thumb|[[masarautar sarkin musulmi sokoto]]]] [[File:HUBBAREN SHEHU MUJADDADI DAN FODIYO SOKOTO NIGERIA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Hubbaren shehu mujaddadi]] [[File:Secretary Meets With Religious Leaders in Sokoto, Nigeria (29176258455).jpg|thumb|Sultan Sa'ad Abubakar da gwamnan sokoto Aminu Waziri Tambuwal]] [[File:Sokoto Ram market.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar raguna ta sokoto]] [[File:AFR V3 D367 Sokoto - View Taken in the Interior.jpg|thumb|Wani ƙauye a jihar Sakkwato ]] [[File:Sultan's palace (Sokoto).JPG|thumb|sultan place]] [[File:Sokoto Road UTC Kaduna State 11.jpg|thumb|Birnin Sakkwato]] == Ƙananan Hukumomi == [[Fayil:Flag of Sokoto State.png|thumb|Sokoto flag]] Jihar Sokoto na da adadin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Ƙananan Hukumomi]]<ref>jlukmon (5 May 2023). "List of 23 Local Governments in Sokoto State and their Headquarters". ABOUT NIGERIANS. Archived from the original on 5 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.</ref> guda ashirin da uku (23). Sune: *[[Binji]] *[[Bodinga]] *[[Dange Shuni]] *[[Gada, Nijeriya|Gada]] *[[Goronyo]] *[[Gudu]] *[[Gwadabawa]] *[[Illela, Nijeriya|Illela]] *[[Isa, Nijeriya|Isa]] *[[Kebbe]] *[[Kware]] *[[Rabah]] *[[Sabon Birni]] *[[Shagari, Nijeriya|Shagari]] *[[Silame]] *[[Sokoto ta Arewa]] *[[Sokoto ta Kudu]] *[[Tambuwal]] *[[Tangaza]] *[[Tureta]] *[[Wamako]] *[[Wurno]] *[[Yabo, Nijeriya|Yabo]] {{Jihohin Najeriya}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sokoto, Jihar}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] bdbqjxuo14h4x2d6obqdkqayj4iphyj 0 6211 969331 959707 2026-10-18T23:34:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Aliko Mohammad Dangote''' GCON (An haife shi ne a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1957) ɗan kasuwa ne na Najeriya wanda aka sani da muhimmin matsayinsa a cikin Dangote Group da Dangote Refinery . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Aliko Dangote {{!}} Biography, Businessman, Group, Foundation, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aliko-Dangote |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya nada shi a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar gudanar da tattalin arziki. Ya zuwa Mayu 2026, Dangote shine mutum na 62 mafi arziki a duniya, [[Baƙar fata biloniya|Baƙar fata mafi arziki]] kuma mutum mafi arziki a Afirka, tare da darajar da aka kiyasta sama da dala biliyan 36.8 a kowane Bloomberg.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aliko Dangote |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/aliko-dangote/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 1977, Dangote ya kafa [[Dangote Group|Kungiyar Dangote]], wani karamin kamfani wanda ke kasuwanci da kayayyaki; shigo da sukari, gishiri, da kayan abinci. A cikin shekarar 1981, ya kafa Dangote Nigeria Limited da Blue Star Services; dukansu sun shigo da shinkafa, da kayan aiki kamar ƙarfe da samfuran aluminum. Bayan manyan tallace-tallace da kamfanin ya yi, da kuma babban bukatar siminti, Dangote ya kafa Cement Dangote, wanda ya fuskanci gasa daga Lafarge, kamfanin kera siminti na Faransa da aka sani da shigo da siminti zuwa kasashen Afirka a wannan lokacin. Ya zuwa 2023, Dangote Cement ya samar da kimanin dala biliyan 3.7 a cikin kudaden shiga, kuma Dangote Sugar Refinery an sanya shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da sukari a Najeriya da Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ekeugo |first=Nmesoma |date=3 November 2024 |title=Dangote vs Tinubu: A Clash of Titans |url=https://rpublc.com/october-november-2024/dangote-vs-tinubu/ |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=The Republic}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Ayyukan siyasa da ra'ayoyin Dangote sun sanya shi mutum ne a [[Afirka]]. An kuma san shi da tasirinsa a kan Tattalin Arziki na Najeriya kuma [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba shi [[Order of the Niger|Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger]] a shekarar dubu biyu da sha hudu 2011 kuma an jera shi a cikin mujallar lokachiy 100 mafi tasiri a duniya a 2014. == Tarihin Rayuwar sa. == === Iyali === [[Fayil:Groundnut_Pyramids.jpg|thumb|248x248px|An yi amfani da pyramids na groundnut a matsayin ajiya don groundnuts. A tsakiyar karni na 20, an yi amfani da waɗannan gine-gine a Arewacin Najeriya, musamman a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]. Kakan mahaifiyarsa, [[Alhassan Dantata|Alhassan Abdullahi Dantata]], ya ba da abinci ga [[Kamfanin Royal Niger]], kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin masu karɓa na farko da suka fi yawa.]] An haifi Aliko Mohammad Dangote a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari tara da hamsin da bakwai 1957, a garin Kano, da ke tarayyar Najeriya.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Sunansa "Aliko" yasamo ne dagah wurin kakan mahaifiyarsa, [[Sanusi Dantata|Sunusi Dantata]]; yana nufin "wanda ya ci nasara wanda ke kare bil'adama".{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} An haife shi ne ga wani shahararren dangin Najeriya, Dangote dan asalin [[Hausawa|Hausa]] ne. Ya girma a matsayin [[Musulmi]], ya yi karatu a [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Madrasa]] kuma ya kammala karatun firamare a makarantar jama'a. Mahaifiyarsa, Mariya (née Dantata), daga iyali mai arziki, 'yar kasuwa ce kuma mai ba da agaji. Mahaifinsa Mohammed Dangote shi ma ɗan kasuwa ne; ya mallaki kamfanin sufuri.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Aliko yana da 'yan uwa uku: [[Sani Dangote]], ɗan kasuwa wanda ya mutu sakamakon ciwon daji; Bello, wanda ya mutu a hadarin jirgin sama na alif dubu daya da Dari tara da chasa'in da shida 1996 tare da ɗan [[Sani Abacha]]; da Garba, wanda ya rasu a shekarar dubu biyu da sha uku 2013 bayan [[bugun jini]]. Iyalin Dangote sun kasance masu tasiri a cikin kasuwanci. Kakan mahaifiyarsa, [[Alhassan Dantata|Alhassan Abdullahi Dantata]], shine mutum mafi arziki a Yammacin Afirka har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1955. A lokacin aikinsa na kasuwanci, Alhassan ya shigo da kwayoyi daga [[Ghana]], kuma ya fitar da kwayoyi zuwa kasashen waje.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} {{Efn|Groundnuts and peanuts were Nigeria's major export produce until the discovery of [[crude oil]] in the 1950s.{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=137a}}}} Bayan mahaifin Dangote ya mutu a shekarar 1965, ya ba da gadonsa ga sadaka. Ya ɗauki kakan mahaifiyarsa, Sanusi, da kawunsa na mahaifiyarsa, Usman Amaka Dantata, a matsayin masu tasiri a cikin renonsa.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} === Ilimi da aure === [[Fayil:كلية_الدراسات_الإسلامية_والعربية_بالفيوم.jpg|thumb|Dangote ya sami ilimin jami'a a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] da ke Alkahira]] Dangote ya yi karatu a Sheikh Ali Kumasi Madrasa don makarantar firamare kuma daga baya ya gama a Babban Makarantar da ke Kano. A shekara ta 1978, ya kammala karatu daga [[Government College, Birnin Kudu|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Birnin Kudu]], inda ya sami karatun sakandare. Ya bar Najeriya zuwa Masar bayan karatun sakandare, kuma ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar]] da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Masar. Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a cikin karatun kasuwanci da gudanarwa, kafin ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] don neman kasuwancin kasuwanci. {{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Dangote yana da 'ya'ya hudu; 'ya' ya'ya mata uku da ɗa mai ɗauki, Abdulrahman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=David |first=Pilling |date=25 November 2019 |title=Aliko Dangote, Africa's richest man, on his 'crazy' $12bn project |url=https://www.ft.com/content/50f53eac-8370-11e8-96dd-fa565ec55929 |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Financial Times |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Italoye |first=Ibukun |date=25 November 2019 |title=Aliko Dangote's Children: Names of His Sons & Daughters |url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/aliko-dangote-children/ |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Nigerian Infopedia |language=en-US}}</ref><sup class="mw-ref reference" mwoa="">[[Legit.ng]]]]<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;11 January 2019<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.legit.ng/1213435-how-children-dangote.html&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19</nowiki> March 2025<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAug\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt71\" class=\"citation news cs1\" data-x-id=\"CITEREFGolub2019\" id=\"mwAuk\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Golub, Kate (11 January 2019). </cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-auto_14-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Aliko_Dangote#cite_note-auto-14 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> A cewar shafin yanar gizon Najeriya Legit.ng, ba kamar Dangote ba, matansa sun ƙi tallace-tallace, wanda zai iya zama dalilin da ya sa akwai karancin bayanai game da su a cikin kafofin watsa labarai. A shekara ta 1977, yana da shekaru ashirin, ya auri matarsa ta farko, Zainab, wacce iyayensa suka zaba bisa ga al'adun yankin. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Maria da [[Halima Dangote|Halima]]. Daga baya sun sake aure, kodayake ba a san ainihin ranar ba. A ranar da ba a bayyana ba, ya shiga aure na biyu tare da Mariya Muhammad Rufai, 'yar tsohon Kwamishinan [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] na Harkokin Mata da Ayyukan Dan Adam. Wannan haɗin ya haifar da 'yar daya, Fatima . Aure ya ƙare da kisan aure a shekarar 2017. == Ayyukan kasuwanci == [[Fayil:Worlds_largest_crude_destillation_column_Dangote.jpg|thumb|Shafin narkewa a Dangote Refinery[[Matatar Dangote|Kamfanin Ruwa na Dangote]]]] Dangote ya ƙaddamar da kasuwancinsa na farko tare da rancen $ 3,000 daga kawunsa. Da farko ya yi ciniki a cikin kayayyakin abinci kuma ya yaba da tunaninsa na farko na kasuwanci don sayar da sukari mai dafa abinci ga abokan aji yana da shekaru takwas, yana riƙe da ribar kansa.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen 1970s, a lokacin da aka sani da Armada na Cement na Najeriya - lokacin da gwamnati ta ba da izinin shigo da kimanin tan miliyan 16 na [[Kamfanin Siminti na Dangote Plc|siminti]] don ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan ci gaba - Dangote ya sami lasisin shigo da kaya kuma ya faɗaɗa kasuwancinsa don haɗawa da siminti. Koyaya, ƙalubalen da aka yi amfani da shi ya haifar da jiragen ruwa da yawa da ke dauke da siminti a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Legas, yayin da wasu suka ruwaito sun nutse. An biya masu shigo da kayayyaki kudade don jinkiri.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A wannan lokacin, Dangote ya sami manyan motoci kuma ya kafa kasuwancin jigilar kaya, wanda ya kuma yi amfani da shi don rarraba samfuran siminti.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A shekara ta 1977, kamfanin Dangote ya samar da pasta, gishiri, sukari, da gari. A cikin 1981, ya faɗaɗa kamfaninsa zuwa ƙungiyar, wanda ke sayar da masana'antu, sukari, gari, gishiri, mai da iskar gas, da ƙasa. Ya zauna a Atlanta, Jojiya kafin ya koma Najeriya don fara kasuwancin siminti a shekarar 1998. Kamfanin gyaran sukari a Legas ya zama na biyu mafi girma a duniya.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} An dauki kungiyar Dangote a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni a Afirka. A shekara ta 2000, bayan abokinsa [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya lashe Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 1999, gwamnatin Najeriya ta mallaki Kamfanin Benue Cement Company (BCC), kamfani mai mallakar jihar a [[Gboko]], [[Benue (jiha)|Jihar Benue]], wanda ya ba Dangote damar fadada kasuwancin siminti a Benue. Kamfanin siminti na Dangote na Obajana a [[Jihar Kogi]] ya zama babbar masana'antar siminti a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. A shekara ta 2010, kungiyar ta sami wani bangare na Sephaku Cement na Afirka ta Kudu.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A watan Yulin 2012, an amince da bukatar Dangote ga Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya don hayar ƙasar da aka watsar a Apapa Port Complex. A watan Fabrairun 2022, ya ba da sanarwar kammala ginin [[Peugeot]] a Najeriya biyo bayan haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Stellantis]], kamfanin da ke kera Peugeot. Dangote ya zama mai mallakar Dangote Refinery, mafi girman mai a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emodi |first=Nnaemeka Vincent |date=12 February 2025 |title=Dangote launches Africa's biggest oil refinery |url=https://theconversation.com/dangote-launches-africas-biggest-oil-refinery-4-ways-it-will-affect-nigeria-205685 |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> An ba da izini a cikin 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aisha Salaudeen |first=Nimi Princewill |date=22 May 2023 |title=Africa's richest man launches $20 billion refinery to revive Nigeria's oil industry |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/22/business/nigeria-commissions-dangote-refinery-intl-lgs/index.html |access-date=23 February 2025 |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Nigeria commissions Dangote Refinery in bid to end fuel imports |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/5/22/nigeria-commissions-dangote-refinery-seeks-to-end-fuel-imports |access-date=23 February 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Binciken kasuwanci na Dangote da kokarin taimakon jama'a sun kai ga kasashen Afirka kamar Benin, Kamaru, Ghana, Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu, da Togo. === Najeriya === Dangote ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan yakin neman zaben abokinsa Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] a shekara ta 2003. Ya ba da gudummawa sama da N200 miliyan ga kamfen ɗin. A shekara ta 2011, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ne ya nada shi a matsayin memba na Kungiyar Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2011 |title=Nigeria's Jonathan adds Dangote to economic team |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/nigerias-jonathan-adds-dangote-to-economic-team-idUSJOE77I0NW/ |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref> An kira Dangote a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga yakin neman zaben Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na Zaben shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 2019. [[Femi Otedola]] kuma an lissafa shi, duk da haka, masu magana da yawun duka biyun ba su amsa kiran da buƙatun sharhi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria’s Dangote Named As Buhari Election Campaign Adviser |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-12-28/nigeria-s-dangote-named-as-buhari-election-campaign-adviser |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> Dangote ya ba da gudummawa miliyan 150 don taimakawa wajen yaki da barkewar cutar [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]] a shekarar 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2014 |title=Ebola: Aliko Dangote Donates N150 Million To Combat Outbreak in Nigeria |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/08/ebola-aliko-dangote-donates-n150-million-to-combat-outbreak-in-nigeria/ |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ya ba da gudummawa miliyan 200 don tallafawa yaki da [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]]. Kamfanin Dangote yana riƙe da matsayi mai mahimmanci a masana'antun siminti da sukari na Najeriya, inda masu fafatawa galibi ke gwagwarmaya don yin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmi tare da albarkatunsa masu yawa da kuma fa'idodin da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Kafa kamfanin mai a Legas ya haifar da damuwa game da yiwuwar mallakar samar da man fetur, tare da masu sukar gargadi game da karuwar farashi da raguwar gasar kasuwa. Wadannan damuwa sun kara da rahotanni game da zargin da ake yi na gwamnati, gami da cire haraji, wanda aka ba da shi ga refinery. Ayanzu yafidda waniy hannun jari Wanda yake ikirari dakumah bada tabbachin chewah matuqar kasan hannun jariy nashekara biyu toh kazama miloniya == Kasuwanci a waje da Najeriya == === Kenya === A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2025, Dangote, ta hanyar goyon bayansa na Afirka Travel Investments ya sami daya daga cikin tsofaffin kamfanonin yawon bude ido a [[Kenya]], Pollman's Tours da Safaris don KES biliyan 4 <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=Africa's Richest Man Aliko Dangote Acquires Kenyan Tourism Firm for KSh 4b |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/business-economy/589116-africas-richest-man-aliko-dangote-acquires-kenyan-tourism-firm-ksh-4b/ |access-date=4 Nov 2025 |website=TUKO |language=en}}</ref> === Afirka ta Kudu === Kamfanin sa Dangote Cement ya shiga cikin hadin gwiwa tare da JSE-listed Sephaku Holdings don gina da sarrafa Sephaku Cement a Afirka ta Kudu. Yana daga cikin manyan masana'antun siminti na Afirka ta Kudu. Dangote Cement ya mallaki 64% na aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dangote Cement in South Africa |url=https://www.dangotecement.com/south-africa/? |access-date=4 Nov 2025 |website=Dangote Cement |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110141646/https://dangotecement.com/south-africa/ |archive-date=10 November 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Benin === Kasuwancin Dangote ya kai ga [[Benin|Jamhuriyar Benin]], inda ya saka hannun jari a kasuwancin siminti. Kamfanin sa, Dangote Cement, ya kafa masana'antar siminti a Benin. === Ghana === A Ghana, Dangote ya kafa masana'antar siminti a Ghana kuma ya goyi bayan shigo da siminti da sauran kayayyaki. == Tattaunawa == A cikin wani labari na 2014 a kan Vanguard News, tsohon Darakta Janar na Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Najeriya Sa'adatu Modibbo Kawu ya yi tambaya game da tushen samun kudin shiga na Dangote.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Ya rubuta cewa Dangote yana amfana daga kasuwar Najeriya musamman Bayani sauyawar kasar zuwa mulkin farar hula. Ya ambaci [[Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa, Najeriya|Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa na Najeriya]] da ke rubuta cewa 'yan Najeriya da yawa sun zama matalauta. Yayinda yake sukar ''Forbes'' don yin bikin Dangote, ya kira shi "mujallar uber-capitalist".{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} An zargi Dangote da tallafawa zaben shugaban kasa na Obasanjo a shekarar 1999, saboda haka, Obasanjo ya ba shi "yancin shigo da siminti, sukari, da shinkafa". A cikin wata kebul na diflomasiyya ta 2007 da ta bayyana a ''[[WikiLeaks]]'' a cikin 2011, babban wakilin Amurka a Legas Brian Browne ya ba da shawarar cewa an ba Dangote kulawa ta musamman don musayar kudade ga yakin neman zaben Obasanjo a cikin 2003. Dangote ya watsar da da'awar.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Dangote ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar kula da tattalin arziki ta Shugaba Jonathan da kwamitin kirkirar aiki a cikin 2011. Har ila yau, a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, an ba shi kyautar [[Order of the Niger|Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger]], girmamawa ta biyu mafi girma a Najeriya. Shi ne mutum na farko ba na gwamnati ba da ya sami bambancin.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} A cikin 2012 da 2013, ya kai karar [[Cletus Madubugwu Ibeto|Cletus Ibeto]] yana mai cewa Ibeto Cement yana karɓar raguwar haraji ba bisa ka'ida ba.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Shi mai ba da agaji ne kuma tare da tushe, Gidauniyar Dangote, an ruwaito cewa ya ba da gudummawa ga bangaren zamantakewa da ilimi na Najeriya; a cikin 2011, an ruwaito ya ba da $ 60 ga kowane mutum da ya rasa muhallinsa sakamakon tashin hankali a zaben shugaban Najeriya na 2011.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} Dangote has four children and five grandchildren. He took his family to Walt Disney World in 2012.{{Sfn|Wilson|2015}} == Dukiya == Ayanzu shekarar dubu biyu da ashirin da shida 2026 anqiyasta chewah binchi yanunah aliko Dangote shiney mutum na arba'in amasu kudin duk duniyah baki Daya.{{excerpt|Wealth of Aliko Dangote}} == Kyauta == Dangote ya zama biliyan na farko a Najeriya a shekara ta 2007. A cikin 2012 ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya rubuta cewa shi ne mutum mafi arziki a Afirka kuma baƙar fata mafi arziki a duniya. " A cewar jaridar Najeriya Vanguard, Bloomberg Billionaires Index ta ba da rahoton cewa dukiyar Dangote ta karu da dala biliyan 9.2 a shekarar 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirsch |first=Afua |date=3 April 2012 |title=Africa's richest man is cementing his place in history |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/03/aliko-dangote-nigeria-cement-africa |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> 2015 Swiss Leaks ya bayyana cewa ya kasance abokin ciniki na Bankin jami'ar Burtaniya, HSBC, don haka yana da kadarori a Tsibirin Virgin Islands na Burtaniya. <ref name="m339" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan-Awoh |first=Deborah |date=7 September 2024 |title=Nigeria's Aliko Dangote regains Africa's richest title from Johan Rupert |url=https://nairametrics.com/2024/09/07/nigerias-aliko-dangote-regains-africas-richest-title-from-johan-rupert/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Nairametrics}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Yayinda yake aiki a matsayin memba na NEMT, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba da kyautar [[Order of the Niger|Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger]] (GCON) a cikin 2011.{{Efn|TNEMT is an account meaning the National Economic Management Team.}}{{Efn|GCON is the second highest honor given in Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news | title=Why we offered GCON to Dangote |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]| date=14 November 2011 | url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/11/why-we-offered-gcon-to-dangote-jonathan/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria| access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref>}} Shi ne na farko wanda ba jami'in gwamnati ba da ya karɓi bambancin. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, Time ya lissafa shi a cikin mutane 100 da suka fi tasiri a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2014 |title=Dangote, Okonjo-Iweala Named In Time Magazine 100 Most Influential |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2014/04/24/dangote-okonjo-iweala-named-in-time-magazine-100-most-influential/ |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> A cikin 2015 an lissafa Dangote a cikin "50 Mafi Manyan Mutane a Duniya" ta ''Bloomberg'', lambar yabo ta Guardian Man of the Year, kuma an ambaci shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan Afirka 100 mafi tasiri ta mujallar London, New African. An nada Dangote a matsayin co-shugaban Cibiyar Kasuwancin Amurka-Afirka a watan Satumbar 2016 ta Majalisar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Amirka. Buhari ne ya nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Malaria ta Ƙarshen Najeriya a watan Agustan 2022. == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ne ya nada Dangote a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar kula da tattalin arziki a shekara ta 2011. A shekara ta 2017, ya musanta cewa ya tsaya takarar shugaban Najeriya a Zaben 2019, kuma ya yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na musamman don yakin neman zaben [[Muhammadu Buhari]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2017 |title=I'm Not Running For 2019 Presidency Says Aliko Dangote |url=https://nairametrics.com/2017/09/09/not-running-for-2019-presidency-aliko-dangote/ |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> Dangote ya yi aiki tare da Gidauniyar Gates kan batutuwan kiwon lafiyar jama'a. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, ya ba da gudummawar naira miliyan 150 don taimakawa kokarin gwamnatin Najeriya na magance da hana [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria reports one more Ebola case, 11 in total |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0GE0X320140814 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816195542/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0GE0X320140814 |archive-date=16 August 2014 |access-date=20 June 2015 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2016 ya yi alkawarin dala miliyan 10 don tallafawa 'yan Najeriya da ta'addancin Boko Haram suka shafa. A watan Maris na 2020, ya ba da gudummawar naira miliyan 200 don yaki da yaduwar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2020 |title=Dangote donate N200m to fight Coronavirus in Nigeria |url=https://www.cnbcafrica.com/apo/2020/03/03/dangote-donate-n200m-to-fight-coronavirus-in-nigeria/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328063704/https://www.cnbcafrica.com/apo/2020/03/03/dangote-donate-n200m-to-fight-coronavirus-in-nigeria/ |archive-date=28 March 2020 |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=CNBC Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Dangote mai sha'awar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ingila [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal FC]] ce kuma ta nuna sha'awar sayen kulob din a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onu |first=Emele |last2=Lacqua |first2=Francine |date=24 September 2024 |title=My Dream of Buying Arsenal Is Over, Says Africa's Richest Man |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-24/my-dream-of-buying-arsenal-is-over-says-africa-s-richest-man |access-date=28 January 2025 |website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ya ba da gudummawa ga ma'aikatar wasanni ta Najeriya don taimakawa wajen gyara [[Filin Wasa na Mashood Abiola|Filin wasa na Moshood Abiola]] a Abuja . * A shekara ta 2011, Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ba Dangote lambar yabo ta biyu mafi girma a Najeriya, [[Order of the Niger|Babban Kwamandan Order of the Niger]] * Kyautar Rayuwa ta Rayuwa ta 2021 daga Kungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Ma'aikata ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Dangote Wins NECA's Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://www.dangote.com/dangote-wins-necas-lifetime-achievement-award/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Dangote Industries Limited |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318094821/https://www.dangote.com/dangote-wins-necas-lifetime-achievement-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kuma karbe shi a 2023 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; * A shekara ta 2011, shi ne dan Najeriya na farko da ya fara fitowa kuma an bayyana shi a jerin Biliyoyin ''Forbes'' World.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |date=28 October 2011 |title=Nigerian Billionaire Aliko Dangote Gets Highest National Honor |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2011/10/28/nigerian-billionaire-aliko-dangote-gets-highest-national-honor/ |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=Forbes}}</ref> * 2012 Ernst &amp;amp; Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award * 2024 Sabistation Kasuwancin Kasuwanci Awards * 2024 mai karɓar National Order of the Lion ta Shugaba Macky Sall * 2022 mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Order of Merit of Niger ta Shugaba [[Mohamed Bazoum]] * Shugaba na ''Asirin Tattalin Arziki''' na shekara, 2024 * A cikin 2020, ƙungiyar Dangote ta lashe kyautar tallace-tallace ta ''[[CNN]]'' == Dubi kuma == * Biliyoyin Duniya * Jerin mutane ta hanyar darajar == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayani == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  [[Rukuni:Attajiran Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f0pagn7a8uuhqurk2ww64snb44e5ixy 3 6214 969298 967635 2026-10-18T21:38:19Z ~2026-55872-13 50191 /* Allah kasadamu Manzon Allah */ sabon sashe 969298 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) :samaan :Hausa :@[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39981-47|&#126;2026-39981-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39981-47|talk]]) 13:46, 16 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Nin nombadinayasamumsala == Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == bak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:17, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:49, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:58, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :@ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 00:02, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40126-77|&#126;2026-40126-77]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40126-77|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) california se hamare saath ho raha hai hum kaise pata karengovernmenttaxforcecalifornia@gmail.com [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40691-12|&#126;2026-40691-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40691-12|talk]]) 17:32, 20 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Batu == safiya [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-42392-57|&#126;2026-42392-57]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-42392-57|talk]]) 18:07, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Auwal Abubakar == Auwal Abubakar Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-42968-66|&#126;2026-42968-66]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-42968-66|talk]]) 12:02, 4 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) == mouhammadousirajo4@gmail.com == mouhammadou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-46209-95|&#126;2026-46209-95]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-46209-95|talk]]) 09:05, 24 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) == Husaini Hassana Husaini == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-47716-12|&#126;2026-47716-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-47716-12|talk]]) 08:57, 1 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Yar abbanta == al ummata [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-47594-41|&#126;2026-47594-41]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-47594-41|talk]]) 16:25, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == مريم بنت سراج == Allah y karawa annabi daraja [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-47594-41|&#126;2026-47594-41]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-47594-41|talk]]) 16:30, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) allah gafarta malam Ina tambayane akan israi da mi iraji shin annabi yaga Allah wani malamin yace duk Wanda yace annabi yaga Allah hadisin shi nada rauni dan Allah muna son karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-48750-15|~2026-48750-15]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-48750-15|talk]]) 20:02, 9 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Sheikh == ibn [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51225-37|~2026-51225-37]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51225-37|talk]]) 22:54, 22 Satumba 2026 (UTC) Assalamualaikum warhamdullahi''akarmukalla ina dambaya wanne sahabine yace shine zakin Allah Kuma zakin Manzon Allah s a w<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51091-35|~2026-51091-35]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51091-35|talk]]) 05:26, 23 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Allah kasadamu Manzon Allah == Allah karama annabi daraja [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51091-35|~2026-51091-35]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51091-35|talk]]) 23:34, 23 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Aljanna makoma == Aljanna makoma [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51600-55|~2026-51600-55]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51600-55|talk]]) 05:55, 24 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Parsamet == parsamet [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51966-06|~2026-51966-06]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51966-06|talk]]) 15:39, 27 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Tambaya == wace shiya ce ake kira gidan dikko a cikin sokoto [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-53210-05|~2026-53210-05]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-53210-05|talk]]) 13:21, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) == Kamilu tasiu == 9031238946 [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-53877-71|~2026-53877-71]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-53877-71|talk]]) 22:38, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) == Comptebdkdbd@gmail.com == a [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-54115-16|~2026-54115-16]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-54115-16|talk]]) 23:21, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) == NEMAN TAIMAKON YAN UWA MUSULMAI == MUNA DA WATA YAR UWA MARAINIYA MAI MATSALAR KODA DUK SATI ANA YI MATA WANKIN KODA DAN ALLAH KU TAIMAKA ACHE CI WAN NAR BAIWAR ALLAH GA ACCOUNT NUMBERTA 4913077697 SHAHIDA YUSUF ECO BANK [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-55236-22|~2026-55236-22]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-55236-22|talk]]) 10:06, 13 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) == Massi == badamassi Abdou [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-55218-62|~2026-55218-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-55218-62|talk]]) 19:56, 14 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) == Allah kasadamu Manzon Allah == Allah kasadamu Manzon Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-55872-13|~2026-55872-13]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-55872-13|talk]]) 21:38, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 3kjfrzolp10ag9jjwtz7s68yksy9fcb 0 6553 969332 915515 2026-10-19T00:13:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dauroh Qur'an.jpg|thumb|masu karatun alqur'ani mai girma]] [[Image:Touba3.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Sheikh Aliy Hemed’s manuscript Swahili tafsīr of the first six sūras.jpg|thumb|'''Al-Qur'ani''']] [[Fayil:Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|'''Khatam Al-Qur'an di Bulan Ramadhan.''']] [[Fayil:Safavid Qur'an (TIEM 531).jpg|thumb|Qur'an]] == '''Al-Qur'ani'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>: == [[Fayil:Folio from a Koran (8th-9th century).jpg|thumb|rubutun cikin alkur ani]] [[Fayil:Quran kareem orange logo.png|thumb|bangon Alkur ani]] (Larabci; القرآن al-Qur'an) ko kuma [[Al'Qur'ani]] mai girma kamar yanda akasani, Shine littafin da Allah ya saukar a harshen Annabin Rahama, wato larabci, kuma shine littafin da Allah ya rufe saukar da duk wani littafi mai tsarki a bayansa, (babu littafin da Allah zai sake saukarwa a bayansa) kamar yadda Allah ya saukar ga Annabawan da suka gabata, domin [[Annabi Muhammadu]] (S A w) shine cika makin Annabawan Allah.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about%E2%80%91islam/islam%E2%80%91final%E2%80%91message%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91last%E2%80%91testament/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://www.masjidulmumineen.org.tt/revelation-wahy-the-belief-that-the-quran-is-the-final-unaltered-word-of-allah/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715164550/https://quranhouse.org/en/article/1871 |archive-date=2025-07-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/article/pdf/2652</ref><ref>https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html</ref><ref>https://quransubjects.wordpress.com/2019/12/03/muhammad-seal/</ref><ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.1.0065</ref><ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/1/4</ref><ref>https://aboutislam.net/counseling/ask-about-islam/why-didnt-god-preserve-the-previous-books/</ref> [[Fayil:Qur'an manuscript Surat al-Nisa'. (1).tif|thumb|Surat al-Nisa']] Wanda Allah ya saukar da ayoyinsa ga Annabin [[musulunci]] Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S.A.W) ta hannun [[mala'ika]] [[Mala`ika Jibril|Jibrilu]]. A cikin aƙidar [[Musulunci]], Qur'ani shi ne mafi muhimmanci kuma mafi girman mu'ujizar [[Annabi Muhammadu|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W), yana tabbatar da cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammad]] (S.A.W) Manzone na gaskiya.<ref>dictionary.reference.com: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Koran koran]</ref><ref>https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/90933/how%E2%80%91the%E2%80%91quran%E2%80%91was%E2%80%91revealed%E2%80%91from%E2%80%91allaah%E2%80%91to%E2%80%91his%E2%80%91prophet</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran</ref><ref>https://www.islamreligion.com/articles/150/viewall/miracles-of-muhammad-part-1</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://islamhouse.com/read/en/the-last-revelation-2827843</ref><ref>https://qurantalkblog.com/2023/04/17/muhammads-only-miracle/</ref> Shari'ar Musulunci, wacce kuma ake kira [[sharia]], ta dogara ne akan Qur'ani (Madogararsa na Farko), shine littafin da [[musulmai]] suke karantawa, kuma suke aiki dashi, tare da hadisai Waɗanda suke sune maganar da tafito daga harshen Annabi Muhammad (s, a, w). Musulmai suna karanta ayoyin kur'ani daban-daban a cikin addu'o'insu.<ref>Bell, Richard; Watt, William Montgomery (1970). Bell's introduction to the Qurʼān. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0597-2.</ref> Lafiyayyan hankali da tsaftataccen tunani na ɗan Adam da ayyuka na yau da kullum sun tabbatar da cewa kur'ani ya bada cikakkiyar kulawa da kariya ta fuskar hakkin dan adam na duniya, da 'yancin dan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-12-21 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628085621/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Qur'ani sannan kuma kuyi shiru. Malamin ya bayar da misalin cewa akwai kuskuren da direbobi ke yi na kunna Al'Qur'ani cikin mota sannan mutane kuma suna ta yin surutu, ya ce wannan zunubi yake samu ba lada ba. Wane abu ne zai sa mutum ya karanta Al'Qur'ani bai samu lada ba? Malam Abubakar Abdullahi Goran Namaye ya ce babban abin da zai sa mutum ya karanta Qur'ani sannan ya kasa samun lada shi ne ya yi ba don Allah ba. Ya ce ko da a ce mutum yana karantawa yana samun kuskure hakan ba zai hana ya samu lada ba, inda ya ce mutum zai samu lada biyu. Ya kuma ce abin da ke tauye ladan mai karatun Qur'ani shi ne karatu ba tare da ya je gaban Malami ya koya masa ba. Har ila yau, Malamin addinin Musuluncin ya ce wani abu da zai sa mutum ya kasa samun lada idan ya karanta Qur'ani shi ne karatu a wajen da babu tsarki kamar shiga bayi. "Wani abu kuma da zai sa a rasa samun lada shi ne mutum ya je cikin kasuwa ya buɗe murya ya yi ta karanta Qur'ani mai girma alhalin ana hayaniya, wannan zunubi mutum zai samu maimakon lada," in ji Malam Abubakar Goran Namaye. == Pohtona: == <gallery> File:Ibn al-Bawwab - Qur'ani mai girma f. 278v-279r.jpg|thumb|Mushafin Ibn al-Bawwab. File:Quran Surah Al Kahf.png|thumb|surah daga cikin surorin alkur'ani, al-Kahf File:Birmingham Quran manuscript.jpg|thumb|Mushafin al-qurani tun karni na 7 shekara ɗari (100) bayan wafatin Annabi [[Muhammad]] (S,A,W) a Birmingham ƙasar Ingila File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|mushaf din Imam Ali RA File:Qur'ans.jpg|thumb|Bugun Qur'ani a 1907 File:المخطط الصغير للقراءات الأربعة عشر بالعربية والإنجليزية.pdf|thumb|Rubutun qurani a warsh da [[turanci]] File:Melaka Al-Quran Museum - Exhibition Hall.jpg|thumb|Dakin alkur'anai a Meseum din al-Quran a Melaka. </gallery> Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Allah ne ya saukar da Alkur’ani da baki ga annabin, Musulunci na karshe Muhammad(S.A.W) ta hannun Mala’ika Jibrilu a cikin shekaru kusan 23, wanda ya fara daga daren Lailatul ƙadari, lokacin annabi Muhammadu ( s,a,w) yana da shekaru 40, kuma ya kare a shekara ta (632) wato shekarar rasuwarsa. Musulmai suna ɗaukar Alkur'ani a matsayin Mu'ujiza mafi muhimmanci na Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W), hujjar Annabcinsa, da kuma cikar jerin sakwannin Ubangiji da aka fara da waɗanda aka saukar wa Annabin Musulunci na farko annabi Adam(a w)ciki har da littattafan Musulunci masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alkur'ani magana ce ta Ubangiji da ke ba da cikakkiyar ka'ida ta kowane fanni na rayuwa. Wannan ya sa malaman tauhidi musulmi suka yi ta muhawara mai zafi kan ko an halicce shi ne ko kuma ba a halicce shi ba. Bisa ga al'ada, da yawa daga cikin sahabban Annabi. Muhammadu(S.A.W) sun yi aiki a matsayin marubuta, suna rubuta ayoyin. Jim kadan bayan wafatin Muhammad, sahabbai suka rubuta ko haddace Alqurani bisa umarnin khalifa na farko Abubakar (r.632–634). Halifa Uthman (r. 644–656) ya kafa daidaitaccen sigar, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da Uthmanic codex, wanda galibi ana daukarsa a matsayin nau'in Alqur'ani da aka sani a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, bambance-bambancen karatu, tare da wasu bambance-bambancen. Al-Qur'ani shine mu'ujizan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W) mafi muhimmanci, hujjar annabcinsa, da kuma ƙarshen jerin saƙon Ubangiji waɗanda aka fara daga waɗanda aka saukar wa annabin . Musulunci na farko Adam, waɗanda suka haɗa da littattafan Islama masu tsarki na Attaura, Zabura, da Linjila. Kur'ani ya ɗauka cewa mai karatu ya san manyan labaran da aka ba su a cikin nassosin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da na Afokirifa. Yana taƙaita wasu, ya daɗe a kan wasu kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana gabatar da madadin lissafi da fassarar abubuwan da suka faru. Alqurani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin littafin shiriya ga mutane (2:185). Wani lokaci yana ba da cikakkun bayanai game da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, kuma sau da yawa yana jaddada mahimmancin ɗabi'a na wani lamari akan jerin labaransa. Bayanai akan Alƙur'ani mai tsarki tare da bayani kan wasu ruwayoyin Kur'ani masu ɓarna, da hukunce-hukuncen da su ma suka samar da tushen shari'ar Musulunci a mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin Islama, hadisai ne—hadisai na baka da na rubutu waɗanda aka gaskata suna bayyana kalmomi da ayyukan shugaban mu Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). A lokacin addu'o'in, ana karanta Al-Qur'ani da Larabci kawai. Wanda ya haddace Alqur'ani gaba daya ana kiransa da [[Hafizi]], ana karanta ayoyi tare da wani nau'i na musamman da aka tanada don wannan dalili mai suna tajwidi. A cikin watan Ramadan, Musulmai sukan kammala karatun Al-Qur'ani gaba daya a lokacin sallar tarawihi, domin fitar da ma'anar wata aya ta Kur'ani, Musulmai sun dogara da tafsiri, ko tafsiri maimakon fassarar nassi kai tsaye. == Asali da Ma'ana: == Kalmar kur’ani ta zo kusan sau 70 a cikin Alkur’ani da kansa, yana daukar ma’anoni daban-daban. Sunan fi'ili ne (maṣdar) na larabci fi'ili qara'a (قرأ) ma'ana 'ya karanta' ko 'ya karanta'. Daidai da Syriac shine qeryānā (ܩܪܝܢܐ), wanda ke nufin 'karanta nassi' ko 'darasi'. Yayin da wasu malaman yammacin duniya ke ganin kalmar ta samo asali ne daga harshen Syriac, mafi yawan mahukuntan musulmi suna ganin asalin kalmar qara’a ce. Ko da kuwa, ya zama kalmar Larabci ta rayuwar Annabi Muhammadu(S.A.W). Muhimmiyar ma'anar kalmar ita ce 'karanta', kamar yadda ya zo a cikin wani nassin Alqur'ani na farko: "Mu ne mu tattara ta mu karanta ta (Qur'anahu)."<ref>https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Quran_%28Koran%29</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikiquran.info/index.php?title=Quran |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-29 |archive-date=2025-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926095437/https://en.wikiquran.info/index.php?title=Quran |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.liquisearch.com/quran/etymology_and_meaning |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-29 |archive-date=2025-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629192736/https://www.liquisearch.com/quran/etymology_and_meaning |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.etymonline.com/word/Quran</ref><ref>https://etymologyworld.com/item/quran</ref> A cikin wasu ayoyin, kalmar tana nufin 'wani nassi ɗaya wanda Annabi Muhammad ya karanta. An ga mahallinsa a wurare da dama, misali: ''"To idan an karanta al-qur'ani ku saurare shi kuma ku yi shiru."'' Kalmar kuma na iya ɗaukar ma'anar nassin da aka tsara yayin da aka ambata shi tare da wasu nassosi kamar Attaura da Linjila. Haka nan kalmar tana da ma'anoni ma'ana waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin Alƙur'ani. Kowane ma'anar yana da nasa ma'anarsa daban-daban, amma amfani da shi yana iya haɗuwa da na kur'ani a wasu wurare. Irin waɗannan kalmomin sun haɗa da kitāb ('littafi'), āyah ('alami'), da sūrah ('nassi'); Kalmomin biyun na ƙarshe kuma suna nuna raka'o'in wahayi. A cikin mafi yawan mahallin, yawanci tare da takamaiman labarin (al-), ana kiran kalmar da wahy ('wahayi'), abin da aka "sauka" (tanzīl) a tazara. Sauran kalmomin da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da: zikiri ('zikiri'), waɗanda ake amfani da su cikin Alqur'ani a ma'anar tunatarwa da gargaɗi; da ḥikmah ('hikima'), wani lokaci suna nufin wahayi ko sashinsa. Al-Qur'ani ya siffanta kansa a matsayin 'fahimi' (al-furqan), 'littafin uwa' (umm al-kitāb), 'jariya' (huda), 'hikima' (hikmah), 'zikiri' (zikr) , da kuma 'wahayi' (tanzīl; 'wani abu da aka saukar', yana nuna saukowar abu daga wuri mafi girma zuwa ƙasa). Wata kalma ita ce al-kitāb ('Littafi'), ko da yake ana amfani da shi a cikin harshen Larabci don wasu nassosi, kamar Attaura da Linjila. Ana amfani da kalmar mus'haf ('aiki rubutacce') sau da yawa don yin nuni ga wasu rubuce-rubucen kur'ani amma kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Kur'ani don gano littattafan da aka saukar da farko. == Tarihi: == == Zamanin Annabci; == Hadisan Islama ya nuna cewa Annani [[Muhammad]] ya sami wahayi na farko a cikin shekara ta 610 AZ a cikin kogon Hira a daren lailatul kadari a lokacin daya ke cikin keɓantaccen wuri akan tsaunuka. Bayan haka, ya sami wahayi na tsawon shekaru 23. Kamar yadda hadisi (hadisin Muhammad)[f] da tarihin musulmi suka nuna, bayan da Amnabi Muhammadu da mabiyansa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Madina]] suka kafa al’ummar musulmi masu zaman kansu, ya umarci sahabbansa da dama da su karanta Alqur’ani da koyi da karantar da shari’o’i, wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Madina. An bayyana kullum, an ruwaito cewa wasu daga cikin Kuraishawa da aka kama fursuna a yakin Badar sun sami ‘yanci bayan da suka koya wa wasu daga cikin musulmi rubutun sauki na lokacin. Ta haka ne a hankali rukuni na musulmi suka zama masu karatu. Kamar yadda aka fara magana, an rubuta Alqur'ani a kan alluna, da ƙasusuwa, da faɗin ƙusoshin dabino. Yawancin surori (kuma yawanci ana fassara su da Surah) an yi amfani da su a tsakanin Musulmai na farko tun da yake an ambace su a cikin maganganu masu yawa ga Ahlus Sunna suna magana game da yadda Annabu Muhammadu ya yi amfani da Alkur'ani a matsayin kira zuwa ga Musulunci, yin addu'a da kuma yadda ake karantawa. Duk da haka, Kur'ani bai wanzu a cikin littafi ba a lokacin wafatin Annabi Muhammadu a shekarar 632 yana da shekaru 61-62. Akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin malamai cewa Annabi Muhammadu da kansa bai rubuta wahayin ba. Littafin [[Sahihul Bukhariy]] ya ruwaito cewa Annabi [[Muhammad]] yana siffanta ayoyin da cewa: “Wani lokaci yakan kasance (saukarwa) kamar karar kararrawa” kuma A’isha ta ce: “Na ga Annabi ana yi masa wahayi zuwa ga Ubangiji a rana mai tsananin sanyi, sai na ga gumi na fita daga gare shi. goshinsa (yayin da wahayi ya ƙare).” [g] Muhammadu wahayi na farko, bisa ga Kur’ani, yana tare da hangen nesa. An ambaci wakilin wahayi da cewa “Mabuwayi Mai ƙarfi,” wanda “Ya bayyana a lokacin da yake a sararin sama maɗaukaki, sa’an nan kuma ya kusance sa, kuma ya sauko har ya kasance tsayin rukunai biyu ko da yake mafi kusa." Masanin ilimin addinin Islama Welch ya fada a cikin '''Encyclopaedia of Islam''' cewa ya yi imanin cewa za a iya ɗaukar bayanin yanayin Muhammadu a zahiri a matsayin gaskiya, domin ya damu sosai bayan waɗannan ayoyin. A cewar Welch, da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi za su iya ganin waɗannan kame a matsayin tabbataccen shaida na tushen wahayin Muhammadu fiye da ɗan adam. Duk da haka, masu sukar Muhammadu sun zarge shi da cewa shi mallaki ne, boka, ko mai sihiri tunda abubuwan da ya faru sun yi kama da waɗanda irin waɗannan mutane suka yi da'awa a zamanin Larabawa. Welch ya kuma bayyana cewa har yanzu babu tabbas ko waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne kafin ko bayan da'awar farko da Annabi Muhammadu ya yi na Annabci. Kur'aniarshedar Musulunci, an saukar da Kur'ani ga Muhammadu a cikin ahruf bakwai daban-daban (ma'anar haruffa; duk da haka, yana iya nufin yaruka, sifofi, ko salo). Mafi yawan malaman musulunci sun yarda cewa wadannan ahrufan mabambanta alkur'ani guda ne da aka saukar a yarukan larabci guda bakwai kuma ba sa canza ma'anar kur'ani wanda manufarsa ita ce saukaka karatun kur'ani da hadda. A tsakanin kabilun Larabawa daban-daban. Gara guda ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin bakwai ɗin ya tsira kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi, wanda ake kyautata zaton yaren kuraishawa ne. Yayin da musulmi 'yan Sunna suka yi imani da ahrufi bakwai, wasu 'yan Shi'a sun yi watsi da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen Kur'ani guda bakwai. Kuskuren da aka saba shi ne cewa ahrufi bakwai da Qira’at daya ne. == Tattara da Kiyayewa(Adanawa): == Bayan wafatin Shugaban mu Annabi [[Muhammadu]](S.A.W) a shekara ta 632, Musaylima ya kashe wasu sahabbansa da suka haddace Al-Qur'ani a yakin al-Yamama. Khalifan farko Abubakar (r.632-634) daga baya ya yanke shawarar tattara littafin a juzu’i guda domin a kiyaye shi[43]. Zaid bn Thabit (d. 655) shi ne wanda ya tattara Alqur’ani tunda “ya kasance yana rubuta wahayi zuwa ga manzon Allah don adanawa. Don haka, gungun marubuta, mafi mahimmanci, Zaid, suka tattara ayoyin, suka samar da rubutun da hannu na cikakken littafin. Rubutun a cewar Zaid ya kasance tare da Abubakar har ya rasu. Halin da Zaid ya yi game da wannan aiki da wahalhalun da ake samu wajen tattara kayan Alqur’ani daga fatu, da ’ya’yan itatuwan dabino, da sirararan duwatsu (wanda aka fi sani da suhuf, duk wani rubutaccen aiki da ya qunshi koyarwar Ubangiji) da kuma na mazajen da suka san shi da zuciya daya ya zo a cikin ruwayoyin farko. A shekara ta 644, matar Muhammad(S.A.W) Hafsa bint Umar ta kasance aka ba ta littafin har sai da halifa na uku, Uthman (r.644-656) ya bukaci a ba ta misali. A cewar masanin [[tarihi]] Michael Cook, ruwayoyin musulmi na farko game da tarawa da harhada Alqur’ani a wasu lokuta suna cin karo da kansu: “Yawancinsu… suna sanya Uthman kadan fiye da edita watau mai gyare-gyare, amma akwai wadanda a cikinsu ya bayyana a matsayin mai tattarawa, yana jan hankalin mutane su kawo masa wani abu daga cikin Alqur’ani da suka mallaka”. Wasu kuma "sun ba da shawarar cewa a gaskiya kayan" Abu Bakr ya yi aiki da "an riga an tattara su", wanda tun da shi ne halifa na farko, yana nufin an tattara su lokacin da Annabin musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) yana da [[rai]]. Qira'at wacce hanya ce da kuma hanyar karatun Alqur'ani an inganta ta ne daga baya. Karatun littafai guda goma ne kuma kada a rude su da ahruf. ‘Yan Shi’a suna karatun Alqur’ani ne bisa Qira’at Hafs a kan ‘Asim, wadda ita ce qira’ar da ta yadu a duniyar Musulunci kuma sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alqur’ani kuma ya harhada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Ana da'awar cewa Shi'a na da hadisai sama da 1,000 da aka jingina ga Imaman Shi'a wadanda ke nuni da gurbatar Alkur'ani kuma a cewar Etan Kohlberg, wannan akida game da Alkur'ani ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin 'yan Shi'a a farkon karni na Musulunci. A ra’ayinsa, Ibn Babawayh shi ne babban marubuci ‘yan-sha-biyu na farko “wanda ya dauki matsayi mai kama da na Ahlus-Sunnah” kuma canjin ya samo asali ne daga “tashin halifancin Ahlus-Sunnah Abbasiyyah,” inda a nan ne imani da fasadi na Ahlus-Sunnah. Al-Qur'ani ya zama wanda ba zai iya tsayawa ba bisa ga matsayin Ahlus-Sunnah "Al'ada". An yi ta karkata akalar da ake zargin an yi ne don kawar da duk wata alaka da haqqin Ali da Imamai da magoya bayansu da rashin yarda da maqiya kamar Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. Wasu kwafin Alqur'ani mai yiwuwa sun wanzu ciki har da na Ibn Mas'ud da na Ubay ibn Ka'b, babu ɗayansu a yau. == Binciken Ilimi: == Tun da Musulmai na iya ɗaukar sukar Kur'ani a matsayin laifi na ridda da hukuncin kisa a ƙarƙashin shari'a, da alama ba zai yiwu a gudanar da bincike kan Kur'ani wanda ya wuce sukar nassi ba. Har zuwa farkon shekarun 1970, malaman Islama wadanda ba musulmi ba - alhali ba su yarda da bayanin al'ada na tsoma bakin Ubangiji ba - sun yarda da labarin asalin al'ada da aka ambata a sama da cikakkun bayanai. Farfesa Fred Donner na Jami'ar Chicago ya ce: ''A nan ne farkon ƙoƙari na kafa nassin Kur'ani mai ɗaiɗai ɗaya daga abin da ya kasance mafi girman rukuni na nassosi masu alaƙa a farkon watsawa.…'' , da duk rubuce-rubucen da suka gabata—duk da bambance-bambancen su—da alama sun wanzu har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa wannan madaidaicin rubutun baƙaƙe. Ko da yake an daina watsa yawancin karatun nassin Alqur'ani, wasu har yanzu suna nan. Babu wani nassi mai mahimmanci da aka samar wanda za a iya dogara da shi na sake gina nassin Alqur'ani[j]. A shekara ta 1972, a wani masallaci a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, an gano rubuce-rubucen "da suka kunshi guda 12,000" wadanda daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa su ne nassin kur'ani mafi dadewa da aka san akwai su a lokacin. Rubutun Sana’a na ɗauke da takalmi, shafukan rubutun da aka cire rubutun daga gare su don sake yin amfani da fatun—al’adar da aka saba yi a zamanin dā saboda ƙarancin kayan rubutu. Koyaya, ƙaramin rubutun da aka wanke (scriptio inferior) har yanzu ba a ganuwa. Nazarin da aka yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar radiocarbon ya nuna cewa fakitin an rubuta su tun kafin shekarar 671 AZ tare da yuwuwar kashi 99 cikin ɗari. Masanin nan dan kasar Jamus Gerd R. Puin ya shafe shekaru yana binciken wadannan gutsutsutsun kur'ani. Tawagar bincikensa ta yi hotuna 35,000 microfilm na rubuce-rubucen, wanda ya yi kwanan wata a farkon karni na 8th. Puin ya lura da odar ayoyin da ba na al'ada ba, ƙananan bambance-bambancen rubutu, da kuma salon rubutu da ba safai ba, kuma ya nuna cewa wasu fakitin fatun ne da aka sake amfani da su. Puin ya yi imanin cewa wannan yana nufin wani rubutu mai tasowa sabanin ƙayyadadden rubutu. A shekarar 2015, an gano folio guda na kur'ani mai girma, tun shekaru 1370 da suka gabata, a dakin karatu na jami'ar Birmingham da ke Ingila. Dangane da gwaje-gwajen da Sashen Hanzarta Radiyo Carbon na Jami'ar Oxford suka yi, "tare da yuwuwar fiye da 95%, fatun ya kasance tsakanin 568 da 645". An rubuta rubutun a cikin rubutun Hijazi, farkon nau'in rubutaccen Larabci. Wannan mai yiyuwa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin misalan Alƙur'ani, amma kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen suka ba da damar adadin kwanakin da za a iya yi, ba za a iya cewa da tabbacin wanne ne mafi tsufa a cikin sifofin da ake da su ba. Masanin kasar Saudiyya Saud al-Sarhan ya bayyana shakku kan shekarun gutsuttsuran saboda suna dauke da dige-dige da masu raba babin da ake kyautata zaton sun samo asali ne daga baya. Rubutun Birmingham ya haifar da farin ciki a tsakanin muminai saboda yuwuwar sa tare da babban al'adar tsawon rayuwar Muhammad c. shekara ta 570 zuwa shekarar 632 CE kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shaida don tallafawa hikima ta al'ada da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu bita da ke bayyana bincike da ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga tsarin gargajiya na farkon tarihin Alqur'ani da Musulunci. == Abubuwan ciki: == Abubuwan da ke cikin kur'ani sun shafi ainihin akidun Musulunci da suka hada da samuwar Allah da tashin kiyama. Labarin annabawa na farko, batutuwan da'a da shari'a, abubuwan tarihi na zamanin Annabi [[Muhammadu]], sadaka da addu'a su ma sun bayyana a cikin Alqur'ani. Ayoyin kur'ani sun kunshi nasiha ga baki daya dangane da daidai da kuskure kuma abubuwan tarihi suna da alaka da zayyana darussa na dabi'a gaba daya. An kira salon kur’ani da sunan “sha’awa”, inda ake bukatar tafsirai don bayyana abin da ake magana a kai—“an yi magana kan abubuwan da suka faru, amma ba a ruwaito su ba, ana tafka muhawara ba tare da an yi bayaninsu ba, an ambaci mutane da wurare, amma ba kasafai ake ambaton sunayensu ba. “Yayin da tafsiri a cikin ilimomin [[Musulunci]] ya bayyana kokarin fahimtar ma’anonin kur’ani a fakaice da kuma a fakaice, fiqhu yana nufin kokarin fadada ma’anar lafuzza, musamman a cikin ayoyin da suka shafi tanade-tanade, da kuma fahimtarsa. Nazarin kur'ani ya bayyana cewa, a mahallin tarihi, abin da ke cikin kur'ani yana da alaka da littattafan Rabawa, Yahudawa-Kirista, Kiristanci na Syria da na Hellenanci, da kuma Larabawa kafin zuwan Musulunci. Wurare da yawa, batutuwa da masu tatsuniyoyi a cikin al'adun [[Larabawa]] da al'ummomi da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tarihi, musamman labarun Yahudanci da Kiristanci, suna cikin Alƙur'ani tare da ƙananan maganganu, nassoshi ko wasu ƙananan ruwayoyi irin su jannāt 'adn, jahannam, Bakwai masu barci. Sarauniyar Sheba da sauransu. Duk da haka, wasu masana falsafa da masana irin su Mohammed Arkoun, waɗanda suka jaddada abubuwan tatsuniyoyi na [[Alƙur'ani]], sun gamu da halayen ƙin yarda a cikin da'irar Musulunci. Labarun Yusuf da Zulaikha, Musa, Iyalan Amram (iyayen Maryama bisa ga Alqur'ani) da kuma jarumi mai ban mamaki Dhul-Qarnayn ("mutumin da ƙahoni biyu") wanda ya gina shinge ga Yajuju da Majuju wanda zai kasance har zuwa ƙarshen loakci sun fi cikakkun bayanai da kuma dogon labarai. Baya ga abubuwan da suka faru na ɗan tarihi da haruffa irin su Sarki Sulemanu da Dauda, game da tarihin Yahudawa da kuma ficewar Isra'ilawa daga Masar, tatsuniyoyi na annabawan Ibraniyawa da aka yarda da su a Musulunci, kamar Halitta, Rigyawa, gwagwarmayar Ibrahim da Nimrod. , sadaukarwar dansa ya mamaye wuri mai fadi a cikin Alkur'ani. Babban jigon Kur'ani shi ne tauhidi. An kwatanta Allah a matsayin mai rai, madawwami, masani kuma mai iko duka (duba, misali, Quran 2:20; 2:29; 2:255). Ikon Allah ya bayyana sama da kowa a cikin ikonsa na yin halitta. Shi ne mahaliccin komai, na sammai da kasa da abin da ke tsakaninsu (duba, misali, Quran 13:16; 2:253; 50:38, da sauransu). Dukkan ’yan Adam daidai suke da dogaro ga Allah gaba daya, kuma jin dadinsu ya ta’allaka ne a kan yarda da hakan da kuma rayuwa a kan haka. Al-Qur'ani ya yi amfani da dalilai na fayyace [[sararin samaniya]] da kuma tabbatuwa a cikin ayoyi daban-daban ba tare da yin nuni ga sharuddan tabbatar da samuwar Ubangiji ba. Don haka duniya ta samo asali ne kuma tana buqatar mahalicci, kuma duk abin da yake akwai dole ya sami isasshiyar sanadin samuwarsa. Ban da haka, ana yawan ambaton ƙirar sararin [[samaniya]] a matsayin wurin tunani: "Shi ne wanda ya halicci [[sammai bakwai]] daidai da juna ba tare da wani aibu ba ko rashin daidai. Duk da cewa musulmi ba sa shakkar samuwar Allah da hadin kai, wataqila sun yi dabi’u daban-daban wadanda suka canza kuma suka bunqasa tsawon tarihi dangane da yanayinsa (sifofinsa), sunayensa da dangantakarsa da [[halitta]]. Mustafa Öztürk ya yi nuni da cewa, musulmin farko sun yi imani da cewa wannan allah yana rayuwa a sama da fadin Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: “Duk wanda ya ce [[Allah]] yana ko’ina to shi dan bidi’a ne, kafiri ne, sai a kira shi ya tuba, amma idan ya tuba. ba, a kashe." Wannan fahimtar ta canza daga baya kuma ta ba da damar fahimtar cewa “Ba za a iya sanya wa Allah wuri ba, kuma yana ko’ina.” Haka nan ayyuka da sifofi suh kamar zuwa, tafiya, zama, gamsuwa, fushi da bakin ciki da sauransu makamancinsu da mutane ake amfani da su. domin wannan Allah a cikin Alkur’ani an dauke shi a matsayin mutashabihat – “babu wanda ya san tawilinsa sai Allah” (Alkurani 3:7) – da malamai daga baya suka bayyana cewa Allah ba ya kamanta da [[mutane]] ta kowace hanya. == Annabawa: == A Musulunci; Allah yana magana da mutanen da ake ce wa annabawa ta hanyar wahayi da ake kira wahy, ko kuma ta hanyar mala’iku.(42:51) nubuwwah (Larabci: نبوة ‘annabcin’) ana kallonsa a matsayin wani aiki da Allah ya dora wa mutane masu wasu halaye irin wadannan a matsayin su na masu hankali da gaskiya da karfin zuciya da adalci: "Babu wani abu da za a ce muku wanda ba a ce wa manzanni daga gabaninku ba, cewa ubangijinku yana da gafara ga umurninsa da kuma azaba mai girma." Musulunci ya dauki Annabi [[Ibrahim]] a matsayin mahada a cikin jerin annabawa da ta fara daga Adamu kuma ta kare a Annani Muhammad (S.A.W) ta hanyar Isma’il kuma aka ambata a cikin surah ta 35 na Alqur’ani, fiye da kowane mutum na Littafi Mai Tsarki ban da Musa. Musulmai suna kallonsa a matsayin mai fasa tsafi, Hanif, babban siffar cikakken musulmi, kuma annabi mai girma kuma maginin [[Ka'aba]] a Makka. Al-Qur'ani akai-akai yana kiran Musulunci a matsayin 'addinin tafarkin Ibrahim' (millat Ibrahim). Bayan Ishaku da Yakubu, Musulmai galibi suna ɗaukar Ibrahim a matsayin uba nagari. A Musulunci, ana yin Idi-al-Adha ne don tunawa da ƙoƙarin Ibrahim na yin hadaya da ɗansa ta hanyar miƙa wuya ga mafarkinsa, (As-Saaffat; 100-107) wanda ya yarda da shi a matsayin nufin Allah. A cikin addinin [[Yahudanci]], ana ganin labarin a matsayin labari da aka tsara don maye gurbin hadayar yara da hadayar dabba gabaɗaya ko kuma a matsayin misali da ke kwatanta “hadaya ta dabi’ar dabba”, fahimtar addinin Islama na [[Orthodox]] ya ɗauki sadaukarwar dabba a matsayin sunna na wajibi ko kuma mai ƙarfi ga [[musulmi]] waɗanda cika wasu sharudda, akan takamaiman kwanan wata da kalandar Hijira ta kayyade a kowace shekara. A Musulunci, Musa fitaccen Annabi ne kuma manzon Allah kuma mutum ne da aka fi ambata a cikin Alkur’ani, inda aka ambaci sunansa har sau 136, an kuma ba da labarin rayuwarsa fiye da na kowane Annabi. Ana ɗaukan Yesu wani annabi mai muhimmanci tare da haihuwarsa mara uba, (66:12, 21:89) na musamman tare da furcin da aka yi amfani da shi a gare shi, kamar “kalmar” da “ruhu” daga wurin Allah da kuma sura da aka keɓe ga uwarsa Maryamu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Alqur'ani. A cewar suratu As-Saff aya ta 6, yayin da yake bada labarin zuwan Annabin musulunci Muhammad(S.A.W), Ahlus-Sunnah sun fahimci cewa Yesu ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin sararin sama, kamar yadda a cikin labarun hawan Yesu zuwa sama, ya yi wa'azi cewa zai dawo duniya kusa da apocalypse(Mahdi), zai yi addu'a a bayansa sannan a kashe Masihin [[Qarya]] (Dajjal). == Abubuwan al ajabi a cikin sa == Al qurani ya bada tarihin abubuwan da suka faru tu kafin halittar ɗan adam, wanda sai yanzu masu ilimin kimiyyya da fasaha suke gano wa, kamar maganar (bing bang theory) da kuma biology "wanda yake cewa dukkan rayuwa ta fara ne da ga ruwa" == Manazarta;== * [http://ha.quranacademy.org/quran Quran Word by Word] // QuranAcademy.org * [https://islamhouse.com/en/books/597/ Translation of the Meanings of the Quran into Hausa] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alkurani}} [[Category:Musulunci]] c7oub47x5ujl28gkhbdmllvw5n6hzlc 0 7018 969395 959778 2026-10-19T07:06:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Deputy Secretary Alphonso Jackson with Nigeria's Vice President Atiku Abubakar (cropped).jpg|thumb|hoton dan siyasa atiku abubakar]] [[File:Atiku, GMB at PGLS 1.jpg|thumb|hoton atiku da muhammad buhari]] ''Atiku Abubakar'''{{Audio|Ha-Atiku Abubakar.ogg|Atiku Abubakar}} (An haife shi a ranar 25 Nuwamba, 1946).<ref>Atiku Abubakar - Biography and Life of the 11th Vice President of Nigeria (entrepreneurs.ng)</ref> Ya kasance [[Ɗan siyasa|dan siyasan Najeriya,]]<nowiki/>kuma [[Ɗan kasuwa|dan kasuwa]] ne wanda ya taba rike mukamin [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|mataimakin shugaban kasar Najeriya]] daga 1999 zuwa shekara ta 2007 lokacin shugabancin [[Olusegun Obasanjo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nigeriatoday.ng/news/north-east/adamawa/profile-of-atiku-abubakar-from-an-only-child-of-a-father-who-opposed-western-education-to-a-political-guru/|title=Profile of Atiku Abubakar: From an only child of a father who opposed western education to a political guru|date=2 October 2018|website=Nigeria Today|access-date=3 January 2019|archive-date=3 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103210713/https://nigeriatoday.ng/news/north-east/adamawa/profile-of-atiku-abubakar-from-an-only-child-of-a-father-who-opposed-western-education-to-a-political-guru/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Atiku Abubakar - Biography and Life of the 11th Vice President of Nigeria|url=https://www.peoplestrustafrica.com/atiku-abubakar-why-nigerians-need-him-now/#.XtCuR-_amGQ|first=Olajumoke|last=Adeosun|date=2019-07-17|website=Entrepreneurs In Nigeria|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-29|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184553/https://www.peoplestrustafrica.com/atiku-abubakar-why-nigerians-need-him-now/#.XtCuR-_amGQ|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-02-06|title=Atiku Abubakar - the Nigerian operator who knows how to make money|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47046599|access-date=2020-09-11}}</ref> Atiku ya nemi zama gwamnan [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]] a shekara ta alif, 1990 zuwa 1996 daga baya kuma a shekara ta alif, 1998, aka zaɓe shi kafin nan ya zama mataimakin [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]<ref>https://leadership.ng/ex-president-obasanjo-visits-remi-tinubu-for-sallah-celebration/</ref> a Zaben shekarar, 1999 na shugaban ƙasar Najeriya an kuma sake zaben su a zaben shugaban ƙasar Najeriya ta 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Podcast|first1=N. L.|last2=Giveaway|first2=N. L.|date=2019-11-25|title=Happy Birthday!! Atiku Abubakar Celebrates His 73rd Birthday (Drop Your Well Wishes) » Naijaloaded|url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/entertainment/happy-birthday-atiku-abubakar-celebrates-his-73rd-birthday-drop-your-well-wishes|access-date=2020-05-29|website=[[Naijaloaded]]|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726105909/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/entertainment/happy-birthday-atiku-abubakar-celebrates-his-73rd-birthday-drop-your-well-wishes|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shi ne wazirin Adamawa.<ref>https://saharareporters.com/2025/06/24/breaking-adamawa-govt-strips-atiku-abubakar-waziri-adamawa-title-others-also-affected</ref> [[File:Atiku, GMB at PGLS 1.jpg|thumb|Majar Atiku a jam'iyar APC ]] ==Farin rayuwa== Atiku haifaffen jihar Adamawa ne.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Story of My Life by Atiku Abubakar|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/04/15/the-story-of-my-life-by-atiku-abubakar|date=15 April 2019|website=PM News Nigeria}}</ref> An haifeshi a jahar Adamawa acikin garin [[Jada (Nijeriya)|Jada]] da ɗaya tilo awajen garba Abubakar mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarshi Aisha kande.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newswirengr.com/2023/02/28/atiku-abubakar-biography-education-career-marriage-net-worth-achievements-and-controversy/|title=Atiku Abubakar Biography|access-date=2023-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710103448/https://newswirengr.com/2023/02/28/atiku-abubakar-biography-education-career-marriage-net-worth-achievements-and-controversy/|archive-date=2023-07-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Siyasa== [[File:Deputy Secretary Alphonso Jackson with Nigeria's Vice President Atiku Abubakar (cropped).jpg|thumb|Atiku bayan zabe]] Atiku Abubakar yayi rashin nasarar samun zama shugaban kasar Najeriya a lokuta daban daban har sau bakwai. Daga shekarar 1993, 2007, 2011, 2015 , 2019 da Kuma 2023. A shekarar 1993, yayi takara a karkashin Social Democratic Party dan neman zama shugaban ƙasar amma ya sha kaye a wurin [[Moshood Abiola]] da [[Baba Gana Kingibe]]. Ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a jam'iyyar ''Action Congress'' ('''AC''') a [[Zaben Shugaban kasar Najeriya 2007|Zaɓen Shugaban kasar Najeriya ta 2007]] amma yayi rashin nasara da zuwa na uku a wurin [[Umaru Yar'Adua]] na jam'iyyar PDP da [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na [[All Nigeria Peoples Party|ANPP]]. Ya nemi zama ɗan takarar shugabancin ƙasar a karkashin jam'iyyar [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] lokacin [[Zaben Shugaban kasar Najeriya ta 2011|Zaɓen Shugaban kasar Najeriya ta 2011]] nan ma yayi rashin nasara a hannun shugaba mai ci [[Goodluck Jonathan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|first=Olajumoke|last=Adeosun|date=2019-07-17|title=Atiku Atiku AbAbubakar - Biography and Life of the 11th Vice President of Nigeria|url=https://www.peoplestrustafrica.com/atiku-abubakar-why-nigerians-need-him-now/#.XtCuR-_amGQ|access-date=2020-05-29|website=Entrepreneurs In Nigeria|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184553/https://www.peoplestrustafrica.com/atiku-abubakar-why-nigerians-need-him-now/#.XtCuR-_amGQ|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta, 2014, Atiku ya koma jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] gabanin [[Zaɓen Shugaban kasar Najeriya ta 2015|Zaɓen Shugaban ƙasar Najeriya ta 2015]] kuma ya nemi zama ɗan takarar jam'iyyar amma yayi rashin nasara a hannun [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. A shekarar, 2017, ya sake komawa jam'iyyar [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] a inda kuma ya zama ɗan takarar jam'iyyar a [[Zaben Shugaban kasar Najeriya ta 2019|Zaben Shugaban kasar Najeriya ta 2019]], sai dai har wayau ya sake rashin nasara a hannun shugaba mai ci Muhammadu Buhari na jam'iyyar APC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-atiku-wins-pdp-presidential-primary/|title=Atiku emerges PDP presidential candidate|website=[[The Punch]]| date=7 October 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-07|title=2023: Where Nigeria's President comes from, not important ― Atiku|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/10/2023-where-nigerias-president-comes-from-not-important-―-atiku/|access-date=2022-02-22|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref>. A shekarar, 2022 Atiku Abubakar ya bayyana sha'awarsa ta fitowa takarar shugaban kasa a Jam'iyyar PDP mai adawa inda zai kara da Bola Ahmed Tinubu na APC, da Peter Obi na Jam'iyyar Labour da [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso|Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso]] na Jam'iyyar NNPP da sauran Yan takara na kananan jam'iyyu. Bayan fafatawa mai zafi ta cikin gida da kuma ta sauran abokan karawa, hankula sun kasu gida daban-daban kuma da yawan jama'a sun kyautata zaton Atiku ne zai lashe Zaben. Daga cikin dalilan sa ran nasararsa har da rabuwar kanu a cikin ita jam'iyyar APC. Kari kan wannan, jama'a na cikin tsananin talauci da rashin tsaro a Birane da ƙauyuka. Wani abin damuwa shi ne yanda kwatsam gwamnati ta yi sauyin kudi wanda hakan ya jawo karancinsu a hannun mutane. Hatta da su mukarraban jam'iyyar APC sun zargi cewa an yi haka dan kassara tafiyar Tinubu. Atiku Abubakar ya nuna gamsuwar sa da wannan sauyin kuɗi. Bayan an yi zaɓen shugaban ƙasa ranar Asabar 25 ga watan Fabrairu na shekarar, 2023, an kwashe kwanaki huɗu ana tattara sakamakon zaɓen kuma da asubahin wayuwar garin Laraba, shugaban hukumar zaben INEC ya bayyana Bola Ahmad Tinubu a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen.<ref>https://punchng.com/topics/2023-elections {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301025455/https://punchng.com/topics/2023-elections/ |date=2023-03-01 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abubakar, Atiku}} [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar Adamawa]] == Early political career == Abubakar ya fara shiga siyasa ne a farkon shekarun alif 1980, lokacin da yayi aiki a bayan fage a yakin neman gwamna na [[Bamanga Tukur]], wanda a wannan lokacin shi ne manajan darakta na Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya. Ya nemi kuri'u a madadin Tukur, kuma ya bada gudummawa ga yakin. Zuwa ƙarshen aikinsa na Kwastam, ya sadu da Janar [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua]], wanda ya kasance na biyu a matsayin [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|Shugaban Ma'aikata, Babban Hedikwatar]] tsakanin shekarata alif 1976 da shekarar alif 1979. Yar'Adua ya jawo Abubakar cikin tarurrukan siyasa wanda yanzu ke faruwa akai-akai a gidan Yar'Adia na Legas, wanda ya haifar da Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Najeriya. Jam'iyyar People's Front ta hada da 'yan siyasa kamar [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], [[Baba Gana Kingibe]], [[Bola Tinubu]], [[Sabo Bakin Zuwo]], [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso|Rabiu Kwankwaso]], [[Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila]] da kuma [[Abubakar Koko]] . A shekara ta alif 1989, an zabi Abubakar a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na Peoples Front of Nigeria a cikin gina Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Uku. Abubakar ya lashe kujerar wakiltar mazabarsa a Majalisar Dokoki a shekarata alif 1989, wanda aka kafa don yanke shawarar sabon kundin tsarin mulki na Najeriya. Gwamnatin soja ta hana Jam'iyyar People's Front yin rajista (babu wani daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka yi amfani dasu da akayi rajista), kuma sun haɗu da [[Jam'iyyar SDP|Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party]] (SDP) da gwamnati ta kirkira. A ranar 1 ga watan Satumba na shekarar alif 1990, Abubakar ya sanar da takarar gwamna ta Jihar Gongola. Bayan takarar daya lashe a zaben fidda gwani na SDP a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif 1991, amma nan da nan gwamnati ta hana shi shiga zaben. A shekara ta alif 1993, Abubakar ya tsaya takarar zaben fidda gwani na SDP. Sakamakon bayan zaben fidda gwani na farko da aka gudanar a garin Jos shine: [[Moshood Abiola]] tare da kuri'u 3,617 , [[Baba Gana Kingibe]] tare da kuriʼu 3,255 da Abubakar Wanda Kiri'arsa takai " 2,066. Koyaya, bayan Shehu Yar'Adua ya nemi Atiku Abubakar ya janye daga kamfen ɗinsa, tare da Abiola yayi alkawarin sanya shi abokin tserensa. Daga baya gwamnonin SDP suka matsa wa Abiola don zabar Kinigbe a matsayin [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|Mataimakin shugaban kasa]], a Zaben shugaban kasa na 12 ga Yuni. Bayan ranar 12 ga watan Yuni kuma a lokacin sauyawar Janar [[Sani Abacha]], Abubakar ya nuna sha'awar yin takara don kujerar Gubnetorial wanda take a Jihar Adamawa a karkashin [[Jam'iyyar United Nigeria Congress Party]], shirin sauyawar ya ƙare tare da mutuwar Janar Abacha. A shekara ta alif 1998, Abubakar ya shiga jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) kuma daga baya ya sami gabatarwa ga [[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Adamawa|Gwamnan Jihar Adamawa]], inda ya lashe zaben gwamna na watan Disamba na shekarar alif 1998, amma kafin a rantsar da shi ya karɓi matsayi a matsayin abokin takarar dan takarar shugaban kasa na PDP, tsohon shugaban soja Janar [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] wanda ya ci gaba da lashe Zaben shugaban kasa na 1999 wanda ya kawo a [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu|Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta huɗu]]. 8ckhxw3mzanhpky82whisoyyq3mv7lu 0 7166 969199 688732 2026-10-18T17:09:55Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 969199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Sanyi gőzfejlesztő14.jpg|thumb|Garin sanyi]] '''Sanyi''' wanda aka fi sani da Cantonese romanizations, kamar '''Sam Yup''' dakuma '''Nam Pun Shun''', yana nufin gundumomi uku (tsoffin yankuna) na Nanhai, Panyu da Shunde da ke kewaye da [[Guangzhou]], [[Sin|China]].<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c0jgxxg1yzyo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17539777011717&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc0jgxxg1yzyo</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Tsoffin kananan hukumomi da kuma wasu gundumomin zamani sune ; Nanhai : Nanhai da Chancheng na zamani a Foshan da kuma karamin ɓangare na Liwan a Guangzhou ; Panyu : Panyu na zamani, Yuexiu, babban ɓangare na Liwan, Haizhu, Huangpu, Baiyun da babban ɓangare na Nansha, duk a Guangzhou ; Gishiri : Shunde na zamani, Foshan == Yarukkah == yankin ya haifar da yarukan Yuehai, wanda mafi shaharar su shine Cantonese (Yaren Guangzhou/Guangfu).  Daidaitaccen Cantonese ya dogara ne akan yarukan Yuehai na reshen Yue na Sinanci ne, masu magana da harshen Cantonese cikin sauƙin fahimta a ko'ina cikin Sinanci na yankin Lingnan. [[Fayil:Num_Pon_Soon_Melbourne.jpg|thumb|Ginin Num Pon Soon a Chinatown, Melbourne. Kamfanin Num Pon Soon ƙungiya ce ta gundumar, ƙungiya ce mai alheri da nufin tallafawa baƙi na Sanyi zuwa [[Melbourne]] a lokacin tseren zinariya na Victoria.]] Yawancin Baƙi na kasar Sin zuwa Amurka a ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20 sun fito ne daga gundumomi takwas a cikin Kogin Pearl Delta, gami da gundumomi uku na Sanyi, tare da gundumomin Siyi huɗu zuwa kudu maso yamma da kuma gundumar Zhongshan . {{Rp|19}} == Dubi kuma == * Siyi * Yue Sinanci == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} iib3xidxqqg5cd587pwb9xa6miyzr57 0 8506 969263 296375 2026-10-18T20:45:51Z Kent Wang 49470 Main facade of Basílica da Estrela 57.jpg 969263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Montagem de Lisboa.png|thumb|right|250px|Lisbon.]] '''Lisbon''' ko '''Lisboa''' [lafazi : /lisebon/ ko /lizeboha/] shi ne babban birnin ƙasar [[Portugal]]. A cikin birnin Lisbon akwai kimanin mutane miliyan biyu a ƙidayar shekarar 2011. <br><gallery class=center caption="Lisbon - Lisboa"> Lissabon-Castelo de Sao Jorge-42-von Calcada do Duque-2011-gje.jpg Main facade of Basílica da Estrela 57.jpg Lissabon-Basilica da Estrela-14-Beichtstuhl-2011-gje.jpg Lissabon-Sao Vicente de Fora-46-Azulejos-2011-gje.jpg Lissabon-Elevador de Santa Justa-12-Convento do Carmo-2011-gje.jpg Lissabon-Rua da Bica de Duarte Belo-02-2011-gje.jpg Lissabon-Praca do Comercio-22-2011-gje.jpg Lissabon-Fado im Caldo Verde-02-2011-gje.jpg|Fado File:City_View,_Lisbon,_Portugal_LCCN2014680063.tif|Birnin Lisbon, Portugal File:Baroque_Lisbon_(13373586675).jpg|Baroque Lisbon </gallery> {{DEFAULTSORT:Lisbon}} [[Category:Biranen Portugal]]. 1vmqdaim5ugg8phdukm5ffjfmzz7z8o 0 12508 969230 830398 2026-10-18T18:05:44Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376018831|Indictment]]" 969230 wikitext text/x-wiki Wani zargi (/ɪnˈdaɪtmənt/ in-DYTE-mənt) zargi ne na musamman cewa mutum ya aikata [[Laifi]]. A cikin [[Yanke hukunci|hukunce-hukunce]] da ke amfani da manufar aikata laifuka, mafi girman Laifi shine laifi. Kotunan da ba sa amfani da wannan ra'ayi sau da yawa suna amfani da laifin da za a iya tuhuma, wanda shine laifin da ke buƙatar tuhuma. == Ostiraliya == Sashe na 80 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ostiraliya ya ba da cewa "bincike kan tuhumar duk wani laifi a kan kowane doka na Commonwealth zai kasance ta hanyar juri". Babban Kotun Ostiraliya ta ci gaba da amfani da fassarar wannan sashi, yana ba da damar Majalisar dokokin Ostiraliya don bayyana waɗanne laifuka ne ke ci gaba a kan tuhuma maimakon ba da haƙƙin duniya ga shari'ar juri. Sashe na 4G na ''Dokar Laifuka ta 1914'' ya ba da cewa "laifuka da suka shafi dokar Commonwealth da za a hukunta ta hanyar ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon lokaci sama da watanni 12 laifuka ne da za a iya tuhuma, sai dai idan akasin haka ya bayyana". == Kanada == Zargin kai tsaye shine wanda aka aika karar kai tsaye zuwa shari'a kafin a kammala Bincike na farko ko kuma lokacin da aka sallami wanda ake tuhuma ta hanyar bincike na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-10-09 |title=Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada 1985, c. C-46, Section 577 |url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowDoc/cs/C-46/bo-ga:l_XIX_1::bo-ga:l_XX//en?page=13&isPrinting=false#codese:577 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605052630/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowDoc/cs/C-46/bo-ga:l_XIX_1::bo-ga:l_XX//en?page=13&isPrinting=false#codese:577 |archive-date=2011-06-05 |access-date=2008-10-29 |publisher=Department of Justice, Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-03-21 |title=Direct Indictments |url=http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/crim/cpm/2005/DirectIndictment.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050322231934/http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/crim/cpm/2005/DirectIndictment.pdf |archive-date=2005-03-22 |access-date=2008-10-29 |website=Crown Policy Manual |publisher=Province of Ontario, Ministry of Attorney General}}</ref> Ana nufin ya zama iko mai ban mamaki, wanda ba a amfani da shi sosai don tabbatar da cewa waɗanda ya kamata a gabatar da su a gaban shari'a suna cikin hanyar da ta dace ko kuma inda aka ga kuskuren hukunci an yi shi a cikin binciken farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-04-04 |title=Direct Indictments |url=http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/dept-min/pub/fps-sfp/fpd/ch17.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220062444/http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/dept-min/pub/fps-sfp/fpd/ch17.html |archive-date=2008-12-20 |access-date=2008-10-29 |website=The Federal Prosecution Service Deskbook |publisher=Department of Justice, Canada}}</ref> Bayan hukuncin Jordan na 2016, wanda Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta sanya iyakokin lokaci a kan Crown don kawo shari'o'in aikata laifuka zuwa shari'a, Crown ta fara amfani da hanyar akai-akai. == Ƙasar Ingila == === Ingila da Wales === A Ingila da Wales (sai dai a cikin gurfanar da mutane suka yi) mai gabatar da kara na jama'a ne ya ba da tuhuma (a mafi yawan lokuta wannan zai zama Ofishin Masu gabatar da kara) a madadin Crown, wanda shine mai shigar da kara a duk gurfanarwar jama'a a karkashin dokar Ingila. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa za a gabata''R'' da karar jama'a ga mutumin da sunansa Smith a rubuce a matsayin "''R da Smith''" (inda R ke tsaye don ''rex'' ko regina, Latin don 'sarki' ko 'Sarauniya' bi da bi) kuma lokacin da aka ambata ta baki a kotu za a furta "Coron a kan Smith".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding UK Case Law |url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/subjects/law/research/file70250.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010111829/http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/subjects/law/research/file70250.pdf |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |access-date=2016-01-21 |website=Soas.ac.uk}}</ref> Dole ne a gabatar da dukkan shari'o'in da ake tuhuma a gaban Kotun Crown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Courts Act 1981 |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1981/cukpga_19810054_en_6#pt2-ch3-l1g52 |access-date=2016-01-21 |website=Opsi.gov.uk}}</ref> Ta hanyar umarnin aiki da aka bayar a karkashin sashi na 75 (1) na Dokar Kotun Koli ta 1981, dole ne Alkalin Kotun Koli, alƙalin da'ira ko mai rikodin (wanda ya dogara da laifin) ya gwada tuhuma. Game da nau'in tuhuma, duba Dokar tuhuma ta 1915 da Dokokin tuhuma ta 1971 da aka yi a can. Dokokin Shari'a na 1971 an soke su ta hanyar Dokokin Shariʼa (Gwamma) na 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-06 |title=The Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2007 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/699/article/3/made |access-date=2016-01-21 |website=Legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> (a cikin duka) an haɗa su cikin Dokokin Shari" na 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-20 |title=Rules and Practice Directions |url=http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/criminal/rulesmenu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429064342/http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/criminal/rulesmenu |archive-date=2015-04-29 |access-date=2016-01-21 |website=Justice.gov.uk}}</ref> Hanyar da abun ciki da kuma sabis na tuhuma ana sarrafa su ta Dokar 14 ta CPR 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=The Criminal Procedure Rules 2012 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2012/1726/part/14/made |access-date=2016-01-21 |website=Legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> Ƙarin jagora yana ƙunshe a cikin Consolidated Criminal Practice Direction Part IV.34 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Part IV: Further Practice Directions Applying in The Crown Court – Criminal Procedure Rules |url=http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/criminal/practice-direction/part4#id6328219 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115025628/http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/criminal/practice-direction/part4#id6328219 |archive-date=2016-01-15 |access-date=2016-01-21 |website=Justice UK}}</ref> Game da fifiko na lissafin tuhuma da sanya hannu kan tuhuma, duba sashi na 2 na Dokar Gudanar da Shari'a (Matsayi na Ƙari) 1933 da kuma tuhumar (Hanyar) Dokokin 1971 (SI 1971/2084) da aka yi a ƙasa, kamar yadda aka gyara da kuma gyara ta hanyar tuhumar (Jirgin) Dokokin (Sigaba) (Sigaji) Dokokin 1983 (Sigawar) Dokokin) Dokokin 1988 (Sigawa) Dokokin Addendum) Dokokin Darwini (Sigabar) Dokokin Jagora (Sigajin) Dokokin 2000 (Sigaje-Sigaba 2000 (S) Dokokin SI 1983/1783), Dokokin (Jigaba) Dokokin (1998) Dokokin Addunyaa) Dokokin Gudanarwa) Dokoki) Dokokin Signi 2000 (S (Sigaya) Dokokin (2000) Dokokin Shirye-Sigawarage) Dokokin Dabbar) Dokoki 2000 (Sagaye) Dokokin Dokokin Addini) Dokokin === Arewacin Ireland === Dubi Dokar Laifuka (Northern Ireland) 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-26 |title=Indictments Act (Northern Ireland) 1945 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apni/1945/16/contents |access-date=2016-01-21 |website=Legislation.gov.uk |id=1945 c. 16}}</ref> === Scotland === A Scotland, duk waɗannan shari'o'in da aka kawo a Babban Kotun Shari'a an kawo su da sunan Ubangiji Lauyan kuma za a yi musu shari'a a kan tuhuma. A Kotun sheriff inda shari'o'i ke gudana ta amfani da shari'o-tafiye masu tsanani za a kuma yi musu shari'a a kan tuhuma kuma ana kawo su da sunan Ubangiji Lauyan. Dukkanin zarge-zarge masu tsanani an tsara su ne a cikin han''Ya'' Mai ba da shawara ga Mai Girma (ko Mai Girma) v Smith, ko, sau da yawa ''HMA da Smith''. == Amurka == Kwaskwarima ta Biyar ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ta bayyana a wani bangare: "Babu wani mutum da za a iya amsawa ga [[Hukuncin kisa a Amurka|babban birnin]], ko kuma wani laifi mai banƙyama, sai dai a kan gabatarwar ko tuhumar Babban Juri, sai dai idan sun taso a cikin ƙasa ko sojojin ruwa, ko a cikin Militia lokacin da yake cikin ainihin aiki a lokacin Yakin ko haɗarin jama'a".Ba a sanya abin da ake buƙata na tuhuma a kan jihohi ba; sabili da haka, duk da cewa gwamnatin tarayya tana amfani da manyan juriya da tuhuma, ba duk jihohi ba ne.<ref>{{Cite court|date=1884|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/110/516/case.html}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2019, duk jihohi ban da Pennsylvania da Connecticut har yanzu suna amfani da manyan juriya don gurfanar da wadanda ake zargi da wasu laifuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Daniel |date=2019-03-21 |title=Which States Use Criminal Grand Juries? |url=https://www.findlaw.com/legalblogs/criminal-defense/which-states-use-criminal-grand-juries/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=FindLaw |language=en}}</ref> A cikin hukunce-hukunce da yawa da ke amfani da manyan juriya, masu gabatar da kara galibi suna da zaɓi tsakanin neman tuhuma daga babban juri da kuma gabatar da takardar caji kai tsaye tare da kotun. Irin wannan takarda yawanci ana kiranta ''bayani'', ''zargi'', ko korafi, don rarrabe shi daga zargi na babban juri. Don kare haƙƙin da ake zargi ya dace a cikin shari'o'in laifi (inda sha'awar wanda ake zargi da 'yanci ke cikin haɗari), yawanci ana sauraron sauraro na farko, inda alƙali ke tantance ko akwai yiwuwar dalilin da zai iya kama wanda ake zarge-zarge wanda ke cikin tsare. Idan alƙalin ya sami irin wannan dalilin, za su ɗaure, ko riƙe, wanda ake zargi don shari'a.<ref name="DresslerThomasMedwed2020" /> Abubuwan da ake tuhuma ko wasu kayan caji yawanci iri ɗaya ne, ba tare da la'akari da ikon ba: ya ƙunshi ɗan gajeren bayani game da inda, lokacin, da kuma yadda wanda ake tuhuma ya aikata laifin. Kowane laifi yawanci ana saita shi a cikin ƙididdiga daban. Zarge-zarge don laifuka masu rikitarwa, musamman wadanda suka shafi makirci ko laifuka da yawa, na iya kaiwa ga daruruwan shafuka. A wasu lokuta, duk da haka, tuhumar aikata laifuka mai tsanani kamar kisan kai na iya kunshe da takarda guda ɗaya. Ana gwada laifuka masu laifi ta hanyar juri, sai dai idan wanda ake tuhuma ya yi watsi da haƙƙin shari'ar juriya. Kodayake Kwaskwarima ta shida ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta ba da izinin haƙƙin shari'ar juriya a kowane tuhuma mai laifi, yawancin shari'o'in aikata laifuka a Amurka ana warware su ta hanyar tsarin sulhu. === Nau'o'in === Wani zargi da aka rufe ya kasance ba a bayyane ba, saboda dalilai daban-daban, har sai an buɗe shi (alal misali, da zarar 'yan sanda sun kama wanda ake tuhuma ko kuma sun sanar da shi). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sealed Criminal Document Procedures {{!}} District of Maryland {{!}} United States District Court |url=https://www.mdd.uscourts.gov/content/sealed-criminal-document-procedures |access-date=3 March 2025 |website=U.S. District Court |publisher=United States District Court, District of Maryland}}</ref> Wani zargi mai maye gurbin ya ɗauki matsayin wanda ke aiki a baya. Wani zargi na magana ya wuce sanarwa da doka ta buƙaci game da abubuwan da ake tuhuma (s) kuma ya haɗa da labarin abubuwan da ake zargi da su a cikin cikakkun bayanai fiye da yadda doka ta bugawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burton |first=Preston |last2=Winter |first2=Jill |title=It Is Time to Muzzle the Speaking Indictment |url=https://www.nacdl.org/Article/SeptOct2024-ItIsTimetoMuzzletheSpeakingIndictment |access-date=3 March 2025 |website=NACDL |publisher=National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qbbrnwq7xn77ae1l6jcnwor8ah2a9cs 969300 969230 2026-10-18T21:54:10Z Saad Nuhu 43323 969300 wikitext text/x-wiki Wani zargi (/ɪnˈdaɪtmənt/ in-DYTE-mənt) zargi ne na musamman cewa mutum ya aikata [[Laifi]]. A cikin [[Yanke hukunci|hukunce-hukunce]] da ke amfani da manufar aikata laifuka, mafi girman Laifi shine laifi. Kotunan da ba sa amfani da wannan ra'ayi sau da yawa suna amfani da laifin da za a iya tuhuma, wanda shine laifin da ke buƙatar tuhuma. == Ostiraliya == Sashe na 80 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ostiraliya ya ba da cewa "bincike kan tuhumar duk wani laifi a kan kowane doka na Commonwealth zai kasance ta hanyar juri". Babban Kotun Ostiraliya ta ci gaba da amfani da fassarar wannan sashi, yana ba da damar Majalisar dokokin Ostiraliya don bayyana waɗanne laifuka ne ke ci gaba a kan tuhuma maimakon ba da haƙƙin duniya ga shari'ar juri. Sashe na 4G na ''Dokar Laifuka ta 1914'' ya ba da cewa "laifuka da suka shafi dokar Commonwealth da za a hukunta ta hanyar ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon lokaci sama da watanni 12 laifuka ne da za a iya tuhuma, sai dai idan akasin haka ya bayyana". == Kanada == Zargin kai tsaye shine wanda aka aika karar kai tsaye zuwa shari'a kafin a kammala Bincike na farko ko kuma lokacin da aka sallami wanda ake tuhuma ta hanyar bincike na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-10-09 |title=Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada 1985, c. C-46, Section 577 |url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowDoc/cs/C-46/bo-ga:l_XIX_1::bo-ga:l_XX//en?page=13&isPrinting=false#codese:577 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605052630/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowDoc/cs/C-46/bo-ga:l_XIX_1::bo-ga:l_XX//en?page=13&isPrinting=false#codese:577 |archive-date=2011-06-05 |access-date=2008-10-29 |publisher=Department of Justice, Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-03-21 |title=Direct Indictments |url=http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/crim/cpm/2005/DirectIndictment.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050322231934/http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/crim/cpm/2005/DirectIndictment.pdf |archive-date=2005-03-22 |access-date=2008-10-29 |website=Crown Policy Manual |publisher=Province of Ontario, Ministry of Attorney General}}</ref> Ana nufin ya zama iko mai ban mamaki, wanda ba a amfani da shi sosai don tabbatar da cewa waɗanda ya kamata a gabatar da su a gaban shari'a suna cikin hanyar da ta dace ko kuma inda aka ga kuskuren hukunci an yi shi a cikin binciken farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-04-04 |title=Direct Indictments |url=http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/dept-min/pub/fps-sfp/fpd/ch17.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220062444/http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/dept-min/pub/fps-sfp/fpd/ch17.html |archive-date=2008-12-20 |access-date=2008-10-29 |website=The Federal Prosecution Service Deskbook |publisher=Department of Justice, Canada}}</ref> Bayan hukuncin Jordan na 2016, wanda Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta sanya iyakokin lokaci a kan Crown don kawo shari'o'in aikata laifuka zuwa shari'a, Crown ta fara amfani da hanyar akai-akai. == Ƙasar Ingila == === Ingila da Wales === A Ingila da Wales (sai dai a cikin gurfanar da mutane suka yi) mai gabatar da kara na jama'a ne ya ba da tuhuma (a mafi yawan lokuta wannan zai zama Ofishin Masu gabatar da kara) a madadin Crown, wanda shine mai shigar da kara a duk gurfanarwar jama'a a karkashin dokar Ingila. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa za a gabata''R'' da karar jama'a ga mutumin da sunansa Smith a rubuce a matsayin "''R da Smith''" (inda R ke tsaye don ''rex'' ko regina, Latin don 'sarki' ko 'Sarauniya' bi da bi) kuma lokacin da aka ambata ta baki a kotu za a furta "Coron a kan Smith".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding UK Case Law |url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/subjects/law/research/file70250.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010111829/http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/subjects/law/research/file70250.pdf |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |access-date=2016-01-21 |website=Soas.ac.uk}}</ref> Dole ne a gabatar da dukkan shari'o'in da ake tuhuma a gaban Kotun Crown.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Courts Act 1981 |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1981/cukpga_19810054_en_6#pt2-ch3-l1g52 |access-date=2016-01-21 |website=Opsi.gov.uk}}</ref> Ta hanyar umarnin aiki da aka bayar a karkashin sashi na 75 (1) na Dokar Kotun Koli ta 1981, dole ne Alkalin Kotun Koli, alƙalin da'ira ko mai rikodin (wanda ya dogara da laifin) ya gwada tuhuma. Game da nau'in tuhuma, duba Dokar tuhuma ta 1915 da Dokokin tuhuma ta 1971 da aka yi a can. Dokokin Shari'a na 1971 an soke su ta hanyar Dokokin Shariʼa (Gwamma) na 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-06 |title=The Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2007 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2007/699/article/3/made |access-date=2016-01-21 |website=Legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> (a cikin duka) an haɗa su cikin Dokokin Shari" na 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-20 |title=Rules and Practice Directions |url=http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/criminal/rulesmenu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429064342/http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/criminal/rulesmenu |archive-date=2015-04-29 |access-date=2016-01-21 |website=Justice.gov.uk}}</ref> Hanyar da abun ciki da kuma sabis na tuhuma ana sarrafa su ta Dokar 14 ta CPR 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=The Criminal Procedure Rules 2012 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2012/1726/part/14/made |access-date=2016-01-21 |website=Legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> Ƙarin jagora yana ƙunshe a cikin Consolidated Criminal Practice Direction Part IV.34 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Part IV: Further Practice Directions Applying in The Crown Court – Criminal Procedure Rules |url=http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/criminal/practice-direction/part4#id6328219 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115025628/http://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/criminal/practice-direction/part4#id6328219 |archive-date=2016-01-15 |access-date=2016-01-21 |website=Justice UK}}</ref> Game da fifiko na lissafin tuhuma da sanya hannu kan tuhuma, duba sashi na 2 na Dokar Gudanar da Shari'a (Matsayi na Ƙari) 1933 da kuma tuhumar (Hanyar) Dokokin 1971 (SI 1971/2084) da aka yi a ƙasa, kamar yadda aka gyara da kuma gyara ta hanyar tuhumar (Jirgin) Dokokin (Sigaba) (Sigaji) Dokokin 1983 (Sigawar) Dokokin) Dokokin 1988 (Sigawa) Dokokin Addendum) Dokokin Darwini (Sigabar) Dokokin Jagora (Sigajin) Dokokin 2000 (Sigaje-Sigaba 2000 (S) Dokokin SI 1983/1783), Dokokin (Jigaba) Dokokin (1998) Dokokin Addunyaa) Dokokin Gudanarwa) Dokoki) Dokokin Signi 2000 (S (Sigaya) Dokokin (2000) Dokokin Shirye-Sigawarage) Dokokin Dabbar) Dokoki 2000 (Sagaye) Dokokin Dokokin Addini) Dokokin === Arewacin Ireland === Dubi Dokar Laifuka (Northern Ireland) 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-05-26 |title=Indictments Act (Northern Ireland) 1945 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/apni/1945/16/contents |access-date=2016-01-21 |website=Legislation.gov.uk |id=1945 c. 16}}</ref> === Scotland === A Scotland, duk waɗannan shari'o'in da aka kawo a Babban Kotun Shari'a an kawo su da sunan Ubangiji Lauyan kuma za a yi musu shari'a a kan tuhuma. A Kotun sheriff inda shari'o'i ke gudana ta amfani da shari'o-tafiye masu tsanani za a kuma yi musu shari'a a kan tuhuma kuma ana kawo su da sunan Ubangiji Lauyan. Dukkanin zarge-zarge masu tsanani an tsara su ne a cikin han''Ya'' Mai ba da shawara ga Mai Girma (ko Mai Girma) v Smith, ko, sau da yawa ''HMA da Smith''. == Amurka == Kwaskwarima ta Biyar ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ta bayyana a wani bangare: "Babu wani mutum da za a iya amsawa ga [[Hukuncin kisa a Amurka|babban birnin]], ko kuma wani laifi mai banƙyama, sai dai a kan gabatarwar ko tuhumar Babban Juri, sai dai idan sun taso a cikin ƙasa ko sojojin ruwa, ko a cikin Militia lokacin da yake cikin ainihin aiki a lokacin Yakin ko haɗarin jama'a".Ba a sanya abin da ake buƙata na tuhuma a kan jihohi ba; sabili da haka, duk da cewa gwamnatin tarayya tana amfani da manyan juriya da tuhuma, ba duk jihohi ba ne.<ref>{{Cite court|date=1884|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/110/516/case.html}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2019, duk jihohi ban da Pennsylvania da Connecticut har yanzu suna amfani da manyan juriya don gurfanar da wadanda ake zargi da wasu laifuka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Daniel |date=2019-03-21 |title=Which States Use Criminal Grand Juries? |url=https://www.findlaw.com/legalblogs/criminal-defense/which-states-use-criminal-grand-juries/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=FindLaw |language=en}}</ref> A cikin hukunce-hukunce da yawa da ke amfani da manyan juriya, masu gabatar da kara galibi suna da zaɓi tsakanin neman tuhuma daga babban juri da kuma gabatar da takardar caji kai tsaye tare da kotun. Irin wannan takarda yawanci ana kiranta ''bayani'', ''zargi'', ko korafi, don rarrabe shi daga zargi na babban juri. Don kare haƙƙin da ake zargi ya dace a cikin shari'o'in laifi (inda sha'awar wanda ake zargi da 'yanci ke cikin haɗari), yawanci ana sauraron sauraro na farko, inda alƙali ke tantance ko akwai yiwuwar dalilin da zai iya kama wanda ake zarge-zarge wanda ke cikin tsare. Idan alƙalin ya sami irin wannan dalilin, za su ɗaure, ko riƙe, wanda ake zargi don shari'a. Abubuwan da ake tuhuma ko wasu kayan caji yawanci iri ɗaya ne, ba tare da la'akari da ikon ba: ya ƙunshi ɗan gajeren bayani game da inda, lokacin, da kuma yadda wanda ake tuhuma ya aikata laifin. Kowane laifi yawanci ana saita shi a cikin ƙididdiga daban. Zarge-zarge don laifuka masu rikitarwa, musamman wadanda suka shafi makirci ko laifuka da yawa, na iya kaiwa ga daruruwan shafuka. A wasu lokuta, duk da haka, tuhumar aikata laifuka mai tsanani kamar kisan kai na iya kunshe da takarda guda ɗaya. Ana gwada laifuka masu laifi ta hanyar juri, sai dai idan wanda ake tuhuma ya yi watsi da haƙƙin shari'ar juriya. Kodayake Kwaskwarima ta shida ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta ba da izinin haƙƙin shari'ar juriya a kowane tuhuma mai laifi, yawancin shari'o'in aikata laifuka a Amurka ana warware su ta hanyar tsarin sulhu. === Nau'o'in === Wani zargi da aka rufe ya kasance ba a bayyane ba, saboda dalilai daban-daban, har sai an buɗe shi (alal misali, da zarar 'yan sanda sun kama wanda ake tuhuma ko kuma sun sanar da shi). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sealed Criminal Document Procedures {{!}} District of Maryland {{!}} United States District Court |url=https://www.mdd.uscourts.gov/content/sealed-criminal-document-procedures |access-date=3 March 2025 |website=U.S. District Court |publisher=United States District Court, District of Maryland}}</ref> Wani zargi mai maye gurbin ya ɗauki matsayin wanda ke aiki a baya. Wani zargi na magana ya wuce sanarwa da doka ta buƙaci game da abubuwan da ake tuhuma (s) kuma ya haɗa da labarin abubuwan da ake zargi da su a cikin cikakkun bayanai fiye da yadda doka ta bugawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burton |first=Preston |last2=Winter |first2=Jill |title=It Is Time to Muzzle the Speaking Indictment |url=https://www.nacdl.org/Article/SeptOct2024-ItIsTimetoMuzzletheSpeakingIndictment |access-date=3 March 2025 |website=NACDL |publisher=National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fcu1v6zsx9mqs9465g9roeex5es0ov0 0 13295 969203 881897 2026-10-18T17:14:03Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 969203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Shakira Rio 08.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Shakira 2012.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Shakira with Rey Juan Carlos and Alejandro Sanz.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Shakira Education.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Shakira Live in Rotterdam.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Shakira 2011, 2.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Shakira.JPG|thumb]] [[Fayil:Shakira March 2011.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:ShakiraLogo.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Shakira - Lisbon 4-4-2007.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Shakira loca barcelona filmacion.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Shakira e crianças.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Shakira e Bachelet.gif|thumb]] [[Fayil:Shakira - Lisboa 4-4-2007.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Shakira Exclusive - Leeds Road - geograph.org.uk - 2085008.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Staustufe Eddersheim Tanker Shakira 0210.JPG|thumb]] '''Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll,''' ( /ʃ ə k ɪər ə / ; Spanish:  ;An haifaita a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar, 1977), mawaƙiyya ce yar ƙasar [[Kolombiya]], mawaƙiyya, yar rawa, mawallafa, kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo. An haife ta kuma ta girma a Barranquilla, ta fara wasan ta na farko a karon farko a karkashin Sony mawaki [[Colombia]] lokacin tana shekara 13. Hakan ya biyo bayan gazawar kasuwanci ta kundin ''kaskon'' farko na Colombia biyu, ''Magia'' (1991) da ''Peligro'' (1993), ta yi fice a kasashe masu magana da harshen Spanish tare da kundin wakokin ta na gaba, ''Pies Descalzos'' (1995) da ''Dónde Están los Ladrones?'' (1998). Shakira ta shiga kasuwa da harshen Turanci tare da kundin wakan nata na biyar, ''Loundry Service'' (2001). Ya sayar da kwafi sama da miliyan sha uku (13) sannan kuma ya lalata waƙaƙan na ƙasa-da-ƙasa " Duk lokacin da, Duk Inda " da " Yourarbar Aikinku." Nasararta ta kasance mai karfafuwa tare da kuma kundin gidan ''radiyon'' Spain ''Fijación Oral, Vol. 1'' (2005), ''Sale el Sol'' (2010), da kuma ''El Dorado'' (2017), duk wanda shugaba da <nowiki><i id="mwMw">Allon tallace-tallace</i></nowiki> Top Latin Wakokin ginshiki kuma aka bokan Diamante da Rikodi Masana'antu Kungiyoyin kasarAmurka. A halin yanzu, ''hotan'' nata na Ingilishi ''Oral Fixation, Vol. 2'' (2005), ''She Wolf'' (2009) da ''Shakira'' (2014) duk sun kasance tabbataccen zinare, platinum, ko platinum da yawa a cikin kasashe daban-daban na duniya. Wasu waƙoƙinta sun yi jerin gwano a lamba ɗaya a ƙasashe da yawa, da suka haɗa da " La Tortura ", " Hips Kada Lie ", " BmMasu kyauwun Karya ", " Waƙa Waƙa (Wannan Lokaci ga Afirka) ", " Loca ", da " Chantaje ". Shakira ta yi aiki a matsayin koci a lokutan biyu na gasar waƙoƙin talabijin na Amurka mai ''taken Muryar Amurka'' daga shekarar 2013 zuwa shekarar 2014. Shakira ta samu lambobin yabo da yawa, gami da Grammy Lamban yabo uku, Grammy Latin goma sha uku, Kyautar MTV Video yabo bakwai, Kyautar Takaitaccen Tarihi na Burtaniya, Kyautar Miliyan talatin da tara ta Kudin Latin Waƙa Lanban yabo da tauraruwa akan Hollywood Walk of Fame. A shekara ta 2009, ''Billboard ya'' jera ta a matsayin Babban Mawaƙiyar Latin na Artade na Latinan shekaru. Bayan sayar da fiye da miliyan 75 na rikodin duniya, Shakira ta kasance ɗiyan manya masu fasahar kiɗan duniya. An zaɓe ta a matsayin mai zane-zane ta Latin da aka fi sani a kan Spotify kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata masu fasaha uku kawai don samun bidiyo biyu na YouTube da suka wuce dala biliyan biyu. Saboda aikinta na kyauta tare da Barefoot Foundation da kuma gudummawar da ta bayar wajen kiɗe-kiɗe, ta sami lambar yabo ta Latin ta Academyan Wasan Kwafi ta Latin shakira ta kasance matar Gerrard Pique wanda yake ƙasan catalunya dake ƙasar Spain,wanda yake taka leda kulob din Barcelona dake kasan [[Ispaniya|spain]]. == Farkon rayuwa == [[File:Shakira - Milan.jpg|thumb|Shakira]] [[File:Shakira at Obama Inaugural (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shakira]] An haife ta ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1977, a Barranquilla, Columbia, ita kaɗai ce ya a wajen William Mebarak Chadid da Nidia Ripoll Torrado. Kakannin kakanta sun yi ƙaura daga [[Lebanon]] zuwa [[New York (birni)|New York City]], inda aka haife mahaifinta. Sannan mahaifinta ya yi gudun hijira zuwa Colombia yana da shekaru 5. Sunan ''Shakira'' (Arabic) Shi ne Larabci for "m", da mata nau'i na sunan ''Gumi'' ( Arabic). Daga mahaifiyarta, tana da Mutanen Espanya da asalin Italiyanci . Ta girma Katolika kuma ta halarci makarantun Katolika. Tana da olderan tsofaffin rabin-ɗiyan-miji daga ɗaurin mahaifinta na baya. Shakira ta kwashe yawancin samartakarta a Barranquilla, wani gari da ke bakin gabar arewacin Caribbean a gabar Kolombiya, ta kuma rubuta waka ta farko, wacce ake wa lakabi da "La Rosa De Cristal / The Crystal Rose", lokacin tana shekara hudu. Lokacin da take girma, tana sha'awar kallon mahaifinta tana rubuta labarai a kan rubutun keken rubutu, sannan ta nemi daya a matsayin kyautar [[Kirsimeti]]. Tun tana da shekaru bakwai, ta sami wannan nau'in buga rubutun, kuma ta ci gaba da rubuta waƙoƙi tun lokacin. Waɗannan waƙoƙin ƙarshe sun samo asali zuwa waƙoƙi. Lokacin da Shakira ta kasance shekara biyu, wani ɗan uwan rabin ya mutu a cikin haɗarin babur; Shekaru shida bayan haka, tana da shekara takwas, Shakira ta rubuta waƙarta ta farko, mai taken "Tus gafas oscuras / Gilashin duhu mai duhu", wanda mahaifinta ya yi wahayi, wanda tsawon shekaru ya rufe gilashin duhu don ɓoye baƙin cikin. Lokacin da Shakiàaa ta kasance huɗu, mahaifinta ya kai ta wani gidan cin abinci na Gabas ta Tsakiya, inda Shakira ta fara jin doumbek, daddaren gargajiyar gargajiya da ake amfani da ita a cikin waƙar Larabci kuma wacce ke tare da raye-rayen ciki. Ta fara rawa a kan tebur, kuma kwarewar ta sa ta fahimci cewa tana son zama mai wasan kwaikwayo. Ta ji singing ga makaranta da kuma malamai (har ma da nuns) a ta Katolika makaranta, amma a na biyu aji, ta yi watsi da makaranta mawaƙa saboda ta vibrato ya yi karfi. Malamin waƙoƙin ya gaya mata cewa ta yi kara "kamar akuya". A makaranta, ta sau da yawa ya aiko daga aji saboda ta Hyperactivity (ADHD). Ta ce an kuma santa da "yarinyar rawa na ciki", kamar yadda za ta nuna kowace Juma'a a makaranta adadin da ta koya. Ta ce "Na gano yadda nake sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayon rayuwa," in ji ta. Don nuna godiya ga Shakira game da tarbiyyar da ta yi, mahaifinta ya kai ta wani wurin shakatawa na gida don ganin marayu da ke zaune. Hotunan sun kasance tare da ita, sannan ta ce wa kanta: "Wata rana zan taimaki waɗannan yaran lokacin da na zama mashahurin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo." [[File:Shakira.JPG|thumb|Shakira]] Tsakanin shekarun 10 zuwa 13, an gayyaci Shakira zuwa wasu al'amuran daban-daban a Barranquilla kuma ya sami yabo a yankin. A wannan lokacin ta sadu da mai gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na gida Monica Ariza, wanda ya burge ta kuma a sakamakon hakan ya yi ƙoƙarin taimaka wa aikinta. A lokacin da yake tashi daga Barranquilla zuwa [[Bogotá]], Ariza ya shawo kan zartarwa mai gabatarwa Sony Kolombiya Ciro Vargas don yin duba ga Shakira a harabar otal. Vargas ya riƙe Shakira cikin girmamawa kuma, yayin da ya dawo ofishin Sony, ya ba kaset ɗin waƙa da daraktan zane-zane. Koyaya, daraktan bai yi matukar farin ciki ba kuma yana tunanin Shakira wani abu ne na "asarar rai". Ba a manta kuma har yanzu ya yarda cewa Shakira yana da baiwa, Vargas ya kafa duba a cikin Bogotá. Ya shirya wa shugabannin zartarwar na Sony Columbia don isa wurin binciken, tare da tunanin mamakinsu da aikin Shakira. Ta yi waƙoƙi uku ga masu zartarwar kuma ta burge su har ta isa a sanya mata hannu don rakodin kundin hotuna uku. == Aiki == === 1990–1995: Farko === Wakar Shakira ta farko, ''Magia'', an yi ta ne tare da Sony Music Columb a shekarar alif 1990, lokacin tana 'yar shekara 13 kacal. A songs ne mai tarin sanya ta ta tun ta kasance guda takwas, gauraye pop-rock ballads kuma disco uptempo songs tare da lantarki masu raka. An saki kundin a watan Yuni na shekarar alif 1991, kuma an nuna "Magia" da wasu wayoyi ukun. Kodayake ya yi kyau sosai a rediyo na Colombian kuma ya ba wa Shakira matasa da yawa, kundin bai inganta sosai ba saboda an sayar da kwafin 1,200 kawai a duk duniya. Bayan ƙarancin aikin ''Magia'', alamar Shakira ta bukaci mata ta koma ɗakin karatun don sakin wani abin biyo baya. Duk da cewa ba a san ta sosai ba a wajen kasarta ta asali a lokacin, amma an gayyace ta Shakira da ta halarci Gasar Rauni ta Duniya na Viña del Mar a watan Fabrairun, shekarar alif 1993. Bikin ya baiwa masu son Latin Amurka fatan samun damar yin wakokinsu, sannan kuma kwamitocin mahukunta suka zabi wanda ya lashe gasar. Shakira ta yi wasan siraran "Eres" ("Kuna") kuma ta lashe ganima a matsayi na uku. Ofaya daga cikin alƙalai waɗanda suka zabe ta don cin nasarar shine ɗan shekaru 20 Ricky Martin, wanda asalinsa ya samo asali daga kasancewarsa memba a Menudo. [[File:Shakira - La Coruña.jpg|thumb|Shakira]] Shakira album na biyu na studio, mai taken ''Peligro'', an sake shi a cikin Maris, amma Shakira bai ji daɗin sakamakon ƙarshe ba, galibi yana ɗaukar batun samarwa. An fi karɓar kundin album ɗin fiye da na ''Magia'', kodayake ana ganin cinikayyar kasuwanci saboda ƙin Shakira ya ƙi tallata shi ko inganta shi. Shakira daga nan ta yanke shawarar ɗaukar hiatus daga yin rikodi don ta iya kammala karatun sakandare. A wannan shekarar, Shakira ta tauraro a cikin jerin fina-finai na kasar Columbia mai suna ''The Oasis'', ba tare da dogara da bala'in Armero ba a cikin shekarar alif 1985. Tun daga wannan lokacin, aka jawo kundin albums din daga fitarwa kuma ba a dauke su a matsayin kundin tarihin Shakira amma a maimakon hakan Albums na ingantawa. Shakira ta fara rikodin waƙar " ó Dónde Estás Corazón? " (Daga baya aka sake ta kan kundin nata mai suna ''Pies Descalzos'' ) don kundin shirya fim ɗin ''Nuestro Rock'' a shekarar alif 1995, wanda aka fito dashi na musamman a Kolumbia. Hoton ''Pies Descalzos ya'' kawo babban shahara a Latin Amurka ta hanyar mawakan "Estoy Aquí", "Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos" da "Dónde Estás Corazón". Shakira ya kuma yi rikodin waƙoƙi guda uku a cikin harshen Portuguese, mai taken "Estou Aqui", "Um Pouco de Amor", da "Pés Descalços". === 1995–2000: Juzuwar Latin === Shakira ta dawo zuwa rakodin kiɗa a ƙarƙashin Sony Music tare da Columbia Records a shekarar alif 1995, tare da Luis F. Ochoa, ta yin amfani da tasirin kiɗa daga ƙasashe da dama da kuma Alanis Morissette -oriented mutuma wanda ya shafi kundin kundin wakoki na biyu na gaba.   Wadannan rakodin sun lalata kundin shirye-shiryen na ukunsu, da kundin kasida na ta na duniya, mai taken ''Pies Descalzos'' . Rikodi don kundin ya fara a watan Fabrairu 1995, bayan nasarar ta "¿Dónde Estás Corazón?". An saki kundin, ''Pies Descalzos'' a watan Fabrairu 1996. Ya kai lamba biyar akan ginshiƙi na Manyan Labarai na Allon Amurka. Kundin ya ba da lambar yabo shida, " Estoy Aquí ", wanda ya kai lamba ta biyu a kan taswirar Latin Amurka, " Dónde Estás Corazón? " Wanda ya kai lamba biyar akan taswirar Latin Amurka, " Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos " wanda ya kai lamba 11 akan taswirar Latin ta Amurka, " Un Poco de Amor " wanda ya kai lamba shida akan ginshiƙi na Amurka, " Antología " wanda ya kai lamba 15 akan ginshiƙi na Amurka, da " Se quiere, Se Mata " wanda ya kai lamba ta takwas akan Amurka Tsarin Latin. A watan Agusta 1996, RIAA ta sami tabbacin matsayin kundin platinum. [[File:Shakira - Lisbon 4-4-2007.jpg|thumb|Shakira]] A watan Maris, na shekarar 1996, Shakira ta ci gaba da rangadinta na farko na kasa da kasa, wanda aka sanya wa suna kawai ''Tour Pies Descalzos''. Yawon shakatawa ya kunshi wasan kwaikwayo 20 kuma ya ƙare a 1997. Hakanan a waccan shekarar, Shakira ta karbi kyaututtuka na Billboard Latin Music na Kyauta don Album na Year don ''Pies Descalzos'', Bidiyo na shekara don "Estoy Aqui", da Mafi kyawun Artist . ''Pies Descalzos'' daga baya ya sayar da kofi sama da miliyan 5, haifar da sakin kundin remix, kawai mai taken ''The Remixes''. ''Har'' ila yau, ''remixes'' sun hada da juzu'i na Portuguese na wasu sanannun wakokinta, wadanda aka yi rikodin su saboda nasarar da ta samu a kasuwar ta Brazil, inda ''Pies Descalzos ta'' sayar da kwafin kusan miliyan daya. Album ɗinta na hudu mai taken ' ''Dónde Están los Ladrones'?'' Shakira tare da Emilio Estefan, Jr. a matsayin mai gabatarwa na zartarwa an sake shi a watan Satumbar 1998. Kundin, wanda aka yi wahayi da abin da ya faru a filin jirgin sama wanda a ciki an sace akwati mai cike da rubutattun wakoki, ya zama babban abin ''birgewa'' fiye da ''Pies Descalzos'' . Kundin kundi ya kai matsayi mafi girma na lamba 131 akan ''Billboard'' 200 kuma ya sami matsayi mafi girma akan ginshiƙi Albums na Amurka na makwanni 11. Tun daga yanzu an sayar da kofi sama da miliyan 7 a duk duniya da 1.5 &nbsp; miliyan kofe a cikin Amurka kadai, wanda ya sa ta zama mafi kyawun sayar da kundin wakokin Spanish a cikin Amurka guda takwas an karɓa daga kundi da suka hada da " Ciega, Sordomuda ", " Moscas En La Casa ", da " Babu Creo ", wanda ya zama ta farko guda zuwa chart a kan Amurka ''Allon tallace-tallace'' <nowiki><i id="mw9A">Allon tallace-tallace</i></nowiki> Hot 100, " Inevitable ", " tu ", " Si Te Vas ", " Octavo Dia ", da kuma " Ojos asi ". Shakira ita ma ta sami lambar yabo ta Grammy Award na farko a 1999 don Mafi kyawun Latin Rock / Album. Shakira's album's first live, ''MTV Unplugged'', an yi ta a cikin New York City ranar 12 ga Agusta 1999. Amincewa da manyan masu sukar Amurkawa ke yi, an nuna shi a matsayin daya daga cikin wasannin da ta fi yin fice. A watan Maris din 2000, Shakira ta fara ziyarar shakatawar ''Anfibio'', yawon shakatawa na watanni biyu na Kudancin Amurka da Amurka. A watan Agusta, 2000, ta sami kyautar MTV Video Music Award a cikin taken Zaɓaɓɓun Mutane &nbsp; - Mashahurin Mawakin Kasa da Kasa na "Ojos Así". A watan Satumbar 2000, Shakira ta yi "Ojos Así" a wajen bikin kaddamar da lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy, inda aka ba ta jerin gwanoni guda biyar: Album of the Year da Mafi kyawun Vaukar hoto ta ''MTV Unplugged'', Mafi kyawun Rockwar Dutse na Mace don "Octavo Día ", Mafi kyawun Vwafin Tsarin Mace Mai Tsayi da Mafi kyawun Musicaramar Bidiyo na Bidiyo don bidiyon don" Ojos Así ". === 2001 --2004: Canjin Ingilishi tare da ''Sabis ɗin Laundry'' === Bayan nasarar ''Dónde Están los Ladrones?'' da ''MTV Unplugged'', Shakira ya fara aiki a kan kundin kida na Ingilishi. Ta koyi Turanci ne da taimakon Gloria Estefan. Ta yi aiki sama da shekara guda kan sabon kayan don kundin. " Duk lokacin da, " Duk inda ", da ake kira" Suerte "a cikin ƙasashen masu magana da harshen Spanish, aka fito da shi a matsayin na farko kuma yana jagoranci guda ɗaya daga cikin kundin waƙoƙin Ingilishi na farko da kundin studio na biyar a cikin tsawon tsakanin Agusta 2001 da Fabrairu 2002. Waƙar ta sami tasiri mai ƙarfi daga waƙar Andean, gami da charango da panpipes a cikin kida. Ya zama babban nasarar duniya ta hanyar kai lamba ta farko a yawancin ƙasashe. Wannan kuma shine nasarar ta farko a cikin Amurka, ta hanyar kaiwa lamba ta shida akan Hot 100. [[File:Shakira_in_concert.jpg|right|thumb| Shakira kafin ta shiga cikin shirin Tafiya ta Mongoose a 2003 ]] Shakira album na biyar na studio da kundin harshen Turanci na farko, mai taken ''Laundry Service'' a cikin kasashen da ke magana da Turanci da ''Servicio De Lavanderia'' a Latin Amurka da Spain, an sake su a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2001. Kundin album din ya yi karo da lamba uku akan kwalin ''Billboard'' 200 na Amurka, yana sayar da sama da adadi 200,000 a satin farko. Daga baya RIAA ta sami ingantaccen kundin platinum sau uku a cikin Yuni 2004. Ya taimaka wurin kafa rawar kidan Shakira a babbar kasuwar Arewacin Amurka. An dauki waƙoƙi guda bakwai daga cikin kundin kamar "Duk lokacin da, Duk Inda" / "Suerte", " Carƙashin Kayanka ", " ƙin yarda (Tango) " / " Te Aviso, Te Anuncio (Tango) ", " The Daya ", " Te Dejo Madrid "," Que Me Quedes Tú ", da" Waka zuwa Doki ". Saboda an kirkiro kundin ne saboda kasuwar Turanci, sai dutsen da kidan yaddar shakatawa ta kasar Sipaniya ta sami nasarorin mai sauki, tare da wasu masu sukar cewa kwarewar turancin ta ba ta iya rubuta wakoki; ''Rolling Stone'', a ɗayan, ya bayyana cewa "tana jin muryar wauta" ko "sihirin Shakira ya ɓace cikin fassarar". Elizabeth Mendez Berry ta bayyana irin wannan ra'ayi a cikin " Vibe ": "Yayin da kundin wayoyinta na harshen Spanish suka haskaka da kyakkyawar kade-kade, wannan rikodin ya cika da kima, cikin kiɗa da na kiɗa. [. . . ] Ga masoyan Anglophone Latin, waƙoƙin Shakira an bar su da hasashe. " <ref>Elizabeth Mendez Berry. "Shakira. Laundry Service". In: [[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]], vol. 9, No. 12, p. 188.</ref> Duk da wannan gaskiyar, kundin ya zama mafi kyawun sayar da kundin 2002, yana sayar da kofi sama da miliyan 20 a duk duniya. kuma ta zama album mafi nasara na aikinta har yau. Kundin ya sami lakabi a matsayin babbar mai zane ta Latin a duniya. A kusa da wannan lokacin, Shakira kuma ta fitar da waƙoƙi huɗu don Pepsi don haɓakawa a cikin kasuwannin Turanci: "Ka nemi ƙari", "Pide Más", "Knock on Door na", da "Pídeme el Sol". A 2002, a MTV Icon na Aerosmith a watan Afrilun 2002, Shakira ya yi " Dude (Yayi kama da Mata) ". Ta kuma shiga cikin Cher, Whitney Houston, Celine Dion, Mary J. Blige, Anastacia, da Dixie Chicks don ''VH1 Divas Live Las Vegas'' . A watan Satumba, ta ci lambar yabo ta Zabi na Masu kallo a Duniya a MTV Video Music Awards tare da "Duk lokacin da, Duk inda". Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy Award don mafi kyawun Musicaukaka Tsarin Kiɗan Kiɗa don fassarar bidiyon Sifen. A watan Oktoba, ta sami lambar yabo ta MTV Video Music Awards Latin America don Mafi kyawun Mawakin Mata, Mafi kyawun Mashahuran Art, Mafi Artist &nbsp; - Arewa (Yankin), Bidiyo na shekara (don "Suerte"), da kuma Artist of the Year. A watan Nuwamba, ta fara yawon shakatawa na Mongoose tare da nishaɗi 61 waɗanda ke faruwa daga Mayu 2003. Yawon shakatawa kuma ita ce farkon ziyararta ta duniya, kamar yadda aka buga ƙafafu a Arewacin Amurka, Kudancin Amurka, Turai da Asiya. Alamar Shakira, Sony BMG, ita ma ta fito da mafi girman rubuce-rubucen Spanish ɗin, ''Grandes Éxitos''. Hakanan an fitar da DVD da kundin waƙoƙi 10, mai taken ''Live &amp;amp; Off Record'', kuma an sake shi a cikin 2004, don tunawa da Yawon Mongoose. === 2005–2007: ''Fijación Oral, Volumen Uno'' da ''Gyara Oral, Juz'i na biyu'' === Shakira ta shida na studio album, ''Fijación Oral, Volumen Uno'', an saki a watan Yuni 2005. Jagoran guda daya daga kundin kundin, " La Tortura ", ya kai kan 40 a kan Hot 100. Waƙar kuma ta ƙunshi tauraron sararin samaniya Alejandro Sanz . Shakira ta zama mawaki na farko da ya yi waƙar yaren Sifen a ''MTV Video Music Awards'' a 2005. An karɓi kundin album ɗin sosai. An debi lamba ta hudu a kan ''kwalin Billboard'' 200, inda aka sayar da kofi 157,000 a satin farko. Tun daga nan ta sayar da kofi fiye da miliyan biyu a cikin Amurka, ta sami takardar shaida 11 × Platinum (filin Latin) daga RIAA. Sakamakon tallace-tallace na sati na farko, kundin ya zama mafi girma na halarta na farko don kundin harshen faransanci. Bayan kawai ranar saki a Latin Amurka, kundi ya sami takaddun shaida. A Venezuela, ta sami takardar shedar Platinum, a Columbia, takardar shaidar Platinum ta sau uku, yayin da a Mexico ke buƙatar karɓar jigilar kayayyaki kuma kundi bai kasance ba bayan kwana ɗaya kawai da aka sake. Har ila yau, an sake fitowar wasu guda huɗu daga cikin kundin: " A'a ", " Día de Enero ", " La Pared ", da " Las de La Intuición ". ''Fijación Oral, Vol. 1'' tun lokacin da aka sayar da kofi sama da miliyan hudu a duk duniya. A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2006, Shakira ta lashe lambar yabo ta Grammy ta biyu tare da cin nasarar ''Best Latin Rock / Alternative Album'' for ''Fijación Oral, Vol. 1'' . Ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy guda huɗu a cikin Nuwamba 2006, inda ta lashe lambobin yabo na Rajkodin na shekarar, Song of the Year for "La Tortura", Album of the Year da kuma mafi kyawun ''Vaukar hoto'' na ''Fijación Oral, Vol. 1''. [[File:Shakira_Rio_06.jpg|left|thumb| Shakira tana yin wasan kwalekwale a Dutsen Rio a 2006 ]] Jagora na daya don kundin album na bakwai na Shakira, ''Oral Fixation, Vol. 2'', " Kar ku damu ", ya kasa cimma nasarar ginshiƙi a Amurka ta hanyar rasa manyan 40 akan Hot 100. Amma ya kai ga manyan kasashe 20 a cikin mafi yawan ƙasashe na duniya. Shakira album na biyu na Ingilishi na biyu da kundin studio na bakwai, ''Gyaran Oral, Vol. 2'', an sake shi a ranar 29 Nuwamba 2005. Kundin kundi ya buga a lamba biyar akan ''Billboard'' 200, yana sayar da kwafin 128,000 a satin farko. Kundin ya ci gaba da sayar da 1.8 &nbsp; rikodin miliyan a Amurka, da fiye da miliyan takwas kwafin a duk duniya. Duk da gazawar kasuwancin kundin jagora guda a Amurka, ya ci gaba da kawo karin wasu mata biyu. " Hips Kada Kuyi Layi ", wanda ya nuna Wyclef Jean, an sake shi azaman na biyu na kundin a watan Fabrairu 2006. Zai zama lambar farko ta Shakira ta farko a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100, ban da ta kai lamba ta daya a cikin kasashe 55. Shakira da Wyclef Jean suma sun yi rikodin wakokin Bam din don zama wakar bikin rufe gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2006. Daga baya Shakira ta saki na uku kuma na karshe daga kundin, " Ba bisa doka ba ", wanda ya fito da Carlos Santana, a cikin Nuwamba 2006. Daga nan sai ta fara zagayawa cikin yawon shakatawa wanda aka fara a watan Yunin 2006. Yawon shakatawa ya kunshi hotuna 125 tsakanin Yuni shekarar 2006 da Yuli, 2007 tare da ziyartar nahiyoyi shida. A watan Fabrairu, 2007, Shakira yi karo na farko a cikin 49th Grammy Awards kuma aikata da gabatarwa domin Best Pop tare da haɗin gwiwar Vocals for "kwatangwalo kada ka karya" da Wyclef Jean. A ƙarshen 2006, Shakira da Alejandro Sanz sun haɗu don mawak'in " Te lo Agradezco, Pero No ", wanda ke fitowa a cikin kundi na Sanz ''El Tren de los Momentos''. Waƙar ta kasance mafi girman goma da aka buga a Latin Amurka, kuma ta karɓi ''taswirar'' waƙoƙin ''Billboard'' Hot Latin Tracks. Shakira ya kuma yi aiki tare da Miguel Bosé akan mawakan " Si Tú Babu Vuše ", wanda aka saki a cikin kundin gidan ''Papito na Bosé''. A farkon 2007, Shakira ya yi aiki tare da mawakiyar R&amp;amp;B Beyoncé Knowles don waƙar " Kyawawan Liar ", wanda aka saki a matsayin na biyu da aka fito daga fitowar kundin ''wakokin'' Beyoncé ''B'Day''. A watan Afrilun 2007, ɗayan ya tsallake wurare 91, daga 94 zuwa uku, akan ''ginshiƙi na Billboard'' Hot 100, yana kafa rikodin don motsi mafi girma a cikin tarihin ginshiƙi a lokacin. Wannan kuma lambar ta farko ce a jerin Yarjejeniyar Singles ta UK. Waƙar ta samo musu lambar yabo ta Grammy don Kyautata Haɓakar Popwazo da Vaukaka. Shakira ita ma an ba ta a wakar Annie Lennox " Sing ", daga kundin ''waƙoƙin Mass Destruction'', wanda kuma ya ƙunshi sauran mata mawaƙa 23. A ƙarshen 2007, Shakira da Wyclef Jean sun rubuta jigon biyu, "Sarki da Sarauniya". An nuna waƙar a wajan Wyclef Jean ta 2007 ''Carnival Vol.'' ''II: Memoirs na Baƙi'' . Shakira ta rubuta waƙoki, tare kuma suka haɗa kaɗe-kaɗe don sabbin waƙoƙi guda biyu waɗanda suka fito a fim din ''soyayya a Lokacin Cholera'', dangane da littafin da mawaki dan kasar Colombia Gabriel García Márquez ya rubuta. García Marquez da kansa ya nemi Shakira don rubuta waƙoƙin. Waƙoƙin da Shakira suka bayar don sautin waƙoƙin sun kasance "Pienso en ti", waƙoƙi daga kundin waƙar Shakira na ''Pies Descalzos'', "Hay Amores", da "Despedida". An zabi "Despedida" don Mafi Kyawun Rawa a Kyauta ta 65 ta Zinare . === 2008–2010: ''Ta Wolf'' === [[File:Shakira_Rio_02.jpg|thumb| Shakira a Dutse a bikin Rio a 2008 ]] A farkon 2008, Forbes mai suna Shakira ta kasance mace ta huɗu da ta sami kuɗi a masana'antar kiɗa. Sannan, a watan Yuli na waccan shekarar, Shakira ya sanya hannu a kan $ 300 &nbsp; miliyan kwangila tare da Live Nation, wanda zai kasance yana aiki har shekaru goma. Uringungiyar masu yawon shakatawa kuma ta ninka matsayin rakodin rikodi wanda ke inganta, amma ba ya sarrafawa, waƙar da masu fasahar sa ke sakewa. Yarjejeniyar Shakira tare da Epic Records ya kira ƙarin kundin hotuna guda uku kuma &nbsp; - daya cikin Ingilishi, ɗayan Spanish, da tarawa, amma an tabbatar da rangadin da sauran haƙƙin yarjejeniyar Live Nation ta fara aiki nan take. A cikin watan Janairun, shekara ta 2009, Shakira ya yi a bikin Lincoln " Muna Daya Mu " don girmama bikin rantsar da Shugaba [[Barack Obama]]. Ta yi " Mafi Girma ƙasa " tare da Stevie Wonder da Usher . ''She Wolf'', an sake shi a watan Oktoba na 2009 a cikin gida kuma a ranar 23 Nuwamba shekarar 2009 a Amurka Kundin ya karɓi mafi kyawun ra'ayoyi daga masu sukar, kuma an haɗa shi a cikin ƙarshen shekara ta "All Albusic Albums," "umsan Albums na Latin," da kuma jerin sunayen "Abubuwan Aljihunan Pop Albattu". ''Ita Wolf ta'' isa lamba ta daya a jerin hotunan Argentina, Ireland, Italiya, Mexico da Switzerland. Hakanan an tsara shi cikin manyan biyun a Spain, Jamus da United Kingdom. An kirga shi da lamba goma sha biyar akan <nowiki><i id="mwAdg">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 . ''Ita Wolf'' ta sami karbuwa na platinum sau biyu a Columbia da Mexico, da platinum a Italiya da Spain, da zinare a kasashe da dama ciki har da Faransa da Ingila. Kundin ya sayar da 2 &nbsp; miliyan biyu kofe a duk duniya, zama ɗaya daga cikin albuman wasan kwaikwayon Shakira mafi ƙarancin ingancin studio har yau dangane da tallace-tallace. A watan Mayu, Shakira ya yi hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyar [[Afirka ta Kudu]] Freshlyground don ƙirƙirar waƙa ta zahiri a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA a Afirka ta Kudu a 2010 . " Waka Waka (Wannan Lokaci for Afirka) ", wanda dogara ne a kan wani gargajiya na Kamaru sojoji ta Fang song mai taken " Zangalewa " da ƙungiyar Zangalewa ko Golden Sauti. Daga baya ya kai ga manyan ƙasashe 20 a Turai, Kudancin Amurka da Afirka da kuma manyan 40 a Amurka kuma Shakira ce ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya zama mafi girman-sayar da Gasar cin Kofin Duniya na kowane lokaci. === 2010-2015: ''Sale el Sol'' da ''Shakira'' === [[File:Usher_and_Shakira_at_the_Obama_inauguration,_2009_(cropped1).jpg|right|thumb| Shakira wanda ya yi wasan kwaikwayon a Mu Mu Daya: Bukin bikin rantsar da Obama a bikin Licoln a shekara ta 2009 ]] A watan Oktoba na 2010, Shakira ta fito da kundin shirye-shiryenta na tara, mai taken ''Sale el Sol''. Kundin ya karɓi yabo mai mahimmanci kuma an haɗa shi a cikin 'All Albusic' Albums na 2010 da aka fi so da jerin sunayen itean Wasannin Latin na 2010 "na ƙarshen shekara. A yayin bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta Latin Latin ta 2011, an zabi ''Sale el Sol'' don " Album of the Year " da " Mafi kyawun Maballin Var Popaukakar Mace ", inda ya lashe kyautar a rukunin na ƙarshe. Kasuwanci wannan kundin nasara ce a duk faɗin Turai da Kudancin Amurka, ''Sale el Sol'' ya nuna alamun attajirin ƙasashen Belgium, Croatia, Faransa, Mexico, Portugal da Spain. A cikin Amurka, an yi <nowiki><i id="mwAgM">lissafin</i></nowiki> lamba 7 a kan <nowiki><i id="mwAgM">taswirar Billboard na</i></nowiki> Amurka 200 wanda ke nuna mafi girma na farko ga kundin Latin a shekara kuma shi ne kundin album na biyar da Shakira ya fara a lamba ta farko. A cewar ''Billboard'', kashi 35% na tallace-tallace na makon farko an yaba da su ne don siyayya mai ƙarfi na dijital. Hakanan kundin ya sanya lamba daya a duka manyan kundin kundin Latin, da taswirar Latin Pop Albums, tare da samun babban tallace-tallace na dijital a yankin. Jagoran guda daya, " Loca ", shine lamba daya a cikin kasashe da yawa. Kundin ya sayar da kofi fiye da miliyan 1 a duk duniya cikin makonni 6, kuma sama da miliyan 4 tun lokacin da aka fito da shi. A watan Satumbar, Shakira ta hau kan Sun Sunzo Yawon Duniya, don tallafawa wasu kundin wakoki biyu da ta kwanannan. Ziyarar ta ziyarci kasashe a Arewacin Amurka, Turai, Kudancin Amurka, Asiya, da Afirka tare da nishadi 107 cikin duka. Wadanda suka so yin yawon shakatawa sun nuna shakku kan lamarin, wadanda suka yaba da kasancewar matakin Shakira da kwazonta yayin wasanninta. A 9 Nuwamba, 2011, Shakira ya kasance mai daraja a matsayin Latin na Kwalejin Hoto na Latin kuma ya yi murfin waƙar Joe Arroyo "En Barranquilla Me Quedo" a Cibiyar Ayyukan Mandalay Bay a matsayin kyauta ga mawaƙin, wanda ya mutu a baya cewa shekara. A shekara ta 2010 Shakira tare da hadin gwiwar rakumi Pitbull don rera taken " Samu Ya Fara ", wanda aka shirya shi zai zama jagora guda daya daga cikin kundin shirye-shiryen Pitbull mai zuwa, ''Duniya Warming''. An sake ɗayan ɗayan ranar 28 ga Yuni 2012. An kuma sanya ta a Roc Nation a karkashin jagorancin gudanar da kundin shirye-shiryenta mai zuwa. A ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2012, an ba da sanarwar cewa Shakira da Usher za su maye gurbin Christina Aguilera da CeeLo Green don wasa na huɗu na TV na Amurka ''Muryar'', tare da Adam Levine da Blake Shelton. Shakira ta sanar da cewa za ta mai da hankali kan sabon kundin wakinta a cikin bazara kuma daga karshe ta dawo domin wasan ta na shida a watan Fabrairun 2014. [[File:Shakira_2014.jpg|right|thumb| Shakira a taron manema labarai don bikin rufe gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na 2014 ]] Shakira da farko ta yi shirin fito da sabon kundin waƙoƙinta a shekarar 2012, amma saboda haihuwarta, an yi jinkiri kan sakin guda da bidiyon. A watan Disambar, 2013, an ba da sanarwar cewa sabuwar Shakira ta yi jinkiri har zuwa watan Janairun, 2014. Shakira's album mai taken lakabi na goma na fim din aka sake shi daga 25 Maris 2014. Kasuwanci album ɗin sun yi ƙibla a lamba biyu a kan <nowiki><i id="mwAjw">taswirar Billboard na</i></nowiki> Amurka 200 tare da tallan tallan farko na kwafin 85,000. Yin hakan, ''Shakira ta'' zama mafi girman mawaƙan mawaƙa akan ginshiƙi, kodayake ta sami mafi ƙarancin siyar da aka siyar a sati na farko (don kundin harshen Ingilishi). Kundin katange guda uku. Bayan fitowar mawaƙa guda biyu ta farko daga kundi, " Ba za ku iya tunawa ba ku manta da ku " da " Empire ". RCA ta zaɓi "Dare (La La La)" a matsayin na uku. An fito da nau'in gasar cin kofin duniya a hukumance a ranar 27 ga Mayu don tasirin tashoshin rediyo, yana da fasalin mawaƙin Brazil Carlinhos Brown. A ranar 13 Yuli 2014, Shakira ya yi " La La La (Brazil 2014) " tare da Carlinhos Brown a wurin bikin rufe gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA na 2014 a filin wasa na Maracanã. Wannan wasan ya zama bayyanuwa ta uku a jere a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA. === 2016 – 2020: ''El Dorado'' da Super Bowl LIV === Shakira tana da rawar murya a cikin Disney animation fim din ''Zootopia'', wanda ya nuna guda ɗaya " Gwada Komai ", wanda aka saki a 10 Fabrairu 2016. Shakira ta fara aiki a kan kundin shirye-shiryenta na goma sha ɗaya a farkon 2016. A watan Mayun 2016, ta yi aiki tare da mawakiyar Kolombiya Carlos Vives akan waƙar " La Bicicleta ", wacce ta je lashe lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy don rakodin shekarar da Song of the Year. A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2016, Shakira ta saki “ Chantaje ” guda ɗaya tare da mawakiyar Kolombiya Maluma ; duk da cewa waƙar waka ce daga kundin shirye-shirye na goma sha ɗaya mai zuwa, ba a yi niyyar zama shi kaɗai ba. Waƙar ta zama bidiyon YouTube da aka fi gani a YouTube, sama da 2.1 &nbsp; biliyan biliyan tun daga 1 Yuni 2018. A 7 Afrilu 2017, Shakira ta saki waƙar " Me Enamoré " a matsayin jami'in hukuma na biyu da aka karɓa daga kundin shirye-shiryenta na goma sha ɗaya ''El Dorado ,'' wanda aka saki a 26 Mayu, 2017. Ta kuma fito da waƙar " Perro Fiel " wanda ke nuna Nicky Jam a matsayin wacce ta inganta don kundin a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2017. Sanarwar hukumarta a matsayin na uku ta faru a 15 Satumba, 2017, a wannan ranar bidiyon kiɗan nata, wanda aka yi fim a Barcelona a ranar 27 Yuli, 2017, an sake shi. Kafin a sake shi azaman guda, "Perro Fiel" an riga an tabbatar dashi azaman zinare a Spain don siyar da kofen 20,000 akan 30 ga Agusta 2017. An ba da sanarwar yawon shakatawa na El Dorado a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2017, ta hanyar asusun Shakira ta hanyar Twitter, kuma Rakuten ya shirya shi. Sauran abokan aikin da aka sanar da rangadin sune Live Nation Entertainment 's's World Toing Division (wacce a baya tayi hadin gwiwa da Shakira akan ita The Sun Comes World Tour ) da Citi, wacce sanarwar ta fitar mai suna, bi da bi, mai samarwa da kuma katin bashi na wasan Arewacin Amurka na yawon shakatawa. Za a fara rangadin, a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, a [[Köln|Cologne]], Jamus. Amma saboda matsalolin muryar da mawakiyar ta samu lokacin karatun ta, an soke ranar wata daya kafin jadawalin balaguro na asali, kuma an sanar da cewa za a sake sabunta ta zuwa wani lokaci mai zuwa. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, saboda wannan dalili, ita ma ta ba da sanarwar jinkirtawa zuwa ranakun da za a sanya a gaba, don tantancewa da sanarwa, ga duka wasannin a Paris, da kuma wadanda ke biye a Antwerp da [[Amsterdam]]. A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, Shakira ta ba da sanarwar, ta hanyar shafukan sada zumuntarta, inda ta bayyana cewa ta sami jinya a cikin murfin dama na ƙarshenta a ƙarshen Oktoba, a jerin karatunta na ƙarshe, kuma don haka ta buƙaci ta saki muryarta don wani lokaci don murmurewa; wannan ya tilasta jinkiri game da rangadin na balaguron Turai zuwa 2018. Ana sa ran za a sanar da ranakun Latin ta Amurka daga baya, lokacin da yawon shakatawa ya ci gaba. Akwai shirye-shiryen kawo ziyarar, lokacin da ya dawo, zuwa kasashe kamar Jamhuriyar Dominica. Bugu da kari, wani dan jarida daga mujallar jaridar Brazil mai suna ''Destak ya'' sanar, a shafinsa na Twitter, cewa mawaki dan kasar Columbia zai ziyarci [[Brazil]] a watan Maris mai zuwa. Koyaya, a cewar wannan jaridar, saboda yanayin Shakira don ta murmure daga cutar sankarar macen-ta, an kuma sanya ranakun Latin Amurka zuwa rabin na biyu na 2018. Daga qarshe, Shakira ta murmure sosai daga cutarwar jinin da ta sha ta kuma sake komawa ranta, tana yin a [[Hamburg]], Jamus ranar 3 ga Yuni 2018. [[File:Shakira saleelsolworldtour uruguay 2.jpg|thumb|Shakira]] A watan Janairun, 2018 ta sanar da ranakun zagayowar ranar balaguronta ta El Dorado. Ta fara farkon tafiyarta a Turai, daga [[Hamburg]], Jamus a ranar 3 Yuni sannan ta ƙare a [[Barcelona]], Spain a 7 Yuli. Daga nan sai ta ɗan dakata a Asiya a ranakun 11 da 13 ga Yuli, bayan haka ta tafi Arewacin Amurka. Ta fara lokacinta a can ranar 3 ga watan Agusta a Chicago kuma ta kare a San Francisco ranar 7 ga Satumba. Ziyarar ta ta zama ta Latin Amurka, an fara ne a [[Mexico (birni)|Mexico City]] a ranar 11 ga Oktoba kuma ta ƙare a [[Bogotá|Bogota]], Columbia ranar 3 Nuwamba. A watan Fabrairu na 2020, ita da Jennifer Lopez sun yi wasan share fage na wasan Super Bowl LIV . A cewar <nowiki><i id="mwAqU">Billboard</i></nowiki>, wasan rabin-lokaci yana da ra'ayin mutane miliyan 103. A YouTube, ya zama mafi yawan wasan kwaikwayon hutun lokaci a wancan lokaci. [[File:Shakira_Stops_By_Soundcheck_cropped.jpg|right|thumb| Shakira a shekarar 2010 ]] Game da waƙoƙinta, Shakira ta faɗi cewa, "kiɗan da nake yi, ina tsammanin, haɗuwa ne da abubuwa daban-daban. Kuma koyaushe ina yin gwaji. Don haka na yi kokarin kada in takaita kaina, ko sanya kaina a wani rukuni, ko ... kasance mai zanen gidan kaso na. " Shakira ta faɗi a koyaushe cewa ta yi wahayi zuwa ga waƙar juyayi da waƙar Indiya, waɗanda suka rinjayi yawancin ayyukanta na baya. Har ila yau, al'adunta na larabawa sun yi tasiri a kansu, wanda hakan babban abin alfahari ne ga nasarar da ta samu a duniya da ta buga " Ojos Así ". Ta gaya wa Talabijin na Portuguese, "Yawancin ƙungiyoyi na sun kasance al'adun Arabiya ne." Ta kuma ambaci iyayenta da cewa sun kasance manyan masu bayar da gudummawa ga salon rawarta. Tana kuma yin tasiri sosai ta kade-kade ta Andean da kade- kaden gargajiya na Kudancin Amurka, ta yin amfani da kayan kida don wakokin Latin-pop-Latin. albunan ta na Spanish na baya, ciki har da ''Pies Descalzos'' da ''Dónde Están los Ladrones?'' kasance wani mix na jama'a kiɗan da Latin dutsen. Kundin kundin turanci na ''Girka'', ''Laundry Service'' da kuma kundin albums daga baya ya rinjayi pop pop da pop Latino. "Sabis ɗin wanki" shine farko album na dutsen pop, amma kuma yana jawo tasiri daga nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗa. Mawaƙar ta yaba da wannan ga ƙabarta da aka hade ta, tana cewa: "Ni mai rikicewa ne. Wannan na ne. Ni sabani ne tsakanin baƙar fata da fari, tsakanin pop da dutsen, tsakanin al'adu - tsakanin mahaifina na Lebanon da kuma mahaifiyar mahaifiyata ta Sifen, wasan gargajiya na Columbia da kidan Arab da nake ƙauna da kidan Amurika. " Abubuwan larabawa da na Gabas ta Tsakiya waɗanda suka yi tasiri sosai akan ''Dónde Están los Ladrones?'' Har ila yau suna nan a cikin ''Sabis na Laundry'', galibi a kan "Eyes like Yours" / "Ojos Así". Hanyoyin kiɗa daga ƙasashe Kudancin Amurka sun haɗu akan kundin. Tango, wani salon rawa mai cike da rawa da sauri wanda ya samo asali daga [[Argentina]], ya fito fili a kan "Objection (Tango)", wanda kuma ya hada abubuwan dutsen da kuma zane. A uptempo hanya siffofi da wani guitar solo da wata gada a wadda Shakira kai rap -like maher. ''She Wolf'' ita ce kundin tsari na electropop wanda ya haɗu da tasiri daga tsarin kide kide na ƙasashe da yankuna daban-daban, kamar Afirka, Kolumbia, Indiya, da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Shakira cinye da album a matsayin "Sonic gwaji tafiya", ya ce cewa ta gudanar da bincike kaden daga kasashe daban-daban domin "hada lantarki da duniya sauti, kuwaru, clarinets, na Gabas kuma Hindu music, Dancehall, da dai sauransu" Kwakwalwar ta 2010, ''Sale el Sol'', dawowa ne ga farkonta wanda ya kunshi balands, waƙoƙin dutsen, da waƙoƙin Latin kamar " Loca ". Lokacin yana yarinya, Shakira ya rinjayi kiɗan kiɗan dutsen, yana sauraron manyan kiɗa kamar Led Zeppelin, Beatles, Nirvana, 'Yan Sanda da U2, yayin da sauran tasirinsa sun haɗa da Gloria Estefan, [[Madonna]], Sheryl Crow, Alanis Morissette, Marc Anthony, Meredith Brooks da The Cure . === Rawa === Shakira sanannu ne saboda rawar da take yi a cikin bidiyon kide-kide iri-iri da kuma kide-kide. Yunkurin da ta yi ya danganta ne da yanayin wasan rawa, wani bangare ne na al'adun Lebanon. Kullum tana yin daddare ; Shakira ta ce ta koyi irin wannan rawar yayin ƙuruciya tun ƙuruciya don shawo kan jin kunya. Ta kuma ambata a cikin wata hira ta MTV cewa ta koyi yadda ake ciki rawar ciki ta ƙoƙarin jefa wani tsabar kudin tare da ita. Sabanin rawar rawar Shakira an ce ta kebanta da ita a masana'antar da ta haɗu da rawar tsakiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya da rawar Latin. An ambaci rawar gwiwa hip a cikin waƙoƙi, kamar Fifth Harmony 's “Brave Honest kyakkyawa kyakkyawa”. HOTO <gallery> File:Shakira - Lisbon 4-4-2007.jpg|Shakira Akan stage Lisbon cikin Portugal a shekarar 2007 File:Shakira at Obama Inaugural (cropped).jpg|Shakira a Yayin rantsar da shugaba Obama File:Shakira - Lisboa 4-4-2007.jpg|Shakira Akan stage File:Shakira e Bachelet.gif|Shakira Yayin gayyata File:Shakira2009.jpg|Shakira a shekarar 2009 File:Shakira - Live Paris - 2010 (13).jpg|Shakira Yayin wakar ta live a Paris, France a shekarar 2010 File:Shakira Shakira at the Jingle Bell Ball (4165996888).jpg|Shakira a jingle bell File:Shakira Rio 08.jpg|Shakira a Rio Brazil File:Shakira - Milan.jpg|Shakira a Milan, Italy File:Macri at the Global Citizen stage 04.jpg|Shakira a global citizen File:Shakira Education.jpg|Shakira Akan ilimi File:Shakira Rio 07.jpg|Shakira a Rio Brazil File:Shakira Furgo.jpg|Shakira furgo File:Shakira on Soundcheck.ogv|Shakira a soundcheck File:Shakira Rio 05.jpg|Shakira a Rio Brazil File:Shakira.jpg|Shakira File:Waka Waka Shakira Logo.png|Shakira Waka Waka logo File:Shakira-11.JPG|Shakira a shekarar 2011 File:Shakira loca barcelona filmacion.jpg|Shakira a Barcelona, Spain File:Shakira Singapore GP.jpg|Shakira a Singapore File:Shakira-08.JPG|Shakira a shekarar 2012 </gallery> == Nasarori == [[File:EsculturaShakira.jpg|left|thumb| Statue of Shakira a Barranquilla, Kolumbia a watan Maris shekarar 2008 ]] Shakira ta sami lambobin yabo da yabo da yawa ga aikinta. Shakira ta sayar da fiye da miliyan 75 na rikodin duniya. Tsarin Kayan Watsa Labarai na Nielsen ya ce " Hips Kada Kuyi Layi " shine mafi kyawun waƙar da aka fi so a cikin mako guda a tarihin rediyo na Amurka. An buga shi sau 9,637 cikin sati daya. Shakira ta zama mawaki na farko a tarihin zane-zane na ''Billboard wanda'' ya sami lambar kwatankwacin lamba ta biyu akan Manyan Maina na 40 da kuma Yarjejeniyar Latin a cikin mako guda tare da yin haka "Hips Kada Kuyi Layi". Ari ga haka, ita kaɗai ce ɗan zane daga Kudancin Amurka da ta isa wurin lamba-aya a jerin ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na Amurka, jadawalin ARIA na Australiya, da kuma Yarjejeniyar Singles UK. Waƙarta " La Tortura " a lokaci ɗaya ta riƙe rikodin don ginshiƙi na Billboard's Hot Latin Tracks ginshiƙi, yana fitowa a lamba-daya fiye da kowane guda tare da jimlar makonni 25 ba a jere ba, rakodin da a yanzu Enrique Iglesias ke riƙe da shi " Bailando "tare da makonni 41. Nokia ta bayyana a cikin shekarar 2010, cewa akwai karin waƙoƙin Shakira a cikin shekarar da ta gabata fiye da kowane mawakiyar Latino a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, kuma ''She Wolf'' ta kasance a cikin manyan abubuwanda aka saukar da 10 Latino. A shekarar 2010, ta kasance lamba 5 a kan <nowiki>'' Video Video's Mafi Yawancin Kwalliyar Horar da Mazauni na shekarar 2010 'tare da ra'ayoyi 404,118,932. A shekarar 2011, an karrama Shakira a Latin Grammys a matsayin Mutumin Cibiyar Rajista na Latin na shekarar 2011 . Hakanan ta sami tauraro akan Hollywood Walk of Fame wacce take a 6270 Hollywood Blvd. Tun da farko, an ba ta tauraruwa ne akan Hollywood Walk of Fame a shekarar 2004, amma ta ki karbar tayin. A shekarar 2012, ta samu karramawar ta Chevalier De L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres . A cikin 2014, Shakira ya zama wasan kwaikwayon kiɗa na farko da ya yi sau uku a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA. A wannan shekarar, Aleiodes shakirae, an sanya sunan wani sabon nau'in cutar parasitic bayan ta saboda yana sa mai masaukin ya 'girgiza kuma yayi biris'</nowiki> A cikin shekarar 2018, Spotify ta hada Shakira a cikin jerin manyan 10 mata masu zane-zane mata na shekaru goma akan dandamali, wanda ya sanya ta zama mafi girman zane-zane na Latin. Yanzu ta cancanci dala miliyan 300. <ref>https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/alist/shakira-net-worth-a4350396.html</ref> === Monumenti === A shekara ta 2006, an sanya wani mutum-mutumi mai tsini shida, tsayin kafa 16 na Shakira wanda mawakiyar Jamusawa Dieter Patt ya kafa a Barranquilla ta mahaifar Shakira a wurin shakatawa kusa da Estadio Metropolitano Roberto Meléndez, inda Shakira ta yi yayin Tafiya Gyarawar Oral. A watan Yuli na shekarar 2018 Shakira ta ziyarci Tannourine a [[Lebanon]] wanda shi ne ƙauyen iyayen kakarta. A yayin ziyarar Shakira ta ziyarci cibiyar ajiyar dabbobi a Tannourine, inda aka sanya mata wani fili a gandun daji, suna riƙe da suna “Shakira Isabel Mebarak” === Legacy === Shakira fitacciyar mawakiya ce a waƙar Latin, kuma haɓakarta ga kasuwannin duniya ita ce irin da ''jaridar New York Times'' ta kirata da "Titan of Latin Pop" saboda matsayinta na musamman kuma jagorar kida a cikin kidan Latin tana cewa "Shakira ta titan Latin pop ce. . Duk da cewa sababbin tsararrun masu fasahar masu magana da harshen Spanish suna tsallaka zuwa fagen wakokin Amurka, fitowar Shakira ita kadai. ” Haka kuma, ''Forbes'' tana daukar Shakira a matsayin “abin mamaki” saboda nasarar da ba ta iya cim ma ta da daya daga cikin Latinas mafi karfi a duniya. Kwakwalwarta wacce ba a taɓa gani ba ta sa wa sauran masu fasaha na Latin Amurka ƙoƙarin hayewa, misali guda ɗaya shine tauraruwar mawakiyar Mexico Paulina Rubio, tana da ''MTV'' tana cewa "babu wata tambaya cewa Shakira ta buɗe ƙofofin a wannan ƙasa don masu zane-zane kamar Rubio su yi nasara." Bayan crossover, kasancewarta ta duniya da kuma yadda take kasancewa ta zama babba don <nowiki><i id="mwA28">mujallar TIME</i></nowiki> ta kira Shakira a matsayin "tatsuniyar tatsuniya." Yawancin masu zane-zane sun ambaci Shakira a matsayin gumakansu ko kuma wahayi kuma suna shafar ta, kamar Beyoncé, [[Rihanna]], Lauren Jauregui, Rita Ora, Justin Bieber, Maluma, Karol G, Natti Natasha, Lele Pons, Andres Cuervo, da Camila Cabello . == Sauran hanyoyin == Shakira ya shiga cikin sauran kasuwanni da masana'antu da yawa. Ta yi aiki ne a cikin gidan Telebijin na ''El'' Columbia a shekarar 1994, tare da halayen Luisa Maria. Shakira ta fara layin nata mai kyau, " S ta Shakira ", tare da kamfanin iyayen Puig, a shekara ta 2010. Daga cikin turare na farko da ta fitar sun hada da "S ta Shakira" da "S ta Shakira Eau Florale", tare da kayan shafawa da feshin jiki. Tun daga shekarar 2019, ta fitar da kamshi guda 30, baya kirga ire-iren gasa. A 17 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2015, an nuna ta a matsayin tsuntsu mai iya samarwa a cikin wasan Angry Birds POP! na karamin lokaci, kuma a cikin gasa ta musamman a wasan Angry Birds abokai bayan makwanni kadan. A 15 Oktoba 2015, Love Rocks wanda aka yiwa wajan Shakira shine wasan bidiyo na farko da ya nuna tauraron pop. A 14 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2015, a Disney 's D23 Expo, an ba da sanarwar cewa Shakira za ta taka rawa a cikin fim din ''Zootopia'' na Disney '';'' Za ta yi wa Gazelle babbar murya a Zootopia. Shakira kuma ta ba da gudummawar waƙa ta asali ga fim ɗin, mai taken " Gwada Komai ", wanda Sia da Stargate suka rubuta kuma suka haɗa shi. Wannan ya buɗe wa ofishin nasara rikodin ofishi a ƙasashe da yawa kuma ya sami ribar sama da $ 1 a duk duniya &nbsp; biliyan, wanda ya sa ya zama fim na huɗu mafi girma na shekara ta 2016 da fim na 43 mafi girma-na kowane lokaci. === Aiki agaji da siyasa === [[File:Shakira_with_Rey_Juan_Carlos_and_Alejandro_Sanz.jpg|right|thumb| Shakira, Alejandro Sanz da Juan Carlos I, Sarkin Spain yayin Taron Ibero da Amurkawa na El Salvador ]] A shekara ta 1997, Shakira ta kafa gidauniyar Pies Descalzos, wata cibiyar ba da gudummawa ta Colombia tare da makarantu na musamman ga yara matalauta a duk ƙasar Colombia. Shakira da sauran kungiyoyi na duniya da daidaikun mutane sun tallata shi. An dauki sunan kafuwar daga kundin zane-zane na Shakira na uku, ''Pies Descalzos'', wanda ta saki a 1995. Babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shine tallafawa ta hanyar ilimi, kuma kungiyar tana da makarantu guda biyar a duk fadin Columbia wadanda ke ba da ilimi da abinci ga yara 4,000. A 27 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2014 Shakira ta sami karimci tare da Gwarzon Hero a Kyautar Rawar Rediyon Sadarwa na Radio Disney saboda aikinta na Fundación Pies Descalzos. <ref>Serafín Hildago [http://www.onenewspage.us/n/Entertainment/750ebsjkv/Shakira-Hero-Award-Winner-at-Radio-Disney-Music.htm Shakira: Hero Award Winner at Radio Disney Music Awards 2014], 27 April 2014</ref> Shakira jakadan UNICEF ne na son alheri kuma yana daya daga cikin wakilansu na duniya. Ranar 3 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2006, Shakira ta sami karbuwa a wajen bikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kirkirar Gidauniyar Pies Descalzos. A watan Maris na shekarar 2010, kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa ta ba shi lambar yabo don nuna girmamawarsa, kamar yadda Shugaban kwadago na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Juan Somavia ya sanya shi, “jakada na gaskiya ga yara da matasa, don ingantaccen ilimi da adalci na zamantakewa”. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2010, bayan kammala a matsayin lambar yabo ta MTV Turai Music Awards, mawakiyar Columbia ta sami lambar yabo ta MTV Free Your Mind saboda ci gaba da kwazo don inganta damar neman ilimi ga dukkan yara a duniya. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011, Gidauniyar [[FC Barcelona]] da ''Pies descalzos'' sun cimma yarjejeniya game da ilimin yara ta hanyar wasanni. An karrama Shakira a Latin Grammys a matsayin Mawallafin Kwafi na Latin na shekarar a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2011, saboda kyakyawan aikinta da kuma gudummawar da aka bayar a Latin Music. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2010, Shakira ya nuna rashin jituwa da shugaban Faransa [[Nicolas Sarkozy|Nicolás Sarkozy]] da kuma manufofinsa na korar mutanen Romani daga kasar. A cikin Spanish edition na mujallar ''GQ'', ta kuma umarci 'yan kalmomi ga Sarkozy, "Mu ne duk gypsies ". A cikin hirar ta bayyana ra'ayinta a fili cewa: "Abin da ke faruwa a yanzu ga su (abubuwan motsa jiki) zai faru da yaranmu da yaranmu. Dole ne mu juyo ga 'yan kasar mu muyi hakkokin bil'adama tare da la'antar duk abin da muke tsammani ba ". A ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2018, yayin wata ziyara zuwa mahaifarta, Barranquilla, don gina makaranta ta hanyar Barefoot Foundation (Pies Descalzos Foundation), Shakira ya yi magana game da manufofin ilimi na gwamnati a ƙarƙashin Ivan Duque (Shugaban [[Kolombiya|Columbia]], 2018–2022). Da take magana a kan manufofin gwamnati na rage kasafin kudin ilimi na kasa daga kashi 13% zuwa 7%, ta ce, "Wannan abu ne da ba za a yarda da shi ba. Ya nuna cewa maimakon ci gaba gaba muna tafiya da baya. Muna bukatar kara saka hannun jari a harkar ilimi kuma muna bukatar gina karin makarantu a wuraren da babu <nowiki>''</nowiki>. Ta kuma yi magana game da rashin daidaituwar zamantakewa da rashin zuwa makaranta . == Rayuwar ta == Shakira ya fara dangantaka da lauya dan kasar Argentina Antonio de la Rúa a shekara ta 2000. A cikin hirar shekarar 2009, Shakira ya ce dangantakar tasu ta riga ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aurata, kuma "ba sa bukatar takaddar hakan". Bayan shekaru 10 tare, Shakira da de la Rúa sun rabu cikin watan Agusta shekarar 2010 a cikin abin da ta bayyana a matsayin "yanke shawara don ɗaukar lokaci ban da dangantakarmu ta soyayya". Ta rubuta cewa ma'auratan "suna kallon wannan lokacin rabuwa a zaman na ɗan lokaci", tare da de la Rúa da ke lura da "sha'anin kasuwanci da aiki kamar yadda ya saba koyaushe". Kamar yadda aka bayar da rahoton farko a watan Satumba shekarar 2012, de la Rúa ya kai kara ga Shakira a watan Afrilun shekarar 2013, yana neman $ 100 &nbsp; Miliyon da ya yi imanin ya ci bashi bayan Shakira kwatsam ta dakatar da kawancen kasuwanci da shi a watan Oktoba shekarar 2011 Wani alkalin kotun lardi na Los Angeles County ya kori kararsa a watan Agusta shekarar 2013. Shakira ta shiga dangantaka da dan wasan kwallon kafa na Spain Gerard Piqué, wanda ke taka leda a [[FC Barcelona|kungiyar]] kwallon kafa ta [[FC Barcelona]] da kuma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Sipaniya a shekarar 2011. Piqué, wacce shekarunta sun kai shekaru goma, sun fara haduwa da Shakira a cikin bazarar 2010, lokacin da ya fito a cikin bidiyon kiɗa don waƙar Shakira " Waka Waka (Wannan Lokaci don Afirka) ", wakar hukuma na 2010 FIFA World Cup . Shakira ta haifi ɗa ta fari ta Milan a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2013 a [[Barcelona]], Spain, inda dangin suka koma zama. Shakira ta haifi ɗa na biyu Sasha a ranar 29 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2015. == N == * ''Magia'' (1991) * ''Peligro'' (1993) * ''Pies Descalzos'' (1995) * ''Dónde Están narayanan?'' (1998) * ''Sabis ɗin Laundry'' (2001) * ''Fijación Oral, Vol. 1'' (2005) * ''Gyaran Oral, Vol. 2'' (2005) * ''She Wolf'' (2009) * ''Sale el Sol'' (2010) * ''Shakira'' (2014) * ''El Dorado'' (2017) == Yawon shakatawa == * AautunZiyarci Pies Descalzos (1996-11997) * Yafiya Anfibio (2000) * Zagayen Mongoose (2002-2003) * Tafiya na Gyara Harafi (2006-2007) * Rana Tazo Yawon Duniya (2010-2020) * Balaguron Duniya na Do Do (2018) * Shakira 2021 Yawon Duniya (2020) == Filmography == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Talabijin ! Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | 1994 | ''[[:es:El Oasis|El zango]]'' | Luisa Mariya Rico | |- | 2001; 2005; <br /><br /><br /><br /> <nowiki></br></nowiki> 2009 | ''Daren Yau Asabar'' | Kanki / Gida mai kida | Episode: "Gerard Butler / Shakira" <br /><br /><br /><br /> <nowiki></br></nowiki> Episode: "Alec Baldwin / Shakira" <br /><br /><br /><br /> <nowiki></br></nowiki> Episode: "Derek Jeter / Shakira / Bubba Sparxxx" |- | 2002 | ''[[:pt:Popstars (1.ª temporada)|Maza]]'' | Mentor mataimakin | [[:pt:Popstars (1.ª temporada)|Yanayi na 1]] |- | 2002 | ''Taina'' | Kanshi | Juzu'i: "Abuelo Ya Gane Mafi" |- | 2005 | ''7 vidas'' | Kanshi | Episode: "Todo por las pastis" |- | 2009 | ''Mara kyau Betty'' | Kanshi | Episode: " The Bahamas Triangle " |- | 2010 | ''Wizards na Waverly Wuri'' | Kanshi | Episode: " Dude yayi kama da Shakira " |- | 2011 | ''Dora da abokai: Cikin Garin'' | Kanshi | Episode: "Girlsan matan Dora ta Explorer: Wasan Mu na Farko" |- | 2013–2014 | ''Muryar'' | Coach / Mentor | Yanayi 4 da 6 |- | 2014 | ''Mafarki'' | Kanshi | Episode: "3" |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Fim ! Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! class="unsortable" | Bayanan kula |- | 2002 | ''Shakira: Fim din Dubu Dari'' | Kanshi | Littattafai |- | 2007 | ''Gidauniyar Pies Descalzos'' | Kanshi | Littattafai |- | 2011 | ''Hagamos que Salga El Sol'' | Kanshi | Littattafai |- | 2011 | ''A Rana tare da Shakira'' | Kanshi | Littattafai |- | 2016 | ''Zootopia'' | Gazelle |- | 2020 | ''Miss Americaana'' | Kanshi / Cameo | Littattafai | |- |} == Dubi kuma == <div class="noprint portal plainlist tright" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"> * [[null|link=|class=noviewer]] <span>[[Portal:Biography|Portal Portal]]</span> * [[null|link=|border|class=noviewer]] <span>[[Portal:Colombia|Portal portal]]</span> * [[null|link=|class=noviewer]] <span>[[Portal:Latin music|Filin kiɗan Latin]]</span> </div> * Jerin lambobin yabo da naɗin da Shakira ta bayar * Jerin waƙoƙin da Shakira suka rera * Jerin masu zane da suka kai lamba ta daya a Amurka * Jerin masu fasahar zane waɗanda suka kai lamba ɗaya akan jadawalin wasannin Dancewallon Ruwa na Amurka * Artistswararrun masu fasahar kasa da kasa a Brazil * Jerin manyan masu fasahar kiɗan Latin * Jerin sunayen masu fasahar kiɗan mafi kyawu a cikin Amurka * Jerin masu fasahar kiɗan kiɗan * Jerin jerin gwanon kiɗa mafi kyau * Jerin masu zane-zane na Billboard Social 50 50-daya * Jerin manyan masu fasahar kiɗan wakoki a Amurka == Mnaazarta == [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dwe88i1wbga57nvcoxgheu2ihhw9fb3 0 14544 969196 629467 2026-10-18T17:08:48Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 969196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Anglican_Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_Accra.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anglican_Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_Accra.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|[[:en:Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_(Accra)|Anglican Holy Trinity Cathedral]], [[:en:Accra|Accra]], [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]]] [[File:Mosque,_Tamale,_Northern_region,_Dagbon.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosque,_Tamale,_Northern_region,_Dagbon.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Masallaci, [[:en:Tamale,_Ghana|Tamale]], [[:en:Northern_Region_(Ghana)|Northern region]], [[:en:Kingdom_of_Dagbon_(Northern_Territories)|Dagbon]].]] <ref>Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Religion and Society</ref>'''Addinai a kasar Ghana,''' ko a kasar ghana. Kiristanci shine '''addini''' mafi girma '''a Ghana''', tare da kusan kashi 71.2% na yawan mutanen Ghana membobin ɗariku daban-daban na addinin kirista har zuwa shekarar 2010. Addinin Ghana a addinance a karon farko na kidayar jama'a a shekarar 1960 <ref>"2021 PHC General Report Vol 3C, Background Characteristics" (PDF). ''Ghana Statistical Service''.</ref>yakai 25 bisa dari na musulmai, kashi 23 cikin dari na gargajiya, kashi 41 cikin dari kirista, sauran kuma (kusan kashi 9) wasu. Rushewar yawan mutanen 1960 bisa ga ƙungiyoyin addinin kirista ya nuna cewa kashi 25 cikin,ɗari na Furotesta ne (ba Pentikostal); Kashi 13, Roman Katolika; Kashi 2, Furotes<ref>Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation retrieved 4 September 2013</ref> (Pentikostal);<ref>The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity (PDF) (Report). Pew Research Center, Forum on Religious & Public life. August 9, 2012. pp. 29–31. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2020.</ref> da kashi 1, Cocin Afirka Masu zaman kansu. Kidayar jama'a a shekarar 1970 ba ta gabatar da adadi kan abin da ya shafi addini ba. Haƙuri da addini a Ghana yana da girma sosai. Manyan bukukuwan Kiristimeti na Kirsimeti da Ista an san su a matsayin ranakun hutu. A da, an tsara lokutan hutu a waɗannan lokutan, don haka ya ba wa Kiristocin da sauran waɗanda suke nesa da gida damar ziyartar abokai da dangi a yankunan karkara. Ramadan, watan musulinci na azumi, musulmai a kasar Ghana suna lura da shi kuma ana bikin muhimman al'adun gargajiya. Wadannan bukukuwa sun hada da Adae, wanda ake gabatarwa duk sati biyu, da kuma bukukuwan shekara shekara na Odwira. Har ila yau, akwai ayyukan bikin Apoo na shekara-shekara, wanda shine nau'in Mardi Gras kuma ana gudanar da shi a garuruwa a duk faɗin Ghana. Babu wata muhimmiyar mahada tsakanin kabilanci da addini a Ghana. [[File:Ghana_Mission_247.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghana_Mission_247.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|[[:en:Accra_Ghana_Temple|Accra Ghana Temple]] a cikin [[:en:Accra|Accra]] shine haikalin 117 na aiki na [[:en:The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Ghana|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana]] da [[:en:The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church)]] Kasancewar mishan mishan a gabar Ghana ya kasance kwanan wata zuwa na Turawan Fotigal a ƙarni na goma sha biyar. Ya kasance Basel/Presbyterian da Wesleyan/Methodist mishaneri, duk da haka, waɗanda, a ƙarni na sha tara, suka kafa harsashin ginin cocin Kirista a Ghana. Da fara jujjuyawar su a yankin bakin teku a matsayin "wuraren kula da coci" wanda a ciki aka horas da azuzuwan Afirka masu ilimi. Akwai makarantun sakandare a yau, musamman na yara maza da mata, wadanda ke da manufa ko kuma coci-coci. An bude makarantun coci ga kowa tun lokacin da jihar ta dauki nauyin kudi don koyarwa ta yau da kullun a karkashin Dokar Ilimi ta shekarar 1960. Ana wakiltar ɗariku ɗariku daban-daban a Ghana, gami da Ikklesiyoyin bishara da kuma Katolika. [[:en:The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]](LDS Church), ban da ɗakin sujada, yana da haikali a Accra, ɗayan ɗayan gidajen ibada uku na LDS a nahiyar Afirka. Ungiyar Kiristocin da ke cikin ƙasa ita ce Majalisar Kirista ta Ghana, wacce aka kafa a 1929. Wakilcin [[:en:Methodist|Methodist]], [[:en:Anglican|Anglican]], [[:en:Mennonite|Mennonite]], [[:en:Presbyterian|Presbyterian]], [[:en:Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church,_Ghana|Evangelical Presbyterian]], [[:en:African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_of_Zion|African Methodist Episcopal Zionist]], [[:en:Methodist_Church_Ghana|Christian Methodist]], [[:en:Evangelical_Lutheran|Evangelical Lutheran]], da [[:en:Baptist|Baptist]] majami'u, da kuma [[:en:Society_of_Friends|Society of Friends]], majalisa tana aiki azaman hanyar haɗi tare da Majalisar Ikklisiya ta Duniya da sauran ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Cocin na Adventist Church na bakwai, ba memba na Majalisar Kirista ba, yana da ƙarfi a Ghana. Cocin sun bude firaminista mai zaman kansa da kuma Jami'ar Kirista a kasar Ghana. [[:en:National_Peace_Council_of_Ghana|National Catholic Secretariat]], wanda aka kafa a cikin 1960, kuma yana daidaita daban-daban dioceses na cikin gida. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin Kirista, waɗanda suka fi damuwa da lamuran ruhaniya na ikilisiyoyinsu, a wasu lokuta sukan yi aiki a cikin yanayin da gwamnati ta bayyana da siyasa. Haka lamarin ya kasance a 1991 lokacin da duka taron Bishop-bishop na Katolika da na [[:en:Christian_Council_of_Ghana|Ghana Christian Council]] suka yi kira ga gwamnatin soja ta [[:en:Provisional_National_Defence_Council|Provisional National Defence Council]] (PNDC) don mayar da kasar ga tsarin mulki. [[:en:List_of_newspapers_in_Ghana|Roman Catholic newspaper]], [[:en:List_of_newspapers_in_Ghana|The Standard]] ya kasance mai yawan sukar manufofin gwamnati. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya kiyasta kimanin kiristoci dubu 50 daga asalin musulmai a kasar, dukda cewa ba dukkansu bane yan kasa. Wani sanannen al'amari tsakanin Krista shine ƙarshen annabce-annabce na shekara da shugabannin addinai. Mabiya galibi suna da sha'awar jin abin da shekara mai zuwa zata kasance. Yawancin waɗannan annabce-annabce suna magana ne a kan mutuwar shahararren mutum ko sakamakon babban zaɓen ƙasa. === Addini na Syncretic === Haɓakar cocin Apostolic ko Pentikostal a duk faɗin ƙasar wani ɓangare yana nuna tasirin canjin zamantakewar jama'a da yanayin al'adun gargajiya. Wasu cibiyoyin suna da al'ummomin ganga da kungiyoyin rera wakoki da kuma majami'u masu zaman kansu na kasar Afirka da Pentikostal wadanda ke nuna adadi na mambobin da suka tashi daga kashi 1 da 2 bisa dari, a shekarar 1960, zuwa kashi 14 da 8 bisa dari, a bisa kiyasi na shekarar 1985.<ref>Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Traditional Religion</ref> == Musulunci == [[File:Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Mosque.Tamale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Mosque.Tamale.jpg|thumb|225x225px|[[:en:Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya]] Central [[:en:Mosque|Mosque]], [[:en:Tamale,_Ghana|Tamale]], [[:en:Kingdom_of_Dagbon_(Northern_Territories)|Dagbon]].]] A arewa, Musulunci yana wakilta kuma yaduwar addinin Islama zuwa Dagbon, galibi sakamakon ayyukan kasuwanci ne na Musulmin Arewacin Afirka<ref>Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Christianity and Islam in Ghana".</ref>. Addinin Islama ya shiga cikin yankunan arewacin Ghana na zamani a kusan ƙarni na goma sha biyar. Yan kasuwar Berber da malamai sun dauki addinin zuwa yankin. Mafi yawan musulmai a kasar Ghana sunna ne, suna bin mazhabar Malikiyya ta fikihu.<ref>Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation retrieved 4 September 2013</ref> Wadanda ke bin tsarin Maliki na shari'ar Musulunci da Sufanci, wadanda suka hada da kungiyar 'yan'uwantaka ta asiri (tariq) don tsarkakewa da yada addinin Musulunci, ba su yadu a Ghana ba. 'Yan uwan ​​Tijaniyah da' yan uwan ​​Qadiriyah suna da wakilci. Al’ummar Musulmi ta Ahmadiyya, darikar da ta samo asali daga kasar Indiya a karni na goma sha tara, ita ce kadai tsarin da ba ‘yan Sunna ba a kasar.<ref>Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Christianity and Islam in Ghana".</ref> Duk da yaduwar addinin Islama a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970, Musulmi da Kirista a kasar Ghana suna da kyakkyawar dangantaka. Jagorancin Majalisar Wakilcin Musulmai ya jagoranta, batutuwan addini, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki da suka shafi musulmai galibi an sasanta su ta hanyar tattaunawa. Majalisar Musulmai ita ma ta dauki nauyin shirya aikin hajji a Makka ga muminai wadanda za su iya biyan kudin tafiyar. Duk da haka, akwai sauran gibi tsakanin Musulmai da Krista a Ghana. Yayin da zamantakewar al'umma a Ghana ta zamanto ta zamani, an toshe musulmai daga shiga cikin tsarin zamani. Wannan galibi saboda samun ayyukan yi yana buƙatar ilimin Yammacin Turai, kuma ana samun wannan ilimin ne kawai a makarantun mishan. Musulmai da yawa sun ji tsoron cewa tura yaransu makarantun mishan na iya haifar da sauya addini.<ref>Holger Weiss (2004), "Variations in the Colonial Representation of Islam and Muslims in Northern Ghana, ca. 1900-1930".</ref> <gallery> File:Eid_Prayer_at_Abofour.jpg|Sallar Idi a Abofour, Ghana File:Larabanga_Mosque_Ghana.jpg|Masallacin Larabanga, Ghana </gallery> == Addinin gargajiya == Addinai na gargajiya a Ghana sun riƙe tasirin su saboda alaƙar su da amincin dangi da kuma na gida. Gargajin sararin samaniya yana nuna imani da wani mutum wanda ake kira [Nyogmo-Ga, Mawu -Dangme da Ewe, Nyame-Twi] kuma mafi akasari ana tunaninsa da nesa da rayuwar addini ta yau da kullun kuma saboda haka, ba a bautata kai tsaye.<ref>Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Traditional Religion".</ref><ref>Max Assimeng, "Traditional religion in Ghana: a preliminary guide to research." ''Thought and Practice Journal: The Journal of the Philosophical Association of Kenya'' 3.1 (1976): 65-89.</ref> Har ila yau, akwai ƙananan alloli waɗanda ke karɓar "ikon zama" a cikin rafuka, koguna, bishiyoyi, da duwatsu. Wadannan gumakan gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin masu shiga tsakanin maɗaukakiyar halitta da al'umma. Hakanan an yarda da kakanni da sauran ruhohi da yawa a matsayin ɓangare na tsarin sararin samaniya.<ref>Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Traditional Religion</ref> Ana ɗaukar duniyar ruhu da gaske kamar duniyar masu rai. Abubuwan duniya guda biyu na yau da kullun da alaƙa suna da alaƙa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa da nauyi. Ayyukan masu rai, alal misali, na iya shafar gumakan ko ruhohin waɗanda suka mutu, yayin da goyon bayan magabatan iyali ke tabbatar da ci gaban nasaba ko ƙasa.<ref>Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Traditional Religion</ref> Yin ladabi ga kakannin da suka rasu babbar alama ce ta duk addinan gargajiya. An yi imani da cewa kakanni sune alaƙa mafi kusa da duniyar ruhaniya, kuma ana tsammanin su kusa kusa, suna lura da kowane tunani da aikin mai rai. Don tabbatar da cewa an daidaita daidaitaccen yanayi tsakanin duniyar mai tsarki da ta ƙazanta, matsayin dattawan dangi dangane da jinsi tsakanin al'umma suna da mahimmanci. Ayyuka na addini, musamman shugabannin jinsi, ana nuna su a sarari a lokacin irin su Odwira, Homowo, ko Aboakyir, waɗanda aka tsara cikin ayyukan sabuntawa da ƙarfafa dangantaka da kakanni.<ref>Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Traditional Religion</ref> == Addinin Rastafariyya == Yunkurin Rastafari motsi ne wanda ya tashi a Jamaica a cikin shekarar 1930s. Mabiyanta suna bautar Haile Selassie I, Sarki na Habasha (1930-1974), kamar yadda Allah ya kasance cikin jiki, Zuwan na biyu, ko kuma reincarnation na Yesu. Dangane da imani, Haile Selassie shine na 225 a cikin layin da bai yanke ba na sarakunan Habasha na Daular Solomonic. An ce wannan daular an kafa ta a ƙarni na 10 kafin haihuwar Yesu ta hanyar Menelik I, ɗan Sarki Sulemanu na Littafi Mai-Tsarki da Makeda, Sarauniyar Sheba, waɗanda suka ziyarci Sulemanu a Isra'ila. Kungiyar Rastafari ta ƙunshi jigogi kamar amfani da wiwi na ruhaniya da ƙin yarda da al'ummomin yamma, waɗanda ake kira 'Babila'. Tana shelar Afirka, wanda kuma aka sani da 'Sihiyona' a matsayin asalin asalin ɗan adam. Wani jigon shine Sarauta, tare da Rastas suna ganin kansu a matsayin masarautun Afirka kuma suna amfani da girmamawa kamar Yarima ko Sarki don ba da suna ga sunayensu. Da yawa Rastas suna cewa ba "addini" bane kwata-kwata, amma "Hanyar Rayuwa". Rastafari gabaɗaya masu tauhidi ne, suna bautar Allah ɗaya wanda suke kira Jah. Rastas suna ganin Jah kamar yadda yake cikin sifar Triniti Mai Tsarki, ma'ana, Uba, Sona da Ruhu Mai Tsarki. Rastas ya ce Jah, a cikin sifar Ruhu Mai Tsarki, yana zaune a cikin ɗan adam. [[:en:Afrocentrism|Afrocentrism]] wani bangare ne na al'adun Rastafari. Suna koyar da cewa Afirka, musamman Habasha, shine wurin da za a halicci Sihiyona, ko aljanna. Saboda haka, Rastafari yana daidaita kan al'adun Afirka. Rastafari ya yi riko da cewa muguwar al'umma, ko "Babila", ta kasance mai mamaye da fararen fata, kuma ta aikata irin wannan ta'adi ga mutanen Afirka kamar cinikin bayi na Atlantika. Duk da wannan Ta'addancin da kuma mayar da hankali ga mutanen ƙabilar baƙar fata, mambobin wasu jinsi, gami da fararen fata, waɗanda baƙi suka samu kuma suka yarda da su a cikin motsi, saboda sun yi imanin Rasta na dukkan mutane ne. Akwai al'ummomin Rasta a duk duniya. A Ghana, musamman a bakin teku, akwai wuraren ibada da yawa na Rastafari. Rungiyar Rasta da ke kusa da Kokrobite sananniya ce a duk ƙasar Ghana. Yawancin bukukuwan kiɗa na Rasta suna faruwa kuma ana siyar da abubuwan Rasta. == Addinin Hindu == An fara bin addinin Hindu a Ghana tun daga 1970s. Wani Firist na gargajiya wanda aka fi sani da Kwesi Esel ya kafa shi wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa Asiya don neman ikon warkarwa.<ref>Laumann, Dennis (2014-12-02). "Hindu Gods in West Africa: Ghanaian Devotees of Shiva and Krishna by Albert Kafui Wuaku (review)". ''Ghana Studies''. '''17''' (1): 247–249. doi:10.1353/ghs.2014.0012. ISSN 2333-7168.</ref> Addinin Hindu ya yaɗu a Ghana tare da bin ka'idodin gidan ibada na Hindu wanda Ghana ke jagoranta [[:en:Swami_Ghanananda_(Ghana)|Swami Ghananand Saraswati]] da [[:en:Hare_Krishnas|Hare Krishnas]]. [[:en:Sathya_Sai_Organisation|Sathya Sai Organisation]], [[:en:Ananda_Marga|Ananda Marga]] da [[:en:Brahma_Kumaris|Brahma Kumaris]] har ila yau, suna aiki a Ghana. An gina gidajen ibada na Hindu a Accra, akwai kusan mabiya Hindu 25,000 ko kuma kashi 0.1% a cikin ƙasar. == Ofishin Afrikanian == Ofishin Jakadancin Afrikania ƙungiya ce ta gargajiya da aka kafa a Ghana a 1982 ta wani tsohon Firist Katolika, Kwabena Damuah, wanda ya yi murabus daga cocin kuma ya ɗauki matsayin sarakunan gargajiya, Osofo Okomfo. Ofishin Jakadancin na da niyyar gyara da sabunta addinin gargajiya na Afirka, da inganta kishin kasa da Pan-Africanism. Maimakon kasancewa sabon ƙungiyar addini guda ɗaya, Afrikania kuma yana shirya wuraren bautar gargajiya da masu ba da gargajiyar cikin ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke kawo haɗin kai ga wani tsarin da ya watsu kuma don haka babban murya a fagen jama'a. Afrikania sun kafa taron shekara-shekara don addinin gargajiya. Ya zama yawun bakin addinin gargajiya a Ghana ta hanyar wallafe-wallafensa, laccoci, taron karawa juna sani, taron manema labarai, da radiyo da talibijin wanda a ciki suke bayar da shawarar komawa ga addini da al'adun gargajiya a matsayin tushen ruhaniya don ci gaban Afirka. Ofishin Jakadancin kuma sanannun sunaye kamar AMEN RA (wanda aka samo daga addinin Masarawa, kuma aka fassara shi da ma'anar 'Cibiyar Allah'), ''Sankofa'' bangaskiya (wanda ke nuna komawa ga asalin Afirka don ɗabi'u na ruhaniya da ɗabi'a) da Addinin Godian, wanda ya karɓa a takaice a lokacin da ake hade da Godianism, wata kungiyar cigaban gargajiya ta Najeriya. == Buddha == A cikin 1998 an buɗe Haikali na farko na Nichiren Shoshu a Afirka a Accra. Ghana tana da Babban Haikali na Nichiren Shoshu a wajen Japan. Haikalin yana kan hanyar Anyaa-Ablekuma a fannin Fan Milk Junction a Accra. Akwai wasu ƙananan wuraren addu'ar Buddha a cikin manyan biranen, kuma tare da buƙata mai dacewa da ƙaramar gudummawa, ana maraba da ku don yin zuzzurfan tunani da waƙa. == Rashin Addini == [[:en:Atheism|Atheism]] da [[:en:Agnosticism|Agnosticism]] suna da wahalar aunawa a Ghana. == 'Yancin yin addini == 'Yancin addini na wanzu a Ghana. Wata dokar Addini (Rajista) ta 1989 an zartar da ita a cikin Yunin 1989 don tsara majami'u. Ta hanyar buƙatar takaddar shaida ga dukkan kungiyoyin addinin Kirista da ke aiki a Ghana, gwamnati ta tanadi haƙƙin bincika ayyukan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin tare da ba da umarnin a bincika bayanan kuɗinsu. Majalisar Cocin ta Ghana ta fassara Dokar Hukumomin Addinai da cewa ta saba wa manufar 'yancin yin addini a kasar. A cewar wata sanarwa ta gwamnati, duk da haka, an tsara dokar ne don kare 'yanci da mutuncin kungiyoyin addini na gaskiya ta hanyar fallasawa da kuma kawar da kungiyoyin da aka kafa don cin gajiyar masu imani. PNDC ya soke dokar a ƙarshen 1992. <ref>Owusu-Ansah (1994), "Traditional Religion</ref>Duk da tanade-tanaden da ta yi, duk ɗariku mabiya addinin kirista na gargajiya da majami'u da yawa na ruhaniya sun ci gaba da aiki a ƙasar. ==Manazarta== 361f6nh0th2fvdtx31eiygrk2gdfysz 0 14757 969372 886838 2026-10-19T06:35:13Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375357852|Ishaya Bako]]" 969372 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ishaya Bako''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba 1986) ita ce darektan fina-finai kuma marubuciya [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a Kaduna, inda ya zauna mafi yawan rayuwarsa kafin ya koma Landan inda ya yi karatu a Makarantar Fim ta London == Ayyuka == Bayan ya halarci Makarantar Fim ta London, Bako ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin Braids on a Bald Head, wanda ya sami karbuwa a Afirka Movie Academy Awards (AMAA). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishaya Bako |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/ishaya-bako/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229224554/https://www.weforum.org/people/ishaya-bako/ |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Ya lashe kyautar Best Short Film a 8th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref name=":0" /> An kuma gano shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙaramin ƙarni na masu shirya fina-finai kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Shapers ta Duniya, wani shiri na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya wanda ke tattara matasa masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishaya Bako |url=https://iffr.com/en/person/ishaya-bako |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=IFFR EN |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fim dinsa, Fuelling Poverty, wani [[Documentary film|shirin]] fim game da talauci da tallafin man fetur a Najeriya, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, [[Wole Soyinka]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fuelling Poverty {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/films/fuelling-poverty/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana zaune a [[Abuja]], [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|FCT]], Najeriya. An nuna fim dinsa The Royal Hibiscus Hotel a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto na 2017.<ref name="TIFF">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2017 |title=Toronto Adds Films From Aaron Sorkin, Louis C.K., Brie Larson |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/toronto-adds-films-from-aaron-sorkin-louis-c-k-brie-larson-1202527991/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |website=Variety}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubutan fim din [[Lionheart (fim na 2018)]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lionheart (2018) - IMDb |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt7707314/fullcredits/writers}}</ref> A cikin 2023, Bako ya ba da umarnin Ba na zuwa gare ku da Chance ba, wanda ya dace da littafin [[Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani]] wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2009.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ncube |first=Nkosilesisa Kwanele |date=2026-01-08 |title=Ishaya Bako, dir. I Do Not Come to You by Chance. 2023. 105 minutes. English. Nigeria. Ten. No Price Reported. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/ishaya-bako-dir-i-do-not-come-to-you-by-chance-2023-105-minutes-english-nigeria-ten-no-price-reported/FEA36E9F7BF5E79DC425E34340BE3142 |journal=African Studies Review |language=en |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1017/asr.2025.10175 |issn=0002-0206}}</ref> Fim din ya kasance zaɓi ne na hukuma don bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto na 2023 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=I Do Not Come To You By Chance |url=https://tiff.net/events/i-do-not-come-to-you-by-chance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211190514/https://tiff.net/events/i-do-not-come-to-you-by-chance |archive-date=2025-12-11 |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=TIFF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bourne |first=Kevin |title=TIFF 2023 – I DO NOT COME TO YOU BY CHANCE REFLECTS THE COMING OF AGE OF NIGERIAN CINEMA |url=https://shiftermagazine.com/film-and-tv/i-do-not-come-to-you-by-chance-film-review |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=shiftermagazine.com}}</ref> Ya kuma ba da umarnin fim din 2024 a bangaren wutar lantarki na Najeriya 'Up NEPA' wanda aka fara a Abuja a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9z5sl24ccv52yxe1jmc3sfiatct7389 969373 969372 2026-10-19T06:35:48Z Salma Raddah 45959 969373 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ishaya Bako''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba 1986) ita ce darektan fina-finai kuma marubuciya [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bako, Ishaya {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ishaya-bako/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a Kaduna, inda ya zauna mafi yawan rayuwarsa kafin ya koma Landan inda ya yi karatu a Makarantar Fim ta London == Ayyuka == B {{Databox}} ayan ya halarci Makarantar Fim ta London, Bako ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin Braids on a Bald Head, wanda ya sami karbuwa a Afirka Movie Academy Awards (AMAA). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishaya Bako |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/ishaya-bako/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229224554/https://www.weforum.org/people/ishaya-bako/ |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Ya lashe kyautar Best Short Film a 8th Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref name=":0" /> An kuma gano shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙaramin ƙarni na masu shirya fina-finai kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Shapers ta Duniya, wani shiri na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya wanda ke tattara matasa masu sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishaya Bako |url=https://iffr.com/en/person/ishaya-bako |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=IFFR EN |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fim dinsa, Fuelling Poverty, wani [[Documentary film|shirin]] fim game da talauci da tallafin man fetur a Najeriya, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, [[Wole Soyinka]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fuelling Poverty {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc. |url=https://africanfilmny.org/films/fuelling-poverty/ |access-date=2026-07-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana zaune a [[Abuja]], [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|FCT]], Najeriya. An nuna fim dinsa The Royal Hibiscus Hotel a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto na 2017.<ref name="TIFF">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2017 |title=Toronto Adds Films From Aaron Sorkin, Louis C.K., Brie Larson |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/toronto-adds-films-from-aaron-sorkin-louis-c-k-brie-larson-1202527991/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |website=Variety}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubutan fim din [[Lionheart (fim na 2018)]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lionheart (2018) - IMDb |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt7707314/fullcredits/writers}}</ref> A cikin 2023, Bako ya ba da umarnin Ba na zuwa gare ku da Chance ba, wanda ya dace da littafin [[Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani]] wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2009.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ncube |first=Nkosilesisa Kwanele |date=2026-01-08 |title=Ishaya Bako, dir. I Do Not Come to You by Chance. 2023. 105 minutes. English. Nigeria. Ten. No Price Reported. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/ishaya-bako-dir-i-do-not-come-to-you-by-chance-2023-105-minutes-english-nigeria-ten-no-price-reported/FEA36E9F7BF5E79DC425E34340BE3142 |journal=African Studies Review |language=en |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1017/asr.2025.10175 |issn=0002-0206}}</ref> Fim din ya kasance zaɓi ne na hukuma don bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto na 2023 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=I Do Not Come To You By Chance |url=https://tiff.net/events/i-do-not-come-to-you-by-chance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211190514/https://tiff.net/events/i-do-not-come-to-you-by-chance |archive-date=2025-12-11 |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=TIFF |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bourne |first=Kevin |title=TIFF 2023 – I DO NOT COME TO YOU BY CHANCE REFLECTS THE COMING OF AGE OF NIGERIAN CINEMA |url=https://shiftermagazine.com/film-and-tv/i-do-not-come-to-you-by-chance-film-review |access-date=2026-07-12 |website=shiftermagazine.com}}</ref> Ya kuma ba da umarnin fim din 2024 a bangaren wutar lantarki na Najeriya 'Up NEPA' wanda aka fara a Abuja a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jkyi06fpa0vlymayj8ysguaa399vmsh 0 16377 969404 573723 2026-10-19T07:16:16Z Salma Raddah 45959 969404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Godliver Gordian''' ' yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Ƙasar Islama|ƙasar]] [[Tanzania]]. [[Tarayyar Amurka|Tana]] daga [[Ciki|cikin]] membobin ƙungiyar bayar da agaji ta [[New York (birni)|New York]], Global Medical Relief Fund, kuma tana taimakawa zabiyu da suka kammala karatu neman aiki ta hanyar yin magana da masu ɗaukar aiki a madadinsu, ba tare da la’akari da tsoro da ake ji na zabiya ba a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/siri-ya-mtungi/oclc/1019443274 |title=Siri Ya Mtungi |publisher=Worldcat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt2551356/?ref_=m_ttfc_tt |title=Siri ya Mtungi full cast |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Gordian ta kasance tauraruwa ce a cikin Rordan Riber shirin TV na [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] TV na rabin awa mai taken, ''Siri ya Mtungi'', wanda a ciki ta taka rawar "Cheusi". Fim ɗin ya kuma ya hada da taurari irin su Beatrice Taisamo, Yvonne Cherrie da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.evasguide.com/east-africa/movies/aisha-tanzania-movie/ |title=Aisha (Tanzania) |publisher=Evas Guide |access-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=November 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113111137/https://www.evasguide.com/east-africa/movies/aisha-tanzania-movie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spla.pro/file.film.aisha.17220.html |title=Aisha |publisher=SPLA |access-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, ta yi rawar gani a wani fim din wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasar [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] wanda Chande Omar mai taken, ''Aisha''.<ref name=TF>{{Cite web |url=https://theafricanfilmfestival.org/Festival/Winners/2016 |title=NOMINEES AND TAFFESTS |publisher=TAFF}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, an zaɓe ta ne a bikin baje kolin fina-finai da fasaha na Afirka (TAFF) a rukunin ''<nowiki/>'yan wasa mafi kyawu'', saboda rawar da ta taka a fim din, ''A'isha''. A matsayi na daya da fim din, an zabi ta ne don lambar yabo ta fim din Azam Bongo a cikin ''mafi kyaun 'yar'' wasa a bikin [[Zanzibar]] ƙasa da ƙasa na [[Zanzibar]] na shekarar 2016 (ZIFF), wanda ta ci nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://africultures.com/evenements/?no=41938 |title=Zanzibar International Film Festival (ZIFF) 2016 {{!}} 19th edition |publisher=Africultures}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cineequal.org/3950-ziff-2016-award-winners/ |title=Zanzibar International Film Festival shekarar 2016 Aw ard Winners |date=July 20, 2016 |publisher=CinéEqual |access-date=December 2, 2020 |archive-date=November 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113110621/https://cineequal.org/3950-ziff-2016-award-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcontact.com/news/tanzania/east-african-films-dominate-ziff-2016-awards |title=East African Films Dominate ZIFF 2016 Awards |date=July 19, 2016 |publisher=Film Contact |access-date=December 2, 2020 |archive-date=November 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113110647/https://www.filmcontact.com/news/tanzania/east-african-films-dominate-ziff-2016-awards |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakanan ta kasance a cikin fim na wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar 2016 mai ban dariya wanda Seko Shamte mai taken, ''Shigowa''. Ta kasance daraktan 'yan wasa a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na harshen Swahili na ƙasar [[Tanzaniya]] wanda Amil Shivji ya gabatar mai taken, ''T-JUNCTION'', mai suna: Magdalena Christopher, Hawa Alisa (Hawa Ally), Cojack Chilo. A shekarar 2018, tayi rawar gani a fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na harshen Swahili na ƙasar [[Jodan|Jordan]] Riber, ''Bahasha (The Envelope)'', inda ta taka rawar amatsayin ''Hidaya''. Sauran taurarin da suka fito sun hada da Ayoub Bombwe da Godliver Gordian. Ta kuma fito a fim din Seko Shamte na ''Binti'', fim din wasan kwaikwayo na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] wanda aka shirya za a fitar a 2021. Ta taka rawa amatsayin "Rose". == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Fim ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Matsayi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Bayanan kula ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Ref. |- | 2021 | ''Binti'' | Jaruma ( ''Rose'' ) | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2018 | ''Bahasha (ambulaf)'' | Actress ( ''Zawadi'' ) | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2017 | ''T-Junction'' | Darektan 'yan wasa | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2016 | ''Zuwa gida'' | 'Yar wasa | Wasan-barkwanci | |- | 2015 | ''Aisha'' | Jaruma ( ''Aisha'' ) | Wasan kwaikwayo | |- | 2012 | ''Siri ya Mtungi'' | Actress ( ''Cheusi'' ) | Jerin Shirye0shiryen TV; Wasan kwaikwayo | |} == Kyautuka == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Taron ! Kyauta ! Mai karɓa ! Sakamakon |- | rowspan="2" | 2016 | Bikin Taron Fina-Finan Afurka | rowspan="2" | ''Fitacciyar Jaruma'' | rowspan="2" | Aisha |An gabatar da ita |- | ZIFF | Bikin Fina-finai ta Zanzibar |Ta lashe |- |2016 |Bikin Fina-finan Tanzaniya |Fitacciyar Jaruma |Jua Kali |Ta lashe |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm5401901/ Godliver Gordian] akan [[IMDb]] * [https://mubi.com/cast/godliver-gordian Godliver Gordian] akan Mubi [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] mqorkn5yx4zqyw1jg8hlmmldrpkd2md 0 16386 969233 962189 2026-10-18T18:26:01Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1270145039|Andy Amadi Okoroafor]]" 969233 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andy Amadi Okoroafor''' listenⓘ ɗan fim ne na Najeriya kuma mai magana da yawun TED . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor: Director, screenwriter |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4f4b952e049c8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128034515/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4f4b952e049c8 |archive-date=November 28, 2021 |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> Ya fi shahara a matsayin darektan fim din 2010 Relentless . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/andy_amadi_okoroafor |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> Baya ga shugabanci, shi ma marubuci ne, furodusa da kuma darektan fasaha. Shi ne wanda ya kafa ɗakin karatu mai suna 'Clam'. == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife shi a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 1966 a Bauchi, Arewacin Najeriya . Yana da shekara guda lokacin da yaƙin ya fara a Biafra. Daga baya ya koma Paris, Faransa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan fasaha a tallace-tallace, kayan ado da bidiyon kiɗa. Shi ma TED-Fellow ne == Ayyuka == A Faransa, Okoroafor ya shafe shekaru biyar yana jagorantar bidiyon kiɗa da hotunansu, daga murfin kundin zuwa bidiyon kiɗan. Ya kafa ɗakin karatu mai suna 'Clam' da kuma 'Clam magazine' a cikin 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PASS in Paris: Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://panafricanspacestation.org.za/pass-in-paris-profile-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=Pan African Space Station}}</ref> Ana buga mujallar sau biyu a shekara a Japan, Amurka, Turai, da Brazil.<ref name="ted">{{Cite web |title=Fellows Friday with Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=TED}}</ref> A baje kolin 2017, ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayon Never Surrender, a M. Bassy a Hamburg, Jamus. Nunin ya haɗa da daukar hoto da shigarwar bidiyo a cikin jerin, More Aphrike . Tare da jerin, ya yi aiki tare da ɗan'uwansa mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai yin fim, Andrew Dosunmu . <ref name="Andy Amadi Okoroafor">{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=African Filmny}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Okoroafor ya yi fim din Relentless, fim dinsa na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor. Relentless. 2010. 95 min. With Gideon Okeke, Nneka Egbuna, and Jimmy Jean-Louis. France and Nigeria. English. Clam Films. No price reported. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/andy-amadi-okoroafor-relentless-2010-95-min-with-gideon-okeke-nneka-egbuna-and-jimmy-jeanlouis-france-and-nigeria-english-clam-films-no-price-reported/AF4AE386A7D6EEE44E781FFB6953395A |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=African Studies Review}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, an zaɓi fim din don bikin fim na London, kuma an nuna shi a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 a bikin fina-finai na Afirka a Port Harcourt a karon farko a Afirka.<ref name="ted" /> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Irin wannan !Tabbacin. |- |2010 |''[[Relentless (fim na 2010)|Rashin Rashin Ruwa]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |Fim din |<ref name="Andy Amadi Okoroafor" /> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sx8i11ql4rzcz137z8ggp5bouoi7wcc 969234 969233 2026-10-18T18:26:33Z Salma Raddah 45959 969234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andy Amadi Okoroafor''' listenⓘ ɗan fim ne na Najeriya kuma mai magana da yawun TED . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor: Director, screenwriter |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4f4b952e049c8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128034515/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4f4b952e049c8 |archive-date=November 28, 2021 |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> Ya fi shahara a matsayin darektan fim din 2010 Relentless . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/andy_amadi_okoroafor |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> Baya ga shugabanci, shi ma marubuci ne, furodusa da kuma darektan fasaha. Shi ne wanda ya kafa ɗakin karatu mai suna 'Clam'. == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife shi a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 1966 a Bauchi, Arewacin Najeriya . Yana da shekara guda lokacin da yaƙin ya fara a Biafra. Daga baya ya koma Paris, Faransa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan fasaha a tallace-tallace, kayan ado da bidiyon kiɗa. Shi ma TED-Fellow ne == Ayyuka == A Faransa, Okoroafor ya shafe shekaru biyar yana jagorantar bidiyon kiɗa da hotunansu, daga murfin kundin zuwa bidiyon kiɗan. Ya kafa ɗakin karatu mai suna 'Clam' da kuma 'Clam magazine' a cikin 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PASS in Paris: Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://panafricanspacestation.org.za/pass-in-paris-profile-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=Pan African Space Station}}</ref> Ana buga mujallar sau biyu a shekara a Japan, Amurka, Turai, da Brazil.<ref name="ted">{{Cite web |title=Fellows Friday with Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=TED}}</ref> A baje kolin 2017, ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayon Never Surrender, a M. Bassy a Hamburg, Jamus. Nunin ya haɗa da daukar hoto da shigarwar bidiyo a cikin jerin, More Aphrike . Tare da jerin, ya yi aiki tare da ɗan'uwansa mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai yin fim, Andrew Dosunmu . <ref name="Andy Amadi Okoroafor">{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=African Filmny}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Okoroafor ya yi fim din Relentless, fim dinsa na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor. Relentless. 2010. 95 min. With Gideon Okeke, Nneka Egbuna, and Jimmy Jean-Louis. France and Nigeria. English. Clam Films. No price reported. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/andy-amadi-okoroafor-relentless-2010-95-min-with-gideon-okeke-nneka-egbuna-and-jimmy-jeanlouis-france-and-nigeria-english-clam-films-no-price-reported/AF4AE386A7D6EEE44E781FFB6953395A |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=African Studies Review}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, an zaɓi fim din don bikin fim na London, kuma an nuna shi a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 a bikin fina-finai na Afirka a Port Harcourt a karon farko a Afirka.<ref name="ted" /> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Irin wannan !Tabbacin. |- |2010 |''[[Relentless (fim na 2010)|Rashin Rashin Ruwa]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |Fim din |<ref name="Andy Amadi Okoroafor" /> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] t9xqkz9e347eqey1btxxrjktt43rl0h 0 19193 969012 494872 2026-10-18T12:17:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 969012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Riccardo Fioravanti.jpg|thumb|Ellade Bandini]] [[Fayil:Bandini-Presti-De Piscopo 2015.jpg|thumb]] '''Ellade Bandini''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 17 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1946, a Ferrara, [[Italiya]] ), ya kasan ce kuma shi ne mai bugawa ɗan Italiyanci. [[Fayil:The pleasure machine.jpg|thumb|Ellade Bandini]] [[Fayil:Angelo Branduardi in der Matthäuskirche in München.png|thumb|Ellade Bandini]] Bandini ya fara aikinsa tun yana matashi yana ɗan shekara 17. Daga cikin sanannun haɗin gwiwar sa a cikin kiɗan pop da jazz akwai Francesco Guccini, Fabrizio De André, Paolo Conte, Mina, Angelo Branduardi, Zucchero Fornaciari, Bruno Lauzi, Roberto Vecchioni, Fabio Concato, Edoardo Bennato, Stephen Schlaks, Vince Tempera, Ares Tavolazzi, Pino Presti, Franco Cerri, Bruno De Filippi, Henghel Gualdi, Tony Scott, Gianni Basso, Mike Melillo, Antonello Salis, Paolo Fresu, Flavio Boltro, Dado Moroni, Danilo Rea da sauransu. <ref>[http://www.zucchero.it/eng/discografia/un-po-di-zucchero/ Un Po di Zucchero - Zucchero Fornaciari]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ridi Pagliaccio Vol 1 2 - Album - Discografia - MINA MAZZINI |url=http://www.minamazzini.it/it/discografia/album/ridi-pagliaccio-vol-1-2/ |access-date=2021-03-14 |archive-date=2022-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123085930/https://www.minamazzini.it/it/discografia/album/ridi-pagliaccio-vol-1-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/artists/pino-presti/biography/ |title=Pino Presti Bio {{!}} Pino Presti Career {{!}} MTV |access-date=2021-03-14 |archive-date=2013-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514150655/http://www.mtv.com/artists/pino-presti/biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=danilo rea, ares tavolazzi ed ellade bandini, “beatles in jazz . |url=http://www.gazzettadisalerno.it/2013/04/15/danilo-rea-ares-tavolazzi-ed-ellade-bandini-beatles-in-jazz-allauditorium-oscar-niemeyer-di-ravello/ |access-date=2021-03-14 |archive-date=2015-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622094923/http://www.gazzettadisalerno.it/2013/04/15/danilo-rea-ares-tavolazzi-ed-ellade-bandini-beatles-in-jazz-allauditorium-oscar-niemeyer-di-ravello/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Binciken (zaba) == === Faya-faya === * Francesco Guccini - ''L'Isola Non Trovata'' (1970) [[File:Percfest-Bandini-Presti-De_Piscopo2015.jpg|thumb| Bandini tare da Pino Presti da Tullio De Piscopo a bikin Kiɗan Italiyanci "Percfest" a Laigueglia a 2015]] * Na'urar Nishaɗi - ''Asiya / Amici (Abokai)'' (1971) * Antonello Venditti - ''L'Orso Bruno'' (1973) * Francesco Guccini - ''Stanze Di Vita Quotidiana'' (1974) * Pino Presti - ''Zagaye na 1'' (1976) * Francesco Guccini - ''Ta hanyar Paolo Fabbri 43'' (1976) * Stephen Schlaks - ''Mafarki Tare da Steven Schlaks'' (1976) * Francesco Guccini - ''Amerigo'' (1978) * Fabio Concato - ''Svendita Totale a'' 1978) * Stephen Schlaks - Mai ''Ra'ayi Da Delaƙaici'' (1979) * Fabio Concato - ''Zio Tom'' (1979) * Vince Tempera - Bugun Band (1980) * Edoardo Bennato - ''Sono Solo Canzonette'' 1980) * Stephen Schlaks - ''Ni'ima'' (1980) * Roberto Vecchioni - ''Hollywood Hollywood'' (1982) * Fabio Concato - ''Fabio Concato'' (1982) * Stephen Schlaks - ''Sabon Gwaji'' (1982) * Mina - ''25'' (1983) * Guccini - ''Guccini'' (1983) * Stephen Schlaks - ''Turai'' (1984) * Mina - ''Catene'' (1984) * Paolo Conte - ''Paolo Conte'' (1985) * Mina - ''Finalmente Ho Conosciuto Il Conte Dracula'' (1985) * Paolo Conte - ''Concerti'' (1985) * Mina - ''Si, Buana'' (1986) * Stephen Schlaks - ''Shining Star'' (1986) * Francesco Guccini - ''Fra La Via Emilia E Il West'' (1987 * Mina - ''Rane Mafi Girma'' (1987) * Guccini - ''Signora Bovary'' (1987) * Mina - ''Ridi Pagliaccio'' (1988) * Mina - ''Uiallalla'' (1989) * Pierangelo Bertoli - ''Sedia Elettrica'' (1989) * Mina - ''Ti Conosco Mascherina'' (1990) * Francesco Guccini - ''Quello Che Ba Na'' (1990) * Mina - ''Caterpillar'' (1991) * Fabrizio De André - ''Concerti'' (1991) * Angelo Branduardi - ''Si Può Fare'' (1992) * Mina - ''Sorelle Lumière'' (1992) * Francesco Guccini - ''Parnassius Guccinii'' (1993) * Angelo Branduardi - ''Domenica E Lunedì'' (1994) * Angelo Branduardi - ''Camminando Camminando'' (1996) * De André - ''A cikin Concerto'' (1999) * Paolo Conte - ''Saukewa'' (2003) * Francesco Guccini - ''Ritratti'' (2004) * Fabrizio De André - ''Anime Salve 1996/2006'' (2006) * Edoardo Bennato - ''Salviamo Il Salvabile'' (2006) * Francesco Guccini - ''Radici'' (2007) * Fabrizio De André - ''1991 - 2004'' (2010) * Francesco Guccini - ''L'ultima Thule'' (2012) * Paolo Conte - ''Wasan kwaikwayo'' (2014) * Angelo Branduardi - ''Camminando Camminando In Tre'' (2015) == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.jazzitalia.net/articoli/int_elladebandini.asp ''Ganawa'' a Jazzitalia, Mayu 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127001205/http://www.jazzitalia.net/articoli/int_elladebandini.asp |date=2021-01-27 }} * [http://www.discogs.com/artist/273694-Ellade-Bandini?filter_anv=0&type=Credits Ellade Bandini Discography a Discogs] == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1946]] 3pddh1tr2zr6g709shemk7hidsa2ejl 969013 969012 2026-10-18T12:18:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 969013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Riccardo Fioravanti.jpg|thumb|Ellade Bandini]] [[Fayil:Bandini-Presti-De Piscopo 2015.jpg|thumb]] '''Ellade Bandini''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 17 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1946, a Ferrara, [[Italiya]] ), ya kasan ce kuma shi ne mai bugawa ɗan Italiyanci. [[Fayil:The pleasure machine.jpg|thumb|Ellade Bandini]] [[Fayil:Angelo Branduardi in der Matthäuskirche in München.png|thumb|Ellade Bandini]] Bandini ya fara aikinsa tun yana matashi yana ɗan shekara 17. Daga cikin sanannun haɗin gwiwar sa a cikin kiɗan pop da jazz akwai Francesco Guccini, Fabrizio De André, Paolo Conte, Mina, Angelo Branduardi, Zucchero Fornaciari, Bruno Lauzi, Roberto Vecchioni, Fabio Concato, Edoardo Bennato, Stephen Schlaks, Vince Tempera, Ares Tavolazzi, Pino Presti, Franco Cerri, Bruno De Filippi, Henghel Gualdi, Tony Scott, Gianni Basso, Mike Melillo, Antonello Salis, Paolo Fresu, Flavio Boltro, Dado Moroni, Danilo Rea da sauransu.<ref>[http://www.zucchero.it/eng/discografia/un-po-di-zucchero/ Un Po di Zucchero - Zucchero Fornaciari]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ridi Pagliaccio Vol 1 2 - Album - Discografia - MINA MAZZINI |url=http://www.minamazzini.it/it/discografia/album/ridi-pagliaccio-vol-1-2/ |access-date=2021-03-14 |archive-date=2022-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123085930/https://www.minamazzini.it/it/discografia/album/ridi-pagliaccio-vol-1-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/artists/pino-presti/biography/ |title=Pino Presti Bio {{!}} Pino Presti Career {{!}} MTV |access-date=2021-03-14 |archive-date=2013-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514150655/http://www.mtv.com/artists/pino-presti/biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=danilo rea, ares tavolazzi ed ellade bandini, “beatles in jazz . |url=http://www.gazzettadisalerno.it/2013/04/15/danilo-rea-ares-tavolazzi-ed-ellade-bandini-beatles-in-jazz-allauditorium-oscar-niemeyer-di-ravello/ |access-date=2021-03-14 |archive-date=2015-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622094923/http://www.gazzettadisalerno.it/2013/04/15/danilo-rea-ares-tavolazzi-ed-ellade-bandini-beatles-in-jazz-allauditorium-oscar-niemeyer-di-ravello/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Binciken (zaba) == === Faya-faya === * Francesco Guccini - ''L'Isola Non Trovata'' (1970) [[File:Percfest-Bandini-Presti-De_Piscopo2015.jpg|thumb| Bandini tare da Pino Presti da Tullio De Piscopo a bikin Kiɗan Italiyanci "Percfest" a Laigueglia a 2015]] * Na'urar Nishaɗi - ''Asiya / Amici (Abokai)'' (1971) * Antonello Venditti - ''L'Orso Bruno'' (1973) * Francesco Guccini - ''Stanze Di Vita Quotidiana'' (1974) * Pino Presti - ''Zagaye na 1'' (1976) * Francesco Guccini - ''Ta hanyar Paolo Fabbri 43'' (1976) * Stephen Schlaks - ''Mafarki Tare da Steven Schlaks'' (1976) * Francesco Guccini - ''Amerigo'' (1978) * Fabio Concato - ''Svendita Totale a'' 1978) * Stephen Schlaks - Mai ''Ra'ayi Da Delaƙaici'' (1979) * Fabio Concato - ''Zio Tom'' (1979) * Vince Tempera - Bugun Band (1980) * Edoardo Bennato - ''Sono Solo Canzonette'' 1980) * Stephen Schlaks - ''Ni'ima'' (1980) * Roberto Vecchioni - ''Hollywood Hollywood'' (1982) * Fabio Concato - ''Fabio Concato'' (1982) * Stephen Schlaks - ''Sabon Gwaji'' (1982) * Mina - ''25'' (1983) * Guccini - ''Guccini'' (1983) * Stephen Schlaks - ''Turai'' (1984) * Mina - ''Catene'' (1984) * Paolo Conte - ''Paolo Conte'' (1985) * Mina - ''Finalmente Ho Conosciuto Il Conte Dracula'' (1985) * Paolo Conte - ''Concerti'' (1985) * Mina - ''Si, Buana'' (1986) * Stephen Schlaks - ''Shining Star'' (1986) * Francesco Guccini - ''Fra La Via Emilia E Il West'' (1987 * Mina - ''Rane Mafi Girma'' (1987) * Guccini - ''Signora Bovary'' (1987) * Mina - ''Ridi Pagliaccio'' (1988) * Mina - ''Uiallalla'' (1989) * Pierangelo Bertoli - ''Sedia Elettrica'' (1989) * Mina - ''Ti Conosco Mascherina'' (1990) * Francesco Guccini - ''Quello Che Ba Na'' (1990) * Mina - ''Caterpillar'' (1991) * Fabrizio De André - ''Concerti'' (1991) * Angelo Branduardi - ''Si Può Fare'' (1992) * Mina - ''Sorelle Lumière'' (1992) * Francesco Guccini - ''Parnassius Guccinii'' (1993) * Angelo Branduardi - ''Domenica E Lunedì'' (1994) * Angelo Branduardi - ''Camminando Camminando'' (1996) * De André - ''A cikin Concerto'' (1999) * Paolo Conte - ''Saukewa'' (2003) * Francesco Guccini - ''Ritratti'' (2004) * Fabrizio De André - ''Anime Salve 1996/2006'' (2006) * Edoardo Bennato - ''Salviamo Il Salvabile'' (2006) * Francesco Guccini - ''Radici'' (2007) * Fabrizio De André - ''1991 - 2004'' (2010) * Francesco Guccini - ''L'ultima Thule'' (2012) * Paolo Conte - ''Wasan kwaikwayo'' (2014) * Angelo Branduardi - ''Camminando Camminando In Tre'' (2015) == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.jazzitalia.net/articoli/int_elladebandini.asp ''Ganawa'' a Jazzitalia, Mayu 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127001205/http://www.jazzitalia.net/articoli/int_elladebandini.asp |date=2021-01-27 }} * [http://www.discogs.com/artist/273694-Ellade-Bandini?filter_anv=0&type=Credits Ellade Bandini Discography a Discogs] == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1946]] 8td2p6x4aqx9vqw0nbypqt3q8ihyown 969014 969013 2026-10-18T12:19:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 969014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Riccardo Fioravanti.jpg|thumb|Ellade Bandini]] [[Fayil:Bandini-Presti-De Piscopo 2015.jpg|thumb]] '''Ellade Bandini''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 17 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1946, a Ferrara, [[Italiya]]), ya kasan ce kuma shi ne mai bugawa ɗan Italiyanci. [[Fayil:The pleasure machine.jpg|thumb|Ellade Bandini]] [[Fayil:Angelo Branduardi in der Matthäuskirche in München.png|thumb|Ellade Bandini]] Bandini ya fara aikinsa tun yana matashi yana ɗan shekara 17. Daga cikin sanannun haɗin gwiwar sa a cikin kiɗan pop da jazz akwai Francesco Guccini, Fabrizio De André, Paolo Conte, Mina, Angelo Branduardi, Zucchero Fornaciari, Bruno Lauzi, Roberto Vecchioni, Fabio Concato, Edoardo Bennato, Stephen Schlaks, Vince Tempera, Ares Tavolazzi, Pino Presti, Franco Cerri, Bruno De Filippi, Henghel Gualdi, Tony Scott, Gianni Basso, Mike Melillo, Antonello Salis, Paolo Fresu, Flavio Boltro, Dado Moroni, Danilo Rea da sauransu.<ref>[http://www.zucchero.it/eng/discografia/un-po-di-zucchero/ Un Po di Zucchero - Zucchero Fornaciari]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ridi Pagliaccio Vol 1 2 - Album - Discografia - MINA MAZZINI |url=http://www.minamazzini.it/it/discografia/album/ridi-pagliaccio-vol-1-2/ |access-date=2021-03-14 |archive-date=2022-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123085930/https://www.minamazzini.it/it/discografia/album/ridi-pagliaccio-vol-1-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/artists/pino-presti/biography/ |title=Pino Presti Bio {{!}} Pino Presti Career {{!}} MTV |access-date=2021-03-14 |archive-date=2013-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514150655/http://www.mtv.com/artists/pino-presti/biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=danilo rea, ares tavolazzi ed ellade bandini, “beatles in jazz . |url=http://www.gazzettadisalerno.it/2013/04/15/danilo-rea-ares-tavolazzi-ed-ellade-bandini-beatles-in-jazz-allauditorium-oscar-niemeyer-di-ravello/ |access-date=2021-03-14 |archive-date=2015-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622094923/http://www.gazzettadisalerno.it/2013/04/15/danilo-rea-ares-tavolazzi-ed-ellade-bandini-beatles-in-jazz-allauditorium-oscar-niemeyer-di-ravello/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Binciken (zaba) == === Faya-faya === * Francesco Guccini - ''L'Isola Non Trovata'' (1970) [[File:Percfest-Bandini-Presti-De_Piscopo2015.jpg|thumb| Bandini tare da Pino Presti da Tullio De Piscopo a bikin Kiɗan Italiyanci "Percfest" a Laigueglia a 2015]] * Na'urar Nishaɗi - ''Asiya / Amici (Abokai)'' (1971) * Antonello Venditti - ''L'Orso Bruno'' (1973) * Francesco Guccini - ''Stanze Di Vita Quotidiana'' (1974) * Pino Presti - ''Zagaye na 1'' (1976) * Francesco Guccini - ''Ta hanyar Paolo Fabbri 43'' (1976) * Stephen Schlaks - ''Mafarki Tare da Steven Schlaks'' (1976) * Francesco Guccini - ''Amerigo'' (1978) * Fabio Concato - ''Svendita Totale a'' 1978) * Stephen Schlaks - Mai ''Ra'ayi Da Delaƙaici'' (1979) * Fabio Concato - ''Zio Tom'' (1979) * Vince Tempera - Bugun Band (1980) * Edoardo Bennato - ''Sono Solo Canzonette'' 1980) * Stephen Schlaks - ''Ni'ima'' (1980) * Roberto Vecchioni - ''Hollywood Hollywood'' (1982) * Fabio Concato - ''Fabio Concato'' (1982) * Stephen Schlaks - ''Sabon Gwaji'' (1982) * Mina - ''25'' (1983) * Guccini - ''Guccini'' (1983) * Stephen Schlaks - ''Turai'' (1984) * Mina - ''Catene'' (1984) * Paolo Conte - ''Paolo Conte'' (1985) * Mina - ''Finalmente Ho Conosciuto Il Conte Dracula'' (1985) * Paolo Conte - ''Concerti'' (1985) * Mina - ''Si, Buana'' (1986) * Stephen Schlaks - ''Shining Star'' (1986) * Francesco Guccini - ''Fra La Via Emilia E Il West'' (1987 * Mina - ''Rane Mafi Girma'' (1987) * Guccini - ''Signora Bovary'' (1987) * Mina - ''Ridi Pagliaccio'' (1988) * Mina - ''Uiallalla'' (1989) * Pierangelo Bertoli - ''Sedia Elettrica'' (1989) * Mina - ''Ti Conosco Mascherina'' (1990) * Francesco Guccini - ''Quello Che Ba Na'' (1990) * Mina - ''Caterpillar'' (1991) * Fabrizio De André - ''Concerti'' (1991) * Angelo Branduardi - ''Si Può Fare'' (1992) * Mina - ''Sorelle Lumière'' (1992) * Francesco Guccini - ''Parnassius Guccinii'' (1993) * Angelo Branduardi - ''Domenica E Lunedì'' (1994) * Angelo Branduardi - ''Camminando Camminando'' (1996) * De André - ''A cikin Concerto'' (1999) * Paolo Conte - ''Saukewa'' (2003) * Francesco Guccini - ''Ritratti'' (2004) * Fabrizio De André - ''Anime Salve 1996/2006'' (2006) * Edoardo Bennato - ''Salviamo Il Salvabile'' (2006) * Francesco Guccini - ''Radici'' (2007) * Fabrizio De André - ''1991 - 2004'' (2010) * Francesco Guccini - ''L'ultima Thule'' (2012) * Paolo Conte - ''Wasan kwaikwayo'' (2014) * Angelo Branduardi - ''Camminando Camminando In Tre'' (2015) == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.jazzitalia.net/articoli/int_elladebandini.asp ''Ganawa'' a Jazzitalia, Mayu 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127001205/http://www.jazzitalia.net/articoli/int_elladebandini.asp |date=2021-01-27 }} * [http://www.discogs.com/artist/273694-Ellade-Bandini?filter_anv=0&type=Credits Ellade Bandini Discography a Discogs] == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1946]] 8pfrz84qye2q3tbjk8kp3x33fxxfus1 0 19367 969410 871779 2026-10-19T07:48:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:La patte de maïs faite la veille avec légumes (Wocoli en langue fon au Bénin).jpg|thumb|ɗanyen awara wanda ba'a soya ba]] [[File:Awara da Miyan kabeji.jpg|thumb|awara da miyan kabeji]] [[Fayil:Awara da Miyan kabeji.jpg|thumb|Awara da miya]] [[Fayil:Fried Tofu (炸豆腐).jpg|thumb]] '''Awara''' dai nau'in abinci ce da ake soya ta, awara ana mata lakabi da san nama domin masana na cewa idan baki da kudin cin nama to kaci awara. Awara dai anayin ta ne da waken suya, inda ake niƙa waken a tace ƙullun waken a Dora Shi Akan wuta saiya taso yatausa sannan asa mishi ruwan tsami Ko tsamiya zaaga ta fara Hada jikinta Sai Asami buhu Ko abin Tata Mai kyau Mai tsafta adinga kwashewa ana zubawa aciki sannan a tsaneta Idan ruwanta yagama fitasannan a yanka a soya a wurin soyawan awajen suyan kafin a soya wasu Sukan Saka mata Magi da gishiri kamin su soya wasu Sukan Saka Mata Kwai yadanganta da raayin mutum. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://afrifoodnetwork.com/recipes/awara-soyabean-curds/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301195200/https://afrifoodnetwork.com/recipes/awara-soyabean-curds/ |archive-date=2021-03-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Tahu Goreng.jpg|thumb|soyayyar awara a mazubi]] [[File:Awara, ɗanye.jpg|thumb|ɗanyen Awara]] ==Manazarta == [[Category:Abinci]] <references /> [[Category:Abincin Hausawa]] == Asalin Suna == Kalmar Turanci *"tofu"* ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Japananci *tōfu (豆腐)*. Wannan kuma an arota ne daga kalmar Sinanci *豆腐* (a Mandarin: *dòufǔ*; tou4-fu) wato *‘cuku daga wake’* ko *‘ferment ɗin wake’*.'. [ 10 ] Takardun farko na kalmar a Turanci yana cikin fassarar 1704 na Domingo Fernández Navarrete 's ''A Collection of Voyages and Travels'', wanda ya bayyana yadda aka yi tofu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of tofu |url=https://www.soya.be/history-of-tofu.php |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=Soya.be}}</ref> Kalmar ''towfu'' kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasiƙar 1770 daga ɗan kasuwan Ingila James Flint zuwa Benjamin Franklin . {{Rp|73}}An yi amfani da kalmar "curd (s)" na tofu a Amurka tun aƙalla 1840. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=J. F. |date=1 January 1853 |title=Chusan, with a Survey Map of the Island |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=23 |pages=242–264 |doi=10.2307/1797967 |jstor=1797967}}</ref> == Politics == Yan siyasa sun yi amfani da Tofu wajen kai wa abokan hamayya hari. A cikin Oktoba 2022 Suella Braverman ta kai hari ga " Mai tsaro - karantawa, == Further reading == Kalmar Turanci *"tofu"* ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Japananci *tōfu (豆腐)*. Wannan kuma an arota ne daga kalmar Sinanci *豆腐* (a Mandarin: *dòufǔ*; tou4-fu) wato *‘cuku daga wake’* ko *‘ferment ɗin wake’*.'. [ 10 ] Takaddun farko na kalmar a Turanci yana cikin fassarar 1704 na Domingo Fernández Navarrete 's ''A Collection of Voyages and Travels'', wanda ya bayyana yadda aka yi tofu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of tofu |url=https://www.soya.be/history-of-tofu.php |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=Soya.be}}</ref> Kalmar ''towfu'' kuma ta bayyana a cikin wasiƙar 1770 daga ɗan kasuwan Ingila James Flint zuwa Benjamin Franklin . {{Rp|73}}An yi amfani da kalmar "curd (s)" na tofu a Amurka tun aƙalla 1840. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=J. F. |date=1 January 1853 |title=Chusan, with a Survey Map of the Island |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=23 |pages=242–264 |doi=10.2307/1797967 |jstor=1797967}}</ref> Yan siyasa sun yi amfani da Tofu wajen kai wa abokan hamayya hari. A cikin Oktoba 2022 Suella Braverman ta kai hari ga " Mai tsaro - karantawa, *  . * Knopper, Melissa. (Jan 2002), ''The joy of soy'', The Rotarian, Vol. 180, No. 1, p.&nbsp;16, {{ISSN|0035-838X}} *  . criumekf549g35prdex7fw6kmba89pi 0 19762 969178 867117 2026-10-18T16:58:54Z Smshika 14840 969178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tutsi'''( /t ʊ t s i / yadda ake furuci: [ɑ.βɑ.tuː.t͡si] ), ko '''Abatutsi''', ƙabila ce ta yankin Manyan Tabkuna na Afirka. Tutsi ƴan [[Mutanen Bantu|kabilar Bantu ne]] -da yake magana na asalin Nilotic mai yiwuwa kuma na biyu mafi girman ƙabilu a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Burundi]] (sauran biyun sune manyan [[Mutanen Bantu|ƙabilar Bantu]] [[Hutu]] da Pygmy na Twa ). Hema, ƙaramar ƙabilar makiyaya ta Nilotic, suma suna zaune kusa da Tutsi a [[Ruwanda]] kuma suna wucewa zuwa yankin Arewa da arewa maso gabashin Rwanda. A tarihi, 'yan Tutsi makiyaya ne kuma sun cika rukunin mayaƙa. Kafin shekara ta 1962 sun tsara da kuma sarrafa [[Zamantakewa|zamantakewar]] Rwandan, wanda ya ƙunshi masarautan Tutsi da talakawan Hutu, ta hanyar tsarin abokan hulɗa. Sun mallaki manyan muƙamai a cikin rarrabuwar al'umma kuma suka zama masu faɗa aji. == Asali da Rarrabuwa == Ma'anar mutanen "Hutu" da "Tutsi" na iya canzawa ta lokaci da wuri. Tsarin zamantakewar jama'a bai kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali ba a duk faɗin Ruwanda, har ma a lokacin mulkin mallaka a ƙarƙashin mulkin Beljam . Masarautar Tutsi ko fitattu ta bambanta da talakawan Tutsi, kuma galibi ba a rarrabewa da Hutu masu arziƙi daga Tutsi masu aji ba. Lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Beljiyam suka gudanar da Ƙididdigar jama'a, suna son gano mutanen a duk fadin Rwanda-Burundi bisa tsarin tsari mai sauki. Sun fassara "Tutsi" a matsayin duk wanda ke da shanu sama da goma (alamar arziki) ko tare da sifar jiki ta dogon hanci, ko doguwar wuya, wanda galibi ke alaƙar da Tutsi. Tutsi yawanci ana cewa sun isa yankin Manyan Tabkuna daga yankin Ƙahon Afirka . <ref>International Institute of African Languages and Cultures, Africa, Volume 76, (Oxford University Press., 2006), pg 135.</ref> <ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/magazine/week-s-end/shooting-star-of-the-continent-1.295455 Josh Kron, "Shooting star of the continent"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613142031/http://www.haaretz.com/magazine/week-s-end/shooting-star-of-the-continent-1.295455 |date=2010-06-13 }}, ''Haaretz'', 14 September 2010, accessed 14 September 2010</ref> Wasu masu bincike sun ɗauke ƴan Tutsi daga asalin Kushitik  , duk da cewa ba sa jin yaren Cushitic, kuma sun zauna a yankunan da suke aƙalla shekaru 400, wanda hakan ya haifar da auratayya mai yawa tare da Hutu a yankin. Saboda tarihin cudanya da auratayya tsakanin Hutu da Tutsi, masanan tarihi da tarihi sun yarda da cewa kwanan nan ba za a iya kiran Hutu da Tutsi da kyau ƙabilu daban-daban. Yawancin manazarta da ma mazauna Yankin Manyan Tabkuna suna adawa da Tutsi - a matsayin "Kurayi" - ga mutanen Bantu kamar Hutu da kabilu da yawa a Gabashin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Uganda. Koyaya, Bantu rarrabuwa ce ta harshe (duba lafazin Bantu da kuma kalmar akan "mutanen Bantu - na biyun yana cewa: Mutanen Bantu sune masu jin yarukan Bantu"). Kamar yadda Tutsi suke magana da yaren Bantu iri ɗaya da Hutu, su mutane ne na Bantu (masu magana). == Halittar Jini == [[File:HE_Paul_Kagame,_President_of_the_Republic_of_Rwanda_(14985842184).jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Paul Kagame]], ɗan ƙabilar Tutsi kuma Shugaban Ƙasar Rwanda]] === Y-DNA (layin uba) === Nazarin ƙwayar halittar zamani na Y-chromosome gabaɗaya yana nuna cewa Tutsi, kamar Hutu ne, galibi ana cire [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]] (60% E1b1a, 20% B, 4% E-P2 (xE1b1a)). Tasirin ƙwayar halittar mahaifin da ke hade da Kahon Afirka da Arewacin Afirka ba su da yawa (a ƙasa da 3% E1b1b-M35 ), kuma ana ba da su ga yawancin mazaunan da suka gabata. Koyaya, 'yan Tutsi suna da zurfin zurfin haplogroup B ta hanyar uba (14.9% B) fiye da Hutu (4.3% B). Trombetta et al. (2015) ya sami 22.2% na E1b1b a cikin ƙaramin samfurin Tutsis daga Burundi, amma babu masu ɗaukar haplogroup tsakanin jama'ar Hutu da Twa na cikin gida. Yarjejeniyar ta ƙarami ta kasance daga ƙaurace mai shekaru 4,000 <ref>https://yfull.com/tree/E-M293/</ref> M293 iri-iri, wanda ke nuni da cewa magabatan Tutsi a wannan yankin na iya haɗe da wasu makiyaya Kush na Kudancin - masu fashin baƙi. Alamar iyayenta E-V1515 ana tsammanin ta samo asali ne daga arewacin yankin Afirka na kusan shekaru 12,000 zuwa 14,000 da suka gabata. === DNA (layin uwa) === [[File:Ange_Kagame_2014.jpg|thumb|269x269px| Ange Kagame, diyar [[Paul Kagame]] .]] Babu wani nazarin ƙwayar halitta game da Tutsi na mtDNA ko layin uwaye. Koyaya, Fornarino et al. (2009) yayi rahoton cewa bayanan da ba a buga ba ya kuma nuna cewa wani ɗan Tutsi daga Ruwanda yana ɗauke da ƙungiyar mtDNA haplogroup R7 ta [[Indiya]] . Furtherarin gwajin 23andme na DNA ya nuna cewa layin Tutsi mtDNA yana da alaƙa da mafarautan mahaifa na gabashin Afirka, musamman haplogroup L0, <ref name="docs.google.com">https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1k1OGP8ECkoWPBPQFaF7I4ZuP09iCxhNmoMrbTjmPLQ0/edit?pli=1#gid=157366413</ref> tare da ƙalilan masu alaƙa da layin mtDNA na Yammacin Afirka. Hakanan adadi mai kyau yana ɗaukar layin mtDNA na Yammacin-Eurasia, musamman M1a, K1a; amma kuma J1 da R0 <ref>https://yfull.com/mtree/M1a1f1/</ref> === Tsayi === Matsakaicinsu tsayi ƙafa 5 inci 9 (175&nbsp;cm), duk da cewa an fi samun masu mutane a matsayin masu tsayi fiye da ƙafa 7 (213&nbsp;cm). == Tarihi == Kafin zuwan masu mulkin mallaka, Ruwanda ta kasance tana ƙarƙashin mulkin masarautar Tutsi bayan tsakiyar 1600. Farawa a kusan 1880, mishan mishan na Katolika sun isa yankin Manyan Tabkuna. Daga baya, a lokacin da rundunar Jamus sun shagaltar da yankin a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yaƙin duniya]], da rikici da kuma} ƙarin ga Katolika hira zama mafi pronounced. Yayin da 'yan Tutsi ke adawa da tuba, mishaneri sun sami nasara ne kawai tsakanin [[Hutu]] . A cikin ƙoƙarinta na ba da lada ga tubar, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kwace ƙasar Tutsi bisa al'ada kuma ta sake tura ta ga ƙabilun Hutu. A cikin Burundi, yayin haka, mamayar Tutsi ta ma fi tsayi. Wata ƙungiya mai mulki, Ganwa, ba da daɗewa ba ta fito daga cikin 'yan Tutsi kuma suka karɓi ikon gudanar da mulkin ƙasar yadda ya kamata. [[Jamus|Jamus ta]] mallaki yankin a matsayin mallaka (kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya]] ) da [[Beljik|Belgium]] . Dukansu 'yan Tutsi da Hutu sun kasance masu fada a ji na gargajiya, amma duka ikon mulkin mallaka ya ba wa' yan Tutsi ilimi kawai kuma su shiga cikin mulkin mallaka. Irin waɗannan manufofin nuna wariyar sun haifar da jin haushi. Lokacin da 'yan Beljiyam suka karɓi ragamar mulki, sun yi imanin cewa za a iya gudanar da mulki mafi kyau idan sun ci gaba da gano yawan alƙaluma. A cikin shekarun 1920, sun buƙaci mutane su kasance tare da wata kabila kuma sun rarraba su daidai lokacin ƙidayar jama'a. A cikin 1959, Belgium ta sauya matsayinta kuma ta ba Hutu mafi rinjaye damar karɓar ikon gwamnati ta hanyar zaɓen gama gari bayan samun 'yanci. Wannan ya nuna wani bangare na siyasar cikin gida ta Beljiyam, inda nuna wariyar launin fata ga mafi rinjayen Hutu ya zama ana kama da zalunci a cikin Belgium wanda ya samo asali daga rikicin Flemish-Walloon, kuma ana ganin dimokuraɗiyya da karfafa Hutu a matsayin martani na adalci ga Mamayar Tutsi. Manufofin Beljiyom sun yi kaɗa-kaɗe sosai a cikin wannan lokacin har zuwa [[Burundi|samun 'yancin kan Burundi]] da Rwanda . === Ƴancin Ruwanda da Burundi (1962) === Hutu mafi rinjaye a Ruwanda sun yi tawaye ga Tutsi kuma sun sami damar karɓar mulki. Tutsi sun tsere kuma sun ƙirƙiro al'ummomin ƙaura a wajen Ruwanda a cikin Uganda da Tanzania. Tun bayan samun ‘yancin kan ƙasar ta Burundi, wasu‘ yan Tutsi masu tsatsauran ra’ayi suka hau karagar mulki suka danne ‘yan Hutu, musamman wadanda suka yi karatu. <ref>Michael Bowen, ''Passing by;: The United States and genocide in Burundi'', 1972, (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1973), p. 49</ref> <ref>René Lemarchand, ''Selective genocide in Burundi'' (Report – Minority Rights Group; no. 20, 1974)</ref> <ref>Rene Lemarchand, ''Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide'' (New York: Woodrow Wilson Center and [[Cambridge University Press]], 1996) </ref> <ref>Christian P. Scherrer, ''Genocide and crisis in Central Africa: conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war''; foreword by [[Robert Melson]]. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002</ref> Abubuwan da suka yi ya haifar da mutuwar kusan Hutus 200,000. Gwamnatocin Rwanda da Burundi daban-daban sun ci gaba da nuna bambanci daga lokacin mulkin mallaka, gami da katin shaida wanda ya bambanta Tutsi da Hutu. === Rikicin Burundi (1993) === A shekarar 1993, jami'an Tutsi sun kashe zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasar Burundi na farko, Melchior Ndadaye, ɗan Hutu, kamar yadda shi ma mutumin da ya cancanci ya gaje shi a karkashin tsarin mulki. Wannan ya haifar da kisan kare dangi a Burundi tsakanin tsarin siyasar Hutu da sojojin Tutsi, inda a ciki "mai yuwuwa kusan Tutsi 25,000" tsohon ya kashe kuma na baya "akalla aƙalla masu yawa". <ref name="totten2">Totten, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA346&lpg=PT347#PPA403,M1 p. 331]</ref> Tun daga Tsarin Arusha na 2000 na Arusha, a yau a Burundi 'yan Tutsi marasa rinjaye sun ba da iko ta hanyar daidaitawa tare da mafi rinjayen Hutu. A al'adance, 'yan Tutsi sun fi ƙarfin ikon tattalin arziki da ikon soja. <ref name="ICIBFR-496">International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002)</ref> === Kisan Gillar Tutsi (1994) === [[File:Rwandan_Patriotic_Front_Flag.svg|right|thumb| Tutar Tutsi ta Rwandan Patriotic Front .]] Irin wannan yanayin ya faru a Ruwanda, amma a can ne Hutu suka hau mulki a 1962. Su kuma galibi suna zaluntar Tutsi, waɗanda suka gudu daga ƙasar. Bayan tashin hankali na adawa da Tutsi a kusa da 1959-1961, Tutsis sun gudu da yawa. Wadannan al'ummomin Tutsi da ke gudun hijira sun haifar da yunkurin 'yan tawayen Tutsi. Ruwanda Ruwanda Patriotic Front, akasarinsu 'yan Tutsi ne da ke gudun hijira musamman mazaunan Uganda, sun kai hari kan Ruwanda a 1990 da nufin' yantar da Ruwanda. RPF tana da gogewa game da yaƙe-yaƙe ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga Yaƙin Bush na Yuganda, kuma ta sami goyon baya sosai daga gwamnatin Uganda. Gabatarwar RPF ta farko ta dakatar da ɗaga makaman Faransa zuwa ga gwamnatin Rwanda. Attoƙarin neman zaman lafiya ya ƙare a Yarjejeniyar Arusha . Yarjejeniyar ta wargaje bayan kisan Shugabannin Ruwanda da na Burundi, wanda ya haifar da sake ɓarkewar rikici da fara kisan kare dangi kan Tutsi na 1994, inda Hutu a lokacin ke kan mulki suka kashe kimanin mutane 500,000-600,000, akasarinsu ‘yan Tutsi. . Rikici a bayan kisan kare dangin, RPF da Tutsi ke mulki ya hau karagar mulki a watan Yulin 1994. == Harshe == 'Yan Tutsi suna magana da rukunin harsunan Ruwanda-Rundi a matsayin yarensu na asali. Ruwanda-Rundi ta kasu kashi biyu cikin yarukan Kinyarwanda da Kirundi, wadanda aka daidaita su a matsayin harsunan hukuma na Burundi da Rwanda. == Al'adu == [[File:Brooklyn_Museum_22.1403_Wrist_Guard_Igitembe.jpg|right|thumb| ''Abin ado na wuyan'' hannu ta Tutsi ta gargajiya (igitembe).]] A cikin yankin Ruwanda, daga ƙarni na 15 zuwa 1961, sarki ne yake mulkin Tutsi ( ''mwami'' ). Ƙasar Beljiyom ta soke tsarin sarauta, biyo bayan zaben raba gardama na ƙasa wanda ya kai ga samun ‘yanci. Sabanin haka, a yankin arewa maso yammacin ƙasar (galibi 'yan Hutu), manyan masu mallakar ƙasa na yanki sun raba mulki, kwatankwacin al'ummar Buganda (a cikin ƙasar [[Uganda]] ta yanzu). A ƙarƙashin sarkinsu mai tsarki, al'adun Tutsi a al'adance sun ta'allaka ne da aiwatar da adalci da mulki. Su kaɗai ne ke mallakar shanu, kuma suka wadatar da kansu daga kayayyakin su. Ari da haka, salon rayuwarsu ya ba su lokacin hutu da yawa, wanda suka ciyar da haɓaka fasahar zane-zane na waƙa, saƙa da kiɗa. Dangane da matsayin Tutsi a matsayin mafi rinjaye tsiraru a yayin ganawa da manoman Hutu da sauran mazauna yankin, an kwatanta wannan dangantakar da tsakanin iyayengiji da masu fada a ji a Turai. [[File:Brooklyn_Museum_1912a-b_Basket_and_Lid.jpg|left|thumb| [[Kwando|Kwandon]] Tutsi na gargajiya.]] A cewar Fage (2013), 'yan Tutsi suna da alaƙa ta hanyar ilimin bantu da yawan mutanen Bantu da Nilotic. Wannan bi da bi yana fitar da yiwuwar asalin Kushitik don kafa ajin masu mulkin Tutsi-Hima a cikin masarautun lacustrine. Koyaya, al'adun binne masarauta na masarautun na ƙarshe sun yi kama da waɗanda tsoffin jihohin Cushitic Sidama suke yi a kudancin yankin Gibe na Habasha. Akasin haka, yawan mutanen Bantu da ke arewacin Tutsi-Hima a yankin tsaunin Kenya kamar su Agikuyu sun kasance har zuwa zamanin da muke ciki ba tare da sarki ba (maimakon haka suna da tsarin da ba shi da tsari na zamani wanda suka karba daga mutanen cushitic) yayin da akwai adadi na masarautun Bantu da ke kudu da Tutsi-Hima a Tanzaniya, duk waɗannan sun yi tarayya irin tsarin sarautar Tutsi-Hima. Tunda masarautun Cushitic Sidama suna hulɗa da ƙungiyoyin Nilotic, Fage don haka yake ba da shawara cewa ƴan ƙabilar Tutsi na iya zama daga ɗayan mutanen Nilotic masu ƙaura. Ta haka ne kakannin Tutsi 'Nilotic za su kasance a matsayin su na masu shiga tsakani na al'adu, suna yin amfani da wasu al'adun masarauta daga masarautun Cush na kusa da su sannan kuma suna ɗaukar waɗancan al'adun da aka aro daga kudu tare da su lokacin da suka fara zama tsakanin Bantu autochthones a yankin Great Lakes. Koyaya, ana iya tabbatar da ɗan bambanci tsakanin al'adun yau na Tutsi da Hutu; duka ƙungiyoyi biyu suna magana da yaren Bantu daya. Yawan auratayya tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu ya kasance a al'adance yana da matukar girma, kuma dangantakar sun kasance mai kyau har zuwa karni na 20. Masana da yawa sun yanke shawarar cewa ƙaddarar Tutsi ya kasance kuma galibi shine nuna aji ko bangaranci, maimakon ƙabila. Kamar yadda aka faɗa a sama, binciken DNA ya nuna ƙarara cewa mutane suna da kusanci da juna fiye da ƙungiyoyi masu nisa. == Tutsi a cikin Kwango == Akwai ainihin ƙungiyoyi biyu na Tutsi a cikin Kwango (DRC). Akwai Banyamulenge, wanda ke zaune a gefen kudu na Kivu ta Kudu . Zuri'a ne daga makiyayan Rwandan, Burundi da Tanzania. Na biyu kuma akwai 'yan Tutsi a cikin Masisi ta Arewa Kivu da Kalehe a Kudancin Kivu - kasancewar suna cikin jama'ar Banyarwanda (Hutu da Tutsi). Wadannan ba Banyamulenge bane. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan Banyarwanda zuriyar mutane ne waɗanda suka rayu tun kafin mulkin mallaka a Rutshuru da Masisi - a kan yankin Kongo a halin yanzu. Wasu kuma sun yi kaura ko kuma turawan Beljam sun “dasa” su daga Rutshuru ko daga Ruwanda kuma galibi sun zauna a Masisi a Arewacin Kivu da Kalehe a Kudancin Kivu. == Sananun mutane == * [[Paul Kagame]] * Stromae * Michel Micombero * James Kabarebe * Louise Mushikiwabo * Biliyaminu Sehene == Manazarta == * [http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Brazil-to-Congo-Republic-of/Tutsi.html "Tutsi" a everyculture.com] * [http://www.ictr.org Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta Ruwanda (ana iya samun matsayi da hukuncin duk shari'u a gaban ICTR nan)] [[Category:Kabila]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g1gvu2ce3bs8pnsczuh6jciqjy6qdyt 0 19905 969299 561854 2026-10-18T21:46:06Z Nura Bello 24854 969299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ghali Umar Na'Abba,'''(1958-2023), ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne, [[Kumawood|kuma]] tsohon Kakakin dan Majalisar [[Najeriya|Nijeriya ne.]]<ref>"Ghali Umar Na'Abba." ''Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta''. 23 Oktoba 2021, 06:17 UTC. 23 Oktoba 2021, 06:17 <<nowiki>https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghali_Umar_Na%27Abba&oldid=120465</nowiki>>.</ref> == Bayan Fage == [[File:Ghali_Na'Abba_at_an_interview_with_This_Day_Newspaper.jpg|thumb]] '''Ghali Umar Na'Abba CFR''' an haife shi ne a cikin dangin Alhaji Umar Na'Abba, dan kasuwa a [[Tudun Wada]], [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Birnin]] [[jihar Kano]], Karamar Hukumar Municipal a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba, na shekara ta 1958. Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai kaifin tarbiyya kuma malamin addinin Musulunci. Mahaifinsa ya koya masa kyawawan halaye na aiki tuƙuru, kasuwanci, sahihiyar magana, jajircewa, sahihanci, kuzari, halin sassaucin ra'ayi, hankali, ladabi da son addini sosai. == Ilimi == A cikin horo, aiki da gwaninta, Na'Abba masanin kimiyyar siyasa ne kuma mai tsara manufofi. Ya sami digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Siyasa daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]], [[Zariya]] a shekara ta 1979. Karatun sa na farko ya kasance ne a makarantar Firamare ta Jakara, Kano inda ya sami takardar shedar kammala karatun Farko a shekara ta 1969. Daga baya ya halarci Kwalejin Rumfa da ke Kano don samun shedar kammala karatunsa ta Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma sannan kuma ya kasance a Makarantar Nazarin Firamare, Kano tsakanin shekara ta 1974 da shekara ta 1976, kafin ya samu shiga Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya a watan Oktoba, na shekara ta 1976. Ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a kan Shugabanci da Kyakkyawan Shugabanci a Makarantar Gwamnati ta Kennedy, Jami'ar Harvard a Amurka a shekarar 2004. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar, ya kuma jagoranci kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama a majalisar a karshen karnin. Ya kuma halarci, shugabanci da gabatar da takardu a taron karawa juna sani na duniya da dama, taro kan siyasa, majalisa, ci gaba da shugabanci na gari. Daga cikinsu akwai Taron Shugabannin Majalisar Wakilai ta Kasa da aka yi a New York a shekara ta 2000; Taron Masu Magana da Yammacin Afirka da aka yi a shekara ta 2000 da shekara ta 2001 a [[Ouagadougou]] da [[Abuja]] bi da bi; Taron shekara-shekara na Parliamentungiyar aryan Majalisar Tarayya da aka gudanar daban-daban a cikin shekara ta 1999, da shekara ta 2000, da 2001 a [[Trinidad da Tobago]], London da Melbourne, Australia da wasu da yawa. == Kwarewar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu == Bayan karatunsa na jami'a da bautar Kasa na dole na shekara guda, kafin reshensa ya shiga siyasa, Ghali, a shekara ta 1980 ya shiga cikin jerin kamfanonin mahaifinsa. Kasuwancin kasuwancin sa ya kasance daga shigo da kaya, masana'antu zuwa wallafe-wallafe. Don haka, da farko ya zama, Sakatare, Na'Abba Commerce Trading Company Limited da Daga baya: * Manajan Darakta, Manifold Limited. * Darakta, Quick Prints Limited. * Manajan Darakta, Hinterland Resources Limited. == Hawan siyasa == A matsayinsa na ɗalibin Kimiyyar Siyasa na [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da]] [[Zariya|ke Zariya]], an zabe shi ne a matsayin memba na kwamitin zartarwa na reshen ABU na jam’iyyar juyin juya halin Jama’a da aka kafa a Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta hannun dan siyasar da ba shi da tushe, Malam [[Aminu Kano]] . A matsayinsa na dalibin makarantar Mallam Aminu na kyakkyawan shugabanci, gina kasa da nuna gaskiya a siyasa ya zama fitaccen dan siyasa a [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|jihar Kano]] da [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] gaba daya. Ya shiga [https://peoplesdemocraticparty.com.ng/ Jam'iyar Democratic Party (PDP)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212234353/http://peoplesdemocraticparty.com.ng/ |date=2019-02-12 }} a 1998 a lokacin samin tsarinta. Ya zama dan takarar jam’iyyar a watan Afrilun 1999 a zaben Majalisar Dokoki a Karamar Hukumar Municipal ta [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] kuma ya lashe zaben don wakiltar mazabar Tarayya a Majalisar Wakilai . Tare da nasara da goyon baya da sauran zababbun 'yan majalisar suka yi daga yankin Kano da yankin arewa maso yamma, ya ci gaba da kasancewa matsayin kakakin majalisar. Duk da cewa ya samu cikakken goyon baya daga abokan aikinsa da shugabannin jam’iyyarsa, amma ya yi biyayya ga shawara kuma ya amince da Ibrahim Salisu Buhari, wanda daga baya ya zama Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai ta Jamhuriya ta Hudu. Don haka aka nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kasafin Kudi. Mulkin Buhari bai daɗe ba. Bayan murabus dinsa saboda wasu laifuffuka, don haka majalisar ta fuskanci babban kalubale na zabar shugaban da ke da karfi da kudurar siyasa da kwarewar dasa natsuwa a majalisar, dawo da mutuncin ta da tsarawa da kuma bin tsarin doka da gaskiya. Rigar shugabanci ta dace akan Ghali Umar Na'Abba. Majalisar gaba daya ta yi yarjejeniya da ba a taba yin ta ba kuma ta sanya Ghali ya zama Kakakin Majalisa. == Kakakin majalisar wakilai == Ana yabawa Na'Abba sau da yawa azaman Kakakin majalisar mai tasiri. Hakan ya kasance ne saboda karfin halinsa, karfin halinsa, karfin fada a ji, jajircewa don neman 'yancin doka da kuma kawo sauyi game da tafiyar da majalisar a lokacin da yake magana. Bayan da aka zabe shi a matsayin kakakin majalisa, Na'Abba ya bayyana babbar hanyar tasa. Wadannan sun hada da; * Defensearfin kare theancin majalisa * Alkawari ga manufar rabuwa da iko * Kare doka da kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar Najeriya * Zayyanawa da aiwatar da ingantaccen tsarin doka * Gudanar da kyakkyawan tsarin mulki don gyara kyakkyawan shugabanci da ci gaban kasa mai inganci * Hanyar kyawawan dokoki, kudurori da manufofi don tsokanar da ci gaban mai da hankali ga mutane * Ingantaccen tsarin gudanar da asusu na jama'a ta hanyar ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi wanda ke aiwatar da cikakken aiwatar da kasafin kudi cikin babban kari * Neman ingantaccen isar da sako; taƙaita ɓarnatar da gwamnati da rage girmansa zuwa mafi karancinsa, yawan cin hanci da rashawa a wuraren taruwar jama'a * Kula da bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati cikakken bayani ga mutane Don tabbatar da nasarar cin nasarar wadannan manufofin da aka lissafa a sama Na'Abba, yana aiki cikin kawance tare da sauran manyan hafsoshin majalisar tare da Hon Chibudon Nwuche yayin da Mataimakin sa ya shiga wadannan matakan; * Sanya muhimman ginshiƙai da hanyoyin da suka haifar da tasirin ficewar majalisar wanda babu shi tsawon shekaru 16 bayan aiwatar da mulkin soja * Kirkirar kundin tsarin mulki na shekaru hudu amma mai gamsarwa wanda ake kira; Kwangilar Gida da Najeriya. Yarjejeniyar Gida da Najeriya wacce Na'Abba ya jagoranta tare da nuna farin ciki da kuma warware matsalar tana dauke da takamaiman bayanai na ayyuka, shirye-shirye da kuma manufofin da majalisar ke shirin farawa, don biyan bukatun jama'a, inganta walwalar jama'a da ci gaban bangarori. * Minaddamar da illsananan Takaddun Lantarki, tsari mai fa'ida da hadadden tsarin doka ya samo asali ne domin ciyar da ayyukan ci gaba a Najeriya. * Rufe kofofin yin katsalandan na zartarwa a cikin harkokin majalisa * Bayyanar rashin lafiya a cikin gwamnati a kai a kai, ta yin hakan, ba tare da bata lokaci ba akwai ministoci da sauran shugabannin hukumomin gwamnati ta hanyar sauraren bincike da sauraren ra'ayoyin jama'a. * Bincike sosai game da tsarin kasafin kuɗi, yin kwaskwarima mai ƙarfi a inda ya cancanta * Kulla kyakkyawar dangantaka mai kyau da kafafen yada labarai da kungiyoyin fararen hula don tabbatar da ciyar da majalissar matasa * Ofarfafa kwamitocin majalisar wakilai da ƙarfafawa shugabannin kwamitocin gwiwa don ɗaukar Minista da shugabannin hukumomin kan lamuran siyasa da matakin aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi. * Tattaunawa tare da Babban Odita da Babban Akanta-Janar na Tarayya da Ministan Kudi don bincika littattafan gwamnati don ɗaukar matakin gaggawa * Farfadowa da zaman zama wanda yayi sanadiyar muhawara mai rai da lafiya, da wutar lantarki tare da sakamako mai yawa. Yana cikin rikodin cewa zaman Ghali na Gidan zama ya kasance mafi ƙarfi da ƙarfi a cikin wannan Jamhuriya ta huɗu kuma abin birgewa a cikin adadin ƙididdigar inganci da aka zartar. * Nuna kayan haɗin kai, mai haɗa kai, na juna, tunani da Haɗin Gida, wadatacce da ra'ayoyi. Rashin daidaito game da Na'Abba da Gidan sa shine ikon tattara sama da kashi biyu bisa uku a kowane lokaci * Hada kan mambobi sama da 300 daga cikin 360 don yin watsi da kin amincewa da kudirin Shugaba Obasanjo kan kudi kamar NDDC, da sauransu da sauransu. '''Gidan Na'Abba ya kasance gida daya tilo da ya iya yin watsi da kudirin shugaban kasa kan kudiri.''' * Tattaunawa akai-akai game da yanayin ƙasar. Muhawarar da aka yi a 2002 ta haifar da yanke hukunci mai tsoka ga Majalisar don fara yunkurin tsige Shugaba Obasanjo don shawo kansa kan ci gaban da yake da shi na keta doka. * Lissafin laifuka 32 na [[Olusegun Obasanjo|Shugaba Obasanjo]] . Gidan Na'Abba ya kasance shi ne gida daya tilo da ya dauki Shugaban kasa ta yadda za a kawo karshen mulkin kama-karya da keta haddin kundin tsarin mulki. Bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati, musamman fadar shugaban kasa, ba su yarda da shugabancinsa ba. Sakamakon haka, mafi yawan lokacin Na'Abba ya ga manyan makirce-makirce da Fadar Shugaban kasa ta yi na tsige shi, don maye gurbinsa da wani dan majalisa mai yin sulhu. Wannan ya yanke alakar dake tsakanin majalisar da fadar shugaban kasa. Ya rayu har zuwa ƙarshen aikinsa na shekaru huɗu a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, na shekara ta 2003. A watan Agusta na shekara ta 2002, Majalisar ta bai wa shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo wa'adi na ko dai ya yi murabus ko kuma ya fuskanci tsigewar. A matsayin sa na mai magana, Na'Abba ya ce majalisar ba za ta janye kudurin ba. Na'Abba shi ne shugaban kungiyar tsige shi. An ruwaito cewa Obasanjo ya baiwa mambobin majalisar kwaskwarima don gabatar da zargi a kan Na'Abba. == Matsayin majalisar kasa da kasa == Kodayake a bayyane yake yana da ƙarfin aiki a gida a matsayin mai jawabi, Na'Abba ya tabbatar da cewa ya yi irin wannan a matakin duniya. Wannan ya sanya yawancin mukamai masu matukar muhimmanci a majalisar amma ya kasance a matakin kasa da kasa a tsawon shekaru hudu da ya yi yana shugaban majalisa. Jerin bincike ya hada da: * Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa, Taron Shugabannin Majalisun Dokokin Afirka Ta Yamma * Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, 'Yan Majalisun Duniya kan Habitat * Mataimakin Shugaban, Yankin Afirka, Associationungiyar Majalisar Tarayya * Mataimakin Shugaban kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka * Taron Shugaban kasa na Shugabannin Majalisun Dokokin Afirka Ta Yamma * Shugaba, Yankin Afirka, Parliamentungiyar 'Yan Majalisun Tarayya * Shugaba, Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka * Shugaba, Majalisar Yankin Afirka, Taron Duniya don 'Yan Mazama.sa kan Gidan zama. Amma duk da haka a rubuce yake cewa dangane da halayen jagoranci, kwazo na kwarai ga aiki da daukaka aiki da ingantattun sakamako, an daukaka shi daga zama Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na wadannan majalisun yankuna na yanki - Taron Shugabannin Majalisun Dokokin Afirka Ta Yamma; Yankin Afirka, Parliamentungiyar Majalisar Tarayya da Commonungiyar Yan Majalisun Afirka - ga shugaban ƙasa, duk a cikin shekara ta 2000 da shekara ta 2001. Wadannan sun ba shi damar da ba za a iya ba shi ba don sake fasalta shi, sake fasalta shi da kuma tafiyar da diflomasiyyar majalisar Afirka da ci gabanta, abin da ake nema tun daga farkon karni na shekara ta 2000. A matsayinsa na Shugaban Kungiyar 'Yan Majalisun Tarayya, Yankin Afirka, ya dauki Najeriyar cikin jiki don haka aka cire sunan Najeriya daga togaciya. Kasashen da sojoji ke mulkar su ana sanya su cikin halin ni-'yasu ta hanyar irin wadannan gawarwakin. == Sake neman zabe na 2003 == A watan Afrilu 2003, ya sake neman tsayawa takarar majalisar wakilai a karkashin jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party . Fadar Shugaban kasa wacce ta yi rashin nasara a yakin neman tsige shi a matsayin kakakin majalisar ta kara nuna adawa ga kudirinsa na sake zaben. Tsoron fadar shugaban kasa shi ne idan aka yi la’akari da irin rawar da yake takawa a cikin shekaru hudu a majalisar da kuma yawan farin jinin da yake da shi, idan har za a bar shi ya ci zaben ya koma majalisar zai sake zama Kakakin majalisar. Ainihin, wannan ya haifar da makircin makirci don yi masa kwanton baɗi don ya faɗi zaɓen. Wannan karon ma, mayar da martanin gidan man ya fadada ya cinye PDP a jihar yayin da jam'iyyar ta sha kaye a hannun All Nigeria People's Party . == Falsafar siyasa da sake daidaitawa == Manufar Na'Abba game da jam'iyyar siyasa an kafa ta ne akan wannan dalilan kamar haka: * Adalci, daidaito, , samar da gudummawar jama'a da ƙa'idar aiki bisa tsarin sassauci da haɗin gwiwa * Hakanan ya haɗa da dandamali wanda ke riƙe da lissafi da nuna gaskiya a cikin babban kyauta, ɗauke da dukkan mambobi a kowane lokaci. * Alfahari da manufofin da aka tsara da aiwatarwa don biyan buƙatu masu mahimmanci da burin mutane wanda hakan ke haifar da kyakkyawan shugabanci da ci gaban ƙasa. Biyo bayan magudi da wasu shugabannin jam'iyyar suka shirya wanda ya haifar da faduwarsa a zaben majalisar kasa a shekara ta 2003 da kuma ganin rashin adalci a cikin jam'iyyar a wancan lokacin wanda ya sanya jam'iyyar yin kasa da ra'ayinsa game da jam'iyyar siyasa kamar yadda aka lissafa a sama, Na 'Abba ya yanke shawarar barin jam'iyyar ne domin nuna rashin amincewarsa da sauran masu tunani irin na kungiyar Action Congress of Nigeria a shekarar 2006. Lokacin da ya bayyana cewa manyan shugabannin da suka ci gaba da rashin adalci sun fara bada hanya, ya dawo PDP, shekaru uku bayan haka. A matsayinsa na cikakken dan siyasa mai ci gaba, ya nuna barnar da PDP ta yi a shekara ta 2014 kamar yadda ya nuna a lokacin da ficewar shugabanni daga jam'iyyar ya tilasta Na'Abba barin jam'iyyar bayan tuntubar da ya yi da kuma a fili. Ya shiga jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), wani dandalin siyasa ne na hadaka ga 'yan siyasa masu son ci gaba mai son cigaban kasa. Hasashe ya nuna, APC ta yi nasarar tarwatsa PDP a matakin tarayya da jihohi da dama. == Lambobin yabo == Na'Abba ya yi fice wajen karbar lambobin yabo daga gwamnati, kungiyoyin farar hula, wadanda suka yi fice a fagen siyasa da samar da 'yanci ga majalisa da ci gaban majalisa da kuma kare dimokiradiyya da bin doka da tsarin mulki. ma'aikata, kungiyoyin kwadago, kungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin siyasa har ma da hukumomin gwamnatocin kasashen waje da sauransu. Waɗannan sune kyaututtukan sa: * Kyautar girmamawa ta kasa ta Kwamandan Umurnin Jamhuriyar Tarayyar (CFR) wanda [[Goodluck Jonathan]], Shugaban Najeriya ya bayar a shekarar 2010 * Kyauta don gina wata ginshiki mai karfi ga legisan majalisun dokoki na gwamnati wanda jam'iyar People's Democratic Party (PDP), jam'iyya mai mulki ta bayar a lokacin * Citizan ƙasa mai daraja na Kansas City, Missouri, Amurka * [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Ofungiyar Daliban Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka ta ba da]] lambar yabo ta Mutum ta Mutunci * Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya ta Nigeriaungiyar 'Yan Jaridu ta NUJ ta ba da lambar yabo ta ƙwarewa don tabbatar da ƙa'idodin dimokiradiyya a Nijeriya. * Mai kare dimokiradiyya ta kungiyar Daliban [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami’ar Bayero]] * Awardungiyar yabo da yabo ta Associationungiyar ofasashe masu Fitar da Man Fetur da Importan Kasuwa * Takardar girmamawa ta Cibiyar Gudanar da Ma'aikata ta Nijeriya * Kyautar Millennium Gold don ci gaban matasa ta byungiyar Matasa ta Duniya * Ginshiƙan lambar yabo ta Dokar Najeriya ta Studentsungiyar Studentsaliban Law, Jami'ar Jos * Kyautar Gwarzon Millennium ta Dukkan Matasan Matasan Arewa == Manazarta ==   [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Category:'Yan siyasa daga Jihar Kano]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0j6kmcbhtmjq0almusloifo871un7j7 4 21908 969297 968838 2026-10-18T21:27:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 969297 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Halima sani|Halima sani]] |[[Special:Contributions/Halima sani|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 13 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |2 |[[User:TheLizard8|TheLizard8]] |[[Special:Contributions/TheLizard8|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 13 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |3 |[[User:GeorgeCaulfield|GeorgeCaulfield]] |[[Special:Contributions/GeorgeCaulfield|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 13 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |4 |[[User:S k , Khalit|S k , Khalit]] |[[Special:Contributions/S k , Khalit|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 13 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Laco4D|Laco4D]] |[[Special:Contributions/Laco4D|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |6 |[[User:FútbolARG|FútbolARG]] |[[Special:Contributions/FútbolARG|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Sadik B Danladi|Sadik B Danladi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sadik B Danladi|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |8 |[[User:Soggy15|Soggy15]] |[[Special:Contributions/Soggy15|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |9 |[[User:CVKeresztes|CVKeresztes]] |[[Special:Contributions/CVKeresztes|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |10 |[[User:Imnipotent2.0|Imnipotent2.0]] |[[Special:Contributions/Imnipotent2.0|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |11 |[[User:PratikGumte|PratikGumte]] |[[Special:Contributions/PratikGumte|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |12 |[[User:Ranjanguptav|Ranjanguptav]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ranjanguptav|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |13 |[[User:TheGreatEditor024|TheGreatEditor024]] |[[Special:Contributions/TheGreatEditor024|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |14 |[[User:YacoobPL|YacoobPL]] |[[Special:Contributions/YacoobPL|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |15 |[[User:Julenetxe5|Julenetxe5]] |[[Special:Contributions/Julenetxe5|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |16 |[[User:WKatastrof|WKatastrof]] |[[Special:Contributions/WKatastrof|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |17 |[[User:Wiki syds|Wiki syds]] |[[Special:Contributions/Wiki syds|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |18 |[[User:Bryminefiel|Bryminefiel]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bryminefiel|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |19 |[[User:Dika Part IV|Dika Part IV]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dika Part IV|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |20 |[[User:Uyb60|Uyb60]] |[[Special:Contributions/Uyb60|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |21 |[[User:Jamilu Hamisu Ibrahim|Jamilu Hamisu Ibrahim]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jamilu Hamisu Ibrahim|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |22 |[[User:EulerMascheroni0577|EulerMascheroni0577]] |[[Special:Contributions/EulerMascheroni0577|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |23 |[[User:Dini Nasiru|Dini Nasiru]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dini Nasiru|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |24 |[[User:Haris Shuaibu Tondi|Haris Shuaibu Tondi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Haris Shuaibu Tondi|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |25 |[[User:GatoLiteral|GatoLiteral]] |[[Special:Contributions/GatoLiteral|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 14 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |26 |[[User:Stormucla|Stormucla]] |[[Special:Contributions/Stormucla|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |27 |[[User:Derosnec|Derosnec]] |[[Special:Contributions/Derosnec|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |28 |[[User:AliFulgur|AliFulgur]] |[[Special:Contributions/AliFulgur|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |29 |[[User:Gradert011|Gradert011]] |[[Special:Contributions/Gradert011|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |30 |[[User:Ehud Amir|Ehud Amir]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ehud Amir|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |31 |[[User:Isahabu|Isahabu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Isahabu|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |32 |[[User:Paccyd33|Paccyd33]] |[[Special:Contributions/Paccyd33|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |33 |[[User:Lamiaisha|Lamiaisha]] |[[Special:Contributions/Lamiaisha|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |34 |[[User:Buzzlightyear34|Buzzlightyear34]] |[[Special:Contributions/Buzzlightyear34|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |35 |[[User:Sarauta125|Sarauta125]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sarauta125|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |36 |[[User:Deenwanbai|Deenwanbai]] |[[Special:Contributions/Deenwanbai|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |37 |[[User:Kinkku Ananas|Kinkku Ananas]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kinkku Ananas|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |38 |[[User:Howohhoh|Howohhoh]] |[[Special:Contributions/Howohhoh|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |39 |[[User:Madelgarius|Madelgarius]] |[[Special:Contributions/Madelgarius|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |40 |[[User:Stuttle2|Stuttle2]] |[[Special:Contributions/Stuttle2|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |41 |[[User:Mishimao|Mishimao]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mishimao|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |42 |[[User:さつまやまいもすけ|さつまやまいもすけ]] |[[Special:Contributions/さつまやまいもすけ|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |43 |[[User:Renmar210|Renmar210]] |[[Special:Contributions/Renmar210|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |44 |[[User:Ufg2000|Ufg2000]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ufg2000|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |45 |[[User:M. Al-Muhit|M. Al-Muhit]] |[[Special:Contributions/M. Al-Muhit|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |46 |[[User:Nico|Nico]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nico|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |47 |[[User:Paulin Méry|Paulin Méry]] |[[Special:Contributions/Paulin Méry|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |48 |[[User:JanaJin|JanaJin]] |[[Special:Contributions/JanaJin|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |49 |[[User:DuckyNL|DuckyNL]] |[[Special:Contributions/DuckyNL|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |50 |[[User:Tylerbeachum|Tylerbeachum]] |[[Special:Contributions/Tylerbeachum|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |51 |[[User:Williamtjhi|Williamtjhi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Williamtjhi|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |52 |[[User:SkyFlyingAtlas|SkyFlyingAtlas]] |[[Special:Contributions/SkyFlyingAtlas|Gudummuwa]] |Alhamis, 15 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |53 |[[User:Mickwellington|Mickwellington]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mickwellington|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |54 |[[User:NellasMorwen|NellasMorwen]] |[[Special:Contributions/NellasMorwen|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |55 |[[User:Schlosser67|Schlosser67]] |[[Special:Contributions/Schlosser67|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |56 |[[User:HarbourCard0|HarbourCard0]] |[[Special:Contributions/HarbourCard0|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |57 |[[User:Dr. Hartwig Raeder|Dr. Hartwig Raeder]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dr. Hartwig Raeder|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |58 |[[User:جوندت|جوندت]] |[[Special:Contributions/جوندت|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |59 |[[User:Ajordynwolrige|Ajordynwolrige]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ajordynwolrige|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |60 |[[User:Duongphinhan|Duongphinhan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Duongphinhan|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |61 |[[User:Wikihausa|Wikihausa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Wikihausa|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |62 |[[User:Wolesmile|Wolesmile]] |[[Special:Contributions/Wolesmile|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |63 |[[User:Stilfehler|Stilfehler]] |[[Special:Contributions/Stilfehler|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |64 |[[User:Maryam Bello S|Maryam Bello S]] |[[Special:Contributions/Maryam Bello S|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |65 |[[User:Christofferbrogaard|Christofferbrogaard]] |[[Special:Contributions/Christofferbrogaard|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |66 |[[User:Nuhu abdulmalik gatafa|Nuhu abdulmalik gatafa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nuhu abdulmalik gatafa|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |67 |[[User:Theforgottenfischer|Theforgottenfischer]] |[[Special:Contributions/Theforgottenfischer|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |68 |[[User:PDPrins|PDPrins]] |[[Special:Contributions/PDPrins|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |69 |[[User:Aggarwala2727|Aggarwala2727]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aggarwala2727|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |70 |[[User:Pavner|Pavner]] |[[Special:Contributions/Pavner|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |71 |[[User:LucasP243|LucasP243]] |[[Special:Contributions/LucasP243|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 16 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |72 |[[User:BiblioJu|BiblioJu]] |[[Special:Contributions/BiblioJu|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |73 |[[User:حسيتوم|حسيتوم]] |[[Special:Contributions/حسيتوم|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |74 |[[User:Ulyssessplant|Ulyssessplant]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ulyssessplant|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |75 |[[User:Strivici|Strivici]] |[[Special:Contributions/Strivici|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |76 |[[User:Kismatiger|Kismatiger]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kismatiger|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |77 |[[User:Kiindo|Kiindo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kiindo|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |78 |[[User:DAN KAWU TASIU|DAN KAWU TASIU]] |[[Special:Contributions/DAN KAWU TASIU|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |79 |[[User:Bif Jefferson|Bif Jefferson]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bif Jefferson|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |80 |[[User:DJTechYT|DJTechYT]] |[[Special:Contributions/DJTechYT|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |81 |[[User:Faryshaluryakh13|Faryshaluryakh13]] |[[Special:Contributions/Faryshaluryakh13|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |82 |[[User:Vlsergey|Vlsergey]] |[[Special:Contributions/Vlsergey|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |83 |[[User:Sourmelee|Sourmelee]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sourmelee|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |84 |[[User:Abbangarko|Abbangarko]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abbangarko|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |85 |[[User:LukyMcz1|LukyMcz1]] |[[Special:Contributions/LukyMcz1|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |86 |[[User:Mr.shaperr|Mr.shaperr]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mr.shaperr|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |87 |[[User:Prince Adekunle Ojomo Oluda|Prince Adekunle Ojomo Oluda]] |[[Special:Contributions/Prince Adekunle Ojomo Oluda|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |88 |[[User:Farrukh Mahmud|Farrukh Mahmud]] |[[Special:Contributions/Farrukh Mahmud|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |89 |[[User:Permacultura|Permacultura]] |[[Special:Contributions/Permacultura|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |90 |[[User:That Quiet Earth|That Quiet Earth]] |[[Special:Contributions/That Quiet Earth|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |91 |[[User:Wkrętarka|Wkrętarka]] |[[Special:Contributions/Wkrętarka|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |92 |[[User:Ddjingjing|Ddjingjing]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ddjingjing|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |93 |[[User:Chirag85|Chirag85]] |[[Special:Contributions/Chirag85|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |94 |[[User:Sadissou|Sadissou]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sadissou|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |95 |[[User:Aelxen|Aelxen]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aelxen|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |96 |[[User:Alperen677|Alperen677]] |[[Special:Contributions/Alperen677|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |97 |[[User:Weswest53|Weswest53]] |[[Special:Contributions/Weswest53|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |98 |[[User:CairdeAgusCairdeas|CairdeAgusCairdeas]] |[[Special:Contributions/CairdeAgusCairdeas|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |99 |[[User:Yahaya Goni Bukar|Yahaya Goni Bukar]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yahaya Goni Bukar|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |100 |[[User:JacobLockwood|JacobLockwood]] |[[Special:Contributions/JacobLockwood|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |101 |[[User:Jw00231|Jw00231]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jw00231|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |102 |[[User:Malan habibu|Malan habibu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Malan habibu|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 17 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |103 |[[User:Shama From MySpace|Shama From MySpace]] |[[Special:Contributions/Shama From MySpace|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |104 |[[User:Midel662345??|Midel662345??]] |[[Special:Contributions/Midel662345??|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |105 |[[User:Arvin88|Arvin88]] |[[Special:Contributions/Arvin88|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |106 |[[User:ABUBAKAR BUHARI|ABUBAKAR BUHARI]] |[[Special:Contributions/ABUBAKAR BUHARI|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |107 |[[User:Leandro Caperchione|Leandro Caperchione]] |[[Special:Contributions/Leandro Caperchione|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |108 |[[User:Ratobiajin|Ratobiajin]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ratobiajin|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |109 |[[User:Abdl. kadir raishe|Abdl. kadir raishe]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdl. kadir raishe|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |110 |[[User:Kside1234|Kside1234]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kside1234|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |111 |[[User:Suleman110|Suleman110]] |[[Special:Contributions/Suleman110|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |112 |[[User:Ayuba Aminu|Ayuba Aminu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ayuba Aminu|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |113 |[[User:Amir.ali1389sa|Amir.ali1389sa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Amir.ali1389sa|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |114 |[[User:Baudanbau20|Baudanbau20]] |[[Special:Contributions/Baudanbau20|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |115 |[[User:Nihongoku|Nihongoku]] |[[Special:Contributions/Nihongoku|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |116 |[[User:TamimIqbal2007|TamimIqbal2007]] |[[Special:Contributions/TamimIqbal2007|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |117 |[[User:Ika socials|Ika socials]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ika socials|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |118 |[[User:Yip Chi Keung|Yip Chi Keung]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yip Chi Keung|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |119 |[[User:BellaTheCheesebug|BellaTheCheesebug]] |[[Special:Contributions/BellaTheCheesebug|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |120 |[[User:Aliyu haider|Aliyu haider]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aliyu haider|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |121 |[[User:Hasenbrot3000|Hasenbrot3000]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hasenbrot3000|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |122 |[[User:Teyalogos|Teyalogos]] |[[Special:Contributions/Teyalogos|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |123 |[[User:Tom5551|Tom5551]] |[[Special:Contributions/Tom5551|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |124 |[[User:Ahmedaleeyoutv2023|Ahmedaleeyoutv2023]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ahmedaleeyoutv2023|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |125 |[[User:Sadiq1603|Sadiq1603]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sadiq1603|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 18 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |} 6lj6gi0yafmuykjkfoc7cvf0z4bpjk3 0 22406 969089 895336 2026-10-18T14:58:34Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing Mass_execution_in_Kosovo_1912.jpg with [[File:Ottoman_Kosovo_Albanian_prisoners_of_war_in_Pristina,_1912.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR5|Criterion 5]] (violation of polic 969089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Massacre_of_Kalavryta_Memorial.jpg |thumb| Abin tunawa da kisan kiyashin Kalavryta]] [[File:Ottoman Kosovo Albanian prisoners of war in Pristina, 1912.jpg |thumb|Mass execution in Kosovo 1912 ]] [[File:Malmedy_Massacre.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Sakamakon kisan kiyashin Malmedy a 1944, lokacin da sojojin Nazi suka yiwa fursunonin yakin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka kisan kiyashi]]]] [[Fayil:Pakistan Air Force Cold War Jets.jpg|thumb|jiragen yaqi]]   '''Laifin yaki''' wani aiki ne wanda ke haifar da mummunan keta dokokin yaki wanda ke haifar da dawainiyar aikata laifi. Misalai da laifukan sun hada da gangan ya kashe fararen hula ko fursunonin, da azabtarwa, da hallaka farar hula dukiyõyin su da aka yi garkuwa, yin wani ''perfidy, raping'', yin amfani da yara, pillaging, yana nuna cewa babu kwata za a ba, da kuma tsanani keta ka'idojin bambanci, ''proportionality'', da kuma wajibcin soja . Batun aikata laifukan yaki ya samo asali ne a karshen karni na ashirin lokacin da aka tsara kundin dokokin kasa da kasa da suka shafi yaki tsakanin kasashe masu mulkin kansu . Irin wannan bayanin ya faru ne a matakin kasa, kamar buga littafin ''Lieber Code'' a kasar Amurka, da kuma a matakin kasa da Kasa tare da amincewa da yarjejeniyoyi a lokacin yayin taron Hague na shekarun 1899 da shekarar 1907. Bugu da dari, shari'o'in da aka yi a kotunan kasa a wannan lokacin sun kara bayyana doka. Bayan karshen [[Yakin Duniya na II]], manyan cigaba a cikin dokar sun faru. Yawancin gwaji da akayi na masu aikata laifukan yaki na Axis sun kafa ka'idodin Nuremberg, kamar ra'ayin cewa laifukan yaki sun zama laifuka wadanda dokar kasa ta bayyana . Bugu da kari, Yarjejeniyar Geneva a cikin shekara ta 1949 ta bayyana sabbin laifukan yaki kuma sun kafa cewa jihohi na iya yin ikon duniya game da wadannan laifukan. A karshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 21, bayan Kirkirar kotunan kasa da kasa da yawa, an bayyana karin nau'ikan laifukan yaki da suka shafi rikice-rikicen makamai banda wadanda ke tsakanin jihohi, kamar yake-yake na cikin gida . == Tarihi == [[File:Chinese_killed_by_Japanese_Army_in_a_ditch,_Hsuchow.jpg|thumb| Wani rami cike da gawarwakin fararen hular Sinawa da sojojin Japan suka kashe a Suzhou, China, a shekarar 1938]] ==Misalan farko == Shari'ar Peter von Hagenbach da wata kotun wucin gadi ta Masarautar Roman ta Kudus ta yi a shekarar 1474 ita ce ta farko ta "laifukan yaki" ta duniya, kuma har ila yau ta alhakin daukar nauyi .<ref name="Grant">[http://www.law.harvard.edu/alumni/bulletin/2006/spring/gallery.phpExhibit highlights the first international war crimes tribunal] by Linda Grant, Harvard Law Bulletin.</ref> An kuma yanke masa hukunci kuma an fille kansa saboda aikata laifuka da cewa "shi a matsayinsa na jarumi an dauke shi yana da hakkin hanawa", duk da cewa ya dade yanayin jayayya cewa "yana bin umarnin ne kawai". A shekara ta 1865, Henry Wirz, wani hafsan Sojan Amurka, kotun soji ta tuhume shi kuma ta rataye shi saboda mummunan yanayi a Kurkukun Andersonville, inda fursunonin Yammacin tarayyar da yawa suka mutu a lokacin yakin basasar Amurka. ==Yarjejeniyar Hague == Yarjejeniyar Hague ta kasance yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa da aka tattauna a taro na zaman lafiya na Farko da na biyu a Hague, [[Holand|Netherlands]] a shekara ta 1899 da 1907, kuma sun kasance, tare da Yarjejeniyar Geneva, daga cikin bayanan farko na dokokin yaki da laifukan yaki a kungiyar internationalasa ta duniya wacce ba ta addini ba. ==Yarjejeniyar Geneva == Yarjejeniyar Geneva yarjejeniyoyi ne masu alaqa guda hudu wadanda aka amince da su kuma aka cigaba da hadaka ta daga shekara ta 1864 zuwa shekarar 1949 wadanda ke wakiltar tushen doka da tsarin gudanar da yaki karkashin dokar kasa da kasa. Kowane dayan memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a halin yanzu ya amince da yarjejeniyar, wadanda aka yarda da su a matsayin ka'idodin dokar kasa da kasa, wadanda ke suka dace da kowane yanayin rikici a duniya. Koyayar da ladabi ga Yarjejeniyar Geneva da aka zartar a cikin shekarar 1977 wanda ke dauke da mafi mahimmancin, cikakke kuma cikakkiyar kariya ta dokar agaji ta Kasa da Kasa ga mutane da abubuwa a cikin yakin zamani har yanzu ba a tabbatar da su ta hanyar Jihohi da yawa da ke ci gaba da fadawa cikin rikice-rikicen yaki, wato Amurka, Isra’ila, Indiya, Pakistan, Iraki, [[Iran]], da sauransu. Dangane da haka, jihohi suna rike lambobi daban-daban da dabi'u game da halayen lokacin yaki. Wasu masu sanya hannu sun saba ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta yadda ko dai ta amfani da sahihan doka ko kuma jan ra'ayin siyasa don kaucewa ka'idoji da dokokin. An sake inganta manyan taruka uku tare da fadada na hudu wanda aka Kara a shekarar 1949: * Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Farko ''don Inganta Yanayin Wadanda Sukaji rauni da Marasa Lafiya a Sojojin kasa''' (Taro ''na Amelioration na Yanayin Raunuka da Marasa Lafiya a Sojojin a Field'' an karbe shi a shekarar 1864, an yi kwaskwarima sosai kuma an maye gurbinsa da Tsarin shekara ta 1906, sigar shekarar 1929, daga baya kuma yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Farko shekarar 1949 ). * Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Biyu ''don Inganta Yanayin raunuka, Marasa lafiya da Jirgin Ruwa a Tekun'' (Taro ''na Amelioration na Yanayin raunuka, Marasa lafiya da Jirgin Ruwa da Ruwa a cikin Tekun'' an karɓi a shekarar 1906, muhimmanci bita da maye gurbinsu da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Biyu ta shekarar 1949). * Taron Geneva na Uku ''dangane da Kula da Fursunonin Yaki'' ( Yarjejeniyar <nowiki><i id="mwdA">dangane da Kula da Fursunonin Yaki</i></nowiki> an zartar da ita a shekarar 1929, an yi kwaskwarima sosai tare da maye gurbin ta Taron Geneva na Uku na shekarar 1949).[[File:Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-3.jpg|thumb| HRW ta rubuta cewa sa-hannun da Saudiyya ta jagoranta a Yaman wanda ya fara a ranar 26 ga Maris, 2015, ya shafi kai hare-hare ta sama a bayyane take da dokokin yaki. ]] * Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Hudu ''dangane da Kariyar Jama'a a Lokacin Yakin'' (wanda aka fara amfani da shi a shekara ta 1949, ya dogara da bangarorin Yarjejeniyar Hague ta shekarar 1907). An karbi kariin ladabi biyu a cikin shekara ta 1977 tare da na uku wanda aka Kara a shekarar 2005, kammalawa da sabunta Yarjejeniyar Geneva: * Yarjejeniyar I (1977) ''dangane da Kariyar Wadanda Rikicin Makamai na Internationalasashe ya shafa.'' * Yarjejeniyar II (1977) ''dangane da Kariyar wadanda ke fama da Rikicin Nonasashen Duniya ba.'' * Yarjejeniyar III (2005) ''dangane da Tallafin Distarin Alamar Musamman.'' === Leipzig Gwajin Laifin Yaki === An yi wa wasu tsirarun ma'aikatan sojan Jamusawa na [[Yakin Duniya na I|Yakin Duniya na]] daya hukunci a cikin 1921 da Kotun Germanoli ta Jamhuriyar ta tuhumar su da aikata laifukan yaki. === Yarjejeniyar London / Gwaji Nuremberg 1945 === An inganta tunanin zamani game da aikata laifukan yaki a karkashin kararrakin Nuremberg bisa ma'anar cikin Yarjejeniyar London da aka buga a ranar 8 ga Agusta, 1945. (Hakanan duba ka'idodin Nuremberg). Tare da laifukan yaki, kundin tsarin mulkin ya kuma bayyana laifuffukan da suka shafi zaman lafiya da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama, wadanda galibi ake aikata su yayin yake-yake kuma a hada kai da laifukan yaki. ==Kotun Soja ta Duniya don Gabas ta Gabas a shekarar 1946 == Har ila yau, ana kiranta da Titin Tokyo, Kotun Laifin Laifukan Yakin Tokyo ko kuma kawai a matsayin Kotu, an yi taronta a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1946, don gwada shugabannin Daular Japan game da laifuka iri uku: "Ajin A" (laifuka kan zaman lafiya ), "Ajin B" (laifukan yaki), da "Ajin C" (laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama), da aka aikata a lokacin [[Yakin Duniya na II]] . ==Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya a shekarar 2002 == [[File:My_Lai_massacre.jpg|thumb| Gawarwakin wasu daruruwan villaan ƙabilar Vietnam wadanda sojojin Amurka suka kashe a lokacin kisan kiyashin My Lai]] A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2002, [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya]], wata kotun da ke da hedikwata a Hague, ta kasance don gabatar da hukunce-hukuncen laifukan yaƙi da aka aikata a ko bayan wannan ranar. Kasashe da dama, musamman Amurka, China, Rasha, da Isra’ila, sun soki kotun. Har yanzu Amurka na cikin masu kallo. Mataki na goma sha biyu 12 na Dokar Roma ya ba da iko kan 'yan kasa da jihohin da ba sa kwangila idan an zarge su da aikata laifi a yankin dayan bangarorin jihar. An bayyana laifuffukan yaki a cikin ƙa'idar da ta kafa Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya, wanda ya hada da: # Kashe kaburbura na Yarjejeniyar Geneva, kamar su: ## Kisan ganganci, ko haddasa babbar wahala ko rauni mai tsanani ga jiki ko lafiya ## Azabtarwa ko cutar da mutum ## Rushewar doka ba bisa doka ba ko satar dukiya ## Tilasta fursunan yaki ya yi aiki a cikin rundunar maƙiya ## Haramta fursunonin yaki na hukuncin adalci ## Korar jama'a ba bisa doka ba, tsarewa ko canja wuri ## Yin garkuwa da mutane ## Daidaita kai hare-hare kan fararen hula[[File:Prisoners_on_ground_before_execution,Taejon,_South_Korea.jpg|thumb| Kisan Bodo League yayin yakin Koriya a shekarar 1950]] ## Daidaita kai hare-hare kan ma'aikatan jin kai ko kuma sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ## Kashe mayakan da aka sallama ## Amfani da tutar sulhu ## Yankin yankin da aka mamaye ## Korar mazaunan yankin da suka mamaye ## Yin amfani da makamai masu guba ## Amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwa ## Yin amfani da yara sojoji ## Yin harbi a kan Magungunan Yaki tare da bayyananniyar alama. # Abubuwan da ke gudana a matsayin ɓangare na rikice-rikice ba na duniya ba: ## Kisan kai, zalunci ko wulakanta mutane da azabtarwa ## Daidaita kai hare-hare kan fararen hula, ma'aikatan jin kai ko kuma sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya # Abubuwan da ke faruwa a matsayin ɓangare na rikicin duniya:[[File:Lugansk-2014-06-18.jpeg|thumb| Fararen hula da aka kashe a luguden wuta a gabashin [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] . A cewar rahoton na HRW, "Yin amfani da rokoki ba tare da nuna bambanci ba a yankunan da mutane ke ciki ya sabawa dokokin jin kai na kasa da kasa, ko dokokin yaki, kuma na iya zama laifukan yaki." ]] ## Yin garkuwa da mutane ## Takaitawar aiwatarwa ## Ganima ## Fyade, bautar jima'i, tilasta karuwanci ko tilasta ciki Koyaya kotu tana da iko ne kawai akan wadannan laifuka inda suke "''bangare ne na wani tsari ko manufa ko kuma wani bangare na babban kwamiti na irin wadannan laifuka''". == Manyan fitattu == ==Shugabannin jihohi da na gwamnati == [[File:Omar_al-Bashir,_12th_AU_Summit,_090131-N-0506A-342.jpg|thumb| Shugaban [[Sudan]] Omar al-Bashir, wanda kotun ICC ke nema saboda laifukan yaki da cin zarafin bil adama]] Zuwa yau, na yanzu da tsoffin [[Shugaban kasa|shugabannin kasa]] da [[Shugaban Gwamnati|shugabannin gwamnatocin]] da ake tuhuma da aikata laifukan yaki sun hada da: * Großadmiral na Jamus da Shugaba Karl Dönitz da Firayim Ministocin Japan da Janar-Janar Hideki Tōjō da Kuniaki Koiso a bayan yakin duniya na II. * An gabatar da tsohon shugaban kasar [[Serbiya|Serbia]] , Slobodan Miloševi to a gaban kotu, inda ake tuhumarsa da, kisan kare dangi, cin zarafin bil adama, da laifukan yaki a jamhuriyoyi uku. The tribunal found the prosecution had according to its rules and procedures; enough evidence was tailored, before the defense presentation, that, "a reasonable trier of fact, could conclude, the accused was responsible for the crimes charged." Wannan ya shafi babban nauyi na tuhumar Bosnia da Croatia, da kuma alhakin kowane mutum na tuhumar Kosovo. Babu wani hukunci da aka yanke, duk da haka, tunda ya mutu a tsare a cikin shekarar 2006, kafin a kammala shari'ar. * Shi ma tsohon shugaban Laberiya Charles G. Taylor an kawo shi a Hague ana tuhumarsa da laifukan yaki; shari'arsa ta faro ne daga shekara ta 2007 zuwa Maris 2011. An yanke masa hukunci a cikin Afrilu na shekarar 2012 na taimakawa da tallafawa laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama. * An kama tsohon Shugaban Sabiyawan Bosniya Radovan Karadžić a Belgrade a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2008 kuma aka gabatar da shi a gaban Kotun Laifukan Yakin Yakin na Belgrade kwanaki kadan bayan haka. An mika shi zuwa Netherlands, kuma a yanzu haka yana Hague, a hannun kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta tsohuwar Yugoslavia . An fara shari'ar a cikin 2010. A ranar 24 ga Maris, 2016, an same shi da laifin kisan kare dangi a Srebrenica, laifukan yaki da cin zarafin bil adama, 10 cikin tuhume-tuhume 11 gaba daya, an yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 40. An yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a kan roko. * Omar al-Bashir, tsohon shugaban [[Sudan|kasar Sudan]], ana tuhumarsa da aikata laifuka uku na kisan kare dangi, cin zarafin bil adama da sauran laifukan yaki dangane da yakin 2003– a yankin Darfur na Sudan. Shugaban kasa na farko da kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ke tuhuma da kisan kare dangi tare da samin sammacin kama mutane a Darfur .[[File:Sahbag.jpg|thumb|287x287px| Zanga-zangar shekarar 2013 ta Shahbag ta bukaci a zartar da hukuncin kisa ga masu aikata laifukan yaki na yakin ‘yanci na Bangladesh na shekara ta 1971]] * An gurfanar da tsohon shugaban [[Muammar Gaddafi|Libya Muammar Gaddafi]] bisa zargin bada umarnin kisan masu zanga-zanga da fararen hula da Laifukan cin zarafin bil adama, a lokacin yakin basasar Libya na shekarar 2011, amma, an kashe shi kafin ya iya fuskantar shari'a a watan Oktoban shekarar 2011. ==Sauran fitattun masu gabatar da kara == * Yoshijirō Umezu, janar a cikin Sojojin Japan na Sarki * Seishirō Itagaki, Ministan Yaki na Daular Japan * Hermann Göring, Kwamandan Babban Luftwaffe . * Ernst Kaltenbrunner da Adolf Eichmann, manyan membobin SS . * Wilhelm Keitel, Janarfeldmarschall, shugaban kungiyar Oberkommando der Wehrmacht . * Erich Raeder, Großadmiral, Babban Kwamandan Babban Kriegsmarine . * Albert Speer, Ministan Makamai da Samar da Yaƙe-yaƙe a cikin Nazi Jamus 1942–45. * William Calley, tsohon hafsan sojan Amurka an same shi da laifin kisan kai saboda rawar da ya taka a kisan kiyashin My Lai * Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti, wanda aka fi sani da laƙabi da "Chemical Ali", wanda bayan Ba'athist Iraq ya zartar da hukuncin kisan gilla a [[Kurdawa|ƙauyukan Kurdawa]] a lokacin yakin Iran da Iraki; [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|sannan kuma gwamnan Kuwait da ya]] mamaye ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a lokacin Yaƙin Fasha na Farko * Ratko Mladić, wanda aka gurfanar da kisan kare dangi a tsakanin sauran take hakkin bil'adama a lokacin yakin Bosnia ; an kama shi a Serbia a watan Mayu na shekarar 2011 kuma an mika shi don fuskantar shari'a a Hague, inda aka same shi da laifi kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. * Joseph Kony, shugaban kungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƴan Tawaye na Ubangiji|'yan tawaye ta Lord Resistance Army]], kungiyar' yan daba da ke aiki a Uganda. == Ma'ana == [[File:Polish_hostages_preparing_by_Nazi_Germans_for_mass_execution_1940.jpg|thumb| A hoto dauka da Polish Karkashin kasa na Nazi asirin 'yan sanda Ƙididdigar up Polish kawo dukkan at Palmiry kusa [[Warszawa|Warsaw]] a 1940 domin taro kisa ( ''AB-Aktion'' )]] Laifukan yaƙi babban keta ƙa'idoji ne na dokokin al'adu da yarjejeniya game da dokar ɗan adam ta ƙasa da ƙasa da aka yarda da ita  a matsayin laifukan aikata laifi wanda akwai alhakin mutum ɗaya. Ma'anar ''hada-hada ta aikata laifukan yaki'' sun hada da keta ka'idojin kariya na ''dokokin yaki'', amma kuma ya hada da gazawa wajen bin ka'idojin aiki da ka'idojin yaki, kamar kai hari ga wadanda ke nuna tutar lumana ta sulhu, ko amfani da waccan tutar a matsayin dabara don hawa hari kan sojojin abokan gaba. A amfani da sinadaran da nazarin halittu makamai a yaƙi suna kuma haramta ta da yawa sinadaran makamai iko da yarjejeniyar da kuma Halittu Makamai Yarjejeniyar . Sanye da makiya kayan ko fararen kaya zuwa infiltrate maƙiyi Lines ga leken asirin ko ɓarna da gangan manufa ne istinbadi magajinsa na yaki, ko yãƙi a fama ko kisan gilla mutane bayan maƙiyi Lines yayin da haka ya ɓadda ba, kamar yadda ya ƙunshi m perfidy. Kai wa sojojin abokan gaba hari yayin da ake tura su ta hanyar hanyar leken asiri ba laifin yaki ba ne. Koyaya, Protocol I, Mataki na 42 na Yarjejeniyar Geneva a bayyane ya hana kai hari ga masu lalatattun fastocin da suke fatarar jirgin nakasassu da masu ba da izinin sauƙaƙe da zarar sun sauka. Mataki na 30 na Yarjejeniyar Hague ta shekarar 1907 ta ''IV - Dokoki da Kwastam na Yaƙi a expasa'' a bayyane ya hana mayaƙan horo don azabtar da iesan leƙen asirin ba tare da shari'ar da ta gabata ba. Dokar yaƙi, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar Rikicin Makamai, yana ba da izinin mahauta su shiga faɗa. Laifin yaƙi yana faruwa yayin da aka yi wa maƙiyi rauni ko azabar da ba dole ba. Laifukan yaƙi sun haɗa da irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar cutar da fursunonin yaƙi ko fararen hula . Laifukan yaki wani lokacin wani bangare ne na lokuta na kisan gilla da kisan kare dangi duk da cewa wadannan laifuffuka an fi rufe su sosai a karkashin dokar agaji ta duniya da aka bayyana a matsayin laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama . A shekara ta 2008, Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da kuduri mai lamba a shekarar 1820, wanda ya nuna cewa "fyade da sauran nau'o'in cin zarafin mata na iya zama laifukan yaki, laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama ko kuma aiwatar da wani babban aiki dangane da kisan kare dangi"; ga kuma yakin fyade A shekarar 2016, [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya ta]] yanke wa wani hukuncin cin zarafin mata a karon farko; musamman, sun kara fyade ga hukuncin laifukan yaki na Mataimakin Shugaban Kwango [[Jean-Pierre Bemba|Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo]] . [[File:Soviet_soldiers_mass_grave,_German_war_prisoners_concentration_camp_in_Deblin,_German-occupied_Poland.jpg|thumb| Babban kabarin USSR POWs, Jamusawa suka kashe. Kimanin POWs Soviet miliyan 3.3 suka mutu a hannun Nazi .]] Laifukan yaƙi kuma sun haɗa da kai hare-hare da gangan kan 'yan ƙasa da dukiyar ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki, kamar harin Jafananci akan Pearl Harbor . Yayinda harin da aka kai kan Pearl Harbor ya faru yayin da Amurka da Japan suke cikin lumana kuma ba tare da wani dalili na kare kai ba, Kotun Tokyo ta ayyana harin don wucewa ta hanyar tabbatar da wajibcin soja don haka ya zama laifin yaki. Laifukan yaƙi suna da mahimmanci a dokar agaji ta ƙasa da ƙasa saboda yanki ne da aka haɗu da kotunan ƙasa da ƙasa kamar na Nuremberg da Tokyo . Misalai na baya-bayan nan sune Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta Yugoslavia da kuma Kotun hukunta masu manyan laifuka ta Ruwanda, wadanda Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke aiki karkashin Kashi na VIII na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka kafa . A karkashin Ka'idojin Nuremberg, ''laifukan yaki'' sun banbanta da na cin zarafin zaman lafiya . Laifukan yaki da zaman lafiya sun hada da shiryawa, shiryawa, farawa, ko yin yakin wuce gona da iri, ko yakin keta yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa, yarjejeniyoyi, ko kuma tabbaci. Saboda za a iya muhawara kan ma'anar yanayin "yaki", kalmar "laifukan yaki" kanta ta ga amfani daban-daban a karkashin tsarin daban-daban na dokar kasa da kasa da ta soja. Yana da ɗan mataki na aikace-aikace a waje da abin da wasu za su iya ɗauka a matsayin yanayin "yaƙi", amma a cikin yankunan da rikice-rikice suka ci gaba har suka haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar jama'a. A wasu lokuta ana zargin shari'o'in yaƙi da ƙunshe da fifiko ga waɗanda suka yi nasara (" Adalcin Victor "), kamar yadda ba a zartar da wasu rikice-rikice a matsayin laifukan yaƙi ba. Wasu misalai sun hada da halakar Allies na biranen Axis a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], kamar fashewar wuta na Dresden, harin <nowiki><i id="mwAbw">Ofishin Taro</i></nowiki> a Tokyo (mummunan harin bam guda ɗaya a tarihi), da fashewar atom na Hiroshima da Nagasaki . Dangane da harin bama-bamai lokacin yakin duniya na II, babu wata yarjejeniya ko kayan aiki na duniya da ke kare fararen hula musamman daga harin jirgin sama, saboda haka hare-hare ta sama kan fararen hula ba laifukan yaƙi a hukumance bane. Allies a shari’ar a [[Nuremberg]] da [[Tokyo]] ba su taɓa gurfanar da Jamusawa ba, gami da babban kwamandan Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, don kai harin bam a Warsaw, Rotterdam, da biranen Biritaniya a lokacin Blitz da kuma hare-haren wuce gona da iri kan biranen kawancen tare da V -1 bama-bamai masu tashi sama da roket V-2, ko Jafananci don kai hare-hare ta sama kan biranen China cike da mutane. Kodayake babu wasu yarjejeniyoyi musamman game da yakin jirgi, Yarjejeniya ta 1, Mataki na 51 na Yarjejeniyar Geneva a bayyane ya hana yin ruwan bama-bamai a biranen da fararen hula za su iya zama ba tare da la'akari da kowace hanya ba. (duba bama-bamai na sama da dokar ƙasa ). Rikici ya faru ne lokacin da Allies suka sake sanya POWs na Jamusanci (a ƙarƙashin kariya ta Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta shekarar 1929 akan fursunonin yaƙi ) a matsayin Enungiyar Maƙiya ta ararya (ana zargin ba a kiyaye ta a shekarar 1929 Geneva Yarjejeniyar kan Fursunonin Yaƙi ba), da yawa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don tilasta aiki kamar share filayen ma'adinai . <ref name="Modern History 1994 pp. 487">S. P. MacKenzie "The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II" ''The Journal of Modern History'', Vol. 66, No. 3. (Sep. 1994), pp. 487–520.</ref> Zuwa Disamban shekarar 1945, watanni shida bayan yakin ya ƙare, hukumomin Faransa sun kiyasta cewa har yanzu ana kashe ko raunata fursunonin Jamusawa dubu biyu kowane wata a cikin haɗarin kwance ma'adinai. An canza kalmomin Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta shekarar 1949 da gangan daga na shekara ta 1929 don Sojojin da suka "fada cikin iko" biyo bayan mika wuya ko yawan garkuwar makiyi yanzu an ba su kariya da kuma wadanda aka kama fursuna yayin yakin. {{Clear}}A karkashin dokar rikici (LOAC), mutuwar waɗanda ba sa yaƙin ba dole ba ne cin zarafi; akwai abubuwa da yawa don la'akari. ''Ba'' za a iya sanya fararen hula abin abin kai hari ba, amma mutuwa / rauni ga fararen hula yayin gudanar da hari kan manufar soja ana mulkinta ne a karkashin ka'idoji kamar na daidaito da bukatar sojoji kuma ana iya halatta. Wajabcin soja "yana ba da izinin halakar rayuwar&nbsp;... mutanen da rikice-rikicen yaƙe-yaƙe ba za su iya kiyaye halakar su ba;&nbsp;... baya ba da izinin kashe bayin Allah marasa laifi don ramuwar gayya ko gamsar da sha'awar kashewa. Lalata dukiya don halal ya zama tilas dole ne a buƙaci buƙatun yaƙi. ” Misali, gudanar da aiki a rumbun ajiye makamai ko sansanin horar da 'yan ta'adda ba za a hana shi ba saboda wani manomi yana nome gona a yankin; manomi ba shine abin kawo hari ba kuma ayyukan zasuyi daidai da karfin soja. A gefe guda, fa'idodin soja na ban mamaki zai zama dole don tabbatar da aikin da ke haifar da haɗarin mutuwa ko rauni ga dubban fararen hula. A cikin "grayer" shari'ar tambaya game da ko cutarwa da ake tsammani ta wuce gona da iri na iya zama mai ma'ana sosai. A saboda wannan dalili, Jihohi suka zaɓi amfani da mizanin "a sarari" don ƙayyade ko keta haddin laifi ya faru. Lokacin da babu wata hujja don aikin soja, kamar farar hula da aka sanya su abin kai hari, binciken kwatankwacin ba shi da muhimmanci don yanke hukuncin cewa harin ba shi da doka. == Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa game da tsohuwar Yugoslavia == Don bugun iska, matukan jirgi gaba ɗaya sun dogara da bayanan da ke fitowa daga kafofin waje (hedkwatar, sojojin ƙasa) cewa takamaiman matsayi shine ainihin abin sojan soja. Game da tsohuwar Yugoslavia, matukan jirgin NATO sun buge wani abu na farar hula ( ofishin jakadancin China a Belgrade ) wanda ba shi da muhimmancin soja, amma matukan jirgin ba su da ra'ayin yanke shi baya ga umarninsu. Kwamitin ya yanke hukuncin cewa "ba za a sanya wa jirgin saman da ke da hannu cikin harin ba saboda an ba su mummunar manufa kuma bai dace ba a yi kokarin sanya alhakin aikata laifi ga abin da ya faru ga manyan shugabanni saboda an ba su bayanai marasa kyau. ta jami'an wata hukumar ". Rahoton ya kuma lura da cewa "Mafi yawan kayan da aka gabatar wa OTP sun kunshi rahotanni ne cewa an kashe fararen hula, galibi ana kiran a kammala da cewa an aikata laifuka. Raunin jingina ga fararen hula da lalata kayayyakin farar hula na iya faruwa saboda wasu dalilai. ” == Dokar Rendulic == An tuhumi Janar Lothar Rendulic na Jamusawa da bayar da umarnin rusa gine-gine da filayen fararen hula yayin da yake ja da baya daga wani harin da ake zargin abokan gaba da shi a cikin abin da ake kira siyasar duniya da aka kona saboda manufar soja ta hana amfani da fili ga makiya. Ya wuce gona da iri da aka hango amma yana jayayya cewa Hague IV ya ba da izinin halakar saboda ya zama wajibi a yi yaƙi. An wanke shi daga wannan tuhumar. Underarkashin "Dokar Rendulic" dole ne mutane su tantance wajibcin aikin soja bisa la’akari da bayanan da suke da su a wancan lokacin; ba za a iya yanke musu hukunci ba dangane da bayanan da suka zo a bayyane. == Duba wasu abubuwan == ==Jerin ƙasar == * Jerin laifukan yaki * Zaluncin Bangladesh a shekarar 1971 * Laifukan yaƙi na ƙawance yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II * Laifukan yaki na Burtaniya * Laifukan yakin na Jamus ** Sakamakon Naziyanci na Jamusawa ** Holocaust ** Laifukan yaƙi na Wehrmacht * Kotun Soja ta Duniya don Gabas ta Gabas * [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Kungiyar Daular Islama ta Iraki da binciken laifukan yaki na Levant]] * Laifin yakin Italiya * Laifukan yakin Japan * Tsoma bakin da Saudiyya ta jagoranta a Yemen * Laifukan Yaƙin Koriya * Laifukan yakin Soviet * Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan Amurka kan Philippines * Amurka laifukan yaki ==Matsalolin doka == * Dokar Kariyar Ba-Amurke * Umurnin umarni * Dokar yaƙi * Dokar Doka a Tsarin Rikici na Rikici (RULAC) * Russell Tribunal * Kotun Musamman ta Saliyo * Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya da mamaye Iraki a 2003 * Dokar Laifin Laifin Yaki (Belgium) * Dokar Laifin Laifin Yaki na 1996 - shigar da Laifukan Yaki a cikin dokar Amurka * Ikon duniya ==Dabam-dabam == * Tarihin Ta'addanci * Mai shiga tsakani na farar hula * Umurnin Commando * Commissar oda * Laifuka akan bil'adama * Laifi akan zaman lafiya * Laifin zalunci * Gwajin likitoci * Masana kimiyya * Garkuwar ɗan adam * Binciken Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya * Katyn kisan gilla * Jerin sunayen tsoffin citizensan asalin ƙasar Amurka waɗanda ba a ba su izini ba, gami da waɗanda aka ba su labarin don ɓoye hannu a cikin laifukan yaƙi don samun citizenshipan ƙasar * Kwashewa * Laifin Mass Laifi * Kashe mutane * Soja amfani da yara * Nazarin ɗan adam na Nazi * Kisan fursinonin NKVD * Babu kwata * Ka'idojin Nuremberg * Farancin * Razakars (Pakistan) * Aikin Sentinel na Tauraron Dan Adam * Kashe-kashen Srebrenica * Ta'addancin Jiha * Tashin bom * Adalcin wucin gadi * Mayaki mara doka * Tashin hankali lokacin tashin hankali * Binciken Sojoji na Hunturu == Manazarta ==   == Kara karantawa == *  <bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRobert_Cryer2007">[[Musamman: Tushen Littafin / 978-0-521-87609-4|978-0-521-87609-4]]</cite></bdi> *  <bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFYôrām_Dinstein2004">[[Musamman: Tushen Littafin / 978-0-521-54227-2|978-0-521-54227-2]]</cite></bdi> * Hagopian, Patrick (2013). ''<nowiki/>'Yancin Amurka: Laifukan Yaki da Iyakokin Dokokin Duniya.'' Amherst, MA: Jami'ar Massachusetts Latsa. *   <bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHorvitzCatherwood2011">[[Musamman: Tushen Littafin / 978-0-8160-8083-0|978-0-8160-8083-0]]</cite></bdi>  *  <bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMalcolm_N._Shaw2008">[[Musamman: Tushen Littafin / 978-0-521-72814-0|978-0-521-72814-0]]</cite></bdi> *  <bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGary_D._Solis2010">[[Musamman: Tushen Littafin / 978-0-521-87088-7|978-0-521-87088-7]]</cite></bdi> == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Laifuka akan Bil'adama * [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya]] * Dokar Rome ta Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya * Dokar Doka == Sauran manazarta == * [http://abmm.org Bunker na Australiya da Gidan Tarihi na Soja - abmm.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330053010/https://abmm.org/ |date=2022-03-30 }} *   *   *   *   * [http://www.usfca.edu/philosophy/pdf%20files/War%20Crimes-%20Responsibility%20and%20the%20Psychology%20of%20Atrocity.pdf Laifin Yaƙi: Yaƙi da Ilimin Hauka na Zalunci]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  * Farkon 'Yancin Dan Adam; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080114162221/http://www.humanrightsfirst.info/pdf/06221-etn-hrf-dic-rep-web.pdf Nauyin Umurni: Mutuwar da Aka Saka a Tsaron Amurka a Iraki da Afghanistan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090406030617/http://www.adh-geneva.ch/RULAC/ Dokar Doka a Tsarin Rikice-rikice na Makamai] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050411125205/http://www.iraqispecialtribunal.org/en/home.htm Kotun Musamman ta Iraki] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131207221121/http://www.crimesofwar.org/ Laifukan Yakin Yaki] * [https://www.un.org/law/icc/ Yarjejeniyar Rome ta Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080501184018/http://www.sc-sl.org/ Kotun Musamman ta Saliyo] * [https://www.un.org/icty/ Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da tsohuwar Yugoslavia] * [http://www.ictr.org/ Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Rwanda] * [http://www.globalpolicy.org/intljustice/etimorindx.htm Kotun Ad-Hoc don Gabashin Timor] * [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-71-1435/conflict_war/war_criminals/ CBC Digital Archives -Yancin Adalci: Masu Laifin Laifi a Kanada] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083122/http://www.politicaanticrimen.com/sites/all/themes/bluemasters/pdfs/BJC_rjm.pdf Binciken Laifin Laifin mamaye Iraki da Mamayar Iraki Daga Ronald C. Kramer da Raymond J. Michalowski] * {{YouTube|8dtrfpVJJWg|Sri Lanka's Killing Fields: War Crimes Unpunished}} * [https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2015/july/investigating-human-rights Binciken 'Yancin Dan-Adam - Neman isa ga Diasporaungiyoyin Diasporaasashen Waje a Amurka don Shawarwarin Laifin Laifin Yaƙi] ( FBI ) * [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/27] Dokokin Yarjejeniyar Geneva na Burtaniya (Kwaskwarimar) Dokar 1995 - wacce ta haramta Laifukan Yaki rijp1ilm771cauah5jqmgk00va05od8 0 22482 969400 598916 2026-10-19T07:11:14Z Salma Raddah 45959 969400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Newark Liberty International Airport banner.jpg|thumb|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Ƴanci]] '''Liberty International''' (tsohuwar '''kungiyar ta kasa da kasa ce ta 'yanci''' ko '''ISIL''' <ref>[https://liberty-intl.org/who-we-are/ "Who are we?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117040830/https://liberty-intl.org/who-we-are/ |date=2019-11-17 }}, Liberty International official site</ref> ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, kungiyar ilimantarwa ta' yanci da ke Ƙasar San Francisco. Yana karfafa gwagwarmaya a cikin yanci da yanci yankuna ta hanyar 'dabarun da aka zaba cikin yardan mambobinta. Tarihinta ya faro ne daga Shekara ta 1969 a matsayin '''Society for Individual Liberty''', wanda Don Ernsberger da Dave Walter suka kafa. Kuma a cikin shekara ta 1989 ana kiranta da suna (ISIL) bayan haɗuwa tare da Libertarian International an haɗa shi da Vincent Miller, wanda ya zama shugaban sabuwar ƙungiyar. Jim Elwood shine babban darakta na yanzu, tare da mambobin kwamitin ciki har da Mary Ruwart da Ken Schoolland. Ƙungiyar tana da membobi a cikin ƙasashe sama da guda 80. == Ayyuka == Al'umma suna daukar nauyin taron shekara-shekara wanda ya jawo hankalin masu sassaucin ra'ayi, masu sassaucin ra'ayi na gargajiya, da sauran manyan masu fada a ji daga siyasa daga Milton Friedman zuwa Shugaban [[Costa Rica]] Miguel igungel Rodríguez . <ref>[https://benbest.com/travel/costarica.html A Trip to Costa Rica -- COSTA RICA — PRE-CONFERENCE TOURING], Ben Best, benbst.com</ref> Hakanan yana ɗaukar nauyin nau'ikan kayan ilimi da ayyukan membobin daga gidan yanar gizonta, kuma a cikin shekarun nan sun haɗa wasu ƙungiyoyin masu sassaucin ra'ayi kamar su Laissez Faire Books da Freedom News Daily. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom News Daily |url=http://www.isil.org/fnd/ |access-date=2021-07-13 |archive-date=2008-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827093247/http://www.isil.org/fnd/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == === Ƙungiyar 'Yanci ta Mutum === An kafa '''Society for Liberty''' (SIL) a shekarar 1969 don Don Ernsberger da Dave Walter, wadanda suka zama daraktocin ta, bayan da aka kori masu fafutukar neman sassaucin ra'ayi ko kuma daga baya suka sauya sheka daga Matasan Amurka don 'Yanci (YAF) a lokacin da kuma bayan taron su na Shekara ta 1969 a St., [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]].<ref name="Rebecca E. Klatch 1999, p. 235">Rebecca E. Klatch, ''A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right and the 1960s'', Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 1999, p. 235</ref> A yayin taron YAF na Agustan shekara ta 1969, masu gargajiya (trads) da masu sassaucin ra'ayi (libs ko rads) sun yi gwagwarmaya don iko da ƙungiyar ɗalibai. Bangaren masu sassaucin ra'ayi ya sha kashi. A lokacin gwagwarmaya da bayan haka, arungiyar Anarcho-Libertarian Alliance, YAF Libertarian Caucus da babin ɓarna biyu na ɗalibai na ƙungiyar Demokraɗiyya (SDS) sun yi aiki tare, kuma daga ƙarshe an tsara su cikin ƙawancen haɗin kai wanda aka san shi da SIL.<ref>Rebecca E. Klatch, ''A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right and the 1960s'', Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 1999, p. 231</ref> Rikicin da ke tsakanin bangarorin ya zo karshe yayin da wani mamban kungiyar 'yan tawayen YAF ya daga katin da yake rubutawa ya kunna wuta a filin taron, wanda ya haifar da nauyin mintoci 30 na naushi, tursasawa da gaba, <ref>[[Jerome Tuccille]], ''It Usually Begins with Ayn Rand'', San Francisco, CA, Cobden Press, 1971, p. 104</ref> wanda ke haifar da tsarkake membobin da yawa daga masu sassaucin ra'ayin. shugabannin, ciki har da Karl Hess, suna bugawa tawagar ta California musamman da wuya, wanda ya hada da Dana Rohrabacher, Shawn Karfe, Ron Kimberling, Rod Manis, Pat Dowd, da John Schureman, yayin da suke soke matsayin aiki na babba ashirin da shida YAF. <ref>Rebecca E. Klatch, ''A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right and the 1960s'', Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 1999, p. 233.</ref> <ref>John L. Kelly, ''Bringing the Market Back In: The Political Revitalization of Market Liberalism'', New York: NY, New York University Press, 1997, p. 103</ref> <ref>Rebecca E. Klatch, ''A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right and the 1960s'', Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 1999, p.364 n91</ref> <ref name="John L. Kelly 1997, p. 91">John L. Kelly, ''Bringing the Market Back In: The Political Revitalization of Market Liberalism'', New York: NY, New York University Press, 1997, p. 91</ref> <ref>Roy A. Childs, Jr., “An Open Letter to Ayn Rand: Objectivism and the State,” SRI’s ''The Rational Individualist'', August 1969</ref> <ref>Mark Frazier, “Anarchism: Revolutionizing the Right,” ''Harvard Crimson'', March 12, 1971, p. 5</ref> Kafuwar SIL ana Ɗaukarta a matsayin wani lokaci mai ma'ana wanda ya shaidi “haihuwar wani motsi mai cin gashin kansa." <ref>Rebecca E. Klatch, ''A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right and the 1960s'', Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 1999, p. 12</ref> Tsarkakewa ko rudani da surori na YAF kuma mambobi suka janye daga YAF suka shiga SIL wanda ke da'awar cewa yana da mambobi guda 3,000 <ref>Gregory L. Schneider, ''Cadres for Conservatism: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of the Contemporary Right'', New York and London, New York University Press, 1999, p. 136</ref> waɗanda suka girma zuwa ɗakunan karatu Guda 103 a Ƙasashen: Amurka, "biyu a Kanada ɗaya a Sweden, Indiya da Ostiraliya" kafin shekara ta 1970.<ref name="Rebecca E. Klatch 1999, p. 235">Rebecca E. Klatch, ''A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right and the 1960s'', Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 1999, p. 235</ref> === Ayyuka da Tasirin SIL === A cewar masanin tarihi Jonathan Schoenwald "duk ƙungiyoyin 'yan bautar ƙasar sun yi adawa da yakin [[Vietnam]] da kuma daftarin," <ref>Marc Jason Gilbert, edit., ''The Vietnam War on Campus: Other Voices, More Distant Drums'', Westport: CT, Praeger Publishers, 2001, chap. 1, Jonathan Schoenwald, “No War, No Welfare, and No Damn Taxation: The Student Libertarian Movement, 1968-1972,” p. 32</ref> wanda ya fito fili ya hada da SIL. Tun daga farko, SIL ya gina kamfen a harabar don kawar da shigar da mutane, yana rubutawa a wata takarda cewa "girman wauta ne a kula da cewa yakin da ake kiyaye shi ta hanyar daftarin, hauhawar farashin kaya, da tilasta gwamnati ta hanyar tsarin haraji na iya ta kowace hanya ya zama misali ga kyakkyawan matakin hana cin hanci da rashawa. ” <ref>Lige Petersen, “America and Asia,” Society for Individual Liberty, n.d. in “SIL,” Williamson Evers Papers, Box 36 folder, Hoover Institution archives</ref> Dangane da cancantar rarrabawa, SIL har ila yau ya zama gidan share fage ga daliban masu sassaucin ra'ayi, wadanda shugabanninsu ke son ci gaba da cin gashin kansu amma haka nan suna son "hada kai don ruguza Hagu da dama da kuma jihar." <ref>Marc Jason Gilbert, edit., ''The Vietnam War on Campus: Other Voices, More Distant Drums'', Westport: CT, Praeger Publishers, 2001, chap. 1, Jonathan Schoenwald, “No War, No Welfare, and No Damn Taxation: The Student Libertarian Movement, 1968-1972,” p. 37</ref> A wasu ayyukan, SIL ya fara shirin kasa don “mallake Amurka da maido mana da yanci”. <ref>”SRI and the Libertarian Caucus Merge!” ''The Rationalist Individualist'' 1, no. 11, September 1969, p. 19</ref> Sun dauki nauyin tarurrukan ilimi, suka kirkiro manyan takardu masu ɗauke da shafi guda daya, suka kirkiro Ofishin Masu Magana da 'Yanci na Libertarian, suka buga wata mujallar wata-wata ''don Labaran' Yanci na Mutum'' da kuma mujallar kowane wata ''Mutum'', wanda Roy Childs ya shirya, ya yi aiki don gudanar da kundin tsarin mulki a manyan jami'o'i, da littattafan da aka buga, gami da ''A Liberty Primer'' na W. Alan Burris a Shekara ta 1979. A cikin shekara ta 1971 SIL ta ƙaddamar da wani shiri mai fasali uku, wanda ya haɗa da “The Draft - Keep It Dead,” “ <ref>“‘No War, No Welfare and No Damn Taxation’ Spring Offensive,” ''SIL News'' 2, no. 3, March 1971 and “SIL National Plans,” ''SIL News'' 2, no. 7, August 1971</ref> <ref>Marc Jason Gilbert, edit., ''The Vietnam War on Campus: Other Voices, More Distant Drums'', Westport: CT, Praeger Publishers, 2001, chap. 1, Jonathan Schoenwald, “No War, No Welfare, and No Damn Taxation: The Student Libertarian Movement, 1968-1972,” p. 39</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun shugabanni da ayyukan SIL ya shafa shine David Nolan, babban mai shirya bayan kafa Jam'iyyar Libertarian Party a Amurka. Nolan ya kasance tare da SIL a matsayin shugaban harabar jami'a, kuma da farko ya bayyana sigar ta Nolan Chart ta yanzu a cikin wata kasida mai suna "Rarrabawa da Nazarin Tsarin Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki" a cikin fitowar ''mutum ɗaya ta SIL ta Shekara ta 1971.'' Ed Clark, dan takarar shugabancin Amurka na shekara ta 1980, ya tsunduma cikin harkar sassaucin ra'ayi ta hanyar halartar taron SIL a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]]. <ref name="John L. Kelly 1997, p. 91">John L. Kelly, ''Bringing the Market Back In: The Political Revitalization of Market Liberalism'', New York: NY, New York University Press, 1997, p. 91</ref> === Bayan haka === Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan haɗewar SIL a cikin tƙungiyar 'Yanci ta ƙasashen Duniya (ISIL) a cikin shekara ta 1989 shi ne ficewar Don Ernsberger daga ayyukan SIL don zama mataimakin shugaban ma'aikata na ɗan majalisa Dana Rohrabacher. Bayan aikinsa a matsayin ma'aikacin majalisa, ya kwashe shekaru da yawa yana rubuta littattafan yakin basasa da kuma kusan shekaru 40 a matsayin babban malamin makaranta da kwaleji. Dave Walter ya shiga cikin Jam’iyyar Libertarian, inda ya hau kujerar shugaban kasa daga Shekara ta 1988 - 1991. <ref>Richard Winger, “Founder of Libertarian International Dies,” ''Ballot Access News'', June 29, 2008 </ref> === ISIL Zamani === ISIL ta mallaki Laissez Faire Books (LFB) a cikin Nuwamban shekara ta 2007. An shirya kungiyar ISIL a matsayin kungiyar ba da bangaranci, ba da kai wa ga biyan haraji da kungiyar ilimantarwa, wacce a matsayinta na babbar ƙungiya, ta wakilci ƙungiyoyi da mambobi daban-daban a cikin kasashe Guda 80. <ref>Tim Star, “Tim Starr's tribute to Vince Miller,” ''WendyMcElroy.com'', July 1, 2008</ref> A tsawon shekarun kungiyar ISIL, Jarret Wollstein ya rubuta takardu daban-daban na ilimi guda 38, inda aka kiyasta cewa an raba kwafi sama da miliyan 5. <ref name="heartland">Joseph Bast, “Vince Miller, RIP,” [[Heartland Institute]], June 29, 2008</ref> Da yawa daga ƙasidun an fassara su zuwa cikin harsunan waje da yawa. Sun kuma fassara littattafai da dama a cikin yare daban-daban kamar su Ken Schoolland's ''The Adventures of Jonathan Gullible: A Free Market Odyssey'', Ayn Rand ’s Anthem, Karl Hess ’s ''Capitalism for Kids'', Frances Kendall's ''Super Parents Super Children'' da Mary Ruwart ’s s ''Warkar da Duniyarmu.'' Bayanin ISIL game da Ƙa'idoji sune kamar haka:<blockquote>Ƙungiyar forasa ta Duniya don erancin Mutum ɗaya ƙungiya ce ta mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda aka keɓe don gina duniya mai 'yanci da zaman lafiya, mutunta' yanci da kowa, da kuma tsarin tattalin arziki mai buɗewa da gasa bisa musayar son rai da kasuwanci mara shinge. <ref>ISIL ''Freedom Network News'', June/July 1994</ref></blockquote>A cikin shekara ta 2016, kungiyar ISIL ta sake tsari kuma aka ''sauya mata'' suna zuwa Liberty International tare da Jim Elwood a matsayin babban darakta. == Duba kuma == * Shafin 'yanci == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://liberty-intl.org/ Tashar yanar gizo] {{Coord|37.7903|-122.4041}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|37.7903|-122.4041}} [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]] [[Category:Ƴancin ɗan adam]] [[Category:Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0jfu2t7qg1t152guuqlohwmvs4ucjbt 969401 969400 2026-10-19T07:12:10Z Salma Raddah 45959 969401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Newark Liberty International Airport banner.jpg|thumb|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Ƴanci]] '''Liberty International''' (tsohuwar '''kungiyar ta kasa da kasa ce ta 'yanci''' ko '''ISIL''' <ref>[https://liberty-intl.org/who-we-are/ "Who are we?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117040830/https://liberty-intl.org/who-we-are/ |date=2019-11-17 }}, Liberty International official site</ref> ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, kungiyar ilimantarwa ta' yanci da ke Ƙasar San Francisco. Yana karfafa gwagwarmaya a cikin yanci da yanci yankuna ta hanyar 'dabarun da aka zaba cikin yardan mambobinta. Tarihinta ya faro ne daga Shekara ta 1969 a matsayin '''Society for Individual Liberty''', wanda Don Ernsberger da Dave Walter suka kafa. Kuma a cikin shekara ta 1989 ana kiranta da suna (ISIL) bayan haɗuwa tare da Libertarian International an haɗa shi da Vincent Miller, wanda ya zama shugaban sabuwar ƙungiyar. Jim Elwood shine babban darakta na yanzu, tare da mambobin kwamitin ciki har da Mary Ruwart da Ken Schoolland. Ƙungiyar tana da membobi a cikin ƙasashe sama da guda 80. == Ayyuka == Al'umma suna daukar nauyin taron shekara-shekara wanda ya jawo hankalin masu sassaucin ra'ayi, masu sassaucin ra'ayi na gargajiya, da sauran manyan masu fada a ji daga siyasa daga Milton Friedman zuwa Shugaban [[Costa Rica]] Miguel igungel Rodríguez . <ref>[https://benbest.com/travel/costarica.html A Trip to Costa Rica -- COSTA RICA — PRE-CONFERENCE TOURING], Ben Best, benbst.com</ref> Hakanan yana ɗaukar nauyin nau'ikan kayan ilimi da ayyukan membobin daga gidan yanar gizonta, kuma a cikin shekarun nan sun haɗa wasu ƙungiyoyin masu sassaucin ra'ayi kamar su Laissez Faire Books da Freedom News Daily. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom News Daily |url=http://www.isil.org/fnd/ |access-date=2021-07-13 |archive-date=2008-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827093247/http://www.isil.org/fnd/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == === Ƙungiyar 'Yanci ta Mutum === An kafa '''Society for Liberty''' (SIL) a shekarar 1969 don Don Ernsberger da Dave Walter, wadanda suka zama daraktocin ta, bayan da aka kori masu fafutukar neman sassaucin ra'ayi ko kuma daga baya suka sauya sheka daga Matasan Amurka don 'Yanci (YAF) a lokacin da kuma bayan taron su na Shekara ta 1969 a St., [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]].<ref name="Rebecca E. Klatch 1999, p. 235">Rebecca E. Klatch, ''A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right and the 1960s'', Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 1999, p. 235</ref> A yayin taron YAF na Agustan shekara ta 1969, masu gargajiya (trads) da masu sassaucin ra'ayi (libs ko rads) sun yi gwagwarmaya don iko da ƙungiyar ɗalibai. Bangaren masu sassaucin ra'ayi ya sha kashi. A lokacin gwagwarmaya da bayan haka, arungiyar Anarcho-Libertarian Alliance, YAF Libertarian Caucus da babin ɓarna biyu na ɗalibai na ƙungiyar Demokraɗiyya (SDS) sun yi aiki tare, kuma daga ƙarshe an tsara su cikin ƙawancen haɗin kai wanda aka san shi da SIL.<ref>Rebecca E. Klatch, ''A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right and the 1960s'', Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 1999, p. 231</ref> Rikicin da ke tsakanin bangarorin ya zo karshe yayin da wani mamban kungiyar 'yan tawayen YAF ya daga katin da yake rubutawa ya kunna wuta a filin taron, wanda ya haifar da nauyin mintoci 30 na naushi, tursasawa da gaba, <ref>Jerome Tuccille, ''It Usually Begins with Ayn Rand'', San Francisco, CA, Cobden Press, 1971, p. 104</ref> wanda ke haifar da tsarkake membobin da yawa daga masu sassaucin ra'ayin. shugabannin, ciki har da Karl Hess, suna bugawa tawagar ta California musamman da wuya, wanda ya hada da Dana Rohrabacher, Shawn Karfe, Ron Kimberling, Rod Manis, Pat Dowd, da John Schureman, yayin da suke soke matsayin aiki na babba ashirin da shida YAF. <ref>Rebecca E. Klatch, ''A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right and the 1960s'', Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 1999, p. 233.</ref> <ref>John L. Kelly, ''Bringing the Market Back In: The Political Revitalization of Market Liberalism'', New York: NY, New York University Press, 1997, p. 103</ref> <ref>Rebecca E. Klatch, ''A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right and the 1960s'', Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 1999, p.364 n91</ref> <ref name="John L. Kelly 1997, p. 91">John L. Kelly, ''Bringing the Market Back In: The Political Revitalization of Market Liberalism'', New York: NY, New York University Press, 1997, p. 91</ref> <ref>Roy A. Childs, Jr., “An Open Letter to Ayn Rand: Objectivism and the State,” SRI’s ''The Rational Individualist'', August 1969</ref> <ref>Mark Frazier, “Anarchism: Revolutionizing the Right,” ''Harvard Crimson'', March 12, 1971, p. 5</ref> Kafuwar SIL ana Ɗaukarta a matsayin wani lokaci mai ma'ana wanda ya shaidi “haihuwar wani motsi mai cin gashin kansa." <ref>Rebecca E. Klatch, ''A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right and the 1960s'', Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 1999, p. 12</ref> Tsarkakewa ko rudani da surori na YAF kuma mambobi suka janye daga YAF suka shiga SIL wanda ke da'awar cewa yana da mambobi guda 3,000 <ref>Gregory L. Schneider, ''Cadres for Conservatism: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of the Contemporary Right'', New York and London, New York University Press, 1999, p. 136</ref> waɗanda suka girma zuwa ɗakunan karatu Guda 103 a Ƙasashen: Amurka, "biyu a Kanada ɗaya a Sweden, Indiya da Ostiraliya" kafin shekara ta 1970.<ref name="Rebecca E. Klatch 1999, p. 235">Rebecca E. Klatch, ''A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right and the 1960s'', Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 1999, p. 235</ref> === Ayyuka da Tasirin SIL === A cewar masanin tarihi Jonathan Schoenwald "duk ƙungiyoyin 'yan bautar ƙasar sun yi adawa da yakin [[Vietnam]] da kuma daftarin," <ref>Marc Jason Gilbert, edit., ''The Vietnam War on Campus: Other Voices, More Distant Drums'', Westport: CT, Praeger Publishers, 2001, chap. 1, Jonathan Schoenwald, “No War, No Welfare, and No Damn Taxation: The Student Libertarian Movement, 1968-1972,” p. 32</ref> wanda ya fito fili ya hada da SIL. Tun daga farko, SIL ya gina kamfen a harabar don kawar da shigar da mutane, yana rubutawa a wata takarda cewa "girman wauta ne a kula da cewa yakin da ake kiyaye shi ta hanyar daftarin, hauhawar farashin kaya, da tilasta gwamnati ta hanyar tsarin haraji na iya ta kowace hanya ya zama misali ga kyakkyawan matakin hana cin hanci da rashawa. ” <ref>Lige Petersen, “America and Asia,” Society for Individual Liberty, n.d. in “SIL,” Williamson Evers Papers, Box 36 folder, Hoover Institution archives</ref> Dangane da cancantar rarrabawa, SIL har ila yau ya zama gidan share fage ga daliban masu sassaucin ra'ayi, wadanda shugabanninsu ke son ci gaba da cin gashin kansu amma haka nan suna son "hada kai don ruguza Hagu da dama da kuma jihar." <ref>Marc Jason Gilbert, edit., ''The Vietnam War on Campus: Other Voices, More Distant Drums'', Westport: CT, Praeger Publishers, 2001, chap. 1, Jonathan Schoenwald, “No War, No Welfare, and No Damn Taxation: The Student Libertarian Movement, 1968-1972,” p. 37</ref> A wasu ayyukan, SIL ya fara shirin kasa don “mallake Amurka da maido mana da yanci”. <ref>”SRI and the Libertarian Caucus Merge!” ''The Rationalist Individualist'' 1, no. 11, September 1969, p. 19</ref> Sun dauki nauyin tarurrukan ilimi, suka kirkiro manyan takardu masu ɗauke da shafi guda daya, suka kirkiro Ofishin Masu Magana da 'Yanci na Libertarian, suka buga wata mujallar wata-wata ''don Labaran' Yanci na Mutum'' da kuma mujallar kowane wata ''Mutum'', wanda Roy Childs ya shirya, ya yi aiki don gudanar da kundin tsarin mulki a manyan jami'o'i, da littattafan da aka buga, gami da ''A Liberty Primer'' na W. Alan Burris a Shekara ta 1979. A cikin shekara ta 1971 SIL ta ƙaddamar da wani shiri mai fasali uku, wanda ya haɗa da “The Draft - Keep It Dead,” “ <ref>“‘No War, No Welfare and No Damn Taxation’ Spring Offensive,” ''SIL News'' 2, no. 3, March 1971 and “SIL National Plans,” ''SIL News'' 2, no. 7, August 1971</ref> <ref>Marc Jason Gilbert, edit., ''The Vietnam War on Campus: Other Voices, More Distant Drums'', Westport: CT, Praeger Publishers, 2001, chap. 1, Jonathan Schoenwald, “No War, No Welfare, and No Damn Taxation: The Student Libertarian Movement, 1968-1972,” p. 39</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun shugabanni da ayyukan SIL ya shafa shine David Nolan, babban mai shirya bayan kafa Jam'iyyar Libertarian Party a Amurka. Nolan ya kasance tare da SIL a matsayin shugaban harabar jami'a, kuma da farko ya bayyana sigar ta Nolan Chart ta yanzu a cikin wata kasida mai suna "Rarrabawa da Nazarin Tsarin Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki" a cikin fitowar ''mutum ɗaya ta SIL ta Shekara ta 1971.'' Ed Clark, dan takarar shugabancin Amurka na shekara ta 1980, ya tsunduma cikin harkar sassaucin ra'ayi ta hanyar halartar taron SIL a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]]. <ref name="John L. Kelly 1997, p. 91">John L. Kelly, ''Bringing the Market Back In: The Political Revitalization of Market Liberalism'', New York: NY, New York University Press, 1997, p. 91</ref> === Bayan haka === Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan haɗewar SIL a cikin tƙungiyar 'Yanci ta ƙasashen Duniya (ISIL) a cikin shekara ta 1989 shi ne ficewar Don Ernsberger daga ayyukan SIL don zama mataimakin shugaban ma'aikata na ɗan majalisa Dana Rohrabacher. Bayan aikinsa a matsayin ma'aikacin majalisa, ya kwashe shekaru da yawa yana rubuta littattafan yakin basasa da kuma kusan shekaru 40 a matsayin babban malamin makaranta da kwaleji. Dave Walter ya shiga cikin Jam’iyyar Libertarian, inda ya hau kujerar shugaban kasa daga Shekara ta 1988 - 1991. <ref>Richard Winger, “Founder of Libertarian International Dies,” ''Ballot Access News'', June 29, 2008 </ref> === ISIL Zamani === ISIL ta mallaki Laissez Faire Books (LFB) a cikin Nuwamban shekara ta 2007. An shirya kungiyar ISIL a matsayin kungiyar ba da bangaranci, ba da kai wa ga biyan haraji da kungiyar ilimantarwa, wacce a matsayinta na babbar ƙungiya, ta wakilci ƙungiyoyi da mambobi daban-daban a cikin kasashe Guda 80. <ref>Tim Star, “Tim Starr's tribute to Vince Miller,” ''WendyMcElroy.com'', July 1, 2008</ref> A tsawon shekarun kungiyar ISIL, Jarret Wollstein ya rubuta takardu daban-daban na ilimi guda 38, inda aka kiyasta cewa an raba kwafi sama da miliyan 5. <ref name="heartland">Joseph Bast, “Vince Miller, RIP,” Heartland Institute, June 29, 2008</ref> Da yawa daga ƙasidun an fassara su zuwa cikin harsunan waje da yawa. Sun kuma fassara littattafai da dama a cikin yare daban-daban kamar su Ken Schoolland's ''The Adventures of Jonathan Gullible: A Free Market Odyssey'', Ayn Rand ’s Anthem, Karl Hess ’s ''Capitalism for Kids'', Frances Kendall's ''Super Parents Super Children'' da Mary Ruwart ’s s ''Warkar da Duniyarmu.'' Bayanin ISIL game da Ƙa'idoji sune kamar haka:<blockquote>Ƙungiyar forasa ta Duniya don erancin Mutum ɗaya ƙungiya ce ta mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda aka keɓe don gina duniya mai 'yanci da zaman lafiya, mutunta' yanci da kowa, da kuma tsarin tattalin arziki mai buɗewa da gasa bisa musayar son rai da kasuwanci mara shinge. <ref>ISIL ''Freedom Network News'', June/July 1994</ref></blockquote>A cikin shekara ta 2016, kungiyar ISIL ta sake tsari kuma aka ''sauya mata'' suna zuwa Liberty International tare da Jim Elwood a matsayin babban darakta. == Duba kuma == * Shafin 'yanci == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://liberty-intl.org/ Tashar yanar gizo] {{Coord|37.7903|-122.4041}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|37.7903|-122.4041}} [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]] [[Category:Ƴancin ɗan adam]] [[Category:Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n9wmwgtdi97oo6djq6bz4tcqdzplaxh 0 23109 969208 547594 2026-10-18T17:33:17Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 969208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:National_museum_of_Ethiopia_New_facility.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_museum_of_Ethiopia_New_facility.JPG|right|thumb|200x200px|Sabon wurin bincike a National Museum of Ethiopia; a gefen hagu kuma zauren baje kolin ne]] [[Fayil:National museum of Ethiopia New facility.JPG|thumb|Gidan Tarihi na ƙasa na Habasha]] '''Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Habasha''' ('''NME'''), wanda kuma ake kira da '''Gidan Tarihi na Habasha''', gidan kayan gargajiya ne na ƙasar Habasha. Yana cikin babban birni, [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]], kusa da jami'ar Addis Ababa. == Bayani. == Gidan kayan tarihin yana dauke da kayan fasaha na Habasha. Ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa masu arziƙin cikin gida waɗanda suka samo asali kamar burbushin halittun farko na ''hominids'', sanannen sanannen shine "Lucy," ƙasusuwan kasusuwan samfurin ''Australopithecus afarensis''. Ba da daɗewa ba da aka saka a cikin ɗakin ginshiki an nuna shi a kan Selam, wanda aka samo tsakanin 2000, da 2004. An gano kimanin wannan tsohuwar burbushin halittar sama da shekaru miliyan 3.3 da suka gabata. A shekarar 1936, an fara gabatar da manufar gidan kayan gargajiya a Habasha lokacin da aka bude wani baje koli, wanda ke nuna kayan bikin da daular Solomon da kuma na kusa da su suka bayar. NME na yanzu ya girma ne daga kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Archaeology, wanda aka kafa a 1958. An kafa cibiyar ne don haɓakawa da sauƙaƙe aikin bincike na archaeological a arewacin Habasha ta masu binciken tarihin [[Faransa]]. [[File:Ancient_Figurine,_National_Museum,_Addis_Ababa,_Ethiopia_(2130296832).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Figurine,_National_Museum,_Addis_Ababa,_Ethiopia_(2130296832).jpg|right|thumb|Smutum-mutumi daga Addi-Galamo, Yankin Tigray (wanda aka yi a ranakun 6 zuwa 5 na KZ), wani ɓangare na tarin Gidan Tarihi na Kasa. An sassaka mutum-mutumin da kalma a cikin Larabawa ta Kudu, ''"For God Grants a Child to Yamanat"''.]] Gidan tarihin ya fara ayyukan sa ne ta hanyar baje kolin abubuwa daga wadannan aiyukan tono kasa. Tare da kafa Hukumar Kula da Al'adun gargajiya ta Habasha a shekarar 1976, sai aka fara tunanin bude gidan adana kayan tarihi na kasa, wanda Gwamnati ta goyi bayansa. NME ta fara aiki ne a karkashin Dokar Kasa wacce ta tanada don kariya da adana kayan tarihi, kuma tana da ikon yin doka da ke tafiyar da dukkan shafuka da kayayyakin tarihi a duk fadin [[Itofiya|kasar Habasha]]. [[File:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia_Office_facility.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Ethiopia_Office_facility.JPG|left|thumb|200x200px|Ginin gidan adana kayan tarihi na Habasha, wanda aka gina shi da salon Italiya.]] Daga baya, Gidan Tarihi na Kasa ya fadada ayyukanta ya kuma tsara shi zuwa sassan aiki uku, watau sashen kiyayewa, sashen tattara bayanai da sashen baje koli da bincike. NME a halin yanzu yana da manyan bangarorin nune-nunen huɗu. An keɓe ginshiƙin don sassan archaeological da ɓangaren paleoanthropological. Wannan yankin yana nuna hominids da aka ambata a baya. Falon farko ya ƙunshi abubuwa tun zamanin da da na zamanin da, da kayan ado da abubuwan tunawa daga tsoffin masu mulki, waɗanda suka haɗa da Emperor Haile Selassie. Falo na biyu yana nuna aikin zane-zane cikin tsari, daga na gargajiya zuwa na zamani. Abubuwan Tarihin Afwerk Tekle na Afirka shine ɗayan sanannun abubuwa. Wani zanen yana nuna gamuwa da Suleman da Sheba.<ref name="Photographs of the museum">{{cite web|title=Photographs of the National Museum of Ethiopia|url=https://independent-travellers.com/ethiopia/addis_ababa/national_museum/|website=Independent Travellers|publisher=independent-travellers.com|accessdate=21 June 2017}}</ref> Falo na biyu ya ƙunshi tarin fasaha da kere kere na duniya, gami da makaman gargajiya, kayan adon mata, kayan kwalliya, kayan sawa da kayan kida.<ref name="Photographs of the museum" /> A ƙarshe, bene na uku yana da nuni na ƙabilar mutum. Anan, gidan kayan gargajiya yayi kokarin ba da bayyani game da wadatar al'adu da ire-iren mutanen Habasha. == Manazarta. == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Habasha]] 2rdmg109y7xkinh0433bjjcjpyemox9 0 24252 969176 634583 2026-10-18T16:56:22Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 969176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Fassara}} [[File:Assorted_forks.jpg|thumb| Makamai iri -iri. Daga hagu zuwa dama: cokali mai yatsa; m cokali mai yatsu; cokali na salatin; cokali mai yatsu; cokali mai yatsu mai sanyi; hidimar cokali mai yatsu; cokali mai yatsu]] [[Fayil:A fork pictured from behind.jpg|thumb|chokali me yatsu]] '''Cokali mai yatsu''' (daga Latin ' Fitfok ') ne kayan aiki, yanzu yakan sanya daga karfe, wanda tun rike terminates a kai da cewa rassan cikin da dama kunkuntar da kuma sau da yawa dan kadan mai lankwasa tines da wanda daya zai iya mashi abinci ko dai rike su don yanke da [[Wuƙa|wuka]] ko don ya dauke su zuwa bakin. Labari== [[File:Forks_Susa_Louvre_MAO421-422-431.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px| Coks na tagulla da aka yi a Farisa a cikin karni na 8 ko 9.]] Kashi cokula masu yatsotsi da aka samu a archaeological shafukan da Bronze Age Qijia al'ada a shekara ta (2400 zuwa shekara ta 1900 BC), da Shang daular (c. 1600-c. 1050 BC), kazalika da daga baya Sin dauloli. <ref name="need6V">Needham (2000). ''Science and Civilisation in China. Volume 6: Biology and biological technology. Part V: Fermentations and food science.'' Cambridge University Press. Pages 105–110.</ref> Wani dutse da aka sassaƙa daga kabarin Han na Gabas (a Ta-kua-liang, Suide County, Shaanxi) ya nuna uku rataye cokula masu kusurwa biyu a wurin cin abinci. <ref name="need6V" /> Hakanan an nuna irin wannan cokulan a saman murhu a wani wuri a wani kabarin Han na Gabas (a gundumar Suide, Shaanxi). <ref name="need6V" /> A zamanin d Masar, an yi amfani da manyan cokula a matsayin kayan girki. A cikin Daular Roma, an yi amfani da cokula na tagulla da azurfa, misalai da yawa na tsira waɗanda aka nuna su a gidajen tarihi a kewayen Turai. <ref>Sherlock, D. (1988) A combination Roman eating implement (1988). Antiquaries Journal [comments: 310–311, pl. xlix]</ref> Amfani ya bambanta gwargwadon al'adun gida, ajin zamantakewa, da nau'in abinci, amma a lokutan baya galibi ana amfani da cokula azaman dafa abinci da kayan abinci. Kodayake asalinsa na iya komawa zuwa tsohuwar Girka, ana iya ƙirƙira cokali na tebur na sirri a [[Daular Rumawa|Daular Roman ta Gabas]] ( ''Byzantine'' ), inda ake amfani da su a ƙarni na hudu 4. Bayanai sun nuna cewa a ƙarni na biyar 9 a cikin wasu fitattun da'irar Farisa irin wannan kayan aikin da aka sani da ''barjyn'' yana cikin ƙarancin amfani. Ya zuwa karni na goma 10, cokali mai yatsu ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a duk Gabas ta Tsakiya. A cewar Peter Damian gimbiya Byzantine Maria Argyropoulina ta kawo wasu cokulan zinariya zuwa Venice, lokacin da ta auri ɗan Doge a dari da hudu 1004. Damien ya la'anci cokali mai yatsa a matsayin "banza". <ref>[https://www.books.fr/fourchette-bonnes-manieres/ Amandine Meunier, "Fourchette et bonnes manières", Books n° 86, novembre / décembre 2017, Books.fr]</ref> A ƙarni na sha daya 11, cokali mai yatsu ya ƙaru a cikin yankin Italiya kafin sauran yankuna na Turai saboda alaƙar tarihi tare da Byzantium kuma, yayin da taliya ta zama babban ɓangaren abincin Italiya, ta ci gaba da samun shahara, ta kawar da dogayen katako a da. da aka yi amfani da shi tun da farfaɗoƙƙen cokula uku sun tabbatar sun fi dacewa da tattara noodles. <ref name="Wilson, Bee 2012">Wilson, Bee. Consider the Fork: A History of How We Cook and Eat. New York: Basic, 2012. Print.</ref> A ƙarni na sha hudu 14 cokali mai yatsu ya zama ruwan dare a Italiya, kuma a shekara ta 1600 ya kusan zama gama gari tsakanin masu ciniki da manyan azuzuwan. Ya dace baƙo ya zo da cokali mai yatsu da [[cokali]] a cikin akwati da ake kira ''cadena'' ; An gabatar da wannan amfani ga kotun Faransa tare da rakiyar Catherine de 'Medici . Kodayake a Portugal an fara amfani da cokula a kusa da 1450 ta Infanta Beatrice, Duchess na Viseu, mahaifiyar Sarki Manuel I na Portugal kawai ta ƙarni na sha shida 16, lokacin da suka zama wani ɓangare na ɗabi'ar Italiya, shin cokula sun shiga amfani da kowa a Kudancin Turai, samun wasu kuɗi a Spain, kuma sannu a hankali ya bazu zuwa Faransa. Sauran kasashen Turai ba su rungumi cokali mai yatsu ba har zuwa karni na sha takwa 18. [[File:History_spoon.jpg|right|thumb|230x230px| Cokali mai yatsa na Sasanian (karni na 4)]] Tallafin cokali mai yatsa a arewacin Turai ya kasance a hankali. Thomas Coryat ya fara bayanin amfani da shi cikin Ingilishi a cikin ƙaramin rubuce -rubuce akan tafiye -tafiyen Italiya shekara ta (1611), amma shekaru da yawa ana kallon shi azaman tasirin Italiyanci mara mutunci. {{Sfn|Petroski|1992}} Wasu marubutan Cocin Roman Katolika sun nuna rashin yarda da amfani da shi; St. Peter Damian yana ganinta a matsayin "yawan cin abinci". <ref name="Wilson, Bee 2012">Wilson, Bee. Consider the Fork: A History of How We Cook and Eat. New York: Basic, 2012. Print.</ref> Ba har zuwa karni na sha takwas18 ne aka fara amfani da cokali mai yatsu a Burtaniya, kodayake wasu majiyoyi sun ce cokulan sun zama ruwan dare a Faransa, Ingila da Sweden tuni a farkon karni na sha bakwai 17. <ref>[http://www.bookrags.com/research/knife-fork-and-spoon-woi/ bookrags.com]. bookrags.com (2 November 2010). {{tertiary}}</ref>   Cokali mai yatsu bai shahara ba a Arewacin Amurka har zuwa lokacin da juyin juya halin Amurka . Daidaitaccen ƙirar tayin huɗu ya zama na yanzu a farkon karni na sha tara19. == Nau'in cokali mai yatsa == [[File:Ice_cream_fork,_Shreve_&_Company,_Iris_service,_silver,_1903-1917.jpg|left|thumb| An yi cokali mai yatsa daga farkon karni na 20]] [[File:Old_carving_knife_and_forks.JPG|thumb| Wuƙa sassaƙa da cokali mai yatsu.<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Lura nada masu gadi. <ref>[http://www.practicalmachinist.com/vb/general-archive/ot-whats-do-carving-fork-doodad-92420/ what's this do? carving fork doodad - practicalmachinist.com]</ref>]] [[File:Tranchergaffel,_1640-tal_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102831.tif|thumb| Ginin katako daga 1640.]] [[File:Pastry_fork_IMG_0899.jpg|thumb| Cokali mai yatsa na hannun dama tare da faɗin faɗin hagu.]] [[File:Currywurst_forks.jpg|thumb| Chip katako na katako na katako biyu]] * Bishiyar asparagus * Barbecue cokali mai yatsu * Cokali mai naman sa: An yi amfani da cokali mai yatsu don ɗaukar nama. Wannan cokali mai yatsu yana da siffa kamar cokali mai yatsu na yau da kullun, amma ya fi girma kaɗan kuma tines ɗin suna lanƙwasa waje. Ana amfani da lanƙwasa don huda siririn yankakken naman sa. * Berry cokali mai yatsa * Yaƙen sassaƙa: Ƙarfe biyu mai amfani da nama a tsaye yayin da ake sassaƙa shi . Sau da yawa ana siyar da su da wuƙaƙƙen sassaƙaƙƙu ko yankan azaman sashi na saitin sassaƙa. * Cuku cokali * Chip cokali mai yatsu: cokali mai yatsu guda biyu, galibi ana yin shi da katako (ko da yake yana ƙara filastik), wanda aka ƙera shi musamman don cin soyayyen faransanci (kwakwalwan kwamfuta) da sauran abubuwan cin abinci. Daga 7.5 zuwa 9&nbsp;cm tsawo. A cikin Jamus an san su da ''Pommesgabel'' (a zahiri "cokali mai yatsa") da " cokali mai yatsa currywurst ". * Cocktail cokali mai yatsu: Ƙaramin cokali mai kama da trident, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don mashin hadaddiyar giyar kamar zaitun. * Cold cokali mai yatsa * Crab cokali mai yatsu : Wani ɗan gajere, kaifi kuma kunkuntar cokali mai yatsu uku ko biyu wanda aka ƙera don fitar da nama cikin sauƙi lokacin cinye dafaffen kaguwa. * Cokali mai yatsa (a madadin haka, cokali mai yatsu/cokali mai yatsa a Burtaniya): Kowane ɗayan nau'ikan cokula na musamman daban -daban waɗanda aka tsara don cin kayan zaki, kamar cokali mai yatsa. Yawanci suna da tara uku kawai kuma sun yi ƙasa da madaidaicin cokulan abincin dare. Za a iya faɗaɗa tine na hagu don samar da gefen da za a yanke shi (ko da yake ba a taɓa kaifi shi ba). * Cokali na abincin dare * Cokula mai tsawo: Tankali mai dogon zango tare da rikon telescopic, yana ba da damar tsawaitawa ko ƙuntatawa. * Kifi cokali mai yatsa * Fondue cokali mai yatsu: kunkuntar cokali mai yatsu, yawanci yana da tines guda biyu, dogo mai tsayi da abin rufewa, yawanci na itace, don tsoma burodi cikin tukunya mai ɗauke da miya * Cokali na salatin kayan lambu: An yi amfani da cokali mai yatsu wanda ake amfani da shi don debo guntun 'ya'yan itace kamar inabi, strawberries, guna da sauran nau'ikan' ya'yan itace. * Kaka cokali mai yatsa * Ice cream cokali mai yatsa: Cokali tare da lemun tsami da ake amfani da shi don wasu kayan zaki. Duba naman alade . * Knork * Nama cokali mai yatsu * Cokali zaitun * Oyster cokali mai yatsa * Cokali mai yatsa * Cokali mai yatsu: Doguwar hannu da aka yi amfani da ita don cire tsirrai daga cikin kwalba, ko wani madadin suna don kayan aikin raba ƙwallon ƙwallon da aka yi amfani da su don cire haɗin gwiwa. <ref>[http://news.carjunky.com/how_stuff_works/how_to_change_ball_joints_ab1444.shtml news.carjunky.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628195916/http://news.carjunky.com/how_stuff_works/how_to_change_ball_joints_ab1444.shtml |date=2011-06-28 }}. news.carjunky.com.</ref> * Pie cokali mai yatsa * Relish cokali mai yatsa * Salatin cokali mai yatsu: Mai kama da cokali mai yatsu na yau da kullun, amma yana iya zama ya fi guntu, ko kuma yana da ɗayan tines na waje daban daban. Sau da yawa, "cokali na salatin" a cikin sabis na azurfa na wasu gidajen abinci (musamman sarƙoƙi) na iya zama cokali mai yatsu kawai; akasin haka, wasu gidajen cin abinci na iya ƙetare shi, suna ba da cokali ɗaya kawai a cikin hidimarsu. * Sardine cokali mai yatsu * Spaghetti cokali mai yatsu: sabon cokali mai yatsu tare da gindin ƙarfe wanda aka saka a ciki cikin madaidaicin filastik. Shafin yana fitowa ta saman abin riko, yana ƙarewa cikin ƙwanƙwasawa, wanda ke ba da damar ɓangaren ƙarfe na cokali mai yatsa da sauƙi a juya shi da hannu ɗaya yayin da ɗayan kuma ke riƙe da filastik ɗin. Wannan ana tsammanin yana ba da damar spaghetti cikin sauƙi a jiƙa a cikin tines. Bambancin wutar lantarki na wannan cokali mai yatsu ya zama ruwan dare a wannan zamani. * Sporf : Kayan aiki yana haɗa halayen cokali, cokali mai yatsa da wuka * Spork : Kayan aiki yana haɗa halayen cokali da cokali mai yatsa. * Cocket cokali mai yatsa: Kayan aiki tare da tines a ƙarshen ƙarshen tushe da cokali a ɗayan. An yi amfani da shi don cin abincin da in ba haka ba zai zama ɓarna don cin abinci kamar abubuwan da aka adana a cikin syrup. Ƙarshen tine zai iya mashi abu, yayin da sauran ƙarshen za a iya amfani da shi don shan syrup. * Cokali mai yatsa * Terrapin cokali mai yatsa: Cokali tare da lemun tsami da ake amfani da shi don wasu miya. Duba naman alade . * Cokali mai yatsa: A cokali mai yatsu, yawanci yana da tines guda biyu, gindin ƙarfe mai tsayi sosai kuma wani lokacin riƙon abin rufe fuska, don gasa abinci akan garwashin wuta ko buɗe wuta == Duba kuma == * Daidaita cokali mai yatsa * [[Wuƙa|Knife]] * [[Cokali]] * Alade * Saitin tebur * Cokali na haɓaka software == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}}  == Hanyoyin waje == * [http://www.larsdatter.com/cutlery.htm Cutlery of the Middle Ages and Renaissance] Forks daga zamanin Greco-Roman zuwa karni na 17 9g8aspb5ceypszg4m5mzdq2ubbqcw37 0 24628 969440 112219 2026-10-19T10:47:48Z Zaujeel khair 49197 969440 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ha na''' iya nufin to:   == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi ƙanƙanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon ɗan luwadi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Arts, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), a shekarar2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), a shekarar2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), a shekarar1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar [[TV]]), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''Hamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin rubutun Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * [[Harshen]] Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO acikin639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya da fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Hemagglutination assay, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, ɗaya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaitawa na daidaitawa * H <sub>wani,</sub> ko madadin jarrabawa, a ilimin kididdiga gwaji == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha a cikin Cantonese, Yaren Koriya da Vietnamese == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin sama na Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, ɗaya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha mutane, mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation) {{Disambig}} ob1jfv1ay6od0c19hv65cl9dzlxenzc 969441 969440 2026-10-19T10:48:19Z Zaujeel khair 49197 969441 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ha na''' iya nufin to:   == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi ƙanƙanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan [[Luwaɗi|luwadi]] Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon ɗan luwadi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Arts, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), a shekarar2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), a shekarar2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), a shekarar1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar [[TV]]), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''Hamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin rubutun Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * [[Harshen]] Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO acikin639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya da fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Hemagglutination assay, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, ɗaya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaitawa na daidaitawa * H <sub>wani,</sub> ko madadin jarrabawa, a ilimin kididdiga gwaji == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha a cikin Cantonese, Yaren Koriya da Vietnamese == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin sama na Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, ɗaya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha mutane, mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation) {{Disambig}} 7fhuz0esjae4w1stwo8dehq0pluq267 969442 969441 2026-10-19T10:49:05Z Zaujeel khair 49197 969442 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ha na''' iya nufin to:   == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi ƙanƙanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan [[Luwaɗi|luwadi]] Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon ɗan luwadi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Arts, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), a shekarar alif dubu biyu da biyar2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), a shekarar2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), a shekarar1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar [[TV]]), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''Hamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin rubutun Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * [[Harshen]] Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO acikin639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya da fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Hemagglutination assay, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, ɗaya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaitawa na daidaitawa * H <sub>wani,</sub> ko madadin jarrabawa, a ilimin kididdiga gwaji == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha a cikin Cantonese, Yaren Koriya da Vietnamese == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin sama na Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, ɗaya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha mutane, mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation) {{Disambig}} dhcqesnh9mhohye577gdigdu88b70p2 969443 969442 2026-10-19T10:50:00Z Zaujeel khair 49197 969443 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ha na''' iya nufin to:   == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi ƙanƙanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan [[Luwaɗi|luwadi]] Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon ɗan luwadi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Arts, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), a shekarar alif dubu biyu da biyar2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), a shekarar alif dubu biyu da biyu2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), a shekarar1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar [[TV]]), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''Hamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin rubutun Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * [[Harshen]] Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO acikin639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya da fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Hemagglutination assay, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, ɗaya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaitawa na daidaitawa * H <sub>wani,</sub> ko madadin jarrabawa, a ilimin kididdiga gwaji == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha a cikin Cantonese, Yaren Koriya da Vietnamese == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin sama na Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, ɗaya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha mutane, mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation) {{Disambig}} lbf4g1ubkhkh16u4l3kxcohjty4q3ll 969444 969443 2026-10-19T10:50:58Z Zaujeel khair 49197 969444 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ha na''' iya nufin to:   == Hukumomi da kungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi ƙanƙanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan [[Luwaɗi|luwadi]] Ba a san su ba, shirin tsohon ɗan luwadi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba a so * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong == Arts, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai == * <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Ha</i></nowiki> (Doseone album), a shekarar alif dubu biyu da biyar2005 * <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Ha</i></nowiki> (Talvin Singh album), a shekarar alif dubu biyu da biyu2002 * <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Ha!</i></nowiki> (Kill Joke album), a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara tamanin da biyu1982 * "Ha" (waƙa), ta Juvenile * Ha! (Tashar [[TV]]), tashar talabijin ta Amurka mai ban dariya * ''Hamar Arbeiderblad'', jaridar Norway * ''Human Action'', littafi ne daga masanin tattalin arzikin Austriya Ludwig von Mises * Kamfanin Jim Henson, wanda aka fi sani da ha! == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasika a cikin rubutun Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * [[Harshen]] Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO acikin639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin London * Henan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya da fasaha == === Kimiyya === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Hemagglutination assay, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, ɗaya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaitawa na daidaitawa * H <sub>wani,</sub> ko madadin jarrabawa, a ilimin kididdiga gwaji == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Sin) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye Dari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha a cikin Cantonese, Yaren Koriya da Vietnamese == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin sama na Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, ɗaya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha mutane, mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation) {{Disambig}} h6j5w43nrxw3h4d8700kkb4qhgjawfz 0 25553 969216 894237 2026-10-18T17:44:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abimilki''' ( Amoriyawa: {{Transl|Xsux|''ʾabī milki''}} a kusa 1347 BC Matsayi mai gudanar da daraja ne na yariman Taya (a na kiran shi da "Surru" a cikin haruffa),a lokacin da na Amarna haruffa rubutu (1350-1335 BC). ya kasan ce kuma Shi ne marubucin haruffa goma ga [[Pharaoh|Fir'auna na]] Masar, EA 146-155 ( EA don 'el Amarna '). A cikin wasiƙar EA 147, Fir'auna Akhenaten ya tabbatar da shi a matsayin sarkin Taya bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, kuma a cikin EA 149, ya ambace shi da matsayin ''rabisu'' (janar). Ba a ambaci sunan Abimilki a cikin wasu haruffan ba. An danganta sunansa da Abimelek na Littafi Mai Tsarki. Sunansa na nufin "Mahaifina (shine) sarki." == Tarihin asali == Bayan bukatar Akhenaten ta yaɗa sabbin labaran siyasarsa a Kinaha, wasu jihohin birni sun yi tawaye ga wannan shawarar. Bayanin shine ''gibi'' a matsayin rabisu a sansanin Taya, wanda Akhenaten yayi aiki tare da waɗanda ba [[Misra|Misira]] ba saboda dalilai na ƙungiya. Daga ƙarshe, kamar yadda yake cikin wasiƙar EA 149, Akhenaten ya ba ''Abimilki'' matsayin rabisu na Taya. Zimredda na Sidon, da Aziru na Amurru, waɗanda a baya suka haɗa kai da Abimilki, sun amsa ta hanyar cin Sumuru da mamaye yankunan da ke kusa da Taya. Abimilki ya shawarci Amenhotep game da yanayin haɗari a cikin haruffa da yawa. A cikin wasiƙar EA 151 (duba a nan [http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?partid=1&assetid=191048001&objectid=317731] ), Abimilki ya ambaci Danuniyawa : “Duba, abokan gaba masu haɗari suna kewaye Taya. A halin yanzu sarkin Danuna ya mutu; ɗan'uwansa yanzu yana sarauta. Yana bi da ni cikin lumana. " Daga baya a cikin wasiƙar, Abimilki ya yi gargaɗi game da 'yan tawayen: “Duba, sansanin Taya yana ƙarewa da ruwa mai kyau da itace. Zan aiko muku Ilu-milku a matsayin manzo. A halin yanzu babu sojojin Hitti, amma Aitakama na Kadesh yana tare da Aziru a yaƙin Biryawaza na Damascus. A halin yanzu, an ƙarfafa Zimredda da sojoji da jiragen ruwa daga Aziru; ya kewaye ni, kuma yana da haɗari ƙwarai. == Harafin Abimilki == Lakabin wasiƙun Abimilki sune kamar haka: : EA 146: "Abimilki na Taya " : EA 147: "Waƙar yabo ga [[Pharaoh|Fir'auna]] " : EA 148: "Buƙatar Babban Taya" : EA 149 : "Ba Ruwa ko Itace" (Dubi ''Haapi'' ) : EA 150: "Ana Bukatar: Soja Guda Daya" : EA 151: "Rahoto kan Kan'ana " (Dubi hanyoyin haɗin waje: harafi da ''Mutanen Teku'' ) : EA 152: "Buƙatar Ganewa" : EA 153 : "Jiragen ruwa suna jira" : EA 154: "An Yi Umarni" (Dubi ''Zimredda (magajin garin Sidon)'' ) : EA 155: "Bawan Mayati " ("Mayati" munafunci ne ga Meritaten, 'yar Akhenaten) == Misalin haruffa na Abimilki == === EA 147, "Waƙar yabo ga Fir'auna" === Batun "Waƙar yabo ga Fir'auna" ba Zimredda bane; amma, yakin Aziru ɗan ko Abdi-Ashirta, mai sa ido akai, da ba da rahoto ta Zimredda ana magana a ƙarshen wannan wasiƙar. Zuwa ga sarki, sunana: saƙo daga Abimilki, bawanka. Na fāɗi a ƙafafun sarki, ya shugabana. Ubangijina shi ne rana — wadda take fitowa a kan dukkan ƙasashe kowace rana bisa ga hanyar rana, mahaifinsa mai alheri; Wanda yake ba da rai ta wurin daɗin numfashinsa ya dawo da iskar arewarsa. wanda ke tabbatar da kasa baki daya cikin salama da ikon hannunsa; Wane ne kuma yake ba da kukansa a sararin sama kamar Ba'al. Duk ƙasar ta firgita da kukansa! Bawan nan yana rubuta wa ubangijinsa cewa ya ji manzon sarki mai alherin da ya zo wurin bawansa, da kuma daɗin numfashin da ya fito daga bakin sarki, ubangijina ga bawansa — numfashinsa ya dawo! Kafin isowar manzon sarki, ya shugabana, numfashi bai dawo ba; hanci ya toshe. Yanzu numfashin sarki ya fito mini, na yi farin ciki ƙwarai, kuma yana gamsuwa kowace rana. Saboda ina farin ciki, shin ƙasa ba ta yin er? Lokacin da na ji haushin ni [ss] mai rahusa daga ubangijina, duk ƙasar tana jin tsoron ubangijina - lokacin da na ji numfashi mai daɗi, da manzon alherin da ya zo wurina. Lokacin da sarki, ubangijina, ya ce, "Yi shiri kafin isowar babban runduna," sai bawan ya ce wa ubangijinsa, "Na'am, a, a!" A gabana da bayana ina ɗauke da maganar sarki, ya shugabana. Duk wanda ya kula da sarki, ubangijinsa, kuma ya yi masa hidima a madadinsa, rana ta fito a kansa, numfashi mai daɗi yana dawowa daga bakin ubangijinsa. Idan bai kula da maganar sarki ba, ubangijinsa, garinsa ya lalace, gidansa ya lalace, sunansa ba zai sake kasancewa a cikin ƙasar duka ba. Dubi bawan da ke kula da ubangijinsa: Garinsa yana bunƙasa, gidansa yana bunƙasa, sunansa yana nan har abada. Kai ne rana wadda ta fito a kaina kuma aka yi masa katangar tagulla, kuma saboda ƙarfin hannu na na hutawa, ina da kwarin gwiwa. Lallai na ce wa rana, uban sarki, ubangijina, yaushe zan ga fuskar sarki, ya shugabana? Lallai ina tsaron Taya, babban birni, don sarki, ubangijina, har sai ikon sarki mai ƙarfi ya fito a kaina, don ya ba ni ruwa in sha da itace don dumama kaina. Bugu da ƙari, Zimredda, sarkin Sidon, yana rubuta wa Aziru ɗan Abdi-Ashirta ɗan tawaye kullun, game da kowace kalma da ya ji daga Masar. Da wannan nake rubuta wa ubangijina, kamar yadda yake da kyau cewa ya sani. - EA 147, layuka 1–71 (cikakke) More about ɗan Hoto na hanyoyin haɗin waje yana nuna yanayin EA 147, (an cire kusurwa). Duba: jumla da zance . Maimakon “sau bakwai da sau bakwai”, a cikin 147 marubuci ya zurfafa zurfi, ta amfani da “rabin sau bakwai”. Za a iya amfani da wani ɗan juzu'i ga tsarin sujada a tsakiyar harafi, lokacin da yake amfani da "a gabana da baya na". Zimredda na Sidon shine jigon biyar na haruffa goma na Abimilki. === EA 148, "Buƙatar Babban Taya" === Abimilki na Taya ya aika da harajinsa ga Fir'auna wanda ya naɗa shi, ya roƙi Fir'auna sojoji goma da su ba shi kariya, tun da sarkin Sidon ya ƙwace mutanensa. Ya kuma ambaci cewa sarkin Hazor ya wuce zuwa ga abokan gaba, Habiru waɗanda ke ɗaukar Kan'ana. === EA 149, "Babu Ruwa ko Itace" === Duba: kwamishinan Masar Haapi . === EA 151, "Rahoto kan Kan'ana" === Duba: labarin haɗin yanar gizo na waje/rubutawa. === EA 154, "An Yi Umarni" === Biyar daga cikin wasiƙun Abimilki sun shafi maƙwabcinsa kuma maƙiyin rikici Zimredda na Sidon. Duba: Zimredda (magajin garin Sidon) . === EA 153, "Jiragen ruwa a Rike" === Duba hoto: [http://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/eg/web-large/vs24.2.12yy.jpg EA 153 (M)] [Zuwa] sarki, ubangijina: mai [mes] mai hikima daga Abimilki, bawanka. Ina faɗuwa a ƙafafunka sau bakwai sau bakwai. Na aikata abin da sarki, ubangijina, ya umarta — duk ƙasar tana jin tsoron sojojin sarki, ya shugabana: Na sa mutanena su riƙe jiragen ruwa bisa ga ikon sarki, ubangijina. Duk wanda ya yi rashin biyayya ba shi da iyali, ba shi da rai. Tun da na gua [rd da ci] sarkin, [my] lo [rd], m [y] s [afety] shine alhakin sarki. [Da fatan ya sani] bawansa, wanda ke gefensa. - EA 153, 1-20 (cikakke amma ya lalace) == Duba kuma == * Zimredda (magajin garin Sidon) * Haapi, kwamishinan Masar == Manazarta == * Moran, William L. ''Harafin Amarna.'' Jami'ar Johns Hopkins Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover,  ) == Hanyoyin waje == === Harafin Amarna (hotuna) === {{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} King of Babylon: <!-- Date updated: 15-Jul-07 --> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190309103821/http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/a-burnaburiash3.htm EA 9-(Obverse)]; see: [[Karaduniyaš]] [[Tushratta]]: *[http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/mba/img/28000.jpg EA 19-(Obverse)], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/mba/mba18.htm Article], Tushratta *[http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/amarnaletters.htm EA 23-(Reverse)], with ''''' ''Black'' [[Hieratic]]'''''; [http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/a-tushratta_3.htm Article]-([[British Museum]]); see: [[Shaushka]] *[http://www.katapi.org.uk/BibleMSS/ElAmarnaT.htm EA 28-(Obverse)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717133121/http://www.katapi.org.uk/BibleMSS/ElAmarnaT.htm |date=2011-07-17 }}, see: [[Pirissi and Tulubri]] "[[Alashiya]] kingdom" letters: *[http://katherinestange.com/egypt/tablet.jpg EA 34-(Obverse)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211150435/http://katherinestange.com/egypt/tablet.jpg |date=2024-12-11 }}; see: [[Amarna letter EA 34|EA 34]] Rib-Hadda letters: *[http://bible.gen.nz/amos/pics/amarna_sm.jpg EA 126-(Obverse)] {{Webarchive}}; [http://bible.gen.nz/amos/archaeology/amarna.htm#amarna Article-(Click for larger Picture)] {{Webarchive}}; See: [[Salhi (region)]] '''Abimilki:''' {{Col-break}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061217005154/http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/amarnabw.jpg #1: EA 153-(Obverse)]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606044223/http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/amarnal.html Article] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234526/http://80.65.232.176/Photos/00/00/02/72/ME0000027293_2.JPG #2: EA 153-(Obverse)-2nd]; see: Abimilki [[Abdi-Tirši]]: *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015408/http://www.greatcommission.com/london/2003035.jpg EA 228-(Obverse)//(228,330,299,245,252)], (EA 330, for [[Šipti-Ba'lu]]); [https://web.archive.org/web/20130304090935/http://www.greatcommission.com/london/ Article], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015216/http://www.greatcommission.com/london/2003036.jpg Pic writeup] [[Biridiya]]: *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070724203641/http://www.lidden.demon.co.uk/temples/amarna.jpg EA 245-(Obverse)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010109/http://www.egiptomania.com/historia/imagen/origen8.jpg EA 245-(Reverse)]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070503123644/http://www.lidden.demon.co.uk/temples/datum1.htm Article-1]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070516071442/http://www.egiptomania.com/historia/origen_hebreos.htm Article-2]; [[Hannathon]]/''[[Hinnatuna]]'' Labaya: *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185043/http://www.egiptomania.com/historia/imagen/origen7.jpg EA 252-(Obverse)], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070516071442/http://www.egiptomania.com/historia/origen_hebreos.htm Article], see [[Labaya]] Others: *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070105053836/http://www.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ355/choi/images/bb005.jpg EA 299-(High Res.)(Obverse)]; see [[Yapahu]] *[http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/record.aspx?id=1105&lan=A EA 369-Front/Back-(Click on each)]; see: [[Milkilu]] {{Col-end}} === Haruffa === * Harafi: EA 147 * [http://katherinestange.com/egypt/tablet.jpg EA 147- (M)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211150435/http://katherinestange.com/egypt/tablet.jpg |date=2024-12-11 }} ; [http://katherinestange.com/egypt/literature.htm Mataki na ashirin da] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930121650/http://katherinestange.com/egypt/literature.htm |date=2021-09-30 }} * Harafi: EA 153 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061217005154/http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/amarnabw.jpg #1: EA 153- (M)] ; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606044223/http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/amarnal.html Mataki na ashirin da] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234526/http://80.65.232.176/Photos/00/00/02/72/ME0000027293_2.JPG #2: EA 153- (M) -2nd] ; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185219/http://www.insecula.com/us/oeuvre/O0004800.html Mataki na ashirin da] === Labarai === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070608030654/http://www.courses.psu.edu/cams/cams400w_aek11/letters.html Rubuta Harafin EA 151, game da Zimredda na Sidon] -( mutanen teku, wasiƙar '''Abimilki)''' ** [http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?partid=1&assetid=191048001&objectid=317731 Hoton gidan adana kayan tarihin Birtaniya, (m, baya, & gefe an rubuta)] ** [http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?partid=1&assetid=191048001&objectid=317731#more-views Ra'ayoyin kowane bangare, gidan kayan tarihin Burtaniya] * Harafin Amarna EA 34 : [https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P270892] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019012311/https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P270892 |date=2021-10-19 }} shigar CDLI don harafi na 34, yana nuna layin farko yana cewa: ''Saƙon Sarki Land A-La-Ši-iya'' . ( ''Umma Lugal Kur Alashiya'' ) [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2nc6zmsz64h0l7g87mvmtju23p7maun 0 26495 969437 960984 2026-10-19T10:43:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png |thumb| Samfurin kwayar cutar Corona]] [[File:Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg |thumb| Likitoci na duba wani da ya kamu da Cutar]] [[Fayil:COVID-19-Longontsteking.jpg|thumb]] A yayin B'''arkewar COVID-19''', rashin abinci ya tsananta a wurare da yawa-a cikin kwata na biyu na alif,2020 an yi gargadin yunwa da yawa daga baya a cikin shekarar. Dangane da hasashen farko, akwai yuwuwar daruruwan dubunnan mutane su mutu kuma miliyoyin ƙarin suna fuskantar yunwa ba tare da ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa don magance matsalolin samar da abinci ba. {{As of|2020|October}} waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen na rage haɗarin yunwa mai yaɗuwa saboda barkewar COVID-19. Ana fargabar karancin abinci sakamakon koma bayan tattalin arziki na COVID-19 da wasu matakan da aka ɗauka don hana yaduwar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]].<ref name="correspondent2">{{Cite news|last=Harvey|first=Fiona|date=2020-04-21|title=Coronavirus crisis could double number of people suffering acute hunger – UN|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/21/global-hunger-could-be-next-big-impact-of-coronavirus-pandemic|access-date=2020-06-19|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=Rising hunger threatens famines as coronavirus crashes economies, leaves crops to rot in fields {{!}} DW {{!}} 11.06.2020|url=https://www.dw.com/en/rising-hunger-threatens-famines-as-coronavirus-crashes-economies-leaves-crops-to-rot-in-fields/a-53686031|access-date=2020-06-19|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}</ref>Bugu da ƙari, ɓarnar 2019–2021,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Famine risk for millions in second locust wave|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-05-famine-millions-locust.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=phys.org|language=en}}</ref> yaƙe -yaƙe da rikice -rikicen siyasa a wasu ƙasashe suma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da yunwa. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Richard Spencer, Middle East|title=Coronavirus thrives in Yemen, already devastated by war and famine|newspaper=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/coronavirus-thrives-in-yemen-already-devastated-by-war-and-famine-lwbd0zp07|access-date=2020-06-19|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> A yayin bude taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Gabatar da Tsarin Abinci a Rome, Fira Ministan Italiya Mario Draghi ya ce "Rikicin kiwon lafiya (COVID-19) ya haifar da matsalar abinci," yana ambaton bayanan da ke nuna cewa rashin abinci mai gina jiki ya zama babban dalilin rashin lafiya. lafiya da mutuwa a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/covid-19-crisis-has-lead-food-crisis-says-italys-draghi-2021-07-26/|title=COVID-19 crisis has led to food crisis, says Italy's Draghi|first=Maytaal|last=Angel|date=July 26, 2021|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> A cikin watan Satumbar alif 2020, David Beasley, babban darektan Shirin Abinci na Duniya, ya yi jawabi ga Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, inda ya bayyana cewa matakan da kasashen da ke bayar da agaji suka dauka cikin watanni biyar da suka gabata, gami da samar da dala tiriliyan 17.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}} a cikin kuɗaɗen kasafin kuɗi da tallafin babban bankin, dakatar da biyan bashin da IMF da ƙasashen G20 suka kafa don amfanin ƙasashe matalauta, da tallafin masu ba da gudummawa ga shirye -shiryen WFP, sun hana yunwa mai zuwa, ta taimaka wa mutane miliyan 270 cikin haɗarin yunwa. Koyaya, ya yi gargadin cewa, duk da cewa ya hana yunwa mai yawa a cikin ƙasashe matalauta, za a buƙaci ƙarin ayyukan masu ba da gudummawa don hana yunwa a cikin alif 2021 yayin da barkewar cutar da rikice -rikicen yanki ke ci gaba da raguwa.<ref name="wfpsep2">{{cite web|date=17 September 2020|title=WFP Chief warns of grave dangers of economic impact of Coronavirus as millions are pushed further into hunger|url=https://www.wfp.org/news/wfp-chief-warns-grave-dangers-economic-impact-coronavirus-millions-are-pushed-further-hunger|access-date=25 October 2020|publisher=[[World Food Programme]]}}</ref> == Bayan Fage == [[File:2019_Global_Hunger_Index_by_Severity.png|alt=|thumb|350x350px| Fihirisar Yunwa ta Duniya ta alif, 2019 ta Girma]] === Ciwon fara === Tsarin yanayi na musamman alif,2018, gami da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, ya haifar da haɓaka ƙimar yawan fararen hamada a Tsibirin [[Yankin Larabawa|Larabawa]] da Kahon Afirka yayin 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-14|title=A plague of locusts has descended on East Africa. Climate change may be to blame.|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/locust-plague-climate-science-east-africa/|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Science|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216120605/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/locust-plague-climate-science-east-africa/|archive-date=2020-02-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> Farar fara yin yawa wanda daga nan ya ci gaba da lalata amfanin gona, yana rage wadataccen abinci ga dabbobi da mutane. Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma da [[Bankin Duniya|Bankin Duniya sun]] bayyana cewa kasashe 23 ne cutar ta fara kamawa kuma an kiyasta asarar dalar Amurka biliyan 8.5 na kadarori kadai.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=The Locust Crisis: The World Bank's Response|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2020/04/27/the-locust-crisis-the-world-banks-response|access-date=2020-07-09|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> An kiyasta kimanin mutane miliyan 24 a yankuna masu alaƙa da ƙarancin abinci a cikin Yuli 2020.<ref name=":02" /> Sabuwar guguwar ta fara yaɗuwa a duk faɗin [[Afirka]] a watan Yunin 2020 ita ma ta haifar da fargabar cewa ƙarancin wadata, musamman a ƙasashe kamar [[Siriya]], [[Yemen]], [[Indiya]] da [[Itofiya|Habasha]], na iya haɓaka yunwa a yankunansu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN seeks urgent funding for pandemic aid transport|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/un-seeks-urgent-funding-pandemic-231643096.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=uk.news.yahoo.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-27|title=World Food Programme pulls COVID-19 fundraising images after backlash|url=https://www.devex.com/news/sponsored/world-food-programme-pulls-covid-19-fundraising-images-after-backlash-97330|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Devex}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=May 29|first1=Geoffrey P. Johnston More from Geoffrey P. Johnston Published on|last2=May 29|first2=2020 {{!}} Last Updated|last3=Edt|first3=2020 10:08 Am|date=2020-05-29|title=Foodgrains bank working to prevent famine|url=https://www.thewhig.com/opinion/columnists/foodgrains-bank-working-to-prevent-famine|access-date=2020-06-19|website=The Kingston Whig-Standard|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-18|title=UN envoy warns: Famine could be knocking on Syria's door|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200618-un-envoy-warns-famine-could-be-knocking-on-syrias-door/|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Middle East Monitor|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-03|title=Famine risk in Syria, four million desperate people|url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/23136/famine-risk-in-syria-four-million-desperate-people|access-date=2020-06-19|website=InfoMigrants|language=en}}</ref> === Annobar cutar covid-19 === Biyo bayan yaduwar cutar SARS-CoV-2 na coronavirus na duniya, kuma ta haka ne cutar [[Koronavirus 2019|coronavirus cuta ta 2019]], gwamnatocin ƙasashe da yawa sun aiwatar da kulle-kullen ƙasa da ƙuntatawa balaguron ƙasa don hana yaduwar cutar.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Salcedo|first1=Andrea|last2=Yar|first2=Sanam|last3=Cherelus|first3=Gina|date=2020-05-08|title=Coronavirus Travel Restrictions, Across the Globe|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-travel-restrictions.html|access-date=2020-07-09|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A sakamakon wadannan riƙi shirinsu da tsoro buying, karancin alaka da COVID-19 cutar AIDS da yawa tashi alhãli kuwa taimakon ceto damar da remittances daga high-samun kudin shiga al'ummai fadi. A lokaci guda, da yawa daga cikin matalautan ma’aikata a cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da na matsakaita ma sun rasa ayyukansu ko ikon yin noma sakamakon waɗannan kulle-kullen, yayin da yara ba za su iya samun abincin makaranta ba saboda rufe ilimin a duk faɗin duniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} An tabbatar da 4,906,104 sun mutu kai tsaye daga COVID-19, amma Oxfam ya nuna a cikin rahoton su na Yuli 2020 cewa lokacin da ya haɗa da waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon rashin abinci, wannan adadin ya fi yawa.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-09|title=12,000 people per day could die from Covid-19 linked hunger by end of year, potentially more than the disease, warns Oxfam|url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/12000-people-day-could-die-covid-19-linked-hunger-end-year-potentially-more-disease|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Oxfam International|language=en}}</ref> Oxfam ya yi hasashen a watan Yulin alif 2020 cewa zuwa ƙarshen shekara "mutane 12,000 a kowace rana na iya mutuwa daga COVID-19 da ke da alaƙa da yunwa",<ref name=":92" /> tare da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta]] bayyana cewa jimillar mutane miliyan 265 ke fuskantar matsanancin rashin abinci-karuwar Mutane miliyan 135 sakamakon barkewar cutar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Declaration on Food Security and Nutrition During the COVID-19 Pandemic {{!}} African Union|url=https://au.int/en/documents/20200427/declaration-food-security-and-nutrition-during-covid-19-pandemic|access-date=2020-07-09|website=au.int|archive-date=2020-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709224327/https://au.int/en/documents/20200427/declaration-food-security-and-nutrition-during-covid-19-pandemic|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="correspondent2" /> Shugaban shirin samar da abinci na duniya ya yi gargadin a cikin watan Afrilu na 2020 cewa ba tare da ci gaba da tallafin kuɗi daga ƙasashen yamma ba, mutane miliyan 30 da shirin ke tallafawa suna cikin haɗarin mutuwa sakamakon ƙarancin abinci a 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN food agency chief: World on brink of 'a hunger pandemic'|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/food-agency-chief-world-brink-hunger-pandemic-70269400|access-date=2020-06-19|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=World Food Programme warns at least 30 million people could die of starvation during pandemic|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-world-food-programme-warns-at-least-30-million-people-could-die-of/|access-date=2020-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-17|title=30 million people could die of starvation during pandemic : WFP|url=https://tbsnews.net/coronavirus-chronicle/30-million-people-could-die-starvation-during-pandemic-wfp-70339|access-date=2020-07-22|website=The Business Standard|language=en}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga watan Yuli, Oxfam ta fitar da wani rahoto da ke nuna fannoni goma na "matsananciyar yunwa" tare da "wuraren da ke fitowa" na yunwa, gami da yankuna a [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]], [[Afirka]], [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] da Kudancin Asiya.<ref name=":92" /> A cikin kwata na uku, an sake maimaita damuwar a cikin [[New York Times]] kuma duka Shirin Abinci na Duniya da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya sun]] buga bayanan lura da tasirin kulle-kullen COVID-19 akan rayuwar rayuwa da amincin abinci, tare da ''New York Times da ke'' cewa: "The bala'in da ke bayyana ya kasa yunwa [. . . ] Ana ci gaba da samun abinci a yawancin duniya, kodayake farashin ya hau a ƙasashe da yawa. Ã'a, tare da tattalin arzikin duniya da sa ran kwangilar kusan kashi 5 cikin dari a wannan shekara [...] aruruwan miliyoyin mutane dake fama da wani intensifying rikicin kan yadda za a amince da asali da ake ci bukatun.<ref>{{cite news|author=Goodman, Peter S.|display-authors=etal|date=11 September 2020|title=Hunger is a growing scourge in the pandemic|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/11/business/hunger-is-a-growing-scourge-in-the-pandemic.html|access-date=25 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="wfpsep2" /><ref>{{cite web|date=13 October 2020|title=Impact of COVID-19 on people's livelihoods, their health and our food systems|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2020-impact-of-covid-19-on-people%27s-livelihoods-their-health-and-our-food-systems|access-date=25 October 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> === Rikicin makamai === Da dama dauke da makamai rikice-rikice da kuma kawar da crises suna gudana, ciki har da wadanda dangantaka da Yemen yakin basasa, Syria yakin basasa, tayar da kayar baya a Maghreb, Russo-Ukrainian War kuma Afghanistan rikici . Samar da abinci da sufuri ta yankunan da ke fama da tashe -tashen hankula ba shi da kyau, kuma rikice -rikicen makamai da na siyasa yana haifar da manyan matsuguni ciki har da 'yan gudun hijirar yakin basasar Siriya da rikicin' yan gudun hijira na Venezuela . Sakamakon haka, wadannan yankunan sun fi fuskantar barazanar yunwa kuma karancin abinci ya yi yawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} == Rahoton Duniya kan Rikicin Abinci == A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, Hukumar Abinci ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa ana tsammanin za a yi fama da yunwa "na ma'aunin Littafi Mai Tsarki" a sassa da dama na duniya sakamakon barkewar cutar.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Fiona|last=Harvey|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/apr/21/coronavirus-pandemic-will-cause-famine-of-biblical-proportions|title=Coronavirus pandemic 'will cause famine of biblical proportions'|date=21 April 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=29 April 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="BBC Famine2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-52373888|title=World risks 'biblical' famines due to pandemic – UN|date=21 April 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=29 April 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> [https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000114546/download/ Sanarwar Rahoton Duniya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726111258/https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000114546/download/ |date=2020-07-26 }} na 2020 game da Rikicin Abinci ya nuna cewa ƙasashe 55 suna cikin haɗari,<ref name="UN Food Report2">{{cite web|url=https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000114546/download/|title=2020 GLOBAL REPORT ON FOOD CRISES|date=22 April 2020|website=WFP|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726111258/https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000114546/download/|url-status=dead}}</ref> tare da David Beasley ya ƙiyasta cewa a cikin mafi munin yanayi "ƙasashe kusan dozin" za su faɗa cikin yunwa.<ref name="BBC Famine2" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/22/africa/coronavirus-famine-un-warning-intl/index.html|title=Coronavirus pandemic will cause global famines of 'biblical proportions,' UN warns|first=Rob|last=Picheta|website=CNN|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref><nowiki></br></nowiki> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi hasashen cewa kasashe membobi masu zuwa za su sami manyan wurare tare da karancin wadataccen abinci wanda aka rarrabe a karkashin "danniya" ( IPC phase 2), "rikicin" ( IPC phase 3), "emergency" (IPC phase 4) ko "m gaggawa "(IPC phase 5) a 2020:<ref name="UN Food Report2" /> {{Columns-list|* {{flag|Afghanistan}}* * {{flag|Angola}} * {{flag|Burkina Faso}}* * {{flag|Cabo Verde}} * {{flag|Cameroon}} * {{flag|CAR}} * {{flag|Chad}}* * {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} * {{flag|DR Congo}} * {{flag|El Salvador}} * {{flag|Eswatini}} * {{flag|Ethiopia}}* * {{flag|Gambia}} * {{flag|Guatemala}} * {{flag|Guinea}} * {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} * {{flag|Haiti}}* * {{flag|Honduras}} * {{flag|Iraq}} * {{flag|Kenya}} * {{flag|Lesotho}} * {{flag|Liberia}} * {{flag|Libya}} * {{flag|Madagascar}} * {{flag|Malawi}} * {{flag|Mali}}* * {{flag|Mauritania}}* * {{flag|Mozambique}} * {{flag|Myanmar}} * {{flag|Namibia}} * {{flag|Nicaragua}} * {{flag|Niger}}* * {{flag|Nigeria}}* * {{flag|Pakistan}} * {{flag|Rwanda}} * {{flag|Senegal}}* * {{flag|Sierra Leone}} * {{flag|Somalia}} * {{flag|South Sudan}}* * {{flag|Sudan}}* * {{flag|Syria}}* * {{flag|Uganda}} * {{flag|Tanzania}} * {{flag|Venezuela}}* * {{flag|Yemen}}* * {{flag|Zambia}} * {{flag|Zimbabwe}}|colwidth=15em}} Hakanan yana tayar da faɗakarwa a kusa:<ref name="UN Food Report2" /> {{Columns-list|* {{flag|Bangladesh}}, [[Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh|Rohingya Refugees]] in [[Cox's Bazar]] * {{flag|Colombia}}, amongst [[Venezuelan refugee crisis|Venezuelan* migrants and refugees]] * {{flag|Djibouti}} * {{flag|Ecuador}}, amongst [[Venezuelan refugee crisis|Venezuelan* migrants and refugees]] * {{flag|Lebanon}}, amongst [[Refugees of the Syrian Civil War|Syrian* refugees]] * {{flag|Palestine}} * {{flag|Turkey}}, amongst [[Refugees of the Syrian Civil War|Syrian* refugees]] * {{flag|Ukraine}}, in the [[Luhansk]] and [[Donetsk]] oblasts: ** {{flag|Donetsk People's Republic}} (not recognised by the UN) ** {{flag|Luhansk People's Republic}} (not recognised by the UN) <!-- The United States is NOT listed in this United Nations report, please do not add it (see talk page) -->|colwidth=30em}} Alamar (covid-19) tana nuna cewa Oxfam tana ɗaukar ƙasar a matsayin "matsananciyar yunwa",<ref name=":92" /> kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin [https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/hunger-virus-how-covid-19-fuelling-hunger-hungry-world rahoton] Oxfam na Yuli 2020. Waɗannan muhimman wurare goma na "matsananciyar yunwa" waɗanda ke lissafin kashi 65% na jimlar yawan jama'a da ke fuskantar matsananciyar yunwa (IPC phase 3 ko sama) sun haɗa da [[Afghanistan]], [[Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango|DR Congo]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Haiti]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Sudan]], [[Siriya]], [[Venezuela]], [[Yemen]] da Sahel [[Afirka ta Yamma|na Yammacin Afirka]] (da suka hada da Burkina Faso, Chadi, Mali, Mauritania, Nijar, Najeriya da Senegal).<ref name=":92" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-09|title=World on the brink of a 'hunger pandemic': coronavirus threatens to push millions into starvation|url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/world-brink-hunger-pandemic-coronavirus-threatens-push-millions-starvation|access-date=2020-07-09|website=Oxfam International|language=en}}</ref>Har ila yau, ta lura da "wuraren da ke fitowa" na yunwa, tare da yankunan da ke fama da yunwa, a [[Brazil]], [[Indiya]], [[Yemen]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da Sahel.<ref name=":92" /><ref name=":12" /> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi “kiran gaggawa” don inganta nazarin bayanai a kasashe da dama wadanda ke iya fuskantar hadari, da suka hada da [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Congo]], [[Koriya ta Arewa]], [[Eritrea]], [[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]], [[Nepal]], [[Filipin|Philippines]] da [[Sri Lanka]],<ref name="UN Food Report2" /> == Tasiri ta yanki == === Amurka === ==== Brazil ====   [[Brazil|Kungiyar agaji ta Oxfam ta ayyana Brazil]] a matsayin <nowiki>'' tushen barkewar cutar ''</nowiki><ref name=":92" /> Mutane miliyan 38 a Brazil suna cikin ɓangaren tattalin arziƙin da ba na yau da kullun ba, tare da mafi yawan shiga aikin rashin aikin yi sakamakon kulle -kullen cikin gida.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news|date=2020-04-21|title=Specter of hunger rises in Brazil as coronavirus wrecks incomes|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-brazil-hunger-feat-idUSKCN22320F|access-date=2020-07-11}}</ref> Favelas da yawa sun yanke ƙarancin samar da ruwa ko samar da ruwa yayin bala'in, wanda hakan ke ƙara tsananta damuwar samun abinci da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moradores de comunidades do RJ sofrem com falta de água em meio à pandemia de coronavírus|url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2020/03/17/moradores-de-comunidades-do-rj-sofrem-com-falta-de-agua-em-meio-a-pandemia-de-coronavirus.ghtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319211134/https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2020/03/17/moradores-de-comunidades-do-rj-sofrem-com-falta-de-agua-em-meio-a-pandemia-de-coronavirus.ghtml|archive-date=19 March 2020|access-date=19 March 2020|website=G1}}</ref> A cikin Maris 2020, Majalisar Kasa ta Brazil ta amince da tsarin biyan kuɗi na 600 reais (dalar Amurka 114) ga ma’aikata na yau da kullun. Koyaya, Caritas ya soki wannan, tare da babban daraktan Brazil ya bayyana "yanzu, kawai game da abinci ne".<ref name=":22" /> ==== Haiti ==== [[Haiti|Oxfam ta ware Haiti]] a matsayin "matsananciyar yunwa".<ref name=":92" /> Haiti ta kasance cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki na shekaru 1.5, tare da farashin shinkafa ya ninka tun shekarar 2019. <ref name=":32">{{Cite web|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|title=For Haitians, die of hunger today or coronavirus tomorrow?|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/05/04/for-haitians-die-of-hunger-today-or-coronavirus-tomorrow.html|access-date=2020-07-11|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en}}</ref> Raguwar kuɗin da ake aikawa, wanda ya kai kashi 20% na GDP na ƙasar, sakamakon karuwar rashin aikin yi a Amurka da sauran ƙasashen yamma tare ya ƙara tsananta rikicin. Rabin dukkan ayyukan Haiti suna aikin noma, wanda cutar ta yi wa illa. Kafin barkewar cutar, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta]] yi hasashen cewa kashi 40% na mutanen Haiti za su dogara da taimakon kasa da kasa don abinci, kuma ana tsammanin wannan adadin zai karu.<ref name=":32" /> ==== Amurka ==== ===== Samun abinci ===== [[File:Cub_Foods_Damage_-_Minneapolis_Riots.jpg|thumb| Lalacewar kantin kayan abinci na Cub Foods da aka samu yayin tarzoma a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]]]] Bayan zanga -zangar adawa da cin zarafin 'yan sanda da tashin hankalin jama'a, wasu biranen sun fuskanci karancin abinci. Wannan tashin hankalin na iya hanzarta tashiwar harkokin kasuwanci a wuraren da ake tsammanin yin aiki lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 June 2020|title=Walmart, Target, CVS, Apple closing stores in some locations over George Floyd protests|url=https://abc7chicago.com/6224550/|website=ABC7 Chicago|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607221740/https://abc7chicago.com/6224550/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alal misali, a [[Chicago]] 's Kudu Side al'ummomi, akwai' yan zabi ga sayar da kayayyakin lambu kamar yadda mafi Stores rufe domin hana looting.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Marissa Parra|title=Chicago's South Side Left With Few Food Options After Weekend Violence|url=https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2020/06/03/chicagos-south-side-left-with-few-food-options-after-weekend-violence/|access-date=7 June 2020|work=CBS Chicago|date=7 June 2020|quote=Chicago now has food deserts in places that weren’t food deserts before. "Bronzeville Mariano’s was looted, the Walmart on 47th was looted}}</ref> A Minneapolis lokacin da aka fara zanga -zangar adawa da ta'asar 'yan sanda, wasu unguwanni sun ga kwace da barna. Lake Street ta sha wahala daga hamada na abinci tare da kantunan kantin kayan miya kaɗan, kantin magani da sauran mahimman kasuwancin buɗe. Waɗannan batutuwan sun haɗu da kulle -kullen gida, tare da rufe kasuwanni da yawa saboda barkewar cutar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Neighborhoods where stores were destroyed become food deserts overnight|url=https://www.marketplace.org/2020/06/04/neighborhoods-where-stores-were-destroyed-become-food-deserts-overnight/|access-date=12 July 2020|work=Marketplace|date=4 June 2020}}</ref> ===== Masu aikawa da kudi ===== [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ita ce babbar hanyar da ake tura kudi a duniya, kuma kudaden da ake aikawa daga ma’aikata a Amurka zuwa kasashen waje zuwa kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaita na da matukar muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin kasashe masu karba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Remittances – United States {{!}} Statista Market Forecast|url=https://www.statista.com/outlook/332/109/digital-remittances/united-states|access-date=2020-07-12|website=Statista|language=en|archive-date=2020-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712132642/https://www.statista.com/outlook/332/109/digital-remittances/united-states|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{Cite web|title=Remittances|url=http://migrationdataportal.org/themes/remittances|access-date=2020-07-12|website=Migration data portal|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714162209/https://migrationdataportal.org/themes/remittances|archive-date=2020-07-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2019, aikawa daga Amurka da sauran ƙasashen yamma suna lissafin babban adadin darajar GDP na ƙasa, musamman [[Tonga]] (37.6%), Haiti (37.1%), [[Sudan ta Kudu]] (34.1%), [[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]] (29.2%), da [[Tajikistan]] (28.2%).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Migration Data Portal|url=https://migrationdataportal.org/|access-date=2020-07-12|website=Migration data portal|language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, [[Bankin Duniya|Bankin Duniya ya yi]] hasashen cewa ana sa ran aikawar da ake fitarwa daga ƙasashen waje za ta ragu da kashi 19.7% zuwa dala biliyan 445, wanda ta ce tana wakiltar "asara mai mahimmancin kuɗaɗen rayuwa ga gidaje da yawa masu rauni" wanda ke buƙatar mutane da yawa su tura ajiyar nesa daga ilimi zuwa magance ƙarancin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Bank Predicts Sharpest Decline of Remittances in Recent History|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/04/22/world-bank-predicts-sharpest-decline-of-remittances-in-recent-history|access-date=2020-07-12|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> Wataƙila wannan raguwar kuɗin yana da alaƙa da kulle -kullen da koma bayan tattalin arziƙin ƙasashen yamma, kamar Amurka, wanda ke haɓaka rashin aikin yi kuma yana hana mutane da yawa aikawa da kuɗi ga iyalai a ƙasashensu. Wannan yana iya ƙara ƙarin damuwa a yankunan da ke cikin haɗarin karancin abinci, musamman a cikin ƙasashen da ke fuskantar sauran rikice -rikice.<ref name=":72" /> ==== Venezuela ==== [[Venezuela|Oxfam ta ware Venezuela]] a matsayin "matsananciyar yunwa".<ref name=":92" /> Rikicin siyasa mai tsananin gaske da matsanancin karancin abinci ya haifar da rikicin 'yan gudun hijira mafi girma a Amurka. Duk wadanda ke cikin Venezuela da wadanda ke tserewa zuwa makwabtan kasashe, kamar [[Kolombiya|Colombia]] da [[Ecuador]], an gano cewa suna cikin hatsarin karancin abinci.<ref name="UN Food Report2" /> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gano cewa akalla kashi daya bisa uku na sauran mutanen Venezuela da ba su da isasshen abincin da za su ci da kansu. <ref name=":42">{{Cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=2020-02-24|title=One in three Venezuelans not getting enough to eat, UN finds|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/24/venezuela-hungry-food-insecure-un-world-food-program|access-date=2020-07-11|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Waɗannan ƙarancin sun haɓaka tattalin arziƙin ta hanyar faduwar farashin mai sakamakon yaƙin farashin mai na Rasha -Saudi Arabia na 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gibbs|first=Stephen|title=Venezuelans at risk of famine as price of oil sinks to $1 a barrel|newspaper=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/venezuelans-at-risk-of-famine-as-price-of-oil-sinks-to-1-a-barrel-7g3gbpdj8|access-date=2020-07-11|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> 74% na dangin Venezuelan sun karɓi dabarun magancewa don magance ƙarancin abinci, gami da cin ƙasa da karɓar abinci azaman biyan kuɗi.<ref name=":42" /> === Gabashin Afirka === Gabashin Afirka a matsayin shiyya na da matukar rauni saboda cinkoson fararen da suka addabi yankin kwanan nan. Kasashe irin su Habasha, Sudan, Sudan ta Kudu suna fama da matsalar karancin abinci tun lokacin da farawar fararen fararen fararen fararen hula na shekarar 2019-20 ta fara a watan Yunin 2019 kuma su ne wuraren "matsananciyar yunwa".<ref name=":92" /> Inaya daga cikin biyar na duk mutanen da ke fama da rashin wadataccen abinci suna zaune a yankin Ƙasashe na Ƙasashe.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web|title=Locusts are putting 5 million people at risk of starvation – and that's without COVID-19|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/locusts-africa-hunger-famine-covid-19/|access-date=2020-07-11|website=World Economic Forum|language=en}}</ref> ==== Habasha ==== [[Itofiya|Kungiyar agaji ta Oxfam ta ayyana Habasha]] a matsayin "matsananciyar yunwa".<ref name=":92" /> Kusa da cunkoso da annoba, Habasha na fuskantar rashin tsaro saboda rikici, matsanancin yanayi da girgizar tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa.<ref name=":52" /> ==== Uganda ==== A cewar IPC statistics aka buga a watan Oktoba 2020, akwai fiye da 400,000 'yan gudun hijira a Uganda a rikicin yunwa matakan, tare da kara 90,000 fuskantar matsananci yunwa da 135,000 sa samun abinci mai gina jiki yara bukata da gaggawa magani, saboda lockdowns da sauran COVID-related hani da cewa sun yi mummunan tasiri a rayuwar, yayi dai -dai da rage tallafin abinci.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/oct/09/aid-cuts-and-covid-force-uganda-refugees-to-brink-of-starvation|title=Aid cuts and Covid force Uganda refugees to brink of starvation|author=Okiror, Samuel|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=9 October 2020|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> === Turai === ==== Ƙasar Ingila ==== Bankunan abinci a Burtaniya sun ba da rahoton karuwar haɓaka yayin bala'in a cikin 2020, musamman a tsakanin iyalai masu matsakaicin matsakaici a baya, bayan asarar aiki da gibi a cikin tsarin walwala.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-01|title=Growing numbers of 'newly hungry' forced to use UK food banks|url=http://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/nov/01/growing-numbers-newly-hungry-forced-use-uk-food-banks-covid|access-date=2021-04-30|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> [[UNICEF]] kuma ta raba abinci a Burtaniya a karon farko a tarihin ta na shekaru 70.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-17|title=COVID-19: UNICEF to feed UK children for first time in 70-year history|url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/12/17/coronavirus-unicef-to-feed-hungry-children-in-the-uk-for-first-time-in-70-year-history|access-date=2021-04-30|website=euronews|language=en}}</ref> === Gabas ta Tsakiya === ==== Siriya ==== 'Yan Siriya na fuskantar matsanancin karancin abinci sakamakon yakin basasar Siriya, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2011. Kimanin mutane miliyan 17 a Siriya - sama da kashi 50% na sauran mutanen - ana ɗaukar su da ƙarancin abinci, tare da ƙarin miliyan 2.2 cikin haɗari.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web|last=Quinn|first=Robbie Gramer, Colm|title=In Syria, a Grim Trade-Off Between Tackling Pandemic and Famine|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/07/pandemic-famine-syria-coronavirus-crisis/|access-date=2020-07-11|website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US}}</ref> 'Yan gudun hijirar yakin basasar Siriya suma suna cikin haɗarin haɗarin rashin wadataccen abinci, inda sansanonin' yan gudun hijira a maƙwabtancin Turkiyya da Lebanon suka nuna cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na cikin haɗarin gaske.<ref name="UN Food Report2" /> A watan Yuni na 2020, taron masu ba da gudummawa na duniya ya tara dalar Amurka biliyan 5.5 don agajin jin kai a Siriya.<ref name=":62" /> ==== Yemen ==== Yemen na daya daga cikin kasashen da ke fama da karancin abinci a duniya, inda aka kiyasta kimanin yara miliyan 2 da ke kasa da shekaru biyar ke fama da matsananciyar yunwa. An zargi masu tayar da kayar baya da shiga ko toshe abinci ga fararen hula, mai yiwuwa sakamakon karancin albarkatu gaba daya.<ref>{{cite web|date=2016-01-31|title=Yemen: Houthis Block Vital Goods into Taizz|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/31/yemen-houthis-block-vital-goods-taizz|access-date=2019-02-18|work=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2018-12-31|title=UN threatens to suspend aid to Yemen amid theft by Houthi rebels|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/12/31/un-threatens-suspend-aid-yemen-amid-theft-houthi-rebels/|access-date=2019-02-18|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> Har ila yau cutar ta fara shafar Yemen da barkewar cutar kwalara tare da cutar COVID-19. Haɗuwar illar waɗannan bala'o'i ya haifar da rikicin jin kai na musamman. Kafin barkewar cutar a cikin shekarar 2019, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta 'yan Yemen miliyan 20 na fama da karancin abinci kuma wasu miliyan 10 na cikin hadarin gaske.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-26|title=10 million Yemenis 'one step away from famine', UN food relief agency calls for 'unhindered access' to frontline regions|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/03/1035501|access-date=2020-07-11|website=UN News|language=en|archive-date=2020-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708004008/https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/03/1035501|url-status=dead}}</ref> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nemi dalar Amurka biliyan 2.4 don taimakawa hana yaduwar yunwa a Yaman, inda ake sa ran adadin wadanda suka mutu saboda yunwa zai zarce mutuwar da yaki, kwalara da COVID-19 suka haifar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Karasapan|first=Omer|date=2020-06-15|title=Yemen and COVID-19: The pandemic exacts its devastating toll|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2020/06/15/yemen-and-covid-19-the-pandemic-exacts-its-devastating-toll/|access-date=2020-07-11|website=Brookings|language=en-US}}</ref> === Sahel da Yammacin Afirka === Kungiyar agaji ta Oxfam ta bayyana a matsayin matsalar yunwa da ta fi saurin girma, da kuma "matsananciyar yunwa", yankin Sahel [[Afirka ta Yamma|na Yammacin Afirka]] yana da mutane miliyan 13.4 da ke buƙatar taimakon abinci na gaggawa.<ref name=":12" /> Barkewar cutar ta kara tsananta damuwar rashin abinci da tashin hankali ya haddasa a Maghreb da Sahel da kuma matsanancin yanayin yanayi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} A ranar 23 ga Yuli 2020, Bankin Raya Afirka (ADB), Babban Kwamishinan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR) da G5 Sahel sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya a Geneva, [[Abidjan]] da [[Nouakchott]] . A karkashin yarjejeniyar, kasashe biyar na yankin Sahel, [[Burkina Faso]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Mali]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], za su karɓi dala miliyan 20 don ƙarfafa martanin cutar ta COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2020/7/5f1993eb4/us20-million-sahel-drive-curb-covid-19.html|title=US$20 million for Sahel drive to curb COVID-19|access-date=23 July 2020|website=UNHCR}}</ref> === Kudu maso gabashin Asiya === ==== Kambodiya ==== A lokacin da Kambodiya ta kulle [[Phnom Penh]] a matsayin martani ga barkewar cutar a cikin kasar a watan Afrilu 2021, dubunnan mazauna babban birnin sun ba da rahoton neman agajin abinci na gaggawa, musamman a “jajayen yankunan” inda aka rufe kasuwannin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vodenglish.news/thousands-of-messages-seek-emergency-lockdown-food-aid-from-city-hall/|title=Thousands of Messages Seek Emergency Lockdown Food Aid From City Hall|access-date=2021-04-30|website=vodenglish.news}}</ref> Gwamnati ta gudanar da rabon abinci yana kokawa don biyan bukatar a cikin birni.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-29|title=Inside Cambodia's lockdown: If you leave the house, you could be beaten. If you stay home, you might starve|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-04-30/cambodians-desperate-for-food-as-harsh-lockdown/100103378|access-date=2021-04-30|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-30|title=Cambodians complain of lockdown hunger as outbreak takes toll on poor|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/cambodians-complain-lockdown-hunger-outbreak-takes-toll-poor-2021-04-30/|access-date=2021-04-30|website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cambodians plead for food as lockdown strictly enforced|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/Cambodians-plead-for-food-as-lockdown-strictly-enforced|access-date=2021-04-30|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Kudancin Asiya === ==== Afghanistan ==== Kungiyar Oxfam ta nuna Afghanistan a matsayin "matsananciyar yunwa".<ref name=":92" /> Daga tsakanin Janairu zuwa Mayu 2020, 'yan Afghanistan 84,600 sun tsere daga gidajensu sakamakon rikicin makamai a yankin, tare da wadannan' yan gudun hijirar da ke cikin mawuyacin hali na karancin abinci. Kusa da wannan, sakamakon barkewar cutar a kasashen makwabta ya haifar da bakin haure na Afganistan da ke komawa gida, tare da kiyasta bakin haure 300,000 da suka tsallaka kan iyaka daga [[Iran]], inda da yawa suka zama marasa aikin yi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afghanistan {{!}} Famine Early Warning Systems Network|url=https://fews.net/central-asia/afghanistan|access-date=2020-07-12|website=fews.net|archive-date=2020-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720120534/https://fews.net/central-asia/afghanistan|url-status=dead}}</ref> Waɗannan baƙin hauren kuma suna cikin haɗari kuma suna da ƙarancin wadataccen abinci. Barkewar cutar ta kuma yi tasiri kan dabaru da bayar da agaji wanda in ba haka ba za a iya kasancewa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} ==== Bangladesh ====   Kafin barkewar cutar, [[Bangladesh|an yi la'akari da Bangladesh]] a matsayin ƙasa mai ƙarancin wadataccen abinci, tare da mutane miliyan 40 da ake ganin ba su da abinci kuma mutane miliyan 11 suna fama da matsananciyar yunwa.<ref name=":82">{{Cite web|title=Bangladesh {{!}} World Food Programme|url=https://www.wfp.org/countries/bangladesh|access-date=2020-07-12|website=wfp.org}}</ref> Baya ga wannan, Shirin Abinci na Duniya ya ba da taimako ga 'yan Rohingya 880,000 da ke tserewa daga kisan kare dangi na Rohingya da ke gudana a [[Myanmar]],<ref name=":82" /> tare da Firayim Minista Sheikh Hasini ya kiyasta cewa aƙalla' yan gudun hijira miliyan 1.1 suka tsere zuwa Bangladesh.<ref name=":142">{{Cite web|date=2018-09-27|title=Bangladesh point finger at Myanmar for Rohingya 'genocide'|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/bangladesh-point-finger-at-myanmar-for-rohingya-genocide|access-date=2020-07-12|website=Associated Press|language=en-US}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan 'yan gudun hijirar suna dogaro ne da agajin abinci, ruwa, ilimi da mafaka waɗanda bala'in cutar coronavirus da barkewar fari suka jefa su cikin hadari, a cikin ƙasar da tuni ta dogara da taimakon waje ga yawan mutanen da ba su ƙaura ba. Rashin abinci mai gina jiki, tsaftar muhalli da samun ruwan sha mai tsafta matsaloli ne a yawancin waɗannan sansanin.<ref name=":82" /> Musamman, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin Rahotonta na Duniya kan Rikicin Abinci ya keɓe Cox's Bazar inda sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na gwamnati guda biyu-sansanin' yan gudun hijira na Kutupalong da sansanin 'yan gudun hijira Nayapara.<ref name="UN Food Report2" /> ==== Indiya ==== [[File:Kolkata_slum_area_during_Covid-19_pandemic_01.jpg|thumb| Yankin marasa galihu na [[Kolkata|Kolkata a watan Mayu 2020]]]] Oxfam ta bayyana Indiya a matsayin "cibiyar barkewar yunwa".<ref name=":92" /> Kimanin yara miliyan 90 waɗanda a koyaushe za su sami abincin makaranta ba za su iya yin hakan ba bayan rufe ilimin a duk Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Monitoring of School Meals During COVID-19 School Closures.|url=https://cdn.wfp.org/2020/school-feeding-map/index.html|access-date=2020-07-12|website=cdn.wfp.org|language=en}}</ref> Ya zama ƙalubale na kayan aiki don isar da abinci, duk da cewa a cikin 2019 Indiya tana da tan miliyan 77.72 a cikin rarar hatsi.<ref name=":102">{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus Puts India On Highway To Hunger: Despite Bumper Harvest Why Food Riots Lurk {{!}} Outlook India Magazine|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-coronavirus-puts-india-on-highway-to-hunger-despite-bumper-harvest-why-food-riots-lurk/303042|access-date=2020-07-12|website=outlookindia.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601085219/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-coronavirus-puts-india-on-highway-to-hunger-despite-bumper-harvest-why-food-riots-lurk/303042|archive-date=2020-06-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> TM Isaac Isaac, ministan kudi na [[Kerala]] ya bayyana cewa "cikakken ƙarancin" kayan masarufi na iya tasowa.<ref name=":102" /> Bangaren da ba na yau da kullun yana wakiltar kashi 81% na ma'aikata a Indiya, tare da yawancin waɗannan ma'aikatan na yau da kullun sun zama marasa aikin yi sakamakon kulle -kullen.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus: Millions in India facing hunger during COVID-19 lockdown measures|url=https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-millions-of-indians-facing-hunger-during-covid-19-lockdown-measures-11978857|access-date=2020-07-12|website=Sky News|language=en}}</ref> Wannan ya sa da yawa sun kasa biyan kudin abinci don ciyar da iyalansu. Dangane da hakan, gwamnatin Indiya ta kafa “sansanonin agaji” don samar da mafaka da abinci ga ma’aikata na yau da kullun da baƙi. Koyaya, yawancin waɗannan sun cika da yawan mutanen da ke buƙatar abinci da mafaka.<ref name=":112" /> Samun damar shiga unguwannin marasa galihu don isar da muhimman ayyuka da taimako shima ya kawo cikas ga buƙatun [[Ma Aunin Bada Tazara Na COVID-19 pandemic|nisantar da jama'a]] . A cewar ''The Telegraph'', kusan kashi 90% na ma’aikatan Indiya ma’aikata ne na yau da kullun, waɗanda suka sami kansu ba tare da samun kuɗi ba a cikin watanni na kulle -kullen; don mayar da martani gwamnati ta bullo da wani shiri na fan biliyan 200 don samar da abinci kyauta ga 'yan kasar miliyan 800.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/first-coronavirus-now-starvation-hunger-stalks-millions-indians/|title=First coronavirus, now starvation: hunger stalks millions of Indians plunged into extreme poverty|author1=Wallen, Joe|author2=Alam, Mohammad Sartaj|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=15 October 2020|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> == Amsar masana'antu == Rahoton Oxfam na Yuli alif, 2020 akan yunwa na coronavirus ya lissafa cewa tsakanin Janairu zuwa Yuli 2020, tafarkin barkewar cutar coronavirus, manyan kamfanonin abinci guda takwas ( The Coca-Cola Company, Danone, General Mills, Kellogg's, Mondelez, Nestlé, PepsiCo da Unilever ) ya bai wa masu hannun jarin dalar Amurka biliyan 18 a cikin ribar, ninki goma na girman ƙimar Majalisar forinkin Duniya don agajin da ake buƙata don rage ƙarancin abinci a yankunan da yunwa ta yi kamari.<ref name=":92" /> Da dama daga cikin wadannan kamfanoni, ciki har da Nestle da PepsiCo rubuta tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma da dama manoma ' yan kungiya da G20 ga goyon baya a abinci rarraba da kuma wadata abinci, to low albashi al'ummai.<ref name="Hungry Guardian2">{{Cite news|last=Harvey|first=Fiona|date=9 April 2020|title=Coronavirus could double number of people going hungry|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/09/coronavirus-could-double-number-of-people-going-hungry|access-date=29 April 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Martanin kasa da kasa == === Na ƙwarai === * {{Flag|African Union}}: The Union issued a declaration, describing "deep concern" in the continent, urging member states to prioritise farmers and food production as essential services and called upon "UN agencies, multilateral development banks, donor countries and other partners to consider the emergency as urgent and step up and provide financial and other resources to help countries that do not have the resources to adequately respond to this crisis".<ref name=":0" /> * {{Flag|European Union}}: The EU supported the release of the Global Report on Food Crises by the UN, and said it was "working to address the root causes of extreme hunger" as part of an "international alliance".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Press corner|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en|access-date=2020-07-11|website=European Commission – European Commission|language=en}}</ref> * {{Flag|United Nations}}: Dominique Burgeon, director of the [[Kungiyar Abinci da Noma|Food and Agriculture Organization]] called for increased support for poorer and high-risk nations, stating "This is a matter of international solidarity, and humanity, but also a matter of global security... The world community needs to come together. We can avoid food shortages if we are able to support countries across the globe."<ref>{{Cite news|last=correspondent|first=Fiona Harvey Environment|date=2020-04-16|title='Race against time' to prevent famines during coronavirus crisis|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/apr/16/race-against-time-to-prevent-famines-during-coronavirus-crisis|access-date=2020-07-09|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> === Na kasa === * {{Flag|United Kingdom}}: Foreign Secretary [[Dominic Raab]] announced a £119 million fund to tackle coronavirus and famine, stating "coronavirus and famine threaten millions in some of the world's poorest countries, and give rise to direct problems that affect the UK, including terrorism and migration flows."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-09-02|title=Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office opens|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-53992500|access-date=2020-09-02}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[COVID-19 pandemic a Africa|Cutar COVID-19 a Afirka]] * Cutar COVID-19 a Asiya * Cutar COVID-19 a Kudancin Amurka * Sikelin yunwa * Duniya da cuta == Manazarta == [[Category:Covid-19]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] odhfwau6416jujfulxwhohxo1oe3xbj 0 26572 969417 968788 2026-10-19T08:41:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Baaj Adebule''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1988) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, samfurin, kuma Mai shirya fim-finai daga Jihar Ogun a Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya . <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baaj_Adebule#cite_note-1 </ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baaj_Adebule#cite_note-2 </ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baaj_Adebule#cite_note-3 </ref> Ya fito a fina-finai na [[Nollywood]] tun shekarar 2012. Ya fara aikinsa a wasan kwaikwayo na M-Net ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' kuma ya bayyana a fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar su ''Hush'', The Men's Club, Payday, ''Zena'', Uncloaked, The Governor, The Missing, A Soldier's Story 1 & 2, ''Omo Wa'', Beast Within, da The ''Moles''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Payday Full Movie Online, Comedy Film |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/payday-743855.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811143258/https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/payday-743855.html |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=www.digit.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2015 |title=I’ve always had passion for arts – Baaj Adebule |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/ive-always-had-passion-for-arts-baaj-adebule/}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Adebule a asibitin Jalupon da ke Surulere, [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]]. Ya shafe mafi yawan lokacin yaro a Maryland Legas, inda ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Seat of Wisdom da makarantar sakandare ta Caleb. Ya koma Surulere bayan kisan aurensa a shekara ta 2005. Adebule dan asalin [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ne kuma ɗan asalin yankin karamar hukumar [[Ijebu Ode]] ne na [[Kwalejin Fasahar Lafiya ta Jihar Ogun|Jihar Ogun]] . An haife shi a gidan [[Kirista]]. Mahaifinsa injiniya ne kuma mahaifiyarsa mai lissafi da kuma dan kasuwa. Shi ne ƙarami a cikin yara tara daga aure da yawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Biography – Baaj Adebule |url=https://baajadebule.com/?page_id=26 |access-date=2020-09-18 |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shekaru na makaranta sun mayar da hankali ga ilimi, yayin da iyayensa suka jaddada muhimmancin ilimi na yau da kullun. Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya mai da hankali kan wasanni da zane-zane, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, kwando, badminton, wasan tennis na tebur, da waƙa. A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, Adebule ya bayyana cewa ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta coci tun yana ƙarami da kuma memba na ƙungiyar fasaha ta makarantarsa. Adebule an fi saninsa da ƙaunar fina-finai, wanda ya mai da hankali kan bayan kisan iyayensa. A shekara ta 2005, Adebule ya fara halartar [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]] a [[Jihar Ogun]] don nazarin tattalin arziki. Ya kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu a shekara ta 2009. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga cikin zane-zane da wasanni. Ya yi aiki a Multi Choice kusan kusan shekaru biyu kafin ya bar don mayar da hankali kan nishaɗi.<ref name=":2" /> == Ayyuka == Adebule ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo da kuma samfurin a cikin 2010 yayin da yake aiki a cikin aiki tara zuwa biyar. Zai je don sauraro da hotuna a lokacinsa na kyauta. Daga bisani ya sami karamin aiki a kan telenovela ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' . Tare da goyon bayan abokansa da danginsa, ya kasance mai takara a gasar Mista Najeriya ta 2011, inda ya zo na 4. A shekara ta 2012, ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma yin samfurin cikakken lokaci.<ref name=":2" /> Adebule ya sami jefa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa, gami da Asirin da Scandals, ''Iyali Mai Farin Ciki'', yana aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Sola Sobowale, Victor Olaotan da sauransu. A shekara ta 2014, Adebule ta fito a fina-finai da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin irin su Four Crooks da ''Rookie'', Deadline, Studio, da Lekki Wives . <ref name=":2" /> Ya fara fitowa na farko a cikin fim din A Soldier's Story, da kuma Road to Yesterday. Har ila yau a wannan shekarar, ya ƙaddamar da kamfanin samar da House of Baaj Pictures . Shirinsa na farko shi ne Seeing Betrayal, wanda ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni ya ci gaba da lashe mafi kyawun gajeren fim a Afirka 2015 a Zafaa Global Awards . <ref name=":2" /> Adebule ta fito a cikin ''Hush'', tana nuna Adze . Ya fito a cikin shirye-shirye kamar 5ive, The Governor, Uncloaked, The Missing, Payday, da Battleground Showdown . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Name !Character !Role !Production !Director |- | rowspan="3" |2012 |''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' |Javier |Supporting |Telenovela |Mnet |- |''Secrets and Scandals'' |Victor |Lead |Series |Elvis Chuwks |- |''Happy Family'' |Chris |Supporting |Series |Elvis Chuwks |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Four Crooks and A Rookie'' |Toba |Supporting |Film |Eze Ugo Maduka |- |''Two Sides of A Coin'' |Hacker |Supporting |Series |– |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''Deadline'' |David |Lead |Series |[[Imoh Umoren]] |- |''Studio'' |Young One |Supporting |Series |OLA |- | rowspan="5" |2015 |''[[Lekki Wives]]'' |Director |Supporting |Series |Blessing Egbe |- |''Seeing Betrayal'' |Husband |Lead |Short Film |Baaj Adebule |- |''[[A Soldiers Story (fim na 2015)|A Soldier's Story]]'' |Captain Dave |Supporting |Film |Frankie Ogar |- |''[[Road to Yesterday (fim)|Road to Yesterday]]'' |Janitor/Nurse |Supporting |Film |Ishaya Bako |- |''[[Shuga Naija|Shuga]]'' |Bartender |Supporting |Series |Biyi Bamidele |- | rowspan="4" |2016 |''Batteries Not Included'' |Guy |Lead |Short Film |OluYomi Ososanya |- |''Hush'' |Adze |Lead |Telenovela |Vicor S. Tope O. & Pat |- |''The Governor'' |Carl |Supporting |Series |Ema E. |- |''5ive'' |Segun |Lead |Series |OLA |- | rowspan="4" |2017 |''Uncloaked'' |Thankgod |Lead |Film |Daniel Oriahi |- |''The Missing'' |Detective Lazarus |Lead |Film |Seyi Babatope |- |''Distraction'' |Kevin |Supporting |Short Film |Deolu Owu |- |''Stay'' |Femi |Lead |Short Film |Ayomide Adeleke |- | rowspan="12" |2018 |''The Undergrads'' |Tunde |Lead |SitCom |Sade Dada |- |''Armstrong'' |Doctor |Supporting |Short Film |Maverick Films |- |''T.R.U.L.I.S'' |Taiwo Mathews |Lead |Series |7 Series |- |''Payday &nbsp; &nbsp;'' |Paul |Lead |Film |Lawrence Cheta |- |''30 Minutes'' |Johnbull/JB |Supporting |Series |7 Series |- |''Requital'' |Husband |Lead |Short film |Amaka Sandra |- |''Bachelor's Party'' |Abdul |Lead |Film |Seun Akinseloyin |- |''Through the Fast Lane'' |James |Lead |Series |Abiodun Williams |- |''Club'' |Tunde |Supporting |Film |Imoh Umoren |- |''BattleGround Showdown'' |Adze Tsenogu |Lead |Telenovela |Yemi Filmboy Morafa |- |''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|The Men's Club]]'' |Louis |Lead |Web Series |Tola Odunsi |- |''3 Bottles on aTable'' |Segun |Lead |Pilot |Baaj Adebule |- | rowspan="5" |2019 |''Wrong Con'' |John |Lead |Shortfilm |Charles Obiemere |- |''Beast Within'' |Stanley |Lead |Film |Daniel Oriahi |- |''Zena'' |Loik |Lead |Film |Daniel Oriahi |- |''Rust'' |Collins |Supporting |Film |Eseosa Adanihuomwan |- |''The Men's Club Season 2'' |Louis |Lead |Web Series |Tola Odunsi |} {| class="wikitable" |Ranar harbi |Sunan |Halinsa |Matsayi |Fitarwa |Daraktan |- |2015 |''Eripa'' |Jeffery |Lead |Fim din |Kayode Adeleke |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''Labarin Soja: Komawa Daga Matattu'' |Kyaftin Dave |Lead |Fim din |Frankie Ogar |- |''Kamfanin 3'' |Inuwa |Lead |SitCom |Paul Gaius |- |''Ayyuka'' |Mai bincike Steve |Taimako |Fim din |Omas |- | rowspan="8" |2019 |''Sabon Mutum'' |Sabon Mutum |Lead |Gajeren fim |Tolulope Ajayi |- |''Lemonade'' |Harry |Lead |Fim din |Mustapha Edochie |- |''Musayar Gaskiya'' |Joshua |Lead |Fim din |Abiodun Williams |- |''Scarlett'' |Frank |Taimako |Fim din |Eseosa Adanihuomwan |- |''Barin Tafiya'' |Maxwell |Lead |Fim din |Abiodun Williams |- |''Maple Inn'' |Ishaku |Taimako |Fim din |Seun Akinseloyin |- |''Moles'' |Kanmi |Lead |Fim din |Uche Chukwu |- |''Jerin Tarihin da ya ɓace'' |Mai bincike Lazarus |Lead |Ƙananan Jerin |Seyi Babatope |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Award ceremony !Category !Film !Result !Ref |- |2017 |[[2017 Best of Nollywood Awards|Best of Nollywood Awards]] |Revelation of the Year –male |{{N/a}} |{{Nom}} | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|7484900}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] teog903kyh7evqii51h3d8pzwho56ic 0 26809 969231 885213 2026-10-18T18:23:36Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358995454|The Mirror Boy]]" 969231 wikitext text/x-wiki   The Mirror Boy fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2011 wanda [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]] ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni, wanda Patrick Campbell ya samar kuma ya hada da [[Genevieve Nnaji]], [[Osita Iheme]] da Edward Kagutuzi . Fim din wanda aka harbe shi a [[Ingila]] da [[Gambiya]], ya sami gabatarwa 3 a 2011 Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMAA Nominations 2011 |url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominations-2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302124149/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominations-2011 |archive-date=2 March 2011 |access-date=7 March 2011 |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mirror Boy - Gala World Premier for The Mirror Boy in the UK |url=http://www.ama-awards.com/news/mirror-boy-gala-world-premier-mirror-boy-uk |access-date=7 March 2011 |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}</ref> == Makirci == Fim din ya ba da labari mai ban sha'awa game da wani matashi dan Afirka na Burtaniya wanda aka dawo da shi ƙasar haihuwar mahaifiyarsa, amma sai ya ɓace a cikin wani gandun daji mai ban mamaki kuma ya fara tafiya ta sihiri wanda ya koya masa game da kansa da asirin mahaifin da bai taba gani ba.[1] == Masu ba da labari == * Trew Sider - Rodney Marsh * Tabitha Wild - Mrs. Marsh * [[Genevieve Nnaji]] - Teema * [[Osita Iheme]] - Yaron madubi * Edward Kagutuzi - Tijan * [[Fatima Maada Bio|Fatima Jabbe]] - Sarauniya * Emma Fletcher - Miss Nugent * Peter Halpin - PC Andrews * Aisha Barry - Leema * Victor Carvalho - Shugaba * Felix Ceesay - Sarkin 'yan sanda * Ify Chukwu - Jami'in 'yan sanda * Mariama Feh - Sarauniyar daji * Awa Gassama - Jami'in Shige da Fice * John Charles Njie - Samba * Francesca Marston - Tanya == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2011|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2011]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} iamjyjovtfrwhtf59alpqj545kvszti 969232 969231 2026-10-18T18:24:12Z Salma Raddah 45959 969232 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} The Mirror Boy fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2011 wanda [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]] ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni, wanda Patrick Campbell ya samar kuma ya hada da [[Genevieve Nnaji]], [[Osita Iheme]] da Edward Kagutuzi . Fim din wanda aka harbe shi a [[Ingila]] da [[Gambiya]], ya sami gabatarwa 3 a 2011 Africa Movie Academy Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMAA Nominations 2011 |url=http://ama-awards.com/amaa-nominations-2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302124149/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominations-2011 |archive-date=2 March 2011 |access-date=7 March 2011 |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mirror Boy - Gala World Premier for The Mirror Boy in the UK |url=http://www.ama-awards.com/news/mirror-boy-gala-world-premier-mirror-boy-uk |access-date=7 March 2011 |publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]}}</ref> == Makirci == Fim din ya ba da labari mai ban sha'awa game da wani matashi dan Afirka na Burtaniya wanda aka dawo da shi ƙasar haihuwar mahaifiyarsa, amma sai ya ɓace a cikin wani gandun daji mai ban mamaki kuma ya fara tafiya ta sihiri wanda ya koya masa game da kansa da asirin mahaifin da bai taba gani ba.[1] == Masu ba da labari == * Trew Sider - Rodney Marsh * Tabitha Wild - Mrs. Marsh * [[Genevieve Nnaji]] - Teema * [[Osita Iheme]] - Yaron madubi * Edward Kagutuzi - Tijan * [[Fatima Maada Bio|Fatima Jabbe]] - Sarauniya * Emma Fletcher - Miss Nugent * Peter Halpin - PC Andrews * Aisha Barry - Leema * Victor Carvalho - Shugaba * Felix Ceesay - Sarkin 'yan sanda * Ify Chukwu - Jami'in 'yan sanda * Mariama Feh - Sarauniyar daji * Awa Gassama - Jami'in Shige da Fice * John Charles Njie - Samba * Francesca Marston - Tanya == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2011|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2011]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} k3p1kucmqux53nf8xuwnoj1xg055uyx 0 27902 969427 663367 2026-10-19T10:27:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Barbara Hardy 2009.jpg|thumb|Barbara Hardy]] '''Barbara Hardy''' ko '''Barbara Rosemary Hardy''' (an haife ta 31 Maris 1927) ita 'yar Australiya ce mai kula da muhalli kuma yar kimiya. Ita ce majiɓincin Cibiyar Barbara Hardy, mai alaƙa da Jami'ar SA. Cibiyar Barbara Hardy tana binciken ƙarancin rayuwa da makamashi mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Albert|first=Barbara|date=2017-08-16|title=Universities demonstrating sustainable energy leadership|url=https://100percentrenewables.com.au/universities-demonstrating-sustainable-energy-leadership/|access-date=2021-12-06|website=100% Renewables|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hardy Institute|url=https://www.unisa.edu.au/siteassets/episerver-6-files/documents/itee/barbara-hardy-institute-research-report-2011.pdf|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-12-07|archive-date=2022-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121202103/https://www.unisa.edu.au/siteassets/episerver-6-files/documents/itee/barbara-hardy-institute-research-report-2011.pdf}}</ref> Bukatun bincikenta sun haɗa da makamashi mai sabuntawa, kiyaye halittu masu rai da ci gaba mai dorewa ta muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web|last=sallymiles|date=2011-11-25|title=Life Member Profile: Barbara Hardy AO|url=http://www.asc.asn.au/blog/2011/11/25/barbarahardy/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Australian Science Communicators|language=en-AU|archive-date=2012-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321190555/http://www.asc.asn.au/blog/2011/11/25/barbarahardy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hardy a Largs Bay, Kudancin Ostiraliya. Ta yi karatun sakandarenta a makarantar ’yan mata ta Woodlands tana da shekara 16 kuma ta yi karatun digirin kimiyya a Jami’ar Adelaide.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hardy, Barbara Rosemary (1927–)|url=http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE0683b.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Australian Women's Register}}</ref> Daga baya ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Flinders.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Professorial Chairs|url=http://fii.unisa.edu.au/our-people/strand-leaders/professorial-chairs/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Future Industries Institute|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207110344/https://fii.unisa.edu.au/our-people/strand-leaders/professorial-chairs/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hardy yana aikin sa kai a fagen muhalli tun shekarun 1970s. Barbara Hardy (nee Begg) ta auri Tom Hardy, cikin dangin da ke cikin ruwan inabi da kwale-kwale. Hardy ta ba da aikin sa kai a Majalisar Karewa, tun daga 1972, sannan ta shiga digiri a fannin kimiyyar duniya a Jami'ar Flinders, a 1972. Hardy ya yi aiki tare da ministan muhalli, David Wotton, a cikin 1970s da 1980s. Ta yi aiki da Hukumar Tarihi ta Australiya, Landcare, Gidauniyar Parks Foundation da Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AdelaideAZ|url=https://adelaideaz.com/articles/barbara-hardy-heroic-leader-in-south-australian-science-education-and-advocating-for-the-environment_copy_copy|access-date=2021-12-06|website=adelaideaz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Trove|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/743097?c=people%20http://adelaidefestivalofideas.com.au/festivals/2011-planning-for-certainty/%20https://guides.slsa.sa.gov.au/hardy|access-date=2021-12-07|website=trove.nla.gov.au}}</ref> Hardy kuma majibincin Gidauniyar Nature ne a Kudancin Ostiraliya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nature Foundation|url=https://www.naturefoundation.org.au/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Nature Foundation|language=en-AU}}</ref> Mayar da hankali ta shine ci gaba mai dorewa ta muhalli, samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa, da bambancin halittu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AdelaideAZ|url=https://adelaideaz.com/articles/barbara-hardy-heroic-leader-in-south-australian-science-education-and-advocating-for-the-environment_copy|access-date=2021-12-07|website=adelaideaz.com}}</ref> A Jami'ar Kudancin Ostiraliya, Hardy ya kasance memba na kwamitin kafa na Tsarin Dorewa da Fasaha. Sannan ta zama majibincin Cibiyar Barbara Hardy, a Jami'ar Kudancin Ostireliya. Ita ce mai goyon bayan kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa, inda ayyukan kimiyya ke samun shiga daga membobin al'umma, tare da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin membobin jama'a da masana kimiyya. Ta yi imanin cewa idan aka ji muryoyin al’umma, hakan na iya rinjayar halayensu da halayensu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Australia|first=State Library of South|title=LibGuides: Barbara Hardy: The Barbara Hardy Institute|url=https://guides.slsa.sa.gov.au/c.php?g=410276&p=2794920|access-date=2021-12-06|website=guides.slsa.sa.gov.au|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206130106/https://guides.slsa.sa.gov.au/c.php?g=410276&p=2794920|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ita ma'aikaciyar Cibiyar Makamashi ta Australiya ce.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Queensland)|first=Australian Institute of Energy. National Conference (1984 : University of|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/216377431|title=Broadening Australia's energy perspective : conference papers|date=1984|publisher=Australian Institute of Energy|oclc=216377431}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[File:Haydn and Mozart.jpg|thumb|Barbara Hardy]] ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan masana muhalli 50 na SA<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adelaidenow.com.au {{!}} Subscribe to The Advertiser for exclusive stories|url=https://dsf.newscorpaustralia.com/adelaidenow/subscription/|access-date=2021-12-07|language=en-AU}}</ref> kuma an yi gasar lakabin ruwan inabi ta Barbara Hardy, don zayyana alamar kwalabe na shiraz.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hardy prize|url=https://www.naturefoundation.org.au/getattachment/af95943d-675b-47ba-9c92-709211ec7ff0/Issue-3-2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nature Foundation Barbara Hardy Shiraz|url=https://bechardy.com.au/our-wines/bec-hardy-wines/nature-foundation-40th-anniversary-shiraz/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Bec Hardy Wines|language=en-AU|archive-date=2021-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207111836/https://bechardy.com.au/our-wines/bec-hardy-wines/nature-foundation-40th-anniversary-shiraz/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kyauta == * 2011 - An sadaukar da bikin ra'ayoyin Adelaide ga Hardy * 2011 – Laburaren Jiha na SA ya ƙunshi nuni akan aikin Hardy * 2010 - Digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Adelaide<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trove|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/743097?c=people|access-date=2021-12-06|website=trove.nla.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AdelaideAZ|url=https://adelaideaz.com/articles/barbara-hardy-heroic-leader-in-south-australian-science-education-and-advocating-for-the-environment_copy_copy|access-date=2021-12-06|website=adelaideaz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AdelaideAZ|url=https://adelaideaz.com/articles/barbara-hardy-heroic-leader-in-south-australian-science-education-and-advocating-for-the-environment_copy_copy|access-date=2021-12-06|website=adelaideaz.com}}</ref> * 1993 - Digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Flinders * 1992 – Medal na Cibiyar Injiniya<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Hardy, Barbara Rosemary|url=https://www.eoas.info/biogs/P004271b.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Encyclopedia of Australian Science|language=en-gb}}</ref> * 1994 - Kyautar Eureka don ci gaban Kimiyya<ref name=":0" /> * 1996 – SA Babban Ostiraliya na shekara<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women's Museum of Australia|url=https://wmoa.com.au/herstory2017/woman/hardy-barbara-rosemary-begg|access-date=2021-12-07|website=wmoa.com.au|archive-date=2021-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207110715/https://wmoa.com.au/herstory2017/woman/hardy-barbara-rosemary-begg|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1987 - Jami'in Order of Ostiraliya don "sabis don kiyayewa da al'umma"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mrs Barbara Rosemary Hardy|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/878356|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-07|website=It's an Honour}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=sallymiles|date=2011-11-25|title=Life Member Profile: Barbara Hardy AO|url=http://www.asc.asn.au/blog/2011/11/25/barbarahardy/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=Australian Science Communicators|language=en-AU|archive-date=2012-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321190555/http://www.asc.asn.au/blog/2011/11/25/barbarahardy/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adelaide Univerity records|url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/records/system/files/docs/Barbara_Hardy.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6a4gy3c24f3z5pzgjp0u5l5call4rbe 0 28827 969396 958964 2026-10-19T07:07:59Z Salma Raddah 45959 969396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Darghouth_bath_inside.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darghouth_bath_inside.jpg|right|thumb|330x330px|Baho na Dargouth Turkawa daga ciki]] [[File:Darghouth_bath_entrance.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darghouth_bath_entrance.jpg|right|thumb|330x330px|ƙofar wanka na Dargouth Turkawa ]] '''Baho na Dargouth Turkawa''' wanka ne na kasar [[Turkiyya]] a tsohon kwata na [[Tripoli]], [[Libya]]. An kafa wannan wanka ne a shekara ta 1081 AH/(1670 AD ko 1671 AD). An hade shi da Masallacin [[Sidi Darghouth]] da kabari, inda aka samo sunansa. Masallacin da kabarin su kuma sun samo sunayensu ne daga sunan kwamandan sojojin ruwa na Ottoman Turgut. == Manazarta == # الاعتداء على جامع درغوث باشا بطرابلس Archived 2023-12-22 at the Wayback Machine # الجوامـع الحنفية في شمال أفريقيا بين الأصالة المحلية والتأثيرات العثمانية: دراسة في التخطيط والعمارة Archived 2022-09-24 at the Wayback Machine # "حمامات مدينة طرابلس الغرب (دراسة مقارنة)" {| class="wikitable" |} l2dbdn8y0jhhb38401768dcwx2ojwwf 969398 969396 2026-10-19T07:09:37Z Salma Raddah 45959 969398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Darghouth_bath_inside.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darghouth_bath_inside.jpg|right|thumb|330x330px|Baho na Dargouth Turkawa daga ciki]] [[File:Darghouth_bath_entrance.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darghouth_bath_entrance.jpg|right|thumb|330x330px|ƙofar wanka na Dargouth Turkawa ]] '''Baho na Dargouth Turkawa''' wanka ne na kasar [[Turkiyya]] a tsohon kwata na [[Tripoli]], [[Libya]]. An kafa wannan wanka ne a shekara ta 1081 AH/(1670 AD ko 1671 AD). An hade shi da Masallacin Sidi Darghouth da kabari, inda aka samo sunansa. Masallacin da kabarin su kuma sun samo sunayensu ne daga sunan kwamandan sojojin ruwa na Ottoman Turgut. == Manazarta == # الاعتداء على جامع درغوث باشا بطرابلس Archived 2023-12-22 at the Wayback Machine # الجوامـع الحنفية في شمال أفريقيا بين الأصالة المحلية والتأثيرات العثمانية: دراسة في التخطيط والعمارة Archived 2022-09-24 at the Wayback Machine # "حمامات مدينة طرابلس الغرب (دراسة مقارنة)" {| class="wikitable" |} dm3gymf3ouw0zj3qrtn5lxoacpt9aa6 0 29287 969389 529298 2026-10-19T06:57:09Z Salma Raddah 45959 969389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Oduduwa_groove_where_Oduduwa_is_believed_to_have_descended.jpg|alt=|thumb| Wani mutum-mutumi na Oduduwa.]] [[Fayil:Oduduwa in Oduduwa script.svg|thumb|Oduduwa]] [[Fayil:The Statue of Oduduwa the Progenitor of Yoruba Race in Ile-Ife Osun.jpg|thumb|oduduwa]] [[Fayil:Oduduwa King of Yoruba.jpg|thumb|oduduwa]] '''Oduduwa''' sarki ne mai daraja na [[Yarbawa]].<ref>"Law, R. C. C. (1973). "The Heritage of Oduduwa: Traditional History and Political Propaganda among the Yoruba". ''The Journal of African History''. '''14''' (2): 207–222. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1017/S0021853700012524. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0021-8537. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]] 180445.</ref> Bisa ga al'ada, shi ne mai rike da sarautar ''Olofin'' na [[Ile-ife|Ile-Ife]], birnin Yarbawa mai tsarki.<ref>"The Yoruba States | World Civilization". ''courses.lumenlearning.com''. Retrieved 2020-05-26.</ref> Ya yi mulki a taƙaice a Ife,<ref>"Lynch, Patricia Ann (17 June 2018). ''African Mythology, A to Z''. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9781438119885|<bdi>9781438119885</bdi>]].</ref><ref>"Alokan, Adeware (17 June 2018). ''The Origin, Growth & Development of Efon Alaaye Kingdom''. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9789783456785|<bdi>9789783456785</bdi>]].</ref> kuma ya kasance asalin wanda ya samar da wasu daulolin sarauta masu zaman kansu na [[Kasar Yarbawa|ƙasar Yoruba]].<ref>Obayemi, A., "The Yoruba and Edo-speaking Peoples and their Neighbors before 1600 AD", in J. F. A. Ajayi & M. Crowder (eds), ''History of West Africa'', vol. I (1976), 255–322.</ref><ref>"Falola, Toyin; Mbah, Emmanuel (17 June 2018). ''Dissent, Protest and Dispute in Africa''. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9781315413082|<bdi>9781315413082</bdi>]].</ref> Sunansa, da [[Yarbanci|harshen Yarbanci]] -masu yaren suna rubutawa a cikin sauti kamar '''Odùduwa''' kuma wani lokaci ana yin kwangila a matsayin ''Ooduwa'', ''Odudua'' ko ''Oòdua'', a yau ana girmama shi da sunan "jarumi, shugaba kuma uban kabilar Yarbawa".<ref>"Arifalo, S. O. (17 June 2018). ''The Egbe Omo Oduduwa: a study in ethnic and cultural nationalism''. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9789783550766|<bdi>9789783550766</bdi>]].</ref> Ta hanyar rikici kuma galibi, ta hanyar diflomasiyya na shekaru masu yawa, Oduduwa ya sami damar kwace sarautar Ife na wani dan lokaci ya zama Sarki. Oduduwa ya rike sunayen yabo ''Olofin Adimula''.<ref>"Atanda, Joseph Adebowale; Oguntomisin, Dare (17 June 2018). ''Readings in Nigerian History and Culture''. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9789783654822|<bdi>9789783654822</bdi>]].</ref> Bayan bauta da ake masa bayan mutuwarsa, an shigar da shi cikin pantheon na Yarbawa a matsayin wani bangare na allantaka na farko mai suna iri ɗaya.<ref>"Rapoport, Amos (17 June 2018). ''The Mutual Interaction of People and Their Built Environment''. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9783110819052|<bdi>9783110819052</bdi>]].</ref> == Asalin kalmar == Asalin kalmar sunan Yarbawa “Oduduwa” shine: Odu-ti-o-da-uwa (watau. Odu-ti-o-da-iwa). Wannan a fassare a na nufin: Babban wurin ajiya wanda ke haifar da wanzuwa.<ref>''The history of the Yorubas : from the earliest times to the beginning of the British Protectorate''. Johnson, Samuel, d. 1901; Johnson, O. (Obadiah). 1921.</ref> == Al'adun Ife == Al’adar Ife, wadda masana tarihin Yarbawa na zamani suka ba da fifiko, ta bayyana cewa Oduduwa manzo ne daga al’ummar Oke-Ora, yankin gabas na al’adun Ife wanda ya taso zuwa Arewa maso Gabashin kabilar Ijesa. An ce shi jarumi ne da ke sanye da sulke da karfe. A wancan lokacin, an yi kawance tsakanin al’ummomi 13 na kwarin Ile-Ife, kowace al’umma ko ‘Elu’ tana da Oba wato sarkin ta; da Oba of Ijugbe, the Oba of Ejio, the Oba of Iwinrin etc. A lokacin da Oduduwa ya zama fitaccen dan kabilar Ife a zamanin da, ana kyautata zaton shi da kungiyarsa sun kawo cikas ga tsarin siyasar al’ummomin 13, ta hanyar goyon bayan al’ummomi 6 daga cikin 13. Maimakon a tsige Obatala, garin ya kasu kashi biyu tare da sarakunan duka biyun suna zama sarakunan kungiyoyinsu. Mulkinsa ya takaita ga Idio. Sai dai al’adar Ife ta bayyana cewa ba a taba kiransa da Ooni ba, haka ma bai yi amfani da kambin gargajiya na Ife ba. === Bayan shekaru === An kawo karshen takarar shugabancin sakamakon kokarin hadin gwiwar Obatala, Orunmila da Owa Ilare. Al'amurra uku sukai sanadiyar mutuwar Oduduwa. Bayan haka, wani babban bangare na goyon bayan Oduduwa ya watse – wannan kuma aka mayar da shi yana nufin tarwatsa ‘ya’yansa da jikokinsa tun daga Ife zuwa sansanonin da suka kafa ko kuma suka yi tasiri a kai. Obalufon II Alayemore yana kan karagar mulki lokacin da Oranmiyan, dan Ogun amma galibi yana alaka da Oduduwa, ya dawo daga zamansa ya yi takarar sarautar Obalufon. Babu tabbas kan yadda Lajamisan ya kasance dan Oranmiyan, duk da cewa ya yi zalunci ya kwace mulki, kuma za a iya cewa shi ne zuriyar dukkan Oonis da suka yi sarauta a Ife tun daga lokacinsa har zuwa yanzu, lamarin da ya sa masana tarihi suka yi wa lakabi da Daular Lajamisan, wanda har ya zuwa yanzu ba a fasa ba. kusan shekaru 700. == Oranmiyan == Oranmiyan dan Ogun ne amma da alama Oduduwa ya karbe shi matsayinda. Ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan jaruman tarihi na Yarbawa. Rigimar haihuwarsa ta samo asali ne saboda kasancewar Oduduwa da Ogun duk sun yi hulda da mace daya mahaifiyarsa. Ogun jarumi ne wanda balaguron sa ya kai ga kama wata mata a matsayin ganimar yaki kuma ya yi lalata da ita. Oduduwa dai ya so matar kuma ya yi lalata da ita tun tana da ciki. Ko yaya lamarin ya kasance, lamarin ya haifar da haihuwar Odede, wanda aka fi sani da Oranmiyan.<ref>Beier, Ulli (1980-10-02). ''Yoruba Myths''. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780521229951|<bdi>9780521229951</bdi>]].</ref> Daga baya Oranmiyan zai zama Alaafin Oyo na farko, kuma Ooni na Ife. Ya kuma yi wa wata ‘yar Sarkin Benin ciki wadda ta haifi Eweka, wanda ya kafa daular Oba a Benin. == Moremi da Ugbo == Bayan tarwatsa dangin sarakuna da sarauniyoyi, ƴan ƙabilar sun zama marasa mulki, suka zama babbar barazana ga rayuwar Ife. Tunanin cewa su zuriyar Oranfe ne ta hanyar Obalufon Ogbogbodinrin (Osangangan Obamakin) wanda ya mulki kasar kafin zuwan Oranmiyan, wadannan mutane sun mayar da kansu ‘yan fashi. Suna zuwa garin sanye da kayan rafufawa masu ban tsoro da ban tsoro, suna kona gidaje da wawashe kasuwanni. A dai-dai lokacin ne [[Moremi Ajasoro]], wata mata daga Igun a Ile-Ife ta zo wurin. An aurar da ita Lukagba, Obalufon Alayemore da Oranmiyan a lokuta daban-daban; Daga baya ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen maido da al'amura ta hanyar leken asiri. Ta yarda a kamo ta aka tafi da ita tare da barayi. Daga bisani ta auri sarkin Ugbo. Sabon mijin nata yana son jin daɗi daga gare ta amma ba ta yarda ba saboda ta yi aure a baya kuma tana kan manufa. Ta ce masa ya gaya mata sirrin 'yan fashin, bai so ba amma bayan ya zarge shi, sai ya bari. Ya ce mata abin da suke tsoro shi ne ''WUTA'', idan sun ga wuta za su gudu. Bayan wannan bayanin ta tsara shirin guduwa. Ta nemi lemu ta sanya ruwan ya yi tasiri a kan mutanen fada. Da suka farka bayan cin su, sai suka tarar ta je ta gaya wa mutanenta rauninsu. Ta hanyar yin amfani da wannan bayanin, ba da daɗewa ba mutanen Ife suka shirya wa maharan.<ref>"Yoruba Alliance: Archived 2011-07-02 at the [[Wayback Machine]]''Who are the Yoruba!''</ref> == Madadin ra'ayi == === Oduduwa da rawar da ya taka a labarin halitta ===   Al'adun addini na Yarbawa game da wayewar zamani sun yi iƙirarin cewa Oduduwa shine Orisa wanda Olodumare ya fi so. Don haka, shi (ko ita, kamar yadda Oduduwa na farko ya wakilci al’amuran Allahntaka na mata da kuma Obatala namijin Ubangiji) daga sama aka aiko shi ya halicci duniya bisa ruwa, aikin da ya kwace daga hannun abokinsa kuma dan uwansa Obatala, wanda ya yi. an sanye shi da harsashin katantanwa cike da yashi da zakara don watsa yashin da aka fada domin samar da kasa. Wadannan akidu da malaman gargajiya na Yarbawa ke rike da su a matsayin ginshikin tarihin halittarsu. Obatala da Oduduwa a nan ana wakilta su da alamar [[Ƙwarya|Calabash]], inda Obatala ya ɗauki saman Oduduwa kuma ya ɗauki ƙasa. A cikin wannan labari, Oduduwa kuma ana kiransa da ''Olofin Otete'', wanda ya karbi Kwandon Rayuwa daga Olodumare. An gabatar da wani hoton Oduduwa a matsayin matar Obatala a cikin Odu Ifa Osa Meji, aya ta bakan Ifa. A cikin wannan Odu, Obatala ya gano sirrin matarsa kuma ya sace mata rigar masakin don ya saka da kansa. Ana ba da shawarar wannan don zama wakilcin tarihi na canji daga matriarchy zuwa na sarauta.<ref>Washington, Teresa (2014). ''The Architects of Existence''. United States: Oyas Tornado. pp. 25–28. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0991073016|<bdi>978-0991073016</bdi>]].</ref> Wannan al’adar nazarin sararin samaniya a wasu lokuta an hade ta da al’adar Oduduwa ta tarihi. A cewar wasu hadisai, ana ganin sunan Oduduwa na tarihi a matsayin sunan Oduduwa na farko, wanda mace ce kuma mai alaka da Duniya da ake kira Ile.<ref>"Lawal, Babatunde (1995). "À Yà Gbó, À Yà Tó: New Perspectives on Edan Ògbóni" (PDF). ''African Arts''. '''28''' (1): 36–49. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.2307/3337249. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]] 3337249 – via Jstor.</ref><ref>Babatunde, E.D. (1980). "Ketu Myths and the Status of Women" (PDF). ''Ayelekumari.com''. Retrieved October 18, 2019.</ref> Al'adun farko na ko dai wani jinsi ne shi/ita ana ganin alomomin mace a cikin wakilcin ruhi a al'adar Gelede. Mafarin Gelede sun karɓi wurin ibada ga Oduduwa tare da tufa da abin rufe fuska na Gelede. Wannan yana magana da Oduduwa kamar yadda ake dangantawa da iyayen kakannin Allah waɗanda aka sani da Awon iya wa ko Iyami a ƙarƙashin umarninsu. Anan ana girmama Oduduwa a matsayin mahaifiyar Yarbawa.<ref>Drewal, Margaret and Henry (1993). ''Gelede:Art and Female Power among the Yoruba''. Indiana University Press. pp. 232–234. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0253205654|<bdi>0253205654</bdi>]].</ref> === Ra'ayin Bayerabe Musulmi === Daga cikin masu sukar al'adun Yarabawa game da Oduduwa akwai malamin Yarbawa Musulmi mazaunin Landan, [[Abu-Abdullah Adelabu|Sheikh Dr. Abu-Abdullah Adelabu]] . A wata hira da wata kafar yada labarai ta Najeriya, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kungiyar Awqaf Africa Society da ke Landan ya yi watsi da akidar da aka saba da ita na cewa dukkanin Yarbawa zuriyar Oduduwa ne a matsayin “wakilin karya da masu bautar Orisha suke yi don samun wata fa’ida ta rashin adalci a kan yada [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci]] da kuma yada addinin Musulunci. daukar ma'aikata na [[Kiristanci]] ". Malamin musulmin ya shawarci mabiyansa da su guji amfani da kalmomi irin su Omo Oduduwa (ko ''‘ya’yan Oduduwa'' ) da Ile Oduduwa (ko ''Kasar Oduduwa'' ). Ya kara da cewa, labarin cewa duk Yarbawa ’ya’yan Oduduwa ne, ya samo asali ne daga baki kawai. <ref name="AlMajallah" /> === Wasu madadin ra'ayoyi === Wasu mutanen sun yi ikirarin alaka da Oduduwa. A cewar kabilar [[Mutanen Kanuri|Kanuri]], Yauri, Gobir, Acipu, [[Jukunawa|Jukun]] da Borgu - wadanda aka ce kakanninsu ne ’yan’uwan Oduduwa <ref> History of the Yorubas by Samuel Johnson 1921</ref> (kamar yadda Samuel Johnson ya rubuta a karni na 19), Oduduwa dan Damerudu ne, wanda Yarabawa ke kira. ko dai ''Lamurudu'' ko ''Lamerudu'', basarake wanda shi kansa dan mayen sarki Kisra ne . An ce Kisra da abokansa sun yi yaki da [[Muhammad|Mohammed]] a [[Yaƙin Badar|yakin Badar]] . An tilastawa Kisra yin hijira daga Larabawa zuwa Afirka bayan ya sha kashi a hannun masu jihadi a shekara ta 624 miladiyya. Shi da mabiyansa sun kafa masarautu da dauloli da dama a kan hanyarsu ta hijira zuwa yammacin Afirka.<ref>A. Matthews " The Kisra legend) "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185008706819?journalCode=cast20</ref><ref>"Eluyemi, Omotoso (17 June 2018). "This is Ile-Ife"</ref><ref>"Akinjogbin, I. A. (17 June 2018). ''Milestones and concepts in Yoruba history and culture''. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9789763331392|<bdi>9789763331392</bdi>]].</ref> Wannan al'ada wani bambance-bambancen imani ne da ke cewa Oduduwa basarake ne wanda ya samo asali daga [[Makkah|Makka]]. Sai dai kuma, wasu masana na ganin wannan akidar ta samo asali ne daga tasirin da suka biyo baya a kan al’adun Yarabawa na Musulunci da sauran addinan Ibrahim, da kuma cin karo da al’adun gargajiyar Yarabawa.<ref>"Ogundipe, Ayodele (2012). ''Esu Elegbara: Chance, Uncertainly In Yoruba Mythology''. Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria: Kwara State University Press. p. 15. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9789789275908|<bdi>9789789275908</bdi>]].</ref><ref name="Bascom, p. 10">Bascom, ''Yoruba'', p. 10; Stride, Ifeka: "Peoples and Empires", p. 290.</ref> == Duba kuma == * Candomble addini * Jerin sarakunan Ife * Legends na Afirka * Addinin Santeria * Addinin Yarbawa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == * Ojuade, JS, "Batun 'Oduduwa' a cikin jinsin Yarbawa: tatsuniyoyi da gaskiya", ''Transafrican Journal of History'', 21 (1992), 139-158. {{Rulers of Ife}}{{Orisa-Ifá}} [[Category:Larabai na almara na Najeriya]] [[Category:Allolin Yarbawa]] [[Category:Jarumai yarbawa]] [[Category:Sarakunan Yarbawa]] 8rzlav4z3i7pl0vverxw2a8yjcluodg 0 30228 969186 888343 2026-10-18T17:03:18Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 969186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Soldiers pay a special visit to about 300 children at Baghdad Airport Prima DVIDS10081.jpg|thumb|Makarantu masu yanci]] '''Makarantun Ƴanci''' sun kasance na wucin gadi, a madadi na makarantun kyauta ga [[Afirkawan Amurka|Amurkawa]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cd14d4z14rko.amp&ved=2ahUKEwimo6-D8PuGAxW2WUEAHbh3DvcQyM8BKAB6BAgMEAI&usg=AOvVaw1QAeK_7xQYPB0tC6Nq_6zr</nowiki></ref>[[Afirkawan Amurka|, Afirka]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.leadership.ng/babban-jamiin-jks-ya-gana-da-tawagar-alkalai-daga-afrika/&ved=2ahUKEwjjvbGn8PuGAxXCaEEAHcs0AfcQxfQBKAB6BAgLEAI&usg=AOvVaw349FxgdP9OCoBKS7yHKXjM</nowiki></ref> galibi a [[Kudu]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://aminiya.ng/abin-da-ke-hana-yan-arewa-cin-gajiyar-siyasa-a-kudu/&ved=2ahUKEwjs6p3J8PuGAxWaU0EAHQK7DUcQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw1On7_irExTQtO79H5gWzlx</nowiki></ref>. Asalinsu wani bangare ne na wani yunƙuri na ƙasa baki daya a lokacin Kungiyoyin Hakkin Bil'adama don tsara [[Amurkawa]] na [[Afirka]] don cimma daidaiton zamantakewa, [[siyasa]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.legit.ng/siyasa/1599283-ba-ku-tsoron-allah-malamin-musulunci-ya-kunyata-yan-siyasa-a-zaman-makokin-tsohon-gwamna/&ved=2ahUKEwi91-jk8PuGAxWyQ0EAHTUEAkYQxfQBKAB6BAgHEAI&usg=AOvVaw1jK4heoBF9wUxoWu5qqZ36</nowiki></ref> da [[tattalin arziki]] a cikin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Babban misali na Makarantun Ƴanci shine a [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]] a lokacin bazara na alif ɗari tara da sittin da huɗu (1964). == Tarihi == Duk da hukuncin Kotun Koli na shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da huɗu (1954) a cikin ''Brown v.'' Shari'ar ''Hukumar Ilimi'' ta lalata tsarin makarantun kebe, a tsakiyar shekarar 1960s Mississippi har yanzu tana kiyaye tsarin makarantar farare da "launi mara daidaituwa. A matsakaita, jihar ta kashe $81.66 don ilimantar da dalibi farar fata idan aka kwatanta da $21.77 kawai ga dalibi bakar fata. Mississippi ta kasance daya daga cikin jihohi biyu kacal a cikin kungiyar da ba su da dokar ilimi ta tilas kuma yara da yawa a yankunan karkara an tura su aiki a fagen kuma basu sami karancin ilimi kwata-kwata. Hatta manhajar karatu ta banbanta na fari da baki. A matsayin misali na yau da kullun, hukumar makarantar farar fata ta Bolivar County ta ba da umarnin cewa "Ba za a koyar da harsunan waje ko al'ada a makarantun Negro ba. Kuma ba za a koyar da tarihin Amurka daga shekarata 1860 zuwa 1875 ba." A karshen shekarata 1963, Charles Cobb, mai fafutuka na Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), ya ba da shawarar kungiyar ta dauki nauyin hanyar sadarwa na Makarantun 'Yanci, wanda aka yi wahayi ta hanyar misalan ra'ayi da aka yi amfani da su a baya a wasu garuruwa. A lokacin bazara na shekarata 1963, hukumar ilimi ta gundumar Prince Edward County, Virginia ta rufe makarantun jama'a maimakon hada su bayan an gurfanar da su a shari'ar da ta biyo bayan ''Brown vs.'' ''Hukumar Ilimi'', don haka Makarantun 'Yanci suka bullo a madadinsu. A cikin Satumba, shekarar 1963, kimanin dalibai 3,000 ne suka halarci zanga-zangar Stay Out for [[Ƴancin yin Tarayya|Freedom]] a [[Boston]], maimakon su halarci Makarantun 'Yanci na al'umma. A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, shekarata 1963, wanda aka fi sani da Ranar 'Yanci, sama da dalibai 200,000 suka kaura cewa Makarantun Jama'a na Chicago don nuna adawa da wariya da karancin yanayin makaranta, tare da wasu suna halartar Makarantun 'Yanci maimakon. Daga baya, a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, shekarar 1964 a wata zanga-zangar ranar 'Yanci makamanciyar wannan, sama da dalibai 450,000 suka halarci kaura cewa makarantun jama'a na birnin New York a cikin abin da ya kasance mafi girman zanga-zangar 'yancin dan adam na shekarata 1960s, kuma har zuwa dalibai 100,000 sun halarci madadin. Makarantun 'Yanci. == Makarantun 'Yanci na Mississippi == An habaka Makarantun 'Yanci na Mississippi a matsayin wani bangare na shekarata 1964 Freedom Summer yancin aikin, wani gagarumin kokari wanda ya mayar da hankali kan yin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a da ilmantar da daliban Mississippi don canjin zamantakewa. Majalisar Kungiyoyin Kasa (COFO) &#x2014; kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a na masu fafutuka da kudade da aka samo daga SNCC, CORE, NAACP, da SCLC &#x2014; a tsakanin sauran kungiyoyi, hadin gwiwar Freedom Summer. Ainihin aikin ya kasance yakin neman rajistar masu kada kuri’a a duk fadin jihar, kuma masu shirya zaben sun bukaci masu sa kai dubu daya su taimaka wajen gudanar da wannan aiki. Kuma Masu fafutuka sun yi shirin gudanar da Zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Demokradiyya mai kama da juna, saboda bakar fata masu jefa kuri'a cikin tsari ya haifar da wakilai masu farar fata zuwa Zaben shugaban kasa. Wadannan kokarce-kokarce sun kare a kirkirar Jam'iyyar Democratic Freedom Democratic Party . Duka wakilan hukuma da Jam'iyyar Democratic Democratic Party ta Mississippi sun tafi taron a shekarata1964 na Democratic Democratic a Atlantic City, [[New Jersey]] . A cikin Disamba Shekarata 1963, a lokacin shirye-shiryen shirin bazara na 'Yanci mai zuwa, Charles Cobb ya ba da shawarar hanyar sadarwa ta "Makarantar 'Yanci" wacce za ta habaka shiga siyasa tsakanin daliban firamare da sakandare na Mississippi, baya ga bayar da darussan ilimi da tattaunawa. Masu fafutuka da ke shirya aikin bazara na 'Yanci sun yarda da shawarar Cobb kuma a cikin Maris 1964 sun shirya taron tsara tsarin karatu a [[New York (birni)|New York]] a karkashin tallafin Majalisar Ikklisiya ta kasa . Farfesan tarihi na Kwalejin Spelman Staughton Lynd an nada shi Daraktan shirin Makarantar 'Yanci. A tsawon lokacin bazarar 'Yanci, an kafa Makarantun 'Yanci sama da 40 a cikin al'ummomin baki a duk fadin Mississippi. Manufar ita ce a yi kokarin kawo karshen kaura na siyasa na Amurkawa na Afirka ta hanyar karfafa dalibai su zama Yan kasa masu himma da shiga cikin al'umma a cikin al'umma. Sama da daliban Amurkawa 3,000 na Afirka sun halarci wadannan makarantu a lokacin rani na shekarata 1964. Dalibai sun kasance tun daga kanana yara zuwa manya masu matsakaicin shekaru 15. Malamai sun kasance masu aikin sa kai, yawancin su daliban koleji ne da kansu. <ref>[http://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64b.htm#1964freeschool Freedom Schools] ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive</ref> == Manufar siyasa da ilimi == An tsara Makarantun 'Yanci tare da manufofin siyasa da na ilimi. Malaman Makarantun 'Yanci za su ilimantar da daliban firamare da sakandare don zama wakilan canjin zamantakewa da za su shiga cikin gwagwarmayar kare hakkin jama'a da ke gudana, galibi a kokarin rajistar masu zabe. Kuma An raba tsarin karatun da aka yi amfani da shi zuwa sassa bakwai na asali wadanda suka yi nazarin yanayin zamantakewa, siyasa, da tattalin arzikin dangantakar kabilanci da kuma Kungiyar Hakkin Bil Adama. An karfafa habakar jagoranci, ban da karin kwarewar ilimi na gargajiya. Ilimin a Makarantun 'Yanci ya shafi dalibai ne kuma ya dace da al'ada. Sannan An gina manhajar karatu da koyarwa bisa bukatun daliban, an karfafa tattaunawa tsakanin dalibai da malamai (maimakon lacca) sannan masu tsara manhajoji sun karfafa wa malamai kwarin gwiwar yin koyarwa bisa kwarewar dalibansu. == Tsarin karatu == Bunkasa manhajar karatu ya ta’allaka ne da taron manhajar karatu, wanda ya kunshi malamai da daraktoci suna tattaunawa kan irin ilimin da za a koyar a makarantun ‘yanci. Dole ne malamai su rubuta jita-jita don tsara tsarin karatun su. An gaya musu su tuna yadda rayuwa take a Mississippi da dan gajeren lokacin da suke da shi don koyar da kayan. Dole ne tsarin karatun ya kasance mai son malamai kuma ya zama mai amfani ga dalibai nan da nan, tare da dogara kan tambayoyi da ayyuka. Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne tambayoyi da tattaunawa maimakon haddar gaskiya da kwanan wata. Kuma Umarnin ga malamai sun haɗa da: : Game da tsarin aji, tambaya shine kayan aiki mai mahimmanci. Ba shi da ma'ana a cika daliban da bayanan da ba zai iya fahimta ba; tambaya ita ce hanyar wayewa. . . Darajar Makarantun 'Yanci za su samu ne daga abin da malamai ke iya ba wa dalibai ta fuskar fahimta da bayyana abubuwan da suka faru. Tun da taron manhajar ya tattaro Yan kasa na asali da asali daban-daban, kayyadaddun tsarin koyarwa na karshe ya kunshi abubuwa daga asali daban-daban kuma ya kunshi sassa daban-daban guda uku. Bangarorin uku na manhajar Makarantun ‘Yanci su ne manhajar Ilimi, manhajar zama dan kasa, da Kuma manhajar nishadi. Manufar wadannan sassan shine don koya wa dalibai canjin zamantakewa a cikin makarantar; tarihin yanki; tarihin bakar fata; yadda ake amsa budaddiyar tambayoyi; da bunkasa fasahar ilimi. Manhajar Ilimi ta kunshi karatu, rubutu, da ayyukan baki wadanda suka dogara kan abubuwan da daliban ya samu. Tsarin karatun zama dan kasa shine don karfafa dalibai su yi tambayoyi game da al'umma. Tsarin Nishadi ya bukaci daliban ya kasance mai motsa jiki. A yawancin makarantu, Manhajar zama dan kasa ta mai da hankali kan nau'ikan tambayoyi biyu masu alaka don tattaunawar aji: : Me yasa muke (malamai da dalibai) a Makarantun 'Yanci? : Menene Kungiyar 'Yanci? : Wadanne hanyoyi ne kungiyar Freedom Movement ke ba mu? : Menene yawancin al'adun da muke so? : Menene yawancin al'adun da ba mu so? : Menene muke da shi da muke so mu kiyaye? == Shekara ta farko == An bude Makarantun 'Yanci a makon farko na Yuli shekarata 1964, bayan kusan malaman sa kai na Makarantar 'Yanci 250 sun halarci zaman horo na mako guda a Kwalejin Mata ta Yamma a Oxford, [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] . Shirye-shiryen na asali sun yi tsammanin Makarantun 'Yanci 25 da dalibai 1,000; a karshen bazara, an bude makarantu 41 ga dalibai sama da 2,500. An kafa Makarantun 'Yanci tare da taimako da jajircewar al'ummomin yankin, wadanda suka samar da gine-gine daban-daban na makarantu da gidaje ga malaman sa kai. Yayin da ake gudanar da wasu makarantun a wuraren shakatawa, dakunan girki, da gidajen zama, da kuma karkashin bishiyoyi, yawancin azuzuwan ana gudanar da su ne a cikin majami'u ko ginshiƙan coci. Halartar ta bambanta a duk lokacin bazara. Wasu makarantu sun sami daidaiton halarta, amma banda wannan. Saboda halartan taron bai zama tilas ba, daukar ma'aikata da kuma kula da zuwan kila shine kalubalen firamare da makarantun suka fuskanta. Kuma A Clarksdale, Mississippi, alal misali, matsakaicin yawan halartar dalibai a cikin makon farko ya kasance goma sha biyar, mako na biyu kuma takwas ne, amma a kowane lokaci a lokacin bazara, makarantar na iya samun halartar dalibai kusan talatin da biyar. Ba kasafai ba ne manya su rika zuwa aji akai-akai. An canza umarni bisa yanayin gida. A yankunan karkara da ake sa ran dalibai za su yi aiki a lokacin makaranta, yawanci ana yin karatu da daddare. A makarantun da ke kula da lokutan makaranta na al'ada, yawanci a cikin birane, ana ba da tsarin karatun zama dan kasa da kwasa-kwasan ilimi na gargajiya da safe kuma ana ba da azuzuwan na musamman kamar kida, wasan kwaikwayo, Kuma da buga rubutu da rana. A yawancin lokuta, za a kebe duk kwanakin makaranta don kokarin yin rajistar masu jefa kuri'a. Ya zama wajibi ga masu fafutuka na SNCC cewa za a saka hannun jari ga dalibai a ayyukan hakkin jama'a saboda ana sa ran wannan dalibai zai ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin jihar don aiwatar da canjin zamantakewa. A ƙarshen lokacin Makarantar 'Yanci, masu fafutuka da dalibai sun shirya taron jagorancin dalibai a ranar 8 ga Agusta, shekarata 1964, ranar bayan jana'izar James Chaney, daya daga cikin wadanda aka kashe a kisan Chaney, Goodman, da Schwerner . An gudanar da taron a Meridian, Mississippi, a tsohuwar Makarantar Baptist ta Meridian . An bayyana makarantar a matsayin "fadar da'irar Makarantar 'Yanci." Kowace Makarantar 'Yanci ta aika wakilai uku zuwa taron don samar da dandalin matasa don Jam'iyyar Democratic Freedom Democratic Party. Wakilan daliban sun tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi ayyuka, makarantu, harkokin kasashen waje, da matsugunan jama'a tare da ba da shawarwari ga jam'iyyar jihar. A karshen taron, dalibai sun shirya wata sanarwa da ta bukaci samun masaukin jama'a, Kuma ka'idojin gine-gine na kowane gida, hadaddiyar makarantu, tsarin ayyukan jama'a, da kuma nada kwararrun baki zuwa mukaman jihohi. Malaman Makarantun 'Yanci da dalibai sun ci gaba da jajircewa kan manufar Makarantar 'Yanci. A farkon watan Agustan shekarata 1964, an shirya shirye-shiryen ci gaba da Makarantun 'Yanci a cikin shekarar makaranta mai zuwa, kuma wasu malaman sa kai sun riga sun amince su zauna. Dalibai sun yanke shawarar, duk da haka, yayin taron Makarantar 'Yanci a farkon watan Agusta don ba za su ci gaba da makarantun ba. Duk da haka dalibai sun aiwatar da jagoranci da gwagwarmayar da suka samu a lokacin bazara a makarantunsu. Wasu daliban sun koma makaranta kuma sun bukaci ingantattun kayan aiki da karin kwasa-kwasai. Dalibai a Philadelphia, Mississippi, sun dawo makaranta sanye da maballan "Mutum daya, Kuri'a daya" SNCC &#x2014; wanda aka kore su. == Makarantar Ranar Makarantar Freedom, Philadelphia == John E. Churchville ne ya kafa Laburaren 'Yanci na Philadelphia a shekarata 1964. A cikin Yan shekaru masu zuwa ya fara ba da azuzuwan yamma kuma daga karshe ya mai da dakin karatu zuwa makaranta. Bayan kafuwar wannan makaranta, ya shirya gajerun kasidu da aka buga a cikin littafin, ''What Black Educators Are Saying'', wanda [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/24/obituaries/nathan-wright-jr-black-power-advocate-dies-at-81.html Nathan Wright Jr. ya] shirya kuma aka buga a shekarata 1970. Wannan makala ta kunshi yawancin tunanin Churchville game da yanayin motsi na Black Power da kuma ra'ayoyinsa na koyarwa na sabuwar Makarantar 'Yanci. Ya raina ra'ayoyin duka kungiyoyin al'adu da masu ci gaban kasa a matsayin facade kuma ba hakora ba. A gare shi, Harkar kishin kasa ta juyin juya hali wacce ta yi kira ga cikakken juyin juya hali a nan da kuma ko'ina a doron kasa, ita ce mafi inganci da gaskiya ga ka'idojinta. Sun gano batutuwan cikin rukuni da na daidaikun mutane da ke fuskantar bakar fata a Amurka kuma hanya daya tilo ta zama dan juyin juya hali da gaske ita ce ta sake haihuwa; wani iko na waje ya yi aiki wanda ya fara kawar da ku daga wadannan gazawar. Makarantun da kansu sun dogara ne akan tsari mai sauki na fifiko. Idan ilimi shine shigar matasa cikin tsarin akida, to dole ne Makarantar 'Yanci ta sake ilmantar da yaran bakaken fata su yi watsi da babbar akida tare da gina sabon tsari. Don yin wannan, kashi na farko na koyarwa da za a kafa dole ne ya zama sabuwar akidar makarantar. Bayan haka, Kuma dole ne a nemo malaman da za su iya dinke barakar da ke tsakanin asali da kuma ketare, kasancewar su darasi ne ga dalibansu na ciki da wajen aji. A karshe, an tsara tsarin karatun don bayyana ainihin halin da baƙar fata ke ciki da kuma koyar da kayan aiki da kwarewa don magance wannan gaskiyar. Tsarin karatun kamar yadda Churchville ya bayyana abin hawa ne kawai don koyar da gaskiyar juyin juya hali; abubuwan da ke ciki galibi basu da mahimmanci kamar yadda bincike ne wanda zai nuna gaskiyar. Hukumar FBI ta kai farmaki makarantar ne a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, shekarata 1966, bisa zargin tanada kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda. Bayan farmakin, Churchville ya daina fafutuka. == Gado == Za a iya ganin wani bangare na gadon Makarantar 'Yanci a cikin makarantun da ke rike da suna a yau: Akwesasne Freedom School a kan Mohawk Indian ajiyar ; Makarantun 'Yanci a St. Louis, [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] da [[Chicago]], Illinois, Tyree Scott Freedom School a Seattle, Washington, da Makarantar 'Yanci ta Paulo Freire a Tucson, Arizona. Asusun Tsaron Yara (CDF) yana gudanar da shirin Makarantar 'Yanci na zamani a duk fadin kasar. An hada wannan shirin ta hanyar bakar fata Al'umma na Crusade don Yara na Asusun Tsaro na Yara. Shirin Makarantun 'Yanci na CDF na kasa yana aiki sama da wuraren shirye-shiryen bazara 130 a cikin jihohi 24 a fadin kasar wadanda ke hidima ga yara kusan 12,000. A [[Michigan]] kungiyar Black Radical Congress a [[Detroit]] ta kaddamar da kamfen don kirkirar samfuri bisa ga Makarantun 'Yanci. Makarantun 'Yanci na Philadelphia yunƙuyri ne na ilimin al'umma mai zaman kansa wanda ke aiki da sigar zamani na tsarin karatun Mississippi tare da mai da hankali kan tallafin karatu, Kuma aikin zamantakewa da jagoranci tsakanin tsararraki. Ana shirya Makarantun 'Yanci na Philadelphia <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.philadelphiafreedomschools.blogs.com/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-03-16 |archive-date=2010-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419163246/http://philadelphiafreedomschools.blogs.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ta hanyar hukumar jagora, Al'umma A Makarantu. <ref>http://www.cisphl.org</ref> Jami'ar 'Yanci [[Atlanta|ta Atlanta]], makarantar 'yanci ta zamani kuma makaranta ce kawai a cikin duniya inda duk dalibai ba su da takardar izinin shiga ba tare da izini ba, suna ba da kyauta na koyarwa, sannan tsarin karatun koleji na 'yanci wanda ke taimakawa matasa marasa izini su sami ilimi mafi girma. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Ruleville, Mississippi * Gluckstadt, Mississippi * Carthage, Mississippi == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == * William Sturkey da Jon N. Hale (eds. ), ''Don Rubuta cikin Hasken 'Yanci: Jaridu na Makarantun 'Yancin Mississippi na 1964.'' Jackson, MS: Jami'ar Jami'ar Mississippi, 2015. * Jon N. Hale, ''Makarantun 'Yanci: Masu fafutuka na dalibai a cikin Kungiyar Hakkin Bil'adama ta Mississippi'' . (New York: Jami'ar Columbia Press, 2016) == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://educationanddemocracy.org/ED_FSC.html 1964 MS Freedom School Curriculum] * [http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/missippi.html/ Tarihin Makarantar 'Yanci ta Mississippi & Lokacin bazara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203045010/http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/missippi.html |date=2020-02-03 }} * [http://www.commoncouragepress.com/index.cfm?action=book&bookid=388 Darussa daga Lokacin bazara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115163305/http://www.commoncouragepress.com/index.cfm?action=book&bookid=388 |date=2017-01-15 }} ~ tallafin littafin karatu don nazarin Tsarin Makarantun 'Yanci na 1964 * [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAschoolF.htm Wurin Ilimi na Spartacus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104091730/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAschoolF.htm |date=2013-11-04 }} * [http://www.sfacs.us/ Sankofa Freedom Academy Charter School] * [http://www.haleyfarm.org/freedom.html Bayani game da Bakin Al'umma Crusade ga Yara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030027/http://www.haleyfarm.org/freedom.html |date=2016-03-04 }} * [http://www.educationanddemocracy.org/FSCfiles/A_02_Introduction.htm Lokacin bazara da Makarantun 'Yanci] * [http://philadelphiafreedomschools.blogs.com/home/pd.html Bayanin Shirin Makarantun 'Yanci na Philadelphia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422005845/http://philadelphiafreedomschools.blogs.com/home/pd.html |date=2008-04-22 }} * [http://www.crmvet.org/tim/tim64b.htm#1964freeschool Makarantun 'Yanci] ~ Taskar 'Yancin Jama'a * [http://chicagofreedomschool.org/ Makarantar 'Yanci ta Chicago] * [http://garyfreedomschool.org/ Makarantar Gary Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116002045/http://garyfreedomschool.org/ |date=2017-11-16 }} * [http://educationanddemocracy.org/sffreedomschool/ San Francisco Freedom School] * [http://www.sunflowerfreedom.org Aikin Yancin Yankin Sunflower] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1x00yc9ze2fc2vhao5syhvxtkpn9t1l 0 30257 969405 953712 2026-10-19T07:25:51Z Aisha Bature Gusau 50203 969405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hakkin yara''' ko haƙƙin yara wani ɓangare ne na haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da kulawa ta musamman ga haƙƙin kariya ta musamman da kulawa da aka ba yara. Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1989 kan 'Yancin Yara (CRC) ta bayyana yaro a matsayin "duk wani ɗan adam da ke ƙasa da shekaru goma sha takwas, sai dai idan a ƙarƙashin dokar da ta shafi yaro, an sami [[Shekarun girma|mafi rinjaye]] a baya. "Hakkin yara ya haɗa da haƙƙinsu na haɗuwa da Iyaye biyu, asalin ɗan adam da kuma bukatun asali don kariya ta Jima'i, abinci, ilimi na duniya, kiwon lafiya, da dokokin aikata laifuka da suka dace da shekarun da ci gaban yaro, daidaitattun kariya ga haƙƙin ɗan adam, da kuma 'yanci daga [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] bisa ga [[Launi na fata na mutum|launi]] fata na yaro, [[jinsi]], asalin jinsi, asalin ƙasa, [[Addini]], [[nakasa]], launin fata, ko wasu halaye. Fassara game da haƙƙin yara sun fito ne daga ba wa yara damar yin aiki mai cin gashin kansu zuwa tilasta wa yara kasancewa a jiki, a hankali da kuma motsin rai ba tare da cin zarafi ba, kodayake abin da ya zama " cin zarafi" batun muhawara ne. Sauran ma'anoni sun haɗa da haƙƙin kulawa da kulawa. Babu ma'anar wasu kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su don bayyana Matasa kamar "matasa", "matasa" ko "matasa " a cikin dokar kasa da kasa, amma ana ɗaukar ƙungiyar kare hakkin yara ta bambanta da ƙungiyar kare hakkin matasa. Yankin haƙƙin yara ya kunshi fannonin [[doka]], [[Siyasa]], [[Addini]], da ɗabi'a. == Bayyanawa == [[File:Clock_boy.jpg|thumb|Wani yaro da ke aiki a matsayin "yaro mai sa'a" a kan titunan Merida, Mexico]]   A matsayin kananan yara ta hanyar doka, yara ba su da ikon cin gashin kansu ko kuma damar yin yanke shawara da kansu a kowane sanannen iko na duniya. Maimakon haka, masu kula da su, gami da Iyaye, ma'aikatan zamantakewa, [[Malami|malamai]], ma'aikata matasa, da sauransu, suna da wannan iko, dangane da yanayin. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa wannan yanayin yana ba wa yara isasshen iko akan rayuwarsu kuma yana sa su kasance masu rauni. Louis Althusser ya tafi har ya bayyana wannan kayan aikin shari'a, kamar yadda ya shafi yara, a matsayin "kayan aiki na gwamnati". Wasu masu sharhi sun gudanar da tsarin kamar manufofin gwamnati don rufe hanyoyin da manya ke cin zarafin yara, wanda ke haifar da talauci na yara, rashin [[Haƙƙin Ilimi|damar ilimi]], da [[aikin yara]]. A kan wannan ra'ayi, yara za a ɗauka a matsayin Ƙungiyar 'yan tsiraru waɗanda al'umma ke buƙatar sake la'akari da yadda take nunawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thorne |first=B |year=1987 |title=Re-Visioning Women and Social Change: Where Are the Children? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gender-society_1987-03_1_1/page/85 |journal=Gender & Society |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=85–109 |doi=10.1177/089124387001001005 |s2cid=145674085}}</ref> Masu bincike sun gano yara kamar yadda suke buƙatar a gane su a matsayin [[Kasancewar matasa|mahalarta a cikin al'umma]] waɗanda haƙƙoƙin su da alhakin su ke buƙatar a san su a kowane zamani. == Ma'anar tarihi game da haƙƙin yara == [[File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_045.png|thumb|Yarinyar Fir'auna tana jin tausayin jariri Musa a cikin kwandon da ke iyo. (Mahaifinta ya ba da umarnin kashe jarirai Ibrananci.) ]] Sir William Blackstone (1765-9) ya amince da ayyuka uku na iyaye ga yaro: kulawa, kariya, da ilimi. A cikin harshe na zamani, yaro yana da damar karɓar waɗannan daga iyaye. Kungiyar Kasashe ta amince da sanarwar Geneva ta 'Yancin Yara (1924), wanda ya bayyana haƙƙin yaro na karɓar buƙatun ci gaba na al'ada, haƙƙin yaron da ke fama da yunwa da za a ciyar da shi, haƙƙin yaro mara lafiya da za a karɓi kulawa, haƙƙin ɗan da ya koma baya, haƙƙin marayu da za su sami mafaka, da haƙƙin kariya daga cin zarafi. Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam (1948) a cikin Mataki na 25 (2) ta amince da bukatar uwaye da yara ga "kariya ta musamman da taimako" da kuma haƙƙin dukkan yara ga "karewar zamantakewa".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=10 December 1948 |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf |access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya amince da sanarwar Majalisar Dinkinobho game da 'Yancin Yara' (1959), wanda ya bayyana ka'idoji goma don kare' yancin yara, gami da ikon karewa na musamman, da kuma ikon karewa daga nuna bambanci, da sauran hakkoki. Yarjejeniya kan bayyana haƙƙin yara ya zama bayyananne a cikin shekaru hamsin da suka gabata. Wani littafi na 1973 na [[Hillary Clinton]] (wanda a lokacin lauya ne) ya bayyana cewa haƙƙin yara "kalma ce da ke buƙatar ma'anar".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodham |first=H |year=1973 |title=Children Under the Law |url=http://hepg.org/her-home/issues/harvard-educational-review-volume-43,-issue-4/herarticle/_991 |url-status=dead |journal=Harvard Educational Review |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=487–514 |doi=10.17763/haer.43.4.e14676283875773k |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819044653/https://www.hepg.org/her-home/issues/harvard-educational-review-volume-43,-issue-4/herarticle/_991 |archive-date=2019-08-19 |access-date=2015-10-18}}</ref> A cewar wasu masu bincike, har yanzu ba a bayyana ra'ayin haƙƙin yara sosai ba, tare da aƙalla ɗaya yana ba da shawarar cewa babu ma'anar da aka yarda da ita ko ka'idar haƙƙin da yara ke riƙe. An bayyana dokar haƙƙin yara a matsayin batun da doka ta haɗu da rayuwar yaro. Wannan ya haɗa da laifin yara, tsari da ya dace ga yara da ke cikin tseren shari'ar aikata laifuka, wakilci mai dacewa, da kuma ingantaccen sabis na farfadowa; kulawa da kariya ga yara a cikin kulawar Jima'i; tabbatar da ilimi ga dukkan yara ba tare da la'akari da [[Launi na fata na mutum|launi]] fata ba, [[jinsi]], asalin jinsi, asalin ƙasa, [[Addini]], [[nakasa]], launi, [[Ƙabilar|kabilanci]], da; kulawa da bayar da shawarwari. == Rarraba == [[File:A_4-year-old_Palestinian_girl,_lost_her_life_due_to_malnutrition_and_lack_of_treatment_due_to_the_war_on_Gaza.jpg|thumb|Yarinyar Palasdinawa mai shekaru hudu ta mutu da yunwa, a lokacin GazaGaza Yunwa]] Yara suna da nau'ikan haƙƙin ɗan adam guda biyu a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. Suna da irin wannan haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali kamar manya, kodayake wasu haƙƙin ɗan Adam, kamar ''Hakkin yin aure'', ba su da rai har sai sun kai shekaru, Na biyu, suna da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa na musamman waɗanda suka zama dole don kare su a lokacin 'yan tsiraru. Hakkin da ke aiki a ƙuruciya sun haɗa da haƙƙin tsaro na mutum, ga 'yanci daga rashin mutunci, zalunci, ko wulakanci, da haƙƙin kariya ta musamman a lokacin ƙuruciya.<ref name="ICCPR">{{Cite web |last= |date=16 December 1966 |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |url=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3ae6b3aa0.pdf |access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Hakkin ɗan adam na musamman na yara sun haɗa da, a tsakanin sauran haƙƙoƙi, haƙƙin rayuwa, haƙƙin suna, haƙƙin bayyana ra'ayinsa a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi yaro, haƙƙin ''<nowiki/>'yancin tunani, lamiri da addini'', ''[[Ƴancin Lafiya|haƙƙin kiwon lafiya]]'', haƙƙin kariya daga cin zarafin tattalin arziki da jima'i, da haƙƙin ilimi. An bayyana haƙƙin yara ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da nau'ikan haƙƙin jama'a, siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Hakki suna da nau'o'i biyu: waɗanda ke ba da shawara ga yara a matsayin Mutane masu cin gashin kansu a ƙarƙashin doka da waɗanda ke da'awar al'umma don kariya daga lahani da aka yi wa yara saboda dogaro da su. Wadannan an lakafta su a matsayin haƙƙin karfafawa da kuma haƙƙin kariya. Jagororin ilimi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don yara suna rarraba haƙƙoƙin da aka tsara a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara]] a matsayin "3 Ps": Bayarwa, Karewa, da Kasancewa. Ana iya bayyana su kamar haka: * '''Bayani:''' Yara suna da 'yancin samun isasshen rayuwa, kiwon lafiya, ilimi da ayyuka, da kuma wasa da [[nishaɗi]]. Wadannan sun hada da [[Abinci mai kyau|daidaitaccen abinci]], gado mai dumi don barci, da kuma samun damar zuwa makaranta. * '''Karewa:''' Yara suna da 'yancin kariya daga cin zarafi, sakaci, cin zarafi da nuna bambanci. Wannan ya haɗa da haƙƙin wurare masu aminci ga yara su yi wasa; halayyar renon yara, da kuma amincewa da ikon haɓaka yara. * '''Kasancewa:''' Yara suna da damar [[Kasancewar matasa|shiga cikin al'ummomi]] kuma suna da shirye-shirye da ayyuka ga kansu. Wannan ya haɗa da shigar yara a cikin ɗakunan karatu da shirye-shiryen al'umma, ayyukan [[muryar matasa]], da kuma shigar da yara a matsayin masu yanke shawara. A cikin irin wannan salon, Cibiyar Kula da Hakkin Yara ta Duniya (CRIN) ta rarraba hakkoki zuwa kungiyoyi biyu: * Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, wanda ke da alaƙa da yanayin da ake buƙata don biyan bukatun ɗan adam na asali kamar abinci, mafaka, ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da aiki mai fa'ida. An haɗa da haƙƙin ilimi, isasshen gidaje, abinci, ruwa, mafi girman matakin kiwon [[lafiya]], haƙƙin aiki da haƙƙin aiki, da haƙƙin al'adu na 'yan tsiraru da' yan asalin ƙasar. * Hakkin muhalli, al'adu da ci gaba, wanda wani lokacin ake kira "yancin ƙarni na uku", kuma ya haɗa da haƙƙin rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai aminci da lafiya da kuma cewa kungiyoyin mutane suna da haƙƙin ci gaban al'adu, siyasa, da tattalin arziki. [[Amnesty International]] openly advocates four particular children's rights, including the end to juvenile incarceration without parole, an end to the recruitment of [[Yara a cikin soja|military use of children]], ending the [[Hukuncin Kisa|death penalty]] for people under 21, and raising awareness of [['Yancin dalibai|human rights in the classroom]]. [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]], an international advocacy organization, includes [[Aikin yara|child labour]], juvenile justice, orphans and abandoned children, [[Ƴan gudun hijira|refugees]], street children and [[Kafar Azaba|corporal punishment]]. Scholarly study generally focuses children's rights by identifying individual rights. The following rights "allow children to grow up healthy and free":  * [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'Yanci na magana]] * [[Yancin Tunani|'Yanci na tunani]] * [[Ƴanci daga tsoro|'Yanci daga tsoro]] * [[Ƴancin zaɓi|'Yanci na zabi]] da' yancin yanke shawara'yancin yin yanke shawara * Mallaka a jikin mutum === Hakkin jiki === Wani rahoto daga Kwamitin Harkokin Jama'a, Lafiya, da Ci Gaban Ci gaba na Majalisar Dokokin Majalisar Turai ya gano yankuna da yawa da Kwamitin ya damu da su, gami da hanyoyin kamar "yankewar mata, kaciya ga yara maza saboda dalilai na addini, shiga tsakani na kiwon lafiya na yara masu jima'i da kuma miƙa ko tilasta yara cikin furewa, tattoos ko tiyata filastik". Majalisar ta amince da ƙuduri mara ɗaurewa a cikin 2013 wanda ke kira ga kasashe 47 da su dauki matakai da yawa don inganta amincin yara. [Ba a buƙatar tushe na farko]  Mataki na 19 na Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara ya umarci jam'iyyun da su "yi duk matakan da suka dace na doka, gudanarwa, zamantakewa da ilimi don kare yaro daga kowane nau'i na tashin hankali na jiki ko tunani, rauni ko cin zarafi, sakaci ko kulawa, cin zarafi ko cin zarafin". Kwamitin kan 'Yancin Yara ya fassara Mataki na 19 kamar yadda ya haramta azabtar da jiki, yana yin sharhi game da " wajibin dukkan Jam'iyyun Jihohi su matsa da sauri don hanawa da kawar da duk hukuncin jiki".[[Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya kuma fassara Mataki na 7 na [[Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa]] wanda ya haramta "mummunan, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa" don fadadawa ga yara, gami da azabtar da yara. [Ba a buƙatar tushe na farko]  The Committee on Bioethics of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) (1997), citing the [[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara|Convention on the Rights of the Child]] (1989), asserts that "every child should have the opportunity to grow and develop free from preventable illness or injury."<ref name="religiousobjections">{{Cite journal |last=Committee on Bioethics |date=1997 |title=Religious objections to medical care. |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/99/2/279.full.pdf |journal=Pediatrics |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=279–281 |doi=10.1542/peds.99.2.279 |pmc= |pmid=9024462 |doi-access=free}} reaffirmed May 2009.</ref> === Hakkin jima'i === [[File:Licence_to_Lie.jpg|alt=Extract from a book|thumb|Misali na likita na yau da kullun shine yaudarar likita ga yara masu jima'i, daga littafin karatu na 1963.]] Yaran Intersex yara ne da aka haifa ko haɓaka, halaye na jima'i. A tarihi yara masu [[jima'i]] sun kasance batun aikin tiyata ba tare da son rai ba kuma daga baya maganin maye gurbin hormone zuwa jima'i / [[jinsi]], wanda sau da yawa ana ɓoye shi daga marasa lafiya; a Amurka, wannan tsarin an san shi da mafi kyawun jinsi na samfurin kiwo, wanda kungiyoyi kamar ISNA suka soki sosai.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Alice D. Dreger |last2=April M. Herndon |title=''Progress and Politics in the intersex rights movement, Feminist theory in action'' |url=http://www.aisia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Dreger__Herndon_2009.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What's the history behind the intersex rights movement? &#124; Intersex Society of North America |url=https://isna.org/faq/history/ |website=isna.org}}</ref> Yara masu jima'i sau da yawa suna fuskantar matakai masu yawa na damuwa, da kuma nuna bambanci, da kuma warewa don samun jikin da ba a saba gani ba, ko yin hanyoyin kiwon lafiya. <ref name="auto" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=The Mental Health and Well-being of LGBTQ Youth who are Intersex |url=https://www.thetrevorproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Intersex-Youth-Mental-Health-Report.pdf |website=[[The Trevor Project]]}}</ref> Matsayin kula da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ga yara masu jima'i shine jinkirta duk aikin tiyata har sai yaron ya isa ya shiga cikin yardar da aka sani, sai dai idan an buƙaci tiyata ta gaggawa. Mutanen da ke tsakanin jima'i suna iya kamuwa da matsalar jinsi sannan yawan jama'a. Kungiyoyi irin su InterACT da kungiyoyin farar hula na intersex sun wanzu don tallafawa da kuma ba da shawara ga matasa masu jima'i, da kuma dakatar da magunguna marasa amfani da kunya da ke kewaye da batutuwan intersex.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Indig |first=Gnendy |last2=Serrano |first2=Mariana |last3=Dalke |first3=Katharine B. |last4=Ejiogu |first4=Nwadiogo I. |last5=Grimstad |first5=Frances |date=September 13, 2021 |title=Clinician Advocacy and Intersex Health: A History of Intersex Health Care and the Role of the Clinician Advocate Past, Present, and Future |url=https://journals.healio.com/doi/10.3928/19382359-20210816-01 |journal=Pediatric Annals |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=e359–e365 |doi=10.3928/19382359-20210816-01 |pmid=34542337 |s2cid=237572670 |url-access=subscription |via=CrossRef}}</ref> === Sauran batutuwa === Sauran batutuwan da ke shafar haƙƙin yara sun haɗa da [[Yara a cikin soja|Amfani da yara na soja]], [[Cinikin yara|Sayar da yara]], karuwancin yara da Hotunan batsa na yara. === Bambanci tsakanin 'yancin yara da' yancin matasa === A mafi yawan hukunce-hukunce, alal misali, ba a yarda yara su jefa kuri'a ba, su yi aure, su sayi barasa, su yi jima'i, ko su shiga aikin biyan kuɗi. A cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin ''[['Yancin Matasa|Matasa]]'', an yi imanin cewa babban bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin ''yara'' da haƙƙin matasa shine cewa masu goyon bayan haƙƙin yara gabaɗaya suna ba da shawarar kafawa da aiwatar da kariya ga yara da matasa, yayin da haƙƙin matasa (ƙaramin motsi) gabaɗaya yana ba da shawarar fadada 'yanci ga yara da / ko matasa da haƙƙin kamar su sufrage. === Hakki da alhakin iyaye === [[Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin iyaye|Hakkin iyaye]] da [[Haƙƙin Rayuwar Iyali|Hakkin rayuwar iyali]] suna da alaƙa da nauyin iyaye. Ana ba wa iyaye isasshen iko don cika ayyukansu ga yaron. Iyaye suna shafar rayuwar yara ta hanyar da ta dace, kuma saboda haka dole ne a rarrabe rawar da suke takawa a cikin 'yancin yara ta wata hanya. Batutuwan musamman a cikin dangantakar yaro da iyaye sun haɗa da sakaci na yara, cin zarafin yara, [[Ƴancin zaɓi|'yancin zaɓe]], azabtar da jiki da Kula da yara. Akwai ra'ayoyin da aka bayar waɗanda ke ba wa iyaye ayyukan da suka danganci haƙƙoƙi waɗanda ke warware tashin hankali tsakanin "bayyanar iyaye" da haƙƙin yara. Batun yana da mahimmanci a cikin shari'ar shari'a wanda ke shafar yiwuwar 'yanci na yara, da kuma lokuta inda yara ke kai karar iyayensu. Hakkin yaro na dangantaka da iyayensu biyu ana karuwa a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci don tantance [[saki]] kyawun bukatun yaro a cikin kisan aure da tsarin Kula da yara. Wasu gwamnatoci sun kafa dokoki da ke haifar da zato mai rikitarwa cewa [[Rarraba iyaye|Iyaye da aka raba]] suna da kyau ga yara. ==== Ƙuntatawa na ikon iyaye ==== Iyaye ba su da cikakken iko a kan yaransu. Iyaye suna ƙarƙashin dokokin aikata laifuka game da watsi, cin zarafi, da kuma watsi da yara. Dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya ta ba da cewa bayyanar addinin mutum na iya iyakancewa don amfanin lafiyar jama'a, don kare tsarin jama'a، kiwon lafiya ko ɗabi'a, ko don kare haƙƙoƙi da 'yanci na wasu.<ref name="ICCPR" /><ref>''[http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms] {{Webarchive}} as amended by Protocols No. 11 and No. 14''. Adopted at Rome, 4 XL 1950.</ref> [Ba a buƙatar tushe na farko]  Kotuna sun sanya wasu iyakoki kan ikon iyaye da ayyukan. [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]], a cikin shari'ar Prince v. Massachusetts, ta yanke hukuncin cewa addinin iyaye ba ya ba da izinin sanya yaro cikin haɗari. Lords of Appeal in Ordinary sun yi mulki, a cikin yanayin ''Gillick v West Norfolk da Wisbech Area Health Authority da kuma wani'', cewa haƙƙin iyaye yana raguwa tare da karuwar shekaru da ƙwarewar yaron, amma ba su ɓace gaba ɗaya ba har sai yaron ya kai mafi rinjaye. Hakkin iyaye yana da alaƙa da ayyukan iyaye ga yaro. Idan babu aiki, babu haƙƙin iyaye. Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukunci, a cikin yanayin E (Mrs) v Hauwa'u, cewa iyaye bazai ba da izinin maye gurbin don rashin warkewa ba. Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukunci, a cikin shari'ar B. (R.) v. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto: <blockquote>Duk da yake yara ba za a iya musanta su ba suna amfana daga Yarjejeniyar, musamman a cikin kariya ga hakkinsu na rayuwa da kuma tsaron kansu, ba su iya tabbatar da waɗannan hakkoki ba, kuma al'ummarmu ta dace da haka suna zaton iyaye za su yi amfani da 'yancin zaɓe a hanyar da ba ta ɓata haƙƙin yaransu ba.</blockquote> == Motsi == Littafin [[Thomas Spence]] na 1796 na ''[[Rights of Infants|<nowiki/>'Yancin Yara]]'' yana daga cikin farkon maganganun harshen Ingilishi game da' yancin yara. A cikin karni na 20, masu fafutukar kare hakkin yara sun shirya don kare hakkin yara marasa gida da kuma ilimin jama'a. Littafin 1927 na The Child's Right to Respect na Janusz Korczak ya ƙarfafa wallafe-wallafen da ke kewaye da filin, kuma a yau ƙungiyoyin duniya da yawa suna aiki a duniya don inganta haƙƙin yara. A cikin Burtaniya kafa al'umma ta malamai, malamai da ma'aikatan shari'a na matasa, 'yan siyasa da masu ba da gudummawa ga al'adu da ake kira Sabon Ideals a Taron Ilimi <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Ideals in Education Conferences |url=https://www.facebook.com/NewIdealsinEducation?ref=bookmarks |website=Facebook}}</ref> (1914-37) sun tsaya ga darajar 'yantar da yaro' kuma sun taimaka wajen bayyana makarantar firamare 'mai kyau' a Ingila har zuwa 80s. Taron su ya yi wa kungiyar UNESCO, New Education Fellowship. A.S. Neill's 1915 book ''[[Rubutun Mai Girma|A Dominie's Log]]'' (1915), a diary of a headteacher changing his school to one based on the liberation and happiness of the child, can be seen as a cultural product that celebrates the heroes of this movement.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2017}} A cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin yara, akwai muhawara game da ko haƙƙoƙin ya kamata su mai da hankali kan hukumar yara kuma su ba su kayan aiki ko kuma haƙƙoƙinsu ya kamata su jaddada kulawa da kariya daga lahani.<ref>{{Citation|journal=Samuel}}</ref> === Hamayya === Hamayya da haƙƙin yara ya riga ya wuce duk wani yanayin yanzu a cikin al'umma, tare da bayanan da aka rubuta game da haƙƙin yaran da suka fara daga karni na 13 da baya. Masu adawa da haƙƙin yara sun yi imanin cewa matasa suna buƙatar karewa daga duniyar manya, gami da yanke shawara da alhakin wannan duniyar. A cikin al'umma mai yawan manya, ana tsara ƙuruciya a matsayin lokacin rashin laifi, lokacin da ba shi da alhakin da rikici, da kuma lokacin da wasa ya mamaye. Yawancin 'yan adawa sun samo asali ne daga damuwa da ke da alaƙa da ikon mallakar ƙasa, haƙƙin jihohi, dangantakar iyaye da yaro. An kuma ambaci matsalolin kudi da "ƙididdigar dabi'un gargajiya a adawa da haƙƙin yara". Ma'anar haƙƙin yara ba ta sami kulawa sosai a Amurka ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mason |first=M.A. |date=Summer 2005 |title=The U.S. and the international children's rights crusade: leader or laggard? |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_4_38/ai_n15681379/print |url-status=usurped |journal=Journal of Social History |volume=38 |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308123350/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_4_38/ai_n15681379/print |archive-date=March 8, 2008 |via=[[FindArticles]]}}</ref> == Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa == An ga [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya]] a matsayin tushen dukkan ka'idojin shari'a na kasa da kasa don' yancin yara a yau. Akwai tarurruka da dokoki da yawa da ke magance haƙƙin yara a duniya. Yawancin takardun yanzu da na tarihi sun shafi waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, gami da sanarwar haƙƙin yaro, wanda Eglantyne Jebb ya tsara a 1923, wanda League of Nations ta amince da shi a 1924 kuma ta sake tabbatar da shi a 1934. [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta karɓi sigar da aka faɗaɗa kaɗan a 1946, sannan Majalisar Dinkinobho ta karɓa a 1959. Daga baya ya zama tushen [[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara]]. === Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa === Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da [[Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa|Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa]] (ICCPR) a shekarar 1966. ICCPR yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa da kusan dukkanin kasashe a duniya suka amince da ita. Al'umman da suka zama bangarorin jihohi ga Alkawari ana buƙatar su girmamawa da aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin da Alkawari ta bayyana. Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki ne a ranar 23 ga Maris 1976. Hakkin da ICCPR ta tsara na duniya ne, don haka suna aiki ga kowa ba tare da bambanci ba kuma wannan ya haɗa da yara. Kodayake yara suna da dukkan hakkoki, wasu hakkoki kamar haƙƙin yin aure da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a sun fara aiki ne kawai bayan yaron ya kai ga balaga.<ref name="ICCPR" /> Wasu hakkoki na yau da kullun da suka shafi yara sun hada da: * 'Yancin rayuwa * haƙƙin tsaro na mutum * 'yancin 'yanci daga azabtarwa * 'yancin samun' yanci daga zalunci, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa * haƙƙin rabuwa da manya lokacin da aka tuhume su da laifi, haƙƙin yin hukunci da sauri, da haƙƙin samun magani da ya dace da shekarunsu <ref name="ICCPR" /> Mataki na 24 ya tsara haƙƙin yaro ga kariya ta musamman saboda ƙarancinsa, haƙƙin suna, da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa.<ref name="ICCPR" /> === Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara === Yarjejeniyar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta 1989 kan 'Yancin Yara, ko CRC, ita ce kayan aiki na farko na kasa da kasa don haɗa dukkan' yancin ɗan adam - na farar hula, al'adu, tattalin arziki, siyasa da na zamantakewa. Kwamitin kan 'Yancin Yara ne ke sa ido kan aiwatar da shi. Gwamnatocin kasa da suka tabbatar da shi sun himmatu ga karewa da tabbatar da haƙƙin yara, kuma sun amince da ɗaukar kansu da alhakin wannan sadaukarwar a gaban al'ummar duniya. CRC ita ce yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam da aka fi amincewa da ita tare da tabbatarwa 196; [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ita ce kadai kasar da ba ta tabbatar da ita ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UN |date=2018 |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&clang=_en |access-date=2018-02-14 |language=EN}}</ref> CRC ta dogara ne akan ka'idoji guda huɗu: ka'idar rashin nuna bambanci; mafi kyawun bukatun yaro; haƙƙin rayuwa, rayuwa da ci gaba; da kuma la'akari da ra'ayoyin yaro a cikin yanke shawara da ke shafar su, bisa ga shekarunsu da balaga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child &#124; UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention |website=www.unicef.org}}</ref> CRC, tare da hanyoyin aikata laifuka na kasa da kasa kamar [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya]], Kotun Yugoslavia da Rwanda, da Kotun Musamman ta Saliyo, an ce sun kara yawan bayanan haƙƙin yara a duk duniya.<ref>Arts, K, Popvoski, V, ''et al.'' (2006) ''International Criminal Accountability and the Rights of Children''. "From Peace to Justice Series". London: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-90-6704-227-7}}.</ref> [[Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki]] sun bukaci, a Sashe na II zuwa 47, duk kasashe da su dauki matakan da suka fi dacewa da albarkatun da suke da su, tare da goyon bayan hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa, don cimma burin da ke cikin Shirin Aikin Taron Duniya. Kuma ya yi kira ga Jihohi da su haɗa Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara a cikin shirye-shiryen aikinsu na kasa. Ta hanyar waɗannan shirye-shiryen ayyukan ƙasa da kuma ƙoƙarin ƙasa da ƙasa, ya kamata a sanya fifiko na musamman akan rage yawan mutuwar jarirai da uwaye, rage rashin abinci mai gina jiki da ƙimar jahilci da samar da damar samun ruwan sha mai aminci da ilimi na asali. Duk lokacin da aka kira shi, ya kamata a tsara shirye-shiryen aiki na kasa don yaki da gaggawa mai lalacewa wanda ya haifar da bala'o'i da [[Yaƙi|rikice-rikicen makamai]] da kuma matsalar yara masu matsanancin talauci. Bugu da ƙari, para 48 ya bukaci dukkan jihohi, tare da goyon bayan hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa, don magance matsalar yara a cikin yanayi mai wahala. Ya kamata a yi yaƙi da cin zarafin yara sosai, gami da magance tushen su. Ana buƙatar matakai masu inganci game da [[Kashe jarirai|Kisan jarirai]] mata, [[aikin yara]] mai cutarwa, [[Cinikin yara|Sayar da yara]] da gabobin, karuwancin yara, Hotunan batsa na yara, da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafin jima'i. Wannan ya rinjayi karɓar Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Haɗin Yara a cikin Rikicin Makamai da Yarjejeniyar Shaɓuɓɓugar kan Sayar da Yara, Karuwancin Yara da Batsa na Yara. === Matsi === Akwai kungiyoyi da hanyoyin tilasta aiki iri-iri don tabbatar da haƙƙin yara. Sun hada da Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Yara don [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na Musamman kan Yara. An kafa shi ne don inganta cikakken aiwatarwa da bin Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara, da kuma tabbatar da cewa an ba da' yancin yara fifiko a lokacin Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman kan Yara da kuma tsarin shiryawa. An kirkiro Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya "tare da fatan cewa za ta iya zama mafi ma'ana, gaskiya da inganci wajen fallasa take hakkin dan adam a duk duniya fiye da Hukumar Kare Hakkin dan Adam da ke da matukar siyasa".Kungiyar NGO don Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara ƙungiya ce ta ƙungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba na duniya da aka kafa a 1983 don sauƙaƙe aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan' Yancin Yara. == Dokar ƙasa == Kasashe da yawa a duniya suna da 'yancin yara ko kwamishinonin yara waɗanda jami'in su, aikin gwamnati shine wakiltar bukatun jama'a ta hanyar bincike da magance korafe-korafe da kowane ɗan ƙasa ya bayar game da' yancin yara. Har ila yau, yara na iya aiki ga kamfani, jarida, NGO, ko ma ga jama'a. === Dokar Amurka === Amurka ta sanya hannu amma ba ta tabbatar da CRC ba. A sakamakon haka, ba a aiwatar da haƙƙin yara a cikin Amurka ba. Ana ba wa yara hakkoki na asali da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya nuna, kamar yadda Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka ta tsara. Matsayin Kariya na Daidaitawa na wannan gyare-gyare shine ya shafi yara, waɗanda aka haifa a cikin aure ko a'a, amma ya cire yara da ba a haife su ba.<ref name="law.cornell.edu">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Children's Rights |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/childrens_rights |access-date=18 October 2015}}</ref> Wannan ya karfafa ta hanyar yanke shawara ta [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta In re Gault (1967). A cikin wannan shari'ar 'yan sanda na yankin sun kama Gerald Gault mai shekaru 15 na Arizona bayan an zarge shi da yin kiran waya mai lalata. An tsare shi kuma ya shiga Makarantar Masana'antu ta Jihar Arizona har sai ya kai shekaru 21 don yin kiran waya ga wani maƙwabci mai girma. A cikin yanke shawara 8-1, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa a cikin sauraron da zai iya haifar da sadaukarwa ga wata hukuma, mutanen da ba su kai shekara 18 ba suna da damar lura da ba da shawara, yin tambayoyi ga shaidu, da kuma kariya daga cin zarafin kansu. Kotun ta gano cewa hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a sauraron Gault ba su cika waɗannan bukatun ba. [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta yanke hukunci a cikin shari'ar ''Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District'' (1969) cewa ɗalibai a makaranta suna da haƙƙin Tsarin Mulki. [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta yanke hukunci a cikin shari'ar Roper v. Simmons cewa ba za a iya kashe mutane ba saboda laifuka da aka aikata ba lokacin da ba su kai shekara goma sha takwas ba. Ya yanke hukuncin cewa irin wannan kisa mummunan hukunci ne kuma ba a saba gani ba, don haka sun saba wa Kwaskwarima ta takwas ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka. <ref>{{Cite court|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/03-633.ZS.html}}</ref> Akwai wasu damuwa a Amurka game da haƙƙin yara. Jami'ar Lauyoyin Kwalejin Amurka ta damu da haƙƙin yara ga tsarin iyali mai aminci, mai tallafawa da kwanciyar hankali. Matsayinsu game da haƙƙin yara a cikin shari'o'in tallafi ya bayyana cewa, "yara suna da sha'awar 'yanci ta tsarin mulki a cikin kariya ga iyalansu da aka kafa, haƙƙoƙin da aƙalla daidai da, kuma mun yi imanin sun fi ƙarfin, haƙƙin wasu waɗanda za su yi ikirarin' sha'awar'awar 'mallaka' a cikin waɗannan yara".Sauran batutuwan da aka tayar a cikin kare hakkin yara na Amurka sun hada da haƙƙin yara ga gado a cikin auren jinsi ɗaya da kuma wasu haƙƙoƙi ga matasa. === Dokar Jamus === Wani rahoto da Shugaban Taron INGO na Majalisar Turai, Annelise Oeschger ya gabatar ya gano cewa yara da iyayensu suna ƙarƙashin cin zarafin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], [[Tarayyar Turai]] da [[UNICEF]]. Abin damuwa na musamman shine hukumar Jamus (da Austrian), Jugendamt ([[Jamusanci]]: Ofishin Matasa) wanda sau da yawa ba da izini ga ikon gwamnati ba tare da kulawa ba game da dangantakar iyaye da yaro, wanda ya haifar da lahani ciki har da [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]], ƙasƙanci, zalunci kuma ya haifar da mutuwar yara. Matsalar ta kasance mai rikitarwa ta hanyar kusan "ikon da ba a iyakance ba" na jami'an Jugendamt, ba tare da matakai don sake dubawa ko warware rashin dacewa ko cutarwa ba. Ta hanyar dokar Jamus, ana kare jami'an Jugendamt (JA) daga gurfanar da su. Ana ganin ikon jami'an JA a cikin shari'o'in da ke zuwa kotun iyali inda ƙwararrun jami'an MA masu ilimi ko ƙwararrun zasu iya soke shaidar; A cikin fiye da 90% na shari'oʼin shawarar jami'in JA kotun iyali ta yarda da ita. Jami'ai sun kuma yi watsi da yanke shawara na kotun iyali, kamar lokacin da za su mayar da yara ga iyayensu, ba tare da tasiri ba. Jamus ba ta amince da yanke shawara game da jin dadin yara da Kotun Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta yi ba wanda ya nemi karewa ko warware take hakkin yara da iyaye. == Dubi kuma == * [[Ilimi na haƙƙin yara]] * [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] * Cutar kaciya, kaciya ta tilasta, da [[Ka'idojin kaciya]] * Kyautar Zaman Lafiya ta Yara ta Duniya * Ka'idojin Jagora na Tsakanin Hukumomi akan Yara marasa Bi da Rabuwa * Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa don Yara * Yunkurin kare hakkin iyaye * Ranar Red Hand === Hakkin yara na duniya === * [[Hakkokin Yara a Chile|Hakkin yara a Chile]] * [[Hakkin yara a Colombia]] * [[Haƙƙin yara a Iran|Hakkin yara a Iran]] * [['Yancin Dan Adam a Japan|Hakkin yara a Japan]] * [[Hakkin yara a Mali]] * [['Yancin Dan Adam a Ƙasar Ingila|Hakkin yara a Ƙasar Ingila]] * [[Sanarwar 'Yancin Yara]] === Tambayoyi === === Kungiyoyin kare hakkin yara === == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dq8hkghdf91lmaxf30a6exla3ocapic 0 30830 969053 911336 2026-10-18T13:45:33Z Nura Bello 24854 969053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim''' wanda aka haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 1980) ƙwararren yar ƙasa da ƙasa ne kuma shugaban tunani a cikin Tsaro, Maganin Rikici, Gudanar da Bala'i da Bala'o'i, Ci gaba da Gudanar da Shige da Fice.  Ita ce tsohon Darakta Janar na [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kasa]] (NAPTIP). Tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa, Migrants da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a Cikin Gida. An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda a watan Agusta 2023. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministan Harkokin Mata a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=profile meet imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim nigerias new women affairs minister |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/gender/748151-profile-meet-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-nigerias-new-women-affairs-minister.html?tztc=1/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta girma ne a [[Abuja]], Najeriya . Ta halarci makarantar yarinya ta Aruwa, makarantar firamare ta Abuja da Jabi, (yanzu, makarantar firimare ta LEA, Jabi), don karatun jariri da makarantar firamara kafin ta wuce zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Bwari, Abuja don karatun sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Abuja]] tare da digiri a fannin zamantakewa. Ta sami digiri biyu daga Jami'an Webster, Masters of Business Administration MBA da Masters of Art MA . Ta yi aikinta na tilas na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]], ofishin yankin Kaduna. A halin yanzu tana da hannu wajen neman digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Tsaro da Dabarun a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya . Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kwararren Gudanar da Ma'aikata, da kuma Kwararren Mashawarcin SAP HCM.<ref name="LEA">{{cite news |title=I Have Zero Tolerance For Negativity – Iman |url=https://leadership.ng/i-have-zero-tolerance-for-negativity-iman |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="DT2">{{cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta fara aikinta tana aiki a Abuja ''Geographic Information Systems,'' AGIS, kafin ta koma Ingila inda ta yi aiki a fannin albarkatun ɗan adam, Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa kafin ta zama mai ba da shawara ga [[Albarkatun dan'adam|HCM]]. Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta shiga Mary Kay kuma daga baya ta zama babban darektan tallace-tallace. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman kan sadarwa ta dabarun ga ministan ilimi na jihar, [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]] kuma an nada ta memba na kwamitin ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na jihar Nasarawa ta Babban Gwamnan Jihar Nassarawa Engr. A. A. Sule a watan Satumbar 2019. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Roma, Italiya, da Cibiyar Sultana Maccido don Zaman Lafiya, Jagora, da Nazarin Ci Gaban a Jami'an Abuja . Kwanan nan ta kasance Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin mutane na tsawon watanni 6 daga Disamba 2020 zuwa Mayu 2021. Ta kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. A watan Agustan 2023, an rantsar da ita a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda bayan Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya zaba ta. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, a lokacin sake fasalin majalisar ministoci, an sake sanya ta a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Mata. == Darakta Janar na NAPTIP == A watan Disamba na 2020 Imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim ta ɗauki matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane (NAPTIP) a cikin watanni shida ta jagoranci NAPTIP, ta sake sanya Hukumar, kuma ayyukan gyare-gyare sun haifar da inganta Najeriya daga jerin masu sa ido na Tier 2 (wanda ke jawo takunkumi) zuwa matsayi na 3 (na biyu zuwa matsayi mafi girma) ta Rahoton Kasuwanci na Amurka. Ta kuma goyi bayan tsari na kasa ko mafita mai dorewa da kuma sake duba manufofin ƙaura na 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adetayo |first=Olalekan |date=1 December 2020 |title=Updated: Buhari appoints new DG for NAPTIP |url=https://punchng.com/updated-buhari-appoints-new-dg-for-naptip |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=The Punch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=buhari finally replaces unqualified director general of naptip |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/464175-buhari-finally-replaces-unqualified-director-general-of-naptip.html/ |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=women in business for imaan sulaiman ibrahim as dg of naptip it is a no to human trafficking other associated vices |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/women-in-business/article/for-iman-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-dg-of-naptip-it-is-a-no-to-human-trafficking-other-associated-vices/%3famp/ |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=businessday.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kwamishinan Kasa na 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu == An sake nada ta a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Masu Kaura, da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (NCFRMI). Ita ce mai fafutukar shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwar mutane sama da miliyan 2 masu damuwa a Najeriya inda ta sauƙaƙa wucewar Dokar NCFRMI ta 2022 zuwa doka bayan sama da shekaru 14 na ƙoƙarin da suka gabata. Dokar ta kafa kuma ta karfafa aikin kasa don kariya da taimakon mutanen da ke damuwa (PoC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=why activities of ngos need to be regulated imaan sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://dailytrust.com/why-activities-of-ngos-need-to-be-regulated-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=dailytrust.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim mama Migrants and idps is a year older |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-mama-migrants-and-idps-is-a-year-older/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ministan 'Yansanda ta Jiha == An nada ta a cikin watan Agustan 2023, a matsayin mace ta farko Minstan Harkokin 'Yan Sanda ta Jihar Tarayyar Najeriya. Ta bunkasa manyan hanyoyin gyara, kuma ta fidda fayyataccen kuduri don samar da Harkokin 'Yan sanda da zai goga da sauran duniya, wanda zai kasance mai daukan jama'a, da ya shafi al'umma, dabarun kimiyya, - wanda zai tafi da salon fasaha kuma ya dace da Karni na 21. Ta kara yawan kudin shiga ga Ma'aikatar harkokin 'Yan Sanda da kusan kashi 1000 ta hanyar wanzar da muhimman dabaru. Ta yi nasarar da dabarun cigaba a cikin 'yan sandan gari wanda ya kara alaka sosai a tsakanin al'umma da kuma 'yan sanda, ya inganta gabaki daya tsaro da kuma kariya ga al'umma. An bata tambari na musamman na tarihi daga Jakadan kasar Jamus don amincewa da kokarinta a wajen bunkasa zaman lafiya da kare hakkokin 'yan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=unveiling imaan sulaiman ibrahim police affairs minister of state designate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/18/unveiling-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-police-affairs-minister-of-state-designate/?amp/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Cybercrime Book Into Federal Government Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=minister promises to draft authors of cybercrime book into fed govts committee |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-promises-to-draft-authors-of-cybercrime-book-into-fed-govts-committee/amp/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * New Era for Nigerian Women. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-assures-of-a-new-era-for-nigerian-women/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da Karramawa == * Dokta na girmamawa a Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=tinubus minister imaan sulaiman ibrahim bags honorary doctorate in ghana |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=royalnews.com.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009001848/https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Mai Gudanarwa Mai Kyau . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim elegance of a seasoned administrator |url=https://leadership.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elegance-of-a-seasoned-administrator/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Inganta Muryoyin Mata da Matsayi a Kyautar Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://blueprint.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elevating-womens-voices-and-roles-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * 100 Mafi Kyawun Peace Icons na Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=100 Most Notable Peace icons africa |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-sulaiman-ibrahim-honoured-as-100-most-notable-peace-icons-africa/amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim moghalu ohiare others bag businessday excellence in public service awards |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/07/22/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-moghalu-ohiare-others-bag-businessday-excellence-in-public-service-awards/?amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mata 'yar siyasa ta shekara Kyautar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=why blueprint newspaper honoured imaan sulaiman ibrahim as female politician of the year |url=https:vanguardngr.com/2022/08/why-blueprint-newspaper-honoured-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-female-politician-of-the-year/amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mai ba da kyauta ta Musamman ta Tsaro Colossus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim security colossus performer extraordinaire |url=https://thebossnewspapers.com/2024/10/12/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-security-colossus-performer-extraordinaire/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=thebossnewspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jagoranci mai sauyawa a cikin Kyautar Tsaro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://independent.ng/hon-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-honored-for-transformative-leadership-in-security/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, Najeriya . Ta fito ne daga [[Keffi]], [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]], Najeriya . Mahaifinta shi ne S. K. Danladi, injiniya da mai haɓaka a Abuja. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Aishatu Sulaiman Danladi, malama. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin iyali na yara takwas.<ref name="DT">{{Cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] admbghyjyvot4ljbz38mal5zu0lq4lt 969054 969053 2026-10-18T13:45:35Z KiranBOT 35988 cire bin AMP daga URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|cikakkun bayanai]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|rahoton kuskure]]) v3.1.1s 969054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim''' wanda aka haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 1980) ƙwararren yar ƙasa da ƙasa ne kuma shugaban tunani a cikin Tsaro, Maganin Rikici, Gudanar da Bala'i da Bala'o'i, Ci gaba da Gudanar da Shige da Fice.  Ita ce tsohon Darakta Janar na [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kasa]] (NAPTIP). Tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa, Migrants da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a Cikin Gida. An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda a watan Agusta 2023. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministan Harkokin Mata a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=profile meet imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim nigerias new women affairs minister |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/gender/748151-profile-meet-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-nigerias-new-women-affairs-minister.html?tztc=1/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta girma ne a [[Abuja]], Najeriya . Ta halarci makarantar yarinya ta Aruwa, makarantar firamare ta Abuja da Jabi, (yanzu, makarantar firimare ta LEA, Jabi), don karatun jariri da makarantar firamara kafin ta wuce zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Bwari, Abuja don karatun sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Abuja]] tare da digiri a fannin zamantakewa. Ta sami digiri biyu daga Jami'an Webster, Masters of Business Administration MBA da Masters of Art MA . Ta yi aikinta na tilas na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]], ofishin yankin Kaduna. A halin yanzu tana da hannu wajen neman digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Tsaro da Dabarun a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya . Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kwararren Gudanar da Ma'aikata, da kuma Kwararren Mashawarcin SAP HCM.<ref name="LEA">{{cite news |title=I Have Zero Tolerance For Negativity – Iman |url=https://leadership.ng/i-have-zero-tolerance-for-negativity-iman |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="DT2">{{cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta fara aikinta tana aiki a Abuja ''Geographic Information Systems,'' AGIS, kafin ta koma Ingila inda ta yi aiki a fannin albarkatun ɗan adam, Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa kafin ta zama mai ba da shawara ga [[Albarkatun dan'adam|HCM]]. Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta shiga Mary Kay kuma daga baya ta zama babban darektan tallace-tallace. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman kan sadarwa ta dabarun ga ministan ilimi na jihar, [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]] kuma an nada ta memba na kwamitin ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na jihar Nasarawa ta Babban Gwamnan Jihar Nassarawa Engr. A. A. Sule a watan Satumbar 2019. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Roma, Italiya, da Cibiyar Sultana Maccido don Zaman Lafiya, Jagora, da Nazarin Ci Gaban a Jami'an Abuja . Kwanan nan ta kasance Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin mutane na tsawon watanni 6 daga Disamba 2020 zuwa Mayu 2021. Ta kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. A watan Agustan 2023, an rantsar da ita a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda bayan Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya zaba ta. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, a lokacin sake fasalin majalisar ministoci, an sake sanya ta a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Mata. == Darakta Janar na NAPTIP == A watan Disamba na 2020 Imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim ta ɗauki matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane (NAPTIP) a cikin watanni shida ta jagoranci NAPTIP, ta sake sanya Hukumar, kuma ayyukan gyare-gyare sun haifar da inganta Najeriya daga jerin masu sa ido na Tier 2 (wanda ke jawo takunkumi) zuwa matsayi na 3 (na biyu zuwa matsayi mafi girma) ta Rahoton Kasuwanci na Amurka. Ta kuma goyi bayan tsari na kasa ko mafita mai dorewa da kuma sake duba manufofin ƙaura na 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adetayo |first=Olalekan |date=1 December 2020 |title=Updated: Buhari appoints new DG for NAPTIP |url=https://punchng.com/updated-buhari-appoints-new-dg-for-naptip |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=The Punch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=buhari finally replaces unqualified director general of naptip |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/464175-buhari-finally-replaces-unqualified-director-general-of-naptip.html/ |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=women in business for imaan sulaiman ibrahim as dg of naptip it is a no to human trafficking other associated vices |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/women-in-business/article/for-iman-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-dg-of-naptip-it-is-a-no-to-human-trafficking-other-associated-vices/%3famp/ |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=businessday.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kwamishinan Kasa na 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu == An sake nada ta a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Masu Kaura, da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (NCFRMI). Ita ce mai fafutukar shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwar mutane sama da miliyan 2 masu damuwa a Najeriya inda ta sauƙaƙa wucewar Dokar NCFRMI ta 2022 zuwa doka bayan sama da shekaru 14 na ƙoƙarin da suka gabata. Dokar ta kafa kuma ta karfafa aikin kasa don kariya da taimakon mutanen da ke damuwa (PoC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=why activities of ngos need to be regulated imaan sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://dailytrust.com/why-activities-of-ngos-need-to-be-regulated-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=dailytrust.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim mama Migrants and idps is a year older |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-mama-migrants-and-idps-is-a-year-older/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ministan 'Yansanda ta Jiha == An nada ta a cikin watan Agustan 2023, a matsayin mace ta farko Minstan Harkokin 'Yan Sanda ta Jihar Tarayyar Najeriya. Ta bunkasa manyan hanyoyin gyara, kuma ta fidda fayyataccen kuduri don samar da Harkokin 'Yan sanda da zai goga da sauran duniya, wanda zai kasance mai daukan jama'a, da ya shafi al'umma, dabarun kimiyya, - wanda zai tafi da salon fasaha kuma ya dace da Karni na 21. Ta kara yawan kudin shiga ga Ma'aikatar harkokin 'Yan Sanda da kusan kashi 1000 ta hanyar wanzar da muhimman dabaru. Ta yi nasarar da dabarun cigaba a cikin 'yan sandan gari wanda ya kara alaka sosai a tsakanin al'umma da kuma 'yan sanda, ya inganta gabaki daya tsaro da kuma kariya ga al'umma. An bata tambari na musamman na tarihi daga Jakadan kasar Jamus don amincewa da kokarinta a wajen bunkasa zaman lafiya da kare hakkokin 'yan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=unveiling imaan sulaiman ibrahim police affairs minister of state designate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/18/unveiling-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-police-affairs-minister-of-state-designate/?amp/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Cybercrime Book Into Federal Government Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=minister promises to draft authors of cybercrime book into fed govts committee |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-promises-to-draft-authors-of-cybercrime-book-into-fed-govts-committee/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * New Era for Nigerian Women. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-assures-of-a-new-era-for-nigerian-women/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da Karramawa == * Dokta na girmamawa a Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=tinubus minister imaan sulaiman ibrahim bags honorary doctorate in ghana |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=royalnews.com.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009001848/https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Mai Gudanarwa Mai Kyau . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim elegance of a seasoned administrator |url=https://leadership.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elegance-of-a-seasoned-administrator/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Inganta Muryoyin Mata da Matsayi a Kyautar Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://blueprint.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elevating-womens-voices-and-roles-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * 100 Mafi Kyawun Peace Icons na Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=100 Most Notable Peace icons africa |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-sulaiman-ibrahim-honoured-as-100-most-notable-peace-icons-africa/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim moghalu ohiare others bag businessday excellence in public service awards |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/07/22/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-moghalu-ohiare-others-bag-businessday-excellence-in-public-service-awards/?amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mata 'yar siyasa ta shekara Kyautar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=why blueprint newspaper honoured imaan sulaiman ibrahim as female politician of the year |url=https:vanguardngr.com/2022/08/why-blueprint-newspaper-honoured-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-female-politician-of-the-year/amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mai ba da kyauta ta Musamman ta Tsaro Colossus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim security colossus performer extraordinaire |url=https://thebossnewspapers.com/2024/10/12/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-security-colossus-performer-extraordinaire/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=thebossnewspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jagoranci mai sauyawa a cikin Kyautar Tsaro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://independent.ng/hon-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-honored-for-transformative-leadership-in-security/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, Najeriya . Ta fito ne daga [[Keffi]], [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]], Najeriya . Mahaifinta shi ne S. K. Danladi, injiniya da mai haɓaka a Abuja. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Aishatu Sulaiman Danladi, malama. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin iyali na yara takwas.<ref name="DT">{{Cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] a3zktssb59yc56izd2hfn2oh97fq52n 969056 969054 2026-10-18T13:47:22Z Nura Bello 24854 969056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim''' wanda aka haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 1980) ƙwararriyar yar ƙasa da ƙasa ne kuma shugaban tunani a cikin Tsaro, Maganin Rikici, Gudanar da Bala'i da Bala'o'i, Ci gaba da Gudanar da Shige da Fice.  Ita ce tsohon Darakta Janar na [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kasa]] (NAPTIP). Tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa, Migrants da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a Cikin Gida. An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda a watan Agusta 2023. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministan Harkokin Mata a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=profile meet imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim nigerias new women affairs minister |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/gender/748151-profile-meet-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-nigerias-new-women-affairs-minister.html?tztc=1/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta girma ne a [[Abuja]], Najeriya . Ta halarci makarantar yarinya ta Aruwa, makarantar firamare ta Abuja da Jabi, (yanzu, makarantar firimare ta LEA, Jabi), don karatun jariri da makarantar firamara kafin ta wuce zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Bwari, Abuja don karatun sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Abuja]] tare da digiri a fannin zamantakewa. Ta sami digiri biyu daga Jami'an Webster, Masters of Business Administration MBA da Masters of Art MA . Ta yi aikinta na tilas na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]], ofishin yankin Kaduna. A halin yanzu tana da hannu wajen neman digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Tsaro da Dabarun a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya . Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kwararren Gudanar da Ma'aikata, da kuma Kwararren Mashawarcin SAP HCM.<ref name="LEA">{{cite news |title=I Have Zero Tolerance For Negativity – Iman |url=https://leadership.ng/i-have-zero-tolerance-for-negativity-iman |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="DT2">{{cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta fara aikinta tana aiki a Abuja ''Geographic Information Systems,'' AGIS, kafin ta koma Ingila inda ta yi aiki a fannin albarkatun ɗan adam, Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa kafin ta zama mai ba da shawara ga [[Albarkatun dan'adam|HCM]]. Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta shiga Mary Kay kuma daga baya ta zama babban darektan tallace-tallace. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman kan sadarwa ta dabarun ga ministan ilimi na jihar, [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]] kuma an nada ta memba na kwamitin ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na jihar Nasarawa ta Babban Gwamnan Jihar Nassarawa Engr. A. A. Sule a watan Satumbar 2019. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Roma, Italiya, da Cibiyar Sultana Maccido don Zaman Lafiya, Jagora, da Nazarin Ci Gaban a Jami'an Abuja . Kwanan nan ta kasance Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin mutane na tsawon watanni 6 daga Disamba 2020 zuwa Mayu 2021. Ta kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. A watan Agustan 2023, an rantsar da ita a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda bayan Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya zaba ta. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, a lokacin sake fasalin majalisar ministoci, an sake sanya ta a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Mata. == Darakta Janar na NAPTIP == A watan Disamba na 2020 Imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim ta ɗauki matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane (NAPTIP) a cikin watanni shida ta jagoranci NAPTIP, ta sake sanya Hukumar, kuma ayyukan gyare-gyare sun haifar da inganta Najeriya daga jerin masu sa ido na Tier 2 (wanda ke jawo takunkumi) zuwa matsayi na 3 (na biyu zuwa matsayi mafi girma) ta Rahoton Kasuwanci na Amurka. Ta kuma goyi bayan tsari na kasa ko mafita mai dorewa da kuma sake duba manufofin ƙaura na 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adetayo |first=Olalekan |date=1 December 2020 |title=Updated: Buhari appoints new DG for NAPTIP |url=https://punchng.com/updated-buhari-appoints-new-dg-for-naptip |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=The Punch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=buhari finally replaces unqualified director general of naptip |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/464175-buhari-finally-replaces-unqualified-director-general-of-naptip.html/ |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=women in business for imaan sulaiman ibrahim as dg of naptip it is a no to human trafficking other associated vices |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/women-in-business/article/for-iman-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-dg-of-naptip-it-is-a-no-to-human-trafficking-other-associated-vices/%3famp/ |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=businessday.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kwamishinan Kasa na 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu == An sake nada ta a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Masu Kaura, da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (NCFRMI). Ita ce mai fafutukar shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwar mutane sama da miliyan 2 masu damuwa a Najeriya inda ta sauƙaƙa wucewar Dokar NCFRMI ta 2022 zuwa doka bayan sama da shekaru 14 na ƙoƙarin da suka gabata. Dokar ta kafa kuma ta karfafa aikin kasa don kariya da taimakon mutanen da ke damuwa (PoC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=why activities of ngos need to be regulated imaan sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://dailytrust.com/why-activities-of-ngos-need-to-be-regulated-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=dailytrust.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim mama Migrants and idps is a year older |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-mama-migrants-and-idps-is-a-year-older/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ministan 'Yansanda ta Jiha == An nada ta a cikin watan Agustan 2023, a matsayin mace ta farko Minstan Harkokin 'Yan Sanda ta Jihar Tarayyar Najeriya. Ta bunkasa manyan hanyoyin gyara, kuma ta fidda fayyataccen kuduri don samar da Harkokin 'Yan sanda da zai goga da sauran duniya, wanda zai kasance mai daukan jama'a, da ya shafi al'umma, dabarun kimiyya, - wanda zai tafi da salon fasaha kuma ya dace da Karni na 21. Ta kara yawan kudin shiga ga Ma'aikatar harkokin 'Yan Sanda da kusan kashi 1000 ta hanyar wanzar da muhimman dabaru. Ta yi nasarar da dabarun cigaba a cikin 'yan sandan gari wanda ya kara alaka sosai a tsakanin al'umma da kuma 'yan sanda, ya inganta gabaki daya tsaro da kuma kariya ga al'umma. An bata tambari na musamman na tarihi daga Jakadan kasar Jamus don amincewa da kokarinta a wajen bunkasa zaman lafiya da kare hakkokin 'yan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=unveiling imaan sulaiman ibrahim police affairs minister of state designate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/18/unveiling-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-police-affairs-minister-of-state-designate/?amp/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Cybercrime Book Into Federal Government Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=minister promises to draft authors of cybercrime book into fed govts committee |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-promises-to-draft-authors-of-cybercrime-book-into-fed-govts-committee/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * New Era for Nigerian Women. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-assures-of-a-new-era-for-nigerian-women/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da Karramawa == * Dokta na girmamawa a Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=tinubus minister imaan sulaiman ibrahim bags honorary doctorate in ghana |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=royalnews.com.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009001848/https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Mai Gudanarwa Mai Kyau . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim elegance of a seasoned administrator |url=https://leadership.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elegance-of-a-seasoned-administrator/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Inganta Muryoyin Mata da Matsayi a Kyautar Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://blueprint.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elevating-womens-voices-and-roles-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * 100 Mafi Kyawun Peace Icons na Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=100 Most Notable Peace icons africa |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-sulaiman-ibrahim-honoured-as-100-most-notable-peace-icons-africa/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim moghalu ohiare others bag businessday excellence in public service awards |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/07/22/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-moghalu-ohiare-others-bag-businessday-excellence-in-public-service-awards/?amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mata 'yar siyasa ta shekara Kyautar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=why blueprint newspaper honoured imaan sulaiman ibrahim as female politician of the year |url=https:vanguardngr.com/2022/08/why-blueprint-newspaper-honoured-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-female-politician-of-the-year/amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mai ba da kyauta ta Musamman ta Tsaro Colossus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim security colossus performer extraordinaire |url=https://thebossnewspapers.com/2024/10/12/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-security-colossus-performer-extraordinaire/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=thebossnewspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jagoranci mai sauyawa a cikin Kyautar Tsaro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://independent.ng/hon-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-honored-for-transformative-leadership-in-security/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, Najeriya . Ta fito ne daga [[Keffi]], [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]], Najeriya . Mahaifinta shi ne S. K. Danladi, injiniya da mai haɓaka a Abuja. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Aishatu Sulaiman Danladi, malama. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin iyali na yara takwas.<ref name="DT">{{Cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] nhvxpm6x7qyyofxfu19q3pr3ndjzlbd 969058 969056 2026-10-18T13:48:13Z Nura Bello 24854 969058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim''' wanda aka haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 1980) ƙwararriyar yar ƙasa da ƙasa ce kuma shugaban tunani a cikin Tsaro, Maganin Rikici, Gudanar da Bala'i da Bala'o'i, Ci gaba da Gudanar da Shige da Fice.  Ita ce tsohon Darakta Janar na [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kasa]] (NAPTIP). Tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa, Migrants da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a Cikin Gida. An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda a watan Agusta 2023. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministan Harkokin Mata a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=profile meet imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim nigerias new women affairs minister |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/gender/748151-profile-meet-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-nigerias-new-women-affairs-minister.html?tztc=1/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta girma ne a [[Abuja]], Najeriya . Ta halarci makarantar yarinya ta Aruwa, makarantar firamare ta Abuja da Jabi, (yanzu, makarantar firimare ta LEA, Jabi), don karatun jariri da makarantar firamara kafin ta wuce zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Bwari, Abuja don karatun sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Abuja]] tare da digiri a fannin zamantakewa. Ta sami digiri biyu daga Jami'an Webster, Masters of Business Administration MBA da Masters of Art MA . Ta yi aikinta na tilas na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]], ofishin yankin Kaduna. A halin yanzu tana da hannu wajen neman digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Tsaro da Dabarun a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya . Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kwararren Gudanar da Ma'aikata, da kuma Kwararren Mashawarcin SAP HCM.<ref name="LEA">{{cite news |title=I Have Zero Tolerance For Negativity – Iman |url=https://leadership.ng/i-have-zero-tolerance-for-negativity-iman |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="DT2">{{cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta fara aikinta tana aiki a Abuja ''Geographic Information Systems,'' AGIS, kafin ta koma Ingila inda ta yi aiki a fannin albarkatun ɗan adam, Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa kafin ta zama mai ba da shawara ga [[Albarkatun dan'adam|HCM]]. Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta shiga Mary Kay kuma daga baya ta zama babban darektan tallace-tallace. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman kan sadarwa ta dabarun ga ministan ilimi na jihar, [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]] kuma an nada ta memba na kwamitin ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na jihar Nasarawa ta Babban Gwamnan Jihar Nassarawa Engr. A. A. Sule a watan Satumbar 2019. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Roma, Italiya, da Cibiyar Sultana Maccido don Zaman Lafiya, Jagora, da Nazarin Ci Gaban a Jami'an Abuja . Kwanan nan ta kasance Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin mutane na tsawon watanni 6 daga Disamba 2020 zuwa Mayu 2021. Ta kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. A watan Agustan 2023, an rantsar da ita a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda bayan Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya zaba ta. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, a lokacin sake fasalin majalisar ministoci, an sake sanya ta a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Mata. == Darakta Janar na NAPTIP == A watan Disamba na 2020 Imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim ta ɗauki matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane (NAPTIP) a cikin watanni shida ta jagoranci NAPTIP, ta sake sanya Hukumar, kuma ayyukan gyare-gyare sun haifar da inganta Najeriya daga jerin masu sa ido na Tier 2 (wanda ke jawo takunkumi) zuwa matsayi na 3 (na biyu zuwa matsayi mafi girma) ta Rahoton Kasuwanci na Amurka. Ta kuma goyi bayan tsari na kasa ko mafita mai dorewa da kuma sake duba manufofin ƙaura na 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adetayo |first=Olalekan |date=1 December 2020 |title=Updated: Buhari appoints new DG for NAPTIP |url=https://punchng.com/updated-buhari-appoints-new-dg-for-naptip |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=The Punch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=buhari finally replaces unqualified director general of naptip |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/464175-buhari-finally-replaces-unqualified-director-general-of-naptip.html/ |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=women in business for imaan sulaiman ibrahim as dg of naptip it is a no to human trafficking other associated vices |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/women-in-business/article/for-iman-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-dg-of-naptip-it-is-a-no-to-human-trafficking-other-associated-vices/%3famp/ |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=businessday.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kwamishinan Kasa na 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu == An sake nada ta a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Masu Kaura, da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (NCFRMI). Ita ce mai fafutukar shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwar mutane sama da miliyan 2 masu damuwa a Najeriya inda ta sauƙaƙa wucewar Dokar NCFRMI ta 2022 zuwa doka bayan sama da shekaru 14 na ƙoƙarin da suka gabata. Dokar ta kafa kuma ta karfafa aikin kasa don kariya da taimakon mutanen da ke damuwa (PoC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=why activities of ngos need to be regulated imaan sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://dailytrust.com/why-activities-of-ngos-need-to-be-regulated-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=dailytrust.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim mama Migrants and idps is a year older |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-mama-migrants-and-idps-is-a-year-older/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ministan 'Yansanda ta Jiha == An nada ta a cikin watan Agustan 2023, a matsayin mace ta farko Minstan Harkokin 'Yan Sanda ta Jihar Tarayyar Najeriya. Ta bunkasa manyan hanyoyin gyara, kuma ta fidda fayyataccen kuduri don samar da Harkokin 'Yan sanda da zai goga da sauran duniya, wanda zai kasance mai daukan jama'a, da ya shafi al'umma, dabarun kimiyya, - wanda zai tafi da salon fasaha kuma ya dace da Karni na 21. Ta kara yawan kudin shiga ga Ma'aikatar harkokin 'Yan Sanda da kusan kashi 1000 ta hanyar wanzar da muhimman dabaru. Ta yi nasarar da dabarun cigaba a cikin 'yan sandan gari wanda ya kara alaka sosai a tsakanin al'umma da kuma 'yan sanda, ya inganta gabaki daya tsaro da kuma kariya ga al'umma. An bata tambari na musamman na tarihi daga Jakadan kasar Jamus don amincewa da kokarinta a wajen bunkasa zaman lafiya da kare hakkokin 'yan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=unveiling imaan sulaiman ibrahim police affairs minister of state designate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/18/unveiling-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-police-affairs-minister-of-state-designate/?amp/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Cybercrime Book Into Federal Government Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=minister promises to draft authors of cybercrime book into fed govts committee |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-promises-to-draft-authors-of-cybercrime-book-into-fed-govts-committee/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * New Era for Nigerian Women. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-assures-of-a-new-era-for-nigerian-women/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da Karramawa == * Dokta na girmamawa a Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=tinubus minister imaan sulaiman ibrahim bags honorary doctorate in ghana |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=royalnews.com.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009001848/https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Mai Gudanarwa Mai Kyau . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim elegance of a seasoned administrator |url=https://leadership.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elegance-of-a-seasoned-administrator/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Inganta Muryoyin Mata da Matsayi a Kyautar Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://blueprint.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elevating-womens-voices-and-roles-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * 100 Mafi Kyawun Peace Icons na Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=100 Most Notable Peace icons africa |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-sulaiman-ibrahim-honoured-as-100-most-notable-peace-icons-africa/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim moghalu ohiare others bag businessday excellence in public service awards |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/07/22/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-moghalu-ohiare-others-bag-businessday-excellence-in-public-service-awards/?amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mata 'yar siyasa ta shekara Kyautar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=why blueprint newspaper honoured imaan sulaiman ibrahim as female politician of the year |url=https:vanguardngr.com/2022/08/why-blueprint-newspaper-honoured-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-female-politician-of-the-year/amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mai ba da kyauta ta Musamman ta Tsaro Colossus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim security colossus performer extraordinaire |url=https://thebossnewspapers.com/2024/10/12/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-security-colossus-performer-extraordinaire/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=thebossnewspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jagoranci mai sauyawa a cikin Kyautar Tsaro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://independent.ng/hon-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-honored-for-transformative-leadership-in-security/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, Najeriya . Ta fito ne daga [[Keffi]], [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]], Najeriya . Mahaifinta shi ne S. K. Danladi, injiniya da mai haɓaka a Abuja. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Aishatu Sulaiman Danladi, malama. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin iyali na yara takwas.<ref name="DT">{{Cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] 1dqae35l05x1yx7o5bv5qe2acckxpvx 969060 969058 2026-10-18T13:49:28Z Nura Bello 24854 969060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim''' wanda aka haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 1980) ƙwararriyar yar ƙasa da ƙasa ce kuma shugabar tunani ne ce a cikin Tsaro, Maganin Rikici, Gudanar da Bala'i da Bala'o'i, Ci gaba da Gudanar da Shige da Fice.  Ita ce tsohon Darakta Janar na [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kasa]] (NAPTIP). Tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa, Migrants da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a Cikin Gida. An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda a watan Agusta 2023. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministan Harkokin Mata a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=profile meet imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim nigerias new women affairs minister |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/gender/748151-profile-meet-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-nigerias-new-women-affairs-minister.html?tztc=1/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta girma ne a [[Abuja]], Najeriya . Ta halarci makarantar yarinya ta Aruwa, makarantar firamare ta Abuja da Jabi, (yanzu, makarantar firimare ta LEA, Jabi), don karatun jariri da makarantar firamara kafin ta wuce zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Bwari, Abuja don karatun sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Abuja]] tare da digiri a fannin zamantakewa. Ta sami digiri biyu daga Jami'an Webster, Masters of Business Administration MBA da Masters of Art MA . Ta yi aikinta na tilas na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]], ofishin yankin Kaduna. A halin yanzu tana da hannu wajen neman digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Tsaro da Dabarun a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya . Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kwararren Gudanar da Ma'aikata, da kuma Kwararren Mashawarcin SAP HCM.<ref name="LEA">{{cite news |title=I Have Zero Tolerance For Negativity – Iman |url=https://leadership.ng/i-have-zero-tolerance-for-negativity-iman |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="DT2">{{cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta fara aikinta tana aiki a Abuja ''Geographic Information Systems,'' AGIS, kafin ta koma Ingila inda ta yi aiki a fannin albarkatun ɗan adam, Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa kafin ta zama mai ba da shawara ga [[Albarkatun dan'adam|HCM]]. Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta shiga Mary Kay kuma daga baya ta zama babban darektan tallace-tallace. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman kan sadarwa ta dabarun ga ministan ilimi na jihar, [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]] kuma an nada ta memba na kwamitin ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na jihar Nasarawa ta Babban Gwamnan Jihar Nassarawa Engr. A. A. Sule a watan Satumbar 2019. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Roma, Italiya, da Cibiyar Sultana Maccido don Zaman Lafiya, Jagora, da Nazarin Ci Gaban a Jami'an Abuja . Kwanan nan ta kasance Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin mutane na tsawon watanni 6 daga Disamba 2020 zuwa Mayu 2021. Ta kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. A watan Agustan 2023, an rantsar da ita a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda bayan Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya zaba ta. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, a lokacin sake fasalin majalisar ministoci, an sake sanya ta a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Mata. == Darakta Janar na NAPTIP == A watan Disamba na 2020 Imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim ta ɗauki matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane (NAPTIP) a cikin watanni shida ta jagoranci NAPTIP, ta sake sanya Hukumar, kuma ayyukan gyare-gyare sun haifar da inganta Najeriya daga jerin masu sa ido na Tier 2 (wanda ke jawo takunkumi) zuwa matsayi na 3 (na biyu zuwa matsayi mafi girma) ta Rahoton Kasuwanci na Amurka. Ta kuma goyi bayan tsari na kasa ko mafita mai dorewa da kuma sake duba manufofin ƙaura na 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adetayo |first=Olalekan |date=1 December 2020 |title=Updated: Buhari appoints new DG for NAPTIP |url=https://punchng.com/updated-buhari-appoints-new-dg-for-naptip |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=The Punch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=buhari finally replaces unqualified director general of naptip |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/464175-buhari-finally-replaces-unqualified-director-general-of-naptip.html/ |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=women in business for imaan sulaiman ibrahim as dg of naptip it is a no to human trafficking other associated vices |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/women-in-business/article/for-iman-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-dg-of-naptip-it-is-a-no-to-human-trafficking-other-associated-vices/%3famp/ |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=businessday.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kwamishinan Kasa na 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu == An sake nada ta a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Masu Kaura, da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (NCFRMI). Ita ce mai fafutukar shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwar mutane sama da miliyan 2 masu damuwa a Najeriya inda ta sauƙaƙa wucewar Dokar NCFRMI ta 2022 zuwa doka bayan sama da shekaru 14 na ƙoƙarin da suka gabata. Dokar ta kafa kuma ta karfafa aikin kasa don kariya da taimakon mutanen da ke damuwa (PoC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=why activities of ngos need to be regulated imaan sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://dailytrust.com/why-activities-of-ngos-need-to-be-regulated-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=dailytrust.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim mama Migrants and idps is a year older |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-mama-migrants-and-idps-is-a-year-older/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ministan 'Yansanda ta Jiha == An nada ta a cikin watan Agustan 2023, a matsayin mace ta farko Minstan Harkokin 'Yan Sanda ta Jihar Tarayyar Najeriya. Ta bunkasa manyan hanyoyin gyara, kuma ta fidda fayyataccen kuduri don samar da Harkokin 'Yan sanda da zai goga da sauran duniya, wanda zai kasance mai daukan jama'a, da ya shafi al'umma, dabarun kimiyya, - wanda zai tafi da salon fasaha kuma ya dace da Karni na 21. Ta kara yawan kudin shiga ga Ma'aikatar harkokin 'Yan Sanda da kusan kashi 1000 ta hanyar wanzar da muhimman dabaru. Ta yi nasarar da dabarun cigaba a cikin 'yan sandan gari wanda ya kara alaka sosai a tsakanin al'umma da kuma 'yan sanda, ya inganta gabaki daya tsaro da kuma kariya ga al'umma. An bata tambari na musamman na tarihi daga Jakadan kasar Jamus don amincewa da kokarinta a wajen bunkasa zaman lafiya da kare hakkokin 'yan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=unveiling imaan sulaiman ibrahim police affairs minister of state designate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/18/unveiling-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-police-affairs-minister-of-state-designate/?amp/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Cybercrime Book Into Federal Government Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=minister promises to draft authors of cybercrime book into fed govts committee |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-promises-to-draft-authors-of-cybercrime-book-into-fed-govts-committee/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * New Era for Nigerian Women. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-assures-of-a-new-era-for-nigerian-women/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da Karramawa == * Dokta na girmamawa a Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=tinubus minister imaan sulaiman ibrahim bags honorary doctorate in ghana |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=royalnews.com.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009001848/https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Mai Gudanarwa Mai Kyau . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim elegance of a seasoned administrator |url=https://leadership.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elegance-of-a-seasoned-administrator/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Inganta Muryoyin Mata da Matsayi a Kyautar Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://blueprint.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elevating-womens-voices-and-roles-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * 100 Mafi Kyawun Peace Icons na Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=100 Most Notable Peace icons africa |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-sulaiman-ibrahim-honoured-as-100-most-notable-peace-icons-africa/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim moghalu ohiare others bag businessday excellence in public service awards |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/07/22/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-moghalu-ohiare-others-bag-businessday-excellence-in-public-service-awards/?amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mata 'yar siyasa ta shekara Kyautar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=why blueprint newspaper honoured imaan sulaiman ibrahim as female politician of the year |url=https:vanguardngr.com/2022/08/why-blueprint-newspaper-honoured-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-female-politician-of-the-year/amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mai ba da kyauta ta Musamman ta Tsaro Colossus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim security colossus performer extraordinaire |url=https://thebossnewspapers.com/2024/10/12/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-security-colossus-performer-extraordinaire/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=thebossnewspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jagoranci mai sauyawa a cikin Kyautar Tsaro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://independent.ng/hon-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-honored-for-transformative-leadership-in-security/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, Najeriya . Ta fito ne daga [[Keffi]], [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]], Najeriya . Mahaifinta shi ne S. K. Danladi, injiniya da mai haɓaka a Abuja. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Aishatu Sulaiman Danladi, malama. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin iyali na yara takwas.<ref name="DT">{{Cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] 15ws1yx06my2w27mn90l8auyq30tj8b 969063 969060 2026-10-18T13:51:42Z Nura Bello 24854 969063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim''' wanda aka haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 1980) ƙwararriyar yar ƙasa da ƙasa ce kuma shugabar tunani ne ce a cikin Tsaro, da Magance Rikice-Rikice, Gudanar da Bala'i da Bala'o'i, Ci gaba da Gudanar da Shige da Fice.  Ita ce tsohon Darakta Janar na [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kasa]] (NAPTIP). Tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa, Migrants da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a Cikin Gida. An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda a watan Agusta 2023. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministan Harkokin Mata a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=profile meet imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim nigerias new women affairs minister |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/gender/748151-profile-meet-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-nigerias-new-women-affairs-minister.html?tztc=1/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta girma ne a [[Abuja]], Najeriya . Ta halarci makarantar yarinya ta Aruwa, makarantar firamare ta Abuja da Jabi, (yanzu, makarantar firimare ta LEA, Jabi), don karatun jariri da makarantar firamara kafin ta wuce zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Bwari, Abuja don karatun sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Abuja]] tare da digiri a fannin zamantakewa. Ta sami digiri biyu daga Jami'an Webster, Masters of Business Administration MBA da Masters of Art MA . Ta yi aikinta na tilas na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]], ofishin yankin Kaduna. A halin yanzu tana da hannu wajen neman digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Tsaro da Dabarun a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya . Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kwararren Gudanar da Ma'aikata, da kuma Kwararren Mashawarcin SAP HCM.<ref name="LEA">{{cite news |title=I Have Zero Tolerance For Negativity – Iman |url=https://leadership.ng/i-have-zero-tolerance-for-negativity-iman |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="DT2">{{cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta fara aikinta tana aiki a Abuja ''Geographic Information Systems,'' AGIS, kafin ta koma Ingila inda ta yi aiki a fannin albarkatun ɗan adam, Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa kafin ta zama mai ba da shawara ga [[Albarkatun dan'adam|HCM]]. Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta shiga Mary Kay kuma daga baya ta zama babban darektan tallace-tallace. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman kan sadarwa ta dabarun ga ministan ilimi na jihar, [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]] kuma an nada ta memba na kwamitin ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na jihar Nasarawa ta Babban Gwamnan Jihar Nassarawa Engr. A. A. Sule a watan Satumbar 2019. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Roma, Italiya, da Cibiyar Sultana Maccido don Zaman Lafiya, Jagora, da Nazarin Ci Gaban a Jami'an Abuja . Kwanan nan ta kasance Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin mutane na tsawon watanni 6 daga Disamba 2020 zuwa Mayu 2021. Ta kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. A watan Agustan 2023, an rantsar da ita a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda bayan Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya zaba ta. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, a lokacin sake fasalin majalisar ministoci, an sake sanya ta a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Mata. == Darakta Janar na NAPTIP == A watan Disamba na 2020 Imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim ta ɗauki matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane (NAPTIP) a cikin watanni shida ta jagoranci NAPTIP, ta sake sanya Hukumar, kuma ayyukan gyare-gyare sun haifar da inganta Najeriya daga jerin masu sa ido na Tier 2 (wanda ke jawo takunkumi) zuwa matsayi na 3 (na biyu zuwa matsayi mafi girma) ta Rahoton Kasuwanci na Amurka. Ta kuma goyi bayan tsari na kasa ko mafita mai dorewa da kuma sake duba manufofin ƙaura na 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adetayo |first=Olalekan |date=1 December 2020 |title=Updated: Buhari appoints new DG for NAPTIP |url=https://punchng.com/updated-buhari-appoints-new-dg-for-naptip |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=The Punch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=buhari finally replaces unqualified director general of naptip |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/464175-buhari-finally-replaces-unqualified-director-general-of-naptip.html/ |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=women in business for imaan sulaiman ibrahim as dg of naptip it is a no to human trafficking other associated vices |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/women-in-business/article/for-iman-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-dg-of-naptip-it-is-a-no-to-human-trafficking-other-associated-vices/%3famp/ |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=businessday.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kwamishinan Kasa na 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu == An sake nada ta a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Masu Kaura, da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (NCFRMI). Ita ce mai fafutukar shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwar mutane sama da miliyan 2 masu damuwa a Najeriya inda ta sauƙaƙa wucewar Dokar NCFRMI ta 2022 zuwa doka bayan sama da shekaru 14 na ƙoƙarin da suka gabata. Dokar ta kafa kuma ta karfafa aikin kasa don kariya da taimakon mutanen da ke damuwa (PoC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=why activities of ngos need to be regulated imaan sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://dailytrust.com/why-activities-of-ngos-need-to-be-regulated-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=dailytrust.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim mama Migrants and idps is a year older |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-mama-migrants-and-idps-is-a-year-older/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ministan 'Yansanda ta Jiha == An nada ta a cikin watan Agustan 2023, a matsayin mace ta farko Minstan Harkokin 'Yan Sanda ta Jihar Tarayyar Najeriya. Ta bunkasa manyan hanyoyin gyara, kuma ta fidda fayyataccen kuduri don samar da Harkokin 'Yan sanda da zai goga da sauran duniya, wanda zai kasance mai daukan jama'a, da ya shafi al'umma, dabarun kimiyya, - wanda zai tafi da salon fasaha kuma ya dace da Karni na 21. Ta kara yawan kudin shiga ga Ma'aikatar harkokin 'Yan Sanda da kusan kashi 1000 ta hanyar wanzar da muhimman dabaru. Ta yi nasarar da dabarun cigaba a cikin 'yan sandan gari wanda ya kara alaka sosai a tsakanin al'umma da kuma 'yan sanda, ya inganta gabaki daya tsaro da kuma kariya ga al'umma. An bata tambari na musamman na tarihi daga Jakadan kasar Jamus don amincewa da kokarinta a wajen bunkasa zaman lafiya da kare hakkokin 'yan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=unveiling imaan sulaiman ibrahim police affairs minister of state designate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/18/unveiling-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-police-affairs-minister-of-state-designate/?amp/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Cybercrime Book Into Federal Government Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=minister promises to draft authors of cybercrime book into fed govts committee |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-promises-to-draft-authors-of-cybercrime-book-into-fed-govts-committee/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * New Era for Nigerian Women. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-assures-of-a-new-era-for-nigerian-women/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da Karramawa == * Dokta na girmamawa a Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=tinubus minister imaan sulaiman ibrahim bags honorary doctorate in ghana |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=royalnews.com.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009001848/https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Mai Gudanarwa Mai Kyau . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim elegance of a seasoned administrator |url=https://leadership.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elegance-of-a-seasoned-administrator/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Inganta Muryoyin Mata da Matsayi a Kyautar Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://blueprint.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elevating-womens-voices-and-roles-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * 100 Mafi Kyawun Peace Icons na Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=100 Most Notable Peace icons africa |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-sulaiman-ibrahim-honoured-as-100-most-notable-peace-icons-africa/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim moghalu ohiare others bag businessday excellence in public service awards |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/07/22/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-moghalu-ohiare-others-bag-businessday-excellence-in-public-service-awards/?amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mata 'yar siyasa ta shekara Kyautar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=why blueprint newspaper honoured imaan sulaiman ibrahim as female politician of the year |url=https:vanguardngr.com/2022/08/why-blueprint-newspaper-honoured-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-female-politician-of-the-year/amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mai ba da kyauta ta Musamman ta Tsaro Colossus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim security colossus performer extraordinaire |url=https://thebossnewspapers.com/2024/10/12/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-security-colossus-performer-extraordinaire/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=thebossnewspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jagoranci mai sauyawa a cikin Kyautar Tsaro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://independent.ng/hon-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-honored-for-transformative-leadership-in-security/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, Najeriya . Ta fito ne daga [[Keffi]], [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]], Najeriya . Mahaifinta shi ne S. K. Danladi, injiniya da mai haɓaka a Abuja. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Aishatu Sulaiman Danladi, malama. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin iyali na yara takwas.<ref name="DT">{{Cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] k6f60vcw7st8anfyw81wmnw4d3voywc 969064 969063 2026-10-18T13:52:56Z Nura Bello 24854 969064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim''' wanda aka haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 1980) ƙwararriyar yar ƙasa da ƙasa ce kuma shugabar tunani ne ce a cikin Tsaro, da Magance Rikice-Rikice, Akan ayyukan Gudanar da Bala'i da Bala'o'i, Ci gaba da Gudanar da Shige da Fice.  Ita ce tsohon Darakta Janar na [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kasa]] (NAPTIP). Tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa, Migrants da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a Cikin Gida. An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda a watan Agusta 2023. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministan Harkokin Mata a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=profile meet imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim nigerias new women affairs minister |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/gender/748151-profile-meet-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-nigerias-new-women-affairs-minister.html?tztc=1/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta girma ne a [[Abuja]], Najeriya . Ta halarci makarantar yarinya ta Aruwa, makarantar firamare ta Abuja da Jabi, (yanzu, makarantar firimare ta LEA, Jabi), don karatun jariri da makarantar firamara kafin ta wuce zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Bwari, Abuja don karatun sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Abuja]] tare da digiri a fannin zamantakewa. Ta sami digiri biyu daga Jami'an Webster, Masters of Business Administration MBA da Masters of Art MA . Ta yi aikinta na tilas na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]], ofishin yankin Kaduna. A halin yanzu tana da hannu wajen neman digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Tsaro da Dabarun a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya . Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kwararren Gudanar da Ma'aikata, da kuma Kwararren Mashawarcin SAP HCM.<ref name="LEA">{{cite news |title=I Have Zero Tolerance For Negativity – Iman |url=https://leadership.ng/i-have-zero-tolerance-for-negativity-iman |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="DT2">{{cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta fara aikinta tana aiki a Abuja ''Geographic Information Systems,'' AGIS, kafin ta koma Ingila inda ta yi aiki a fannin albarkatun ɗan adam, Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa kafin ta zama mai ba da shawara ga [[Albarkatun dan'adam|HCM]]. Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta shiga Mary Kay kuma daga baya ta zama babban darektan tallace-tallace. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman kan sadarwa ta dabarun ga ministan ilimi na jihar, [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]] kuma an nada ta memba na kwamitin ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na jihar Nasarawa ta Babban Gwamnan Jihar Nassarawa Engr. A. A. Sule a watan Satumbar 2019. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Roma, Italiya, da Cibiyar Sultana Maccido don Zaman Lafiya, Jagora, da Nazarin Ci Gaban a Jami'an Abuja . Kwanan nan ta kasance Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin mutane na tsawon watanni 6 daga Disamba 2020 zuwa Mayu 2021. Ta kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. A watan Agustan 2023, an rantsar da ita a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda bayan Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya zaba ta. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, a lokacin sake fasalin majalisar ministoci, an sake sanya ta a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Mata. == Darakta Janar na NAPTIP == A watan Disamba na 2020 Imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim ta ɗauki matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane (NAPTIP) a cikin watanni shida ta jagoranci NAPTIP, ta sake sanya Hukumar, kuma ayyukan gyare-gyare sun haifar da inganta Najeriya daga jerin masu sa ido na Tier 2 (wanda ke jawo takunkumi) zuwa matsayi na 3 (na biyu zuwa matsayi mafi girma) ta Rahoton Kasuwanci na Amurka. Ta kuma goyi bayan tsari na kasa ko mafita mai dorewa da kuma sake duba manufofin ƙaura na 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adetayo |first=Olalekan |date=1 December 2020 |title=Updated: Buhari appoints new DG for NAPTIP |url=https://punchng.com/updated-buhari-appoints-new-dg-for-naptip |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=The Punch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=buhari finally replaces unqualified director general of naptip |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/464175-buhari-finally-replaces-unqualified-director-general-of-naptip.html/ |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=women in business for imaan sulaiman ibrahim as dg of naptip it is a no to human trafficking other associated vices |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/women-in-business/article/for-iman-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-dg-of-naptip-it-is-a-no-to-human-trafficking-other-associated-vices/%3famp/ |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=businessday.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kwamishinan Kasa na 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu == An sake nada ta a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Masu Kaura, da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (NCFRMI). Ita ce mai fafutukar shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwar mutane sama da miliyan 2 masu damuwa a Najeriya inda ta sauƙaƙa wucewar Dokar NCFRMI ta 2022 zuwa doka bayan sama da shekaru 14 na ƙoƙarin da suka gabata. Dokar ta kafa kuma ta karfafa aikin kasa don kariya da taimakon mutanen da ke damuwa (PoC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=why activities of ngos need to be regulated imaan sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://dailytrust.com/why-activities-of-ngos-need-to-be-regulated-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=dailytrust.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim mama Migrants and idps is a year older |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-mama-migrants-and-idps-is-a-year-older/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ministan 'Yansanda ta Jiha == An nada ta a cikin watan Agustan 2023, a matsayin mace ta farko Minstan Harkokin 'Yan Sanda ta Jihar Tarayyar Najeriya. Ta bunkasa manyan hanyoyin gyara, kuma ta fidda fayyataccen kuduri don samar da Harkokin 'Yan sanda da zai goga da sauran duniya, wanda zai kasance mai daukan jama'a, da ya shafi al'umma, dabarun kimiyya, - wanda zai tafi da salon fasaha kuma ya dace da Karni na 21. Ta kara yawan kudin shiga ga Ma'aikatar harkokin 'Yan Sanda da kusan kashi 1000 ta hanyar wanzar da muhimman dabaru. Ta yi nasarar da dabarun cigaba a cikin 'yan sandan gari wanda ya kara alaka sosai a tsakanin al'umma da kuma 'yan sanda, ya inganta gabaki daya tsaro da kuma kariya ga al'umma. An bata tambari na musamman na tarihi daga Jakadan kasar Jamus don amincewa da kokarinta a wajen bunkasa zaman lafiya da kare hakkokin 'yan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=unveiling imaan sulaiman ibrahim police affairs minister of state designate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/18/unveiling-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-police-affairs-minister-of-state-designate/?amp/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Cybercrime Book Into Federal Government Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=minister promises to draft authors of cybercrime book into fed govts committee |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-promises-to-draft-authors-of-cybercrime-book-into-fed-govts-committee/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * New Era for Nigerian Women. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-assures-of-a-new-era-for-nigerian-women/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da Karramawa == * Dokta na girmamawa a Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=tinubus minister imaan sulaiman ibrahim bags honorary doctorate in ghana |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=royalnews.com.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009001848/https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Mai Gudanarwa Mai Kyau . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim elegance of a seasoned administrator |url=https://leadership.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elegance-of-a-seasoned-administrator/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Inganta Muryoyin Mata da Matsayi a Kyautar Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://blueprint.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elevating-womens-voices-and-roles-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * 100 Mafi Kyawun Peace Icons na Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=100 Most Notable Peace icons africa |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-sulaiman-ibrahim-honoured-as-100-most-notable-peace-icons-africa/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim moghalu ohiare others bag businessday excellence in public service awards |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/07/22/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-moghalu-ohiare-others-bag-businessday-excellence-in-public-service-awards/?amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mata 'yar siyasa ta shekara Kyautar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=why blueprint newspaper honoured imaan sulaiman ibrahim as female politician of the year |url=https:vanguardngr.com/2022/08/why-blueprint-newspaper-honoured-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-female-politician-of-the-year/amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mai ba da kyauta ta Musamman ta Tsaro Colossus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim security colossus performer extraordinaire |url=https://thebossnewspapers.com/2024/10/12/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-security-colossus-performer-extraordinaire/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=thebossnewspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jagoranci mai sauyawa a cikin Kyautar Tsaro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://independent.ng/hon-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-honored-for-transformative-leadership-in-security/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, Najeriya . Ta fito ne daga [[Keffi]], [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]], Najeriya . Mahaifinta shi ne S. K. Danladi, injiniya da mai haɓaka a Abuja. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Aishatu Sulaiman Danladi, malama. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin iyali na yara takwas.<ref name="DT">{{Cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] pwmmmc931ipzb8luc1hssgvjicn86la 969066 969064 2026-10-18T13:54:42Z Nura Bello 24854 969066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim''' wanda aka haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 1980) ƙwararriyar yar ƙasa da ƙasa ce kuma shugabar tunani ne ce a cikin Tsaro, da Magance Rikice-Rikice, Akan ayyukan iftila'i da Ci gaba da Gudanar da ayyukan Shige da Fice.  Ita ce tsohon Darakta Janar na [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kasa]] (NAPTIP). Tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa, Migrants da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a Cikin Gida. An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda a watan Agusta 2023. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministan Harkokin Mata a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=profile meet imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim nigerias new women affairs minister |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/gender/748151-profile-meet-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-nigerias-new-women-affairs-minister.html?tztc=1/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta girma ne a [[Abuja]], Najeriya . Ta halarci makarantar yarinya ta Aruwa, makarantar firamare ta Abuja da Jabi, (yanzu, makarantar firimare ta LEA, Jabi), don karatun jariri da makarantar firamara kafin ta wuce zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Bwari, Abuja don karatun sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Abuja]] tare da digiri a fannin zamantakewa. Ta sami digiri biyu daga Jami'an Webster, Masters of Business Administration MBA da Masters of Art MA . Ta yi aikinta na tilas na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]], ofishin yankin Kaduna. A halin yanzu tana da hannu wajen neman digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Tsaro da Dabarun a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya . Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kwararren Gudanar da Ma'aikata, da kuma Kwararren Mashawarcin SAP HCM.<ref name="LEA">{{cite news |title=I Have Zero Tolerance For Negativity – Iman |url=https://leadership.ng/i-have-zero-tolerance-for-negativity-iman |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="DT2">{{cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta fara aikinta tana aiki a Abuja ''Geographic Information Systems,'' AGIS, kafin ta koma Ingila inda ta yi aiki a fannin albarkatun ɗan adam, Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa kafin ta zama mai ba da shawara ga [[Albarkatun dan'adam|HCM]]. Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta shiga Mary Kay kuma daga baya ta zama babban darektan tallace-tallace. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman kan sadarwa ta dabarun ga ministan ilimi na jihar, [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]] kuma an nada ta memba na kwamitin ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na jihar Nasarawa ta Babban Gwamnan Jihar Nassarawa Engr. A. A. Sule a watan Satumbar 2019. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Roma, Italiya, da Cibiyar Sultana Maccido don Zaman Lafiya, Jagora, da Nazarin Ci Gaban a Jami'an Abuja . Kwanan nan ta kasance Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin mutane na tsawon watanni 6 daga Disamba 2020 zuwa Mayu 2021. Ta kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. A watan Agustan 2023, an rantsar da ita a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda bayan Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya zaba ta. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, a lokacin sake fasalin majalisar ministoci, an sake sanya ta a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Mata. == Darakta Janar na NAPTIP == A watan Disamba na 2020 Imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim ta ɗauki matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane (NAPTIP) a cikin watanni shida ta jagoranci NAPTIP, ta sake sanya Hukumar, kuma ayyukan gyare-gyare sun haifar da inganta Najeriya daga jerin masu sa ido na Tier 2 (wanda ke jawo takunkumi) zuwa matsayi na 3 (na biyu zuwa matsayi mafi girma) ta Rahoton Kasuwanci na Amurka. Ta kuma goyi bayan tsari na kasa ko mafita mai dorewa da kuma sake duba manufofin ƙaura na 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adetayo |first=Olalekan |date=1 December 2020 |title=Updated: Buhari appoints new DG for NAPTIP |url=https://punchng.com/updated-buhari-appoints-new-dg-for-naptip |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=The Punch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=buhari finally replaces unqualified director general of naptip |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/464175-buhari-finally-replaces-unqualified-director-general-of-naptip.html/ |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=women in business for imaan sulaiman ibrahim as dg of naptip it is a no to human trafficking other associated vices |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/women-in-business/article/for-iman-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-dg-of-naptip-it-is-a-no-to-human-trafficking-other-associated-vices/%3famp/ |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=businessday.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kwamishinan Kasa na 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu == An sake nada ta a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Masu Kaura, da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (NCFRMI). Ita ce mai fafutukar shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwar mutane sama da miliyan 2 masu damuwa a Najeriya inda ta sauƙaƙa wucewar Dokar NCFRMI ta 2022 zuwa doka bayan sama da shekaru 14 na ƙoƙarin da suka gabata. Dokar ta kafa kuma ta karfafa aikin kasa don kariya da taimakon mutanen da ke damuwa (PoC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=why activities of ngos need to be regulated imaan sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://dailytrust.com/why-activities-of-ngos-need-to-be-regulated-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=dailytrust.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim mama Migrants and idps is a year older |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-mama-migrants-and-idps-is-a-year-older/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ministan 'Yansanda ta Jiha == An nada ta a cikin watan Agustan 2023, a matsayin mace ta farko Minstan Harkokin 'Yan Sanda ta Jihar Tarayyar Najeriya. Ta bunkasa manyan hanyoyin gyara, kuma ta fidda fayyataccen kuduri don samar da Harkokin 'Yan sanda da zai goga da sauran duniya, wanda zai kasance mai daukan jama'a, da ya shafi al'umma, dabarun kimiyya, - wanda zai tafi da salon fasaha kuma ya dace da Karni na 21. Ta kara yawan kudin shiga ga Ma'aikatar harkokin 'Yan Sanda da kusan kashi 1000 ta hanyar wanzar da muhimman dabaru. Ta yi nasarar da dabarun cigaba a cikin 'yan sandan gari wanda ya kara alaka sosai a tsakanin al'umma da kuma 'yan sanda, ya inganta gabaki daya tsaro da kuma kariya ga al'umma. An bata tambari na musamman na tarihi daga Jakadan kasar Jamus don amincewa da kokarinta a wajen bunkasa zaman lafiya da kare hakkokin 'yan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=unveiling imaan sulaiman ibrahim police affairs minister of state designate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/18/unveiling-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-police-affairs-minister-of-state-designate/?amp/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Cybercrime Book Into Federal Government Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=minister promises to draft authors of cybercrime book into fed govts committee |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-promises-to-draft-authors-of-cybercrime-book-into-fed-govts-committee/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * New Era for Nigerian Women. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-assures-of-a-new-era-for-nigerian-women/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da Karramawa == * Dokta na girmamawa a Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=tinubus minister imaan sulaiman ibrahim bags honorary doctorate in ghana |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=royalnews.com.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009001848/https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Mai Gudanarwa Mai Kyau . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim elegance of a seasoned administrator |url=https://leadership.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elegance-of-a-seasoned-administrator/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Inganta Muryoyin Mata da Matsayi a Kyautar Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://blueprint.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elevating-womens-voices-and-roles-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * 100 Mafi Kyawun Peace Icons na Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=100 Most Notable Peace icons africa |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-sulaiman-ibrahim-honoured-as-100-most-notable-peace-icons-africa/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim moghalu ohiare others bag businessday excellence in public service awards |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/07/22/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-moghalu-ohiare-others-bag-businessday-excellence-in-public-service-awards/?amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mata 'yar siyasa ta shekara Kyautar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=why blueprint newspaper honoured imaan sulaiman ibrahim as female politician of the year |url=https:vanguardngr.com/2022/08/why-blueprint-newspaper-honoured-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-female-politician-of-the-year/amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mai ba da kyauta ta Musamman ta Tsaro Colossus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim security colossus performer extraordinaire |url=https://thebossnewspapers.com/2024/10/12/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-security-colossus-performer-extraordinaire/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=thebossnewspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jagoranci mai sauyawa a cikin Kyautar Tsaro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://independent.ng/hon-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-honored-for-transformative-leadership-in-security/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, Najeriya . Ta fito ne daga [[Keffi]], [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]], Najeriya . Mahaifinta shi ne S. K. Danladi, injiniya da mai haɓaka a Abuja. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Aishatu Sulaiman Danladi, malama. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin iyali na yara takwas.<ref name="DT">{{Cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] g0ey620prw38lhcy38doyztfdk8i49j 969067 969066 2026-10-18T13:57:01Z Nura Bello 24854 969067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim''' wanda aka haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 1980) ƙwararriyar yar ƙasa da ƙasa ce kuma shugabar tunani ne ce a cikin Tsaro, da Magance Rikice-Rikice, Akan ayyukan iftila'i da Ci gaba da Gudanar da ayyukan Shige da Fice.  Ita ce tsohowar Darakta Janar ta [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kasa]] (NAPTIP). Tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa, Migrants da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a Cikin Gida. An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda a watan Agusta a shekarar 2023. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministan Harkokin Mata a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=profile meet imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim nigerias new women affairs minister |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/gender/748151-profile-meet-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-nigerias-new-women-affairs-minister.html?tztc=1/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta girma ne a [[Abuja]], Najeriya . Ta halarci makarantar yarinya ta Aruwa, makarantar firamare ta Abuja da Jabi, (yanzu, makarantar firimare ta LEA, Jabi), don karatun jariri da makarantar firamara kafin ta wuce zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Bwari, Abuja don karatun sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Abuja]] tare da digiri a fannin zamantakewa. Ta sami digiri biyu daga Jami'an Webster, Masters of Business Administration MBA da Masters of Art MA . Ta yi aikinta na tilas na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]], ofishin yankin Kaduna. A halin yanzu tana da hannu wajen neman digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Tsaro da Dabarun a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya . Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kwararren Gudanar da Ma'aikata, da kuma Kwararren Mashawarcin SAP HCM.<ref name="LEA">{{cite news |title=I Have Zero Tolerance For Negativity – Iman |url=https://leadership.ng/i-have-zero-tolerance-for-negativity-iman |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="DT2">{{cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta fara aikinta tana aiki a Abuja ''Geographic Information Systems,'' AGIS, kafin ta koma Ingila inda ta yi aiki a fannin albarkatun ɗan adam, Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa kafin ta zama mai ba da shawara ga [[Albarkatun dan'adam|HCM]]. Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta shiga Mary Kay kuma daga baya ta zama babban darektan tallace-tallace. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman kan sadarwa ta dabarun ga ministan ilimi na jihar, [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]] kuma an nada ta memba na kwamitin ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na jihar Nasarawa ta Babban Gwamnan Jihar Nassarawa Engr. A. A. Sule a watan Satumbar 2019. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Roma, Italiya, da Cibiyar Sultana Maccido don Zaman Lafiya, Jagora, da Nazarin Ci Gaban a Jami'an Abuja . Kwanan nan ta kasance Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin mutane na tsawon watanni 6 daga Disamba 2020 zuwa Mayu 2021. Ta kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. A watan Agustan 2023, an rantsar da ita a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda bayan Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya zaba ta. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, a lokacin sake fasalin majalisar ministoci, an sake sanya ta a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Mata. == Darakta Janar na NAPTIP == A watan Disamba na 2020 Imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim ta ɗauki matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane (NAPTIP) a cikin watanni shida ta jagoranci NAPTIP, ta sake sanya Hukumar, kuma ayyukan gyare-gyare sun haifar da inganta Najeriya daga jerin masu sa ido na Tier 2 (wanda ke jawo takunkumi) zuwa matsayi na 3 (na biyu zuwa matsayi mafi girma) ta Rahoton Kasuwanci na Amurka. Ta kuma goyi bayan tsari na kasa ko mafita mai dorewa da kuma sake duba manufofin ƙaura na 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adetayo |first=Olalekan |date=1 December 2020 |title=Updated: Buhari appoints new DG for NAPTIP |url=https://punchng.com/updated-buhari-appoints-new-dg-for-naptip |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=The Punch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=buhari finally replaces unqualified director general of naptip |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/464175-buhari-finally-replaces-unqualified-director-general-of-naptip.html/ |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=women in business for imaan sulaiman ibrahim as dg of naptip it is a no to human trafficking other associated vices |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/women-in-business/article/for-iman-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-dg-of-naptip-it-is-a-no-to-human-trafficking-other-associated-vices/%3famp/ |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=businessday.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kwamishinan Kasa na 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu == An sake nada ta a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Masu Kaura, da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (NCFRMI). Ita ce mai fafutukar shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwar mutane sama da miliyan 2 masu damuwa a Najeriya inda ta sauƙaƙa wucewar Dokar NCFRMI ta 2022 zuwa doka bayan sama da shekaru 14 na ƙoƙarin da suka gabata. Dokar ta kafa kuma ta karfafa aikin kasa don kariya da taimakon mutanen da ke damuwa (PoC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=why activities of ngos need to be regulated imaan sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://dailytrust.com/why-activities-of-ngos-need-to-be-regulated-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=dailytrust.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim mama Migrants and idps is a year older |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-mama-migrants-and-idps-is-a-year-older/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ministan 'Yansanda ta Jiha == An nada ta a cikin watan Agustan 2023, a matsayin mace ta farko Minstan Harkokin 'Yan Sanda ta Jihar Tarayyar Najeriya. Ta bunkasa manyan hanyoyin gyara, kuma ta fidda fayyataccen kuduri don samar da Harkokin 'Yan sanda da zai goga da sauran duniya, wanda zai kasance mai daukan jama'a, da ya shafi al'umma, dabarun kimiyya, - wanda zai tafi da salon fasaha kuma ya dace da Karni na 21. Ta kara yawan kudin shiga ga Ma'aikatar harkokin 'Yan Sanda da kusan kashi 1000 ta hanyar wanzar da muhimman dabaru. Ta yi nasarar da dabarun cigaba a cikin 'yan sandan gari wanda ya kara alaka sosai a tsakanin al'umma da kuma 'yan sanda, ya inganta gabaki daya tsaro da kuma kariya ga al'umma. An bata tambari na musamman na tarihi daga Jakadan kasar Jamus don amincewa da kokarinta a wajen bunkasa zaman lafiya da kare hakkokin 'yan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=unveiling imaan sulaiman ibrahim police affairs minister of state designate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/18/unveiling-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-police-affairs-minister-of-state-designate/?amp/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Cybercrime Book Into Federal Government Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=minister promises to draft authors of cybercrime book into fed govts committee |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-promises-to-draft-authors-of-cybercrime-book-into-fed-govts-committee/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * New Era for Nigerian Women. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-assures-of-a-new-era-for-nigerian-women/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da Karramawa == * Dokta na girmamawa a Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=tinubus minister imaan sulaiman ibrahim bags honorary doctorate in ghana |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=royalnews.com.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009001848/https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Mai Gudanarwa Mai Kyau . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim elegance of a seasoned administrator |url=https://leadership.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elegance-of-a-seasoned-administrator/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Inganta Muryoyin Mata da Matsayi a Kyautar Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://blueprint.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elevating-womens-voices-and-roles-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * 100 Mafi Kyawun Peace Icons na Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=100 Most Notable Peace icons africa |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-sulaiman-ibrahim-honoured-as-100-most-notable-peace-icons-africa/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim moghalu ohiare others bag businessday excellence in public service awards |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/07/22/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-moghalu-ohiare-others-bag-businessday-excellence-in-public-service-awards/?amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mata 'yar siyasa ta shekara Kyautar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=why blueprint newspaper honoured imaan sulaiman ibrahim as female politician of the year |url=https:vanguardngr.com/2022/08/why-blueprint-newspaper-honoured-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-female-politician-of-the-year/amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mai ba da kyauta ta Musamman ta Tsaro Colossus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim security colossus performer extraordinaire |url=https://thebossnewspapers.com/2024/10/12/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-security-colossus-performer-extraordinaire/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=thebossnewspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jagoranci mai sauyawa a cikin Kyautar Tsaro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://independent.ng/hon-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-honored-for-transformative-leadership-in-security/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, Najeriya . Ta fito ne daga [[Keffi]], [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]], Najeriya . Mahaifinta shi ne S. K. Danladi, injiniya da mai haɓaka a Abuja. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Aishatu Sulaiman Danladi, malama. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin iyali na yara takwas.<ref name="DT">{{Cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] 64pqg0hdj20qzre2osjvur7bu67api0 969074 969067 2026-10-18T14:18:54Z Em-mustapha 6594 added [[Category:Ministocin Najeriya]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 969074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim''' wanda aka haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 1980) ƙwararriyar yar ƙasa da ƙasa ce kuma shugabar tunani ne ce a cikin Tsaro, da Magance Rikice-Rikice, Akan ayyukan iftila'i da Ci gaba da Gudanar da ayyukan Shige da Fice.  Ita ce tsohowar Darakta Janar ta [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kasa]] (NAPTIP). Tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa, Migrants da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a Cikin Gida. An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda a watan Agusta a shekarar 2023. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministan Harkokin Mata a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=profile meet imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim nigerias new women affairs minister |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/gender/748151-profile-meet-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-nigerias-new-women-affairs-minister.html?tztc=1/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta girma ne a [[Abuja]], Najeriya . Ta halarci makarantar yarinya ta Aruwa, makarantar firamare ta Abuja da Jabi, (yanzu, makarantar firimare ta LEA, Jabi), don karatun jariri da makarantar firamara kafin ta wuce zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Bwari, Abuja don karatun sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Abuja]] tare da digiri a fannin zamantakewa. Ta sami digiri biyu daga Jami'an Webster, Masters of Business Administration MBA da Masters of Art MA . Ta yi aikinta na tilas na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]], ofishin yankin Kaduna. A halin yanzu tana da hannu wajen neman digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Tsaro da Dabarun a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya . Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kwararren Gudanar da Ma'aikata, da kuma Kwararren Mashawarcin SAP HCM.<ref name="LEA">{{cite news |title=I Have Zero Tolerance For Negativity – Iman |url=https://leadership.ng/i-have-zero-tolerance-for-negativity-iman |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="DT2">{{cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta fara aikinta tana aiki a Abuja ''Geographic Information Systems,'' AGIS, kafin ta koma Ingila inda ta yi aiki a fannin albarkatun ɗan adam, Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa kafin ta zama mai ba da shawara ga [[Albarkatun dan'adam|HCM]]. Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta shiga Mary Kay kuma daga baya ta zama babban darektan tallace-tallace. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman kan sadarwa ta dabarun ga ministan ilimi na jihar, [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]] kuma an nada ta memba na kwamitin ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na jihar Nasarawa ta Babban Gwamnan Jihar Nassarawa Engr. A. A. Sule a watan Satumbar 2019. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Roma, Italiya, da Cibiyar Sultana Maccido don Zaman Lafiya, Jagora, da Nazarin Ci Gaban a Jami'an Abuja . Kwanan nan ta kasance Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin mutane na tsawon watanni 6 daga Disamba 2020 zuwa Mayu 2021. Ta kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. A watan Agustan 2023, an rantsar da ita a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda bayan Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya zaba ta. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, a lokacin sake fasalin majalisar ministoci, an sake sanya ta a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Mata. == Darakta Janar na NAPTIP == A watan Disamba na 2020 Imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim ta ɗauki matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane (NAPTIP) a cikin watanni shida ta jagoranci NAPTIP, ta sake sanya Hukumar, kuma ayyukan gyare-gyare sun haifar da inganta Najeriya daga jerin masu sa ido na Tier 2 (wanda ke jawo takunkumi) zuwa matsayi na 3 (na biyu zuwa matsayi mafi girma) ta Rahoton Kasuwanci na Amurka. Ta kuma goyi bayan tsari na kasa ko mafita mai dorewa da kuma sake duba manufofin ƙaura na 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adetayo |first=Olalekan |date=1 December 2020 |title=Updated: Buhari appoints new DG for NAPTIP |url=https://punchng.com/updated-buhari-appoints-new-dg-for-naptip |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=The Punch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=buhari finally replaces unqualified director general of naptip |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/464175-buhari-finally-replaces-unqualified-director-general-of-naptip.html/ |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=women in business for imaan sulaiman ibrahim as dg of naptip it is a no to human trafficking other associated vices |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/women-in-business/article/for-iman-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-dg-of-naptip-it-is-a-no-to-human-trafficking-other-associated-vices/%3famp/ |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=businessday.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kwamishinan Kasa na 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu == An sake nada ta a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Masu Kaura, da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (NCFRMI). Ita ce mai fafutukar shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwar mutane sama da miliyan 2 masu damuwa a Najeriya inda ta sauƙaƙa wucewar Dokar NCFRMI ta 2022 zuwa doka bayan sama da shekaru 14 na ƙoƙarin da suka gabata. Dokar ta kafa kuma ta karfafa aikin kasa don kariya da taimakon mutanen da ke damuwa (PoC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=why activities of ngos need to be regulated imaan sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://dailytrust.com/why-activities-of-ngos-need-to-be-regulated-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=dailytrust.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim mama Migrants and idps is a year older |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-mama-migrants-and-idps-is-a-year-older/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ministan 'Yansanda ta Jiha == An nada ta a cikin watan Agustan 2023, a matsayin mace ta farko Minstan Harkokin 'Yan Sanda ta Jihar Tarayyar Najeriya. Ta bunkasa manyan hanyoyin gyara, kuma ta fidda fayyataccen kuduri don samar da Harkokin 'Yan sanda da zai goga da sauran duniya, wanda zai kasance mai daukan jama'a, da ya shafi al'umma, dabarun kimiyya, - wanda zai tafi da salon fasaha kuma ya dace da Karni na 21. Ta kara yawan kudin shiga ga Ma'aikatar harkokin 'Yan Sanda da kusan kashi 1000 ta hanyar wanzar da muhimman dabaru. Ta yi nasarar da dabarun cigaba a cikin 'yan sandan gari wanda ya kara alaka sosai a tsakanin al'umma da kuma 'yan sanda, ya inganta gabaki daya tsaro da kuma kariya ga al'umma. An bata tambari na musamman na tarihi daga Jakadan kasar Jamus don amincewa da kokarinta a wajen bunkasa zaman lafiya da kare hakkokin 'yan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=unveiling imaan sulaiman ibrahim police affairs minister of state designate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/18/unveiling-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-police-affairs-minister-of-state-designate/?amp/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Cybercrime Book Into Federal Government Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=minister promises to draft authors of cybercrime book into fed govts committee |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-promises-to-draft-authors-of-cybercrime-book-into-fed-govts-committee/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * New Era for Nigerian Women. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-assures-of-a-new-era-for-nigerian-women/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da Karramawa == * Dokta na girmamawa a Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=tinubus minister imaan sulaiman ibrahim bags honorary doctorate in ghana |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=royalnews.com.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009001848/https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Mai Gudanarwa Mai Kyau . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim elegance of a seasoned administrator |url=https://leadership.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elegance-of-a-seasoned-administrator/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Inganta Muryoyin Mata da Matsayi a Kyautar Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://blueprint.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elevating-womens-voices-and-roles-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * 100 Mafi Kyawun Peace Icons na Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=100 Most Notable Peace icons africa |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-sulaiman-ibrahim-honoured-as-100-most-notable-peace-icons-africa/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim moghalu ohiare others bag businessday excellence in public service awards |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/07/22/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-moghalu-ohiare-others-bag-businessday-excellence-in-public-service-awards/?amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mata 'yar siyasa ta shekara Kyautar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=why blueprint newspaper honoured imaan sulaiman ibrahim as female politician of the year |url=https:vanguardngr.com/2022/08/why-blueprint-newspaper-honoured-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-female-politician-of-the-year/amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mai ba da kyauta ta Musamman ta Tsaro Colossus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim security colossus performer extraordinaire |url=https://thebossnewspapers.com/2024/10/12/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-security-colossus-performer-extraordinaire/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=thebossnewspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jagoranci mai sauyawa a cikin Kyautar Tsaro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://independent.ng/hon-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-honored-for-transformative-leadership-in-security/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, Najeriya . Ta fito ne daga [[Keffi]], [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]], Najeriya . Mahaifinta shi ne S. K. Danladi, injiniya da mai haɓaka a Abuja. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Aishatu Sulaiman Danladi, malama. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin iyali na yara takwas.<ref name="DT">{{Cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Ministocin Najeriya]] 3svya90gnoync55o5dsntzvhzpq9jdl 969086 969074 2026-10-18T14:50:02Z Nura Bello 24854 969086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim''' wanda aka haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 1980) ƙwararriyar yar ƙasa da ƙasa ce kuma shugabar tunani ne ce a cikin Tsaro, da Magance Rikice-Rikice, Akan ayyukan iftila'i da Ci gaba da Gudanar da ayyukan Shige da Fice.  Ita ce tsohowar Darakta Janar ta [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kasa]] (NAPTIP). Tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa, Migrants da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a Cikin Gida. An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda a watan Agusta a shekarar 2023. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministan Harkokin Mata a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=profile meet imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim nigerias new women affairs minister |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/gender/748151-profile-meet-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-nigerias-new-women-affairs-minister.html?tztc=1/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta girma ne a [[Abuja]], Najeriya . Ta halarci makarantar yarinya ta Aruwa, makarantar firamare ta Abuja da Jabi, (yanzu, makarantar firimare ta LEA, Jabi), don karatun makarantar firamari kafin ta wuce zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Bwari, Abuja don karatun sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Abuja]] tare da digiri a fannin zamantakewa. Ta sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'an Webster, Masters of Business Administration MBA da Masters of Art MA . Ta yi aikinta na tilas na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]], ofishin yankin Kaduna. A halin yanzu tana da hannu wajen neman digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Tsaro da Dabarun a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya . Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kwararriya ce gurin Gudanar da Ma'aikata, da kuma Kwararren Mashawarcin SAP HCM.<ref name="LEA">{{cite news |title=I Have Zero Tolerance For Negativity – Iman |url=https://leadership.ng/i-have-zero-tolerance-for-negativity-iman |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="DT2">{{cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta fara aikinta tana aiki a Abuja ''Geographic Information Systems,'' AGIS, kafin ta koma Ingila inda ta yi aiki a fannin albarkatun ɗan adam, Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa kafin ta zama mai ba da shawara ga [[Albarkatun dan'adam|HCM]]. Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta shiga Mary Kay kuma daga baya ta zama babban darektan tallace-tallace. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman kan sadarwa ta dabarun ga ministan ilimi na jihar, [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]] kuma an nada ta memba na kwamitin ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na jihar Nasarawa ta Babban Gwamnan Jihar Nassarawa Engr. A. A. Sule a watan Satumbar 2019. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Roma, Italiya, da Cibiyar Sultana Maccido don Zaman Lafiya, Jagora, da Nazarin Ci Gaban a Jami'an Abuja . Kwanan nan ta kasance Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin mutane na tsawon watanni 6 daga Disamba 2020 zuwa Mayu 2021. Ta kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. A watan Agustan 2023, an rantsar da ita a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda bayan Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya zaba ta. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, a lokacin sake fasalin majalisar ministoci, an sake sanya ta a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Mata. == Darakta Janar na NAPTIP == A watan Disamba na 2020 Imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim ta ɗauki matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane (NAPTIP) a cikin watanni shida ta jagoranci NAPTIP, ta sake sanya Hukumar, kuma ayyukan gyare-gyare sun haifar da inganta Najeriya daga jerin masu sa ido na Tier 2 (wanda ke jawo takunkumi) zuwa matsayi na 3 (na biyu zuwa matsayi mafi girma) ta Rahoton Kasuwanci na Amurka. Ta kuma goyi bayan tsari na kasa ko mafita mai dorewa da kuma sake duba manufofin ƙaura na 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adetayo |first=Olalekan |date=1 December 2020 |title=Updated: Buhari appoints new DG for NAPTIP |url=https://punchng.com/updated-buhari-appoints-new-dg-for-naptip |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=The Punch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=buhari finally replaces unqualified director general of naptip |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/464175-buhari-finally-replaces-unqualified-director-general-of-naptip.html/ |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=women in business for imaan sulaiman ibrahim as dg of naptip it is a no to human trafficking other associated vices |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/women-in-business/article/for-iman-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-dg-of-naptip-it-is-a-no-to-human-trafficking-other-associated-vices/%3famp/ |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=businessday.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kwamishinan Kasa na 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu == An sake nada ta a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Masu Kaura, da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (NCFRMI). Ita ce mai fafutukar shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwar mutane sama da miliyan 2 masu damuwa a Najeriya inda ta sauƙaƙa wucewar Dokar NCFRMI ta 2022 zuwa doka bayan sama da shekaru 14 na ƙoƙarin da suka gabata. Dokar ta kafa kuma ta karfafa aikin kasa don kariya da taimakon mutanen da ke damuwa (PoC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=why activities of ngos need to be regulated imaan sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://dailytrust.com/why-activities-of-ngos-need-to-be-regulated-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=dailytrust.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim mama Migrants and idps is a year older |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-mama-migrants-and-idps-is-a-year-older/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ministan 'Yansanda ta Jiha == An nada ta a cikin watan Agustan 2023, a matsayin mace ta farko Minstan Harkokin 'Yan Sanda ta Jihar Tarayyar Najeriya. Ta bunkasa manyan hanyoyin gyara, kuma ta fidda fayyataccen kuduri don samar da Harkokin 'Yan sanda da zai goga da sauran duniya, wanda zai kasance mai daukan jama'a, da ya shafi al'umma, dabarun kimiyya, - wanda zai tafi da salon fasaha kuma ya dace da Karni na 21. Ta kara yawan kudin shiga ga Ma'aikatar harkokin 'Yan Sanda da kusan kashi 1000 ta hanyar wanzar da muhimman dabaru. Ta yi nasarar da dabarun cigaba a cikin 'yan sandan gari wanda ya kara alaka sosai a tsakanin al'umma da kuma 'yan sanda, ya inganta gabaki daya tsaro da kuma kariya ga al'umma. An bata tambari na musamman na tarihi daga Jakadan kasar Jamus don amincewa da kokarinta a wajen bunkasa zaman lafiya da kare hakkokin 'yan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=unveiling imaan sulaiman ibrahim police affairs minister of state designate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/18/unveiling-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-police-affairs-minister-of-state-designate/?amp/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Cybercrime Book Into Federal Government Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=minister promises to draft authors of cybercrime book into fed govts committee |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-promises-to-draft-authors-of-cybercrime-book-into-fed-govts-committee/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * New Era for Nigerian Women. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-assures-of-a-new-era-for-nigerian-women/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da Karramawa == * Dokta na girmamawa a Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=tinubus minister imaan sulaiman ibrahim bags honorary doctorate in ghana |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=royalnews.com.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009001848/https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Mai Gudanarwa Mai Kyau . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim elegance of a seasoned administrator |url=https://leadership.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elegance-of-a-seasoned-administrator/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Inganta Muryoyin Mata da Matsayi a Kyautar Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://blueprint.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elevating-womens-voices-and-roles-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * 100 Mafi Kyawun Peace Icons na Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=100 Most Notable Peace icons africa |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-sulaiman-ibrahim-honoured-as-100-most-notable-peace-icons-africa/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim moghalu ohiare others bag businessday excellence in public service awards |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/07/22/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-moghalu-ohiare-others-bag-businessday-excellence-in-public-service-awards/?amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mata 'yar siyasa ta shekara Kyautar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=why blueprint newspaper honoured imaan sulaiman ibrahim as female politician of the year |url=https:vanguardngr.com/2022/08/why-blueprint-newspaper-honoured-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-female-politician-of-the-year/amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mai ba da kyauta ta Musamman ta Tsaro Colossus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim security colossus performer extraordinaire |url=https://thebossnewspapers.com/2024/10/12/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-security-colossus-performer-extraordinaire/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=thebossnewspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jagoranci mai sauyawa a cikin Kyautar Tsaro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://independent.ng/hon-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-honored-for-transformative-leadership-in-security/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, Najeriya . Ta fito ne daga [[Keffi]], [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]], Najeriya . Mahaifinta shi ne S. K. Danladi, injiniya da mai haɓaka a Abuja. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Aishatu Sulaiman Danladi, malama. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin iyali na yara takwas.<ref name="DT">{{Cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Ministocin Najeriya]] 3xr89e31flscgyx6wnd32j65w4shy2m 969087 969086 2026-10-18T14:53:15Z Nura Bello 24854 969087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim''' wanda aka haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 1980) ƙwararriyar yar ƙasa da ƙasa ce kuma shugabar tunani ne ce a cikin Tsaro, da Magance Rikice-Rikice, Akan ayyukan iftila'i da Ci gaba da Gudanar da ayyukan Shige da Fice.  Ita ce tsohowar Darakta Janar ta [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kasa]] (NAPTIP). Tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa, Migrants da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a Cikin Gida. An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda a watan Agusta a shekarar 2023. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministan Harkokin Mata a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=profile meet imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim nigerias new women affairs minister |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/gender/748151-profile-meet-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-nigerias-new-women-affairs-minister.html?tztc=1/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta girma ne a [[Abuja]], Najeriya . Ta halarci makarantar yarinya ta Aruwa, makarantar firamare ta Abuja da Jabi, (yanzu, makarantar firimare ta LEA, Jabi), don karatun makarantar firamari kafin ta wuce zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Bwari, Abuja don karatun sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Abuja]] tare da digiri a fannin zamantakewa. Ta sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'an Webster, Masters of Business Administration MBA da Masters of Art MA . Ta yi aikinta na tilas na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]], ofishin yankin Kaduna. A halin yanzu tana da hannu wajen neman digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Tsaro da Dabarun a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya . Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kwararriya ce gurin Gudanar da Ma'aikata, da kuma Kwararren Mashawarcin SAP HCM.<ref name="LEA">{{cite news |title=I Have Zero Tolerance For Negativity – Iman |url=https://leadership.ng/i-have-zero-tolerance-for-negativity-iman |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="DT2">{{cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta fara aikinta ne tana aiki a Abuja ''Geographic Information Systems,'' AGIS, kafin ta koma Ingila inda ta yi aiki a fannin albarkatun ɗan adam, Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa kafin ta zama mai ba da shawara ga [[Albarkatun dan'adam|HCM]]. Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta shiga Mary Kay kuma daga baya ta zama babban darektan tallace-tallace. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman kan sadarwa ta dabarun ga ministan ilimi na jihar, [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]] kuma an nada ta memba na kwamitin ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na jihar Nasarawa ta Babban Gwamnan Jihar Nassarawa Engr. A. A. Sule a watan Satumbar shekarar 2019. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Roma, Italiya, da Cibiyar Sultana Maccido don Zaman Lafiya, Jagora, da Nazarin Ci Gaban a Jami'an Abuja . Kwanan nan ta kasance Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin mutane na tsawon watanni 6 daga Disamba 2020 zuwa Mayu 2021. Ta kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. A watan Agustan 2023, an rantsar da ita a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda bayan Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya zaba ta. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, a lokacin sake fasalin majalisar ministoci, an sake sanya ta a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Mata. == Darakta Janar na NAPTIP == A watan Disamba na 2020 Imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim ta ɗauki matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane (NAPTIP) a cikin watanni shida ta jagoranci NAPTIP, ta sake sanya Hukumar, kuma ayyukan gyare-gyare sun haifar da inganta Najeriya daga jerin masu sa ido na Tier 2 (wanda ke jawo takunkumi) zuwa matsayi na 3 (na biyu zuwa matsayi mafi girma) ta Rahoton Kasuwanci na Amurka. Ta kuma goyi bayan tsari na kasa ko mafita mai dorewa da kuma sake duba manufofin ƙaura na 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adetayo |first=Olalekan |date=1 December 2020 |title=Updated: Buhari appoints new DG for NAPTIP |url=https://punchng.com/updated-buhari-appoints-new-dg-for-naptip |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=The Punch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=buhari finally replaces unqualified director general of naptip |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/464175-buhari-finally-replaces-unqualified-director-general-of-naptip.html/ |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=women in business for imaan sulaiman ibrahim as dg of naptip it is a no to human trafficking other associated vices |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/women-in-business/article/for-iman-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-dg-of-naptip-it-is-a-no-to-human-trafficking-other-associated-vices/%3famp/ |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=businessday.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kwamishinan Kasa na 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu == An sake nada ta a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Masu Kaura, da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (NCFRMI). Ita ce mai fafutukar shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwar mutane sama da miliyan 2 masu damuwa a Najeriya inda ta sauƙaƙa wucewar Dokar NCFRMI ta 2022 zuwa doka bayan sama da shekaru 14 na ƙoƙarin da suka gabata. Dokar ta kafa kuma ta karfafa aikin kasa don kariya da taimakon mutanen da ke damuwa (PoC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=why activities of ngos need to be regulated imaan sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://dailytrust.com/why-activities-of-ngos-need-to-be-regulated-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=dailytrust.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim mama Migrants and idps is a year older |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-mama-migrants-and-idps-is-a-year-older/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ministan 'Yansanda ta Jiha == An nada ta a cikin watan Agustan 2023, a matsayin mace ta farko Minstan Harkokin 'Yan Sanda ta Jihar Tarayyar Najeriya. Ta bunkasa manyan hanyoyin gyara, kuma ta fidda fayyataccen kuduri don samar da Harkokin 'Yan sanda da zai goga da sauran duniya, wanda zai kasance mai daukan jama'a, da ya shafi al'umma, dabarun kimiyya, - wanda zai tafi da salon fasaha kuma ya dace da Karni na 21. Ta kara yawan kudin shiga ga Ma'aikatar harkokin 'Yan Sanda da kusan kashi 1000 ta hanyar wanzar da muhimman dabaru. Ta yi nasarar da dabarun cigaba a cikin 'yan sandan gari wanda ya kara alaka sosai a tsakanin al'umma da kuma 'yan sanda, ya inganta gabaki daya tsaro da kuma kariya ga al'umma. An bata tambari na musamman na tarihi daga Jakadan kasar Jamus don amincewa da kokarinta a wajen bunkasa zaman lafiya da kare hakkokin 'yan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=unveiling imaan sulaiman ibrahim police affairs minister of state designate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/18/unveiling-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-police-affairs-minister-of-state-designate/?amp/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Cybercrime Book Into Federal Government Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=minister promises to draft authors of cybercrime book into fed govts committee |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-promises-to-draft-authors-of-cybercrime-book-into-fed-govts-committee/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * New Era for Nigerian Women. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-assures-of-a-new-era-for-nigerian-women/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da Karramawa == * Dokta na girmamawa a Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=tinubus minister imaan sulaiman ibrahim bags honorary doctorate in ghana |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=royalnews.com.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009001848/https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Mai Gudanarwa Mai Kyau . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim elegance of a seasoned administrator |url=https://leadership.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elegance-of-a-seasoned-administrator/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Inganta Muryoyin Mata da Matsayi a Kyautar Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://blueprint.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elevating-womens-voices-and-roles-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * 100 Mafi Kyawun Peace Icons na Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=100 Most Notable Peace icons africa |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-sulaiman-ibrahim-honoured-as-100-most-notable-peace-icons-africa/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim moghalu ohiare others bag businessday excellence in public service awards |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/07/22/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-moghalu-ohiare-others-bag-businessday-excellence-in-public-service-awards/?amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mata 'yar siyasa ta shekara Kyautar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=why blueprint newspaper honoured imaan sulaiman ibrahim as female politician of the year |url=https:vanguardngr.com/2022/08/why-blueprint-newspaper-honoured-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-female-politician-of-the-year/amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mai ba da kyauta ta Musamman ta Tsaro Colossus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim security colossus performer extraordinaire |url=https://thebossnewspapers.com/2024/10/12/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-security-colossus-performer-extraordinaire/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=thebossnewspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jagoranci mai sauyawa a cikin Kyautar Tsaro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://independent.ng/hon-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-honored-for-transformative-leadership-in-security/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, Najeriya . Ta fito ne daga [[Keffi]], [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]], Najeriya . Mahaifinta shi ne S. K. Danladi, injiniya da mai haɓaka a Abuja. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Aishatu Sulaiman Danladi, malama. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin iyali na yara takwas.<ref name="DT">{{Cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Ministocin Najeriya]] ldtgmdpuzrdi4iiqcq4bohmb30yfdsa 969138 969087 2026-10-18T16:18:47Z Nura Bello 24854 969138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim''' wanda aka haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1980) ƙwararriyar yar ƙasa da ƙasa ce kuma shugabar tunani ne ce a cikin Tsaro, da Magance Rikice-Rikice, Akan ayyukan iftila'i da Ci gaba da Gudanar da ayyukan Shige da Fice.  Ita ce tsohowar Darakta Janar ta [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kasa]] (NAPTIP). Tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa, Migrants da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a Cikin Gida. An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda a watan Agusta a shekarar 2023. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministan Harkokin Mata a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=profile meet imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim nigerias new women affairs minister |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/gender/748151-profile-meet-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-nigerias-new-women-affairs-minister.html?tztc=1/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta girma ne a [[Abuja]], Najeriya . Ta halarci makarantar yarinya ta Aruwa, makarantar firamare ta Abuja da Jabi, (yanzu, makarantar firimare ta LEA, Jabi), don karatun makarantar firamari kafin ta wuce zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Bwari, Abuja don karatun sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Abuja]] tare da digiri a fannin zamantakewa. Ta sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'an Webster, Masters of Business Administration MBA da Masters of Art MA . Ta yi aikinta na tilas na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]], ofishin yankin Kaduna. A halin yanzu tana da hannu wajen neman digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Tsaro da Dabarun a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya . Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kwararriya ce gurin Gudanar da Ma'aikata, da kuma Kwararren Mashawarcin SAP HCM.<ref name="LEA">{{cite news |title=I Have Zero Tolerance For Negativity – Iman |url=https://leadership.ng/i-have-zero-tolerance-for-negativity-iman |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="DT2">{{cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta fara aikinta ne tana aiki a Abuja ''Geographic Information Systems,'' AGIS, kafin ta koma Ingila inda ta yi aiki a fannin albarkatun ɗan adam, Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa kafin ta zama mai ba da shawara ga [[Albarkatun dan'adam|HCM]]. Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta shiga Mary Kay kuma daga baya ta zama babban darektan tallace-tallace. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman kan sadarwa ta dabarun ga ministan ilimi na jihar, [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]] kuma an nada ta memba na kwamitin ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na jihar Nasarawa ta Babban Gwamnan Jihar Nassarawa Engr. A. A. Sule a watan Satumbar shekarar 2019. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Roma, Italiya, da Cibiyar Sultana Maccido don Zaman Lafiya, Jagora, da Nazarin Ci Gaban a Jami'an Abuja . Kwanan nan ta kasance Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin mutane na tsawon watanni 6 daga Disamba 2020 zuwa Mayu 2021. Ta kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. A watan Agustan shekarar 2023, an rantsar da ita a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda bayan Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya zaba ta. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, a lokacin sake fasalin majalisar ministoci, an sake sanya ta a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Mata. == Darakta Janar na NAPTIP == A watan Disamba na 2020 Imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim ta ɗauki matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane (NAPTIP) a cikin watanni shida ta jagoranci NAPTIP, ta sake sanya Hukumar, kuma ayyukan gyare-gyare sun haifar da inganta Najeriya daga jerin masu sa ido na Tier 2 (wanda ke jawo takunkumi) zuwa matsayi na 3 (na biyu zuwa matsayi mafi girma) ta Rahoton Kasuwanci na Amurka. Ta kuma goyi bayan tsari na kasa ko mafita mai dorewa da kuma sake duba manufofin ƙaura na 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adetayo |first=Olalekan |date=1 December 2020 |title=Updated: Buhari appoints new DG for NAPTIP |url=https://punchng.com/updated-buhari-appoints-new-dg-for-naptip |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=The Punch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=buhari finally replaces unqualified director general of naptip |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/464175-buhari-finally-replaces-unqualified-director-general-of-naptip.html/ |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=women in business for imaan sulaiman ibrahim as dg of naptip it is a no to human trafficking other associated vices |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/women-in-business/article/for-iman-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-dg-of-naptip-it-is-a-no-to-human-trafficking-other-associated-vices/%3famp/ |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=businessday.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kwamishinan Kasa na 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu == An sake nada ta a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Masu Kaura, da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (NCFRMI). Ita ce mai fafutukar shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwar mutane sama da miliyan 2 masu damuwa a Najeriya inda ta sauƙaƙa wucewar Dokar NCFRMI ta 2022 zuwa doka bayan sama da shekaru 14 na ƙoƙarin da suka gabata. Dokar ta kafa kuma ta karfafa aikin kasa don kariya da taimakon mutanen da ke damuwa (PoC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=why activities of ngos need to be regulated imaan sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://dailytrust.com/why-activities-of-ngos-need-to-be-regulated-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=dailytrust.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim mama Migrants and idps is a year older |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-mama-migrants-and-idps-is-a-year-older/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ministan 'Yansanda ta Jiha == An nada ta a cikin watan Agustan 2023, a matsayin mace ta farko Minstan Harkokin 'Yan Sanda ta Jihar Tarayyar Najeriya. Ta bunkasa manyan hanyoyin gyara, kuma ta fidda fayyataccen kuduri don samar da Harkokin 'Yan sanda da zai goga da sauran duniya, wanda zai kasance mai daukan jama'a, da ya shafi al'umma, dabarun kimiyya, - wanda zai tafi da salon fasaha kuma ya dace da Karni na 21. Ta kara yawan kudin shiga ga Ma'aikatar harkokin 'Yan Sanda da kusan kashi 1000 ta hanyar wanzar da muhimman dabaru. Ta yi nasarar da dabarun cigaba a cikin 'yan sandan gari wanda ya kara alaka sosai a tsakanin al'umma da kuma 'yan sanda, ya inganta gabaki daya tsaro da kuma kariya ga al'umma. An bata tambari na musamman na tarihi daga Jakadan kasar Jamus don amincewa da kokarinta a wajen bunkasa zaman lafiya da kare hakkokin 'yan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=unveiling imaan sulaiman ibrahim police affairs minister of state designate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/18/unveiling-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-police-affairs-minister-of-state-designate/?amp/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Cybercrime Book Into Federal Government Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=minister promises to draft authors of cybercrime book into fed govts committee |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-promises-to-draft-authors-of-cybercrime-book-into-fed-govts-committee/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * New Era for Nigerian Women. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-assures-of-a-new-era-for-nigerian-women/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da Karramawa == * Dokta na girmamawa a Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=tinubus minister imaan sulaiman ibrahim bags honorary doctorate in ghana |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=royalnews.com.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009001848/https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Mai Gudanarwa Mai Kyau . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim elegance of a seasoned administrator |url=https://leadership.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elegance-of-a-seasoned-administrator/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Inganta Muryoyin Mata da Matsayi a Kyautar Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://blueprint.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elevating-womens-voices-and-roles-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * 100 Mafi Kyawun Peace Icons na Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=100 Most Notable Peace icons africa |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-sulaiman-ibrahim-honoured-as-100-most-notable-peace-icons-africa/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim moghalu ohiare others bag businessday excellence in public service awards |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/07/22/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-moghalu-ohiare-others-bag-businessday-excellence-in-public-service-awards/?amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mata 'yar siyasa ta shekara Kyautar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=why blueprint newspaper honoured imaan sulaiman ibrahim as female politician of the year |url=https:vanguardngr.com/2022/08/why-blueprint-newspaper-honoured-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-female-politician-of-the-year/amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mai ba da kyauta ta Musamman ta Tsaro Colossus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim security colossus performer extraordinaire |url=https://thebossnewspapers.com/2024/10/12/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-security-colossus-performer-extraordinaire/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=thebossnewspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jagoranci mai sauyawa a cikin Kyautar Tsaro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://independent.ng/hon-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-honored-for-transformative-leadership-in-security/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, Najeriya . Ta fito ne daga [[Keffi]], [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]], Najeriya . Mahaifinta shi ne S. K. Danladi, injiniya da mai haɓaka a Abuja. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Aishatu Sulaiman Danladi, malama. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin iyali na yara takwas.<ref name="DT">{{Cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Ministocin Najeriya]] 2xg6kl6tbpn3oqaf78njbzr5pqe3k1t 969266 969138 2026-10-18T21:08:27Z Nura Bello 24854 969266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim''' wanda aka haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1980) ƙwararriyar yar ƙasa da ƙasa ce kuma shugabar tunani ne ce a cikin Tsaro, da Magance Rikice-Rikice, Akan ayyukan iftila'i da Ci gaba da Gudanar da ayyukan Shige da Fice.  Ita ce tsohowar Darakta Janar ta [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kasa]] (NAPTIP). Tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa, Migrants da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a Cikin Gida. An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda a watan Agusta a shekarar 2023. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministan Harkokin Mata a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=profile meet imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim nigerias new women affairs minister |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/gender/748151-profile-meet-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-nigerias-new-women-affairs-minister.html?tztc=1/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta girma ne a [[Abuja]], Najeriya . Ta halarci makarantar yarinya ta Aruwa, makarantar firamare ta Abuja da Jabi, (yanzu, makarantar firimare ta LEA, Jabi), don karatun makarantar firamari kafin ta wuce zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Bwari, Abuja don karatun sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Abuja]] tare da digiri a fannin zamantakewa. Ta sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'an Webster, Masters of Business Administration MBA da Masters of Art MA . Ta yi aikinta na tilas na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]], ofishin yankin Kaduna. A halin yanzu tana da hannu wajen neman digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Tsaro da Dabarun a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya . Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kwararriya ce gurin Gudanar da Ma'aikata, da kuma Kwararren Mashawarcin SAP HCM.<ref name="LEA">{{cite news |title=I Have Zero Tolerance For Negativity – Iman |url=https://leadership.ng/i-have-zero-tolerance-for-negativity-iman |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="DT2">{{cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta fara aikinta ne tana aiki a Abuja ''Geographic Information Systems,'' AGIS, kafin ta koma Ingila inda ta yi aiki a fannin albarkatun ɗan adam, Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa kafin ta zama mai ba da shawara ga [[Albarkatun dan'adam|HCM]]. Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta shiga Mary Kay kuma daga baya ta zama babban darektan tallace-tallace. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman kan sadarwa ta dabarun ga ministan ilimi na jihar, [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]] kuma an nada ta memba na kwamitin ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na jihar Nasarawa ta Babban Gwamnan Jihar Nassarawa Engr. A. A. Sule a watan Satumbar shekarar 2019. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Roma, Italiya, da Cibiyar Sultana Maccido don Zaman Lafiya, Jagora, da Nazarin Ci Gaban a Jami'an Abuja . Kwanan nan ta kasance Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin mutane na tsawon watanni 6 daga Disamba 2020 zuwa watan Mayu 2021. Ta kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. A watan Agustan a shekarar 2023, an rantsar da ita a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda bayan Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya zabe ta. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, a lokacin sake fasalin majalisar ministoci, an sake sanya ta a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Mata. == Darakta Janar na NAPTIP == A watan Disamba na 2020 Imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim ta ɗauki matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane (NAPTIP) a cikin watanni shida ta jagoranci NAPTIP, ta sake sanya Hukumar, kuma ayyukan gyare-gyare sun haifar da inganta Najeriya daga jerin masu sa ido na Tier 2 (wanda ke jawo takunkumi) zuwa matsayi na 3 (na biyu zuwa matsayi mafi girma) ta Rahoton Kasuwanci na Amurka. Ta kuma goyi bayan tsari na kasa ko mafita mai dorewa da kuma sake duba manufofin ƙaura na 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adetayo |first=Olalekan |date=1 December 2020 |title=Updated: Buhari appoints new DG for NAPTIP |url=https://punchng.com/updated-buhari-appoints-new-dg-for-naptip |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=The Punch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=buhari finally replaces unqualified director general of naptip |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/464175-buhari-finally-replaces-unqualified-director-general-of-naptip.html/ |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=women in business for imaan sulaiman ibrahim as dg of naptip it is a no to human trafficking other associated vices |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/women-in-business/article/for-iman-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-dg-of-naptip-it-is-a-no-to-human-trafficking-other-associated-vices/%3famp/ |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=businessday.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kwamishinan Kasa na 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu == An sake nada ta a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Masu Kaura, da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (NCFRMI). Ita ce mai fafutukar shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwar mutane sama da miliyan 2 masu damuwa a Najeriya inda ta sauƙaƙa wucewar Dokar NCFRMI ta 2022 zuwa doka bayan sama da shekaru 14 na ƙoƙarin da suka gabata. Dokar ta kafa kuma ta karfafa aikin kasa don kariya da taimakon mutanen da ke damuwa (PoC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=why activities of ngos need to be regulated imaan sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://dailytrust.com/why-activities-of-ngos-need-to-be-regulated-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=dailytrust.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim mama Migrants and idps is a year older |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-mama-migrants-and-idps-is-a-year-older/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ministan 'Yansanda ta Jiha == An nada ta a cikin watan Agustan 2023, a matsayin mace ta farko Minstan Harkokin 'Yan Sanda ta Jihar Tarayyar Najeriya. Ta bunkasa manyan hanyoyin gyara, kuma ta fidda fayyataccen kuduri don samar da Harkokin 'Yan sanda da zai goga da sauran duniya, wanda zai kasance mai daukan jama'a, da ya shafi al'umma, dabarun kimiyya, - wanda zai tafi da salon fasaha kuma ya dace da Karni na 21. Ta kara yawan kudin shiga ga Ma'aikatar harkokin 'Yan Sanda da kusan kashi 1000 ta hanyar wanzar da muhimman dabaru. Ta yi nasarar da dabarun cigaba a cikin 'yan sandan gari wanda ya kara alaka sosai a tsakanin al'umma da kuma 'yan sanda, ya inganta gabaki daya tsaro da kuma kariya ga al'umma. An bata tambari na musamman na tarihi daga Jakadan kasar Jamus don amincewa da kokarinta a wajen bunkasa zaman lafiya da kare hakkokin 'yan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=unveiling imaan sulaiman ibrahim police affairs minister of state designate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/18/unveiling-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-police-affairs-minister-of-state-designate/?amp/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Cybercrime Book Into Federal Government Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=minister promises to draft authors of cybercrime book into fed govts committee |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-promises-to-draft-authors-of-cybercrime-book-into-fed-govts-committee/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * New Era for Nigerian Women. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-assures-of-a-new-era-for-nigerian-women/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da Karramawa == * Dokta na girmamawa a Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=tinubus minister imaan sulaiman ibrahim bags honorary doctorate in ghana |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=royalnews.com.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009001848/https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Mai Gudanarwa Mai Kyau . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim elegance of a seasoned administrator |url=https://leadership.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elegance-of-a-seasoned-administrator/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Inganta Muryoyin Mata da Matsayi a Kyautar Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://blueprint.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elevating-womens-voices-and-roles-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * 100 Mafi Kyawun Peace Icons na Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=100 Most Notable Peace icons africa |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-sulaiman-ibrahim-honoured-as-100-most-notable-peace-icons-africa/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim moghalu ohiare others bag businessday excellence in public service awards |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/07/22/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-moghalu-ohiare-others-bag-businessday-excellence-in-public-service-awards/?amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mata 'yar siyasa ta shekara Kyautar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=why blueprint newspaper honoured imaan sulaiman ibrahim as female politician of the year |url=https:vanguardngr.com/2022/08/why-blueprint-newspaper-honoured-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-female-politician-of-the-year/amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mai ba da kyauta ta Musamman ta Tsaro Colossus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim security colossus performer extraordinaire |url=https://thebossnewspapers.com/2024/10/12/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-security-colossus-performer-extraordinaire/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=thebossnewspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jagoranci mai sauyawa a cikin Kyautar Tsaro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://independent.ng/hon-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-honored-for-transformative-leadership-in-security/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, Najeriya . Ta fito ne daga [[Keffi]], [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]], Najeriya . Mahaifinta shi ne S. K. Danladi, injiniya da mai haɓaka a Abuja. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Aishatu Sulaiman Danladi, malama. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin iyali na yara takwas.<ref name="DT">{{Cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Ministocin Najeriya]] jdeuvgypvp3hzn5kpv3kfeumzsgrcjr 969268 969266 2026-10-18T21:15:15Z Nura Bello 24854 969268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim''' wanda aka haife ta a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1980) ƙwararriyar yar ƙasa da ƙasa ce kuma shugabar tunani ne ce a cikin Tsaro, da Magance Rikice-Rikice, Akan ayyukan iftila'i da Ci gaba da Gudanar da ayyukan Shige da Fice.  Ita ce tsohowar Darakta Janar ta [[Hukumar hana fataucin Bil-Adama ta Ƙasa|Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Kasa]] (NAPTIP). Tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Hukumar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa, Migrants da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a Cikin Gida. An nada ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda a watan Agusta a shekarar 2023. A halin yanzu ita ce Ministan Harkokin Mata a Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=profile meet imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim nigerias new women affairs minister |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/gender/748151-profile-meet-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-nigerias-new-women-affairs-minister.html?tztc=1/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-19 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta girma ne a [[Abuja]], Najeriya . Ta halarci makarantar yarinya ta Aruwa, makarantar firamare ta Abuja da Jabi, (yanzu, makarantar firimare ta LEA, Jabi), don karatun makarantar firamari kafin ta wuce zuwa Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Bwari, Abuja don karatun sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Abuja]] tare da digiri a fannin zamantakewa. Ta sami digiri na biyu daga Jami'an Webster, Masters of Business Administration MBA da Masters of Art MA . Ta yi aikinta na tilas na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]], ofishin yankin Kaduna. A halin yanzu tana da hannu wajen neman digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Tsaro da Dabarun a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya . Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa Cibiyar Ci Gaban Jama'a, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kwararriya ce gurin Gudanar da Ma'aikata, da kuma Kwararren Mashawarcin SAP HCM.<ref name="LEA">{{cite news |title=I Have Zero Tolerance For Negativity – Iman |url=https://leadership.ng/i-have-zero-tolerance-for-negativity-iman |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="DT2">{{cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta fara aikinta ne tana aiki a Abuja ''Geographic Information Systems,'' AGIS, kafin ta koma Ingila inda ta yi aiki a fannin albarkatun ɗan adam, Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa kafin ta zama mai ba da shawara ga [[Albarkatun dan'adam|HCM]]. Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim ta shiga Mary Kay kuma daga baya ta zama babban darektan tallace-tallace. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara na musamman kan sadarwa ta dabarun ga ministan ilimi na jihar, [[Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba]] kuma an nada ta memba na kwamitin ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na jihar Nasarawa ta Babban Gwamnan Jihar Nassarawa Engr. A. A. Sule a watan Satumbar shekarar 2019. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Malama mai ziyara a Jami'ar Roma, Italiya, da Cibiyar Sultana Maccido don Zaman Lafiya, Jagora, da Nazarin Ci Gaban a Jami'an Abuja . Kwanan nan ta kasance Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin mutane na tsawon watanni 6 daga Disamba 2020 zuwa watan Mayu 2021. Ta kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. A watan Agustan a shekarar 2023, an rantsar da ita a matsayin Ministan Harkokin 'yan sanda bayan Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya zabe ta. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, a lokacin sake fasalin majalisar ministoci, an sake sanya ta a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Mata. == Darakta Janar na NAPTIP == A watan Disamba na 2020 Imaan Sulaiman Ibrahim ta ɗauki matsayin Darakta Janar na Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a cikin Mutane (NAPTIP) a cikin watanni shida ta jagoranci NAPTIP, ta sake sanya Hukumar, kuma ayyukan gyare-gyare sun haifar da inganta Najeriya daga jerin masu sa ido na Tier 2 (wanda ke jawo takunkumi) zuwa matsayi na 3 (na biyu zuwa matsayi mafi girma) ta Rahoton Kasuwanci na Amurka. Ta kuma goyi bayan tsari na kasa ko mafita mai dorewa da kuma sake duba manufofin ƙaura na shekarar 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adetayo |first=Olalekan |date=1 December 2020 |title=Updated: Buhari appoints new DG for NAPTIP |url=https://punchng.com/updated-buhari-appoints-new-dg-for-naptip |access-date=7 December 2020 |work=The Punch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-15 |title=buhari finally replaces unqualified director general of naptip |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/464175-buhari-finally-replaces-unqualified-director-general-of-naptip.html/ |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=Premiumtimesng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=women in business for imaan sulaiman ibrahim as dg of naptip it is a no to human trafficking other associated vices |url=https://businessday.ng/interview/women-in-business/article/for-iman-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-dg-of-naptip-it-is-a-no-to-human-trafficking-other-associated-vices/%3famp/ |access-date=2019-04-10 |website=businessday.ng |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kwamishinan Kasa na 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu == An sake nada ta a matsayin Kwamishinan Tarayya mai daraja na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Masu Kaura, da Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (NCFRMI). Ita ce mai fafutukar shirye-shirye masu ban sha'awa da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwar mutane sama da miliyan 2 masu damuwa a Najeriya inda ta sauƙaƙa wucewar Dokar NCFRMI ta shekarar 2022 zuwa doka bayan sama da shekaru 14 na ƙoƙarin da suka gabata. Dokar ta kafa kuma ta karfafa aikin kasa don kariya da taimakon mutanen da ke damuwa (PoC). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=why activities of ngos need to be regulated imaan sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://dailytrust.com/why-activities-of-ngos-need-to-be-regulated-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=dailytrust.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim mama Migrants and idps is a year older |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-mama-migrants-and-idps-is-a-year-older/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ministan 'Yansanda ta Jiha == An nada ta a cikin watan Agustan a shekarar 2023, a matsayin mace ta farko Minstan Harkokin 'Yan Sanda ta Jihar Tarayyar Najeriya. Ta bunkasa manyan hanyoyin gyara, kuma ta fidda fayyataccen kuduri don samar da Harkokin 'Yan sanda da zai goga da sauran duniya, wanda zai kasance mai daukan jama'a, da ya shafi al'umma, dabarun kimiyya, - wanda zai tafi da salon fasaha kuma ya dace da Karni na 21. Ta kara yawan kudin shiga ga Ma'aikatar harkokin 'Yan Sanda da kusan kashi 1000 ta hanyar wanzar da muhimman dabaru. Ta yi nasarar da dabarun cigaba a cikin 'yan sandan gari wanda ya kara alaka sosai a tsakanin al'umma da kuma 'yan sanda, ya inganta gabaki daya tsaro da kuma kariya ga al'umma. An bata tambari na musamman na tarihi daga Jakadan kasar Jamus don amincewa da kokarinta a wajen bunkasa zaman lafiya da kare hakkokin 'yan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=unveiling imaan sulaiman ibrahim police affairs minister of state designate |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/18/unveiling-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-police-affairs-minister-of-state-designate/?amp/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=meet first female minister of Police affairs imaan Sulaiman ibrahim |url=https://punchng.com/meet-first-female-minister-of-police-affairs-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim/%3famp/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=punchng.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * Cybercrime Book Into Federal Government Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=minister promises to draft authors of cybercrime book into fed govts committee |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-promises-to-draft-authors-of-cybercrime-book-into-fed-govts-committee/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * New Era for Nigerian Women. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-assures-of-a-new-era-for-nigerian-women/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyauta da Karramawa == * Dokta na girmamawa a Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=tinubus minister imaan sulaiman ibrahim bags honorary doctorate in ghana |url=https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=royalnews.com.ng |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009001848/https://royalnews.com.ng/tinubus-minister-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-bags-honorary-doctorate-in-ghana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kyautar Mai Gudanarwa Mai Kyau . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim elegance of a seasoned administrator |url=https://leadership.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elegance-of-a-seasoned-administrator/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=leadership.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * Inganta Muryoyin Mata da Matsayi a Kyautar Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://blueprint.ng/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-elevating-womens-voices-and-roles-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=blueprint.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> * 100 Mafi Kyawun Peace Icons na Afirka . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=100 Most Notable Peace icons africa |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/minister-sulaiman-ibrahim-honoured-as-100-most-notable-peace-icons-africa/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Kyautar Ayyukan Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim moghalu ohiare others bag businessday excellence in public service awards |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/07/22/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-moghalu-ohiare-others-bag-businessday-excellence-in-public-service-awards/?amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mata 'yar siyasa ta shekara Kyautar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=why blueprint newspaper honoured imaan sulaiman ibrahim as female politician of the year |url=https:vanguardngr.com/2022/08/why-blueprint-newspaper-honoured-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-as-female-politician-of-the-year/amp/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=vanguardngr.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mai ba da kyauta ta Musamman ta Tsaro Colossus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim security colossus performer extraordinaire |url=https://thebossnewspapers.com/2024/10/12/imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-security-colossus-performer-extraordinaire/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=thebossnewspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jagoranci mai sauyawa a cikin Kyautar Tsaro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-10 |title=imaan sulaiman ibrahim assures of a new era for nigerian women |url=https://independent.ng/hon-imaan-sulaiman-ibrahim-honored-for-transformative-leadership-in-security/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fmino.gov.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Imaan Sulaiman-Ibrahim a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau, Najeriya . Ta fito ne daga [[Keffi]], [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]], Najeriya . Mahaifinta shi ne S. K. Danladi, injiniya da mai haɓaka a Abuja. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Aishatu Sulaiman Danladi, malama. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin iyali na yara takwas.<ref name="DT">{{Cite web |last=Alhassan |first=Amina |date=5 August 2018 |title=Iman Sulaiman-Ibrahim - Inspiring women involvement in politics |url=https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Daily Trust |via=[[Issuu]] |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330110057/https://issuu.com/aagarba/docs/tambari_bfc4d1bbd66e2d |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Ministocin Najeriya]] 4ilojgrp60h8s1ywxgy62vshnayw79l 0 32482 969343 306643 2026-10-19T02:59:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Official_portrait_of_Baroness_Billingham_crop_2.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Angela Theodora Billingham, Baroness Billingham]] '''Angela Theodora Billingham, Baroness Billingham''' JP (an Haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Yulin 1939) [[Ɗan siyasa|yar siyasa]] ce ta Burtaniya. == Kuruciya == An haifi Angela Theodora Case a [[Liverpool]], ta yi karatu a Aylesbury Grammar School, Cibiyar Ilimi da Sashen Karatun Koyarwa, [[Jami'ar Oxford]]. Ta zama malama, tana aiki a fannin Koyarwa tsawon shekaru talatin da biyar har zuwa shekara ta 1995. == Sana'ar siyasa == Baroness Billingham ta kasance kansila na shekaru da dama. Tun daga 1970 har zuwa 1974, ta yi aiki a Majalisar gundumar Banbury, sannan daga shekarar 1974 zuwa 1984 a Majalisar gundumar Cherwell. Ta kasance Magajin Garin Banbury a 1976. Ta kasance kansila na gundumar Oxfordshire 1993–94. Ta tsaya takarar Majalisar a 1992 don Banbury, ba tare da nasara ba. An zaɓi Billingham a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ga mazabar Northamptonshire da Blaby a 1994.<ref>Foster, Jonathan (13 June 1994). "The European Elections: Working-class voters wooed back". ''The Independent''.</ref> A cikin 1999 ba ta yi nasara ba ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a sabon yankin Gabashin Midlands . An yi ta ta zama abokiyar rayuwa kamar '''Baroness Billingham''', na Banbury a cikin County na Oxfordshire a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2000 <ref>{{London Gazette|date=12 May 2000}}</ref> kuma ta zauna a kan benci na Labor.<ref>Hartley-Brewer, Julia; Woodward, Will (31 March 2000). "Policy and Politics: Blair `balances' Lords with 33 new peers". ''The Guardian''. p. 11.</ref><ref>"Life Peers". ''The Times (London)''. 4 May 2000. p. 24.</ref> == Ra'ayoyi == Ta inganta wasannin motsa jini ga masu nakasa kuma ta kasance cikakkiyar ma'aikaciyar Sky News inda take samfoti jaridu na safiya. Angela ta kuma yi kamfen na sake fasalin tsarin Tattalin Arzikin Rana na yanzu, tana mai jayayya cewa maraice maraice na iya kawo karshen bala'in kiba na yara ta hanyar barin yara su yi karin sa'a na motsa jiki a rana. Ta kuma bayyana matsalolin tattalin arziki, muhalli da tsaro a matsayin muhimman dalilai na sake fasalin tsarin yanzu. Ta kasance kuma 'yar wasan tennis ce, kuma ita ce shugaba/ kyaftin na Commons da Lords Tennis Club kuma Shugabar Rukunin Tennis na Majalisar Duk-Party.<ref>"Register of All-Party Groups". ''House of Commons''. 24 February 2010. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.</ref><ref>Slater, Matt (29 March 2010). "All-Party Tennis Group warns LTA over public profile". ''BBC Sport''. BBC. Archived from the original on 1 April 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.</ref> == Rayuwa == Ta auri Peter Billingham a alif 1962 kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Zoë da Caroline. Peter ya mutu a shekarar 1992. Zoë ta auri Dennis Skinner, ɗan Dennis Skinner, ɗan majalisar Labour na Bolsover da ya daɗe. == Kudin majalisa == An tsara tallafin kudi don taimaka wa ma'auratan da ke zaune a cikin ƙasar don halartar zaɓen dare da muhawara a Majalisar, Billingham, wanda ke da gida a Hampstead da gidan ƙasa a Suffolk ya yi ikirarin £26,983 a cikin 2006-07 a cikin alawus na dare, yana haifar da kira. domin bincike. <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/feb/10/lords Peers face demand for expenses probe]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130512020318/http://www.theyworkforyou.com/peer/baroness_billingham Baroness Billingham shafi akan theyworkforyou.com] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1939]] 9fbs86g9bnj92wikhpwdjg1ed2y4qbs 0 34329 969015 606208 2026-10-18T12:20:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 969015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christopher Drew Akins''' (an haife shi ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, 1976). tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Amurka]] a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Dallas Cowboys, Green Bay Packers, Cleveland Browns, New England Patriots da Miami Dolphins. Ya buga kwallon kafa na kwaleji a Jami'ar [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]] a Pine Bluff. == Shekarun farko == Akins ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Hall, inda ya yi wasiƙa a ƙwallon ƙafa da Waƙar Waƙa da Waƙar Wasan Filo . A matsayinsa na babba, ya karɓi ɗan wasan Arkansas na shekara, Babban Taron, Duk-jihar, da karramawar Ba -Amurke, bayan yin rikodin jimlar 117 (solo 85), 17 ya wuce kariya da 4 interceptions. A cikin Waƙar Waƙar Waƙar Waƙar Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasa, Ya kasance zaɓi na Duk-Shugaban lokaci guda biyu kuma ya kafa bayanan makaranta a cikin mita 100 (10.33 seconds) da mita 200. Hakanan yana da ƴan ƴan uwan Lorenzo Akins Terri Akins, da wasu jikoki kamar Kylan. Akins da Lorenzo Akins da Jalyn Akins. == Aikin koleji == Akins ya karɓi tallafin ƙwallon ƙafa daga Jami'ar Arkansas . A matsayinsa na biyu, ya fara wasanni 6 a aminci kyauta . Ya yanke shawarar canzawa bayan shekaru biyu zuwa Jami'ar Arkansas a Pine Bluff . A matsayinsa na ƙarami, saboda dokar canja wuri na lokaci ɗaya, an ba shi damar buga wasa nan da nan, inda ya buga 52 tackles, 11 passes tsaro da 6 interceptions. A matsayinsa na babba, ya buga abubuwan 66 (4 don asara), wucewar 12 da aka kare, 3 murmurewa da tsangwama 5, gami da 2 sun dawo don taɓawa . Ya sami dawowar tsakar yadi 100 don taɓawa a cikin kwata na huɗu na nasarar 27-18 da Jami'ar Jihar Alcorn . Ya karɓi Babban Taron Wasan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Kudu-maso-Yamma, ƙungiyar rukuni na biyu I-AA Duk-Baƙin Amurkawa da Baƙar fata Duk Ba-Amurkan girmamawa. Ya gama aikinsa na kwaleji tare da 156 tackles (83 solo), 25 ya wuce kariya, 12 interceptions da 6 fumble murmurewa. A cikin shekaru biyun da ya yi a Arkansas-Pine-Bluff, ya yi takalmi 118, wucewa 23 da aka kare, 11 interceptions, 5 fumble warkewa da 9 tackles don asara. == Sana'ar sana'a == === Green Bay Packers === Green Bay Packers sun zaɓi Akins a zagaye na bakwai (212th gabaɗaya) na 1999 NFL Draft . An yanke shi ne a karshen atisayen da ya ke yi kuma ya sanya hannu a cikin tawagar kwararrun ‘ yan wasan a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba. === Dallas Cowboys === A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1999, Dallas Cowboys daga ƙungiyar motsa jiki ta Green Bay Packers suka sanya hannu. Duk da cewa ya buga wasanni tara kawai, amma ya kammala da 15 na musamman tackles (na biyu a kungiyar). A cikin 2000, an ba shi zuwa Rhein Wuta na NFL Turai, inda ya taimaka wa tawagarsa ta lashe World Bowl VIII, yayin da yake yin rajistar 47 tackles (na biyar a kan tawagar), tsaka-tsakin guda ɗaya, 7 ƙungiyoyi na musamman (na biyu a kan tawagar) da kuma katange burin filin. Ya yi jerin gwano na yau da kullun na Cowboys amma an sake shi a ranar 31 ga Oktoba. === Green Bay Packers === The Green Bay Packers sun yi iƙirarin kashe shi a kan Nuwamba 1, 2000 . A lokacin kakar 2001, Akins ya fusata kocin Mike Sherman tare da rashin tunani a filin wasa da halinsa daga ciki. An yanke shi ne a ranar 6 ga Disamba, a lokacin da aka yi masa kunnen doki a matsayi na uku a cikin kungiyar a cikin fafatawa na musamman (7). === Cleveland Browns === A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2001, Cleveland Browns ya yi iƙirarin soke shi. A shekara ta gaba, ya zama na biyu a cikin ƙungiyar tare da ƙungiyoyi na musamman na 25 yayin wasa a wasanni 15. === New England Patriots === Akins ya sanya hannu tare da New England Patriots a matsayin wakili na kyauta a kan Maris 12, 2003 . Ya ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasa na musamman, yana ba da gudummawa ga nasarar da ƙungiyar ta samu a Super Bowl XXXVIII . === Miami Dolphins === A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2004, ya sanya hannu tare da Miami Dolphins a matsayin wakili na kyauta mara iyaka . Ya shafe kakar wasa a kan ajiyar raunin da tawagar ta samu bayan yaga tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki da na baya a cikin gwiwarsa na dama, a lokacin motsa jiki a kan [[Houston]] Texans. An sake shi a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2005. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Akins na biyu dan uwan tsohon dan wasan NFL Jackie Harris ne. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://archive.patriots.com/alumni/index.cfm?ac=alumnibiosdetail&bio=23476 New England Patriots bio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714155057/http://archive.patriots.com/alumni/index.cfm?ac=alumnibiosdetail&bio=23476 |date=2015-07-14 }} {{Packers1999DraftPicks}}{{Super Bowl XXXVIII}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g4sxuq2o1fnp4yjmzj1bnkmno3f3i31 969017 969015 2026-10-18T12:22:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 969017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christopher Drew Akins''' (an haife shi ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, 1976). Ya kasance tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Amurka]] a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Dallas Cowboys, Green Bay Packers, Cleveland Browns, New England Patriots da Miami Dolphins. Ya buga kwallon kafa na kwaleji a Jami'ar [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]] a Pine Bluff. == Shekarun farko == Akins ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Hall, inda ya yi wasiƙa a ƙwallon ƙafa da Waƙar Waƙa da Waƙar Wasan Filo . A matsayinsa na babba, ya karɓi ɗan wasan Arkansas na shekara, Babban Taron, Duk-jihar, da karramawar Ba -Amurke, bayan yin rikodin jimlar 117 (solo 85), 17 ya wuce kariya da 4 interceptions. A cikin Waƙar Waƙar Waƙar Waƙar Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasan Wasa, Ya kasance zaɓi na Duk-Shugaban lokaci guda biyu kuma ya kafa bayanan makaranta a cikin mita 100 (10.33 seconds) da mita 200. Hakanan yana da ƴan ƴan uwan Lorenzo Akins Terri Akins, da wasu jikoki kamar Kylan. Akins da Lorenzo Akins da Jalyn Akins. == Aikin koleji == Akins ya karɓi tallafin ƙwallon ƙafa daga Jami'ar Arkansas . A matsayinsa na biyu, ya fara wasanni 6 a aminci kyauta . Ya yanke shawarar canzawa bayan shekaru biyu zuwa Jami'ar Arkansas a Pine Bluff . A matsayinsa na ƙarami, saboda dokar canja wuri na lokaci ɗaya, an ba shi damar buga wasa nan da nan, inda ya buga 52 tackles, 11 passes tsaro da 6 interceptions. A matsayinsa na babba, ya buga abubuwan 66 (4 don asara), wucewar 12 da aka kare, 3 murmurewa da tsangwama 5, gami da 2 sun dawo don taɓawa . Ya sami dawowar tsakar yadi 100 don taɓawa a cikin kwata na huɗu na nasarar 27-18 da Jami'ar Jihar Alcorn . Ya karɓi Babban Taron Wasan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Kudu-maso-Yamma, ƙungiyar rukuni na biyu I-AA Duk-Baƙin Amurkawa da Baƙar fata Duk Ba-Amurkan girmamawa. Ya gama aikinsa na kwaleji tare da 156 tackles (83 solo), 25 ya wuce kariya, 12 interceptions da 6 fumble murmurewa. A cikin shekaru biyun da ya yi a Arkansas-Pine-Bluff, ya yi takalmi 118, wucewa 23 da aka kare, 11 interceptions, 5 fumble warkewa da 9 tackles don asara. == Sana'ar sana'a == === Green Bay Packers === Green Bay Packers sun zaɓi Akins a zagaye na bakwai (212th gabaɗaya) na 1999 NFL Draft . An yanke shi ne a karshen atisayen da ya ke yi kuma ya sanya hannu a cikin tawagar kwararrun ‘ yan wasan a ranar 14 ga watan Satumba. === Dallas Cowboys === A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 1999, Dallas Cowboys daga ƙungiyar motsa jiki ta Green Bay Packers suka sanya hannu. Duk da cewa ya buga wasanni tara kawai, amma ya kammala da 15 na musamman tackles (na biyu a kungiyar). A cikin 2000, an ba shi zuwa Rhein Wuta na NFL Turai, inda ya taimaka wa tawagarsa ta lashe World Bowl VIII, yayin da yake yin rajistar 47 tackles (na biyar a kan tawagar), tsaka-tsakin guda ɗaya, 7 ƙungiyoyi na musamman (na biyu a kan tawagar) da kuma katange burin filin. Ya yi jerin gwano na yau da kullun na Cowboys amma an sake shi a ranar 31 ga Oktoba. === Green Bay Packers === The Green Bay Packers sun yi iƙirarin kashe shi a kan Nuwamba 1, 2000 . A lokacin kakar 2001, Akins ya fusata kocin Mike Sherman tare da rashin tunani a filin wasa da halinsa daga ciki. An yanke shi ne a ranar 6 ga Disamba, a lokacin da aka yi masa kunnen doki a matsayi na uku a cikin kungiyar a cikin fafatawa na musamman (7). === Cleveland Browns === A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2001, Cleveland Browns ya yi iƙirarin soke shi. A shekara ta gaba, ya zama na biyu a cikin ƙungiyar tare da ƙungiyoyi na musamman na 25 yayin wasa a wasanni 15. === New England Patriots === Akins ya sanya hannu tare da New England Patriots a matsayin wakili na kyauta a kan Maris 12, 2003 . Ya ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasa na musamman, yana ba da gudummawa ga nasarar da ƙungiyar ta samu a Super Bowl XXXVIII . === Miami Dolphins === A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2004, ya sanya hannu tare da Miami Dolphins a matsayin wakili na kyauta mara iyaka . Ya shafe kakar wasa a kan ajiyar raunin da tawagar ta samu bayan yaga tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki da na baya a cikin gwiwarsa na dama, a lokacin motsa jiki a kan [[Houston]] Texans. An sake shi a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2005. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Akins na biyu dan uwan tsohon dan wasan NFL Jackie Harris ne. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://archive.patriots.com/alumni/index.cfm?ac=alumnibiosdetail&bio=23476 New England Patriots bio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714155057/http://archive.patriots.com/alumni/index.cfm?ac=alumnibiosdetail&bio=23476 |date=2015-07-14 }} {{Packers1999DraftPicks}}{{Super Bowl XXXVIII}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] evidz5a00qkt4jbv3nnnj6knui1bi3o 0 35220 969334 582238 2026-10-19T00:18:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:AMA POMAA BOATENG.jpg|thumb|Ama Pomaa Boateng]] '''Ama Pomaa Boateng'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=134#page|title=Parliament of Ghana|website=www.parliament.gh|access-date=2019-03-02|archive-date=2023-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511181321/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=134#page|url-status=dead}}</ref> (an haife ta 19 ga Agusta 1975) 'yar siyasar Ghana ce. Ita ce sabuwar 'yar majalisar dokokin New Patriotic Party mai wakiltar mazabar Juaben a yankin Ashanti na Ghana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2530|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Pomaa, Ama Ando|publisher=|access-date=2022-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928151036/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=2530|archive-date=2024-09-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/439490/1/mp-calls-for-proper-management-of-e-waste.html|title=MP Calls For Proper Management Of E-Waste|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ghana.usembassy.gov/pr_042213.html|title=2013 Press Releases - Accra, Ghana - Embassy of the United States|access-date=2016-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220085118/https://ghana.usembassy.gov/pr_042213.html|archive-date=2016-12-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Ama Pomaa a ranar 19 ga Agusta 1975 a Juaben, yankin Ashanti. Ta yi babbar makarantar sakandare a Holy Child School a Cape Coast kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin bayanai daga Jami'ar Anglia Ruskin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/election-2016-know-your-female-parliamentary-candidates-3.html|title=Election 2016: Know your female parliamentary candidates (3)|last=Akese|first=Timothy Dzamboe, Dotsey Koblah Aklorbortu and Efia|work=Graphic Online|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en-gb}}</ref> Ama yana da satifiket a fannin kwamfuta daga Jami’ar Westminster da ke Landan, UK. A cikin 2012 ta sami takardar shedar e-sharar gida daga Kwalejin e-waste ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2530|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Pomaa, Ama Ando|website=www.ghanamps.com|access-date=2019-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928151036/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=2530|archive-date=2024-09-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hakanan tana da takaddun shaida daga Penn Foster, Wild PCS, Jami'ar Harvard da House of Democracy Partnership/NDI.<ref name=":1" /> == Aiki == Ama Pomaa mashawarcin IT ce ta sana'a kuma shugabar zartarwa na Mata masu fasaha na Ghana a Accra, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta a cikin horarwar IT.<ref name=":0" /> == Siyasa == Ama Pomaa ta tsaya takara kuma ta lashe kujerar majalisar wakilai a mazabar Juaben a yankin Ashanti yayin babban zaben Ghana na 2016. Wasu ‘yan takara uku, wato Nana Prempeh Amankwaah na jam’iyyar National Democratic Congress, da Gallo Stephen Ayitey na jam’iyyar Convention Peoples su ma sun fafata a zaben 2016 na mazabar Juaben da aka gudanar a ranar 7 ga watan Disamba 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/ashanti/309/index.php|title=Ghana Election 2016 Results - Juaben Constituency|last=FM|first=Peace|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|access-date=2019-03-10}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta lashe zaben ne da samun kuri'u 22,323 daga cikin 29,606 da aka kada, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 75.40 na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada.<ref name=":0" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ama Pomaa ta yi aure da ɗa daya. Ita ma Kirista ce. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1975]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] s48gmibmqwlsw3t0jcgn1zaj5n32tda 0 42231 969409 553576 2026-10-19T07:46:44Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Yobe_State_University_LOGO.jpg|Yobe_State_University_LOGO.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Túrelio|Túrelio]] because: Copyright violation; see [[:c:Commons:Licensing|]] ([[:c:COM:CSD#F1|F1]]): Non-free logo above [[: 969409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Nigeria Yobe State map.png|thumb|taswirar yobe]] [[Fayil:Yobe State Government.png|thumb|gwamnatin yobe]] [[Fayil:Kanuri people.jpg|thumb|Mutanan kunuri]] '''Jihar Yobe''' tana yankin Arewa maso gabashin Nijeriya, mafi yawan Al'ummarta manomane, an kirkireta daga jihar Borno ranar ashirin da bakwai 27 ga watan Ogusta, shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da casa'in da ɗaya 1991 a lokacin mulkin janar Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida. Babban birnin jihar tana Damaturu, babbar karamar hukumar jihar kuma mafi Al'umma da kasuwanci ita ce Potiskum. Jihar tana da addinai guda biyu: Musulunci da kiristanci, duk da cewa basu dayawa.<ref>https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Yobe/</ref> == Yaruka == Yarukan jihar Yobe su ne; # Kanuri # Fulani # Badewa # Kare-kare # Ngizim # Gamo # Bolewa # Hausa # Margi # Bura # Shuwa # Manga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://population.gov.ng/core-activities/surveys/dataset/2006-phc-priority-tables/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010054745/http://population.gov.ng/core-activities/surveys/dataset/2006-phc-priority-tables/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} pe5228c628u9ngws8mpoyupml9fsgyv 0 42886 969010 306945 2026-10-18T12:15:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 969010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Priscilla Cherry''' (an Haife ta a ranar 9 ga A watan ogusta shekara ta 1971) ta kasance 'yar wasan Judoka ce ta kasar Mauritius.<ref>[[Priscilla Cherry]] Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill ; et al. "Priscilla Cherry Olympic Results" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2018.</ref> Ta yi takara/fafata a gasar matsakaicin nauyi na mata (women's middleweight) a gasar wasan Olympics ta lokacin zafi na shekarar 1996. <ref name="SportsRef">{{Cite sports-reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/priscilla-cherry-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418065238/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/priscilla-cherry-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2020|title=Priscilla Cherry Olympic Results|accessdate=7 June 2018}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Priscilla Chery at JudoInside.com Priscilla Chery at Olympics.com Priscilla Chery at Olympedia == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] lut6kkl5al9omar1cd92pgeh6pmceph 969011 969010 2026-10-18T12:16:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 969011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Priscilla Cherry''' (an Haife ta a ranar 9 ga A watan ogusta shekara ta 1971) ta kasance 'yar wasan Judoka ce ta kasar Mauritius.<ref>[[Priscilla Cherry]] Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill ; et al. "Priscilla Cherry Olympic Results" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2018.</ref> Ta yi takara/fafata a gasar matsakaicin nauyi na mata (women's middleweight) a gasar wasan Olympics ta lokacin zafi na shekarar 1996.<ref name="SportsRef">{{Cite sports-reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/priscilla-cherry-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418065238/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/priscilla-cherry-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2020|title=Priscilla Cherry Olympic Results|accessdate=7 June 2018}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Priscilla Chery at JudoInside.com Priscilla Chery at Olympics.com Priscilla Chery at Olympedia == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] gicb6aardn8x28s3lbzw5lr85vsxhe8 0 46502 969187 454192 2026-10-18T17:03:56Z Hauwa'u lawal ardo 27936 969187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kokou Dodji Fanny,''' (an haife shi ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu 1987 a [[Lomé]]) ɗan wasan table tennis ne na Togo. Ya wakilci [[Togo]] a Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020<ref>"FANNY Kokou Dodji" . olympics.com . Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.</ref> kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ɗaukar tutar Togo a Parade of Nations.<ref>Agbenou, Mensah. "Togo-List of athletes at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games" . icilome.com . Retrieved 29 July 2021.</ref> == Sana'a == Fanny ya sha kashi da ci hudu da nema a hannun Andrej Gacina a zagayen farko na wasan kwallon tebur na maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020.<ref>Kalfa, David. "Tokyo 2021: Kokou Dodji Fanny, un pongiste togolais ravi aux JO" . rfi.fr . Retrieved 29 July 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Profile on olympics.org Archived 2021-07-29 at the Wayback Machine Kokou Dodji Fanny at ITTF Kokou Dodji Fanny at Olympedia [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1987]] 3tul44tzoxs0ku9gmuvb3tnlbids8s7 969188 969187 2026-10-18T17:04:53Z Hauwa'u lawal ardo 27936 969188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kokou Dodji Fanny,''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu ta shikara na1987 a [[Lomé]]) ɗan wasan table tennis ne na Togo. Ya wakilci [[Togo]] a Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020<ref>"FANNY Kokou Dodji" . olympics.com . Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.</ref> kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ɗaukar tutar Togo a Parade of Nations.<ref>Agbenou, Mensah. "Togo-List of athletes at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games" . icilome.com . Retrieved 29 July 2021.</ref> == Sana'a == Fanny ya sha kashi da ci hudu da nema a hannun Andrej Gacina a zagayen farko na wasan kwallon tebur na maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020.<ref>Kalfa, David. "Tokyo 2021: Kokou Dodji Fanny, un pongiste togolais ravi aux JO" . rfi.fr . Retrieved 29 July 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Profile on olympics.org Archived 2021-07-29 at the Wayback Machine Kokou Dodji Fanny at ITTF Kokou Dodji Fanny at Olympedia [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1987]] ecfjfn8knh0rnbr0wlmevdvs0m7mnvn 969189 969188 2026-10-18T17:05:13Z Hauwa'u lawal ardo 27936 969189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kokou Dodji Fanny,''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu ta shikara na1987 a [[Lomé]]), ɗan wasan table tennis ne na Togo. Ya wakilci [[Togo]] a Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020<ref>"FANNY Kokou Dodji" . olympics.com . Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.</ref> kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ɗaukar tutar Togo a Parade of Nations.<ref>Agbenou, Mensah. "Togo-List of athletes at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games" . icilome.com . Retrieved 29 July 2021.</ref> == Sana'a == Fanny ya sha kashi da ci hudu da nema a hannun Andrej Gacina a zagayen farko na wasan kwallon tebur na maza a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020.<ref>Kalfa, David. "Tokyo 2021: Kokou Dodji Fanny, un pongiste togolais ravi aux JO" . rfi.fr . Retrieved 29 July 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Profile on olympics.org Archived 2021-07-29 at the Wayback Machine Kokou Dodji Fanny at ITTF Kokou Dodji Fanny at Olympedia [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1987]] 0lvcxqotzrylxen9mabq5ptu5dedq9k 0 48758 969505 889350 2026-10-19T11:56:02Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:ZagrebIsOURS TomislavTomasevic IMG 4235-saved-for-web-5-1-800x510.jpg|thumb|hutun Tomislav Tomašević]] '''Tomislav Tomašević''' ( pronounced: [tǒmislaʋ tomǎːʃeʋitɕ]; an haife shi ranar 13 Janairun shekarar 1982) ɗan siyasan Croatia ne, ɗan gwagwarmaya, masanin muhalli kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa wanda ke aiki a matsayin magajin garin Zagreb tun 2021. Yana daya daga cikin shugabannin Zagreb na gida namu ne! jam'iyyar siyasa da kasa za mu iya! jam'iyyar siyasa. Tun a zaben kananan hukumomin Zagreb na 2017, ya kasance wakili a Majalisar Zagreb. An kuma zabe shi a majalisar dokokin Croatia a zaben 2020. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ''jam'iyyar'' Green-Left Coalition. Ya tsaya takarar magajin garin Zagreb a zaben [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] na 2021 sannan ya doke dan takarar na hannun daman Miroslav Škoro a zagaye na biyu, da tazarar kashi 64% zuwa 34%. A cikin zaben magajin gari na 2021 a Zagreb, Tomašević ya sami adadin kuri'u a zagayen biyu. == Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da ilimi === An haifi Tomašević a 1982 a [[Zagreb]], SR Croatia, Yugoslavia zuwa mahaifiyar Ivanka da mahaifin Smiljan. Shi da ɗan'uwansa Tihomir sun girma a Zapruđe kuma daga baya a Zaprešić yayin da dangin matasa suka ƙaura kafin ya dawo Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web |first=R. T. L. |last=Vijesti |url=https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/izbori-2021/4035212/na-korak-je-do-mjesta-gradonacelnika-zagreba-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic/ |title=Na korak je do mjesta gradonačelnika Zagreba: Tko je Tomislav Tomašević? |access-date=17 May 2021 |publisher=Vijesti.hr |language=hr |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613232107/https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/izbori-2021/4035212/na-korak-je-do-mjesta-gradonacelnika-zagreba-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kawun Tomašević, Ivo Tomašević, limamin Katolika ne kuma fitaccen memba na taron Episcopal na [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]].<ref name="Jutarnji">{{cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/zagreb/tomaseviceva-bitka-za-birace-centra-hoce-li-mu-stric-svecenik-i-otac-pravas-pomoci-da-pobijedi-15053857 |title=Tomaševićeva bitka za birače centra: Hoće li mu stric svećenik i otac pravaš pomoći da pobijedi |date=21 February 2021 |work=[[Jutarnji list]] |language=hr |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> Kakannin ubansa su ne Bosnia Croats daga Vidovice kusa da Orašje.<ref>{{cite news|first=M |last=Marković |url=https://www.maxportal.hr/vijesti/tomasevic-je-porijeklom-bosanac-otac-mu-je-desnicar-a-stric-ugledni-svecenik/ |title=Tomašević je porijeklom Bosanac, otac mu je desničar, a stric ugledni svećenik |publisher=Maxportal |access-date=16 May 2021 |language=hr}}</ref> Tomašević ya sauke karatu daga Faculty of Political Science a Jami'ar Zagreb a 2006, kuma ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu na muhalli, al'umma da ci gaba daga Jami'ar Cambridge a 2013. Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da guraben karatu, gami da Marshal Memorial Fellowship, Chevening Fellowship da Cambridge Overseas Trust Fellowship.<ref name="ipe">{{cite web|url=https://ipe.hr/en/tomislav-tomasevic/ |title=Tomislav Tomašević |publisher=Institut za političku ekologiju |language=hr}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta sirri === A cikin 2016 ya auri matarsa Iva Mertić a cikin bikin Katolika.<ref name="rtl">{{cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=Tko je Tomislav Tomašević i što stoji iza fenomena Možemo! - najvećih iznenađenja ovih izbora |url=https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/parlamentarni-izbori-2020/kljucni-akteri/3846040/on-moze-naslijediti-bandica-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic-i-sto-stoji-iza-fenomena-mozemo-najvecih-iznenadjenja-ovih-izbora/ |access-date=6 March 2021 |work=rtl.hr |language=hr |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215725/https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/parlamentarni-izbori-2020/kljucni-akteri/3846040/on-moze-naslijediti-bandica-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic-i-sto-stoji-iza-fenomena-mozemo-najvecih-iznenadjenja-ovih-izbora/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tomašević yayi aiki da ƙwarewa a ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daban-daban. == Sana'ar siyasa == === Ayyukan farko === A lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, a matsayin matashi mai [[Kare Muhalli|kare kare muhalli]] Tomašević ya shiga kungiyar mai zaman kanta Green Action.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zagrebjenas.hr/tomislav-tomasevic-gradonacelnicki-kandidat/ |title=Tomislav Tomašević Biography at zagrebjenas.hr |website=zagrebjenas.hr |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na farko kuma daga baya shugaban ƙungiyar matasa ta [[Croatian]] ( Croatian ), Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Turai cikakkiyar mamba.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 June 2006|title=Mreža mladih Hrvatske|url=http://mmh.hr/|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615184148/http://mmh.hr/|archive-date=15 June 2006}}</ref> Daga baya ya zama shugaban Green Action daga 2007,<ref>{{cite web |title=Novi Upravni odbor i Vijeće Zelene akcije - Održana redovna Godišnja skupština Zelene akcije |url=https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/novi_upravni_odbor_i_vijece_zelene_akcije_odrzana_redovna_godisnja_skupstina_zelene_akcije |website=zelena-akcija.hr |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928124053/https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/novi_upravni_odbor_i_vijece_zelene_akcije_odrzana_redovna_godisnja_skupstina_zelene_akcije |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da Bernard Ivčić, wanda ya dade mataimakinsa, ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a watan Yuni 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Izabran novi predsjednik Zelene akcije |url=https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/izabran_novi_predsjednik_zelene_akcije |website=zelena-akcija.hr |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928124040/https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/izabran_novi_predsjednik_zelene_akcije |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Yi takarar magajin garin Zagreb (2017-2021) === A cikin zabukan cikin gida na 2017, Tomašević ya yi takara don magajin garin Zagreb, a shugaban haɗin gwiwar da Zagreb ya jagoranta shine namu! jam'iyyar siyasa, kuma ta lashe kashi 3.94% na kuri'un da aka kada a zaben magajin gari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/rezultati-lokalnih-izbora-u-sva-cetiri-velika-grada-ide-se-u-drugi-krug-6104038 |title=REZULTATI LOKALNIH IZBORA U sva četiri velika grada ide se u drugi krug! |date=21 May 2017 |work=[[Jutarnji list]] |language=hr |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> Gamayyar ta samu kujeru hudu a Majalisar Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2195930|title=The future of the Croatian left: Mozemo!|work=Index.hr}}</ref> Tomašević yana cikin zaɓaɓɓun kansilolin da aka zaɓa daga haɗin gwiwar, kuma ya kasance mai sukar magajin [[Milano|Milan]] Bandić a Majalisar. ==== Zabe a 2021 ==== [[File:Tomislav_Tomašević_on_May_16,_2021.png|thumb| Tomašević (tsakiyar) akan 16 Mayu 2021]] A cikin Fabrairu shekara ta 2021, Tomašević ya sanar da takararsa na magajin garin Zagreb a zaben kananan hukumomi na 2021. Tomašević ya mika sa hannun 20,236 ga Hukumar Zabe ta Jiha (DIP) a ranar 29 ga Afrilu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/video/news/tomasevic-skupio-najvise-potpisa-u-zagrebu-a-evo-tko-je-apsolutni-rekorder-na-razini-drzave-15069304|title=Tomašević skupio najviše potpisa u Zagrebu, a evo tko je apsolutni rekorder na razini države|date=29 April 2021|work=Jutarnji list}}</ref> A rana ta gaba, DIP ta tabbatar da cewa Tomašević da wasu 'yan takara tara sun gabatar da sa hannu daga masu jefa kuri'a masu rijista, kuma sun cancanci zama 'yan takarar magajin gari.<ref>{{cite web |title=ZBIRNA LISTA PRAVOVALJANIH KANDIDATURAZA IZBOR GRADONAČELNIKAI ZAMJENIKA GRADONAČELNIKAGRADA ZAGREBA |url=https://www.zgizbori.hr/site/UserDocsImages/2021_godina/Izbori%20za%20gradona%C4%8Delnika%20i%20Gradsku%20skup%C5%A1tinu/Gradona%C4%8Delnik%20-%20pravovaljane%20i%20zbirne.pdf |website=zgizbori.hr |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430182002/https://www.zgizbori.hr/site/UserDocsImages/2021_godina/Izbori%20za%20gradona%C4%8Delnika%20i%20Gradsku%20skup%C5%A1tinu/Gradona%C4%8Delnik%20-%20pravovaljane%20i%20zbirne.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaben na 16 ga Mayu, Tomašević ya lashe kuri'u 147,631 (45.15%) wanda ya sa ya zama dan takara na farko na sabon magajin gari a zagaye na biyu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Premoćna pobjeda Tomaševića. Pogledajte slavlje: "Ulazimo u povijesnu eru" |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/video-premocna-pobjeda-tomasevica-pogledajte-slavlje-ulazimo-u-povijesnu-eru/2276443.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tomašević uvjerljiv pobjednik u Zagrebu, Škoro uspio prestići Pavičić Vukičević |url=https://hr.n1info.com/vijesti/izbori-u-zagrebu-prema-izlaznim-anketama-tomasevic-pomeo-protukandidate/ |work=N1 HR |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> Sai dai da yake babu wani dan takara da ya samu rinjayen kuri'u, ya fuskanci Miroslav Škoro na jam'iyyar Homeland Movement a zagaye na biyu a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Škoro nema apsolutno nikakve šanse protiv Tomaševića |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/skoro-nema-apsolutno-nikakve-sanse-protiv-tomasevica/2276644.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> A cikin wannan zaɓe, mahaifin Tomašević, Smiljan, ya kasance ɗan takara a jerin Ƙungiyoyin Gida na Majalisar Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tomaševića došao podržati otac, koji je na Škorinoj listi |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/tomasevica-dosao-podrzati-otac-koji-je-na-skorinoj-listi/2276593.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Mayu a zagaye na biyu na zaben, Tomašević ya lashe ofishin magajin gari da kuri'u 199,630 ko kashi 63.87% na kuri'un. Ya samu nasara akan Škoro wanda ya samu kuri'u 106,300 wato kashi 34% na kuri'un.<ref name="vote2021">{{cite web|title=Ovo su rezultati izbora u svim gradovima u Hrvatskoj |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/ovo-su-rezultati-izbora-u-svim-gradovima-u-hrvatskoj/2279961.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ogroman trijumf Tomaševića. Muškarac u stožeru napao zaštitare, palio vatru... |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/video-ogroman-trijumf-tomasevica-muskarac-u-stozeru-napao-zastitare-palio-vatru/2279837.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> Bugu da kari, kamar yadda ya faru a zagaye na farko, wasan zagaye na biyu na Tomašević ya sake kafa sabon tarihi na yawan kuri'un da dan takarar magajin gari ya samu a Zagreb. Wato, adadinsa na kusan kuri'u dubu 200 ya fi girma da kusan 30,000 fiye da abin da Milan Bandić ya samu a zagaye na biyu na zaben 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nitko nikad u Zagrebu nije osvojio ovoliko glasova kao Tomašević |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/nitko-nikad-u-zagrebu-nije-osvojio-ovoliko-glasova-kao-tomasevic/2279883.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tomašević je upravo osvojio više glasova nego Milan Bandić ikada u 20 godina vladavine! |url=https://www.24sata.hr/news/tomasevic-je-upravo-osvojio-vise-glasova-nego-milan-bandic-ikada-u-20-godina-vladavine-765071 |work=24sata |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Veliki gradovi izabrali nove gradonačelnike |url=https://vijesti.hrt.hr/hrvatska/lokalni-izbori-2021-drugi-izborni-krug-1958639 |website=vijesti.hrt.hr |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> === Dan majalisa (2020-2021) === A zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2020, a shugaban jam'iyyar Green-Left Coalition, an zabe shi memba a majalisar dokokin Croatia a wa'adi na 10.<ref>{{cite web|title=10th term of the Croatian Parliament (22 July 2020) - Tomislav Tomašević |url=https://www.sabor.hr/en/members-parliament/tomasevic-tomislav-10-term |website=sabor.hr |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Wa'adin aikinsa na majalisar zai fara ne a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2020. Ya zuwa karshen watan Yuli, ya shiga kwamitocin majalisa hudu, kwamitin tsare-tsare na jiki da na gine-gine, kwamitin kundin tsarin mulki, oda da tsarin siyasa, kwamitin hadin gwiwa na majalisar dokoki, da kwamitin zartarwa na kungiyar kasa zuwa ga kungiyar Inter-Parliamentary. A cikin 2021 zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na Zagreb Tomašević an zabe shi don Magajin Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zakon o izborima zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor |url=https://www.zakon.hr/z/355/Zakon-o-izborima-zastupnika-u-Hrvatski-sabor |website=zakon.hr |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref> Don haka sai ya yi murabus daga Majalisar kafin ya zama magajin gari. A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2021, ya sanya wa'adin sa a Majalisa. Tun daga nan ya maye gurbinsa Urša Raukar-Gamulin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prisegnuli novi saborski zastupnici |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/foto-prisegnuli-novi-saborski-zastupnici/2284461.aspx |website=index.hr |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> === Magajin garin Zagreb (2021-yanzu) === Tomašević bisa hukuma ya karɓi ofishin magajin gari a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pavičić Vukičević: Primopredaja gradske vlasti najranije u petak |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/pavicic-vukicevic-primopredaja-gradske-vlasti-najranije-u-petak-20210531 |website=tportal.hr |publisher=Tportal |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/uskoro-uzivo-prvo-obracanje-gradonacelnika-tomislava-tomasevica/2281011.aspx |title=USKORO UŽIVO Prvo obraćanje gradonačelnika Tomislava Tomaševića |work=Index.hr |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=4 June 2021 |language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zagreb.hr/odrzana-sluzbena-primopredaja-izvrsnih-ovlasti-gra/171769 |title=Održana službena primopredaja izvršnih ovlasti gradonačelnika Grada Zagreba |website=zagreb.hr |publisher=Grad Zagreb |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |language=hr}}</ref> Mukaddashin magajin garin Jelena Pavičić Vukičević ne ya mika masa ofishin magajin garin Zagreb wanda ya karbi mukamin bayan rasuwar magajin garin Milan Bandić . Tomašević ya zo wurin mikawa ta tram kuma ya makara saboda lamarin gaggawa a tashar jirgin kasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tomašević kasnio na primopredaju: 'Ispričavam se, jednoj ženi je pozlilo pa smo čekali Hitnu' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/zagreb/tomasevic-kasnio-na-primopredaju-ispricavam-se-jednoj-zeni-je-pozlilo-pa-smo-cekali-hitnu-15078249 |website=jutarnji.hr |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> ==== Kafofin yada labarai da matsin lamba na 'yan adawa ==== [[File:VinkoUhlik NagradaGradaZagreba.jpg|thumb|Tomislav Tomašević a gefe]] A cikin watanni biyu na farko na nadin Tomislav Tomašević ya fuskanci zarge-zarge daga kafofin watsa labaru da kuma mafi yawan 'yan adawa na dama na yin watsi da alkawurran da ya yi kafin zaben, cin hanci da rashawa da kuma bincike saboda nada mai kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya Tomislav Lauc a matsayin shugaban asibitin Srebrnjak wanda ya kasance mai tausayi da kuma kananan yara.<ref>{{cite web |last1=V. P. P. |title=Tomašević imenovao donatora svoje kampanje u Upravno vijeće bolnice Srebrnjak; time će se baviti povjerenstvo za sukob interesa |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/tomasevic-imenovao-donatora-svoje-kampanje-u-upravno-vijece-bolnice-srrebrnjak-time-ce-se-baviti-povjerenstvo-za-sukob-interesa-20210711 |website=Tportal.hr |access-date=6 January 2022 |language=hr |date=11 July 2021}}</ref> mai ba da gudummawa * (kasa da 2000 USD) na jam'iyyarsa, da kuma sake sabunta wani bangare na kwangilar birnin Zagreb (saboda rashin mafita) tare da sanannen CIOS Group mallakar Petar Pripuz duk da alkawarin ba zai yi ba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tomaševićeva 'trilema': Ako da posao C.I.O.S.-u, prekršio je obećanje; ako uzme skuplju ponudu, nema uštede; ako poništi natječaj, gdje će biootpad? |url=https://www.nacional.hr/tomaseviceva-trilema-ako-da-posao-c-i-o-s-u-prekrsio-je-obecanje-ako-uzme-skuplju-ponudu-nema-ustede-ako-ponisti-natjecaj-gdje-ce-biootpad/ |website=Nacional |access-date=6 January 2022 |language=hr |date=19 September 2021}}</ref> ==== Taimakawa LGGBTI+ da sauran tsiraru ==== A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2021, Tomašević ya halarci bikin Zagreb Pride na shekara na 20, tare da sauran 'yan siyasar Croatia kamar shugaban Social Democratic Party Peđa Grbin da Mataimakin Firayim Minista Boris Milošević . Yin haka, Tomašević ya zama magajin garin Zagreb na farko da ya halarci faretin, wanda ya riga ya yi kafin ya zama magajin gari. Ya bayyana cewa "su, a matsayinsu na sabuwar gwamnatin birnin, sun so su nuna cewa ba za a iya nuna wariya ga kowa ba a kan kowane dalili."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-03|title=VIDEO Povorka ponosa stigla na Ribnjak, Tomašević i Benčić među prvima u koloni|url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2287990|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-03|website=[[Index.hr]]|language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=HINA|last2=Bajruši|first2=Robert|last3=Kukec|first3=Tomislav|last4=Karakaš Jakubin|first4=Hajdi|date=2021-07-03|title=U Povorci ponosa oko 2500 ljudi, među njima i Tomašević: 'Skupljanje poena na manjinama je jadno!'|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/zagreb/u-povorci-ponosa-oko-2500-ljudi-medu-njima-i-tomasevic-skupljanje-poena-na-manjinama-je-jadno-15085382|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-03|website=[[Jutarnji list]]|language=hr-hr|author1-link=Croatian News Agency}}</ref> == Tarihin zabe == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:70%; text-align: center;" |+Sakamakon zabe ! Shekara ! Ofishin ! Biki ! Kuri'u na Tomašević ! % ! Abokin hamayya ! Biki ! Ƙuri'u ! % |- ! 2017 | Magajin garin Zagreb | Zagreb namu ne! | 12,996 | 3.94% | colspan="4" | bai tsallake zuwa zagaye na biyu ba |- ! 2020 | Dan majalisar dokokin Croatia<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>na gundumar zabe ta 1st</small> | rowspan="3" | Zamu Iya! / Zagreb namu ne! | 19,627 | 11.29% | colspan="4" | An zabe shi a Majalisar |- ! rowspan="2" | 2021 | rowspan="2" | Magajin garin Zagreb | 147,631 | 45.15% | colspan="4" | Na ci gaba zuwa gudu |- | 199,630 | 63.87% | Miroslav Škoro | Harkar Gida | 106,300 | 34.01% |- |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tm8adiuf2zouimdgd87q8ffpm2nscse 969506 969505 2026-10-19T11:56:41Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:ZagrebIsOURS TomislavTomasevic IMG 4235-saved-for-web-5-1-800x510.jpg|thumb|hutun Tomislav Tomašević]] '''Tomislav Tomašević''' ( pronounced: [tǒmislaʋ tomǎːʃeʋitɕ]; an haife shi ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1982) ɗan siyasan Croatia ne, ɗan gwagwarmaya, masanin muhalli kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa wanda ke aiki a matsayin magajin garin Zagreb tun 2021. Yana daya daga cikin shugabannin Zagreb na gida namu ne! jam'iyyar siyasa da kasa za mu iya! jam'iyyar siyasa. Tun a zaben kananan hukumomin Zagreb na 2017, ya kasance wakili a Majalisar Zagreb. An kuma zabe shi a majalisar dokokin Croatia a zaben 2020. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ''jam'iyyar'' Green-Left Coalition. Ya tsaya takarar magajin garin Zagreb a zaben [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] na 2021 sannan ya doke dan takarar na hannun daman Miroslav Škoro a zagaye na biyu, da tazarar kashi 64% zuwa 34%. A cikin zaben magajin gari na 2021 a Zagreb, Tomašević ya sami adadin kuri'u a zagayen biyu. == Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da ilimi === An haifi Tomašević a 1982 a [[Zagreb]], SR Croatia, Yugoslavia zuwa mahaifiyar Ivanka da mahaifin Smiljan. Shi da ɗan'uwansa Tihomir sun girma a Zapruđe kuma daga baya a Zaprešić yayin da dangin matasa suka ƙaura kafin ya dawo Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web |first=R. T. L. |last=Vijesti |url=https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/izbori-2021/4035212/na-korak-je-do-mjesta-gradonacelnika-zagreba-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic/ |title=Na korak je do mjesta gradonačelnika Zagreba: Tko je Tomislav Tomašević? |access-date=17 May 2021 |publisher=Vijesti.hr |language=hr |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613232107/https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/izbori-2021/4035212/na-korak-je-do-mjesta-gradonacelnika-zagreba-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kawun Tomašević, Ivo Tomašević, limamin Katolika ne kuma fitaccen memba na taron Episcopal na [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]].<ref name="Jutarnji">{{cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/zagreb/tomaseviceva-bitka-za-birace-centra-hoce-li-mu-stric-svecenik-i-otac-pravas-pomoci-da-pobijedi-15053857 |title=Tomaševićeva bitka za birače centra: Hoće li mu stric svećenik i otac pravaš pomoći da pobijedi |date=21 February 2021 |work=[[Jutarnji list]] |language=hr |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> Kakannin ubansa su ne Bosnia Croats daga Vidovice kusa da Orašje.<ref>{{cite news|first=M |last=Marković |url=https://www.maxportal.hr/vijesti/tomasevic-je-porijeklom-bosanac-otac-mu-je-desnicar-a-stric-ugledni-svecenik/ |title=Tomašević je porijeklom Bosanac, otac mu je desničar, a stric ugledni svećenik |publisher=Maxportal |access-date=16 May 2021 |language=hr}}</ref> Tomašević ya sauke karatu daga Faculty of Political Science a Jami'ar Zagreb a 2006, kuma ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu na muhalli, al'umma da ci gaba daga Jami'ar Cambridge a 2013. Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da guraben karatu, gami da Marshal Memorial Fellowship, Chevening Fellowship da Cambridge Overseas Trust Fellowship.<ref name="ipe">{{cite web|url=https://ipe.hr/en/tomislav-tomasevic/ |title=Tomislav Tomašević |publisher=Institut za političku ekologiju |language=hr}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta sirri === A cikin 2016 ya auri matarsa Iva Mertić a cikin bikin Katolika.<ref name="rtl">{{cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=Tko je Tomislav Tomašević i što stoji iza fenomena Možemo! - najvećih iznenađenja ovih izbora |url=https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/parlamentarni-izbori-2020/kljucni-akteri/3846040/on-moze-naslijediti-bandica-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic-i-sto-stoji-iza-fenomena-mozemo-najvecih-iznenadjenja-ovih-izbora/ |access-date=6 March 2021 |work=rtl.hr |language=hr |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215725/https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/parlamentarni-izbori-2020/kljucni-akteri/3846040/on-moze-naslijediti-bandica-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic-i-sto-stoji-iza-fenomena-mozemo-najvecih-iznenadjenja-ovih-izbora/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tomašević yayi aiki da ƙwarewa a ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daban-daban. == Sana'ar siyasa == === Ayyukan farko === A lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, a matsayin matashi mai [[Kare Muhalli|kare kare muhalli]] Tomašević ya shiga kungiyar mai zaman kanta Green Action.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zagrebjenas.hr/tomislav-tomasevic-gradonacelnicki-kandidat/ |title=Tomislav Tomašević Biography at zagrebjenas.hr |website=zagrebjenas.hr |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na farko kuma daga baya shugaban ƙungiyar matasa ta [[Croatian]] ( Croatian ), Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Turai cikakkiyar mamba.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 June 2006|title=Mreža mladih Hrvatske|url=http://mmh.hr/|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615184148/http://mmh.hr/|archive-date=15 June 2006}}</ref> Daga baya ya zama shugaban Green Action daga 2007,<ref>{{cite web |title=Novi Upravni odbor i Vijeće Zelene akcije - Održana redovna Godišnja skupština Zelene akcije |url=https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/novi_upravni_odbor_i_vijece_zelene_akcije_odrzana_redovna_godisnja_skupstina_zelene_akcije |website=zelena-akcija.hr |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928124053/https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/novi_upravni_odbor_i_vijece_zelene_akcije_odrzana_redovna_godisnja_skupstina_zelene_akcije |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da Bernard Ivčić, wanda ya dade mataimakinsa, ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a watan Yuni 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Izabran novi predsjednik Zelene akcije |url=https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/izabran_novi_predsjednik_zelene_akcije |website=zelena-akcija.hr |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928124040/https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/izabran_novi_predsjednik_zelene_akcije |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Yi takarar magajin garin Zagreb (2017-2021) === A cikin zabukan cikin gida na 2017, Tomašević ya yi takara don magajin garin Zagreb, a shugaban haɗin gwiwar da Zagreb ya jagoranta shine namu! jam'iyyar siyasa, kuma ta lashe kashi 3.94% na kuri'un da aka kada a zaben magajin gari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/rezultati-lokalnih-izbora-u-sva-cetiri-velika-grada-ide-se-u-drugi-krug-6104038 |title=REZULTATI LOKALNIH IZBORA U sva četiri velika grada ide se u drugi krug! |date=21 May 2017 |work=[[Jutarnji list]] |language=hr |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> Gamayyar ta samu kujeru hudu a Majalisar Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2195930|title=The future of the Croatian left: Mozemo!|work=Index.hr}}</ref> Tomašević yana cikin zaɓaɓɓun kansilolin da aka zaɓa daga haɗin gwiwar, kuma ya kasance mai sukar magajin [[Milano|Milan]] Bandić a Majalisar. ==== Zabe a 2021 ==== [[File:Tomislav_Tomašević_on_May_16,_2021.png|thumb| Tomašević (tsakiyar) akan 16 Mayu 2021]] A cikin Fabrairu shekara ta 2021, Tomašević ya sanar da takararsa na magajin garin Zagreb a zaben kananan hukumomi na 2021. Tomašević ya mika sa hannun 20,236 ga Hukumar Zabe ta Jiha (DIP) a ranar 29 ga Afrilu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/video/news/tomasevic-skupio-najvise-potpisa-u-zagrebu-a-evo-tko-je-apsolutni-rekorder-na-razini-drzave-15069304|title=Tomašević skupio najviše potpisa u Zagrebu, a evo tko je apsolutni rekorder na razini države|date=29 April 2021|work=Jutarnji list}}</ref> A rana ta gaba, DIP ta tabbatar da cewa Tomašević da wasu 'yan takara tara sun gabatar da sa hannu daga masu jefa kuri'a masu rijista, kuma sun cancanci zama 'yan takarar magajin gari.<ref>{{cite web |title=ZBIRNA LISTA PRAVOVALJANIH KANDIDATURAZA IZBOR GRADONAČELNIKAI ZAMJENIKA GRADONAČELNIKAGRADA ZAGREBA |url=https://www.zgizbori.hr/site/UserDocsImages/2021_godina/Izbori%20za%20gradona%C4%8Delnika%20i%20Gradsku%20skup%C5%A1tinu/Gradona%C4%8Delnik%20-%20pravovaljane%20i%20zbirne.pdf |website=zgizbori.hr |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430182002/https://www.zgizbori.hr/site/UserDocsImages/2021_godina/Izbori%20za%20gradona%C4%8Delnika%20i%20Gradsku%20skup%C5%A1tinu/Gradona%C4%8Delnik%20-%20pravovaljane%20i%20zbirne.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaben na 16 ga Mayu, Tomašević ya lashe kuri'u 147,631 (45.15%) wanda ya sa ya zama dan takara na farko na sabon magajin gari a zagaye na biyu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Premoćna pobjeda Tomaševića. Pogledajte slavlje: "Ulazimo u povijesnu eru" |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/video-premocna-pobjeda-tomasevica-pogledajte-slavlje-ulazimo-u-povijesnu-eru/2276443.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tomašević uvjerljiv pobjednik u Zagrebu, Škoro uspio prestići Pavičić Vukičević |url=https://hr.n1info.com/vijesti/izbori-u-zagrebu-prema-izlaznim-anketama-tomasevic-pomeo-protukandidate/ |work=N1 HR |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> Sai dai da yake babu wani dan takara da ya samu rinjayen kuri'u, ya fuskanci Miroslav Škoro na jam'iyyar Homeland Movement a zagaye na biyu a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Škoro nema apsolutno nikakve šanse protiv Tomaševića |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/skoro-nema-apsolutno-nikakve-sanse-protiv-tomasevica/2276644.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> A cikin wannan zaɓe, mahaifin Tomašević, Smiljan, ya kasance ɗan takara a jerin Ƙungiyoyin Gida na Majalisar Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tomaševića došao podržati otac, koji je na Škorinoj listi |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/tomasevica-dosao-podrzati-otac-koji-je-na-skorinoj-listi/2276593.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Mayu a zagaye na biyu na zaben, Tomašević ya lashe ofishin magajin gari da kuri'u 199,630 ko kashi 63.87% na kuri'un. Ya samu nasara akan Škoro wanda ya samu kuri'u 106,300 wato kashi 34% na kuri'un.<ref name="vote2021">{{cite web|title=Ovo su rezultati izbora u svim gradovima u Hrvatskoj |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/ovo-su-rezultati-izbora-u-svim-gradovima-u-hrvatskoj/2279961.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ogroman trijumf Tomaševića. Muškarac u stožeru napao zaštitare, palio vatru... |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/video-ogroman-trijumf-tomasevica-muskarac-u-stozeru-napao-zastitare-palio-vatru/2279837.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> Bugu da kari, kamar yadda ya faru a zagaye na farko, wasan zagaye na biyu na Tomašević ya sake kafa sabon tarihi na yawan kuri'un da dan takarar magajin gari ya samu a Zagreb. Wato, adadinsa na kusan kuri'u dubu 200 ya fi girma da kusan 30,000 fiye da abin da Milan Bandić ya samu a zagaye na biyu na zaben 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nitko nikad u Zagrebu nije osvojio ovoliko glasova kao Tomašević |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/nitko-nikad-u-zagrebu-nije-osvojio-ovoliko-glasova-kao-tomasevic/2279883.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tomašević je upravo osvojio više glasova nego Milan Bandić ikada u 20 godina vladavine! |url=https://www.24sata.hr/news/tomasevic-je-upravo-osvojio-vise-glasova-nego-milan-bandic-ikada-u-20-godina-vladavine-765071 |work=24sata |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Veliki gradovi izabrali nove gradonačelnike |url=https://vijesti.hrt.hr/hrvatska/lokalni-izbori-2021-drugi-izborni-krug-1958639 |website=vijesti.hrt.hr |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> === Dan majalisa (2020-2021) === A zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2020, a shugaban jam'iyyar Green-Left Coalition, an zabe shi memba a majalisar dokokin Croatia a wa'adi na 10.<ref>{{cite web|title=10th term of the Croatian Parliament (22 July 2020) - Tomislav Tomašević |url=https://www.sabor.hr/en/members-parliament/tomasevic-tomislav-10-term |website=sabor.hr |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Wa'adin aikinsa na majalisar zai fara ne a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2020. Ya zuwa karshen watan Yuli, ya shiga kwamitocin majalisa hudu, kwamitin tsare-tsare na jiki da na gine-gine, kwamitin kundin tsarin mulki, oda da tsarin siyasa, kwamitin hadin gwiwa na majalisar dokoki, da kwamitin zartarwa na kungiyar kasa zuwa ga kungiyar Inter-Parliamentary. A cikin 2021 zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na Zagreb Tomašević an zabe shi don Magajin Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zakon o izborima zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor |url=https://www.zakon.hr/z/355/Zakon-o-izborima-zastupnika-u-Hrvatski-sabor |website=zakon.hr |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref> Don haka sai ya yi murabus daga Majalisar kafin ya zama magajin gari. A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2021, ya sanya wa'adin sa a Majalisa. Tun daga nan ya maye gurbinsa Urša Raukar-Gamulin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prisegnuli novi saborski zastupnici |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/foto-prisegnuli-novi-saborski-zastupnici/2284461.aspx |website=index.hr |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> === Magajin garin Zagreb (2021-yanzu) === Tomašević bisa hukuma ya karɓi ofishin magajin gari a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pavičić Vukičević: Primopredaja gradske vlasti najranije u petak |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/pavicic-vukicevic-primopredaja-gradske-vlasti-najranije-u-petak-20210531 |website=tportal.hr |publisher=Tportal |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/uskoro-uzivo-prvo-obracanje-gradonacelnika-tomislava-tomasevica/2281011.aspx |title=USKORO UŽIVO Prvo obraćanje gradonačelnika Tomislava Tomaševića |work=Index.hr |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=4 June 2021 |language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zagreb.hr/odrzana-sluzbena-primopredaja-izvrsnih-ovlasti-gra/171769 |title=Održana službena primopredaja izvršnih ovlasti gradonačelnika Grada Zagreba |website=zagreb.hr |publisher=Grad Zagreb |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |language=hr}}</ref> Mukaddashin magajin garin Jelena Pavičić Vukičević ne ya mika masa ofishin magajin garin Zagreb wanda ya karbi mukamin bayan rasuwar magajin garin Milan Bandić . Tomašević ya zo wurin mikawa ta tram kuma ya makara saboda lamarin gaggawa a tashar jirgin kasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tomašević kasnio na primopredaju: 'Ispričavam se, jednoj ženi je pozlilo pa smo čekali Hitnu' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/zagreb/tomasevic-kasnio-na-primopredaju-ispricavam-se-jednoj-zeni-je-pozlilo-pa-smo-cekali-hitnu-15078249 |website=jutarnji.hr |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> ==== Kafofin yada labarai da matsin lamba na 'yan adawa ==== [[File:VinkoUhlik NagradaGradaZagreba.jpg|thumb|Tomislav Tomašević a gefe]] A cikin watanni biyu na farko na nadin Tomislav Tomašević ya fuskanci zarge-zarge daga kafofin watsa labaru da kuma mafi yawan 'yan adawa na dama na yin watsi da alkawurran da ya yi kafin zaben, cin hanci da rashawa da kuma bincike saboda nada mai kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya Tomislav Lauc a matsayin shugaban asibitin Srebrnjak wanda ya kasance mai tausayi da kuma kananan yara.<ref>{{cite web |last1=V. P. P. |title=Tomašević imenovao donatora svoje kampanje u Upravno vijeće bolnice Srebrnjak; time će se baviti povjerenstvo za sukob interesa |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/tomasevic-imenovao-donatora-svoje-kampanje-u-upravno-vijece-bolnice-srrebrnjak-time-ce-se-baviti-povjerenstvo-za-sukob-interesa-20210711 |website=Tportal.hr |access-date=6 January 2022 |language=hr |date=11 July 2021}}</ref> mai ba da gudummawa * (kasa da 2000 USD) na jam'iyyarsa, da kuma sake sabunta wani bangare na kwangilar birnin Zagreb (saboda rashin mafita) tare da sanannen CIOS Group mallakar Petar Pripuz duk da alkawarin ba zai yi ba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tomaševićeva 'trilema': Ako da posao C.I.O.S.-u, prekršio je obećanje; ako uzme skuplju ponudu, nema uštede; ako poništi natječaj, gdje će biootpad? |url=https://www.nacional.hr/tomaseviceva-trilema-ako-da-posao-c-i-o-s-u-prekrsio-je-obecanje-ako-uzme-skuplju-ponudu-nema-ustede-ako-ponisti-natjecaj-gdje-ce-biootpad/ |website=Nacional |access-date=6 January 2022 |language=hr |date=19 September 2021}}</ref> ==== Taimakawa LGGBTI+ da sauran tsiraru ==== A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2021, Tomašević ya halarci bikin Zagreb Pride na shekara na 20, tare da sauran 'yan siyasar Croatia kamar shugaban Social Democratic Party Peđa Grbin da Mataimakin Firayim Minista Boris Milošević . Yin haka, Tomašević ya zama magajin garin Zagreb na farko da ya halarci faretin, wanda ya riga ya yi kafin ya zama magajin gari. Ya bayyana cewa "su, a matsayinsu na sabuwar gwamnatin birnin, sun so su nuna cewa ba za a iya nuna wariya ga kowa ba a kan kowane dalili."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-03|title=VIDEO Povorka ponosa stigla na Ribnjak, Tomašević i Benčić među prvima u koloni|url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2287990|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-03|website=[[Index.hr]]|language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=HINA|last2=Bajruši|first2=Robert|last3=Kukec|first3=Tomislav|last4=Karakaš Jakubin|first4=Hajdi|date=2021-07-03|title=U Povorci ponosa oko 2500 ljudi, među njima i Tomašević: 'Skupljanje poena na manjinama je jadno!'|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/zagreb/u-povorci-ponosa-oko-2500-ljudi-medu-njima-i-tomasevic-skupljanje-poena-na-manjinama-je-jadno-15085382|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-03|website=[[Jutarnji list]]|language=hr-hr|author1-link=Croatian News Agency}}</ref> == Tarihin zabe == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:70%; text-align: center;" |+Sakamakon zabe ! Shekara ! Ofishin ! Biki ! Kuri'u na Tomašević ! % ! Abokin hamayya ! Biki ! Ƙuri'u ! % |- ! 2017 | Magajin garin Zagreb | Zagreb namu ne! | 12,996 | 3.94% | colspan="4" | bai tsallake zuwa zagaye na biyu ba |- ! 2020 | Dan majalisar dokokin Croatia<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>na gundumar zabe ta 1st</small> | rowspan="3" | Zamu Iya! / Zagreb namu ne! | 19,627 | 11.29% | colspan="4" | An zabe shi a Majalisar |- ! rowspan="2" | 2021 | rowspan="2" | Magajin garin Zagreb | 147,631 | 45.15% | colspan="4" | Na ci gaba zuwa gudu |- | 199,630 | 63.87% | Miroslav Škoro | Harkar Gida | 106,300 | 34.01% |- |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gqh3wqmwkhpoggfkrmr2x0mf7ppdo85 969508 969506 2026-10-19T11:57:18Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:ZagrebIsOURS TomislavTomasevic IMG 4235-saved-for-web-5-1-800x510.jpg|thumb|hutun Tomislav Tomašević]] '''Tomislav Tomašević''' ( pronounced: [tǒmislaʋ tomǎːʃeʋitɕ]; an haife shi ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1982) ɗan siyasan Croatia ne, ɗan gwagwarmaya, masanin muhalli kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa wanda ke aiki a matsayin magajin garin Zagreb tun cikin 2021. Yana daya daga cikin shugabannin Zagreb na gida namu ne! jam'iyyar siyasa da kasa za mu iya! jam'iyyar siyasa. Tun a zaben kananan hukumomin Zagreb na 2017, ya kasance wakili a Majalisar Zagreb. An kuma zabe shi a majalisar dokokin Croatia a zaben 2020. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ''jam'iyyar'' Green-Left Coalition. Ya tsaya takarar magajin garin Zagreb a zaben [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] na 2021 sannan ya doke dan takarar na hannun daman Miroslav Škoro a zagaye na biyu, da tazarar kashi 64% zuwa 34%. A cikin zaben magajin gari na 2021 a Zagreb, Tomašević ya sami adadin kuri'u a zagayen biyu. == Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da ilimi === An haifi Tomašević a 1982 a [[Zagreb]], SR Croatia, Yugoslavia zuwa mahaifiyar Ivanka da mahaifin Smiljan. Shi da ɗan'uwansa Tihomir sun girma a Zapruđe kuma daga baya a Zaprešić yayin da dangin matasa suka ƙaura kafin ya dawo Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web |first=R. T. L. |last=Vijesti |url=https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/izbori-2021/4035212/na-korak-je-do-mjesta-gradonacelnika-zagreba-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic/ |title=Na korak je do mjesta gradonačelnika Zagreba: Tko je Tomislav Tomašević? |access-date=17 May 2021 |publisher=Vijesti.hr |language=hr |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613232107/https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/izbori-2021/4035212/na-korak-je-do-mjesta-gradonacelnika-zagreba-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kawun Tomašević, Ivo Tomašević, limamin Katolika ne kuma fitaccen memba na taron Episcopal na [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]].<ref name="Jutarnji">{{cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/zagreb/tomaseviceva-bitka-za-birace-centra-hoce-li-mu-stric-svecenik-i-otac-pravas-pomoci-da-pobijedi-15053857 |title=Tomaševićeva bitka za birače centra: Hoće li mu stric svećenik i otac pravaš pomoći da pobijedi |date=21 February 2021 |work=[[Jutarnji list]] |language=hr |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> Kakannin ubansa su ne Bosnia Croats daga Vidovice kusa da Orašje.<ref>{{cite news|first=M |last=Marković |url=https://www.maxportal.hr/vijesti/tomasevic-je-porijeklom-bosanac-otac-mu-je-desnicar-a-stric-ugledni-svecenik/ |title=Tomašević je porijeklom Bosanac, otac mu je desničar, a stric ugledni svećenik |publisher=Maxportal |access-date=16 May 2021 |language=hr}}</ref> Tomašević ya sauke karatu daga Faculty of Political Science a Jami'ar Zagreb a 2006, kuma ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu na muhalli, al'umma da ci gaba daga Jami'ar Cambridge a 2013. Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da guraben karatu, gami da Marshal Memorial Fellowship, Chevening Fellowship da Cambridge Overseas Trust Fellowship.<ref name="ipe">{{cite web|url=https://ipe.hr/en/tomislav-tomasevic/ |title=Tomislav Tomašević |publisher=Institut za političku ekologiju |language=hr}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta sirri === A cikin 2016 ya auri matarsa Iva Mertić a cikin bikin Katolika.<ref name="rtl">{{cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=Tko je Tomislav Tomašević i što stoji iza fenomena Možemo! - najvećih iznenađenja ovih izbora |url=https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/parlamentarni-izbori-2020/kljucni-akteri/3846040/on-moze-naslijediti-bandica-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic-i-sto-stoji-iza-fenomena-mozemo-najvecih-iznenadjenja-ovih-izbora/ |access-date=6 March 2021 |work=rtl.hr |language=hr |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215725/https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/parlamentarni-izbori-2020/kljucni-akteri/3846040/on-moze-naslijediti-bandica-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic-i-sto-stoji-iza-fenomena-mozemo-najvecih-iznenadjenja-ovih-izbora/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tomašević yayi aiki da ƙwarewa a ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daban-daban. == Sana'ar siyasa == === Ayyukan farko === A lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, a matsayin matashi mai [[Kare Muhalli|kare kare muhalli]] Tomašević ya shiga kungiyar mai zaman kanta Green Action.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zagrebjenas.hr/tomislav-tomasevic-gradonacelnicki-kandidat/ |title=Tomislav Tomašević Biography at zagrebjenas.hr |website=zagrebjenas.hr |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na farko kuma daga baya shugaban ƙungiyar matasa ta [[Croatian]] ( Croatian ), Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Turai cikakkiyar mamba.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 June 2006|title=Mreža mladih Hrvatske|url=http://mmh.hr/|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615184148/http://mmh.hr/|archive-date=15 June 2006}}</ref> Daga baya ya zama shugaban Green Action daga 2007,<ref>{{cite web |title=Novi Upravni odbor i Vijeće Zelene akcije - Održana redovna Godišnja skupština Zelene akcije |url=https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/novi_upravni_odbor_i_vijece_zelene_akcije_odrzana_redovna_godisnja_skupstina_zelene_akcije |website=zelena-akcija.hr |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928124053/https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/novi_upravni_odbor_i_vijece_zelene_akcije_odrzana_redovna_godisnja_skupstina_zelene_akcije |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da Bernard Ivčić, wanda ya dade mataimakinsa, ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a watan Yuni 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Izabran novi predsjednik Zelene akcije |url=https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/izabran_novi_predsjednik_zelene_akcije |website=zelena-akcija.hr |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928124040/https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/izabran_novi_predsjednik_zelene_akcije |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Yi takarar magajin garin Zagreb (2017-2021) === A cikin zabukan cikin gida na 2017, Tomašević ya yi takara don magajin garin Zagreb, a shugaban haɗin gwiwar da Zagreb ya jagoranta shine namu! jam'iyyar siyasa, kuma ta lashe kashi 3.94% na kuri'un da aka kada a zaben magajin gari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/rezultati-lokalnih-izbora-u-sva-cetiri-velika-grada-ide-se-u-drugi-krug-6104038 |title=REZULTATI LOKALNIH IZBORA U sva četiri velika grada ide se u drugi krug! |date=21 May 2017 |work=[[Jutarnji list]] |language=hr |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> Gamayyar ta samu kujeru hudu a Majalisar Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2195930|title=The future of the Croatian left: Mozemo!|work=Index.hr}}</ref> Tomašević yana cikin zaɓaɓɓun kansilolin da aka zaɓa daga haɗin gwiwar, kuma ya kasance mai sukar magajin [[Milano|Milan]] Bandić a Majalisar. ==== Zabe a 2021 ==== [[File:Tomislav_Tomašević_on_May_16,_2021.png|thumb| Tomašević (tsakiyar) akan 16 Mayu 2021]] A cikin Fabrairu shekara ta 2021, Tomašević ya sanar da takararsa na magajin garin Zagreb a zaben kananan hukumomi na 2021. Tomašević ya mika sa hannun 20,236 ga Hukumar Zabe ta Jiha (DIP) a ranar 29 ga Afrilu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/video/news/tomasevic-skupio-najvise-potpisa-u-zagrebu-a-evo-tko-je-apsolutni-rekorder-na-razini-drzave-15069304|title=Tomašević skupio najviše potpisa u Zagrebu, a evo tko je apsolutni rekorder na razini države|date=29 April 2021|work=Jutarnji list}}</ref> A rana ta gaba, DIP ta tabbatar da cewa Tomašević da wasu 'yan takara tara sun gabatar da sa hannu daga masu jefa kuri'a masu rijista, kuma sun cancanci zama 'yan takarar magajin gari.<ref>{{cite web |title=ZBIRNA LISTA PRAVOVALJANIH KANDIDATURAZA IZBOR GRADONAČELNIKAI ZAMJENIKA GRADONAČELNIKAGRADA ZAGREBA |url=https://www.zgizbori.hr/site/UserDocsImages/2021_godina/Izbori%20za%20gradona%C4%8Delnika%20i%20Gradsku%20skup%C5%A1tinu/Gradona%C4%8Delnik%20-%20pravovaljane%20i%20zbirne.pdf |website=zgizbori.hr |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430182002/https://www.zgizbori.hr/site/UserDocsImages/2021_godina/Izbori%20za%20gradona%C4%8Delnika%20i%20Gradsku%20skup%C5%A1tinu/Gradona%C4%8Delnik%20-%20pravovaljane%20i%20zbirne.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaben na 16 ga Mayu, Tomašević ya lashe kuri'u 147,631 (45.15%) wanda ya sa ya zama dan takara na farko na sabon magajin gari a zagaye na biyu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Premoćna pobjeda Tomaševića. Pogledajte slavlje: "Ulazimo u povijesnu eru" |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/video-premocna-pobjeda-tomasevica-pogledajte-slavlje-ulazimo-u-povijesnu-eru/2276443.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tomašević uvjerljiv pobjednik u Zagrebu, Škoro uspio prestići Pavičić Vukičević |url=https://hr.n1info.com/vijesti/izbori-u-zagrebu-prema-izlaznim-anketama-tomasevic-pomeo-protukandidate/ |work=N1 HR |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> Sai dai da yake babu wani dan takara da ya samu rinjayen kuri'u, ya fuskanci Miroslav Škoro na jam'iyyar Homeland Movement a zagaye na biyu a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Škoro nema apsolutno nikakve šanse protiv Tomaševića |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/skoro-nema-apsolutno-nikakve-sanse-protiv-tomasevica/2276644.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> A cikin wannan zaɓe, mahaifin Tomašević, Smiljan, ya kasance ɗan takara a jerin Ƙungiyoyin Gida na Majalisar Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tomaševića došao podržati otac, koji je na Škorinoj listi |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/tomasevica-dosao-podrzati-otac-koji-je-na-skorinoj-listi/2276593.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Mayu a zagaye na biyu na zaben, Tomašević ya lashe ofishin magajin gari da kuri'u 199,630 ko kashi 63.87% na kuri'un. Ya samu nasara akan Škoro wanda ya samu kuri'u 106,300 wato kashi 34% na kuri'un.<ref name="vote2021">{{cite web|title=Ovo su rezultati izbora u svim gradovima u Hrvatskoj |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/ovo-su-rezultati-izbora-u-svim-gradovima-u-hrvatskoj/2279961.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ogroman trijumf Tomaševića. Muškarac u stožeru napao zaštitare, palio vatru... |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/video-ogroman-trijumf-tomasevica-muskarac-u-stozeru-napao-zastitare-palio-vatru/2279837.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> Bugu da kari, kamar yadda ya faru a zagaye na farko, wasan zagaye na biyu na Tomašević ya sake kafa sabon tarihi na yawan kuri'un da dan takarar magajin gari ya samu a Zagreb. Wato, adadinsa na kusan kuri'u dubu 200 ya fi girma da kusan 30,000 fiye da abin da Milan Bandić ya samu a zagaye na biyu na zaben 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nitko nikad u Zagrebu nije osvojio ovoliko glasova kao Tomašević |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/nitko-nikad-u-zagrebu-nije-osvojio-ovoliko-glasova-kao-tomasevic/2279883.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tomašević je upravo osvojio više glasova nego Milan Bandić ikada u 20 godina vladavine! |url=https://www.24sata.hr/news/tomasevic-je-upravo-osvojio-vise-glasova-nego-milan-bandic-ikada-u-20-godina-vladavine-765071 |work=24sata |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Veliki gradovi izabrali nove gradonačelnike |url=https://vijesti.hrt.hr/hrvatska/lokalni-izbori-2021-drugi-izborni-krug-1958639 |website=vijesti.hrt.hr |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> === Dan majalisa (2020-2021) === A zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2020, a shugaban jam'iyyar Green-Left Coalition, an zabe shi memba a majalisar dokokin Croatia a wa'adi na 10.<ref>{{cite web|title=10th term of the Croatian Parliament (22 July 2020) - Tomislav Tomašević |url=https://www.sabor.hr/en/members-parliament/tomasevic-tomislav-10-term |website=sabor.hr |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Wa'adin aikinsa na majalisar zai fara ne a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2020. Ya zuwa karshen watan Yuli, ya shiga kwamitocin majalisa hudu, kwamitin tsare-tsare na jiki da na gine-gine, kwamitin kundin tsarin mulki, oda da tsarin siyasa, kwamitin hadin gwiwa na majalisar dokoki, da kwamitin zartarwa na kungiyar kasa zuwa ga kungiyar Inter-Parliamentary. A cikin 2021 zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na Zagreb Tomašević an zabe shi don Magajin Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zakon o izborima zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor |url=https://www.zakon.hr/z/355/Zakon-o-izborima-zastupnika-u-Hrvatski-sabor |website=zakon.hr |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref> Don haka sai ya yi murabus daga Majalisar kafin ya zama magajin gari. A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2021, ya sanya wa'adin sa a Majalisa. Tun daga nan ya maye gurbinsa Urša Raukar-Gamulin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prisegnuli novi saborski zastupnici |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/foto-prisegnuli-novi-saborski-zastupnici/2284461.aspx |website=index.hr |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> === Magajin garin Zagreb (2021-yanzu) === Tomašević bisa hukuma ya karɓi ofishin magajin gari a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pavičić Vukičević: Primopredaja gradske vlasti najranije u petak |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/pavicic-vukicevic-primopredaja-gradske-vlasti-najranije-u-petak-20210531 |website=tportal.hr |publisher=Tportal |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/uskoro-uzivo-prvo-obracanje-gradonacelnika-tomislava-tomasevica/2281011.aspx |title=USKORO UŽIVO Prvo obraćanje gradonačelnika Tomislava Tomaševića |work=Index.hr |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=4 June 2021 |language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zagreb.hr/odrzana-sluzbena-primopredaja-izvrsnih-ovlasti-gra/171769 |title=Održana službena primopredaja izvršnih ovlasti gradonačelnika Grada Zagreba |website=zagreb.hr |publisher=Grad Zagreb |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |language=hr}}</ref> Mukaddashin magajin garin Jelena Pavičić Vukičević ne ya mika masa ofishin magajin garin Zagreb wanda ya karbi mukamin bayan rasuwar magajin garin Milan Bandić . Tomašević ya zo wurin mikawa ta tram kuma ya makara saboda lamarin gaggawa a tashar jirgin kasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tomašević kasnio na primopredaju: 'Ispričavam se, jednoj ženi je pozlilo pa smo čekali Hitnu' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/zagreb/tomasevic-kasnio-na-primopredaju-ispricavam-se-jednoj-zeni-je-pozlilo-pa-smo-cekali-hitnu-15078249 |website=jutarnji.hr |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> ==== Kafofin yada labarai da matsin lamba na 'yan adawa ==== [[File:VinkoUhlik NagradaGradaZagreba.jpg|thumb|Tomislav Tomašević a gefe]] A cikin watanni biyu na farko na nadin Tomislav Tomašević ya fuskanci zarge-zarge daga kafofin watsa labaru da kuma mafi yawan 'yan adawa na dama na yin watsi da alkawurran da ya yi kafin zaben, cin hanci da rashawa da kuma bincike saboda nada mai kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya Tomislav Lauc a matsayin shugaban asibitin Srebrnjak wanda ya kasance mai tausayi da kuma kananan yara.<ref>{{cite web |last1=V. P. P. |title=Tomašević imenovao donatora svoje kampanje u Upravno vijeće bolnice Srebrnjak; time će se baviti povjerenstvo za sukob interesa |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/tomasevic-imenovao-donatora-svoje-kampanje-u-upravno-vijece-bolnice-srrebrnjak-time-ce-se-baviti-povjerenstvo-za-sukob-interesa-20210711 |website=Tportal.hr |access-date=6 January 2022 |language=hr |date=11 July 2021}}</ref> mai ba da gudummawa * (kasa da 2000 USD) na jam'iyyarsa, da kuma sake sabunta wani bangare na kwangilar birnin Zagreb (saboda rashin mafita) tare da sanannen CIOS Group mallakar Petar Pripuz duk da alkawarin ba zai yi ba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tomaševićeva 'trilema': Ako da posao C.I.O.S.-u, prekršio je obećanje; ako uzme skuplju ponudu, nema uštede; ako poništi natječaj, gdje će biootpad? |url=https://www.nacional.hr/tomaseviceva-trilema-ako-da-posao-c-i-o-s-u-prekrsio-je-obecanje-ako-uzme-skuplju-ponudu-nema-ustede-ako-ponisti-natjecaj-gdje-ce-biootpad/ |website=Nacional |access-date=6 January 2022 |language=hr |date=19 September 2021}}</ref> ==== Taimakawa LGGBTI+ da sauran tsiraru ==== A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2021, Tomašević ya halarci bikin Zagreb Pride na shekara na 20, tare da sauran 'yan siyasar Croatia kamar shugaban Social Democratic Party Peđa Grbin da Mataimakin Firayim Minista Boris Milošević . Yin haka, Tomašević ya zama magajin garin Zagreb na farko da ya halarci faretin, wanda ya riga ya yi kafin ya zama magajin gari. Ya bayyana cewa "su, a matsayinsu na sabuwar gwamnatin birnin, sun so su nuna cewa ba za a iya nuna wariya ga kowa ba a kan kowane dalili."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-03|title=VIDEO Povorka ponosa stigla na Ribnjak, Tomašević i Benčić među prvima u koloni|url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2287990|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-03|website=[[Index.hr]]|language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=HINA|last2=Bajruši|first2=Robert|last3=Kukec|first3=Tomislav|last4=Karakaš Jakubin|first4=Hajdi|date=2021-07-03|title=U Povorci ponosa oko 2500 ljudi, među njima i Tomašević: 'Skupljanje poena na manjinama je jadno!'|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/zagreb/u-povorci-ponosa-oko-2500-ljudi-medu-njima-i-tomasevic-skupljanje-poena-na-manjinama-je-jadno-15085382|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-03|website=[[Jutarnji list]]|language=hr-hr|author1-link=Croatian News Agency}}</ref> == Tarihin zabe == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:70%; text-align: center;" |+Sakamakon zabe ! Shekara ! Ofishin ! Biki ! Kuri'u na Tomašević ! % ! Abokin hamayya ! Biki ! Ƙuri'u ! % |- ! 2017 | Magajin garin Zagreb | Zagreb namu ne! | 12,996 | 3.94% | colspan="4" | bai tsallake zuwa zagaye na biyu ba |- ! 2020 | Dan majalisar dokokin Croatia<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>na gundumar zabe ta 1st</small> | rowspan="3" | Zamu Iya! / Zagreb namu ne! | 19,627 | 11.29% | colspan="4" | An zabe shi a Majalisar |- ! rowspan="2" | 2021 | rowspan="2" | Magajin garin Zagreb | 147,631 | 45.15% | colspan="4" | Na ci gaba zuwa gudu |- | 199,630 | 63.87% | Miroslav Škoro | Harkar Gida | 106,300 | 34.01% |- |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8a1ducyer86zwu37xixa4gkbsxmxds9 969509 969508 2026-10-19T11:57:47Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:ZagrebIsOURS TomislavTomasevic IMG 4235-saved-for-web-5-1-800x510.jpg|thumb|hutun Tomislav Tomašević]] '''Tomislav Tomašević''' ( pronounced: [tǒmislaʋ tomǎːʃeʋitɕ]; an haife shi ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1982) ɗan siyasan Croatia ne, ɗan gwagwarmaya, masanin muhalli kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa wanda ke aiki a matsayin magajin garin Zagreb tun cikin shekara ta 2021. Yana daya daga cikin shugabannin Zagreb na gida namu ne! jam'iyyar siyasa da kasa za mu iya! jam'iyyar siyasa. Tun a zaben kananan hukumomin Zagreb na 2017, ya kasance wakili a Majalisar Zagreb. An kuma zabe shi a majalisar dokokin Croatia a zaben 2020. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ''jam'iyyar'' Green-Left Coalition. Ya tsaya takarar magajin garin Zagreb a zaben [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] na 2021 sannan ya doke dan takarar na hannun daman Miroslav Škoro a zagaye na biyu, da tazarar kashi 64% zuwa 34%. A cikin zaben magajin gari na 2021 a Zagreb, Tomašević ya sami adadin kuri'u a zagayen biyu. == Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da ilimi === An haifi Tomašević a 1982 a [[Zagreb]], SR Croatia, Yugoslavia zuwa mahaifiyar Ivanka da mahaifin Smiljan. Shi da ɗan'uwansa Tihomir sun girma a Zapruđe kuma daga baya a Zaprešić yayin da dangin matasa suka ƙaura kafin ya dawo Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web |first=R. T. L. |last=Vijesti |url=https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/izbori-2021/4035212/na-korak-je-do-mjesta-gradonacelnika-zagreba-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic/ |title=Na korak je do mjesta gradonačelnika Zagreba: Tko je Tomislav Tomašević? |access-date=17 May 2021 |publisher=Vijesti.hr |language=hr |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613232107/https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/izbori-2021/4035212/na-korak-je-do-mjesta-gradonacelnika-zagreba-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kawun Tomašević, Ivo Tomašević, limamin Katolika ne kuma fitaccen memba na taron Episcopal na [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]].<ref name="Jutarnji">{{cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/zagreb/tomaseviceva-bitka-za-birace-centra-hoce-li-mu-stric-svecenik-i-otac-pravas-pomoci-da-pobijedi-15053857 |title=Tomaševićeva bitka za birače centra: Hoće li mu stric svećenik i otac pravaš pomoći da pobijedi |date=21 February 2021 |work=[[Jutarnji list]] |language=hr |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> Kakannin ubansa su ne Bosnia Croats daga Vidovice kusa da Orašje.<ref>{{cite news|first=M |last=Marković |url=https://www.maxportal.hr/vijesti/tomasevic-je-porijeklom-bosanac-otac-mu-je-desnicar-a-stric-ugledni-svecenik/ |title=Tomašević je porijeklom Bosanac, otac mu je desničar, a stric ugledni svećenik |publisher=Maxportal |access-date=16 May 2021 |language=hr}}</ref> Tomašević ya sauke karatu daga Faculty of Political Science a Jami'ar Zagreb a 2006, kuma ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu na muhalli, al'umma da ci gaba daga Jami'ar Cambridge a 2013. Ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa da guraben karatu, gami da Marshal Memorial Fellowship, Chevening Fellowship da Cambridge Overseas Trust Fellowship.<ref name="ipe">{{cite web|url=https://ipe.hr/en/tomislav-tomasevic/ |title=Tomislav Tomašević |publisher=Institut za političku ekologiju |language=hr}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta sirri === A cikin 2016 ya auri matarsa Iva Mertić a cikin bikin Katolika.<ref name="rtl">{{cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=Tko je Tomislav Tomašević i što stoji iza fenomena Možemo! - najvećih iznenađenja ovih izbora |url=https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/parlamentarni-izbori-2020/kljucni-akteri/3846040/on-moze-naslijediti-bandica-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic-i-sto-stoji-iza-fenomena-mozemo-najvecih-iznenadjenja-ovih-izbora/ |access-date=6 March 2021 |work=rtl.hr |language=hr |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215725/https://www.rtl.hr/vijesti-hr/novosti/hrvatska/parlamentarni-izbori-2020/kljucni-akteri/3846040/on-moze-naslijediti-bandica-tko-je-tomislav-tomasevic-i-sto-stoji-iza-fenomena-mozemo-najvecih-iznenadjenja-ovih-izbora/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tomašević yayi aiki da ƙwarewa a ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daban-daban. == Sana'ar siyasa == === Ayyukan farko === A lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, a matsayin matashi mai [[Kare Muhalli|kare kare muhalli]] Tomašević ya shiga kungiyar mai zaman kanta Green Action.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zagrebjenas.hr/tomislav-tomasevic-gradonacelnicki-kandidat/ |title=Tomislav Tomašević Biography at zagrebjenas.hr |website=zagrebjenas.hr |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na farko kuma daga baya shugaban ƙungiyar matasa ta [[Croatian]] ( Croatian ), Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Turai cikakkiyar mamba.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 June 2006|title=Mreža mladih Hrvatske|url=http://mmh.hr/|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615184148/http://mmh.hr/|archive-date=15 June 2006}}</ref> Daga baya ya zama shugaban Green Action daga 2007,<ref>{{cite web |title=Novi Upravni odbor i Vijeće Zelene akcije - Održana redovna Godišnja skupština Zelene akcije |url=https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/novi_upravni_odbor_i_vijece_zelene_akcije_odrzana_redovna_godisnja_skupstina_zelene_akcije |website=zelena-akcija.hr |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928124053/https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/novi_upravni_odbor_i_vijece_zelene_akcije_odrzana_redovna_godisnja_skupstina_zelene_akcije |url-status=dead }}</ref> tare da Bernard Ivčić, wanda ya dade mataimakinsa, ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a watan Yuni 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Izabran novi predsjednik Zelene akcije |url=https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/izabran_novi_predsjednik_zelene_akcije |website=zelena-akcija.hr |access-date=8 March 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928124040/https://zelena-akcija.hr/hr/opcenito/vijesti/izabran_novi_predsjednik_zelene_akcije |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Yi takarar magajin garin Zagreb (2017-2021) === A cikin zabukan cikin gida na 2017, Tomašević ya yi takara don magajin garin Zagreb, a shugaban haɗin gwiwar da Zagreb ya jagoranta shine namu! jam'iyyar siyasa, kuma ta lashe kashi 3.94% na kuri'un da aka kada a zaben magajin gari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/rezultati-lokalnih-izbora-u-sva-cetiri-velika-grada-ide-se-u-drugi-krug-6104038 |title=REZULTATI LOKALNIH IZBORA U sva četiri velika grada ide se u drugi krug! |date=21 May 2017 |work=[[Jutarnji list]] |language=hr |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> Gamayyar ta samu kujeru hudu a Majalisar Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2195930|title=The future of the Croatian left: Mozemo!|work=Index.hr}}</ref> Tomašević yana cikin zaɓaɓɓun kansilolin da aka zaɓa daga haɗin gwiwar, kuma ya kasance mai sukar magajin [[Milano|Milan]] Bandić a Majalisar. ==== Zabe a 2021 ==== [[File:Tomislav_Tomašević_on_May_16,_2021.png|thumb| Tomašević (tsakiyar) akan 16 Mayu 2021]] A cikin Fabrairu shekara ta 2021, Tomašević ya sanar da takararsa na magajin garin Zagreb a zaben kananan hukumomi na 2021. Tomašević ya mika sa hannun 20,236 ga Hukumar Zabe ta Jiha (DIP) a ranar 29 ga Afrilu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/video/news/tomasevic-skupio-najvise-potpisa-u-zagrebu-a-evo-tko-je-apsolutni-rekorder-na-razini-drzave-15069304|title=Tomašević skupio najviše potpisa u Zagrebu, a evo tko je apsolutni rekorder na razini države|date=29 April 2021|work=Jutarnji list}}</ref> A rana ta gaba, DIP ta tabbatar da cewa Tomašević da wasu 'yan takara tara sun gabatar da sa hannu daga masu jefa kuri'a masu rijista, kuma sun cancanci zama 'yan takarar magajin gari.<ref>{{cite web |title=ZBIRNA LISTA PRAVOVALJANIH KANDIDATURAZA IZBOR GRADONAČELNIKAI ZAMJENIKA GRADONAČELNIKAGRADA ZAGREBA |url=https://www.zgizbori.hr/site/UserDocsImages/2021_godina/Izbori%20za%20gradona%C4%8Delnika%20i%20Gradsku%20skup%C5%A1tinu/Gradona%C4%8Delnik%20-%20pravovaljane%20i%20zbirne.pdf |website=zgizbori.hr |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430182002/https://www.zgizbori.hr/site/UserDocsImages/2021_godina/Izbori%20za%20gradona%C4%8Delnika%20i%20Gradsku%20skup%C5%A1tinu/Gradona%C4%8Delnik%20-%20pravovaljane%20i%20zbirne.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaben na 16 ga Mayu, Tomašević ya lashe kuri'u 147,631 (45.15%) wanda ya sa ya zama dan takara na farko na sabon magajin gari a zagaye na biyu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Premoćna pobjeda Tomaševića. Pogledajte slavlje: "Ulazimo u povijesnu eru" |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/video-premocna-pobjeda-tomasevica-pogledajte-slavlje-ulazimo-u-povijesnu-eru/2276443.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tomašević uvjerljiv pobjednik u Zagrebu, Škoro uspio prestići Pavičić Vukičević |url=https://hr.n1info.com/vijesti/izbori-u-zagrebu-prema-izlaznim-anketama-tomasevic-pomeo-protukandidate/ |work=N1 HR |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> Sai dai da yake babu wani dan takara da ya samu rinjayen kuri'u, ya fuskanci Miroslav Škoro na jam'iyyar Homeland Movement a zagaye na biyu a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Škoro nema apsolutno nikakve šanse protiv Tomaševića |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/skoro-nema-apsolutno-nikakve-sanse-protiv-tomasevica/2276644.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> A cikin wannan zaɓe, mahaifin Tomašević, Smiljan, ya kasance ɗan takara a jerin Ƙungiyoyin Gida na Majalisar Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tomaševića došao podržati otac, koji je na Škorinoj listi |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/tomasevica-dosao-podrzati-otac-koji-je-na-skorinoj-listi/2276593.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Mayu a zagaye na biyu na zaben, Tomašević ya lashe ofishin magajin gari da kuri'u 199,630 ko kashi 63.87% na kuri'un. Ya samu nasara akan Škoro wanda ya samu kuri'u 106,300 wato kashi 34% na kuri'un.<ref name="vote2021">{{cite web|title=Ovo su rezultati izbora u svim gradovima u Hrvatskoj |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/ovo-su-rezultati-izbora-u-svim-gradovima-u-hrvatskoj/2279961.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ogroman trijumf Tomaševića. Muškarac u stožeru napao zaštitare, palio vatru... |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/video-ogroman-trijumf-tomasevica-muskarac-u-stozeru-napao-zastitare-palio-vatru/2279837.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> Bugu da kari, kamar yadda ya faru a zagaye na farko, wasan zagaye na biyu na Tomašević ya sake kafa sabon tarihi na yawan kuri'un da dan takarar magajin gari ya samu a Zagreb. Wato, adadinsa na kusan kuri'u dubu 200 ya fi girma da kusan 30,000 fiye da abin da Milan Bandić ya samu a zagaye na biyu na zaben 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nitko nikad u Zagrebu nije osvojio ovoliko glasova kao Tomašević |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/nitko-nikad-u-zagrebu-nije-osvojio-ovoliko-glasova-kao-tomasevic/2279883.aspx |work=Index.hr |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tomašević je upravo osvojio više glasova nego Milan Bandić ikada u 20 godina vladavine! |url=https://www.24sata.hr/news/tomasevic-je-upravo-osvojio-vise-glasova-nego-milan-bandic-ikada-u-20-godina-vladavine-765071 |work=24sata |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Veliki gradovi izabrali nove gradonačelnike |url=https://vijesti.hrt.hr/hrvatska/lokalni-izbori-2021-drugi-izborni-krug-1958639 |website=vijesti.hrt.hr |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> === Dan majalisa (2020-2021) === A zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na 2020, a shugaban jam'iyyar Green-Left Coalition, an zabe shi memba a majalisar dokokin Croatia a wa'adi na 10.<ref>{{cite web|title=10th term of the Croatian Parliament (22 July 2020) - Tomislav Tomašević |url=https://www.sabor.hr/en/members-parliament/tomasevic-tomislav-10-term |website=sabor.hr |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Wa'adin aikinsa na majalisar zai fara ne a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2020. Ya zuwa karshen watan Yuli, ya shiga kwamitocin majalisa hudu, kwamitin tsare-tsare na jiki da na gine-gine, kwamitin kundin tsarin mulki, oda da tsarin siyasa, kwamitin hadin gwiwa na majalisar dokoki, da kwamitin zartarwa na kungiyar kasa zuwa ga kungiyar Inter-Parliamentary. A cikin 2021 zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na Zagreb Tomašević an zabe shi don Magajin Zagreb.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zakon o izborima zastupnika u Hrvatski sabor |url=https://www.zakon.hr/z/355/Zakon-o-izborima-zastupnika-u-Hrvatski-sabor |website=zakon.hr |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref> Don haka sai ya yi murabus daga Majalisar kafin ya zama magajin gari. A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2021, ya sanya wa'adin sa a Majalisa. Tun daga nan ya maye gurbinsa Urša Raukar-Gamulin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prisegnuli novi saborski zastupnici |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/foto-prisegnuli-novi-saborski-zastupnici/2284461.aspx |website=index.hr |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> === Magajin garin Zagreb (2021-yanzu) === Tomašević bisa hukuma ya karɓi ofishin magajin gari a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pavičić Vukičević: Primopredaja gradske vlasti najranije u petak |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/pavicic-vukicevic-primopredaja-gradske-vlasti-najranije-u-petak-20210531 |website=tportal.hr |publisher=Tportal |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/uskoro-uzivo-prvo-obracanje-gradonacelnika-tomislava-tomasevica/2281011.aspx |title=USKORO UŽIVO Prvo obraćanje gradonačelnika Tomislava Tomaševića |work=Index.hr |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=4 June 2021 |language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zagreb.hr/odrzana-sluzbena-primopredaja-izvrsnih-ovlasti-gra/171769 |title=Održana službena primopredaja izvršnih ovlasti gradonačelnika Grada Zagreba |website=zagreb.hr |publisher=Grad Zagreb |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |language=hr}}</ref> Mukaddashin magajin garin Jelena Pavičić Vukičević ne ya mika masa ofishin magajin garin Zagreb wanda ya karbi mukamin bayan rasuwar magajin garin Milan Bandić . Tomašević ya zo wurin mikawa ta tram kuma ya makara saboda lamarin gaggawa a tashar jirgin kasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tomašević kasnio na primopredaju: 'Ispričavam se, jednoj ženi je pozlilo pa smo čekali Hitnu' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/zagreb/tomasevic-kasnio-na-primopredaju-ispricavam-se-jednoj-zeni-je-pozlilo-pa-smo-cekali-hitnu-15078249 |website=jutarnji.hr |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> ==== Kafofin yada labarai da matsin lamba na 'yan adawa ==== [[File:VinkoUhlik NagradaGradaZagreba.jpg|thumb|Tomislav Tomašević a gefe]] A cikin watanni biyu na farko na nadin Tomislav Tomašević ya fuskanci zarge-zarge daga kafofin watsa labaru da kuma mafi yawan 'yan adawa na dama na yin watsi da alkawurran da ya yi kafin zaben, cin hanci da rashawa da kuma bincike saboda nada mai kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya Tomislav Lauc a matsayin shugaban asibitin Srebrnjak wanda ya kasance mai tausayi da kuma kananan yara.<ref>{{cite web |last1=V. P. P. |title=Tomašević imenovao donatora svoje kampanje u Upravno vijeće bolnice Srebrnjak; time će se baviti povjerenstvo za sukob interesa |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/tomasevic-imenovao-donatora-svoje-kampanje-u-upravno-vijece-bolnice-srrebrnjak-time-ce-se-baviti-povjerenstvo-za-sukob-interesa-20210711 |website=Tportal.hr |access-date=6 January 2022 |language=hr |date=11 July 2021}}</ref> mai ba da gudummawa * (kasa da 2000 USD) na jam'iyyarsa, da kuma sake sabunta wani bangare na kwangilar birnin Zagreb (saboda rashin mafita) tare da sanannen CIOS Group mallakar Petar Pripuz duk da alkawarin ba zai yi ba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tomaševićeva 'trilema': Ako da posao C.I.O.S.-u, prekršio je obećanje; ako uzme skuplju ponudu, nema uštede; ako poništi natječaj, gdje će biootpad? |url=https://www.nacional.hr/tomaseviceva-trilema-ako-da-posao-c-i-o-s-u-prekrsio-je-obecanje-ako-uzme-skuplju-ponudu-nema-ustede-ako-ponisti-natjecaj-gdje-ce-biootpad/ |website=Nacional |access-date=6 January 2022 |language=hr |date=19 September 2021}}</ref> ==== Taimakawa LGGBTI+ da sauran tsiraru ==== A ranar 3 ga Yuli 2021, Tomašević ya halarci bikin Zagreb Pride na shekara na 20, tare da sauran 'yan siyasar Croatia kamar shugaban Social Democratic Party Peđa Grbin da Mataimakin Firayim Minista Boris Milošević . Yin haka, Tomašević ya zama magajin garin Zagreb na farko da ya halarci faretin, wanda ya riga ya yi kafin ya zama magajin gari. Ya bayyana cewa "su, a matsayinsu na sabuwar gwamnatin birnin, sun so su nuna cewa ba za a iya nuna wariya ga kowa ba a kan kowane dalili."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-03|title=VIDEO Povorka ponosa stigla na Ribnjak, Tomašević i Benčić među prvima u koloni|url=https://www.index.hr/clanak.aspx?id=2287990|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-03|website=[[Index.hr]]|language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=HINA|last2=Bajruši|first2=Robert|last3=Kukec|first3=Tomislav|last4=Karakaš Jakubin|first4=Hajdi|date=2021-07-03|title=U Povorci ponosa oko 2500 ljudi, među njima i Tomašević: 'Skupljanje poena na manjinama je jadno!'|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/zagreb/u-povorci-ponosa-oko-2500-ljudi-medu-njima-i-tomasevic-skupljanje-poena-na-manjinama-je-jadno-15085382|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-03|website=[[Jutarnji list]]|language=hr-hr|author1-link=Croatian News Agency}}</ref> == Tarihin zabe == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:70%; text-align: center;" |+Sakamakon zabe ! Shekara ! Ofishin ! Biki ! Kuri'u na Tomašević ! % ! Abokin hamayya ! Biki ! Ƙuri'u ! % |- ! 2017 | Magajin garin Zagreb | Zagreb namu ne! | 12,996 | 3.94% | colspan="4" | bai tsallake zuwa zagaye na biyu ba |- ! 2020 | Dan majalisar dokokin Croatia<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>na gundumar zabe ta 1st</small> | rowspan="3" | Zamu Iya! / Zagreb namu ne! | 19,627 | 11.29% | colspan="4" | An zabe shi a Majalisar |- ! rowspan="2" | 2021 | rowspan="2" | Magajin garin Zagreb | 147,631 | 45.15% | colspan="4" | Na ci gaba zuwa gudu |- | 199,630 | 63.87% | Miroslav Škoro | Harkar Gida | 106,300 | 34.01% |- |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oksiffdq4jlywd86i9twcpb1vl1h5oc 0 54078 969305 895059 2026-10-18T22:11:30Z Hamza DK 12444 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378325512|Chika Anadu]]" 969305 wikitext text/x-wiki <references /> {{Authority control}}Chika Anadu 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamba 1980 a Jihar Legas, wacce ke yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. A can, ta yi digirinta na 'A', ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin Shari'a da Laifuka, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Nazarin Afirka: Dan Adam da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa.[2] A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fina-finai ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a tsawon rayuwarta ta farko, amma sai a shekarar 2006 ne ta yi tunanin zama darakta a matsayin aiki na gaske ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekarar 2006 don kammala shirinta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), wani shiri na aikin gwamnati na dole ga 'yan Najeriya masu digiri na jami'a. A lokacin zamanta, ta kalli fim din Italiya mai suna Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darakta ta burge ta.[3] == Ayyuka == Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim dinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1" /> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Labari na ƙarshe'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''Dalilin Aure'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B don Ɗauki]]'' |- |2015 |''Komawa Gida'' |- |2020 |''Haskaka Idanunka'' |- |2023 |Ba na zuwa gare ku da sa'a |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dbfe1zzlk86ynayb5wnl6v7yqdtjsak 969306 969305 2026-10-18T22:13:01Z Hamza DK 12444 969306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <references /> {{Authority control}}Chika Anadu 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamba 1980 a Jihar Legas, wacce ke yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. A can, ta yi digirinta na 'A', ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin Shari'a da Laifuka, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Nazarin Afirka: Dan Adam da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa.[2] A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fina-finai ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a tsawon rayuwarta ta farko, amma sai a shekarar 2006 ne ta yi tunanin zama darakta a matsayin aiki na gaske ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekarar 2006 don kammala shirinta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), wani shiri na aikin gwamnati na dole ga 'yan Najeriya masu digiri na jami'a. A lokacin zamanta, ta kalli fim din Italiya mai suna Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darakta ta burge ta.[3] == Ayyuka == Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim dinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1" /> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Labari na ƙarshe'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''Dalilin Aure'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B don Ɗauki]]'' |- |2015 |''Komawa Gida'' |- |2020 |''Haskaka Idanunka'' |- |2023 |Ba na zuwa gare ku da sa'a |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] c6x115m7w6c1zzctdrfregfmnyt75nm 969307 969306 2026-10-18T22:13:43Z Hamza DK 12444 969307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamba 1980 a Jihar Legas, wacce ke yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. A can, ta yi digirinta na 'A', ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin Shari'a da Laifuka, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Nazarin Afirka: Dan Adam da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa.[2] A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fina-finai ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a tsawon rayuwarta ta farko, amma sai a shekarar 2006 ne ta yi tunanin zama darakta a matsayin aiki na gaske ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekarar 2006 don kammala shirinta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), wani shiri na aikin gwamnati na dole ga 'yan Najeriya masu digiri na jami'a. A lokacin zamanta, ta kalli fim din Italiya mai suna Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darakta ta burge ta.[3] == Ayyuka == Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim dinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1" /> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Labari na ƙarshe'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''Dalilin Aure'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B don Ɗauki]]'' |- |2015 |''Komawa Gida'' |- |2020 |''Haskaka Idanunka'' |- |2023 |Ba na zuwa gare ku da sa'a |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 11rtj3tmgn8l5sinjclk7um4ycwnh5i 969309 969307 2026-10-18T22:15:52Z Hamza DK 12444 969309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chika_Anadu#cite_note-:0-1 </ref> [1] An san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamba 1980 a Jihar Legas, wacce ke yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. A can, ta yi digirinta na 'A', ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin Shari'a da Laifuka, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Nazarin Afirka: Dan Adam da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa.[2] A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fina-finai ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a tsawon rayuwarta ta farko, amma sai a shekarar 2006 ne ta yi tunanin zama darakta a matsayin aiki na gaske ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekarar 2006 don kammala shirinta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), wani shiri na aikin gwamnati na dole ga 'yan Najeriya masu digiri na jami'a. A lokacin zamanta, ta kalli fim din Italiya mai suna Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darakta ta burge ta.[3] == Ayyuka == Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim dinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamba 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1" /> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Labari na ƙarshe'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''Dalilin Aure'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B don Ɗauki]]'' |- |2015 |''Komawa Gida'' |- |2020 |''Haskaka Idanunka'' |- |2023 |Ba na zuwa gare ku da sa'a |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 41od4yn1pyzjtsys7djo3w0w2d91ut9 0 54090 969376 965742 2026-10-19T06:41:39Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368645956|Dimbo Atiya]]" 969376 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dimbo Atiya''' (ya mutu {{Circa|6 August 2026}} 6 Agusta 2026) ya kasance mai shirya fina-finai na [[Nollywood]] na Najeriya kuma darektan daga jihar [[Nasarawa]] . A shekara ta 2022, ya lashe lambar yabo ta AMVCA Best Africa Magic Original Drama Series ta 2022 tare da jerin wasan kwaikwayo ''Halita'' da ya samar, inda ya doke wasu masu fafatawa shida. == Rayuwa da aiki == Atiya ya fara nazarin tsarin birane da na yanki amma nan da nan ya fahimci cewa sha'awarsa ta kasance a wani wuri. A shekara ta 2008, Atiya ya fara aiki a wani babban aikin, inda ya jagoranci Naija Diamonds. A cikin wannan shekarar, an zabi shi don Kyautar Matasan Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta Majalisar Burtaniya kuma daga baya aka ba shi tallafin karatu don halartar Creative Lives, shirin ci gaba a Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas wanda Majalisar Burtaniya ta ba da gudummawa. A wannan shirin ne Atiya ya sadu da matarsa, Karachi . [1] Ya yanke shawarar yin rajista a Kwalejin Fim ta New York a shekarar 2012, yana karbar darussan kwararru a yin fim da samarwa a makarantun Kwalejin a New York da [[California]]. Atiya ta samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin sama da 500 da fina-finai guda biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We are hosting Dimbo Atiya (CEO, Innovative Television Kontents - ITK) |url=https://www.startupgrind.com/events/details/startup-grind-jos-presents-we-are-hosting-dimbo-atiya-ceo-innovative-television-kontents-itk/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Startup Grind |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-03 |title=Dimbo Atiya Archives |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/tag/dimbo-atiya/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> Atiya kuma ta gudanar da aikin daukar hoto don Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na London kuma a wani lokaci, shugaban daukar hoto don alamar cinikin kan layi [[Konga.com]]. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2026}} Ya yi aiki a matsayin co-halicci, babban furodusa, furodusawa, co-rubuce-rubuce da darektan The Rishantes, jerin wasan kwaikwayo a kan Afirka Magic da Showmax . <ref>{{Cite web |last=MEDIA |first=OSG |date=2022-11-03 |title=Fans of Halita, Get In Here!!!! |url=https://olorisupergal.com/290196/movies/fans-of-halita-who-have-been-following-the-series-since-it-first-premiered-in-2019/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=OloriSuperGal |language=en-GB}}</ref> An zabi wasan kwaikwayon kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2022 ta Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards for Best Africa Magic Original Drama Series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dimbo Atiya's Strong starts production |url=https://contentnigeria.net/dimbo-atiyas-strong-starts-production/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Content Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> An sanar da mutuwar Atiya a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta 2026. == Ayyuka == ; A matsayin furodusa, darektan, da marubuci * ''Zane Ƙarfi'' (2019) * ''[[Still Falling|Har yanzu yana faɗuwa]]'' (lokaci 2; 2021) * ''Shirin'' (miniserie na TV; 2023) ; A matsayin furodusa da darektan * ''Halita'' (lokaci 1/2, aukuwa 239; 2019-2021) * ''Dala Dala'' (2023) ; A matsayin darektan * ''[[Sons of the Caliphate|<nowiki/>'Ya'yan Khalifanci]]'' (25 aukuwa; 2016-2018) ; A matsayin marubuci * Fillo (2019) == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] 34j5esktw2u5gwx01qt5rs0buodm9l5 969377 969376 2026-10-19T06:42:25Z Salma Raddah 45959 969377 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dimbo Atiya''' (ya mutu {{Circa|6 August 2026}} 6 Agusta 2026) ya kasance mai shirya fina-finai na [[Nollywood]] na Najeriya kuma darektan daga jihar [[Nasarawa]] . A shekara ta 2022, ya lashe lambar yabo ta AMVCA Best Africa Magic Original Drama Series ta 2022 tare da jerin wasan kwaikwayo ''Halita'' da ya samar, inda ya doke wasu masu fafatawa shida. == Rayuwa da aiki == A {{Databox}} tiya ya fara nazarin tsarin birane da na yanki amma nan da nan ya fahimci cewa sha'awarsa ta kasance a wani wuri. A shekara ta 2008, Atiya ya fara aiki a wani babban aikin, inda ya jagoranci Naija Diamonds. A cikin wannan shekarar, an zabi shi don Kyautar Matasan Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta Majalisar Burtaniya kuma daga baya aka ba shi tallafin karatu don halartar Creative Lives, shirin ci gaba a Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas wanda Majalisar Burtaniya ta ba da gudummawa. A wannan shirin ne Atiya ya sadu da matarsa, Karachi . [1] Ya yanke shawarar yin rajista a Kwalejin Fim ta New York a shekarar 2012, yana karbar darussan kwararru a yin fim da samarwa a makarantun Kwalejin a New York da [[California]]. Atiya ta samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin sama da 500 da fina-finai guda biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We are hosting Dimbo Atiya (CEO, Innovative Television Kontents - ITK) |url=https://www.startupgrind.com/events/details/startup-grind-jos-presents-we-are-hosting-dimbo-atiya-ceo-innovative-television-kontents-itk/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Startup Grind |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-03 |title=Dimbo Atiya Archives |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/tag/dimbo-atiya/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> Atiya kuma ta gudanar da aikin daukar hoto don Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na London kuma a wani lokaci, shugaban daukar hoto don alamar cinikin kan layi [[Konga.com]]. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2026}} Ya yi aiki a matsayin co-halicci, babban furodusa, furodusawa, co-rubuce-rubuce da darektan The Rishantes, jerin wasan kwaikwayo a kan Afirka Magic da Showmax . <ref>{{Cite web |last=MEDIA |first=OSG |date=2022-11-03 |title=Fans of Halita, Get In Here!!!! |url=https://olorisupergal.com/290196/movies/fans-of-halita-who-have-been-following-the-series-since-it-first-premiered-in-2019/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=OloriSuperGal |language=en-GB}}</ref> An zabi wasan kwaikwayon kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2022 ta Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards for Best Africa Magic Original Drama Series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dimbo Atiya's Strong starts production |url=https://contentnigeria.net/dimbo-atiyas-strong-starts-production/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Content Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> An sanar da mutuwar Atiya a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta 2026. == Ayyuka == ; A matsayin furodusa, darektan, da marubuci * ''Zane Ƙarfi'' (2019) * ''[[Still Falling|Har yanzu yana faɗuwa]]'' (lokaci 2; 2021) * ''Shirin'' (miniserie na TV; 2023) ; A matsayin furodusa da darektan * ''Halita'' (lokaci 1/2, aukuwa 239; 2019-2021) * ''Dala Dala'' (2023) ; A matsayin darektan * ''[[Sons of the Caliphate|<nowiki/>'Ya'yan Khalifanci]]'' (25 aukuwa; 2016-2018) ; A matsayin marubuci * Fillo (2019) == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] iogq4h1u6yc6dzrb7pf55vhhccduw57 0 54111 969374 931397 2026-10-19T06:39:02Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372155611|Dolapo Adeleke]]" 969374 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dolapo Adeleke''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi 6 Satumba 1990), wanda aka fi sani da '''LowlaDee''', ɗan fim ne daga Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolapo 'Lowladee' Adeleke |url=https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523073626/https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=gidiboxoffice.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1990, a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] Najeriya, Adeleke ya fara rubutu tun yana ƙarami, yana buga littattafai biyu kafin jami'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinmisola |first=Yusuf |title=WCW OF THE WEEK – DOLAPO ADELEKE |url=http://threshwoman.com/2016/07/wcw-of-the-week-dolapo-adeleke/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170556/http://threshwoman.com/2016/07/wcw-of-the-week-dolapo-adeleke/ |archive-date=2018-07-30 |access-date=2017-03-25}}</ref> Adeleke ta sami karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Dansol, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . Ta kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu a cikin Mass Communication daga [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]] a shekara ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aluwong |first=Jeremiah |date=2022-02-23 |title=Women You Should Know: Dolapo Adeleke |url=https://articles.connectnigeria.com/women-you-should-know-dolapo-adeleke/ |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=Connectnigeria Articles |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A wata hira da Busayo Adekoya na ThisDay Newspaper, ta bayyana cewa ta fara jagorantar fina-finai tana da shekaru 21.[1][2] A shekara ta 2012, an haɗa ta a cikin jerin Vanguard na matasa 'yan Najeriya da ke da tasiri sosai, kuma an lura da cewa ta lashe kyautar marubucin matasa mafi kyau na shekara ta Angles Magazine don rubuta Flesh and Blood da The Little White Hen . Tare da fitowar gajeren fim dinta mai suna Brave, tare da [[Adesua Etomi]] da Wole Ojo, an zabi ta a karkashin mafi kyawun darektan fina-finai na Nigerian Entertainment Awards (NEA 2015). Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Best Short Film a Best Of Nollywood Awards kuma an zabi shi a cikin rukuni biyu a manyan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) don Mafi kyawun gajeren fim da Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Drama. A shekara ta 2015, ta ci gaba da samar da fim din talabijin na farko da aka yaba da shi A Place Called Happy wanda ya haɗu da 'yan wasan Najeriya da Ghana. A cikin 2016, ta fitar da ta farko da aka yaba da ita sosai Mini Series This Is It a kan YouTube Platform da ta haɗu da Najeriya da Kenya. Nan take ya sami shahara tare da tara ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan 8 gaba ɗaya. An ƙaddamar da jerin a cikin tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban a duk faɗin Afirka kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kyautar Talabijin mafi kyau a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) 2018. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara abubuwan 20 yayin aiki a matsayin Show Runner. A cikin 2016, an kuma zabi LowlaDee don EbonyLifeTV Sisterhood Awards Africa don 'Darakta na Fim na Shekara' don nasararta tare da Mini Series, 'Wannan Shi ne'. A cikin 2017, an zabi ta don babbar 'Future Awards Africa' don kyautar New Media kuma a watan Maris na 2018 an jera ta a matsayin '100 Mafi Kyawun Mata na Afirka a Najeriya'. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara fim din din Valentine's Day na minti 60, PLAN B, labarin Kenya-Nijeriya wanda ya zama abin mamaki nan take, yana samun ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan ɗaya a cikin makonni biyu na farko ba tare da talla ba. Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards 2019. A halin yanzu tana gudanar da LowlaDee Productions Co. (tsohon Doreen Media) da shuffles tsakanin Legas Najeriya da Nairobi Kenya. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Ka kasance Baƙona''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} |''gajeren fim'' |- |''Kira'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iykon |first=Tolu |date=June 17, 2013 |title=FAB Film: Watch The Call by Lowladee |url=http://fabmagazineonline.com/fab-film-watch-the-call-by-lowladee-celebrating-fathers-day/ |website=FabMagazine.com}}</ref> |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar Eldee, Paul Utomi da [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2014 |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Mai Ƙarfi]]'' |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2015 |''Wurin da ake kira Farin Ciki'' |''Fim din Talabijin'' [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] da [[Kiki Omeili]] |- |2016 |''[[This Is It|Wannan Shi ne]]'' |''Jerin yanar gizo / Talabijin'' Nick Mutuma da [[Chy Nwakanma]] sun fito |- |2017 |''An ɗaure shi'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aniemeka |first=Chuka |date=January 18, 2017 |title=Entangled: Lowladee Is Working On A New Romantic Comedy TV Series |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/news/general/112130-entangled-lowladee-is-working-on-a-new-romantic-comedy-tv-series.html |website=OnlineNigeria.com}}</ref> |''Fim din Talabijin'' tauraruwar [[Mawuli Gavor]], [[Ini Dima-Okojie|Ini-dima Okojie]] |- |2019 |[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Shirin B]] |''Fim na yanar gizo / Talabijin'' [[Sarah Hassan]], [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Karanja]] da [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] ne suka fito. |- |2020 |A cikin Lokaci |Fim mai ban sha'awa Tauraruwar Sarah Hassan, Mawuli Gavor, Stycie Waweru, Pierra Kenna kuma yana da firaministansa a kan Netflix Worldwide . |- |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2014 |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Mai Ƙarfi]]''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=October 27, 2014 |title=BON AWARDS 2014: Authentic Winners List |url=http://encomium.ng/bon-awards-2014-authentic-winners-list/ |website=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} | |- |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |year=2014 |title=Rita Dominic, 'October 1', '30 Days in Atlanta', get nominations |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> |- |2016 |EbonyLife Sisterhood Awards Afirka |Daraktan Fim na Shekara |''[[This Is It|Wannan Shi ne]]''| {{Nom}} | |- |- |2018 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |Wannan shi ne| {{Won}} | |- |2019 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka |Shirin B|{{Won}} | |- |2021 |Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta Kasa da Kasa ta Kalasha |Fim mafi Kyau |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="3" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Hoton Mafi Kyawu | rowspan="3" |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Pending}} | rowspan="3" | |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Gabashin Afirka|{{Pending}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim|{{Pending}} |} == Rayuwa ta mutum == A lokacin da take da shekaru 16, a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2007, a kan hanyar samun wasu takardu daga makaranta, bayan samun shiga [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]], Adeleke ta shiga cikin hadarin gazawar birki wanda ya haifar da tiyata da yawa da alamomi a goshinta. Wannan ya haifar da sa hannu / gashin gashi. A cewarta, ba kawai salon gashi ba ne amma yana ba ta damar tashi sama da rauni da tasirin tasirin sauya rayuwa. A wani sakon Instagram, LowlaDee ta bayyana cewa ta taba fama da baƙin ciki amma kallon mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka da Indiya da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Mindy Kaling, The Mindy Project, ya ba ta farin ciki kuma ya farka da wani bangare mai ban sha'awa. Wannan haɗin ya haifar da jerin yanar gizo na Romcom masu nasara sosai"Wannan shi ne. "<nowiki>"</nowiki> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] 5xlpsku55mb0nnb9olvpznw6jpry0ky 969375 969374 2026-10-19T06:40:06Z Salma Raddah 45959 969375 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dolapo Adeleke''' ((listenⓘ)) (an haife shi 6 Satumba 1990), wanda aka fi sani da '''LowlaDee''', ɗan fim ne daga Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolapo 'Lowladee' Adeleke |url=https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523073626/https://gidiboxoffice.com/authors/dolapo-adeleke |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=gidiboxoffice.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == {{Databox}} An haife shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1990, a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] Najeriya, Adeleke ya fara rubutu tun yana ƙarami, yana buga littattafai biyu kafin jami'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinmisola |first=Yusuf |title=WCW OF THE WEEK – DOLAPO ADELEKE |url=http://threshwoman.com/2016/07/wcw-of-the-week-dolapo-adeleke/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170556/http://threshwoman.com/2016/07/wcw-of-the-week-dolapo-adeleke/ |archive-date=2018-07-30 |access-date=2017-03-25}}</ref> Adeleke ta sami karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Dansol, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] . Ta kammala karatu tare da aji na biyu a cikin Mass Communication daga [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]] a shekara ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aluwong |first=Jeremiah |date=2022-02-23 |title=Women You Should Know: Dolapo Adeleke |url=https://articles.connectnigeria.com/women-you-should-know-dolapo-adeleke/ |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=Connectnigeria Articles |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A wata hira da Busayo Adekoya na ThisDay Newspaper, ta bayyana cewa ta fara jagorantar fina-finai tana da shekaru 21.[1][2] A shekara ta 2012, an haɗa ta a cikin jerin Vanguard na matasa 'yan Najeriya da ke da tasiri sosai, kuma an lura da cewa ta lashe kyautar marubucin matasa mafi kyau na shekara ta Angles Magazine don rubuta Flesh and Blood da The Little White Hen . Tare da fitowar gajeren fim dinta mai suna Brave, tare da [[Adesua Etomi]] da Wole Ojo, an zabi ta a karkashin mafi kyawun darektan fina-finai na Nigerian Entertainment Awards (NEA 2015). Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Best Short Film a Best Of Nollywood Awards kuma an zabi shi a cikin rukuni biyu a manyan African Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) don Mafi kyawun gajeren fim da Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Drama. A shekara ta 2015, ta ci gaba da samar da fim din talabijin na farko da aka yaba da shi A Place Called Happy wanda ya haɗu da 'yan wasan Najeriya da Ghana. A cikin 2016, ta fitar da ta farko da aka yaba da ita sosai Mini Series This Is It a kan YouTube Platform da ta haɗu da Najeriya da Kenya. Nan take ya sami shahara tare da tara ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan 8 gaba ɗaya. An ƙaddamar da jerin a cikin tashoshin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban a duk faɗin Afirka kuma sun ci gaba da lashe Kyautar Talabijin mafi kyau a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards (AMVCA) 2018. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara abubuwan 20 yayin aiki a matsayin Show Runner. A cikin 2016, an kuma zabi LowlaDee don EbonyLifeTV Sisterhood Awards Africa don 'Darakta na Fim na Shekara' don nasararta tare da Mini Series, 'Wannan Shi ne'. A cikin 2017, an zabi ta don babbar 'Future Awards Africa' don kyautar New Media kuma a watan Maris na 2018 an jera ta a matsayin '100 Mafi Kyawun Mata na Afirka a Najeriya'. LowlaDee ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya gyara fim din din Valentine's Day na minti 60, PLAN B, labarin Kenya-Nijeriya wanda ya zama abin mamaki nan take, yana samun ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan ɗaya a cikin makonni biyu na farko ba tare da talla ba. Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards 2019. A halin yanzu tana gudanar da LowlaDee Productions Co. (tsohon Doreen Media) da shuffles tsakanin Legas Najeriya da Nairobi Kenya. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Ka kasance Baƙona''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} |''gajeren fim'' |- |''Kira'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iykon |first=Tolu |date=June 17, 2013 |title=FAB Film: Watch The Call by Lowladee |url=http://fabmagazineonline.com/fab-film-watch-the-call-by-lowladee-celebrating-fathers-day/ |website=FabMagazine.com}}</ref> |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar Eldee, Paul Utomi da [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2014 |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Mai Ƙarfi]]'' |''gajeren fim'' tauraruwar [[Adesua Etomi]] |- |2015 |''Wurin da ake kira Farin Ciki'' |''Fim din Talabijin'' [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] da [[Kiki Omeili]] |- |2016 |''[[This Is It|Wannan Shi ne]]'' |''Jerin yanar gizo / Talabijin'' Nick Mutuma da [[Chy Nwakanma]] sun fito |- |2017 |''An ɗaure shi'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aniemeka |first=Chuka |date=January 18, 2017 |title=Entangled: Lowladee Is Working On A New Romantic Comedy TV Series |url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/news/general/112130-entangled-lowladee-is-working-on-a-new-romantic-comedy-tv-series.html |website=OnlineNigeria.com}}</ref> |''Fim din Talabijin'' tauraruwar [[Mawuli Gavor]], [[Ini Dima-Okojie|Ini-dima Okojie]] |- |2019 |[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Shirin B]] |''Fim na yanar gizo / Talabijin'' [[Sarah Hassan]], [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Karanja]] da [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] ne suka fito. |- |2020 |A cikin Lokaci |Fim mai ban sha'awa Tauraruwar Sarah Hassan, Mawuli Gavor, Stycie Waweru, Pierra Kenna kuma yana da firaministansa a kan Netflix Worldwide . |- |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2014 |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''[[Brave (fim na 2014)|Mai Ƙarfi]]''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=October 27, 2014 |title=BON AWARDS 2014: Authentic Winners List |url=http://encomium.ng/bon-awards-2014-authentic-winners-list/ |website=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} | |- |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim |''Mai Ƙarfi''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |year=2014 |title=Rita Dominic, 'October 1', '30 Days in Atlanta', get nominations |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/amvca-2015-nominees-rita-dominic-october-1-30-days-in-atlanta-get-nominations-id3340339.html |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> |- |2016 |EbonyLife Sisterhood Awards Afirka |Daraktan Fim na Shekara |''[[This Is It|Wannan Shi ne]]''| {{Nom}} | |- |- |2018 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Shirye-shiryen Talabijin |Wannan shi ne| {{Won}} | |- |2019 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka |Mafi kyawun Fim na Gabashin Afirka |Shirin B|{{Won}} | |- |2021 |Kyautar Fim da Talabijin ta Kasa da Kasa ta Kalasha |Fim mafi Kyau |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="3" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Editan Hoton Mafi Kyawu | rowspan="3" |''A cikin Lokaci''|{{Pending}} | rowspan="3" | |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Gabashin Afirka|{{Pending}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim|{{Pending}} |} == Rayuwa ta mutum == A lokacin da take da shekaru 16, a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2007, a kan hanyar samun wasu takardu daga makaranta, bayan samun shiga [[Jami'ar Covenant University|Jami'ar Alkawari]], Adeleke ta shiga cikin hadarin gazawar birki wanda ya haifar da tiyata da yawa da alamomi a goshinta. Wannan ya haifar da sa hannu / gashin gashi. A cewarta, ba kawai salon gashi ba ne amma yana ba ta damar tashi sama da rauni da tasirin tasirin sauya rayuwa. A wani sakon Instagram, LowlaDee ta bayyana cewa ta taba fama da baƙin ciki amma kallon mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka da Indiya da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Mindy Kaling, The Mindy Project, ya ba ta farin ciki kuma ya farka da wani bangare mai ban sha'awa. Wannan haɗin ya haifar da jerin yanar gizo na Romcom masu nasara sosai"Wannan shi ne. "<nowiki>"</nowiki> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] c0gjd9mpg2urwf7hs0rugx7h2ni5uur 0 54124 969115 967955 2026-10-18T16:05:12Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370863683|Eric Aghimien]]" 969115 wikitext text/x-wiki == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Eric Aghimien a garin Benin, Jihar Edo kuma ita ce ta huɗu cikin yara bakwai. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas yayin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya sayar da wasu ga 'yan uwansa.[1] Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da Auchi Polytechnic, Jihar Edo, Najeriya.[2] Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta tare da ƙwarewar fasaha wanda ya haɗa da; raira waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai tare da yin iyo da kwallon kafa. Ya sami difloma na kasa a Fasahar Laboratory na Kimiyya a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake samun difloma, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar kiɗa da ake kira Da TED . Bayan difloma ta kasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara aikin fim dinsa a shekara ta 2007 a cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng.com}}</ref> Eric yana so ya yi karatun fim a kasashen waje amma bai iya tara isasshen kudade don ganin shi ba. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa ta hanyar samar da koyarwa a kan layi. Eric ya kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a cikin 2008 wanda ke taimakawa masu basira masu zuwa ganowa, haɓaka da nuna basirarsu. A shekara ta 2011, ya yi wani ɗan gajeren fim na gwaji mai taken Heckto wanda aka zaba don Amfani da Tasiri na Musamman da Mafi kyawun Actor a bikin gajeren fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2012. Aghimien ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko A Mile from Home, wasan kwaikwayo na aiki, wanda ya sami kyakkyawan bita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojide |first=Sylvester |title=Movie Review: A Mile From Home Featuring Tope Tedela |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |access-date=22 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwelue |first=Onyeka |title=A MILE FROM HOME IS A GREAT FILM by Onyeka Nwelue |url=http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416170258/http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.sabinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukorede |first=O |title=Fast Rising Movie Producer, Eric Aghimien, Premieres One Of Nollywood's Best Thriller in Silverbird Cinemas |url=http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213225653/http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=broadstreetng.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2011 |''Heckto'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2013 |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |2014 |''Leeway'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2016 |''[[Slow Country (fim)|Ƙasar da ba ta da kyau]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="1" |2013 |Kyautar Blueprint |Mai shirya fina-finai na Shekara |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="22" |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau | rowspan="22" |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Bayanan Bayani| {{Won}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Make-Up| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oloketuyi |first=Seun |title=Full list of Nominees for Nollywood Movies Awards (Centenary Edition) |url=http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184051/http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=bestofnollywood.tv/}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara| {{Won}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim| {{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Tasiri na Musamman| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[Golden Icons Academy Awards Awards|Kyautar Golden Icons Academy Movie]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |date=26 October 2014 |title=GIAMA 2014: Full List of Winners |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520190023/http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi Kyawun Edita| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar Fina-finai ta Nollywood|Kyautar Fim din Nollywood]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Tsarin| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Afirka da Kyautar Kwalejin (ZAFAA) |Mafi kyawun Mai gabatarwa| {{Nom}} |- |Edita mafi kyau| {{Won}} |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] rw8xmocudry9rrmw2d4a17mqldur3us 969117 969115 2026-10-18T16:06:02Z Salma Raddah 45959 969117 wikitext text/x-wiki == Rayuwa ta farko == {{Databox}} An haifi Eric Aghimien a garin Benin, Jihar Edo kuma ita ce ta huɗu cikin yara bakwai. A lokacin da yake da shekaru takwas yayin da yake makarantar firamare, ya fara zana wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya sayar da wasu ga 'yan uwansa.[1] Ya halarci Kwalejin Immaculate Conception, Benin City da Auchi Polytechnic, Jihar Edo, Najeriya.[2] Eric yana da baiwa ta halitta tare da ƙwarewar fasaha wanda ya haɗa da; raira waƙa, ƙira da zane. Babban abin sha'awa tun yana yaro shine kallon fina-finai tare da yin iyo da kwallon kafa. Ya sami difloma na kasa a Fasahar Laboratory na Kimiyya a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwuala |first=Amara |title=I Was Detained By The Nigerian Customs Service For 9 Days & They Requested N400,000.00 For My Bail Because I Imported Airsoft Guns' – Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile From Home |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/04/i-was-detained-by-the-nigerian-customs-service-for-9-days-they-requested-n400000-00-for-my-bail-because-i-imported-airsoft-guns-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=360nobs.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake samun difloma, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar kiɗa da ake kira Da TED . Bayan difloma ta kasa, Eric ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Yvonne |title='I worked as a waiter in some restaurants '– Eric Aghimien, Director, A Mile from Home |url=http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413091126/http://happenings.com.ng/i-worked-as-a-waiter-in-some-restaurants-eric-aghimien-director-a-mile-from-home/ |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=happenings.com.ng}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2006, Aghimien ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] daga Benin kuma ya yanke shawarar neman aiki a fim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye |first=Isabella |title="I was detained for nine days by Customs for importing props…" Eric Aghimien |url=http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531205003/http://nollysilverscreen.com/?p=385 |archive-date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2014-07-22 |website=Nolly Silver Screen}}</ref> Ya fara aikin fim dinsa a shekara ta 2007 a cibiyar horar da kwamfuta inda ya koyi yadda ake amfani da kwamfutoci, zane-zane da gyaran bidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agbedeh |first=Terh |title=I made A Mile from Home with very little expectation – Eric Aghimien |url=https://www.thenicheng.com/i-made-a-mile-from-home-with-very-little-expectation-eric-aghimien/ |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.thenicheng.com}}</ref> Eric yana so ya yi karatun fim a kasashen waje amma bai iya tara isasshen kudade don ganin shi ba. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa ta hanyar samar da koyarwa a kan layi. Eric ya kafa Hills Pictures Movie Academy a cikin 2008 wanda ke taimakawa masu basira masu zuwa ganowa, haɓaka da nuna basirarsu. A shekara ta 2011, ya yi wani ɗan gajeren fim na gwaji mai taken Heckto wanda aka zaba don Amfani da Tasiri na Musamman da Mafi kyawun Actor a bikin gajeren fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 2012. Aghimien ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko A Mile from Home, wasan kwaikwayo na aiki, wanda ya sami kyakkyawan bita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awojide |first=Sylvester |title=Movie Review: A Mile From Home Featuring Tope Tedela |url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2014/05/28/movie-review-mile-home-featuring-tope-tedela/ |access-date=22 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwelue |first=Onyeka |title=A MILE FROM HOME IS A GREAT FILM by Onyeka Nwelue |url=http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416170258/http://www.sabinews.com/all-news/mile-home-great-film-onyeka-nwelue/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=www.sabinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Olukorede |first=O |title=Fast Rising Movie Producer, Eric Aghimien, Premieres One Of Nollywood's Best Thriller in Silverbird Cinemas |url=http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213225653/http://broadstreetng.com/?p=7057 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=broadstreetng.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |2011 |''Heckto'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2013 |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |2014 |''Leeway'' (Ƙaramin) |Marubuci, darektan |- |2016 |''[[Slow Country (fim)|Ƙasar da ba ta da kyau]]'' |Marubuci, furodusa, darektan |- |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="1" |2013 |Kyautar Blueprint |Mai shirya fina-finai na Shekara |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="22" |2014 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau | rowspan="22" |''[[A Mile from Home|Mile daga Gida]]''| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Bayanan Bayani| {{Won}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Make-Up| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oloketuyi |first=Seun |title=Full list of Nominees for Nollywood Movies Awards (Centenary Edition) |url=http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184051/http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2014/10/09/full-list-of-nominees-for-nollywood-movies-awards-centenary-edition/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=bestofnollywood.tv/}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara| {{Won}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim| {{Nom}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Tasiri na Musamman| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="6" |[[Golden Icons Academy Awards Awards|Kyautar Golden Icons Academy Movie]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuzu |first=Chidumga |date=26 October 2014 |title=GIAMA 2014: Full List of Winners |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520190023/http://pulse.ng/movies/giama-2014-full-list-of-winners-id3224014.html |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=8 April 2015 |website=Pulse.ng}}</ref> |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Won}} |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi Kyawun Edita| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar Fina-finai ta Nollywood|Kyautar Fim din Nollywood]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu| {{Nom}} |- |Fim mafi kyau| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Hoton Farko| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Tsarin| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Afirka da Kyautar Kwalejin (ZAFAA) |Mafi kyawun Mai gabatarwa| {{Nom}} |- |Edita mafi kyau| {{Won}} |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] jujzjbjh41ny62vbhqpl6324eltvgtr 0 54140 969237 942575 2026-10-18T18:33:51Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372400668|Moses Inwang]]" 969237 wikitext text/x-wiki Moses Inwang (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1978) shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, furodusa, edita, kuma marubucin allo wanda aka fi sani da fina-fakkaatu na gargajiya a cikin [[Nollywood]] waɗanda ke magana da matsalolin al'umma da batutuwan rayuwa masu banƙyama waɗanda ba a rubuta su a fina-fukkunan Najeriya. A cikin shekara ta 2012, Inwang ya sami karbuwa sosai saboda aikinsa a matsayin darektan da kuma furodusa na fim mai ban tsoro na tunani Torn[[Torn|Rashin ƙarfi]] ''[[Torn]]'' ,⁣<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2013 |title=Torn |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3460492/ |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2013 |title=Movie review: With 'Torn', Moses Iwang finally makes an impression » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/movie-review-with-torn-moses-iwang-finally-makes-an-impression/ |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> as a Director and Producer,Movie released in cinemas nationwide in 2013. With multiple nominations, award<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=Full List of Winners for Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards 2013 Released |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/full-list-of-winners-for-giama-2013/ |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> and recognition bagged from that movie, he went on to direct and produce other hits like Damage, Cold Feet, [[Stalker (fim na 2016)|''Stalker'']], Last 3 digits, ''[[Alter Ego (fim na 2017)|Alter Ego]]'', Crazy People, [[American driver|American Driver]]'', Unroyal, and lastly ''[[Maza masu farin jini 2|Merry Men 2]]''; [[Ayo Makun]] (AY)’s blockbuster film, which emerged as the 2nd highest-grossing movie of 2019 in Nigeria with a sum of 240 million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2020 |title=Top 10 Highest Grossing Nigerian movies of the last decade (2009 – 2019) |url=https://www.morebranches.com/nollywood-highest-grossing-movies/}}</ref> '' Tare da aikin da ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin, '''Sneezemankind''' kamar yadda aka yi masa jawabi, ya sami lambar yabo ta farko a fim a shekarar 1998 lokacin da ya hada kai da Two Good Men . A shekara ta 2004 ya fara kamfanin samar da shi, Sneeze Films, kuma ya fara da fim din Save My Soul . 2008, duk da haka, ya gan shi yana jagorantar fim din, Lost Maiden, <ref>{{Cite web |last=New York Nigeria |title=Lost Maiden by Chisom Oz-lee |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbru0nEcwsc |access-date=6 January 2019 |via=YouTube}}</ref> fim din da ya kawo batun batun kaciya ta mata zuwa gaba, wanda ya jagoranci tattaunawar zamantakewa. Ya ci gaba da yin Save Our Souls, fim mai ilmantarwa game da ciwon daji. Ya kuma ba da umarni kuma ya hada hannu da Damage a cikin 2011, yana magana game da batun tashin hankali na cikin gida, fim din da ya sami gabatarwa da yawa kuma ya fitar da kyaututtuka a [[Florida]], Amurka. <ref name="iroko">{{Cite web |date=17 September 2012 |title=Uche Jombo's Movie Damage(2012) Wins Two Awards |url=http://blog.irokotv.com/2012/09/17/uche-jombos-damage2012-wins-two-awards/ |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> == Ilimi == Inwang ta halarci [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] . == Ayyuka == Inwang ya shiga cikin haske kuma da sauri ya sami karbuwa mai mahimmanci don jagorantar abin ban tsoro na tunani, Torn, wanda ya samar kuma ya saki a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar. Fim din ya ba shi lambar yabo da yawa da kuma karbuwa a cikin gida da kuma duniya. Koyaya, aikinsa ya nutse a cikin madaidaiciyar hanya bayan an kwantar da shi don jagorantar Merry Men 2, fim ɗin da [[Ayo Makun]] (A.Y.) na Corporate World Entertainment ya samar, wanda ya fito a matsayin fim na biyu mafi girma na 2019. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Inwang shi ne yaron namiji da ya tsira a cikin iyali na shida bayan ya rasa ɗan'uwansa tun yana ƙarami. Ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo [[Emem Inwang]] . == Rayuwar sana'a == A shekara ta 2004, ya fara kamfanin samar da shi, Sneeze Films kuma ya fara da fim din Save My Soul . A shekara ta 2008, ya ba da umarnin fim din, Lost Maiden, fim din da ya kawo batun kaciya ta mata zuwa gabatarwa ta zamantakewa. Ya kuma yi Save Our Souls, fim mai ilmantarwa game da ciwon daji. Ya kuma ba da umarni kuma ya hada hannu da Damage a cikin 2011, fim din da ya shafi batun tashin hankali na cikin gida, yana karɓar kyaututtuka da yawa da kuma gabatarwa.<ref name="iroko" /> Labarin tunani mai ban tsoro Torn wanda ya samar a shekarar 2012 kuma wanda aka saki a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a shekarar 2013, ya ba shi da mafi yawan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da suka fito a ciki sun sami kyaututtuka da yawa. A shekara ta 2012, fim dinsa Damage ya sami Inwang gabatarwa don mafi kyawun darektan a Oscars na Afirka da aka gudanar a [[Florida]] Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maestromedia |date=7 July 2012 |title=2012 NAFCA Awards Nominees: The Full List |url=http://maestromedia.blogspot.com/2012/07/2012-nafca-awards-nominees-full-list.html |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> yayin da fim din ya lashe kyautar fim mafi kyau a African Oscars Awards. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nollywood & African Film Critics' Awards |url=https://letterboxd.com/tajlv/list/the-nollywood-african-film-critics-awards/ |access-date=6 January 2019 |website=letterboxd.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2013, ya lashe lambar yabo ta City People Award for Best Director . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2013 |title=City People Entertainment Awards & full list of winners. Photos Inclusive - Gistmania |url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,161129.0.html |access-date=6 January 2019 |website=www.gistmania.com}}</ref> Fim dinsa na 2013 Torn ya sami gabatarwa 9 a lambar yabo ta GIAMA a [[Houston|Houston, Texas]] da kuma gabatarwa 6 a Kyautar Nollywood . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2013 |title=Rita Dominic, OC Ukeje, Fathia Balogun, Uche Jombo, Mike Ezuruonye, Ireti Doyle & More Make the 2013 Best of Nollywood Awards Nominees List |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/09/rita-dominic-oc-ukeje-fathia-balogun-uche-jombo-mike-ezuruonye-ireti-doyle-more-make-the-2013-best-of-nollywood-awards-nominees-list/}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014 ya ci gaba da yin rikodin a matsayin Darakta na farko a Nollywood don karɓar gabatarwa biyu a matsayin mafi kyawun darektan a Nollywood Movies Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nollywood Movie Awards 2014. &#124; Xplorenollywood |url=https://xplorenollywood.com/nollywood-movie-awards-2014/}}</ref> Fim dinsa, The Last 3 Digits, an zabi shi don mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo a African Movie Academy Awards AMAA a cikin 2015 kuma an zaba shi daga cikin 'yan fina-finai na [[Nollywood]] da aka nuna wa dubban mutane a Nollywood Week Paris . Fim dinsa Stalker, wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya wanda aka fara a Najeriya a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2016, ya sami gabatarwa 10 kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka 3 a 2015 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards a Amurka. A cikin 2015 STALKER, wani fim da Moses Inwang ya rubuta, ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni, ya shiga cikin gabatarwa 12 a GIAMA awards Hin ouston kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka ga Bthe est Actor, Best actress da Best Film categories. Har ila yau a cikin 2015 Stalker ya lashe kyautar Best International Film a bikin fim na New York . A cikin 2017 fim dinsa na American Driver daga kamfanin samar da shi Sneeze Films ya sami lambar yabo mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na Peoples, Harlem New York . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The People's Film Festival on Instagram: "TPFF 2017 Winner : Best Comedy -American Driver @Regrann from @sneezemankind - Another one! we did it again! TPFF…" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BVXJ1HWDs8H/ |access-date=6 January 2019 |website=Instagram}}</ref> An kuma zabi ''Direban Amurka'' don "Comedy of the Year" a 2017 Best of Nollywood Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=BON Awards &#124; Nominees for the Best of Nollywood Awards, 2017 |url=http://www.bonawards.com/2017/09/06/nominees-for-the-best-of-nollywood-awards-2017/ |website=www.bonawards.com}}</ref> A cikin 2017, wani blockbuster, Alter Ego, wanda Moses Inwang ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito da [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade]], an sake shi ga masu sauraro masu sa ido sosai a cikin fina-finai na Najeriya kuma nan da nan ya zama mafi yawan magana game da fim na shekara. Alter Ego ta sami lambar yabo don Fim mafi Kyau a bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka AFRIFF . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2017 |title=AFRIFF 2017 WINNERS |url=https://afriff.com/afriff-2017-winners/ |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> Har ila yau, ya lashe kyautar Darakta mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na Nollywood na Toronto da kuma kyautar fim mafi kyau a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards AMVCA tare da fim din samun gabatarwa tara. An ba shi kyautar fim mafi kyau ta duniya a bikin fim na Peoples na NY . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The People's Film Festival on Instagram: "The People's Film Festival 2018 Best International Film "Alter Ego" #alterego #bestinternationalfilm #sneezemankind #thepeoplesfilmfestival…" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bj7XztPnCWJ/ |access-date=6 January 2019 |website=Instagram}}</ref> A cikin 2018, Moses Inwang ya samar da fim din Crazy People wanda ya zama daya daga cikin fina-finai goma mafi girma na shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sodas 'N' Popcorn Movie Blog |url=https://sodasandpopcorn.ng/ |website=Sodas 'N' Popcorn Blog}}</ref>[3]Daga baya ya fitar da wasan kwaikwayo na Cold Feet . A ƙarshen 2019, Musa ya yi kwangila da kamfanin A.Y's Corporate World Entertainment don jagorantar fim ɗin da ya lashe lambar yabo da yawa, Merry Men, kuma abin da ya biyo baya, Merry Man, 2, ya ci gaba da fitowa a matsayin fim na biyu mafi girma a ofishin akwatin a ƙarshen 2019 tare da jimlar miliyan 240. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Abin da ya faru !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2012 |Kyautar Oscars ta Afirka, Florida, Amurka |Fim mafi kyau | rowspan="2" |''Lalacewar''|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=August 2011&#124;publisher= |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201108010242.html}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Oscars ta Afirka |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="7" |2013 |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Jama'a]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu | rowspan="7" |''[[Torn|Rashin ƙarfi]]''|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2013 |title=City People Entertainment Awards & full list of winners. Photos Inclusive |url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,161129.0.html |website=Gistmania}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |2013 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards |Mafi kyawun Motsi|{{Nom}} | |- |Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako|{{Nom}} | |- |Hoton Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} | |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara|{{Nom}} | |- |2014 |Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards (GIAMA) |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Lambar 3 ta Ƙarshe''|{{Won}} | |- |2015 |Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards (GIAMA) |Fim mafi kyau (Drama) |''Mai sayarwa''|{{Won}} | |- |2016 |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Zulu ta Afirka |Darakta Mafi Kyawu ||{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Comedy na Shekara | rowspan="2" |''[[American driver|Direban Amurka]]''|{{Nom}} | |- |Kyautar Zaɓin Jama'a |Mafi Kyawun Comedy|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na Afirka (AMVCA) |Mafi kyawun Marubuci (Movie / TV Series) |[[Alter Ego (fim na 2017)|Canja Kai]]|{{Won}} | |- |[[2018 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Daraktan Shekara |''[[Body language (2021)|Harshe na Jiki]]''|{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="1" |2020 |Kyautar Hollywood ta Afirka ta 2020 |Darakta mafi kyau a cikin Fim mai zaman kansa (Afirka) |''Rashin Gaskiya''|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=HAPAWARDS &#124; HAPA 2020 Winners |url=https://www.hapawards.com/hapa-2020-winners/}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Jama'a |Mafi Kyawun Duniya |Ƙafafu na sanyi|{{Won}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |Ƙafafu na sanyi|{{Won}} |- |2022 |Bikin Fim na NollywoodWeek |Kyautar Zaɓin Jama'a |Rufewa|{{Won}} | |} == Hotunan fina-finai == '''Fim din da aka nuna''' {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Bayani !Fitowa !Matsayi !Irin wannan |- |1998 |''Mutane Biyu Masu Kyau'' |Moses Inwang ne ya samar da shi |[[Tony Umez]], Ernest Obi, Stephnora Okere |Mai gabatarwa |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2004 |''Ka ceci Rai na'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |Ndidi Obi, [[Zack Orji|Zach Orji]] |Mai gabatarwa |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2008 |''Mace da ta ɓace'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade]], [[Bimbo Akintola]], [[Kalu Ikeagwu]] |Chisom Oz-Lee ne ya samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2016 |''[[Stalker (fim na 2016)|Mai sayarwa]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Nse Ikpe-Etim]], [[Jim Iyke]], [[Caroline Danjuma]] |Darakta da marubuci |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- | rowspan="3" |2017 |''[[American driver|Direban Amurka]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |Evan King, [[Jim Iyke]], Anita Chris |Bode Ojo da Moses Inwang ne suka samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |''[[Alter Ego (fim na 2017)|Canja Kai]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade]], [[Wale Ojo]], [[Jide Kosoko]]; [[Emem Inwang]], [[Kunle Remi]] |Esther Eyibio ce ta samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |[[Body Language (fim na 2017)|''Harshe na Jiki'']] |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi | | | |- |2018 |''[[Crazy People (2018film)|Mutanen da suka haukace]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Chigul]], [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Kunle Afolayan]] |Mai gabatarwa |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2019 |''Ƙafafu na sanyi'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Jim Iyke]], [[Joselyn Dumas]], [[Enyinna Nwigwe]], [[Beverly Naya]], [[Femi Adebayo]] |Mai gabatarwa |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2019 |''[[Maza masu farin jini 2|Maza Masu Farin Ciki 2]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Jim Iyke]], [[Ayo Makun]], [[Ramsey Nouah]] |Ayo Makun ne ya samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2020 |''[[Unroyal|Rashin Gaskiya]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Pete Edochie]], [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]], Matilda Lambert, [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]], Ik Ogbonna, [[Femi Adebayo|Femi Adebayo Salami]], Ime Bishop Umoh, Abayomi Alvin, [[Linda Osifo]], Emem Inwang |Matilda Lambert Productions ne ya samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2021 |''[[Lockdown (2021Nigerian film)|Rufewa]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde]], [[Sola Sobowale]], [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Akpotha]], [[Deyemi Okanlawon]], Nobert Young, [[Charles Awurum]], [[Ini Dima-Okojie]], [[Jide Kene Achufusi]] |Rukeme David Eruotor ne ya samar da shi. Michael Djaba |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2021 |''[[Bad comments|Magana mara kyau]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Jim Iyke]], [[Osas Ighodaro]], [[Sharon Ooja]], Ini Edo, [[Ayo Makun]], [[Yemi Blaq]], [[Chiwetalu Agu|Chikwetalu Agu]], [[Patience Ozokwor]], Edward Chukwuma-Jiah, Ben Lugo Touitou, |Darlington Abuda ne ya samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |''[[Merry Men 3|Maza Masu Farin Ciki 3: Nemesis]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |Fred Amata, Segun Arinze, Olurotimi Adeyemo, Katerina Ataman |Darlington Abuda ne ya samar da shi |Fim ɗin da aka nuna |- |''[[Blood Vessels (fim na 2023)|Jirgin Jini]]'' | | |Daraktan | |- |2024 |''[[Dead Serious (fim)|Matattu Mai tsanani]]'' | |[[Sharon Ooja]] |Daraktan | |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3hp5oahvguadcdk3nns2s3d8snitt7o 969238 969237 2026-10-18T18:34:29Z Salma Raddah 45959 969238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Moses Inwang (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1978) shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, furodusa, edita, kuma marubucin allo wanda aka fi sani da fina-fakkaatu na gargajiya a cikin [[Nollywood]] waɗanda ke magana da matsalolin al'umma da batutuwan rayuwa masu banƙyama waɗanda ba a rubuta su a fina-fukkunan Najeriya. A cikin shekara ta 2012, Inwang ya sami karbuwa sosai saboda aikinsa a matsayin darektan da kuma furodusa na fim mai ban tsoro na tunani Torn[[Torn|Rashin ƙarfi]] ''[[Torn]]'' ,⁣<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2013 |title=Torn |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3460492/ |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2013 |title=Movie review: With 'Torn', Moses Iwang finally makes an impression » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/movie-review-with-torn-moses-iwang-finally-makes-an-impression/ |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> as a Director and Producer,Movie released in cinemas nationwide in 2013. With multiple nominations, award<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=Full List of Winners for Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards 2013 Released |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2013/10/full-list-of-winners-for-giama-2013/ |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> and recognition bagged from that movie, he went on to direct and produce other hits like Damage, Cold Feet, [[Stalker (fim na 2016)|''Stalker'']], Last 3 digits, ''[[Alter Ego (fim na 2017)|Alter Ego]]'', Crazy People, [[American driver|American Driver]]'', Unroyal, and lastly ''[[Maza masu farin jini 2|Merry Men 2]]''; [[Ayo Makun]] (AY)’s blockbuster film, which emerged as the 2nd highest-grossing movie of 2019 in Nigeria with a sum of 240 million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2020 |title=Top 10 Highest Grossing Nigerian movies of the last decade (2009 – 2019) |url=https://www.morebranches.com/nollywood-highest-grossing-movies/}}</ref> '' Tare da aikin da ya kai sama da shekaru ashirin, '''Sneezemankind''' kamar yadda aka yi masa jawabi, ya sami lambar yabo ta farko a fim a shekarar 1998 lokacin da ya hada kai da Two Good Men . A shekara ta 2004 ya fara kamfanin samar da shi, Sneeze Films, kuma ya fara da fim din Save My Soul . 2008, duk da haka, ya gan shi yana jagorantar fim din, Lost Maiden, <ref>{{Cite web |last=New York Nigeria |title=Lost Maiden by Chisom Oz-lee |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbru0nEcwsc |access-date=6 January 2019 |via=YouTube}}</ref> fim din da ya kawo batun batun kaciya ta mata zuwa gaba, wanda ya jagoranci tattaunawar zamantakewa. Ya ci gaba da yin Save Our Souls, fim mai ilmantarwa game da ciwon daji. Ya kuma ba da umarni kuma ya hada hannu da Damage a cikin 2011, yana magana game da batun tashin hankali na cikin gida, fim din da ya sami gabatarwa da yawa kuma ya fitar da kyaututtuka a [[Florida]], Amurka. <ref name="iroko">{{Cite web |date=17 September 2012 |title=Uche Jombo's Movie Damage(2012) Wins Two Awards |url=http://blog.irokotv.com/2012/09/17/uche-jombos-damage2012-wins-two-awards/ |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> == Ilimi == Inwang ta halarci [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]] . == Ayyuka == Inwang ya shiga cikin haske kuma da sauri ya sami karbuwa mai mahimmanci don jagorantar abin ban tsoro na tunani, Torn, wanda ya samar kuma ya saki a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar. Fim din ya ba shi lambar yabo da yawa da kuma karbuwa a cikin gida da kuma duniya. Koyaya, aikinsa ya nutse a cikin madaidaiciyar hanya bayan an kwantar da shi don jagorantar Merry Men 2, fim ɗin da [[Ayo Makun]] (A.Y.) na Corporate World Entertainment ya samar, wanda ya fito a matsayin fim na biyu mafi girma na 2019. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Inwang shi ne yaron namiji da ya tsira a cikin iyali na shida bayan ya rasa ɗan'uwansa tun yana ƙarami. Ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo [[Emem Inwang]] . == Rayuwar sana'a == A shekara ta 2004, ya fara kamfanin samar da shi, Sneeze Films kuma ya fara da fim din Save My Soul . A shekara ta 2008, ya ba da umarnin fim din, Lost Maiden, fim din da ya kawo batun kaciya ta mata zuwa gabatarwa ta zamantakewa. Ya kuma yi Save Our Souls, fim mai ilmantarwa game da ciwon daji. Ya kuma ba da umarni kuma ya hada hannu da Damage a cikin 2011, fim din da ya shafi batun tashin hankali na cikin gida, yana karɓar kyaututtuka da yawa da kuma gabatarwa.<ref name="iroko" /> Labarin tunani mai ban tsoro Torn wanda ya samar a shekarar 2012 kuma wanda aka saki a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a shekarar 2013, ya ba shi da mafi yawan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da suka fito a ciki sun sami kyaututtuka da yawa. A shekara ta 2012, fim dinsa Damage ya sami Inwang gabatarwa don mafi kyawun darektan a Oscars na Afirka da aka gudanar a [[Florida]] Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maestromedia |date=7 July 2012 |title=2012 NAFCA Awards Nominees: The Full List |url=http://maestromedia.blogspot.com/2012/07/2012-nafca-awards-nominees-full-list.html |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> yayin da fim din ya lashe kyautar fim mafi kyau a African Oscars Awards. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nollywood & African Film Critics' Awards |url=https://letterboxd.com/tajlv/list/the-nollywood-african-film-critics-awards/ |access-date=6 January 2019 |website=letterboxd.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2013, ya lashe lambar yabo ta City People Award for Best Director . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2013 |title=City People Entertainment Awards & full list of winners. Photos Inclusive - Gistmania |url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,161129.0.html |access-date=6 January 2019 |website=www.gistmania.com}}</ref> Fim dinsa na 2013 Torn ya sami gabatarwa 9 a lambar yabo ta GIAMA a [[Houston|Houston, Texas]] da kuma gabatarwa 6 a Kyautar Nollywood . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2013 |title=Rita Dominic, OC Ukeje, Fathia Balogun, Uche Jombo, Mike Ezuruonye, Ireti Doyle & More Make the 2013 Best of Nollywood Awards Nominees List |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/09/rita-dominic-oc-ukeje-fathia-balogun-uche-jombo-mike-ezuruonye-ireti-doyle-more-make-the-2013-best-of-nollywood-awards-nominees-list/}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014 ya ci gaba da yin rikodin a matsayin Darakta na farko a Nollywood don karɓar gabatarwa biyu a matsayin mafi kyawun darektan a Nollywood Movies Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nollywood Movie Awards 2014. &#124; Xplorenollywood |url=https://xplorenollywood.com/nollywood-movie-awards-2014/}}</ref> Fim dinsa, The Last 3 Digits, an zabi shi don mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo a African Movie Academy Awards AMAA a cikin 2015 kuma an zaba shi daga cikin 'yan fina-finai na [[Nollywood]] da aka nuna wa dubban mutane a Nollywood Week Paris . Fim dinsa Stalker, wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya wanda aka fara a Najeriya a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2016, ya sami gabatarwa 10 kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka 3 a 2015 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards a Amurka. A cikin 2015 STALKER, wani fim da Moses Inwang ya rubuta, ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni, ya shiga cikin gabatarwa 12 a GIAMA awards Hin ouston kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka ga Bthe est Actor, Best actress da Best Film categories. Har ila yau a cikin 2015 Stalker ya lashe kyautar Best International Film a bikin fim na New York . A cikin 2017 fim dinsa na American Driver daga kamfanin samar da shi Sneeze Films ya sami lambar yabo mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na Peoples, Harlem New York . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The People's Film Festival on Instagram: "TPFF 2017 Winner : Best Comedy -American Driver @Regrann from @sneezemankind - Another one! we did it again! TPFF…" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BVXJ1HWDs8H/ |access-date=6 January 2019 |website=Instagram}}</ref> An kuma zabi ''Direban Amurka'' don "Comedy of the Year" a 2017 Best of Nollywood Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |title=BON Awards &#124; Nominees for the Best of Nollywood Awards, 2017 |url=http://www.bonawards.com/2017/09/06/nominees-for-the-best-of-nollywood-awards-2017/ |website=www.bonawards.com}}</ref> A cikin 2017, wani blockbuster, Alter Ego, wanda Moses Inwang ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito da [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade]], an sake shi ga masu sauraro masu sa ido sosai a cikin fina-finai na Najeriya kuma nan da nan ya zama mafi yawan magana game da fim na shekara. Alter Ego ta sami lambar yabo don Fim mafi Kyau a bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka AFRIFF . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2017 |title=AFRIFF 2017 WINNERS |url=https://afriff.com/afriff-2017-winners/ |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> Har ila yau, ya lashe kyautar Darakta mafi kyau a bikin fina-finai na Nollywood na Toronto da kuma kyautar fim mafi kyau a Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards AMVCA tare da fim din samun gabatarwa tara. An ba shi kyautar fim mafi kyau ta duniya a bikin fim na Peoples na NY . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The People's Film Festival on Instagram: "The People's Film Festival 2018 Best International Film "Alter Ego" #alterego #bestinternationalfilm #sneezemankind #thepeoplesfilmfestival…" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bj7XztPnCWJ/ |access-date=6 January 2019 |website=Instagram}}</ref> A cikin 2018, Moses Inwang ya samar da fim din Crazy People wanda ya zama daya daga cikin fina-finai goma mafi girma na shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sodas 'N' Popcorn Movie Blog |url=https://sodasandpopcorn.ng/ |website=Sodas 'N' Popcorn Blog}}</ref>[3]Daga baya ya fitar da wasan kwaikwayo na Cold Feet . A ƙarshen 2019, Musa ya yi kwangila da kamfanin A.Y's Corporate World Entertainment don jagorantar fim ɗin da ya lashe lambar yabo da yawa, Merry Men, kuma abin da ya biyo baya, Merry Man, 2, ya ci gaba da fitowa a matsayin fim na biyu mafi girma a ofishin akwatin a ƙarshen 2019 tare da jimlar miliyan 240. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Abin da ya faru !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2012 |Kyautar Oscars ta Afirka, Florida, Amurka |Fim mafi kyau | rowspan="2" |''Lalacewar''|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=August 2011&#124;publisher= |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201108010242.html}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Oscars ta Afirka |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="7" |2013 |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Jama'a]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu | rowspan="7" |''[[Torn|Rashin ƙarfi]]''|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2013 |title=City People Entertainment Awards & full list of winners. Photos Inclusive |url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,161129.0.html |website=Gistmania}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |2013 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards |Mafi kyawun Motsi|{{Nom}} | |- |Wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin|{{Nom}} | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako|{{Nom}} | |- |Hoton Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} | |- |Mai gabatarwa na Shekara|{{Nom}} | |- |2014 |Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards (GIAMA) |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Lambar 3 ta Ƙarshe''|{{Won}} | |- |2015 |Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards (GIAMA) |Fim mafi kyau (Drama) |''Mai sayarwa''|{{Won}} | |- |2016 |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Zulu ta Afirka |Darakta Mafi Kyawu ||{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Comedy na Shekara | rowspan="2" |''[[American driver|Direban Amurka]]''|{{Nom}} | |- |Kyautar Zaɓin Jama'a |Mafi Kyawun Comedy|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na Afirka (AMVCA) |Mafi kyawun Marubuci (Movie / TV Series) |[[Alter Ego (fim na 2017)|Canja Kai]]|{{Won}} | |- |[[2018 Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Daraktan Shekara |''[[Body language (2021)|Harshe na Jiki]]''|{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="1" |2020 |Kyautar Hollywood ta Afirka ta 2020 |Darakta mafi kyau a cikin Fim mai zaman kansa (Afirka) |''Rashin Gaskiya''|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=HAPAWARDS &#124; HAPA 2020 Winners |url=https://www.hapawards.com/hapa-2020-winners/}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Jama'a |Mafi Kyawun Duniya |Ƙafafu na sanyi|{{Won}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |Ƙafafu na sanyi|{{Won}} |- |2022 |Bikin Fim na NollywoodWeek |Kyautar Zaɓin Jama'a |Rufewa|{{Won}} | |} == Hotunan fina-finai == '''Fim din da aka nuna''' {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Bayani !Fitowa !Matsayi !Irin wannan |- |1998 |''Mutane Biyu Masu Kyau'' |Moses Inwang ne ya samar da shi |[[Tony Umez]], Ernest Obi, Stephnora Okere |Mai gabatarwa |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2004 |''Ka ceci Rai na'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |Ndidi Obi, [[Zack Orji|Zach Orji]] |Mai gabatarwa |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2008 |''Mace da ta ɓace'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade]], [[Bimbo Akintola]], [[Kalu Ikeagwu]] |Chisom Oz-Lee ne ya samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2016 |''[[Stalker (fim na 2016)|Mai sayarwa]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Nse Ikpe-Etim]], [[Jim Iyke]], [[Caroline Danjuma]] |Darakta da marubuci |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- | rowspan="3" |2017 |''[[American driver|Direban Amurka]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |Evan King, [[Jim Iyke]], Anita Chris |Bode Ojo da Moses Inwang ne suka samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |''[[Alter Ego (fim na 2017)|Canja Kai]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade]], [[Wale Ojo]], [[Jide Kosoko]]; [[Emem Inwang]], [[Kunle Remi]] |Esther Eyibio ce ta samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |[[Body Language (fim na 2017)|''Harshe na Jiki'']] |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi | | | |- |2018 |''[[Crazy People (2018film)|Mutanen da suka haukace]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Chigul]], [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Kunle Afolayan]] |Mai gabatarwa |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2019 |''Ƙafafu na sanyi'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Jim Iyke]], [[Joselyn Dumas]], [[Enyinna Nwigwe]], [[Beverly Naya]], [[Femi Adebayo]] |Mai gabatarwa |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2019 |''[[Maza masu farin jini 2|Maza Masu Farin Ciki 2]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Jim Iyke]], [[Ayo Makun]], [[Ramsey Nouah]] |Ayo Makun ne ya samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2020 |''[[Unroyal|Rashin Gaskiya]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Pete Edochie]], [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]], Matilda Lambert, [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]], Ik Ogbonna, [[Femi Adebayo|Femi Adebayo Salami]], Ime Bishop Umoh, Abayomi Alvin, [[Linda Osifo]], Emem Inwang |Matilda Lambert Productions ne ya samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2021 |''[[Lockdown (2021Nigerian film)|Rufewa]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde]], [[Sola Sobowale]], [[Chioma Chukwuka|Chioma Akpotha]], [[Deyemi Okanlawon]], Nobert Young, [[Charles Awurum]], [[Ini Dima-Okojie]], [[Jide Kene Achufusi]] |Rukeme David Eruotor ne ya samar da shi. Michael Djaba |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- |2021 |''[[Bad comments|Magana mara kyau]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |[[Jim Iyke]], [[Osas Ighodaro]], [[Sharon Ooja]], Ini Edo, [[Ayo Makun]], [[Yemi Blaq]], [[Chiwetalu Agu|Chikwetalu Agu]], [[Patience Ozokwor]], Edward Chukwuma-Jiah, Ben Lugo Touitou, |Darlington Abuda ne ya samar da shi |Fim mai ban sha'awa |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |''[[Merry Men 3|Maza Masu Farin Ciki 3: Nemesis]]'' |Moses Inwang ne ya shirya shi |Fred Amata, Segun Arinze, Olurotimi Adeyemo, Katerina Ataman |Darlington Abuda ne ya samar da shi |Fim ɗin da aka nuna |- |''[[Blood Vessels (fim na 2023)|Jirgin Jini]]'' | | |Daraktan | |- |2024 |''[[Dead Serious (fim)|Matattu Mai tsanani]]'' | |[[Sharon Ooja]] |Daraktan | |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t7pkuv5mtf0sunei56cnp188ceommo8 0 54158 969370 932978 2026-10-19T06:33:31Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372539936|Ndave David Njoku]]" 969370 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Njoku''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi '''Ndave David Njoku''') ɗan fim ne na Najeriya, manajan samarwa tare da masana'antar [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=friendite talks with Ndave David |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Ndave ya fito ne daga Ukelefi a yankin karamar hukumar Nkanu ta Gabas ta Jihar Enugu amma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Abraka, Jihar Delta, Najeriya. Shi ne ɗa na ƙarshe daga cikin iyali na yara bakwai kuma ya girma ba tare da uba ba saboda mutuwarsa ba tare da lokaci ba lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 14 kawai.[1][2] == Ilimi == Ndave ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Abraka . Ya kammala digiri na farko a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] (DELSU). <ref>{{Cite web |title=talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Gwajin Ndave na farko ya kasance a shekara ta 2004 a karkashin kulawar Mr. Perfect, wanda ya faranta masa rai kuma ya gaya masa cewa ba shi da makoma a cikin fim din. Kashegari ya koma filin sauraro kuma ya ɗauki wani yanki daga rubutun su. Ya yi amfani da rubutun don gyara labarin a cikin kansa kuma ya rubuta rubutun shafi 4. Ya ɗauki rubutun zuwa Cocin Katolika na St. Paul, [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] kuma ya tafi tafiya tare da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo. Daga can mutane sun fara ƙarfafa shi ya shiga cikin duniyar fim. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa sune yin bincike da wasa wasanni. Daraktocin da Ndave ya fi so sune Mista Ifeanyi Ikenyi (Mista Hollywood) da Mista Chris Nkem Okafor a.k.a. ChrisNX. Mafi kyawun mai shirya fina-finai na kasashen waje shine Steven Spielberg . Ya kuma yi aiki tare da Sarauniya [[Collete Nwadike]] Exquisite Face of Universe . == Ayyuka == Fim dinsa na farko shi ne Smack Down, inda ya yi aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na A-list kamar [[Van Vicker]], Chiwetalu Agu da [[Uche Jombo]] . Daga nan ya samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai taken The War Lord kuma 2008, Ndave ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa tare da Oshilim Gabriel da Oshilam Anthony, fim, Wicked Conscience, tare da Chiwetalu Agu, John Paul, [[Uche Elendu]], da Emmanuel Ahummadu a.k.a. Labista. Fim din ya yi mummunar sakamako kuma ya shiga hutu na shekaru hudu. A cikin 2012, Ndave ya fara daga karami a matsayin manajan wuri a [[Awka]], [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]. Bayan shekara guda ya haɗu da manajan wuri da matsayin manajan samarwa. Sa'an nan kuma ya sake shiga cikin samarwa kuma ya yi fina-finai masu zuwa: * Bottle da ya fashe * JohnPaul da Rebecca * Ƙananan Calabash * Yarinyar Plantain * Ghetto Kunshin * Ya Kuɗi na Jinin * Rashin tausayi na Nene * Hawaye na Nene ''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie &#124; FriendITEgossip |url=http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918052209/http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-09-18 |access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>'' In 2015, Ndave David Njoku co-produced the first ever blockbuster cinema movie in the Eastern region, ''The Last Kidnap''. The movie was produced by Kas-Vid International and directed by Ifeanyi Ikpeonyi a.k.a. Mr. Hollywood.This year 2016 gave Ndave the opportunity to shoot his first short cinema film titled ''The Inhaler'' by CD Initiative Films. He also co-produced another blockbuster, ''Polygamous Family'' starring [[Pete Edochie]], Remi Ohajianya, Imet Goodluck .a.k.a. Tallest man. The film was produced by OG Best International.Completed a new movie starring [[Nkem Owoh]], Tana Adelena Egbo, and others, for Amaco Investment and just concluded a movie project for Dekross Productions, he has also work with [[Kingsley Onyenma]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}} He has worked with different Movies Actors, Actresses, Models and other Entertainment Industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEET NDAVE DAVID NJOKU, NOLLYWOOD FILMMAKER ...Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=永旺快投网-优惠大厅 |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] pgvi40q03x9iko67xnev6ypc9vqtpgm 969371 969370 2026-10-19T06:33:59Z Salma Raddah 45959 969371 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Njoku''' Listenⓘ (an haife shi '''Ndave David Njoku''') ɗan fim ne na Najeriya, manajan samarwa tare da masana'antar [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=friendite talks with Ndave David |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184404/http://ndavedavid.com/ndave/ |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == {{Databox}} Ndave ya fito ne daga Ukelefi a yankin karamar hukumar Nkanu ta Gabas ta Jihar Enugu amma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Abraka, Jihar Delta, Najeriya. Shi ne ɗa na ƙarshe daga cikin iyali na yara bakwai kuma ya girma ba tare da uba ba saboda mutuwarsa ba tare da lokaci ba lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 14 kawai.[1][2] == Ilimi == Ndave ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Abraka . Ya kammala digiri na farko a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] (DELSU). <ref>{{Cite web |title=talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Gwajin Ndave na farko ya kasance a shekara ta 2004 a karkashin kulawar Mr. Perfect, wanda ya faranta masa rai kuma ya gaya masa cewa ba shi da makoma a cikin fim din. Kashegari ya koma filin sauraro kuma ya ɗauki wani yanki daga rubutun su. Ya yi amfani da rubutun don gyara labarin a cikin kansa kuma ya rubuta rubutun shafi 4. Ya ɗauki rubutun zuwa Cocin Katolika na St. Paul, [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] kuma ya tafi tafiya tare da ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo. Daga can mutane sun fara ƙarfafa shi ya shiga cikin duniyar fim. Abubuwan da yake sha'awa sune yin bincike da wasa wasanni. Daraktocin da Ndave ya fi so sune Mista Ifeanyi Ikenyi (Mista Hollywood) da Mista Chris Nkem Okafor a.k.a. ChrisNX. Mafi kyawun mai shirya fina-finai na kasashen waje shine Steven Spielberg . Ya kuma yi aiki tare da Sarauniya [[Collete Nwadike]] Exquisite Face of Universe . == Ayyuka == Fim dinsa na farko shi ne Smack Down, inda ya yi aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na A-list kamar [[Van Vicker]], Chiwetalu Agu da [[Uche Jombo]] . Daga nan ya samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai taken The War Lord kuma 2008, Ndave ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa tare da Oshilim Gabriel da Oshilam Anthony, fim, Wicked Conscience, tare da Chiwetalu Agu, John Paul, [[Uche Elendu]], da Emmanuel Ahummadu a.k.a. Labista. Fim din ya yi mummunar sakamako kuma ya shiga hutu na shekaru hudu. A cikin 2012, Ndave ya fara daga karami a matsayin manajan wuri a [[Awka]], [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]]. Bayan shekara guda ya haɗu da manajan wuri da matsayin manajan samarwa. Sa'an nan kuma ya sake shiga cikin samarwa kuma ya yi fina-finai masu zuwa: * Bottle da ya fashe * JohnPaul da Rebecca * Ƙananan Calabash * Yarinyar Plantain * Ghetto Kunshin * Ya Kuɗi na Jinin * Rashin tausayi na Nene * Hawaye na Nene ''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie &#124; FriendITEgossip |url=http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918052209/http://frienditegossip.com/nollywood-filmmaker-ndave-david-njoku-concludes-a-new-movie/ |archive-date=2016-09-18 |access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>'' In 2015, Ndave David Njoku co-produced the first ever blockbuster cinema movie in the Eastern region, ''The Last Kidnap''. The movie was produced by Kas-Vid International and directed by Ifeanyi Ikpeonyi a.k.a. Mr. Hollywood.This year 2016 gave Ndave the opportunity to shoot his first short cinema film titled ''The Inhaler'' by CD Initiative Films. He also co-produced another blockbuster, ''Polygamous Family'' starring [[Pete Edochie]], Remi Ohajianya, Imet Goodluck .a.k.a. Tallest man. The film was produced by OG Best International.Completed a new movie starring [[Nkem Owoh]], Tana Adelena Egbo, and others, for Amaco Investment and just concluded a movie project for Dekross Productions, he has also work with [[Kingsley Onyenma]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}} He has worked with different Movies Actors, Actresses, Models and other Entertainment Industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEET NDAVE DAVID NJOKU, NOLLYWOOD FILMMAKER ...Nollywood Filmmaker, NDave David Njoku concludes a new movie ... |url=https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827011445/https://talks.friendite.com/meet-ndave-david-njoku-nollywood-filmmaker/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=永旺快投网-优惠大厅 |url=http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910050940/http://talksfriendite.com/tag/ndave-david-njoku/ |archive-date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] 9m6ja6zb2fj893kfg2p6l7q471gtt8w 0 54362 969100 933186 2026-10-18T15:50:48Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345739470|Charles Okpaleke]]" 969100 wikitext text/x-wiki Charles Okpaleke, OON // i (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1983) shi ne mai shirya fina-finai na Najeriya. [1][2] Fim dinsa na farko, Living In Bondage: Breaking Free ya lashe kyaututtuka bakwai a Afirka Magic Viewers" Choice Awards 2020, gami da Mafi Kyawun Fim (Yammacin Afirka) da Mafi Kyawu na Fim. [3][4] Ya kuma sami haƙƙin sake fasalin tsoffin Nollywood ciki har da Rattle Snake, Nneka the Pretty Serpent da Glamour Girls.[5][6][7][8] == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Okpaleke ne ga Julian Chukwuemeka Okpaleke, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Business Directory - Find Companies, People & Places in Nigeria |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/ |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> Mataimakin Sufeto-Janar na 'yan sanda na Najeriya da Florence Ngozi Okpaleke. Okpaleke ya halarci [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarakuna Legas]] da [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kings College, Lagos |url=https://kingscollegelagos.sch.ng/home |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=kingscollegelagos.sch.ng}}</ref> inda ya sami digiri na farko a shekara ta 2005. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arzikin lafiya da manufofin kiwon lafiya daga Jami'ar Birmingham a shekara ta 2007. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A New Frontier for Nollywood: Remakes |url=https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/a-new-frontier-for-nollywood-remakes/286062/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817051649/https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/a-new-frontier-for-nollywood-remakes/286062/ |archive-date=17 August 2020 |access-date=15 August 2020 |website=OZY}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2015, Charles Okpaleke ya sami haƙƙin Living in Bondage daga Kenneth Nnebue don sakewa. A cikin 2018, an bayyana cewa fim din zai zama mai ci gaba maimakon sakewa kuma mai taken Living in Bondage: Breaking Free . Babban daukar hoto na Living in Bondage: Breaking Free ya faru ne a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Owerri]] da [[Durban]]. Kamar yadda tasirin annobar coronavirus ya fi wuya a Nollywood, Charles Okpaleke ya gabatar da gidajen silima a [[Abuja]] da Legas, Najeriya. Ya yi wannan tare da hadin gwiwar Silverbird Group da Genesis Cinemas.<ref name="Reuters" /> Okpaleke ya kuma sami haƙƙin sake sakewa wasu nau'ikan Nollywood guda uku, Rattle Snake, Nneka the Pretty Serpent da Glamour Girls ta hanyar kamfanin Play Network Africa. == Kyautar == Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]], a ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2023, ya amince da bayar da lambar yabo ta musamman ta kasa ta 2023 a kan 'yan Najeriya 340. An girmama Charles Okpaleke saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fannonin wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗa, tare da David Adeleke ([[Davido]]) da [[Kunle Afolayan|Kunle Afolanya]] da sauransu. An ba wa su lambar yabo ta Ofishin Order of Niger (OON). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] 44svoufjm3v0yiw0izcqlaybo7t9cyt 969101 969100 2026-10-18T15:51:48Z Salma Raddah 45959 969101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Charles Okpaleke, OON // i (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1983) shi ne mai shirya fina-finai na Najeriya. [1][2] Fim dinsa na farko, Living In Bondage: Breaking Free ya lashe kyaututtuka bakwai a Afirka Magic Viewers" Choice Awards 2020, gami da Mafi Kyawun Fim (Yammacin Afirka) da Mafi Kyawu na Fim. [3][4] Ya kuma sami haƙƙin sake fasalin tsoffin Nollywood ciki har da Rattle Snake, Nneka the Pretty Serpent da Glamour Girls.[5][6][7][8] == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Okpaleke ne ga Julian Chukwuemeka Okpaleke, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Business Directory - Find Companies, People & Places in Nigeria |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/ |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> Mataimakin Sufeto-Janar na 'yan sanda na Najeriya da Florence Ngozi Okpaleke. Okpaleke ya halarci [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarakuna Legas]] da [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kings College, Lagos |url=https://kingscollegelagos.sch.ng/home |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=kingscollegelagos.sch.ng}}</ref> inda ya sami digiri na farko a shekara ta 2005. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arzikin lafiya da manufofin kiwon lafiya daga Jami'ar Birmingham a shekara ta 2007. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A New Frontier for Nollywood: Remakes |url=https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/a-new-frontier-for-nollywood-remakes/286062/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817051649/https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/a-new-frontier-for-nollywood-remakes/286062/ |archive-date=17 August 2020 |access-date=15 August 2020 |website=OZY}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2015, Charles Okpaleke ya sami haƙƙin Living in Bondage daga Kenneth Nnebue don sakewa. A cikin 2018, an bayyana cewa fim din zai zama mai ci gaba maimakon sakewa kuma mai taken Living in Bondage: Breaking Free . Babban daukar hoto na Living in Bondage: Breaking Free ya faru ne a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Owerri]] da [[Durban]]. Kamar yadda tasirin annobar coronavirus ya fi wuya a Nollywood, Charles Okpaleke ya gabatar da gidajen silima a [[Abuja]] da Legas, Najeriya. Ya yi wannan tare da hadin gwiwar Silverbird Group da Genesis Cinemas.<ref name="Reuters" /> Okpaleke ya kuma sami haƙƙin sake sakewa wasu nau'ikan Nollywood guda uku, Rattle Snake, Nneka the Pretty Serpent da Glamour Girls ta hanyar kamfanin Play Network Africa. == Kyautar == Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]], a ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2023, ya amince da bayar da lambar yabo ta musamman ta kasa ta 2023 a kan 'yan Najeriya 340. An girmama Charles Okpaleke saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fannonin wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗa, tare da David Adeleke ([[Davido]]) da [[Kunle Afolayan|Kunle Afolanya]] da sauransu. An ba wa su lambar yabo ta Ofishin Order of Niger (OON). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] mupjl8011ospz09ocy69tdmjxid0x6b 0 54963 969028 725411 2026-10-18T12:39:03Z Salma Raddah 45959 969028 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hassana Abdullahi''' Jaruma ce a masana'antar fim ta [[Hausa]] wato masana'antar [[kannywood]] ta Dan jima a masana'antar tayi fina finai da dama a masana'antar tare da yar uwarta Hussaina.<ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/i-wont-wait-for-my-twins-if-i-get-suitor-hassana-musa-abdullahi/</ref> == Tarihin == Cikakken sunan ta shine '''Hassana Musa Abdullahi''' , jaruma ce a masana'antar fim din Hausa wato kannywood. An haifeta tare da yar uwarta hussaina a ranar 20 ga watan fabrairu shekarar 1995 a unguwa uku Karamar hukumar Tarauni a cikin jihar <ref>https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160123/281702613727649</ref>kano. Sun girma ita da yar uwarta a cikin garin [[Kano]], haka zalika su yaren Hausa ne da kuma [[Fulani]] . == Karatu == Jarumar tayi karatun firamare tare da yar uwarta hussaina a makarantar dake unguwa uku special primary school, sunyi karatun sakandiri a government girls secondary school Johanna a garin kano. Bayan ta gama hassana ta shiga kwalejin Aminu Kano inda tayi difloma ta Karanci Islamic and legal studies, inda ta gama a shekarar 2014.<ref>https://hausa.legit.ng/1145901-kannywood-yadda-wasu-tagwaye-ke-sharar-fage-a-shirin-fim.html</ref> == Masana'antar Fim == Hassana ta Sami shiga masana'antar ita da yar uwarta Hussaina ta hanyar abokin Hussaina na makaranta Wanda darakta ne a masana'antar. Farko Yana Kiran su suga yanda ake yin fim din daga Nan suke Sha,awan fim din. Sun shiga masana'antar fim a shekarar 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/fa5d58a509c261d8fcc10e9e38aa96ce |access-date=2023-07-30 |archive-date=2023-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730155954/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/fa5d58a509c261d8fcc10e9e38aa96ce |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Fina Finan Ta * Juyin Mulki * fitsarin fako * Mairon kauye * Ibro Dan karota * duka biyu * Sabon Dan tijara == Manazarta == {{Reflist }} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan kwaikwayo]] 335zzet9vx79oxy029ycbal15rkrl7g 0 56625 969207 503815 2026-10-18T17:31:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Abideen Olasupo.jpg|thumb|Hutun, ]] '''Olasupo Abideen Opeyemi''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1993) a Ifon, [[Osun|Jihar Osun]], ɗan kasuwan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne, wanda ya kafa OPAB Gas and Brain Buiders Youth Development Initiative (BBYDI). Shi mai bada shawara ne na SDGs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Owoyele |first=Tola |date=2021-12-14 |title=CLOSE-UP: Olasupo Abideen, Nigerian Who Returned $2,397 Excess Payment Amid Curses and Jeers |url=https://fij.ng/article/close-up-olasupo-abideen-nigerian-who-returned-2397-excess-payment-amid-curses-and-jeers/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=Foundation For Investigative Journalism |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OLASUPO Abideen Opeyemi {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/people/olasupo-abideen-opeyemi |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref> [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta gayyaci '''Olasupo Abideen''' don yin jawabi a taron Majalisar Matasa na Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa (ECOSOC) na shekarar 2023 da yake magana a kan taken "Karfafa Amincewar Matasa a Multi-lateralism: Exploring Intergenerational and Peer-to-Peer Dialogue.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ileyemi |first=Mariam |date=2023-04-25 |title=Young Nigerian entrepreneur to speak at UN event |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/595099-young-nigerian-entrepreneur-to-speak-at-un-event.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Har ila yau, an bayyana sunan sa a cikin matasan masu fafutuka da za su yi jawabi a dandalin matasa na UNGASS kan batutuwa da hanyoyin magance cin hanci da rashawa da kuma samar da hadin kai a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasak |first=Adekunle |date=2021-05-24 |title=27-year-old Abideen to represent Nigeria at UN Corruption Summit |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/27-year-old-abideen-to-represent-nigeria-at-un-corruption-summit/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Grace Nursery and Primary School, Ilobu, da kuma Al-Mansoor Model College, bi da bi. Ya yi karatun sakandare a [[Jami'ar Ilorin|Jami’ar Ilorin]] inda ya yi digiri a fannin ilmin sinadarai.<ref name=":0"/> == Sana'a == Olasupo shine wanda ya kafa kuma babban darakta na kungiyar Brain Builders Youth Development Initiative. Har ila yau, shi mamba ne na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Duniya Goals. Ya ba da shawarar a fassara SDGs zuwa harsunan yanki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-21 |title=Abideen Olasupo, Author at We Are Restless |url=https://wearerestless.org/author/abideenolasupo/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=We Are Restless |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201123713/https://wearerestless.org/author/abideenolasupo/ |archive-date=2023-12-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A halin yanzu, yana shirya masu fafutuka na al'umma don ganawa da masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin dukkanin kananan hukumomi 774 a kokarin da suke yi na taimakawa wajen mayar da su gida da kuma mafi mahimmanci, nasarar da aka samu na SDGs. Mista Olasupo ya kasance jagoran masu fafutukar ganin matasa sun shiga zabe a Najeriya, musamman a jihar Kwara dake yankin Arewa ta tsakiya.<ref name=":1"/> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1993]] id0af44sk0uvglnn66noe6seh0quub1 0 62186 969418 678936 2026-10-19T08:55:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Babban Gwani''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Mallam Mikhaila''', ya kasance hamshakin [[Gine-Ginen Hausawa|masanin gine]] -ginen [[Hausawa|kasar Hausa]] na karni na 19, wanda ya bunkasa a zamanin mulkin [[Zazzau]] na [[Najeriya]] na 61, [[Zazzau|Abd al-Karim ɗan Abbas]]. Shi ne Sarkin Maigini (babban magini) na zamaninsa, wanda [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman dan Fodio]] ya nada. Wannan matsayi ya kasance ga zuriyarsa maza kai tsaye.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prussin |first=Labelle |url=http://archive.org/details/hatumereislamicd0000prus |title=Hatumere : Islamic design in West Africa |date=1986 |publisher=Berkeley : University of California Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-520-03004-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Perani |first=Judith |url=http://archive.org/details/clothdressartpat0000pera |title=Cloth, dress, and art patronage in Africa |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford ; New York : Berg |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-85973-290-8}}</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi '''''Mallam Mikhaila''''' a [[Zariya|Zaria]], a cikin [[Zazzau|masarautar Zazzau]], ga dangin masu sana'a na [[Hausawa|Hausa]]. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, ya yi kayan wasa da siffofi daga yumbu. Sana'ar sa ta sa ake masa lakabi da ''Gwani'', wanda ke nuni da mai sana'a. An ba da wannan laƙabi ga wasu zaɓaɓɓun masu sana'a a cikin ƙarni biyu da suka gabata, tare da jimlar mutane shida sun sami wannan karramawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Babban Gwani: Life, legacy of Zaria’s legendary builder - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/babban-gwani-life-legacy-of-zarias-legendary-builder/ |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=dailytrust.com}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Shehu |first=Maimuna Bala |date=2016 |title=CULTURAL SYMBOLISM IN TRADITIONAL HAUSA ARCHITECTURE OF NORTHERN NIGERIA (Dissertation) |journal=University of Kent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Linda |url=http://archive.org/details/aspectsofaesthet0000hunt |title=Aspects of the aesthetics of Hausa verbal art |date=2001 |publisher=Köln : Rüdiger Köppe |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-3-89645-264-1}}</ref> : 14 Yayin da Mikhaila ya girma, sunansa ya ci gaba da karuwa, musamman saboda kwarewarsa wajen gina gine-ginen laka, ya hau kan lakabin ''Babban Gwani'', yana nufin 'babban gwani' ko 'babban magini'. A halin yanzu, wannan lakabin ya kebantu ne ga zuriyarsa maza, yayin da nadin Gwani ke da alaka da dalibansa. <ref name=":2" /> Sunan Mikhaila na farko ya samo asali ne daga saurin aikin gini. Ya fi son yin gini da dare, sau da yawa yana kammala wani yanki mai yawa na tsarin da rana mai zuwa. Wataƙila ruhaniyarsa ne ya motsa wannan jaddawalin aikin dare, domin wataƙila ya ɗauki aikin gini a matsayin ƙoƙari na ruhaniya. Ma'aikatansa sun ƙunshi kusan ma'aikata ɗari, da farko bayi, waɗanda aka ba wa amanar aikin tattara laka da yumbu a shirye-shiryen aikinsa na yamma. An kuma san shi da rashin yin wani shiri na gini, yana dogaro da tsarin inganta ginin. Sunansa na kara girma a fadin [[Hausa Bakwai|kasar Hausa]], ya ja hankalin sabbin sarakuna da jami'an da suka biyo bayan [[Jihadin Danfodio|jihadin Sokoto]]. Sarkin sarakunan ya nemi gwanintarsa don ginawa da kuma tsara abubuwan tarihi da ke nuna 'zafin' [[Daular Sokoto|yunkurin Musulunci]] karkashin jagorancin masu jihadi. A cikin 1824, wani ɗan ƙasar Scotland mai binciken Hugh Clapperton ya shaida Mikhaila a wurin aiki da ke kula da gina sabon masallaci wanda [[Gidado dan Laima]], Wazirin Sokoto ya ɗauki nauyin ginawa. Clapperton ya kwatanta Mikhaila a matsayin "karamin mutum mai wayo." Masallacin shi ne babban masallacin birnin [[Sokoto (birni)|Sakkwato]] na uku kuma yana yammacin masallacin Uthman dan Fodio da fada. [[File:Audience_hall_in_the_Babban_Soro.png|thumb|261x261px| '''Babban Gwani''' 's signature ''bakan gizo'' (vaulted arches) can be seen on the floor in the audience hall of the '''Babban Soro''' quarters within the [[Gidan Rumfa|Gidan Rumfa palace]] in [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] .]] An kashe Mallam Mikhaila ne a hannun [[Birnin Gwari|Sarkin Birnin Gwari]] . Hakan ya biyo bayan nadin da sarki ya yi na wani masallaci, da nufin kwaikwayi irin girman '''Masallacin Juma’an Zariya.''' Babban abin da sarki ya sa a gaba a wannan aiki shi ne ya samar da wani tsari mai girman gaske wanda babu wani gini da zai kai wanda ya kai na Birnin Gwari. == Sanannen ayyuka == === Masallacin Juma'an Zaria === Za a iya cewa, aikin da Malam Mikhaila ya yi na yin suna shi ne Masallacin Juma’a na [[Zariya]], wanda aka fi sani da Masallacin Juma’an Zariya, wanda aka kammala a shekarun 1830 a zamanin Sarkin Zazzau Abd al-Karim (1834-1846).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moughtin |first=Cliff |url=http://archive.org/details/Urban_Design_Ornament_and_Decoration_Second_Edition |title=Urban Design - Ornament and Decoration, Second Edition |last2=Pc |first2=Taner |last3=Tiesdell |first3=Steven}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/mosquehistoryarc0000unse_m5k6 |title=The mosque : history, architectural development and regional diversity |date=2002 |publisher=[New York, N.Y.] : Thames & Hudson |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-500-28345-5}}</ref> : 85 An ce Mikhaila ya bar tambarin hannunsa sama da baka a cikin ginin. [[File:Zaria_Friday_Mosque.jpg|thumb|261x261px| ''Masallacin Juma'an Zaria'']] Ya ƙunshi rukunin gine-gine da suka haɗa da babban ɗakin ibada, [[Shari'a|Kotun Shari'a]], da ɗakunan alwala. A wajen ginin masallacin, Mikhaila ta samu kwarin gwiwa daga [[Gine-Ginen Hausawa|fasahohin gine-gine na gargajiyar Hausawa]] daban-daban. Ya kuma hada da abubuwan da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga tantunan [[Fulani]] makiyaya. Fulbe, bisa ga al'adar makiyaya, ya koma cikin manyan sarakunan [[Hausa Bakwai|kasar Hausa]] bayan [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihadin Sokoto]]. Wannan sauye-sauyen ya ga tsarin tantin su na wucin gadi ya samo asali zuwa gidajen laka da ke da alaƙa da yankin. Wannan gyare-gyaren gine-ginen ya ba da damar ƙirƙirar dakuna masu faɗi, wani muhimmin abin la'akari ga girman masallacin. : 499 Masallacin na ci gaba da zama wurin ibada har yau, bayan karni biyu. Abin takaici, a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 2023, wani kaso na rufin masallacin ya ruguje yayin [[Sallar la`asar|Sallar Asuba]], wanda ya yi sanadin asarar rayuka sama da goma. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa lamarin na da nasaba da rashin kula da tsohon ginin. [[Zazzau|Sarkin Zazzau]] Ahmed Nuhu Bamalli ya ruwaito cewa an fara aikin sake gina masallacin, kuma an kaddamar da bincike kan lamarin. [[File:The_Babban_Soro_wing_of_Abdullahi_dan_Dabo.png|thumb|261x261px| Babban Soro quarters (1903)]] === Dakin Gwani === Abdullahi dan Dabo, Sarkin Kano na 47, ya dauki aikin Mikhail don gyara sassan [[Gidan Rumfa]], fadar [[Jerin Sarakunan Kano|Sarkin Kano]]. Musamman, dakunan kudu maso gabas na sarakunan Kano. Sannan ya dauki nauyin ginawa sarki gidan da ake kira "Babban Gwani" dangane da Mikhaila. Sai dai kuma a zamanin mulkin [[Aliyu Babba]] (1894-1903) an canza sunan zuwa “Katon Gwani” saboda sunan da ake yi wa Aliyu da ake kira “Babba” wanda ya sa asalin sunan bai dace ba. A yau, wannan yanki ana kiransa da "Dakin Gwani," yana fassara "ɗakin Gwani." Mikhaila kuma ya gina babban bene mai hawa biyu Babban Soro quarters na Abdullahi. Ya kuma gina Soron Giwa, wanda aka fi sani da "Zauren Giwa," don girmama [[Ibrahim Dabo]], wanda shi ne mahaifin Abdullahi, kuma ya yi sarautar Kano daga 1819 zuwa 1846. === Gidan Madakin Bauchi === [[File:Bauchi_Emirates_Palace.jpg|thumb|261x261px| '''Babban Gwani Chambers''' a fadar Mai Martaba Sarkin Bauchi]] An gayyaci Mikhaila zuwa masarautar [[Masarautar Bauchi|Bauchi]] don gina gine-gine da dama na sarakunan masarautar. Daga cikin gine-ginen da aka gina, mafi shahara har da wadanda ya gina wa Madakin Bauchi, Abdulkadiri. : 460 Sunan da ake yi wa lakabi da Gidan Madakin Bauchi ko kuma “Gidan Madakin Bauchi” kuma suna garin [[Kafin Madaki]] mai tazarar kilomita 45 daga arewacin [[Bauchi (birni)|birnin Bauchi]] . Babban falon ya zama sunan Babban Gwani bayan Mikhaila. An saka shi da kofofin da aka lulluɓe da fata, waɗanda ba safai suke yin gine-gine ba a lokacin. Kusa da shi wani masallaci ne, wanda ke da kamanceceniya da zaure na [[Gidan Makama]] a Kano. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|url-status=161–175}}</ref> == Kyauta == [[File:Zaria_Emir's_palace_gate.jpg|thumb|261x261px| '''Kofar Gidan Sarki''' da ke [[Zariya]] ''', Malam Haruna''' ne, dan zuriyar '''Malam Mikhaila''' (Babban Gwani) ne ya tsara shi. An kammala shi a shekarun 1980 a zamanin [[Shehu Idris]] .]] Unguwar Babban Gwani da ke Zariya ta tsaya a matsayin karramawa mai dorewa ga gadon Mallam Mikhaila. A yau, wannan Unguwa galibi magina ne ke zaune, yawancinsu zuriyarsa ne kai tsaye. Waɗannan zuriyar suna ci gaba da kiyaye al'adar iyali, tare da ƙwarewarsu sau da yawa ana nema don gina gine-gine a cikin salonsa na musamman. Musamman ma lokacin da aka yi barna a fadar Sarkin Bauchi da aka yi ruwan sama a shekarar 2017, an gayyaci zuriyar Gwani domin su jagoranci sake gina sassan da abin ya shafa. Daya daga cikin fitattun zuriyar Mallam Mikhaila shine Malam Haruna, wanda ya rike sarautar Sarkin Maigini a zamaninsa. Ko da yake ya sanya zanen nasa tare da bayyana ma'anarsa, salon gine-ginen Haruna ya ci gaba da tasiri a kan ka'idojin da Mallam Mikhaila ya kafa. Misalin wannan an ga a kofar fadar [[Zazzau]] bayan tsohuwar da [[Shehu Idris]] ya rusa ta (r. 1975 - 2020). A 1980-1981, Haruna ya ba da aikin sa ido da zayyana ginin sabuwar kofa. Wannan kofa ta tashi ne daga yadda Hausawa ke amfani da laka, inda a maimakon haka sai an yi mata bulo na siminti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeVito |first=Madilyn |last2=University |first2=Cleveland State |title=Gate to the Emir's Palace, Zaria - Hausa Cultural Proclamation |url=https://access.thebrightcontinent.org/items/show/20 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Bright Continent |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nassoshi == [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> [[Category:Mutuwan 1862]] berdi1nepslo0iv5dsov9bukyajv476 0 64637 969166 369648 2026-10-18T16:40:38Z Salma Raddah 45959 969166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdallah Saaf''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949) masanin kimiyyar siyasa ne ɗan kasar [[Morocco]] kuma malami wanda ya kasance ministan ilimi a tsakanin shekarun 2000 zuwa 2002. Ya koyar a jami'o'i daban-daban a Morocco kuma shi ne Farfesa a Faculty of Governance, Economics and Social Sciences na Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Mohammed V kuma darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin zamantakewa, da Bincike.<ref name=polc>{{cite web|title=Abdallah Saaf|url=https://www.policycenter.ma/experts/saaf|access-date=10 November 2022 |publisher=Policy Center for the New South}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Saaf a Kenitra ranar 19 ga watan Satumba 1949.<ref name=whow>{{cite book|title=Who's Who in the Arab World 2007-2008|edition=18th|page=680 |location=Beirut|publisher=Publitec Publications|isbn=978-3-11-093004-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHCQBAFMwawC&pg=PA680|year=2011}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Paris II kuma daga Jami'ar Rabat (Jami'ar Mohammed V a yau) inda ya sami digiri a fannin shari'a.<ref name=whow/> Ya kammala karatunsa na PhD a fannin shari'a a shekarar 1978.<ref name=whow/> == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatun sa Saaf ya koyar a jami'o'i daban-daban kuma ya riƙe muƙaman gudanarwa na ilimi da dama.<ref name=whow/> Ya shiga jam'iyyar leftist, Organisation of the Popular Democratic Action (OADP), wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1983.<ref name=lse21/> Ya kasance wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru. A shekara ta 1998 aka naɗa shi a matsayin mataimakin ministan fasaha da sakandare wanda ya riƙe har zuwa shekara ta 2000.<ref name=lse21/> A shekara ta 2000 aka naɗa shi ministan ilimi kuma yana kan muƙamin har zuwa shekara ta 2002.<ref name=lse21/> Ya yi aiki a waɗannan muƙamai a majalisar ministoci ƙarƙashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Abderrahmane Youssoufi.<ref name=lse21/> A shekara ta 2011 nan da nan bayan abubuwan da suka faru a faɗin kasashen Larabawa da aka fi sani da Arab Spring Saaf an zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na kwamitin da ya tsara bitar kundin tsarin mulkin Morocco.<ref name=lse21/> Shi ne wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Moroko.<ref name=whow/><ref>{{cite web|title=Abdallah Saaf|url=https://marocnatcom.ma/en/mr-abdallah-saaf/|publisher=MarocNatCom |access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Jami'ar Mohammed VI Polytechnic University kuma Farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Mohammed V.<ref name=polc/> Har ila yau, shi ne darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin Kimiyyar zamantakewa.<ref name=polc/> === Aiki === Baya ga wallafe-wallafen da ya yi kan kimiyyar siyasa, Saaf ya buga littafai game da tafiye-tafiyen motar safa na yau da kullun a Rabat.<ref name=lse21/> Na farko shine ''Carnets de bus'' wanda Bus Notebooks ya buga a cikin shekara ta 1999.<ref name=lse21/> An fassara ɗayan zuwa Turanci a ƙarƙashin taken ''A Muhimmin Shekara'' a shekarar 2021.<ref name=lse21>{{cite web|author=Khalid Lyamlahy|title=Book Review – 'A Significant Year' by Abdallah Saaf |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2021/08/10/book-review-a-significant-year-by-abdallah-saaf/|publisher=London School of Economics|access-date=10 November 2022|date=10 August 2021}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] <references /> [[Category:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Category:Mutanen moroko]] [[Category:Larabawa]] 6z9fjc1xcmonns4i5qop2c0qgy2puac 969168 969166 2026-10-18T16:41:30Z Salma Raddah 45959 969168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdallah Saaf''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949) masanin kimiyyar siyasa ne ɗan kasar [[Morocco]] kuma malami wanda ya kasance ministan ilimi a tsakanin shekarun 2000 zuwa 2002. Ya koyar a jami'o'i daban-daban a Morocco kuma shi ne Farfesa a Faculty of Governance, Economics and Social Sciences na Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Mohammed V kuma darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin zamantakewa, da Bincike.<ref name=polc>{{cite web|title=Abdallah Saaf|url=https://www.policycenter.ma/experts/saaf|access-date=10 November 2022 |publisher=Policy Center for the New South}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Saaf a Kenitra ranar 19 ga watan Satumba 1949.<ref name=whow>{{cite book|title=Who's Who in the Arab World 2007-2008|edition=18th|page=680 |location=Beirut|publisher=Publitec Publications|isbn=978-3-11-093004-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHCQBAFMwawC&pg=PA680|year=2011}}</ref> Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar [[Paris]] II kuma daga Jami'ar Rabat (Jami'ar Mohammed V a yau) inda ya sami digiri a fannin shari'a.<ref name=whow/> Ya kammala karatunsa na PhD a fannin shari'a a shekarar 1978.<ref name=whow/> == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatun sa Saaf ya koyar a jami'o'i daban-daban kuma ya riƙe muƙaman gudanarwa na ilimi da dama.<ref name=whow/> Ya shiga jam'iyyar leftist, Organisation of the Popular Democratic Action (OADP), wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1983.<ref name=lse21/> Ya kasance wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru. A shekara ta 1998 aka naɗa shi a matsayin mataimakin ministan fasaha da sakandare wanda ya riƙe har zuwa shekara ta 2000.<ref name=lse21/> A shekara ta 2000 aka naɗa shi ministan ilimi kuma yana kan muƙamin har zuwa shekara ta 2002.<ref name=lse21/> Ya yi aiki a waɗannan muƙamai a majalisar ministoci ƙarƙashin jagorancin Firayim Minista Abderrahmane Youssoufi.<ref name=lse21/> A shekara ta 2011 nan da nan bayan abubuwan da suka faru a faɗin kasashen Larabawa da aka fi sani da Arab Spring Saaf an zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na kwamitin da ya tsara bitar kundin tsarin mulkin Morocco.<ref name=lse21/> Shi ne wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Moroko.<ref name=whow/><ref>{{cite web|title=Abdallah Saaf|url=https://marocnatcom.ma/en/mr-abdallah-saaf/|publisher=MarocNatCom |access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Jami'ar Mohammed VI Polytechnic University kuma Farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a Jami'ar Mohammed V.<ref name=polc/> Har ila yau, shi ne darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin Kimiyyar zamantakewa.<ref name=polc/> === Aiki === Baya ga wallafe-wallafen da ya yi kan kimiyyar siyasa, Saaf ya buga littafai game da tafiye-tafiyen motar safa na yau da kullun a Rabat.<ref name=lse21/> Na farko shine ''Carnets de bus'' wanda Bus Notebooks ya buga a cikin shekara ta 1999.<ref name=lse21/> An fassara ɗayan zuwa Turanci a ƙarƙashin taken ''A Muhimmin Shekara'' a shekarar 2021.<ref name=lse21>{{cite web|author=Khalid Lyamlahy|title=Book Review – 'A Significant Year' by Abdallah Saaf |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2021/08/10/book-review-a-significant-year-by-abdallah-saaf/|publisher=London School of Economics|access-date=10 November 2022|date=10 August 2021}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] <references /> [[Category:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Category:Mutanen moroko]] [[Category:Larabawa]] eb2rz429fwbvyfbper06o7bzp3wamqp 0 68630 969172 911601 2026-10-18T16:49:02Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345756324|Dwindle (film)]]" 969172 wikitext text/x-wiki Dwindle fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] na 2021 wanda Darlington Abuda ya rubuta kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] da Dare Olaitan suka ba da umarni. Mimi Bartels ce ta samar da shi don FilmOne Productions . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2021-04-09 |title=Teaser for "Dwindle" starring Funke Akindele-Bello & Bisola Aiyeola Will Leave You Wanting More |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/04/teaser-for-dwindle/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Makirci == Yana ba da labarin Sogo da Buta, abokai biyu waɗanda suka sace mota kuma suka shiga cikin igiya, da kuma yadda rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da suka haɗu da masu kisan kai waɗanda suka sace gwamnan jihar.[1] == Masu ba da labari == * [[Funke Akindele]] a matsayin Jami'in Tolani * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Jami'in Juliet * [[Jide Kene Achufusi|Jidekene Achufusi]] a matsayin Chinedu * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Fuku * Harriet Akinola a matsayin Uwar Todun * Jude Chukwuka a matsayin Uba na Todun * Mary Chukwuma a matsayin mace mai tsarki * [[Jibola Dabo]] a matsayin Gwamna Otunta * Martha Ehinome a matsayin Ajoke Kasum * Oli Ekun a matsayin ilmin sunadarai * Temisan Emmanuel a matsayin Tobi Williams * Rotimi Fakunle a matsayin Jami'in Michael * Ikponmwosa Gold a matsayin Jami'in Abani * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Collins * David 'Mista Nollywood' Patrick a matsayin mai tsaron jiki * Maxwell Nwoye a matsayin mai tsaron jiki * Feyifunmi Oginni a matsayin Uber Driver * Feyisayo Ogundipe a matsayin mai ba da labarai * Immaculata Oko a matsayin Kayin Damola * Tope Olowoniyan a matsayin Todun * Jide 'JBlaze' Oyegbile a matsayin Ikenna * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Oga Landlord * [[Broda Shaggi]] a matsayin Buta * [[Lateef Adedimeji|Adedimeji Lateef]] a matsayin Fuku * [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Josiah Otunba * Steve Chuks a matsayin Jide * Demi Banwo a matsayin Ogogoro * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Collins * [[Uzor Arukwe]] a matsayin Mai Tsarki na Mutum. == Saki == An sake shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2021-03-17 |title=Go Behind-the-Scenes of Kayode Kasum's Coming Movie "Dwindle" Starring Jidekene Achufusi & Broda Shaggi |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/03/kayode-kasum-dwindle-bts/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | rowspan="2" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Comedy |Bisola Aiyeola|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Comedy |Broda Shaggi|{{Won}} |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 75tiqmizmwacewrzs2l8jlg5divb921 969173 969172 2026-10-18T16:49:40Z Salma Raddah 45959 969173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dwindle fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] na 2021 wanda Darlington Abuda ya rubuta kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] da Dare Olaitan suka ba da umarni. Mimi Bartels ce ta samar da shi don FilmOne Productions . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2021-04-09 |title=Teaser for "Dwindle" starring Funke Akindele-Bello & Bisola Aiyeola Will Leave You Wanting More |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/04/teaser-for-dwindle/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Makirci == Yana ba da labarin Sogo da Buta, abokai biyu waɗanda suka sace mota kuma suka shiga cikin igiya, da kuma yadda rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da suka haɗu da masu kisan kai waɗanda suka sace gwamnan jihar.[1] == Masu ba da labari == * [[Funke Akindele]] a matsayin Jami'in Tolani * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Jami'in Juliet * [[Jide Kene Achufusi|Jidekene Achufusi]] a matsayin Chinedu * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Fuku * Harriet Akinola a matsayin Uwar Todun * Jude Chukwuka a matsayin Uba na Todun * Mary Chukwuma a matsayin mace mai tsarki * [[Jibola Dabo]] a matsayin Gwamna Otunta * Martha Ehinome a matsayin Ajoke Kasum * Oli Ekun a matsayin ilmin sunadarai * Temisan Emmanuel a matsayin Tobi Williams * Rotimi Fakunle a matsayin Jami'in Michael * Ikponmwosa Gold a matsayin Jami'in Abani * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Collins * David 'Mista Nollywood' Patrick a matsayin mai tsaron jiki * Maxwell Nwoye a matsayin mai tsaron jiki * Feyifunmi Oginni a matsayin Uber Driver * Feyisayo Ogundipe a matsayin mai ba da labarai * Immaculata Oko a matsayin Kayin Damola * Tope Olowoniyan a matsayin Todun * Jide 'JBlaze' Oyegbile a matsayin Ikenna * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Oga Landlord * [[Broda Shaggi]] a matsayin Buta * [[Lateef Adedimeji|Adedimeji Lateef]] a matsayin Fuku * [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Josiah Otunba * Steve Chuks a matsayin Jide * Demi Banwo a matsayin Ogogoro * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Collins * [[Uzor Arukwe]] a matsayin Mai Tsarki na Mutum. == Saki == An sake shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2021-03-17 |title=Go Behind-the-Scenes of Kayode Kasum's Coming Movie "Dwindle" Starring Jidekene Achufusi & Broda Shaggi |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/03/kayode-kasum-dwindle-bts/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | rowspan="2" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Comedy |Bisola Aiyeola|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Comedy |Broda Shaggi|{{Won}} |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> bigbo0s69nxtqcaap0dazbgf7dp5ewy 969226 969173 2026-10-18T17:58:23Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345756324|Dwindle (film)]]" 969226 wikitext text/x-wiki Dwindle fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo Na Najeriya na 2021 wanda Darlington Abuda ya rubuta kuma Kayode Kasum da Dare Olaitan suka ba da umarni. Mimi Bartels ce ta samar da shi don FilmOne Productions . [1] == Makirci == Yana ba da labarin Sogo da Buta, abokai biyu waɗanda suka sace mota kuma suka shiga cikin igiya, da kuma yadda rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da suka haɗu da masu kisan kai waɗanda suka sace gwamnan jihar. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Funke Akindele]] a matsayin Jami'in Tolani * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Jami'in Juliet * [[Jide Kene Achufusi|Jidekene Achufusi]] a matsayin Chinedu * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Fuku * Harriet Akinola a matsayin Uwar Todun * Jude Chukwuka a matsayin Uba na Todun * Mary Chukwuma a matsayin mace mai tsarki * [[Jibola Dabo]] a matsayin Gwamna Otunta * Martha Ehinome a matsayin Ajoke Kasum * Oli Ekun a matsayin ilmin sunadarai * Temisan Emmanuel a matsayin Tobi Williams * Rotimi Fakunle a matsayin Jami'in Michael * Ikponmwosa Gold a matsayin Jami'in Abani * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Collins * David 'Mista Nollywood' Patrick a matsayin mai tsaron jiki * Maxwell Nwoye a matsayin mai tsaron jiki * Feyifunmi Oginni a matsayin Uber Driver * Feyisayo Ogundipe a matsayin mai ba da labarai * Immaculata Oko a matsayin Kayin Damola * Tope Olowoniyan a matsayin Todun * Jide 'JBlaze' Oyegbile a matsayin Ikenna * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Oga Landlord * [[Broda Shaggi]] a matsayin Buta * [[Lateef Adedimeji|Adedimeji Lateef]] a matsayin Fuku * [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Josiah Otunba * Steve Chuks a matsayin Jide * Demi Banwo a matsayin Ogogoro * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Collins * [[Uzor Arukwe]] a matsayin Mai Tsarki na Mutum. == Saki == An sake shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2021-03-17 |title=Go Behind-the-Scenes of Kayode Kasum's Coming Movie "Dwindle" Starring Jidekene Achufusi & Broda Shaggi |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/03/kayode-kasum-dwindle-bts/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | rowspan="2" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Comedy |Bisola Aiyeola|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Comedy |Broda Shaggi|{{Won}} |} == Manazarta == ay9kywrmx36ljsxzbvb680toj5jd9df 969227 969226 2026-10-18T17:59:06Z Salma Raddah 45959 969227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dwindle fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo Na Najeriya na 2021 wanda Darlington Abuda ya rubuta kuma Kayode Kasum da Dare Olaitan suka ba da umarni. Mimi Bartels ce ta samar da shi don FilmOne Productions . [1] == Makirci == Yana ba da labarin Sogo da Buta, abokai biyu waɗanda suka sace mota kuma suka shiga cikin igiya, da kuma yadda rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da suka haɗu da masu kisan kai waɗanda suka sace gwamnan jihar. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Funke Akindele]] a matsayin Jami'in Tolani * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Jami'in Juliet * [[Jide Kene Achufusi|Jidekene Achufusi]] a matsayin Chinedu * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Fuku * Harriet Akinola a matsayin Uwar Todun * Jude Chukwuka a matsayin Uba na Todun * Mary Chukwuma a matsayin mace mai tsarki * [[Jibola Dabo]] a matsayin Gwamna Otunta * Martha Ehinome a matsayin Ajoke Kasum * Oli Ekun a matsayin ilmin sunadarai * Temisan Emmanuel a matsayin Tobi Williams * Rotimi Fakunle a matsayin Jami'in Michael * Ikponmwosa Gold a matsayin Jami'in Abani * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Collins * David 'Mista Nollywood' Patrick a matsayin mai tsaron jiki * Maxwell Nwoye a matsayin mai tsaron jiki * Feyifunmi Oginni a matsayin Uber Driver * Feyisayo Ogundipe a matsayin mai ba da labarai * Immaculata Oko a matsayin Kayin Damola * Tope Olowoniyan a matsayin Todun * Jide 'JBlaze' Oyegbile a matsayin Ikenna * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Oga Landlord * [[Broda Shaggi]] a matsayin Buta * [[Lateef Adedimeji|Adedimeji Lateef]] a matsayin Fuku * [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Josiah Otunba * Steve Chuks a matsayin Jide * Demi Banwo a matsayin Ogogoro * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Collins * [[Uzor Arukwe]] a matsayin Mai Tsarki na Mutum. == Saki == An sake shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2021-03-17 |title=Go Behind-the-Scenes of Kayode Kasum's Coming Movie "Dwindle" Starring Jidekene Achufusi & Broda Shaggi |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/03/kayode-kasum-dwindle-bts/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | rowspan="2" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Comedy |Bisola Aiyeola|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Comedy |Broda Shaggi|{{Won}} |} == Manazarta == gojhtzbqok36ltsquivexrhijklc4jj 0 69182 969366 881269 2026-10-19T06:29:40Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378756463|This Lady Called Life]]" 969366 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan Lady da ake kira Life wasan kwaikwayo ne na soyayya na Najeriya na 2020 wanda [[Toluwani Obayan]] ya rubuta, kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THIS LADY CALLED LIFE |url=https://exoduscinemas.com/amy_movie/this-lady-called-life/ |access-date=2020-12-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tauraron fim din [[Lota Chukwu]], [[Bisola Aiyeola]] da [[Wale Ojo]] a cikin manyan matsayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2020-09-12 |title=COMING SOON: This Lady Called Life |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/09/coming-soon-this-lady-called-life.html |access-date=2020-12-20 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim din ya fito ne a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2020 kuma ya buɗe ga bita mai kyau daga masu sukar. An kiyasta fim din a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finai mafi kyau na Najeriya na 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-18 |title=These Are The Best Nigerian Films of 2020 |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/best-nigerian-movies-2020/ |access-date=2020-12-20 |website=OkayAfrica |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Aiye budurwa ce mai zaman kanta da ke fama da kudi don magance hauhawar farashin rayuwa a birnin Legas na zamani. Tana aiki tukuru sosai wajen gudanar da kasuwanci mai ladabi wanda ba ya tallafa mata don samun kyakkyawan rayuwa amma ba matsakaicin rayuwa ba. Tana so ta tabbatar da darajarta yayin da take aiki a matsayin mai dafa abinci don cika burinta. Tana so ta zama sanannen mai dafa abinci yayin da iyalinta suka watsar da ita.[1] == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Aiye/Aiyetide Folorunsho * [[Lota Chukwu]] a matsayin Omo * [[Wale Ojo]] a matsayin uba * [[Tina Mba]] a matsayin mama * [[Jemima Osunde]] a matsayin Toke * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Obinna * [[Uche Chika Elumelu|Uche Elumelu]] a matsayin makwabci * Bamidele Akingbulu a matsayin Alkalin 2 * Rhoda Albert a matsayin uwargidan * Immaculata Oko a matsayin 'yar'uwar Obinna * Fubi Minaye a matsayin mataimakin Obinna * Oluwatomisin Kehinde a matsayin Matashi Aiye * Elizabeth Dare a matsayin mai zane-zane * Nissi Jonathan a matsayin Young Toke * Molawa Onajobi a matsayin Yusufu Fim din ya nuna haɗin gwiwa na biyu tsakanin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Bisola Aiyeola da darektan Kayode Kasum bayan Sugar Rush (2019). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=2020-11-20 |title=Film review: 'This Lady Called Life' is a modest charmer » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-this-lady-called-life-is-a-modest-charmer/ |access-date=2020-12-20 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> An harbe fim din kuma an saita shi a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. An sake shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2020 kuma an fara shi a Netflix a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2021. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="4" |2020 | rowspan="4" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Fim ||{{Won}} | rowspan="4" | |- |Amfani mafi kyau na Abinci na Najeriya a cikin Fim ||{{Won}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Tsarin Fitarwa ||{{Won}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Gyara ||{{Won}} |- |2021 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 17|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Fim Mafi Kyawun Soundtrack|Mafi kyawun sauti]] ||{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="3" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |Bisola Aiyeola|{{Nom}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-14 |title=AMVCA 2022 winners: Full list of Africa Magic Viewers Choice Award winners |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-61452928 |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan kwaikwayo |Efa Iwara|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |Toluwani Obayan da Kayode Kasum|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta ta == kgn87opow0b3a7idxx5fzbs2pjn8yoc 969367 969366 2026-10-19T06:30:07Z Salma Raddah 45959 969367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan Lady da ake kira Life wasan kwaikwayo ne na soyayya na Najeriya na 2020 wanda [[Toluwani Obayan]] ya rubuta, kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THIS LADY CALLED LIFE |url=https://exoduscinemas.com/amy_movie/this-lady-called-life/ |access-date=2020-12-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tauraron fim din [[Lota Chukwu]], [[Bisola Aiyeola]] da [[Wale Ojo]] a cikin manyan matsayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2020-09-12 |title=COMING SOON: This Lady Called Life |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/09/coming-soon-this-lady-called-life.html |access-date=2020-12-20 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim din ya fito ne a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2020 kuma ya buɗe ga bita mai kyau daga masu sukar. An kiyasta fim din a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finai mafi kyau na Najeriya na 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-18 |title=These Are The Best Nigerian Films of 2020 |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/best-nigerian-movies-2020/ |access-date=2020-12-20 |website=OkayAfrica |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Aiye budurwa ce mai zaman kanta da ke fama da kudi don magance hauhawar farashin rayuwa a birnin Legas na zamani. Tana aiki tukuru sosai wajen gudanar da kasuwanci mai ladabi wanda ba ya tallafa mata don samun kyakkyawan rayuwa amma ba matsakaicin rayuwa ba. Tana so ta tabbatar da darajarta yayin da take aiki a matsayin mai dafa abinci don cika burinta. Tana so ta zama sanannen mai dafa abinci yayin da iyalinta suka watsar da ita.[1] == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Aiye/Aiyetide Folorunsho * [[Lota Chukwu]] a matsayin Omo * [[Wale Ojo]] a matsayin uba * [[Tina Mba]] a matsayin mama * [[Jemima Osunde]] a matsayin Toke * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Obinna * [[Uche Chika Elumelu|Uche Elumelu]] a matsayin makwabci * Bamidele Akingbulu a matsayin Alkalin 2 * Rhoda Albert a matsayin uwargidan * Immaculata Oko a matsayin 'yar'uwar Obinna * Fubi Minaye a matsayin mataimakin Obinna * Oluwatomisin Kehinde a matsayin Matashi Aiye * Elizabeth Dare a matsayin mai zane-zane * Nissi Jonathan a matsayin Young Toke * Molawa Onajobi a matsayin Yusufu Fim din ya nuna haɗin gwiwa na biyu tsakanin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Bisola Aiyeola da darektan Kayode Kasum bayan Sugar Rush (2019). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=2020-11-20 |title=Film review: 'This Lady Called Life' is a modest charmer » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-this-lady-called-life-is-a-modest-charmer/ |access-date=2020-12-20 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> An harbe fim din kuma an saita shi a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. An sake shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 2020 kuma an fara shi a Netflix a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2021. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="4" |2020 | rowspan="4" |[[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Fim ||{{Won}} | rowspan="4" | |- |Amfani mafi kyau na Abinci na Najeriya a cikin Fim ||{{Won}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Tsarin Fitarwa ||{{Won}} |- |Fim tare da Mafi Kyawun Gyara ||{{Won}} |- |2021 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 17|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Fim Mafi Kyawun Soundtrack|Mafi kyawun sauti]] ||{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="3" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |Bisola Aiyeola|{{Nom}} | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-14 |title=AMVCA 2022 winners: Full list of Africa Magic Viewers Choice Award winners |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-61452928 |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Wasan kwaikwayo |Efa Iwara|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |Toluwani Obayan da Kayode Kasum|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta ta == r3w5ws72xkle9wfmmi74hzfa0o9kyyj 0 69313 969380 931071 2026-10-19T06:45:36Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368206979|The Arbitration]]" 969380 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Arbitration''''' fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2016, wanda Chinaza Onuzo ya rubuta, wanda [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya jagoranta, kuma Chinaza Onuzu, Omotayo Adeola, da [[Harshen Zulu|Zulu Oyibo.]] ne suka samar da shi. Tauraron fim din [[OC Ukeje]], [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Iretiola Doyle]] da [[Somkele Iyamah|Somkele Iyamah-Idhalama]] . == Bayani game da shi == Gbenga ɗan kasuwa ne mai ban sha'awa, yana gudanar da kamfani mai fa'ida sosai, kuma shi ne wanda ake tuhuma a cikin karar da Dara wani Injiniyan kwamfuta ya shigar, wanda baiwarsa ta taimaka wa kamfanin Gbenga ya sami girman da ya kai. abokan aiki su masoya ne waɗanda dangantakarsu ta ƙare lokacin da Gbenga ta gano cewa matarsa tana da ciki da wanda ake zaton zai zama ɗan fari. Shari'arta ta nemi diyya ga waɗancan asusun, kuma Dara ta kai karar Gbenga don tilasta mata yin jima'i (wanda ya zama fyade). == Masu ba da labari == * [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Mista Gbenga * [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin Dara Olujobi * [[Iretiola Doyle]] a matsayin Funlaya Johnson * [[Somkele Iyamah|Somkele Iyamah-Idhalama]] a matsayin Omawumi Horsfall * [[Lota Chukwu]] a matsayin Faridah * Pius Fatoke a matsayin Dean * Sola Fosudo a matsayin Tomisin Bucknor * [[Beverly Naya]] a matsayin Chiama Sanni * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Chijioke Utah * [[Bimbo Ademoye]] a matsayin Ebele * Owolo Hosana a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin * Austin Nwaolie a matsayin Henchman * Isaiah Ogunowo a matsayin Barman * Bukola Ojeba a matsayin Ɗalibi == Fitarwa == Shirin fim din ya faru ne a wurare a Legas. == Saki == An fitar da fim din a gidajen silima na Najeriya a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 2016. An kuma fara shi a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Arbitration |url=http://www.tiff.net/films/the-arbitration |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101162119/http://www.tiff.net/films/the-arbitration |archive-date=2017-01-01 |access-date=2016-12-31}}, The Arbitration - Toronto International Film Festival.</ref> == Manazarta == 77dd7wbsko8ldnwr9yaug16ad5zox6z 969381 969380 2026-10-19T06:46:02Z Salma Raddah 45959 969381 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''A''''' {{Databox}} '''''rbitration''''' fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2016, wanda Chinaza Onuzo ya rubuta, wanda [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya jagoranta, kuma Chinaza Onuzu, Omotayo Adeola, da [[Harshen Zulu|Zulu Oyibo.]] ne suka samar da shi. Tauraron fim din [[OC Ukeje]], [[Adesua Etomi]], [[Iretiola Doyle]] da [[Somkele Iyamah|Somkele Iyamah-Idhalama]] . == Bayani game da shi == Gbenga ɗan kasuwa ne mai ban sha'awa, yana gudanar da kamfani mai fa'ida sosai, kuma shi ne wanda ake tuhuma a cikin karar da Dara wani Injiniyan kwamfuta ya shigar, wanda baiwarsa ta taimaka wa kamfanin Gbenga ya sami girman da ya kai. abokan aiki su masoya ne waɗanda dangantakarsu ta ƙare lokacin da Gbenga ta gano cewa matarsa tana da ciki da wanda ake zaton zai zama ɗan fari. Shari'arta ta nemi diyya ga waɗancan asusun, kuma Dara ta kai karar Gbenga don tilasta mata yin jima'i (wanda ya zama fyade). == Masu ba da labari == * [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Mista Gbenga * [[Adesua Etomi]] a matsayin Dara Olujobi * [[Iretiola Doyle]] a matsayin Funlaya Johnson * [[Somkele Iyamah|Somkele Iyamah-Idhalama]] a matsayin Omawumi Horsfall * [[Lota Chukwu]] a matsayin Faridah * Pius Fatoke a matsayin Dean * Sola Fosudo a matsayin Tomisin Bucknor * [[Beverly Naya]] a matsayin Chiama Sanni * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Chijioke Utah * [[Bimbo Ademoye]] a matsayin Ebele * Owolo Hosana a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin * Austin Nwaolie a matsayin Henchman * Isaiah Ogunowo a matsayin Barman * Bukola Ojeba a matsayin Ɗalibi == Fitarwa == Shirin fim din ya faru ne a wurare a Legas. == Saki == An fitar da fim din a gidajen silima na Najeriya a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta 2016. An kuma fara shi a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Arbitration |url=http://www.tiff.net/films/the-arbitration |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101162119/http://www.tiff.net/films/the-arbitration |archive-date=2017-01-01 |access-date=2016-12-31}}, The Arbitration - Toronto International Film Festival.</ref> == Manazarta == bbru2odpobgd26ymbk0vxkaj1rsnxpg 0 69316 969368 963263 2026-10-19T06:31:23Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367628250|Make a Move (film)]]" 969368 wikitext text/x-wiki Make a Move fim ne na raye-raye na Najeriya na 2014 wanda Ivie Okujaye ya samar kuma [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya jagoranta. Tauraruwar [[Ivie Okujaye]], [[Tina Mba]], [[Beverly Naya]], Wale Adebayo, Victor Godfery, Helga Sosthenes da Eno Ekpenyong, tare da bayyanar musamman daga [[Majid Michel]], [[Denrele Edun]], 2face Idibia da [[Omawumi|Omawumi Megbele]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2014 |title=COMING SOON: Make A Move Nollywood Reinvented |url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/03/coming-soon-make-a-move.html |access-date=14 March 2014 |publisher=[[Nollywood Reinvented]]}}</ref> == Makirci == Make a Move ya ba da labarin Osas da Eseosa waɗanda suka fito daga gidaje masu wahala. Osas ta sami ta'aziyya a cikin rawa kuma tana amfani da shi azaman hanyar fita daga matsalolinta da yawa ciki har da gidanta, wanda ke fadowa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell, Timmy |date=8 March 2014 |title=2face Returns To Nollywood in the Movie: Make A Move Along Side Majid Michel And Others…. |url=http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/2014/03/08/2face-returns-nollywood-movie-make-move-along-side-majid-michel-others-see-details/ |access-date=14 March 2014 |publisher=NaijaLoaded}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Ivie Okujaye]] a matsayin Bears * [[Tina Mba]] * [[Beverly Naya]] * Wale Adebayo * Victor Godfery * Helga Sosthenes a matsayin Esosa * Eno Ekpenyong a matsayin Chuma * [[Majid Michel]] * [[Denrele Edun]] * [[2Baba|2 Fuskar Wauta]] * [[Omawumi|Omawumi Megbele]] == Karɓar baƙi == === Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci === Fim din ya sami ra'ayoyi masu mahimmanci gaba ɗaya. Ya sami ƙimar 39% a kan Nollywood Reinvented, wanda ya ce: "Babban kuskuren wannan fim ɗin ya zo ne tare da gabatar da motsin zuciyarsa. Yana cikin kiɗa, yana cikin jagora, yana cikin yanayin da fim ɗin ya saita ko kuma bai saita a baya ba. " A cikin kashi na uku na farko na fim ɗin, shugabancin ya zama kamar ba tare da izini ba. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2014 |title=Make a Move |url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/09/make-a-move.html |access-date=10 September 2014 |publisher=[[Nollywood Reinvented]]}}</ref> Ya kasance kamar dai al'amuran da sauri suna faruwa da sauri fiye da kyamarar zata iya bi, hakan da gangan ba ya fito kamar ƙwarewa ba ne ko kuma bai taimaka wa yanayin ba. " Olamide Jasanya na The Nigeria Entertainment Today ya ba da darajar 2 daga cikin taurari 5, yana mai cewa labarin yana da mahimmanci kuma yana mai da hankali sosai ga hali ɗaya. Ya zargi ci gaban hali, ya ce fim din ba shi da kyau a wasu al'amuran amma kyakkyawa a mafi yawan sauran al'amannun kuma ya kammala: "Akinmolayan na iya koyon darasi daga babban zargi fim dinsa na kimiyya na 2010 ''Kajola'' ya kawo shi, don haka ya ɗauki hanyar da ta dace da wannan fim kuma ya zama da kyau, tare da wasu sabbin hotuna masu ban mamaki, duk da haka bai yi kyau wajen tayar da motsin rai daga haruffa ba, kuma bai ba. " Isabella Akinseye ta yi sharhi: "Make a Move ya sadu da babban tsammanin. Abin takaici, fim din ya yi takaici da jerin abubuwan da aka tsara, maganganun rubutun da rashin gamsarwa da yawancin simintin suka yi. A kan bayanin da ya dace, fim din yana da matsala game da cin zarafin gida. Ga Ivie [Okujaye],''Yi Mataki'' ɗaya ne na gaba, matakai biyu a baya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye, Isabella |date=22 July 2014 |title=Movie Review – Make a Move By Isabella Akinseye |url=http://olorisupergal.com/movie-review-make-a-move-by-isabella-akinseye/ |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> Wilfred Okiche na [[YNaija]] ya yi watsi da komai game da fim din kuma ya yi sharhi: "Make a Move yana da makirci da labarin da ke gudanar da ci gaba amma fim din yana da banƙyama da tsari cewa kusan babu wani abu mai ban sha'awa kuma ga duk lokacin da yake gudana, fim din yana taka leda kamar an tsara shi ga yara masu shekaru 12, "sakamakon ya lalace kuma yana da rikice tare da ɗaukar lokaci mara kyau. Akinmolayan kawai yana jagorantar yanayin don fim ko kuma babu wani abu na musamman da ba tare da shi ba tare da farin ciki ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okiche, Wilfred |date=25 August 2014 |title=Movie review: Ivie Okujaiye's 'Make a move' makes all the wrong ones |url=http://ynaija.com/movie-review-ivie-okujaiyes-make-move-makes-wrong-ones/ |access-date=10 September 2014 |website=YNaija Magazine |publisher=[[YNaija]]}}</ref> === Godiya gaisuwa === Fim din ya sami gabatarwa uku a 2014 Nollywood Movies Awards, ciki har da Mafi Kyawun Fim, Mafi Kyawun Actor (Rashin Taimako) ga Wale Adebayo da Mafi Kyawu Child Actor ga Helger Sosthenes . An kuma zaba shi a cikin rukuni biyu a 2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards . {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |+Cikakken jerin kyaututtuka !Kyautar !Sashe !Masu karɓa da waɗanda aka zaba !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="3" |Nollywood Movies Network (2014 Nollywood Momies Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2014 |title=Flower Girl Wins Big at Nollywood Movie Awards |url=http://nigerianewsdigest.com/%EF%BB%BFflower-girl-wins-big-at-nollywood-movie-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102231919/http://nigerianewsdigest.com/%EF%BB%BFflower-girl-wins-big-at-nollywood-movie-awards/ |archive-date=2 November 2014 |access-date=2 November 2014 |publisher=Nigeria News Digest}}</ref><br /> |Fim mafi kyau |Niyi Akinmolayan| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor (Rashin Taimako) |Wale Adebayo| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yaro |Mai taimakawa Sosthenes| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Multichoice (2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2014 |title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards 2015 nominees list out |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=338894 |access-date=23 December 2014 |publisher=Ghana Web}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMVCA winners announced |url=http://www.dstv.com/News/AMVCA-winners-announced/126405 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417012639/http://www.dstv.com/News/AMVCA-winners-announced/126405 |archive-date=17 April 2015 |access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref><br /> |Mafi kyawun fim (Drama) |Niyi Akinmolayan| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |[[Ivie Okujaye]]| {{Nom}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2014|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2014]] == Manazarta == cjclwchpz58c0sibxzsgxv8hqag5dq6 969369 969368 2026-10-19T06:31:59Z Salma Raddah 45959 969369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Make a Move fim ne na raye-raye na Najeriya na 2014 wanda Ivie Okujaye ya samar kuma [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ya jagoranta. Tauraruwar [[Ivie Okujaye]], [[Tina Mba]], [[Beverly Naya]], Wale Adebayo, Victor Godfery, Helga Sosthenes da Eno Ekpenyong, tare da bayyanar musamman daga [[Majid Michel]], [[Denrele Edun]], 2face Idibia da [[Omawumi|Omawumi Megbele]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2014 |title=COMING SOON: Make A Move Nollywood Reinvented |url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/03/coming-soon-make-a-move.html |access-date=14 March 2014 |publisher=[[Nollywood Reinvented]]}}</ref> == Makirci == Make a Move ya ba da labarin Osas da Eseosa waɗanda suka fito daga gidaje masu wahala. Osas ta sami ta'aziyya a cikin rawa kuma tana amfani da shi azaman hanyar fita daga matsalolinta da yawa ciki har da gidanta, wanda ke fadowa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell, Timmy |date=8 March 2014 |title=2face Returns To Nollywood in the Movie: Make A Move Along Side Majid Michel And Others…. |url=http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/2014/03/08/2face-returns-nollywood-movie-make-move-along-side-majid-michel-others-see-details/ |access-date=14 March 2014 |publisher=NaijaLoaded}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Ivie Okujaye]] a matsayin Bears * [[Tina Mba]] * [[Beverly Naya]] * Wale Adebayo * Victor Godfery * Helga Sosthenes a matsayin Esosa * Eno Ekpenyong a matsayin Chuma * [[Majid Michel]] * [[Denrele Edun]] * [[2Baba|2 Fuskar Wauta]] * [[Omawumi|Omawumi Megbele]] == Karɓar baƙi == === Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci === Fim din ya sami ra'ayoyi masu mahimmanci gaba ɗaya. Ya sami ƙimar 39% a kan Nollywood Reinvented, wanda ya ce: "Babban kuskuren wannan fim ɗin ya zo ne tare da gabatar da motsin zuciyarsa. Yana cikin kiɗa, yana cikin jagora, yana cikin yanayin da fim ɗin ya saita ko kuma bai saita a baya ba. " A cikin kashi na uku na farko na fim ɗin, shugabancin ya zama kamar ba tare da izini ba. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2014 |title=Make a Move |url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2014/09/make-a-move.html |access-date=10 September 2014 |publisher=[[Nollywood Reinvented]]}}</ref> Ya kasance kamar dai al'amuran da sauri suna faruwa da sauri fiye da kyamarar zata iya bi, hakan da gangan ba ya fito kamar ƙwarewa ba ne ko kuma bai taimaka wa yanayin ba. " Olamide Jasanya na The Nigeria Entertainment Today ya ba da darajar 2 daga cikin taurari 5, yana mai cewa labarin yana da mahimmanci kuma yana mai da hankali sosai ga hali ɗaya. Ya zargi ci gaban hali, ya ce fim din ba shi da kyau a wasu al'amuran amma kyakkyawa a mafi yawan sauran al'amannun kuma ya kammala: "Akinmolayan na iya koyon darasi daga babban zargi fim dinsa na kimiyya na 2010 ''Kajola'' ya kawo shi, don haka ya ɗauki hanyar da ta dace da wannan fim kuma ya zama da kyau, tare da wasu sabbin hotuna masu ban mamaki, duk da haka bai yi kyau wajen tayar da motsin rai daga haruffa ba, kuma bai ba. " Isabella Akinseye ta yi sharhi: "Make a Move ya sadu da babban tsammanin. Abin takaici, fim din ya yi takaici da jerin abubuwan da aka tsara, maganganun rubutun da rashin gamsarwa da yawancin simintin suka yi. A kan bayanin da ya dace, fim din yana da matsala game da cin zarafin gida. Ga Ivie [Okujaye],''Yi Mataki'' ɗaya ne na gaba, matakai biyu a baya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinseye, Isabella |date=22 July 2014 |title=Movie Review – Make a Move By Isabella Akinseye |url=http://olorisupergal.com/movie-review-make-a-move-by-isabella-akinseye/ |access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> Wilfred Okiche na [[YNaija]] ya yi watsi da komai game da fim din kuma ya yi sharhi: "Make a Move yana da makirci da labarin da ke gudanar da ci gaba amma fim din yana da banƙyama da tsari cewa kusan babu wani abu mai ban sha'awa kuma ga duk lokacin da yake gudana, fim din yana taka leda kamar an tsara shi ga yara masu shekaru 12, "sakamakon ya lalace kuma yana da rikice tare da ɗaukar lokaci mara kyau. Akinmolayan kawai yana jagorantar yanayin don fim ko kuma babu wani abu na musamman da ba tare da shi ba tare da farin ciki ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okiche, Wilfred |date=25 August 2014 |title=Movie review: Ivie Okujaiye's 'Make a move' makes all the wrong ones |url=http://ynaija.com/movie-review-ivie-okujaiyes-make-move-makes-wrong-ones/ |access-date=10 September 2014 |website=YNaija Magazine |publisher=[[YNaija]]}}</ref> === Godiya gaisuwa === Fim din ya sami gabatarwa uku a 2014 Nollywood Movies Awards, ciki har da Mafi Kyawun Fim, Mafi Kyawun Actor (Rashin Taimako) ga Wale Adebayo da Mafi Kyawu Child Actor ga Helger Sosthenes . An kuma zaba shi a cikin rukuni biyu a 2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards . {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |+Cikakken jerin kyaututtuka !Kyautar !Sashe !Masu karɓa da waɗanda aka zaba !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="3" |Nollywood Movies Network (2014 Nollywood Momies Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2014 |title=Flower Girl Wins Big at Nollywood Movie Awards |url=http://nigerianewsdigest.com/%EF%BB%BFflower-girl-wins-big-at-nollywood-movie-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102231919/http://nigerianewsdigest.com/%EF%BB%BFflower-girl-wins-big-at-nollywood-movie-awards/ |archive-date=2 November 2014 |access-date=2 November 2014 |publisher=Nigeria News Digest}}</ref><br /> |Fim mafi kyau |Niyi Akinmolayan| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor (Rashin Taimako) |Wale Adebayo| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na yaro |Mai taimakawa Sosthenes| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Multichoice (2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards) <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2014 |title=Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards 2015 nominees list out |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=338894 |access-date=23 December 2014 |publisher=Ghana Web}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMVCA winners announced |url=http://www.dstv.com/News/AMVCA-winners-announced/126405 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417012639/http://www.dstv.com/News/AMVCA-winners-announced/126405 |archive-date=17 April 2015 |access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref><br /> |Mafi kyawun fim (Drama) |Niyi Akinmolayan| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |[[Ivie Okujaye]]| {{Nom}} |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2014|Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2014]] == Manazarta == c4thzqr781f4blrc1d99gn0x7js7wu6 0 69543 969118 866505 2026-10-18T16:07:39Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374636285|Brother Jekwu]]" 969118 wikitext text/x-wiki Brother Jekwu fim ne mai ban dariya Na Najeriya na 2016 wanda Charles Uwagbai ya jagoranta, [1] wanda Mike Ezuruonye ya rubuta kuma ya samar da shi. [2][3] An sake shi a duk faɗin Cinemas a cikin 2016. [4][5] == Makirci == Da yake neman nasarar daji, wani ɗan ƙauyen ya bi dan uwansa daga Najeriya zuwa Kenya kuma ya yi tuntuɓe cikin al'amuran kasuwanci na wani sanannen mai mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editor |first=Op-ed |date=2016-12-18 |title=Movie review: The sometimes funny, twisted world of Brother Jekwu |url=https://ynaija.com/movie-review-sometimes-funny-twisted-world-brother-jekwu/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BBFC |title=Brother Jekwu |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/brother-jekwu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mzi4nje |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.bbfc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari ==   == Manazarta == ajtiogr4kag7vnt8lfqvtdb0l8y2xh2 969122 969118 2026-10-18T16:08:59Z Salma Raddah 45959 969122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Brother Jekwu fim ne mai ban dariya Na Najeriya na 2016 wanda Charles Uwagbai ya jagoranta, [1] wanda Mike Ezuruonye ya rubuta kuma ya samar da shi. [2][3] An sake shi a duk faɗin Cinemas a cikin 2016. [4][5] == Makirci == Da yake neman nasarar daji, wani ɗan ƙauyen ya bi dan uwansa daga Najeriya zuwa Kenya kuma ya yi tuntuɓe cikin al'amuran kasuwanci na wani sanannen mai mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editor |first=Op-ed |date=2016-12-18 |title=Movie review: The sometimes funny, twisted world of Brother Jekwu |url=https://ynaija.com/movie-review-sometimes-funny-twisted-world-brother-jekwu/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BBFC |title=Brother Jekwu |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/brother-jekwu-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mzi4nje |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.bbfc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari ==   == Manazarta == gbphkcqthn68xo5l7xdevgtf0ki4n8w 0 69646 969235 885786 2026-10-18T18:28:07Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344516869|Onye Ozi]]" 969235 wikitext text/x-wiki Onye Ozi fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2013 wanda [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]] ya jagoranta. Fim din ya lashe lambobin yabo guda biyu a 2014 Nollywood Movies Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Imoh |first=Noellin |date=14 October 2014 |title=Nollywood Movie Awards 2014, ONYE OZI, LABO & SHAMEFUL DECEIT are Nominated! |url=http://www.africandazzle.com/index.php?p=665&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510093559/http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=665&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |access-date=4 February 2016 |publisher=African Dazzle Magazine}}</ref> == Tarihi da samarwa == An harbe Onye Ozi a Landan kuma an fara shi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2013 a The Lighthouse Hall, Camberwell, Landan.[1] Obi Emelonye da Emmanuella Ngozi Ideh ne suka samar da shi tare da tallafi daga Nollywood Movies, London, Screen Nation Pictures da M-Net.[1] == Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci == Tun lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 2013, Onye Ozi ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa a cikin gida da kuma duniya. Bayan da aka saki shi, Onye Ozi ya sadu da sake dubawa. Sodas & Popcorn, wani shafin yanar gizon fim na Najeriya ta hanyar ''BellaNaija'' ya nuna kuskuren da ke cikin fim din kuma ya kara sukar fasahar rubuce-rubucen fim din Obi Emelonye yana mai cewa, "Matsalar da na yi da fina-finai koyaushe rubuce-finai ne. Labaran ba su taɓa ƙarawa ba kuma su ɗauki mafi yawan juyawa da juyawa. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sodas & Popcorn |date=19 February 2014 |title=Sodas & Popcorn –Movie Review: Onye Ozi (The Messenger) |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-onye-ozi-the-messenger/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |website=[[BellaNaija]]}}</ref>''[[YNaija]]''' Wilfred Okichie ya kuma ba da fim din ƙarancin ƙima yana kwatanta shi a matsayin "fim mai zaman kansa mai ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okichie |first=Wilfred |date=24 February 2014 |title=Film review: Watch 'Onye Ozi' with low expectations and you won't be disappointed |url=http://www.ynaija.com/film-review-watch-onye-ozi-with-low-expectations-and-you-wont-be-disappointed/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |website=[[YNaija]]}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Okey Bakassi]] a matsayin Metumaribe Onuigbo * Anthony Aclet a matsayin Chike * Stephen Moriaty a matsayin TJ * Ngozi Igwebike a matsayin Mkpurunma * Adesua Atuanya a matsayin Adaaugo * D'Kachy Obi-Emelonye a matsayin Ossy * Chinemerem Okemuo a matsayin Ogbenyealu * Frank Ani a matsayin Ofoegbu * Nkiruka Emelonye a matsayin Uju * Sarki Onuigbo a matsayin Uba == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Kyautar !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="5" |2014 | rowspan="2" |Kyautar Fim din Nollywood ta 2014 |Mafi kyawun Fim na Diaspora|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na asali|{{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 10]] |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Fim Mafi Kyawun Soundtrack|Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Soundtrack]]|{{Won}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka|Kyautar Ousmane Sembene don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka]]|{{Nom}} |- |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|2014 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi Kyawun Comedy na Shekara|{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2015 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Harshen 'yan asalin ƙasar (Igbo) |{{Won}} |- |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015]] |Fim na Shekara (Fim din 'yan asalin ƙasar) |{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> oybsz87phvs97may5ttlcx8kamgnu5f 969236 969235 2026-10-18T18:29:23Z Salma Raddah 45959 969236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Onye Ozi fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2013 wanda [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]] ya jagoranta. Fim din ya lashe lambobin yabo guda biyu a 2014 Nollywood Movies Awards . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Imoh |first=Noellin |date=14 October 2014 |title=Nollywood Movie Awards 2014, ONYE OZI, LABO & SHAMEFUL DECEIT are Nominated! |url=http://www.africandazzle.com/index.php?p=665&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510093559/http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=665&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |access-date=4 February 2016 |publisher=African Dazzle Magazine}}</ref> == Tarihi da samarwa == An harbe Onye Ozi a Landan kuma an fara shi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2013 a The Lighthouse Hall, Camberwell, Landan.[1] Obi Emelonye da Emmanuella Ngozi Ideh ne suka samar da shi tare da tallafi daga Nollywood Movies, London, Screen Nation Pictures da M-Net.[1] == Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci == Tun lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 2013, Onye Ozi ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa a cikin gida da kuma duniya. Bayan da aka saki shi, Onye Ozi ya sadu da sake dubawa. Sodas & Popcorn, wani shafin yanar gizon fim na Najeriya ta hanyar ''BellaNaija'' ya nuna kuskuren da ke cikin fim din kuma ya kara sukar fasahar rubuce-rubucen fim din Obi Emelonye yana mai cewa, "Matsalar da na yi da fina-finai koyaushe rubuce-finai ne. Labaran ba su taɓa ƙarawa ba kuma su ɗauki mafi yawan juyawa da juyawa. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sodas & Popcorn |date=19 February 2014 |title=Sodas & Popcorn –Movie Review: Onye Ozi (The Messenger) |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/sodas-popcorn-movie-review-onye-ozi-the-messenger/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |website=[[BellaNaija]]}}</ref>''[[YNaija]]''' Wilfred Okichie ya kuma ba da fim din ƙarancin ƙima yana kwatanta shi a matsayin "fim mai zaman kansa mai ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okichie |first=Wilfred |date=24 February 2014 |title=Film review: Watch 'Onye Ozi' with low expectations and you won't be disappointed |url=http://www.ynaija.com/film-review-watch-onye-ozi-with-low-expectations-and-you-wont-be-disappointed/ |access-date=4 February 2016 |website=[[YNaija]]}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Okey Bakassi]] a matsayin Metumaribe Onuigbo * Anthony Aclet a matsayin Chike * Stephen Moriaty a matsayin TJ * Ngozi Igwebike a matsayin Mkpurunma * Adesua Atuanya a matsayin Adaaugo * D'Kachy Obi-Emelonye a matsayin Ossy * Chinemerem Okemuo a matsayin Ogbenyealu * Frank Ani a matsayin Ofoegbu * Nkiruka Emelonye a matsayin Uju * Sarki Onuigbo a matsayin Uba == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Kyautar !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="5" |2014 | rowspan="2" |Kyautar Fim din Nollywood ta 2014 |Mafi kyawun Fim na Diaspora|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na asali|{{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ta 10]] |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka ga Fim Mafi Kyawun Soundtrack|Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Soundtrack]]|{{Won}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka|Kyautar Ousmane Sembene don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka]]|{{Nom}} |- |[[2014 Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood|2014 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Mafi Kyawun Comedy na Shekara|{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |[[2015 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2015 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Harshen 'yan asalin ƙasar (Igbo) |{{Won}} |- |[[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015]] |Fim na Shekara (Fim din 'yan asalin ƙasar) |{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 7eve6tm0qjmekxicm2ltvvkdbn7veoh 0 69747 969096 907271 2026-10-18T15:46:44Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351619504|The Washerman]]" 969096 wikitext text/x-wiki   The Washerman is a 2018 Nigerian romantic comedy film produced by Etinosa Idemudia and directed by Charles Uwagbai.[1] It stars Ik Ogbonna, Frank Donga, Mc Abbey, Bryan Okwara, Mofe Duncan, Judith Audu, Sound Sultan, Sexy Steel and Mercy Isoyip.[2]The Washerman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2018 wanda Etinosa Idemudia ya samar kuma [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[IK Ogbonna|Ik Ogbonna]], [[Frank Donga]], Mc Abbey, [[Bryan Okwara]], Mofe Duncan, [[Judith Audu]], Sound Sultan, Sexy Steel da Mercy Isoyip. == Bayani game da shi == Labarin ya ta'allaka ne a kan wani vlogger wanda ke neman ƙauna ta gaskiya. Tare da addu'o'insa, ya shawo kan takaici kuma ya sami ƙauna, kodayake ba abin da ake tsammani ba ne. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Judith Audu]] a matsayin Juliana * Stephen Damian a matsayin Gambo * Sani Danja a matsayin kansa * [[Frank Donga]] a matsayin Baba Landlord * Etinosa Idemudia a matsayin KC * Mercy Isoyip a matsayin Mimi * Jaywon a matsayin Abbey * [[IK Ogbonna]] a matsayin Boniface * Chris Okagbue a matsayin Duke * [[Bryan Okwara]] a matsayin Ric * [[Genny Uzoma]] a matsayin Akweke == Manazarta == qpsz16j8z6evieeb7hqajryhogmtkpf 969097 969096 2026-10-18T15:47:37Z Salma Raddah 45959 969097 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} The Washerman is a 2018 Nigerian romantic comedy film produced by Etinosa Idemudia and directed by Charles Uwagbai.[1] It stars Ik Ogbonna, Frank Donga, Mc Abbey, Bryan Okwara, Mofe Duncan, Judith Audu, Sound Sultan, Sexy Steel and Mercy Isoyip.[2]The Washerman fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na 2018 wanda Etinosa Idemudia ya samar kuma [[Charles Uwagbai]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar [[IK Ogbonna|Ik Ogbonna]], [[Frank Donga]], Mc Abbey, [[Bryan Okwara]], Mofe Duncan, [[Judith Audu]], Sound Sultan, Sexy Steel da Mercy Isoyip. == Bayani game da shi == Labarin ya ta'allaka ne a kan wani vlogger wanda ke neman ƙauna ta gaskiya. Tare da addu'o'insa, ya shawo kan takaici kuma ya sami ƙauna, kodayake ba abin da ake tsammani ba ne. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Judith Audu]] a matsayin Juliana * Stephen Damian a matsayin Gambo * Sani Danja a matsayin kansa * [[Frank Donga]] a matsayin Baba Landlord * Etinosa Idemudia a matsayin KC * Mercy Isoyip a matsayin Mimi * Jaywon a matsayin Abbey * [[IK Ogbonna]] a matsayin Boniface * Chris Okagbue a matsayin Duke * [[Bryan Okwara]] a matsayin Ric * [[Genny Uzoma]] a matsayin Akweke == Manazarta == 24sjw3r1pz1i0m3c5r549x8r7yd4cbo 0 70222 969130 915057 2026-10-18T16:13:58Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364804781|Vaya (film)]]" 969130 wikitext text/x-wiki   Vaya fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu na 2016 wanda [[Akin Omotoso]] ya jagoranta.<ref name="TIFF">{{Cite web |title=Vaya |url=http://www.tiff.net/films/vaya/ |access-date=25 August 2016 |website=TIFF}}</ref> An nuna shi a cikin sashin Cinema na Duniya na zamani a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na 2016. <ref name="SD">{{Cite web |title=Toronto unveils City To City, World Cinema, Masters line-ups |url=http://www.screendaily.com/festivals/toronto/toronto-unveils-city-to-city-world-cinema-masters-line-ups/5108484.article |access-date=22 August 2016 |website=ScreenDaily}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * Phuthi Nakene a matsayin Patricia * [[Warren Masemola]] a matsayin Xolani * [[Azwile Chamane-Madiba]] a matsayin Zodwa * [[Nomonde Mbusi]] a matsayin T * [[Harriet Manamela]] a matsayin Grace * Sihle Xaba a matsayin Nhlanhla * Zimkhitha Nyoka a matsayin Zanele * Sibusiso Msimang a matsayin Nkulu == Karɓar baƙi == Shafin yanar gizon sake dubawa na Rotten Tomatoes ya ba fim din amincewar 100% bisa ga sake dubawa 6 da matsakaicin darajar 10/10. == Manazarta == oikts48o7cdcfr5al6m63madmc99ecf 969131 969130 2026-10-18T16:14:39Z Salma Raddah 45959 969131 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Vaya fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu na 2016 wanda [[Akin Omotoso]] ya jagoranta.<ref name="TIFF">{{Cite web |title=Vaya |url=http://www.tiff.net/films/vaya/ |access-date=25 August 2016 |website=TIFF}}</ref> An nuna shi a cikin sashin Cinema na Duniya na zamani a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na 2016. <ref name="SD">{{Cite web |title=Toronto unveils City To City, World Cinema, Masters line-ups |url=http://www.screendaily.com/festivals/toronto/toronto-unveils-city-to-city-world-cinema-masters-line-ups/5108484.article |access-date=22 August 2016 |website=ScreenDaily}}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * Phuthi Nakene a matsayin Patricia * [[Warren Masemola]] a matsayin Xolani * [[Azwile Chamane-Madiba]] a matsayin Zodwa * [[Nomonde Mbusi]] a matsayin T * [[Harriet Manamela]] a matsayin Grace * Sihle Xaba a matsayin Nhlanhla * Zimkhitha Nyoka a matsayin Zanele * Sibusiso Msimang a matsayin Nkulu == Karɓar baƙi == Shafin yanar gizon sake dubawa na Rotten Tomatoes ya ba fim din amincewar 100% bisa ga sake dubawa 6 da matsakaicin darajar 10/10. == Manazarta == mfxl6cve7164t6iedmsc9wa7ie5myoc 0 79742 969041 785053 2026-10-18T13:25:56Z Nura Bello 24854 969041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Kimiyya (MUHAS) ''' (Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi Muhimbili, a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) jami'a ce ta jama'a da ke Upanga West, Gundumar Ilala ta Yankin Dar es Salaam a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Tanzania (TCU) ce ta amince da shi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=TCU |date=30 September 2016 |title=List of Recognized Universities In Tanzania As At 30 September 2016 |url=http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/documents/LIST_OF_UNIVERSITY_INSTITUTIONS_IN_TZ_AS_OF_30_9_2016.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Tanzania Commission for Universities]] (TCU) |format=PDF |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619031503/http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/documents/LIST_OF_UNIVERSITY_INSTITUTIONS_IN_TZ_AS_OF_30_9_2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Ya zuwa watan Yunin a 2018, jami'ar tana da makarantun biyu: * Babban Cibiyar tare da Hanyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a Upanga West, a cikin birnin [[Dar es Salaam]] . <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Muhimbili University |date=2017 |title=A brief history of MUHAS |url=https://www.muhas.ac.tz/index.php/about-muhas/a-brief-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111001202/http://www.muhas.ac.tz/index.php/about-muhas/a-brief-history |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences}}</ref> * Cibiyar Mloganzila, kimanin {{Convert|31|km|0}} yammacin Asibitin Muhimbili, tare da Hanyar A-7. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=1 June 2018 |title=Distance between Muhimbili National Hospital, Malik Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Mloganzila Campus of MUHAS, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Tanzania_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Muhimbili%20National%20Hospital%2C%20Malik%20Road%2C%20Dar%20es%20Salaam%2C%20Tanzania&toplace=Mloganzila%20Campus%20of%20MUHAS%2C%20Dar%20es%20Salaam%2C%20Tanzania&dt1=ChIJCx3XuJtLXBgRZBBs_YR5uhQ&dt2=ChIJlf55WlhBXBgRKMWJI9gqWD4 |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Wannan harabar tana da gado 571, asibitin koyarwa na farawa.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Tungaraza |first=Elizabeth |date=8 August 2017 |title=Prof Kaaya: Mloganzila health facility a game changer |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/Prof-Kaaya--Mloganzila-health-facility-a-game-changer/1843788-4050262-ofqs2gz/index.html |access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=The Guardian Reporter |date=11 January 2018 |title=Moving of Some Patients From Muhimbili to Mloganzila Starts |url=https://www.ippmedia.com/en/news/moving-some-patients-muhimbili-mloganzila-starts |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=IPP Media}}</ref> * Jami'ar tana kula da wurin koyarwa a garin Bagamoyo, kimanin kilomita 66 (41 , ta hanyar hanya, arewa maso yammacin Dar es Salaam . <ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=1 June 2018 |title=Distance between Muhimbili National Hospital, Malik Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Bagamoyo, Tanzania |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Tanzania_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Muhimbili%20National%20Hospital%2C%20Malik%20Road%2C%20Dar%20es%20Salaam%2C%20Tanzania&toplace=Bagamoyo%2C%20Tanzania&dt1=ChIJCx3XuJtLXBgRZBBs_YR5uhQ&dt2=ChIJU3AQkXyRXBgRFGfHnNifF6o |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> * Har ila yau, jami'ar tana kula da masaukin dalibai da ke kan titin Chole, Masaki, a Dar es Salaam . == Tarihi == Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Allied Sciences ta samo asali ne daga 1963, lokacin da aka buɗe ta a matsayin ''Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Dar es Salaam'' . Makarantar ta zama fannin kiwon lafiya na [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]], a shekarar 1968. A shekara ta 1976, an kafa Faculty of Medicine a cikin Asibitin Muhimbili don kafa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Muhimbili (MMC). <ref name="3R"/> Dokar Majalisar Dokoki No. 9 ta 1991, ta inganta kwalejin zuwa kwalejin Dar es Salaam, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Jami'ar Muhimbili (MUCHS). A shekara ta 2000, ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar, gwamnati ta rushe MMC kuma ta kirkiro cibiyoyin gwamnati guda biyu da ke da alaƙa da juna amma masu cin gashin kansu: MUCHS da Asibitin Kasa na Muhimbili (MNH). A cikin shekaru, MUCHS ta sami gagarumin nasarori wajen kara yawan ɗalibai da haɓaka sabbin shirye-shiryen ilimi da yawa. Dokar Majalisar No. 9 ta 1991 wacce ta kafa MUCHS an soke ta a shekara ta 2005. A cikin shekara ta 2007, an kafa MUHAS ta Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniyar Haɗin Kai, daidai da shawarwarin Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Tanzania. == Bincike == Bincike yana da mahimmanci a cikin ma'aikatar da aka mayar da hankali ga Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Allied Sciences. Jami'ar tana cikin manyan ayyukan bincike sama da 40. Sun fito ne daga 'gwaje-gwaje na bitamin tsakanin 'ya'yan mata masu dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau' zuwa binciken 'insurance na kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa' da kuma binciken 'masu tsinkaye na zamantakewa da mahallin halayyar haɗarin jima'i na maza a Afirka' zuwa wanda ke kallon 'sakamakon kariyar multivitamin akan maganin asibiti da rigakafi a cikin tarin fuka na yara'. Abokan bincike sun hada da [[Tarayyar Turai]] da jami'o'in Turai da Amurka da yawa. == Shirye-shirye == Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Allied tana ba da shirye-shirye a cikin Medicine, Ophthalmology, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Nursing, Public Health, Traditional Medicine, Laboratory da Allied Sciences a matakin digiri da digiri.<ref>[http://www.muhas.ac.tz Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences]</ref> == Shahararrun malamai == * [[Julie Makani]], masanin haematologist * Japhet Killewo, farfesa a MUHAS == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website}} * [http://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_Muhimbili+University Jami'ar Kudancin Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106192141/https://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_Muhimbili+University |date=2019-11-06 }} p21i2hm72m5a6y81lssdlafdy2dlngv 969042 969041 2026-10-18T13:26:55Z Nura Bello 24854 969042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Kimiyya (MUHAS) ''' (Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi Muhimbili, a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) jami'a ce ta jama'a da ke Upanga West, Gundumar Ilala ta Yankin Dar es Salaam a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Tanzania (TCU) ce ta amince da shi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=TCU |date=30 September 2016 |title=List of Recognized Universities In Tanzania As At 30 September 2016 |url=http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/documents/LIST_OF_UNIVERSITY_INSTITUTIONS_IN_TZ_AS_OF_30_9_2016.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Tanzania Commission for Universities]] (TCU) |format=PDF |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619031503/http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/documents/LIST_OF_UNIVERSITY_INSTITUTIONS_IN_TZ_AS_OF_30_9_2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Ya zuwa watan Yunin shekara 2018, jami'ar tana da makarantun biyu: * Babban Cibiyar tare da Hanyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a Upanga West, a cikin birnin [[Dar es Salaam]] . <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Muhimbili University |date=2017 |title=A brief history of MUHAS |url=https://www.muhas.ac.tz/index.php/about-muhas/a-brief-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111001202/http://www.muhas.ac.tz/index.php/about-muhas/a-brief-history |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences}}</ref> * Cibiyar Mloganzila, kimanin {{Convert|31|km|0}} yammacin Asibitin Muhimbili, tare da Hanyar A-7. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=1 June 2018 |title=Distance between Muhimbili National Hospital, Malik Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Mloganzila Campus of MUHAS, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Tanzania_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Muhimbili%20National%20Hospital%2C%20Malik%20Road%2C%20Dar%20es%20Salaam%2C%20Tanzania&toplace=Mloganzila%20Campus%20of%20MUHAS%2C%20Dar%20es%20Salaam%2C%20Tanzania&dt1=ChIJCx3XuJtLXBgRZBBs_YR5uhQ&dt2=ChIJlf55WlhBXBgRKMWJI9gqWD4 |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Wannan harabar tana da gado 571, asibitin koyarwa na farawa.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Tungaraza |first=Elizabeth |date=8 August 2017 |title=Prof Kaaya: Mloganzila health facility a game changer |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/Prof-Kaaya--Mloganzila-health-facility-a-game-changer/1843788-4050262-ofqs2gz/index.html |access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=The Guardian Reporter |date=11 January 2018 |title=Moving of Some Patients From Muhimbili to Mloganzila Starts |url=https://www.ippmedia.com/en/news/moving-some-patients-muhimbili-mloganzila-starts |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=IPP Media}}</ref> * Jami'ar tana kula da wurin koyarwa a garin Bagamoyo, kimanin kilomita 66 (41 , ta hanyar hanya, arewa maso yammacin Dar es Salaam . <ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=1 June 2018 |title=Distance between Muhimbili National Hospital, Malik Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Bagamoyo, Tanzania |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Tanzania_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Muhimbili%20National%20Hospital%2C%20Malik%20Road%2C%20Dar%20es%20Salaam%2C%20Tanzania&toplace=Bagamoyo%2C%20Tanzania&dt1=ChIJCx3XuJtLXBgRZBBs_YR5uhQ&dt2=ChIJU3AQkXyRXBgRFGfHnNifF6o |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> * Har ila yau, jami'ar tana kula da masaukin dalibai da ke kan titin Chole, Masaki, a Dar es Salaam . == Tarihi == Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Allied Sciences ta samo asali ne daga 1963, lokacin da aka buɗe ta a matsayin ''Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Dar es Salaam'' . Makarantar ta zama fannin kiwon lafiya na [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]], a shekarar 1968. A shekara ta 1976, an kafa Faculty of Medicine a cikin Asibitin Muhimbili don kafa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Muhimbili (MMC). <ref name="3R"/> Dokar Majalisar Dokoki No. 9 ta 1991, ta inganta kwalejin zuwa kwalejin Dar es Salaam, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Jami'ar Muhimbili (MUCHS). A shekara ta 2000, ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar, gwamnati ta rushe MMC kuma ta kirkiro cibiyoyin gwamnati guda biyu da ke da alaƙa da juna amma masu cin gashin kansu: MUCHS da Asibitin Kasa na Muhimbili (MNH). A cikin shekaru, MUCHS ta sami gagarumin nasarori wajen kara yawan ɗalibai da haɓaka sabbin shirye-shiryen ilimi da yawa. Dokar Majalisar No. 9 ta 1991 wacce ta kafa MUCHS an soke ta a shekara ta 2005. A cikin shekara ta 2007, an kafa MUHAS ta Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniyar Haɗin Kai, daidai da shawarwarin Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Tanzania. == Bincike == Bincike yana da mahimmanci a cikin ma'aikatar da aka mayar da hankali ga Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Allied Sciences. Jami'ar tana cikin manyan ayyukan bincike sama da 40. Sun fito ne daga 'gwaje-gwaje na bitamin tsakanin 'ya'yan mata masu dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau' zuwa binciken 'insurance na kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa' da kuma binciken 'masu tsinkaye na zamantakewa da mahallin halayyar haɗarin jima'i na maza a Afirka' zuwa wanda ke kallon 'sakamakon kariyar multivitamin akan maganin asibiti da rigakafi a cikin tarin fuka na yara'. Abokan bincike sun hada da [[Tarayyar Turai]] da jami'o'in Turai da Amurka da yawa. == Shirye-shirye == Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Allied tana ba da shirye-shirye a cikin Medicine, Ophthalmology, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Nursing, Public Health, Traditional Medicine, Laboratory da Allied Sciences a matakin digiri da digiri.<ref>[http://www.muhas.ac.tz Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences]</ref> == Shahararrun malamai == * [[Julie Makani]], masanin haematologist * Japhet Killewo, farfesa a MUHAS == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website}} * [http://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_Muhimbili+University Jami'ar Kudancin Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106192141/https://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_Muhimbili+University |date=2019-11-06 }} sk6628ev1z6d11hsoelw6n1c55b44jj 969044 969042 2026-10-18T13:30:32Z Nura Bello 24854 969044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Kimiyya (MUHAS) ''' (Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi Muhimbili, a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) jami'a ce ta jama'a da ke Upanga West, Gundumar Ilala ta Yankin Dar es Salaam a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Tanzania (TCU) ce ta amince da shi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=TCU |date=30 September 2016 |title=List of Recognized Universities In Tanzania As At 30 September 2016 |url=http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/documents/LIST_OF_UNIVERSITY_INSTITUTIONS_IN_TZ_AS_OF_30_9_2016.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Tanzania Commission for Universities]] (TCU) |format=PDF |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619031503/http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/documents/LIST_OF_UNIVERSITY_INSTITUTIONS_IN_TZ_AS_OF_30_9_2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Ya zuwa watan Yunin shekara 2018, jami'ar tana da makarantun biyu: * Babban Cibiyar tare da Hanyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a Upanga West, a cikin birnin [[Dar es Salaam]] . <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Muhimbili University |date=2017 |title=A brief history of MUHAS |url=https://www.muhas.ac.tz/index.php/about-muhas/a-brief-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111001202/http://www.muhas.ac.tz/index.php/about-muhas/a-brief-history |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences}}</ref> * Cibiyar Mloganzila, kimanin {{Convert|31|km|0}} yammacin Asibitin Muhimbili, tare da Hanyar A-7. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=1 June 2018 |title=Distance between Muhimbili National Hospital, Malik Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Mloganzila Campus of MUHAS, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Tanzania_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Muhimbili%20National%20Hospital%2C%20Malik%20Road%2C%20Dar%20es%20Salaam%2C%20Tanzania&toplace=Mloganzila%20Campus%20of%20MUHAS%2C%20Dar%20es%20Salaam%2C%20Tanzania&dt1=ChIJCx3XuJtLXBgRZBBs_YR5uhQ&dt2=ChIJlf55WlhBXBgRKMWJI9gqWD4 |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Wannan harabar tana da gado 571, asibitin koyarwa na farawa.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Tungaraza |first=Elizabeth |date=8 August 2017 |title=Prof Kaaya: Mloganzila health facility a game changer |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/Prof-Kaaya--Mloganzila-health-facility-a-game-changer/1843788-4050262-ofqs2gz/index.html |access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=The Guardian Reporter |date=11 January 2018 |title=Moving of Some Patients From Muhimbili to Mloganzila Starts |url=https://www.ippmedia.com/en/news/moving-some-patients-muhimbili-mloganzila-starts |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=IPP Media}}</ref> * Jami'ar tana kula da wurin koyarwa a garin Bagamoyo, kimanin kilomita 66 (41 , ta hanyar hanya, arewa maso yammacin Dar es Salaam . <ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=1 June 2018 |title=Distance between Muhimbili National Hospital, Malik Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Bagamoyo, Tanzania |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Tanzania_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Muhimbili%20National%20Hospital%2C%20Malik%20Road%2C%20Dar%20es%20Salaam%2C%20Tanzania&toplace=Bagamoyo%2C%20Tanzania&dt1=ChIJCx3XuJtLXBgRZBBs_YR5uhQ&dt2=ChIJU3AQkXyRXBgRFGfHnNifF6o |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> * Har ila yau, jami'ar tana kula da masaukin dalibai da ke kan titin Chole, Masaki, a Dar es Salaam . == Tarihi == Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Allied Sciences ta samo asali ne tun daga 1963, lokacin da aka buɗe ta a matsayin ''Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Dar es Salaam'' . Makarantar ta zama fannin kiwon lafiya na [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]], a shekarar 1968. A shekara ta 1976, an kafa Faculty of Medicine a cikin Asibitin Muhimbili don kafa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Muhimbili (MMC). <ref name="3R"/> Dokar Majalisar Dokoki No. 9 ta 1991, ta inganta kwalejin zuwa kwalejin Dar es Salaam, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Jami'ar Muhimbili (MUCHS). A shekara ta 2000, ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar, gwamnati ta rushe MMC kuma ta kirkiro cibiyoyin gwamnati guda biyu da ke da alaƙa da juna amma masu cin gashin kansu: MUCHS da Asibitin Kasa na Muhimbili (MNH). A cikin shekaru, MUCHS ta sami gagarumin nasarori wajen kara yawan ɗalibai da haɓaka sabbin shirye-shiryen ilimi da yawa. Dokar Majalisar No. 9 ta 1991 wacce ta kafa MUCHS an soke ta a shekara ta 2005. A cikin shekara ta 2007, an kafa MUHAS ta Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniyar Haɗin Kai, daidai da shawarwarin Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Tanzania. == Bincike == Bincike yana da mahimmanci a cikin ma'aikatar da aka mayar da hankali ga Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Allied Sciences. Jami'ar tana cikin manyan ayyukan bincike sama da 40. Sun fito ne daga 'gwaje-gwaje na bitamin tsakanin 'ya'yan mata masu dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau' zuwa binciken 'insurance na kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa' da kuma binciken 'masu tsinkaye na zamantakewa da mahallin halayyar haɗarin jima'i na maza a Afirka' zuwa wanda ke kallon 'sakamakon kariyar multivitamin akan maganin asibiti da rigakafi a cikin tarin fuka na yara'. Abokan bincike sun hada da [[Tarayyar Turai]] da jami'o'in Turai da Amurka da yawa. == Shirye-shirye == Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Allied tana ba da shirye-shirye a cikin Medicine, Ophthalmology, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Nursing, Public Health, Traditional Medicine, Laboratory da Allied Sciences a matakin digiri da digiri.<ref>[http://www.muhas.ac.tz Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences]</ref> == Shahararrun malamai == * [[Julie Makani]], masanin haematologist * Japhet Killewo, farfesa a MUHAS == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website}} * [http://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_Muhimbili+University Jami'ar Kudancin Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106192141/https://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_Muhimbili+University |date=2019-11-06 }} h6pa18yydo9y8ph5pj678soin35k0wy 969045 969044 2026-10-18T13:31:23Z Nura Bello 24854 969045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Kimiyya (MUHAS) ''' (Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi Muhimbili, a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) jami'a ce ta jama'a da ke Upanga West, Gundumar Ilala ta Yankin Dar es Salaam a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Tanzania (TCU) ce ta amince da shi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=TCU |date=30 September 2016 |title=List of Recognized Universities In Tanzania As At 30 September 2016 |url=http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/documents/LIST_OF_UNIVERSITY_INSTITUTIONS_IN_TZ_AS_OF_30_9_2016.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Tanzania Commission for Universities]] (TCU) |format=PDF |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619031503/http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/documents/LIST_OF_UNIVERSITY_INSTITUTIONS_IN_TZ_AS_OF_30_9_2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Ya zuwa watan Yunin shekara 2018, jami'ar tana da makarantun biyu: * Babban Cibiyar tare da Hanyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a Upanga West, a cikin birnin [[Dar es Salaam]] . <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Muhimbili University |date=2017 |title=A brief history of MUHAS |url=https://www.muhas.ac.tz/index.php/about-muhas/a-brief-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111001202/http://www.muhas.ac.tz/index.php/about-muhas/a-brief-history |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences}}</ref> * Cibiyar Mloganzila, kimanin {{Convert|31|km|0}} yammacin Asibitin Muhimbili, tare da Hanyar A-7. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=1 June 2018 |title=Distance between Muhimbili National Hospital, Malik Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Mloganzila Campus of MUHAS, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Tanzania_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Muhimbili%20National%20Hospital%2C%20Malik%20Road%2C%20Dar%20es%20Salaam%2C%20Tanzania&toplace=Mloganzila%20Campus%20of%20MUHAS%2C%20Dar%20es%20Salaam%2C%20Tanzania&dt1=ChIJCx3XuJtLXBgRZBBs_YR5uhQ&dt2=ChIJlf55WlhBXBgRKMWJI9gqWD4 |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Wannan harabar tana da gado 571, asibitin koyarwa na farawa.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Tungaraza |first=Elizabeth |date=8 August 2017 |title=Prof Kaaya: Mloganzila health facility a game changer |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/Prof-Kaaya--Mloganzila-health-facility-a-game-changer/1843788-4050262-ofqs2gz/index.html |access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=The Guardian Reporter |date=11 January 2018 |title=Moving of Some Patients From Muhimbili to Mloganzila Starts |url=https://www.ippmedia.com/en/news/moving-some-patients-muhimbili-mloganzila-starts |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=IPP Media}}</ref> * Jami'ar tana kula da wurin koyarwa a garin Bagamoyo, kimanin kilomita 66 (41 , ta hanyar hanya, arewa maso yammacin Dar es Salaam . <ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=1 June 2018 |title=Distance between Muhimbili National Hospital, Malik Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Bagamoyo, Tanzania |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Tanzania_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Muhimbili%20National%20Hospital%2C%20Malik%20Road%2C%20Dar%20es%20Salaam%2C%20Tanzania&toplace=Bagamoyo%2C%20Tanzania&dt1=ChIJCx3XuJtLXBgRZBBs_YR5uhQ&dt2=ChIJU3AQkXyRXBgRFGfHnNifF6o |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> * Har ila yau, jami'ar tana kula da masaukin dalibai da ke kan titin Chole, Masaki, a Dar es Salaam . == Tarihi == Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Allied Sciences ta samo asali ne tun daga shekarun 1963, lokacin da aka buɗe ta a matsayin ''Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Dar es Salaam'' . Makarantar ta zama fannin kiwon lafiya na [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]], a shekarar 1968. A shekara ta 1976, an kafa Faculty of Medicine a cikin Asibitin Muhimbili don kafa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Muhimbili (MMC). <ref name="3R"/> Dokar Majalisar Dokoki No. 9 ta 1991, ta inganta kwalejin zuwa kwalejin Dar es Salaam, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Jami'ar Muhimbili (MUCHS). A shekara ta 2000, ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar, gwamnati ta rushe MMC kuma ta kirkiro cibiyoyin gwamnati guda biyu da ke da alaƙa da juna amma masu cin gashin kansu: MUCHS da Asibitin Kasa na Muhimbili (MNH). A cikin shekaru, MUCHS ta sami gagarumin nasarori wajen kara yawan ɗalibai da haɓaka sabbin shirye-shiryen ilimi da yawa. Dokar Majalisar No. 9 ta 1991 wacce ta kafa MUCHS an soke ta a shekara ta 2005. A cikin shekara ta 2007, an kafa MUHAS ta Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniyar Haɗin Kai, daidai da shawarwarin Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Tanzania. == Bincike == Bincike yana da mahimmanci a cikin ma'aikatar da aka mayar da hankali ga Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Allied Sciences. Jami'ar tana cikin manyan ayyukan bincike sama da 40. Sun fito ne daga 'gwaje-gwaje na bitamin tsakanin 'ya'yan mata masu dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau' zuwa binciken 'insurance na kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa' da kuma binciken 'masu tsinkaye na zamantakewa da mahallin halayyar haɗarin jima'i na maza a Afirka' zuwa wanda ke kallon 'sakamakon kariyar multivitamin akan maganin asibiti da rigakafi a cikin tarin fuka na yara'. Abokan bincike sun hada da [[Tarayyar Turai]] da jami'o'in Turai da Amurka da yawa. == Shirye-shirye == Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Allied tana ba da shirye-shirye a cikin Medicine, Ophthalmology, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Nursing, Public Health, Traditional Medicine, Laboratory da Allied Sciences a matakin digiri da digiri.<ref>[http://www.muhas.ac.tz Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences]</ref> == Shahararrun malamai == * [[Julie Makani]], masanin haematologist * Japhet Killewo, farfesa a MUHAS == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website}} * [http://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_Muhimbili+University Jami'ar Kudancin Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106192141/https://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_Muhimbili+University |date=2019-11-06 }} ai9p3bpfdnbve8gkfdhu4w1ibr504yc 969047 969045 2026-10-18T13:33:05Z Nura Bello 24854 969047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Kimiyya (MUHAS) ''' (Chuo Kikuu cha Afya na Sayansi Shirikishi Muhimbili, a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) jami'a ce ta jama'a da ke Upanga West, Gundumar Ilala ta Yankin Dar es Salaam a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Tanzania (TCU) ce ta amince da shi.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=TCU |date=30 September 2016 |title=List of Recognized Universities In Tanzania As At 30 September 2016 |url=http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/documents/LIST_OF_UNIVERSITY_INSTITUTIONS_IN_TZ_AS_OF_30_9_2016.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Tanzania Commission for Universities]] (TCU) |format=PDF |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619031503/http://www.tcu.go.tz/images/documents/LIST_OF_UNIVERSITY_INSTITUTIONS_IN_TZ_AS_OF_30_9_2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Ya zuwa watan Yunin shekara 2018, jami'ar tana da makarantun biyu: * Babban Cibiyar tare da Hanyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a Upanga West, a cikin birnin [[Dar es Salaam]] . <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Muhimbili University |date=2017 |title=A brief history of MUHAS |url=https://www.muhas.ac.tz/index.php/about-muhas/a-brief-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111001202/http://www.muhas.ac.tz/index.php/about-muhas/a-brief-history |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences}}</ref> * Cibiyar Mloganzila, kimanin {{Convert|31|km|0}} yammacin Asibitin Muhimbili, tare da Hanyar A-7. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=1 June 2018 |title=Distance between Muhimbili National Hospital, Malik Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Mloganzila Campus of MUHAS, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Tanzania_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Muhimbili%20National%20Hospital%2C%20Malik%20Road%2C%20Dar%20es%20Salaam%2C%20Tanzania&toplace=Mloganzila%20Campus%20of%20MUHAS%2C%20Dar%20es%20Salaam%2C%20Tanzania&dt1=ChIJCx3XuJtLXBgRZBBs_YR5uhQ&dt2=ChIJlf55WlhBXBgRKMWJI9gqWD4 |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Wannan harabar tana da gado 571, asibitin koyarwa na farawa.<ref name="6R">{{Cite web |last=Tungaraza |first=Elizabeth |date=8 August 2017 |title=Prof Kaaya: Mloganzila health facility a game changer |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/success/Prof-Kaaya--Mloganzila-health-facility-a-game-changer/1843788-4050262-ofqs2gz/index.html |access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=The Guardian Reporter |date=11 January 2018 |title=Moving of Some Patients From Muhimbili to Mloganzila Starts |url=https://www.ippmedia.com/en/news/moving-some-patients-muhimbili-mloganzila-starts |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=IPP Media}}</ref> * Jami'ar tana kula da wurin koyarwa a garin Bagamoyo, kimanin kilomita 66 (41 , ta hanyar hanya, arewa maso yammacin Dar es Salaam . <ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=1 June 2018 |title=Distance between Muhimbili National Hospital, Malik Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Bagamoyo, Tanzania |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Tanzania_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Muhimbili%20National%20Hospital%2C%20Malik%20Road%2C%20Dar%20es%20Salaam%2C%20Tanzania&toplace=Bagamoyo%2C%20Tanzania&dt1=ChIJCx3XuJtLXBgRZBBs_YR5uhQ&dt2=ChIJU3AQkXyRXBgRFGfHnNifF6o |access-date=1 June 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> * Har ila yau, jami'ar tana kula da masaukin dalibai da ke kan titin Chole, Masaki, a Dar es Salaam . == Tarihi == Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Allied Sciences ta samo asali ne tun daga shekarun 1963, lokacin da aka buɗe ta a matsayin ''Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Dar es Salaam'' . Makarantar ta zama fannin kiwon lafiya na [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]], a shekarar 1968. A shekara ta 1976, an kafa Faculty of Medicine a cikin Asibitin Muhimbili don kafa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Muhimbili (MMC). <ref name="3R"/> Dokar Majalisar Dokoki No. 9 ta shekarar 1991, ta inganta kwalejin zuwa kwalejin Dar es Salaam, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya ta Jami'ar Muhimbili (MUCHS). A shekara ta 2000, ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar, gwamnati ta rushe MMC kuma ta kirkiro cibiyoyin gwamnati guda biyu da ke da alaƙa da juna amma masu cin gashin kansu: MUCHS da Asibitin Kasa na Muhimbili (MNH). A cikin shekaru, MUCHS ta sami gagarumin nasarori wajen kara yawan ɗalibai da haɓaka sabbin shirye-shiryen ilimi da yawa. Dokar Majalisar No. 9 ta 1991 wacce ta kafa MUCHS an soke ta a shekara ta 2005. A cikin shekara ta 2007, an kafa MUHAS ta Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniyar Haɗin Kai, daidai da shawarwarin Hukumar Jami'o'i ta Tanzania. == Bincike == Bincike yana da mahimmanci a cikin ma'aikatar da aka mayar da hankali ga Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Allied Sciences. Jami'ar tana cikin manyan ayyukan bincike sama da 40. Sun fito ne daga 'gwaje-gwaje na bitamin tsakanin 'ya'yan mata masu dauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau' zuwa binciken 'insurance na kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa' da kuma binciken 'masu tsinkaye na zamantakewa da mahallin halayyar haɗarin jima'i na maza a Afirka' zuwa wanda ke kallon 'sakamakon kariyar multivitamin akan maganin asibiti da rigakafi a cikin tarin fuka na yara'. Abokan bincike sun hada da [[Tarayyar Turai]] da jami'o'in Turai da Amurka da yawa. == Shirye-shirye == Jami'ar Muhimbili ta Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Allied tana ba da shirye-shirye a cikin Medicine, Ophthalmology, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Nursing, Public Health, Traditional Medicine, Laboratory da Allied Sciences a matakin digiri da digiri.<ref>[http://www.muhas.ac.tz Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences]</ref> == Shahararrun malamai == * [[Julie Makani]], masanin haematologist * Japhet Killewo, farfesa a MUHAS == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website}} * [http://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_Muhimbili+University Jami'ar Kudancin Afirka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106192141/https://www.sarua.org/?q=uni_Muhimbili+University |date=2019-11-06 }} pazkhny9ys0dqem28u0u70f25aopj4l 0 80137 969075 968886 2026-10-18T14:22:16Z Em-mustapha 6594 /* Manazarta */ m 969075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Iie msa campus two.jpg|thumb|Kasan IIE MSA]] [[Fayil:Iie msa campus.jpg|thumb|LIE MSA cikin makaranta]] '''IIE MSA''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Monash [[Afirka ta Kudu]]''', [[jami'a]] ce da ke [[Johannesburg]], Gauteng, Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Backhouse |first=Judy |date=1 December 2005 |title=Diversity on the South African Campus of Monash University and the implications for Faculty of Information Technology undergraduate courses |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/16823200509487118 |journal=Education as Change |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=96–111 |doi=10.1080/16823200509487118 |via=Taylor and Francis+NEJM}}</ref> Manajan Darakta a IIE MSA a halin yanzu shine Louise Wiseman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mndende |first=Athenkosi |date=6 December 2021 |title='Too many skilled graduates for too few jobs': Experts share the skillsets needed to secure employment |url=https://www.news24.com/parent/learn/learning-difficulties/too-many-skilled-graduates-for-too-few-jobs-experts-share-the-skillsets-needed-to-secure-employment-20211206 |access-date=6 December 2021 |website=News24}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa IIE MSA a cikin shekaun 2001 a matsayin Monash Afirka ta Kudu ta Jami'ar Monash, jami'ar Australiya mai suna bayan injiniyan farar hula, John Monash . <ref name="msa">{{Cite web |title=Change of ownership for Monash South Africa |url=https://www.monash.edu/news/articles/change-of-ownership-for-monash-south-africa |website=Monash University}}</ref> An gina jami'ar ne a kan ayyukan gona da noma a Ruimsig, Roodeport . Abinda aka fara amfani da shi a IIE MSA ya kasance a cikin ilimin ƙasa da [[kimiyyar muhalli]]. A cikin shekarun 2019, an sake mata suna a matsayin IIE MSA bayan ya zama wani ɓangare na Cibiyar Ilimi Mai Zaman Kanta.<ref name="msa">{{Cite web |title=Change of ownership for Monash South Africa |url=https://www.monash.edu/news/articles/change-of-ownership-for-monash-south-africa |website=Monash University}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.monash.edu/news/articles/change-of-ownership-for-monash-south-africa "Change of ownership for Monash South Africa"]. ''Monash University''.</cite></ref> == Tsangayu == === Makarantu === Monash Afirka ta Kudu ba ta karɓar ɗalibai zuwa digiri da difloma IIE MSA wanda ya sayi Monash SA ya ci gaba da tayin wanda ya fada cikin waɗannan: ==== Kwalejin Kasuwanci, Injiniya da Fasaha ==== Ma'aikatar tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na farko masu ban sha'awa, shirye-shirye na girmamawa, difloma na digiri na biyu da digiri na biyu. Har ila yau, yana gane masu sana'a masu aiki, ko suna da wuri, tsakiyar ko matakan aiki masu ci gaba, kuma suna karɓar zaɓuɓɓukan lokaci-lokaci da na digiri. Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci, Injiniya da Fasaha ta IIE MSA tana ba da digiri na biyu a cikin waɗannan yankuna: [7] * Lissafi * Kwamfuta da Kimiyya na Bayanai * Tattalin Arziki * Injiniyan lantarki da lantarki * Dokar * Gudanarwa * Tallace-tallace Yana daya daga cikin cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu guda biyu da suka sami izinin Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAICA) don digiri na lissafi.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2020}}A cikin shakarun 2013, Monash Afirka ta Kudu ta fara bayar da takardar shaidar digiri na biyu a cikin shirin lissafi, wanda ke aiki a matsayin abin da ake buƙata na ƙarshe don rubuta jarrabawar kwamitin Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAICA). Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka ba da izini ga wata hukuma mai zaman kanta. Monash ya cimma wannan ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da mai ba da sabis mai zaman kansa CA Connect . Daga shekarar ilimi ta 2018, ma'aikatar ta sanar da cewa za ta tafi kadai wajen bayar da shirin da ke ci gaba. ==== Kwalejin Kimiyya da Lafiya ==== Kwalejin Kimiyya da Lafiya ta IIE MSA a halin yanzu tana ba da digiri na IIE a cikin waɗannan yankuna: * Bachelor na Lafiya ta Jama'a * Bachelor of Social Science - tare da wadannan fannoni na karatu: * Sadarwa da Nazarin Watsa Labarai, * Ilimin aikata laifuka da Shari'ar Laifuka, * Nazarin Ci Gaban (haɗe da Yanayin Dan Adam), * Nazarin Kasa da Kasa, * Nazarin aikin jarida, * Falsafa, * Nazarin Siyasa, * Ilimin halayyar dan adam * Ayyukan Hulɗa da Jama'a, da * Ilimin zamantakewa. <sup>1</sup> Bachelor of Child and Youth Care ya sami amincewar Majalisar Ayyukan Jama'a ta Afirka ta Kudu. == Shirye-shiryen == Ana ba da kewayon digiri na IIE da digiri na biyu da shirye-shiryen gajeren ilmantarwa a IIE MSA. A halin yanzu, digiri da gajerun shirye-shiryen da ake bayarwa sune: === Ɗalibi na farko === * Bachelor na Kwamfuta da Kimiyya na Bayanai <ref name="iiemsa">{{Cite web |title=Bachelor degree |url=https://www.iiemsa.co.za/degree/bachelor-degrees/}}</ref> * Bachelor na Kimiyya ta Jama'a <ref name="iiemsa" /> * Bachelor na Lafiya ta Jama'a <ref name="iiemsa" /> * Bachelor of Commerce a Shari'a <ref name="iiemsa" /> * Bachelor of Engineering a cikin Injiniyan lantarki da lantarki <ref name="iiemsa" /> * Bachelor of Engineering a cikin Injiniyan Injiniya <ref name="iiemsa" /> * Bachelor na Kasuwanci <ref name="iiemsa" /> * Bachelor na lissafi <ref name="iiemsa" /> * Bachelor of Commerce a cikin Tattalin Arziki <ref name="iiemsa" /> * Bachelor of Engineering a cikin Injiniyanci <ref name="iiemsa" /> * Bachelor of Arts <ref name="iiemsa" /> === Bayan kammala karatun digiri === * Jagoran Falsafa a cikin Fasaha <ref name="master">{{Cite web |title=Master Degrees |url=https://www.iiemsa.co.za/degree/master-degrees/}}</ref> * Jagoran Falsafa a cikin Ruwa mai Haɗin Kai <ref name="master" /> * Jagoran Gudanarwa na Kasuwancin Duniya <ref name="master" /> * Jagoran Gudanar da Kasuwanci <ref name="master" /> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.iiemsa.co.za/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6zwmrs9k7lvpz0uubp5hx2sol9bo2rq 0 81613 969327 493776 2026-10-18T23:06:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}] [[Fayil:Dey Algier Flag.svg|thumb|tutar algier]] <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />Algiers putsch (Arabic; Putsch d'Alger ko Coup d'État d'Algiers), wanda aka fi sani da putsch of the janar (Putsch des généraux), ɗan gwagwarmaya juyin mulki ne da ya gaza ko aka kasa yi wanda aka nufa don tilasta wa Shugaban Faransa Charles de Gaulle kada ya bar Aljeriya ta Faransa, tare da mazauna Turai da al'ummar Faransa masu goyon bayan Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1961 Generals' Putsch of Algiers {{!}} French Foreign Legion Information |url=http://foreignlegion.info/1961-generals-putsch-of-algiers/ |access-date=17 May 2018 |website=foreignlegion.info |language=en-US}}</ref> An shirya shi a Aljeriya ta Faransa ta janar din Sojojin Faransa mai ritaya Maurice Challe (tsohon Babban kwamandan a Aljariya ta Faransa), Edmond Jouhaud (tsohon Sufeto Janar na Sojojin Sama na Faransa), André Zeller (tsohon Babban Jami'in Sojojin Faransanci) da Raoul Salan (tsohon kwamandan a Jeriya ta Faransa), ya faru ne daga yammacin 21 zuwa 26 ga Afrilu 1961 a tsakiyar Yaƙin Aljeriya (1954-1962). <ref>[http://www.ina.fr/politique/gouvernements/video/AFE85009069/les-journees-d-alger.fr.html French National Audiovisual Institute INA, Les Actualités Françaises - 03/05/1961]</ref> Masu shirya juyin mulki sun yi adawa da tattaunawar sirri da Firayim Minista na Faransa Michel Debré ya fara tare da kungiyar 'yanci ta kasa (FLN). Janar Salan ya bayyana cewa ya shiga juyin mulkin ba tare da ya damu da kansa ba tare da shirin fasaha; duk da haka, koyaushe ana ɗaukarsa juyin mulki na mutum huɗu, ko kuma kamar yadda De Gaulle ya sanya shi, "un quarteron de généraux en retraite" ("kwararrun janar da ke ritaya"). Wannan juyin mulki ya zo ne a matakai biyu: tabbatar da iko a manyan biranen Algeria na Faransa [[Aljir|Algiers]], [[Oran]] da [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]]. Kanal Antoine Argoud ne zai jagoranci aikin birni, tare da 'yan saman Faransa da ke saukowa a filayen jirgin sama masu mahimmanci. Kwamandojin da ke Oran da Constantine, duk da haka, sun ki bin bukatar Challe cewa su shiga juyin mulkin. A lokaci guda bayani game da matakin birni ya zo ga Firayim Minista Debré ta hanyar sabis na leken asiri. A ranar 22 ga Afrilu an haramta dukkan jirage da saukowa a filayen jirgin saman Paris; an ba da umarni ga Sojoji don tsayayya da juyin mulkin "ta kowace hanya".<ref>Debré's official speech in the 20h news report, [[Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française|ORTF public television channel]], 22 April 1961</ref> Kashegari, Shugaba De Gaulle ya yi sanannen jawabi a talabijin, yana sanye da tufafinsa na yakin duniya na biyu (yana da shekaru 70 kuma yana da tsawo tun lokacin da yake shugaban farar hula) yana umarni ga mutanen Faransa da sojoji su taimaka masa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Message radiodiffusé et télévisé &#124; INA |url=https://www.ina.fr/ina-eclaire-actu/video/caf88026998/message-radiodiffuse-et-televise}}</ref> == Yanayi == Kashi 75% na Mutanen Faransa sun kada kuri'a don amincewa da 'yancin kai na Aljeriya a lokacin raba gardama na 8 ga Janairu 1961 da aka shirya a Babban birnin Faransa. Kalmomin raba gardama sun kasance "Shin kun amince da dokar da Shugaban Jamhuriyar ya gabatar wa mutanen Faransa game da 'yancin kai na yawan Aljeriya da kuma shirya ikon jama'a a Aljeriya kafin 'yancin kansu". An ba da izinin 'yan ƙasar Faransa da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje ko aiki a ƙasashen duniya a cikin soja su jefa kuri'a, kamar yadda duk mutanen Aljeriya suka girma, ba tare da la'akari da asalin su ba, a kwalejin zaɓe guda ɗaya. Da yake magana ga Gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Jamhuriyar Aljeriya (ƙungiyar siyasa ta FLN), Ferhat Abbas ya yi kira ga kauracewa raba gardama, kamar yadda janar din Faransa 16 da suka yi ritaya da ƙungiyoyi tsakanin al'ummar pied noir (Faransa) da ke adawa da 'yancin kai. Kashi 75% na masu jefa kuri'a gabaɗaya da kuma kashi 69.5% a Aljeriya sun amince da ƙaddamar da kai. Gwamnati ta ba da rahoton yawan masu jefa kuri'a na kashi 92.2%.<ref name="NS">Nohlen & Stöver, p. 685</ref> Sauran kafofin sun yi iƙirarin cewa hudu daga cikin goma daga cikin mutane a Faransa da Aljeriya da ke da damar yin zabe sun guje wa. Bayan sakamakon raba gardama, gwamnatin Michel Debré ta fara tattaunawa ta sirri tare da GPRA. A ranar 25 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1961 Col. Antoine Argoud ya ziyarci Firayim Minista Debré kuma ya yi masa barazanar juyin mulki da "[[Mulkin Soja|junta]] na 'yan mulkin mallaka" ya jagoranta; Sojojin Faransa ba su da wata damuwa don barin sassan Aljeriya na Faransa da aka kirkira a 1848 bayan nasarar 1830 sun zama masu zaman kansu. == Tarihin lokaci == A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1961, janar din da ya yi ritaya Maurice Challe, André Zeller da Raoul Salan, tare da taimakon Colonel Antoine Argoud, Jean Gardes da fararen hula Joseph Ortiz da Jean-Jacques Susini (wanda daga baya zai kafa kungiyar ta'addanci ta OAS mai mulkin mallaka), sun mallaki babban birnin yankin, Algiers. Janar Challe ya soki abin da ya gani a matsayin cin amanar gwamnati da karya ga masu mulkin mallaka na Aljeriya na Faransa da Musulmai masu aminci waɗanda suka amince da shi, kuma ya bayyana cewa {{Blockquote|the command reserves its right to extend its actions to [[Metropolitan France]] and to reconstitute a constitutional and republican order seriously compromised by a government whose illegality is blatant in the eyes of the nation.<ref>Challe: le commandement réserve ses droits pour étendre son action à la métropole et reconstituer un ordre constitutionnel et républicain gravement compromis par un gouvernement dont l'illégalité éclate aux yeux de la nation.</ref>}} A cikin dare 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment (1st REP), wanda ya kunshi mutane 1,000 kuma Hélie de Saint Marc ne ke jagoranta, ya mallaki duk wuraren dabarun Algiers a cikin sa'o'i uku. Rukunin da ke da hannu kai tsaye a cikin juyin mulki sune REP na 1 da 2, REC na 1 da Regiments na 14 da 18 na Chasseurs Parachutistes. Tare sun hada da manyan raka'a na ƙungiyoyin iska na Sojojin Faransa. Da farko, akwai alkawuran tallafi daga wasu gwamnatoci (Dragoons na 27, Sojoji na 94, Sojoji Na 7 na Aljeriya Tirailleurs da wasu rundunonin sojan ruwa), amma waɗannan suna nuna ra'ayoyin manyan jami'an su kawai kuma babu wani shiga mai aiki. shugaban 'yan sanda na Paris, Maurice Papon, da darektan Sûreté nationale, sun kafa wani sashi a cikin ɗakin Comédie-Française, inda Charles de Gaulle ke halartar gabatarwar ''Britannicus'' na Racine. A lokacin da Jacques Foccart, babban sakatarensa na harkokin Afirka da Malagasy kuma abokin aiki mafi kusa, wanda ke kula da ayyukan ɓoye, ya sanar da shugaban. An farka da yawan mutanen Algiers a ranar 22 ga Afrilu da karfe 7:00 na safe zuwa saƙo da aka karanta a rediyo: "Sojojin sun kwace iko da Aljeriya da [[Sahara]]". Janar din 'yan tawaye guda uku - Challe, Jouhaud, da Zeller - sun kama babban wakilin gwamnati, [[Jean Morin (Delegate-General)|Jean Morin]], tare da Ministan Sufuri na Jama'a, Robert Buron, wanda ke ziyara, da hukumomin farar hula da na soja da yawa. Yawancin gwamnatoci sun sanya kansu a ƙarƙashin umurnin janar din masu tayar da kayar baya. Janar Jacques Faure, wasu jami'ai shida da fararen hula da yawa an kama su a lokaci guda a birnin Paris. Da karfe 5:00 na yamma, a lokacin majalisar ministocin, Charles de Gaulle ya bayyana cewa: "Mutanen, abin da ke da muhimmanci game da wannan al'amari shi ne cewa ba shi da tsanani".<ref>De Gaulle: ''Ce qui est grave dans cette affaire, messieurs, c’est qu’elle n’est pas sérieuse''.</ref> Daga nan sai ya ayyana dokar ta baci a Aljeriya, yayin da jam'iyyun hagu, kungiyar kwadago ta CGT da kungiyar NGO Ligue des droits de l'homme (LDH, Human Rights League) suka kira su yi zanga-zanga game da juyin mulkin soja.  Kashegari, a ranar Lahadi 23 ga Afrilu, Janar Salan ya isa Aljeriya daga Spain kuma ya ki ya ba da makamai ga masu fafutukar farar hula. Da karfe 8:00 na yamma Shugaba de Gaulle ya bayyana a cikin tufafin soja na 1940 a talabijin, yana kira ga ma'aikatan soja da fararen hula na Faransa, a cikin babban birnin Faransa ko Aljeriya, don adawa da juyin mulki: {{Blockquote|An insurrectionary power has established itself in Algeria by a military ''[[pronunciamento]]''... This power has an appearance: a quartet of retired generals. It has a reality: a group of officers, partisan, ambitious and fanatical. This group and this quartet possess an expedient and limited knowledge of things. But they only see and understand the Nation and the world distorted by their delirium. Their enterprise leads directly towards a national disaster ... I forbid any Frenchman, and first of all any soldier, to execute a single one of their orders ... In the face of the misfortune which hangs over the country and the threat to the Republic, having taken advice from the [[Constitutional Council of France|Constitutional Council]], the Prime Minister, the president of the Senate, the president of the [[French National Assembly|National Assembly]], I have decided to invoke article 16 of the Constitution [on the state of emergency and full special powers given to the head of state in case of a crisis]. Starting from this day, I will take, directly if the need arises, the measures which seem to me demanded by circumstances ... Frenchwomen, Frenchmen! Help me!<ref>De Gaulle: Un pouvoir insurrectionnel s'est établi en Algérie par un ''[[pronunciamiento]]'' militaire. [...] Ce pouvoir a une apparence: un quarteron de généraux en retraite. Il a une réalité: un groupe d'officiers, partisans, ambitieux et fanatiques. Ce groupe et ce quarteron possèdent un savoir-faire expéditif et limité. Mais ils ne voient et ne comprennent la Nation et le monde que déformés à travers leur frénésie. Leur entreprise conduit tout droit à un désastre national. [...] Voici l'Etat bafoué, la Nation défiée, notre puissance ébranlée, notre prestige international abaissé, notre place et notre rôle en Afrique compromis. Et par qui ? Hélas ! hélas ! hélas ! par des hommes dont c'était le devoir, l'honneur, la raison d'être de servir et d'obéir.<br>Au nom de la France, j'ordonne que tous les moyens, je dis tous les moyens, soient employés pour barrer partout la route à ces hommes-là, en attendant de les réduire. J'interdis à tout Français et, d'abord, à tout soldat, d'exécuter aucun de leurs ordres. [...]<br>Devant le malheur qui plane sur la patrie et la menace qui pèse sur la République, ayant pris l'avis officiel du Conseil constitutionnel, du Premier ministre, du président du Sénat, du président de l'Assemblée nationale, j'ai décidé de mettre en cause l'article 16 de notre Constitution. A partir d'aujourd'hui, je prendrai, au besoin directement, les mesures qui me paraîtront exigées par les circonstances.[...]<br>Françaises, Français ! Aidez-moi !</ref>}} Saboda shahararren wani sabon abu ''da yawa'' kirkira kwanan nan, rediyo na transistor, Sojojin da aka kwashe sun ji kiran de Gaulle, wadanda suka ki bin kiran kwararru na sojoji don tayar da kayar baya kuma a wasu lokuta sun daure jami'an su masu tayar da hankali. Wannan juyin mulki ya sadu da adawa mai yawa, galibi a cikin nau'in juriya ta farar hula, <ref>[[Adam Roberts (scholar)|Adam Roberts]], ‘Civil Resistance to Military Coups’, ''[[Journal of Peace Research]]'', Oslo, vol. 12, no. 1, 1975, pp. 19–36.</ref> gami da yajin aiki na awa daya da kungiyoyin kwadago suka kira ranar bayan watsa shirye-shiryen de Gaulle. A cikin sojojin da kansu ya dogara da matsayin da manyan jami'ai suka dauka. Rundunar Sojoji ta 13th Light, wacce ke da alhakin dabarun Yankin Sud Oranais (yankin kudancin Oran) da kuma hada da rundunonin Sojojin kasashen waje, sun bi jagorancin kwamandan su, Janar Philippe Ginestet, a cikin kasancewa masu aminci ga gwamnati a Paris. Daga baya OAS ta kashe Ginestet a matsayin fansa.<ref>pp. 46–47 ''Militaria Magazine'' 360 July 2015</ref> A ranar Talata 25 ga Afrilu hukumomin gwamnati a Paris sun ba da umarnin fashewar bam din nukiliya na ''Gerboise Verte'' (lit. "green jerboa") a cikin [[Sahara]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin gwaji da aka tsara. Gerboise Verte ya fashe da karfe 6:05 na safe.<ref>[http://www.senat.fr/rap/o97-179/o97-1799.html Les Premiers Essais Francais au Sahara : 1960–1966] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701084718/http://www.senat.fr/rap/o97-179/o97-1799.html |date=2017-07-01 }} {{In lang|fr}}</ref> Duk da yake an riga an shirya wurin gwajin da gwajin a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin nukiliya na ƙasar Faransa, an hanzarta lokacin gwajin don tabbatar da cewa ba a lalata tsaro na na'urar ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=France's Nuclear Weapons – Origin of the Force de Frappe |url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/France/FranceOrigin.html |access-date=1 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Langewiesche |first=William |date=12 November 2012 |title=The Dark Romance and Grim Reality of Life in the French Foreign Legion |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2012/12/french-foreign-legion-expendables |access-date=1 May 2017 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref> Ƙananan rundunonin soja waɗanda suka bi janar-janar masu tayar da kayar baya sun ci gaba da mika wuya. Janar Challe ya ba da kansa ga hukumomi a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, kuma nan da nan aka tura shi zuwa babban birnin Faransa. An samu nasarar murkushe juyin mulki, amma Mataki na 16 da ke ba da cikakken iko na musamman ga de Gaulle an kiyaye shi har tsawon watanni biyar. "Yaƙin Transistors" - kamar yadda manema labarai suka kira shi - de Gaulle ya ci nasara da sauri. == Wadanda suka mutu == Mutumin da aka sani kawai shi ne Sergeant na Sojojin Faransa Pierre Brillant, wanda 'yan parachutists suka kashe yayin da yake kare mai watsa rediyo a Ouled Fayet, Algiers. Brillant yana da niyya ga 1st REP 3rd Company Capt. Estoup lokacin da wani legionnaire ya harbe shi.<ref>Dubois, Ghislain (1995). ''Argoud, de Gaulle: le duel''. Éd. Dricot, p. 107 {{In lang|fr}}</ref> == Jaraba da afuwa == Kotun Soja ta Kasa ta yanke wa Challe da André Zeller hukuncin shekaru 15 a kurkuku. Koyaya, an ba su afuwa kuma an dawo da matsayinsu na soja bayan shekaru biyar. Raoul Salan da Jouhaud sun tsere. An yanke wa Salan hukuncin kisa (daga baya aka sauya shi zuwa hukuncin rai da rai), kamar yadda Jouhaud ya yi. Salan da sauransu daga baya sun kafa OAS, kungiyar 'yan ta'adda wacce ta yi ƙoƙari ta dakatar da tsarin da ke gudana na Yarjejeniyar Independence Evian ta Afrilu 1962 don Yankunan Aljeriya na Faransa. Dokar Yuli 1968 ta ba da afuwa; <ref>[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jo_pdf.do?id=JORFTEXT000000693181&pageCourante=07521# Loi n° 68-697 du 31 juillet 1968]</ref> a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1982, doka ta sake shigar da janar din da suka tsira cikin sojoji. Salan, Jouhaud da wasu janar-janar shida (Pierre Bigot, Jacques Faure, Marie-Michel Gouraud, Gustave Mentré, Jean-Louis Nicot da André Petit) sun amfana daga wannan dokar. == Da'awar CIA da BND == Shawarwari sun fara bayyana a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Faransa cewa masu aikata laifuka na iya samun goyon baya daga masu tayar da kayar baya a cikin gwamnatin Shugaba Kennedy, musamman CIA. Kwana daya bayan janar din 'yan tawaye sun kammala mamaye Aljeriya, jaridar Italiya ''[http://digitale.bnc.roma.sbn.it/tecadigitale/NewViewer/#/main/viewer?idMetadato=1392118&type=bncr Il Paese]'' ta fara wallafa cewa "Ba da sa'a cewa wasu mutane a Paris suna zargin ma'aikatan sirri na Amurka da Allen Dulles ke jagoranta da shiga cikin makircin janar din hudu na 'mafi girman kai'. Kashegari a Rasha Pravda ta bayyana cewa [[NATO]], Pentagon da [[C.I.A|CIA]] sun karfafa tawaye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Permindex / Centro Mondiale Commerciale – sinister operation? |url=http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/lobster.htm#N_19_ |access-date=17 May 2018 |website=mcadams.posc.mu.edu}}</ref> Rahotanni sun bayyana suna da cewa an yada ta hanyar ko kuma a karfafawar kananan jami' yan majalisa na Faransa da ke adawa da suka yi amfani da su." A cikin kwanaki Le Monde ta gudanar da edita na gaba cewa CIA ta shiga ba ta da kyau kuma ba a amince da ita ba: "Yanzu ya zama kamar an tabbatar da cewa wasu jami'an Amurka sun fi karfafawa [Maurice] Challe.... Shugaba Kennedy, ba shakka bai san komai game da wannan ba". Daga baya Shugaba [[John F. Kennedy]], ta hanyar ganawar Sakataren yada labarai na Fadar White House Pierre Salinger da Ministan Harkokin Waje na Faransa Maurice Couve na Murville, ya tabbatar da de Gaulle cewa CIA ko wani bangare na gwamnatin Amurka ba su goyi bayan wannan makircin ba. Kashegari M. de Murville ya bayyana a gaban Kwamitin Harkokin Waje na Majalisar Wakilai don yin shaida cewa babu wata shaida ta hadin kan Amurka.<ref name=":0" /> Shugaban Amurka John F. Kennedy da kansa ya tuntubi de Gaulle don yin alkawarin goyon bayansa, gami da taimakon soja, idan an buƙata. Shugaba de Gaulle ya ki amincewa da tayin Kennedy, yana tsoron duk wata gardama idan sojojin Amurka suka harbe duk wani takwarorinsa na Faransa. ''Paese Sera'' was financed directly by the Communist Party of Italy who had unofficial editorial control. Its editor, Mario Malloni, was a member of the Soviet-backed World Peace Council. IPS, it has been said,{{By whom|date=September 2020}} "consistently released and reported anti-American and pro-Soviet bloc stories which are either distorted or entirely false." During a June 1961 hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary in the United States Senate, Richard Helms testified that the article published by il Paese was likely part of a Soviet propaganda campaign designed to divide the U.S. and French governments. Akwai wasu da'awar goyon bayan kasashen waje: ɗan jaridar Faransa [[:fr:Patrick Pesnot|Patrick Pesnot]] ya yi jayayya cewa janar din Faransa ma suna da goyon bayan shugaban ''Bundesnachrichtendienst'' (West German Federal Intelligence Service) da kuma Dulles protégé Reinhard Gehlen. Koyaya, Janar Challe da kansa koyaushe yana jayayya cewa bai taɓa hulɗa da kowace ƙasa ba a cikin wannan al'amari.<ref name="rdvx" /> == Dubi kuma == * Sojojin Jirgin Sama na Kasashen Waje da Regiments na Faransa * Juyin mulki * Rikicin Mayu 1958 == Bayani da nassoshi == {{Reflist|2}} == Bayanan littattafai == * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. [[Fayard (publisher)|Fayard]], 2011 * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] ''Rundunar kasashen waje ta Faransa.'' [Hasiya]   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092308-2|978-0-06-092308-2]] * Roberts, Adam, 'Civil Resistance to Military Couples', Journal of Peace Research, Oslo, vol. 12, No. 1, 1975, shafuffuka na 19-36.&nbsp; * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha.&nbsp; *   == Haɗin waje ==   * Maido da janar-janar masu juyin mulki, a 1982, Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam {{In lang|fr}} * [http://www.denistouret.net/constit/putsch_Alger.html Labari] da aka adana a Le Monde, 2001 {{In lang|fr}} * Labari na Pierre Abramovici {{In lang|fr}} {{Dead link|date=October 2018}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ma10v5iackhbei74ey5e33649hlca93 0 82035 969209 590110 2026-10-18T17:33:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abigail Fuller''' (an Haife shi 1959 ko 1960) Ba’amurkiya ce mai ritaya Thoroughbred jockey wacce ta fara gasa tsakanin farkon 1980s da farkon 2000s. Yayin fafatawa a tseren gungumomi masu daraja, Fuller ya lashe abubuwan da suka faru na Grade III, taron Grade II daya da abubuwan da suka faru na Grade I guda hudu. Fuller ya lashe mafi yawan rabonta masu daraja tare da Umurnin Mama tsakanin 1984 da 1985. Fuller ita ce zakaran Filly Triple Crown na 1985 tare da nasararta a Uwar Goose Stakes, Acorn Stakes da Coaching Club American Oaks . Sauran al'amuran da aka yi nasara waɗanda Fuller ya ci tare da Umurnin Mama sune 1984 Astarita Stakes, the 1985 Comely Stakes da 1985 Alabama Stakes . A cikin 1989, Fuller ta sami nasarar [[Seneca Handicap]] tare da Fuller's Down a matsayin nasarar nasarar taron ta na ƙarshe. A lokacin aikinta, Fuller ta sami nasara 582 yayin da take karɓar sama da dala miliyan 5 a cikin lambobin yabo. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == A cikin 1959 ko 1960, an haifi Fuller a [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]] . Girma, Fuller ta ɗauki horon hawan doki a duk lokacin ƙuruciyarta da ƙuruciyarta. == Sana'a == Lokacin da Fuller ke da shekaru goma sha takwas, Fuller ya zama mai tsalle-tsalle da kuma malamin dawaki. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin hannun mai tsayayye kafin ta rikide zuwa tseren doki a watan Nuwamba 1982. <ref>Indrisano 1983, pp. 25, 32</ref> A cikin 1983, Fuller ta sami nasarar tseren tsere ta farko a wani taron Suffolk Downs . A matsayin ɗan wasan koyo, Fuller ya kasance a Suffolk Downs kafin ya koma Oaklawn Park a farkon 1984. Yayin da yake [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]], Fuller ya tafi Keeneland, Kentucky don tsere ɗaya kafin karatun ta ya ƙare a watan Agusta 1984. Bayan kammala matsayi na uku a Frizette Stakes a ƙarshen 1984, [[Gregg McCarron]] ya ɗauki matsayin Fuller a Selima Stakes . Lokacin da mahaifinta ya kasa samun ɗan wasa na 1985 Hollywood Starlet Stakes, ya zaɓi Fuller don yin gasa a tseren. A Hollywood Starlet, Fuller ya ƙare a matsayi na biyar. A cikin waɗannan shekaru biyun, Fuller ya ci nasara a gasar tseren maki shida tare da Umurnin Mama da ke jere daga Grade III zuwa Grade I. A cikin abubuwan da suka faru na Grade II da Grade III, Fuller ya ci nasarar 1984 Astarita Stakes da 1985 Comely Stakes . <ref name="gradedwins">{{Cite web |title=Abigail Fuller Graded Stakes Wins |url=https://www.equibase.com/profiles/Results.cfm?type=StakesListing&searchType=J&eID=662&rbt=TB |access-date=16 August 2020 |website=Equibase}}</ref> Ta kuma sami kammala matsayi na biyu a Gwajin Gwajin na 1985 yayin taron Grade II. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1985 |title=Abigail Fuller |url=https://www.equibase.com/profiles/allStartsPeople.cfm?eID=662&typeSource=JE&rbt=TB&year=1985 |access-date=August 16, 2020 |website=Equibase}}</ref> A abubuwan da suka faru na Grade I, Fuller ya gama da farko a 1985 Alabama Stakes . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alabama Stakes (Gr. 1) |url=https://www.equibase.com/profiles/Results.cfm?type=Stakes&stkid=1766 |access-date=16 August 2020 |website=Equibase}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, Fuller ya zama zakaran Filly Triple Crown na 1985 tare da Umurnin Mama. An samu Crown ta Triple tare da nasarorin da ta samu a Uwar Goose Stakes, Acorn Stakes da Coaching Club American Oaks . <ref name="gradedwins"/> Ta cin nasarar waɗannan abubuwan guda uku na Grade I, Fuller ta zama mace ta farko da ta taɓa cin nasarar Filly Triple Crown. <ref name="gradedwins" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stathoplos |first=Demmie |date=July 15, 1985 |title=A Crown for the Fuller Fillies |url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1985/07/15/a-crown-for-the-fuller-fillies |access-date=16 August 2020 |website=Sports Illustrated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301232102/https://vault.si.com/vault/1985/07/15/a-crown-for-the-fuller-fillies |archive-date=1 March 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tare da Fuller's Fooly a cikin 1988, Fuller ya sami nasara na Grade III a [[Seneca Handicap]] da mai tsere na Grade III a Niagara Handicap . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Seneca Handicap (Gr. 3) |url=https://www.equibase.com/profiles/Results.cfm?type=Stakes&stkid=13986 |access-date=16 August 2020 |website=Equibase}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=1988 |title=Abigail Fuller |url=https://www.equibase.com/profiles/allStartsPeople.cfm?eID=662&typeSource=JE&rbt=TB&year=1988 |access-date=August 16, 2020 |website=Equibase}}</ref> Bayan ya ji rauni tare da raunin kashin baya a cikin Janairu 1992, Fuller ya bar tseren doki a cikin Afrilu 1992 don zama ɗan jarida a Suffolk Downs . A cikin Mayu 1996, Fuller ya koma tseren dawaki kuma ya fara tsere a Delaware Park . Bayan ritayar 2002, Fuller ya yi aiki a Florida a matsayin mai horar da doki a tsakiyar 2000s. <ref name="Paulick" /> A cikin watan Agustan 2011, Fuller ta sake fara aikin tsere bayan ta halarci taron tseren doki na sadaka a farkon shekarar. <ref name="Paulick">{{Cite web |last=Paulick |first=Ray |date=September 5, 2011 |title=Welcome back, Abby Fuller! |url=https://www.paulickreport.com/news/ray-s-paddock/welcome-back-abby-fuller/ |access-date=15 August 2020 |website=Paulick Report}}</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 2011, Fuller ya kasance mai tsere na Grade III tare da Tafiya don AJ a Hannuna na Charmer . <ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Abigail Fuller |url=https://www.equibase.com/profiles/allStartsPeople.cfm?eID=662&typeSource=JE&rbt=TB&year=2011 |access-date=August 16, 2020 |website=Equibase}}</ref> Bayan taronta na ƙarshe a cikin 2014, Fuller ya sami nasara 582 da sama da dala miliyan 5 a cikin nasarorin kyaututtuka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abigal Fuller Statistics |url=https://www.equibase.com/profiles/Results.cfm?type=People&searchType=J&eID=662&rbt=TB |access-date=15 August 2020 |website=Equibase}}</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == Fuller yana da aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku, daya daga cikinsu ya fito daga wani aure da ya gabata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2012 |title=Abigail Fuller Wins First Race at Gulfstream |url=https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/132342/abigail-fuller-wins-first-race-at-gulfstream |access-date=15 August 2020 |website=Bloodhorse}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Fuller, Abigail}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Yan amuruku]] b5kbrea2gx5hsge5cxfptt8spy6l4pq 0 82046 969211 838619 2026-10-18T17:35:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abigail "Abbey" Guthrie''' tsohuwar 'yar wasan [[tennis]] ce. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Spring |first=Jono |date=2019-01-19 |title=Hannah Sutherland-Smith continues to punch above her weight |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/109999988/hannah-sutherland-smith-continues-to-punch-above-her-weight |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527005127/https://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/109999988/hannah-sutherland-smith-continues-to-punch-above-her-weight |archive-date=27 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref> A Junior Circuit, ta kai kololuwa a lamba 360 a 2008.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} [[Kristi Boxx]] sun sami lakabi biyu na ITF a kewayen Mata a 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Abigail Guthrie |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/abigail-guthrie/800266041/nzl/wt/d/titles/#pprofile-info-tabs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527005127/https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/abigail-guthrie/800266041/nzl/wt/d/titles/ |archive-date=27 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=www.itftennis.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == Guthrie ya yi takara a Auckland Open a lokacin rani na 2012/2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Irena Pavlovic vs. Abigail Guthrie 29.12.2012 - ASB Classic - Auckland - TennisLive.co.uk |url=https://www.tennislive.co.uk/wta/match/irena-pavlovic-VS-abigail-guthrie/asb-classic-auckland-2013/ |access-date=2021-06-04 |website=www.tennislive.co.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aleksandrina Naydenova vs. Abigail Guthrie 28.12.2013 - ASB Classic - Auckland - TennisLive.com |url=https://www.tennislive.net/wta/match/aleksandrina-naydenova-VS-abigail-guthrie/asb-classic-auckland-2013_1/ |access-date=2021-06-04 |website=www.tennislive.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604222629/https://www.tennislive.net/wta/match/aleksandrina-naydenova-VS-abigail-guthrie/asb-classic-auckland-2013_1/ |archive-date=2021-06-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta kuma yi wasanta na farko don tawagar New Zealand Fed Cup a 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tennis: Fed Cup team start with win |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/tennis-fed-cup-team-start-with-win/WO4J6SHLWCFE3SS4TPO6OO6OEU/ |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ |archive-date=2021-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527005129/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/tennis-fed-cup-team-start-with-win/WO4J6SHLWCFE3SS4TPO6OO6OEU/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta rike rikodin 9–1 a gasar bayan Gasar Cin Kofin Rukunin Rukunin Asiya/Oceania na 2014 a [[Astana]], Kazakhstan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Tennis New Zealand's Annual Report |url=https://tennis-kiwi.amplifierpreview.co.nz/assets/Files-pdf-word-docs-etc/TNZAnnualReport2014web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129134617/https://tennis-kiwi.amplifierpreview.co.nz/assets/Files-pdf-word-docs-etc/TNZAnnualReport2014web.pdf |archive-date=29 January 2021 |access-date=27 May 2021 |website=Tennis New Zealand}}</ref> A cikin 2014, kuma a matsayin kati, ita da abokin aikinta Sacha Jones sun doke iri na biyu Marina Erakovic da [[Cara Black]] a zagaye na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jones bids farewell to tennis injuries |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/jones-bids-farewell-to-tennis-injuries |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=SBS News |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tennis: Erakovic out of ASB Classic |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/tennis-erakovic-out-of-asb-classic/C5JJXXLFGDXSFIIFJSTQSCGHZE/ |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ |archive-date=2021-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527005132/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/tennis-erakovic-out-of-asb-classic/C5JJXXLFGDXSFIIFJSTQSCGHZE/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top seeds fall early at ASB Classic |url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/content/tvnz/onenews/story/2013/12/30/top-seeds-fall-early-at-asb-classic |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=1 NEWS |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727222447/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/content/tvnz/onenews/story/2013/12/30/top-seeds-fall-early-at-asb-classic |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trans-Tasman duo defeats local favourite |url=https://www.asbclassic.co.nz/news/trans-tasman-duo-defeats-local-favourite/ |access-date=2021-06-04 |website=ASB Classic |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == ITF Circuit final == === Biyu: 5 (2-3) === {| | {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%" ! Labari |- style="background:#f88379;" | Gasar $100,000 |- style="background:#f7e98e;" | Gasar $75,000 |- style="background:#addfad;" | Gasar $50,000 |- style="background:lightblue;" | Gasar $25,000 |- style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Gasar $10,000 |} | {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%" !Ƙarshe ta saman |- | Mai tsanani (2-2) |- | Laka (0-1) |- | Ciyawa (0-0) |- | Kafet (0-0) |} |} {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:97%" !Outcome !No. !Date !Tournament !Surface !Partner !Opponents !Score |- style="background:#f0f8ff;" | bgcolor="98FB98" |Winner |1. |14 July 2013 |Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt |Hard (o) |{{Flagicon|USA}} Kristi Boxx |{{Flagicon|RUS}} [[Anna Morgina]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|HUN}} Naomi Totka |6–1, 6–2 |- style="background:lightblue;" | bgcolor="FFA07A" |Runner-up |1. |10 August 2013 |[[Izmir]], Turkey |Hard (o) |{{Flagicon|USA}} Kristi Boxx |{{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandra Krunic]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Katarzyna Piter]] |2–6, 2–6 |- style="background:#f0f8ff;" | bgcolor="FFA07A" |Runner-up |2. |5 October 2013 |[[South Carolina|Hilton Head]], USA |Clay (o) |{{Flagicon|USA}} Kristi Boxx |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Alexandra Mueller]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|CAN}} Jillian O'Neill |4–6, 1–6 |- style="background:lightblue;" | bgcolor="98FB98" |Winner |2. |13 October 2013 |Macon, USA |Hard (o) |{{Flagicon|USA}} Kristi Boxx |{{Flagicon|USA}} Emily Harman <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Elizabeth Lumpkin]] |3–6, 7–6<sup>(7–4)</sup>, [10–4] |- style="background:lightblue;" | bgcolor="FFA07A" |Runner-up |3. |27 October 2013 |Florence, USA |Hard |{{Flagicon|USA}} Kristi Boxx |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Anamika Bhargava]] <br /><br /> {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Madison Brengle]] |5–7, 5–7 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Abigail Guthrie at the Women's Tennis Association * Abigail Guthrie at the International Tennis Federation * Abigail Guthrie at the Billie Jean King Cup {{DEFAULTSORT:Guthrie, Abigail}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Yan adam]] oat7l46vwlgbi0ub2fnb15w7jrztoga 0 84137 969179 830624 2026-10-18T16:59:59Z Hauwa'u lawal ardo 27936 969179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ufuwai Bonet,''' shi ne shiga ban masarautar Gworok (Kagoro) Chiefdom, wata jiha ta gargajiya ta [[Najeriya]] a kudanci [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], a kasar Najeriya . An kuma Kara bashi ''Shugabancin Kagoro (Gworok) "''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaduna State Council of Chiefs |url=https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175652/https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=February 23, 2021 |publisher=Ministry of Local Government Affairs, Kaduna Government}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolo |first=Moses |date=January 18, 2020 |title=Prof. Mallam, killed in Kaduna gas explosion buried |url=https://nnn.ng/prof-mallam-killed-in-kaduna-gas-explosion-buried/ |access-date=February 23, 2021 |publisher=NNN Nigeria }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2020 |title=Red Cross seeks youths’ participation in humanitarian activities |url=https://metrodailyng.com/2020/07/21/red-cross-seeks-youths-participation-in-humanitarian-activities/ |access-date=February 23, 2021 |publisher=Metro Daily Ng |archive-date=December 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215103435/https://metrodailyng.com/2020/07/21/red-cross-seeks-youths-participation-in-humanitarian-activities/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta dubu biyu da a shirin da shadda 2016, kuma shi ne mataimakin shugaban majalisar shugabannin jihar Kaduna da sarakuna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2, 2016 |title=El-Rufai: We must ensure that forces of confusion fail |url=https://www.thecable.ng/el-rufai-must-ensure-forces-confusion-fail/amp |access-date=February 23, 2021 |publisher=The Cable}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Manazarta == 0plw9xgssk245i8m6x5w7w7m27f21s3 0 87275 969340 960687 2026-10-19T02:06:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969340 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Biogasanlage_mit_Kompostierung.jpg|alt=Anaerobic digester system|thumb|Anaerobic digester tsarin a Jamus]]   Anaerobic digestion jerin matakai ne wanda microorganisms ke rushe kayan biodegradable batare da iskar oxygen ba.<ref name="nnfcc">{{Cite web |title=Anaerobic Digestion |url=http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/publications/nnfcc-renewable-fuels-and-energy-factsheet-anaerobic-digestion |access-date=2011-11-22 |series=NNFCC Renewable Fuels and Energy Factsheet |publisher=[[National Non-Food Crops Centre]] |archive-date=2018-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710195219/http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/publications/nnfcc-renewable-fuels-and-energy-factsheet-anaerobic-digestion |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana amfani da wannan tsari don dalilai na masana'antu ko na cikin gida don [[Gudanar da sharar gida|sarrafa sharar gida]] ko samar da man [[Mai|fetur]]. Yawancin fermentation da akayi amfani dasu a masana'antu don samar da kayan abinci da abin sha, da kuma fermentation na gida, yana amfani da narkewar anaerobic. Anaerobic digestion yana faruwa ne ta halitta a wasu ƙasa da kuma a cikin tafkin da kuma tafkin teku, inda yawanci ake kiransa "aikin anaerobic". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koyama, Tadashiro |year=1963 |title=Gaseous metabolism in lake sediments and paddy soils and the production of atmospheric methane and hydrogen |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-geophysical-research_1963-07-01_68_13/page/3971 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=68 |issue=13 |pages=3971–3973 |bibcode=1963JGR....68.3971K |doi=10.1029/JZ068i013p03971}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pamatmat, Mario Macalalag |last2=Bhagwat, Ashok M. |year=1973 |title=Anaerobic metabolism in Lake Washington sediments |url=http://aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_18/issue_4/0611.pdf |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=611–627 |bibcode=1973LimOc..18..611P |doi=10.4319/lo.1973.18.4.0611 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216221344/http://aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_18/issue_4/0611.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2013}}</ref> Wannan shine tushen iskar gas kamar yadda Alessandro Volta ya gano a cikin 1776 . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alexander Zehnder}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacGregor, A. N. |last2=Keeney, D.R. |year=1973 |title=Methane formation by lake sediments during in vitro incubations |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-water-resources-association_1973-12_9_6/page/1153 |journal=Journal of the American Water Resources Association |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=1153–1158 |bibcode=1973JAWRA...9.1153M |doi=10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb05854.x}}</ref> * '''Rashin ruwa''' Tsarin narkewa yana farawa tare da hydrolysis na ƙwayoyin cuta na kayan shigarwa. Polymers masu narkewa, kamar carbohydrates, an rushe su zuwa abubuwan da za'a iya narkewa waɗanda ke samuwa ga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta. Kwayoyin cuta na acidogenic sa'an nan kuma suna canza [[sukari]] da [[Amino acid]] zuwa carbon dioxide, Hydrogen, ammoniya, da kwayoyin acid. A cikin acetogenesis, ƙwayoyin cuta suna canza waɗannan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta zuwa acetic acid, tare da ƙarin ammoniya, hydrogen, da carbon dioxide a tsakanin sauran mahadi. A ƙarshe, methanogens suna canza waɗannan samfuran zuwa methane da carbon dioxide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anaerobic digestion reference sheet |url=http://www.waste.nl/content/download/472/3779/file/WB89-InfoSheet(Anaerobic%20Digestion).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005194523/http://www.waste.nl/content/download/472/3779/file/WB89-InfoSheet(Anaerobic%20Digestion).pdf |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=25 October 2007 |website=waste.nl}}</ref> Yawan mutanen archaea na methanogenic suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin maganin ruwa mai guba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tabatabaei |first=Meisam |year=2010 |title=Importance of the methanogenic archaea populations in anaerobic wastewater treatments |url=http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/15129/1/Importance%20of%20the%20methanogenic%20archaea%20populations%20in%20anaerobic%20wastewater%20treatments.pdf |journal=Process Biochemistry |volume=45 |issue=8 |pages=1214–1225 |doi=10.1016/j.procbio.2010.05.017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116071456/http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/15129/1/Importance%20of%20the%20methanogenic%20archaea%20populations%20in%20anaerobic%20wastewater%20treatments.pdf |archive-date=2022-11-16 |access-date=2024-11-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ana amfani da narkewar anaerobic a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari don magance sharar gida da datti. A matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin sarrafa sharar gida, narkewar anaerobic yana rage fitar da iskar gas a cikin yanayi. Ana Kuma iya ciyar da masu tonowa na anaerobic tare da amfanin gona mai amfani, kamar [[masara]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Biogas |url=http://www.clarke-energy.com/gas-type/biogas/agricultural-biogas/ |access-date=8 November 2011 |website=clarke-energy.com |archive-date=10 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110112833/http://www.clarke-energy.com/gas-type/biogas/agricultural-biogas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana amfani da narkewar anaerobic a matsayin tushen [[makamashi mai sabuntawa]]. Wannan tsari yana samar da iskar gas, wanda ya kunshi [[methane]], [[carbon dioxide]], da kuma alamun wasu iskar gas 'mai gurbatawa'.<ref name="nnfcc2">{{Cite web |title=Anaerobic Digestion |url=http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/publications/nnfcc-renewable-fuels-and-energy-factsheet-anaerobic-digestion |access-date=2011-11-22 |series=NNFCC Renewable Fuels and Energy Factsheet |publisher=[[National Non-Food Crops Centre]] |archive-date=2018-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710195219/http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/publications/nnfcc-renewable-fuels-and-energy-factsheet-anaerobic-digestion |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana iya amfani da wannan iskar gas kai tsaye a matsayin man fetur, a cikin haɗin zafi da injin iskar gas ko kuma inganta shi zuwa [[biomethane]] mai ingancin iskar gas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jenbacher Gas Engines |url=https://www.clarke-energy.com/gas-engines/ |website=clarke-energy.com}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya amfani da sinadarin da aka samar a matsayin [[Mai shayarwa|taki]]. With the re-use of waste as a resource and new technological approaches that have lowered capital costs, anaerobic digestion has in recent years received increased attention among governments in a number of countries, among these the United Kingdom (2011),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anaerobic Digestion Strategy and Action Plan |url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/publications/files/anaerobic-digestion-strat-action-plan.pdf |access-date=19 January 2012 |website=defra.gov.uk}}</ref> Germany,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2019}} Denmark (2011),<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2011 |title=Jyllands-Posten |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=da&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fjp.dk%2Findland%2Farticle2649820.ece |access-date=19 January 2012 |via=Google Translate}}</ref> and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-03 |title=AgSTAR Data and Trends |url=https://www.epa.gov/agstar/agstar-data-and-trends |access-date=2019-10-18 |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |language=en}}</ref>   == Tsarin ==   Yawancin microorganisms suna shafar narkewar anaerobic, gami da [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] masu samar da acid (acetogens) da archaea masu samar da methane (methanogens). Wadannan kwayoyin suna inganta tsarin sunadarai dayawa wajen canza biomass zuwa biogas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evaluation of Opportunities for Converting Indigenous UK Wastes to Fuels and Energy |url=http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/tools/evaluation-of-opportunities-for-converting-indigenous-uk-wastes-to-fuels-and-energy-report-nnfcc-09-012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720181907/http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/tools/evaluation-of-opportunities-for-converting-indigenous-uk-wastes-to-fuels-and-energy-report-nnfcc-09-012 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |publisher=[[National Non-Food Crops Centre]] |type=Report |id=NNFCC 09-012}}</ref> An cire iskar oxygen daga halayen ta hanyar hanawa ta jiki. Anaerobes suna amfani da masu karɓar lantarki daga wasu tushe banda iskar oxygen. Wadannan masu karɓa na iya zama kayan kwayoyin halitta da kansu ko kuma ana iya samar dasu ta hanyar inorganic [[Oxide|oxides]] daga cikin kayan shigarwa. Lokacin da tushen iskar oxygen a cikin tsarin anaerobic yasamo asali ne daga kayan kwayoyin halitta da kansa, samfuran ƙarshen 'tsakanin' sune [[bammi|barasa]], [[Aldehyde|Aldehydes]], da kwayoyin acid, tare da carbon dioxide. A gaban ƙwararrun methanogens, ana canza matsakaici zuwa 'ƙarshe' samfuran methane, carbon dioxide, da matakan trace na [[hydrogen sulfide]]. A cikin tsarin anaerobic, yawancin makamashi na sinadarai dake cikin kayan farawa ana fitar dasu ta hanyar methanogenic archaea a matsayin methane.<ref name="Fergusen, T. 2006 p492">Fergusen, T. & Mah, R. (2006) Methanogenic bacteria in Anaerobic digestion of biomass, p49</ref> Yawan microorganisms anaerobic yawanci suna ɗaukar lokaci mai mahimmanci don kafa kansu don zama cikakke. Sabili da haka, al'ada ce ta gabatar da microorganisms na anaerobic daga kayan dake da yawan jama'a, tsari da aka sani da "shuka" digesters, yawanci ana cika shi tare da ƙara datti ko laka na shanu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The biogas plant |url=http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80434e/80434E0k.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202051145/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80434e/80434E0k.htm |archive-date=2 December 2010 |access-date=5 November 2007 |website=unu.edu}}</ref> === Matakan tsari === Matakai huɗu masu mahimmanci na narkewar anaerobic sun haɗa da hydrolysis, acidogenesis, Acetogenesis da methanogenesis.Za'a iya bayyana tsarin gabaɗaya ta hanyar halayen sunadarai, inda kayan kwayoyin halitta kamar glucose ke narkewa cikin carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) da methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) ta hanyar microorganisms na anaerobic.<div style="text-align: center; margin: 1em 10%; border: 1px solid; max-width: 450px;"> C<sub>66</sub> → 3CO<sub>2</sub> + 3CH<sub>4</sub> </div> [[Fayil:AD_Process_Flow.png|left|thumb|Anaerobic Digestion Process Flow: Dukkanin tsarin dake gudana sun dogara da ma'auni tsakanin sunadarai, carbs da kitse.]] A mafi yawan lokuta, biomass ya ƙunshi manyan polymers na kwayoyin halitta. Don ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin anaerobic digesters don samun damar ƙarfin makamashi na kayan, waɗannan sarƙoƙi dole ne a fara karya su cikin ƙananan sassan su. Wadannan sassan, ko monomers, kamar sukari, suna samuwa ga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta. Tsarin karya waɗannan sarƙoƙi da narkar da ƙananan kwayoyin zuwa mafita ana kiransa hydrolysis. Sabili da haka, hydrolysis na waɗannan abubuwan polymeric masu nauyi shine matakin farko days dace a cikin narkewar anaerobic. Ta hanyar hydrolysis ana rarraba kwayoyin halitta masu rikitarwa zuwa sukari mai sauƙi, amino acid, da fatty acids. Acetate da hydrogen da aka samar a matakai na farko ana iya amfani dasu kai tsaye ta hanyar methanogens. Sauran kwayoyin, irin su volatile fatty acids (VFAs) tare da sarkar da tafi na acetate dole ne a fara [[Catabolism|catabolised]] cikin mahaɗan da methanogens zasu iya amfani dasu kai tsaye. * '''Acidogenesis''' Tsarin halittu na acidogenesis yana haifar da cigaba da rushewar sauran abubuwan da suka rage ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta na acidogenic (mai yisti). A nan, ana halicci VFAs, tare da ammoniya, carbon dioxide, da hydrogen sulfide, da sauran kayayyaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is anaerobic digestion? |url=http://www-sop.inria.fr/relation_ext/slides/water_treatment.pdf |access-date=24 October 2007 |website=sop.inria.fr}}</ref> Tsarin acidogenesis yayi kama da yadda madara keda zafi. * '''Acetogenesis''' Mataki na uku na narkewar anaerobic shine Acetogenesis . A nan, kwayoyin da aka kirkira ta hanyar acidogenesis suna kara narkewa ta hanyar acetogens don samar da yawancin acetic acid, da carbon dioxide da hydrogen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anaerobic digestion |url=http://www.biotank.co.uk/anaerobic_digestion.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012031436/http://www.biotank.co.uk/anaerobic_digestion.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=24 October 2007 |website=biotank.co.uk}}</ref> * '''Methanogenesis''' Mataki na ƙarshe na narkewar anaerobic shine tsarin halittu na methanogenesis. A nan, methanogens suna amfani da samfuran tsakiya na matakan da suka gabata kuma suna canza su zuwa methane, carbon dioxide, da ruwa. Wadannan abubuwan sun hada da mafi yawan iskar gas da aka fitar daga tsarin. Methanogenesis yanada hankali ga pH mai girma da ƙananan kuma yana faruwa tsakanin pH 6.5 da pH 8. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How It Works |url=http://greenthefuture.com/DIGESTER_HOWITWORKS_PROCESS.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011091741/http://greenthefuture.com/DIGESTER_HOWITWORKS_PROCESS.html |archive-date=11 October 2016 |access-date=2016-02-23 |website=greenthefuture.com |series=Anaerobic Digester}}</ref> Sauran, kayan da baza'a iya narkewa ba, ƙwayoyin cuta bazasu iya amfani dasu ba kuma duk wani ragowar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta ya zama narkewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Landfill Gas & Biogas Analyzers {{!}} Nova Gas |url=http://www.nova-gas.com/analyzers/landfill-biogas |access-date=2016-02-23 |website=Nova Gas |language=en-US}}</ref> === Tsarinsa === [[Fayil:Comparison_of_common_biogas_technologies.jpg|alt=Comparison of common biogas technologies|thumb|Kwatanta fasahar iskar gas ta yau da kullun]] Anaerobic digesters za'a iya tsarawa da injiniya don aiki ta amfani da wasu saiti daban-daban kuma ana iya rarraba su cikin tsari vs. yanayin cigaba, yanayin zafin jiki na [[Mesophilic digester|mesophilic]] vs. yanayin zafin rana, babban vs. ƙananan sashi na abubuwa masu ƙarfi, da kuma mataki ɗaya vs. matakai dayawa. Cigaba da tsari yana buƙatar ƙirar da tafi rikitarwa, amma har yanzu, yana iya zama mafi arha fiye da tsarin rukuni, saboda tsarin rukuni yana buƙatar ƙarin kuɗin gini na farko da kuma ƙarar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta (wanda aka shimfiɗa a cikin rukuni dayawa) don sarrafa adadin sharar gida kamar yadda tsarin cigaba ke narkewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=A |first=Igoni Hilkia |last2=Abowei |first2=M. F. N. |last3=Ayotamuno |first3=M. J. |last4=Eze |first4=C. L. |date=2009-01-16 |title=Comparative Evaluation of Batch and Continuous Anaerobic Digesters in Biogas Production from Municipal Solid Waste using Mathematical Models |url=http://www.cigrjournal.org/index.php/Ejounral/article/view/1160 |journal=Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal |language=en |issn=1682-1130}}</ref> Ana buƙatar ƙarfin zafi mafi girma a cikin tsarin thermophilic idan aka kwatanta da tsarin mesophilic, amma tsarin thermophylic yana buƙatar ɗan lokaci kaɗan kuma yana da ƙarfin fitar da gas mafi girma da ƙarancin iskar gas, don haka dole ne mutum yayi la'akari da wannan cinikayya a hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMPARING OF MESOPHILIC AND THERMOPHILIC ANAEROBIC FERMENTED SEWAGE SLUDGE BASED ON CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL TESTS |url=http://aloki.hu/pdf/0903_293302.pdf |access-date=23 February 2016 |publisher=aloki.hu}}</ref> Don abun ciki mai ƙarfi, ƙasa zai kula da har zuwa 15% abun ciki mai mahimmanci. Sama da wannan matakin ana ɗaukar abun ciki mai ƙarfi kuma ana iya saninsa da narkewar bushe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Low and High Solid Anaerobic Digestion Technology |url=http://www.theecoambassador.com/SolidAnaerobicDigestion.html |access-date=2016-02-23 |website=www.theecoambassador.com}}</ref> A cikin tsari guda ɗaya, ɗayan reactor yana da matakai huɗu na narkewar anaerobic. Tsarin matakai dayawa yana amfani da masu amsawa biyu ko fiye don narkewa don raba matakan methanogenesis da hydrolysis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Anaerobic Digestion Systems |url=http://www.wtert.eu/default.asp?Menue=13&ShowDok=17 |access-date=2016-02-02 |website=www.wtert.eu}}</ref> ==== Batch ko cigaba ==== Ana iyayin narkewar anaerobic a matsayin tsari na rukuni ko tsari na cigaba. A cikin tsarin rukuni, ana ƙara biomass a cikin reactor a farkon tsari. Ana rufe reactor ɗin na tsawon lokacin aikin. A cikin mafi sauki tsari tsari yana buƙatar inoculation tare da riga an sarrafa kayan don fara narkewar anaerobic. A cikin yanayin daya dace, za'a samar da iskar gas tare da tsarin rarraba na al'ada a tsawon lokaci. Masu aiki na iya amfani da wannan gaskiyar don tantance lokacin da sukayi imanin cewa tsarin narkewar kwayoyin halitta ya kammala. Za'a iya samun matsaloli masu tsanani na wari idan an buɗe ma'aunin ma'auni kuma an kwashe shi kafin a kammala aikin sosai. Wani nau'in tsari mai cigaba ya iyakance matsalolin wari ta hanyar haɗa narkewar anaerobic tare da composting a cikin akwati. A cikin wannan hanyar inoculation yana faruwa ta hanyar amfani da percolate mai sake zagayawa. Bayan an kammala narkewar anaerobic, ana adana biomass a cikin reactor wanda ake amfani dashi don yin amfani dashi a cikin akwati kafin a buɗe shi Kamar yadda narkewar batch yanada sauƙi kuma yana buƙatar ƙananan kayan aiki da ƙananan matakan aikin ƙira, yawanci nau'in narkewa ne mai rahusa. Yin amfani da ma'aunin ma'auni fiye da ɗaya a cikin shuka na iya tabbatar da samar da iskar gas. A cikin cigaba da narkewa, ana ƙara kwayoyin halitta koyaushe (cigaba da cikakke) ko ƙarawa a matakai zuwa reactor (cigaba mai gudana; na farko a cikin - na farko fita). A nan, ana cire samfuran ƙarshe koyaushe ko lokaci-lokaci, wanda ke haifar da samar da iskar gas. Ana iya amfani da digesters guda ɗaya ko dayawa a cikin jerin. Misalan wannan nau'in narkewar anaerobic sun haɗa da masu bada wutar lantarki masu cigaba, bargo na laka na anaerobic, shimfida gadaje masu laushi, da masu ba'a na ciki.<ref>[http://www.paques.nl/?pid=42&parentid=41 BIOPAQ IC], paques.nl. Retrieved 19.08.07.</ref> ==== Yanayin zafi ==== Matakan zafin jiki na yau da kullun guda biyu don anaerobic digesters suna ƙayyade nau'in methanogens a cikin digesters: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Song |first=Y.C. |last2=Kwon |first2=S.J. |last3=Woo |first3=J.H. |date=April 2004 |title=Mesophilic and thermophilic temperature co-phase anaerobic digestion compared with single-stage mesophilic- and thermophilic digestion of sewage sludge |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_water-research_2004-04_38_7/page/1653 |journal=Water Res. |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=1653–62 |bibcode=2004WatRe..38.1653S |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2003.12.019 |pmid=15026219}}</ref> * Mesophilic narkewa yana faruwa mafi kyau a kusa da 30 zuwa 38 ° C, ko a yanayin zafi tsakanin 20 zuwa 45 ° C, inda mesophiles sune manyan microorganisms.&nbsp;&nbsp; * Thermophilic digestion yana faruwa mafi kyau a kusa da 49 zuwa 57 °C, ko a yanayin zafi har zuwa 70 °C, inda thermophiles sune manyan microorganisms.&nbsp;&nbsp; An kai ga iyaka a [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]], tare da narkewar anaerobic a yanayin aiki na zafin jiki na kasa da 10 ° C. &nbsp;Tsarin anaerobic yana da jinkiri sosai, yana ɗaukar fiye da sau uku na tsarin lokaci na mesophilic na yau da kullun.<ref name="lrrd.org">[http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd19/12/mart19192.htm Transfer of low-cost plastic biodigester technology at household level in Bolivia], lrrd.org</ref> A cikin aikin gwaji a Jami'ar Alaska Fairbanks, mai narkewa mai lita 1,000 ta amfani da psychrophiles da aka girbe daga "mud daga tafkin daskarewa a Alaska" ya samar da lita 200-300 na methane a kowace rana, kimanin 20 zuwa 30% na fitarwa daga digesters a yanayin zafi. &nbsp;Mesophilic jinsuna sunfi yawan thermophiles, kuma sunfi jurewa ga canje-canje a yanayin muhalli fiye da thermophiels. Saboda haka, ana ɗaukar tsarin Mesophilic yafi kwanciyar hankali fiye da tsarin narkewar thermophilic. Sabanin haka, yayin da tsarin narkewar thermophilic ake la'akari da rashin kwanciyar hankali, shigarwar makamashi tafi girma, tare da cire karin iskar gas daga kwayoyin halitta a daidai lokacin. Karin yanayin zafi yana sauƙaƙa saurin amsawa, don haka saurin iskar gas. Aiki a yanayin zafi mafi girma yana sauƙaƙa raguwar pathogen na digestate. A cikin ƙasashe inda dokoki, kamar Dokokin Dabbobi a cikin Tarayyar Turai, suna buƙatar narkewa don saduwa da wasu matakan rage kwayar cuta akwai yiwuwar amfanin amfani da yanayin zafi maimakon mesophilic.<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/biosafety/animalbyproducts/index_en.htm Animal by-products introduction], ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 24.10.07.</ref> Ana iya amfani da ƙarin magani don rage lokacin riƙewa don samar da iskar gas. Misali, wasu matakai sun ragargaza substrates don kara girman ko amfani da matakin pre-magani na zafi (kamar pasteurisation) don inganta fitar da iskar gas. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da tsarin pasteurisation don rage yawan pathogenic a cikin digestate, yana barin anaerobic digester. Ana iya samun pasteurisation ta hanyar maganin zafi tare da Maceration na abubuwa masu ƙarfi. ==== Abubuwan dake ciki ==== A cikin al'ada, sigogi daban-daban na aiki suna da alaƙa da abubuwan dake cikin kayan abinci ga masu bincike: * Abubuwan dake da ƙarfi (mai bushewa - mai ɗorewa) * Abubuwa masu ƙarfi (ruwa - abinda za'a iya amfani dashi) * Ƙananan abubuwa masu ƙarfi (ruwa - mai ƙwanƙwasawa) [[Fayil:Dry_-_solid-state_anaerobic_digestion_AD_biogas_plant.jpg|alt=Design of a dry/solid-state anaerobic digestion (AD) biogas plant|thumb|Zane na busassun / tsayayyen narkewar anaerobic (AD) shuka na biogas]] An tsara high solids (dry) digesters don sarrafa kayan tare da abun ciki mai ƙarfi tsakanin 25 da 40%. Ba kamar masu narkewa ba waɗanda ke aiwatar da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, an tsara masu narkewar ƙwayoyin (ƙasassun - ƙwayoyin da za'a iya ɗorawa) don aiwatar da substrates masu ƙarfi batare da ƙara ruwa ba. Hanyoyin farko na busassun digesters sune cigaba da kwarara na tsaye da kuma tarin ramin ramin dake kwance. Cigaba da kwarara kwarara kwaskwarima ne tsaye, cylindrical tankuna inda ake cigaba da ciyarwa a saman digester, kuma yana gudana ƙasa ta hanyar nauyi yayin narkewa. A cikin masu tono ramin ramin, ana ajiye kayan abinci a cikin ɗakunan da ke kama da ramin tare da ƙofar da batada iskar gas. Babu wata hanyar dake da haɗuwa a cikin mai narkewa. Adadin gyaran da akayi, kamar cire gurbataccen abu, ya dogara da yanayin magudanar da ake sarrafawa da kuma ingancin da ake so na narkewa. Rage girman (girkewa) yana da fa'ida a cikin tsarin tsaye na cigaba, yayin da yake hanzarta narkewa, yayin da tsarin rukuni ke guje wa niƙa kuma a maimakon haka yana buƙatar tsari (misali sharar gida) don rage tarwatsawar tarin da aka ɗora. Cigaba da bushewa a tsaye suna da karamin sawun saboda gajeren lokacin riƙewa da ƙirar tsaye. Za'a iya tsara masu narkewa don aiki a cikin ko dai abun ciki mai ƙarfi, tare da jimlar abubuwan da aka dakatar (TSS) mafi girma fiye da ~ 20%, ko kuma ƙananan abubuwan da ke ƙasa da ~ 15%. <ref name="Maximum">{{Cite journal |last=Jewell |first=W. |last2=Cummings |first2=R. |last3=Richards |first3=B. |year=1993 |title=Methane fermentation of energy crops: Maximum conversion kinetics and in situ biogas purification |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biomass-bioenergy_1993_5_3-4/page/261 |journal=Biomass and Bioenergy |volume=5 |issue=3–4 |pages=261–278 |bibcode=1993BmBe....5..261J |doi=10.1016/0961-9534(93)90076-G}}</ref> High solids (ruwa) digesters suna aiwatar da wani m slurry wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin makamashi shigarwa don motsawa da aiwatar da feedstock. Kaurin kayan na iya haifar da matsalolin dake tattare da abrasion. High solids digesters yawanci suna da ƙananan buƙatun ƙasa saboda ƙananan ƙididdigar dake da alaƙa da danshi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-13 |title=Anaerobic Digestion Plant Design |url=https://anaerobic-digestion.com/anaerobic-digestion-plant-design/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |language=en-GB}}</ref> High solids digesters kuma suna buƙatar gyara na al'ada aiki lissafi (misali gas samar, riƙewa lokaci, kinetics, da dai sauransu) asali bisa ga ra'ayoyin narkewar datti, tunda manyan sassa na feedstock taro suna iya canzawa zuwa biogas.<ref name="Methods">{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=B. |last2=Cummings |first2=R. |last3=White |first3=T. |last4=Jewell |first4=W. |year=1991 |title=Methods for kinetic analysis of methane fermentation in high solids biomass digesters |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biomass-bioenergy_1991_1_2/page/n2 |journal=Biomass and Bioenergy |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=65–73 |bibcode=1991BmBe....1...65R |doi=10.1016/0961-9534(91)90028-B |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Low solids (ruwa) digesters na iya jigilar kayan ta hanyar tsarin ta amfani da daidaitattun famfo waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarancin shigar da makamashi. Low solids digesters suna buƙatar ƙasa mai yawa fiye da high solids saboda karuwar girma dake da alaƙa da karuwar ruwa-da-feedstock rabo na digesters. Akwai fa'idodi dake da alaƙa da aiki a cikin yanayin ruwa, saboda yana bada damar yaduwar kayan aiki da kuma hulɗa tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta da abincin su. Wannan yana bawa ƙwayoyin cuta damar samun damar abubuwan da suke ci, kuma yana ƙara yawan samar da iskar gas. ==== Rashin jituwa ==== Ana iya daidaita tsarin narkewa tare da matakai daban-daban na rikitarwa. A cikin '''Tsarin narkewa guda ɗaya''' (mataki ɗaya), duk halayen halittu suna faruwa a cikin guda ɗaya, mai rufewa ko tanki mai riƙewa. Amfani da mataki ɗaya yana rage farashin gini, amma yana haifar da ƙarancin kula da halayen dake faruwa a cikin tsarin. Kwayoyin cuta na acidogenic, ta hanyar samar da acid, rage pH na tankin. Methanogenic archaea, kamar yadda aka tsara a baya, yana aiki a cikin iyakar pH.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZdRJfMKORwC&dq=acidogens+reduce+ph&pg=PP1 Biomethanation in advances in biochemical engineering and biotechnology], books.google.com. Retrieved 24.10.07.</ref> Sabili da haka, halayen halittu na nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin na'urar sarrafawa guda ɗaya na iya kasancewa cikin gasa kai tsaye da juna. Wani tsarin amsawa na mataki daya shine lagoon anaerobic. Wadannan lagoons suna kama da tafki, wuraren da akayi amfani dasu don magani da adana turare na dogon lokaci. A nan halayen anaerobic suna ƙunshe a cikin laka na anaerobic na halitta dake cikin tafkin. A cikin '''tsarin narkewa na matakai biyu''' (multistage), ana inganta tasoshin narkewa daban-daban don kawo matsakaicin iko akan al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta dake zaune a cikin digesters. Kwayoyin cuta na acidogenic suna samar da sinadarin kwayoyin halitta kuma suna girma da sauri da haifuwa fiye da archaea na methanogenic. Methanogenic archaea suna buƙatar pH mai ɗorewa da zafin jiki don inganta aikin su.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Griffin |first=ME |last2=McMahon |first2=KD |last3=Mackie |first3=RI |last4=Raskin |first4=L |year=1998 |title=Methanogenic population dynamics during start-up of anaerobic digesters treating municipal solid waste and biosolids |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biotechnology-and-bioengineering_1998-02-05_57_3/page/342 |journal=Biotechnol Bioeng |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=342–55 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19980205)57:3<342::aid-bit11>3.0.co;2-i |pmid=10099211}}</ref> A cikin yanayi na yau da kullun, hydrolysis, acetogenesis, da acidogenesis suna faruwa a cikin taskar farko. Ana dumama kayan kwayoyin zuwa zafin jiki da ake buƙata (ko dai mesophilic ko thermophilic) kafin a zuba su cikin methanogenic reactor. Tankunan hydrolysis na farko ko acidogenesis kafin methanogenic reactor na iya samar da mafita ga adadin da aka kara abinci. Wasu ƙasashen Turai suna buƙatar digiri na maganin zafi mai girma don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa a cikin sharar shigarwa. A wannan misali, akwai yiwuwar pasteurisation ko matakin sterilisation kafin narkewa ko tsakanin tankuna biyu na narkewa. Musamman, ba zai yiwu a ware matakai daban-daban ba, kuma sau dayawa ana samar da wasu iskar gas a cikin tankunan hydrolysis ko acidogenesis. ==== Lokacin zama ==== Lokacin zama a cikin mai narkewa ya bambanta da adadin da nau'in kayan abinci, da kuma tsarin tsarin narkewa. A cikin nau'ikan narkewar mesophilic na yau da kullun, lokacin zama ya bambanta tsakanin kwanaki 15 zuwa 40, yayin da ga narkewar thermophilic guda ɗaya, lokutan zama yawanci suna da sauri kuma suna ɗaukar kusan kwanaki 14. &nbsp;&nbsp;Yanayin plug-flow na wasu daga cikin wadannan tsarin zai nufin cewa ba'a fahimci cikakken lalacewar kayan a cikin wannan lokaci ba. A wannan taron, digestate fita daga tsarin zai zama duhu a launi kuma yawanci zai sami karin wari. A cikin yanayin narkewar bargo na anaerobic (UASB), lokutan zama na hydraulic na iya zama ɗan gajeren lokaci kamar awa 1 zuwa rana 1, kuma lokutan riƙewa na iya zama har zuwa kwanaki 90. Ta wannan hanyar, tsarin UASB yana iya raba abubuwa masu ƙarfi da lokutan riƙe ruwa tare da amfani da bargo na laka. Masu cigaba da tonowa suna da na'urorin inji ko na ruwa, dangane da matakin abubuwa masu ƙarfi a cikin kayan, don haɗa abubuwan dake ciki, suna bada damar ƙwayoyin cuta da abinci su kasance cikin hulɗa. Har ila yau, suna bada izinin cire kayan da suka wuce gona da iri don kula da ƙarar data dace a cikin tankunan narkewa. ==== Matsi ==== Wani cigaba na baya-bayan nan a cikin ƙirar anaerobic reactor shine High-pressure anaerobic digestion (HPAD) wanda kuma ake kira Autogenerative High Pressure Digestion (AHPD). Wannan dabarar tana samar da iskar gas tare da babban abun ciki na methane. Carbon dioxide da aka samar a cikin iskar gas ya narke cikin ruwa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba sannan methane yayi. Saboda haka samar da biogas yafi wadata da methane. Bincike a Jami'ar Groningen ya nuna cewa al'ummar ƙwayoyin cuta suna canzawa a cikin abun dake ciki a ƙarƙashin tasirin matsin lamba.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhao J, Li Y, Zhang Z |date=February 2023 |title=Hydraulic retention time and pressure affect anaerobic digestion process treating synthetic glucose wastewater |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/845017954/Hydraulic_retention_time_and_pressure_affect_anaerobic_digestion_process_treating_synthetic_glucose_wastewater_.pdf |journal=Bioresource Technology |volume=370 |bibcode=2023BiTec.37028531Z |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128531 |pmid=36574891 |s2cid=255118892}}</ref> Kowane nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta suna da yanayin da yafi dacewa inda suke girma da kuma ninkawa da sauri. An san su da pH, zafin jiki, salinity da dai sauransu amma matsin lamba yana daya daga cikinsu. Wasu nau'o'in sun saba da rayuwa a cikin teku mai zurfi inda matsin lamba yafi girma fiye da matakin teku. Wannan yasa ya yiwu a cikin irin wannan jijiya kamar sauran sigogi na tsari kamar zafin jiki, Lokacin riƙewa, pH don rinjayar tsarin narkewar anaerobic. === Hanawa ===   Ana iya hana tsarin narkewar anaerobic ta hanyar mahadi dayawa, yana shafar ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta dake da alhakin matakai daban-daban na lalacewar kwayoyin halitta. Matsayin hanawa ya dogara, a tsakanin sauran dalilai, akan maida hankali ga mai hanawa a cikin digester. Masu hanawa masu yuwuwa sune ammoniya, <ref>N. Eldem, Ö. Akgiray, İ. Öztürk, E. Soyer, B. Çallı (2004). "Ammonia and pH inhibition in anaerobic treatment of wastewaters, Part II: Model development." J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A. Vol.A39, No.9. https://doi.org/10.1081/ESE-200026303</ref> sulfide, ions na ƙarfe mai haske (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al), ƙarfe mai nauyi, wasu kwayoyin halitta (chlorophenols, halogenated aliphatics, N-substituted aromatics, long chain fatty acids), da dai sauransu.[2]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Ye |last2=Cheng |first2=Jay J. |last3=Creamer |first3=Kurt S. |year=2008 |title=Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process: A review |journal=Bioresource Technology |volume=99 |issue=10 |pages=4044–4064 |bibcode=2008BiTec..99.4044C |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.057 |pmid=17399981}}</ref> An nuna jimlar ammoniya nitrogen (TAN) don hana samar da methane. Bugu da ƙari, yana lalata al'ummar microbial, yana tasiri ga kira na acetic acid. Acetic acid yana daya daga cikin karfi a cikin samar da methane. A fiye da 5000 MG / L TAN, ana buƙatar daidaita pH don kiyaye amsawar.<ref name="Yenigün-2013">Yenigün, O., & Demirel, B. (2013). Ammonia inhibition in anaerobic digestion: a review. ''Process Biochemistry'', ''48''(5-6), 901-911.</ref> &nbsp;TAN mai da hankali sama da 1700- 1800 MG / L yana hana samar da methane kuma amfanin gona yana raguwa a mafi yawan TAN. &nbsp;Babban TAN mai yawa yana haifar da martani don juya acidic kuma yana haifar da tasirin domino na hanawa.<ref name="Yenigün-2013" /> Jimlar ammoniya nitrogen shine haɗuwa da ammoniya kyauta da ammoniyya mai ionized. Ana samar da TAN ta hanyar rage kayan dake cikin nitrogen, yawanci sunadarai kuma zai gina a cikin narkewar anaerobic. Wannan ya dogara da kayan abinci na kwayoyin da aka ciyar da tsarin. A cikin ayyukan tsabtace ruwa, ana rage TAN ta hanyar nitrification. Nitrification tsari ne na aerobic inda kwayoyin cuta na heterotrophic ke cinye TAN. Wadannan kwayoyin cuta suna fitar da nitrate da nitrite wanda daga baya aka canza su zuwa iskar nitrogen ta hanyar tsarin denitrification. Hydrolysis da acidogenesis na iya shafar TAN. A cikin yanayin mesophilic, an gano hanawa don hydrolysis a 5500 MG / L TAN, yayin da hana acidogenesis ke faruwa a 6500 MG / L L TAN.<ref>Niu, Q., Qiao, W., Qiang, H., Hojo, T., & Li, Y. Y. (2013). Mesophilic methane fermentation of chicken manure at a wide range of ammonia concentration: stability, inhibition and recovery. ''Bioresource Technology'', ''137'', 358-367.</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Abinci == [[Fayil:Anaerobic_Lagoon_at_Cal_Poly.jpg|thumb|Anaerobic lagoon da janareto a Cal Poly Dairy, Amurka]] Mafi mahimmancin batun farko yayin la'akari da aikace-aikacen tsarin narkewar anaerobic shine kayan abinci ga tsari.<ref>[http://anaerobicdigestion.co.uk/feedstocks/ Feedstocks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223151618/http://anaerobicdigestion.co.uk/feedstocks/ |date=2023-02-23 }}. ''Anaerobic Digestion UK''. 15 December 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2021.</ref> Kusan kowane abu na kwayoyin halitta za'a iya sarrafa shi tare da narkewar anaerobic; duk da haka, idan samar da iskar gas shine manufar, matakin putrescibility shine mabuɗin abin da ke cikin nasarar aikace-aikacen. Mafi lalacewa (mai narkewa) kayan, mafi girman iskar gas tana iya fitowa daga tsarin. Abinci na iya haɗawa da kayan sharar gida, kamar takardar sharar gidaje, yankan ciyawa, abincin daya rage, datti, da sharar dabbobi.<ref name="nnfcc"/> Sharar katako itace bata da kyau, saboda basu da tasiri ta hanyar narkewa, saboda yawancin anaerobes ba su iya lalata lignin ba. Xylophagous anaerobes (masu amfani da lignin) ko maganin zafin jiki mai girma, kamar pyrolysis, ana iya amfani dashi don karya lignin. Ana iya ciyar da masu narkewar anaerobic tare da amfanin gona na musamman, kamar silage, don samar da iskar gas. A cikin Jamus da nahiyar Turai, ana kiran waɗannan wuraren a matsayin tsire-tsire na "biogas". Shuka mai sarrafawa ko shuka mai sarrafa kansa yawanci mai sarrafa kansa ne wanda ke karɓar kayan shigarwa guda biyu ko fiye don narkewa a lokaci guda. Tsawon lokacin da ake buƙata don narkewar anaerobic ya dogara da rikitarwa na sinadarai na kayan. Abubuwan dake da wadataccen sukari mai sauƙin narkewa suna rushewa da sauri, yayin da kayan lignocellulosic dake da arziki a cikin cellulose da hemicellulose polymers na iya ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don rushewa.<ref>Morton Barlaz, Amy Banister, Gary Hater, Jeffrey Chanton and Roger Green, [https://anaerobic-digestion.com/old-rope-anaerobic-digestion-article Money For Old Rope – An Anaerobic Digestion Article With Historic Significance], waste-management-world.com. via anaerobic-digestion.com Retrieved 24.10.07.</ref> Anaerobic microorganisms gabaɗaya ba sa iya karya lignin, ɓangaren ƙanshi mai ƙanshi na biomass.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benner, Ronald |year=1989 |title=Book Review: ''Biology of anaerobic microorganisms'' |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |volume=34 |issue=3 |page=647 |bibcode=1989LimOc..34..647B |doi=10.4319/lo.1989.34.3.0647 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Anaerobic digesters an tsara su ne don aiki ta amfani da datti da tururi. Rashin ruwa da turare ba, duk da haka, kayan da keda damar narkewa na anaerobic bane, kamar yadda kayan biodegradable sun riga sun sami yawancin abubuwan dake cikin makamashi da dabbobi da suka samar dashi suka fitar. Sabili da haka, masu rarrabawa dayawa suna aiki tare da codigestion na nau'ikan abinci guda biyu ko fiye. Misali, a cikin mai narkewa na gona wanda ke amfani da turare na madara a matsayin kayan abinci na farko, <ref>{{Cite web |last=[[California Department of Food and Agriculture]] |date=19 September 2019 |title=CDFA invests in dairy methane reduction projects |url=https://www.morningagclips.com/cdfa-invests-in-dairy-methane-reduction-projects/ |access-date=2019-10-18 |website=Morning Ag Clips |language=en-US}}</ref> ana iya ƙara samar da iskar gas sosai ta hanyar ƙara kayan abinci na biyu, misali, ciyawa da masara (abin da ake amfani da shi a gona), ko kayan abinci daban-daban, kamar sharar gida, kitse, mai da mai daga gidajen cin abinci, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anaerobic Digestion Initiative Advisory Committee (ADIAC) |title=Feedstock |url=http://www.bcfarmbiogas.ca/Feedstockenergy/feedstock |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213185207/http://bcfarmbiogas.ca/Feedstockenergy/feedstock |archive-date=13 December 2011}}</ref> Masu tonowa suna sarrafa amfanin gona na makamashi na iya cimma matsaya mai girma da samar da iskar gas.<ref name="Maximum"/><ref name="Low">{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=B. |last2=Cummings |first2=R. J. |last3=Jewell |first3=W. J. |year=1991 |title=High rate low solids methane fermentation of sorghum, corn and cellulose |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biomass-bioenergy_1991_1_5/page/249 |journal=Biomass and Bioenergy |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=249–260 |bibcode=1991BmBe....1..249R |doi=10.1016/0961-9534(91)90036-C |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=B. |last2=Cummings |first2=R. J. |last3=Jewell |first3=W. J. |last4=Herndon |first4=F. G. |year=1991 |title=High solids anaerobic methane fermentation of sorghum and cellulose |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biomass-bioenergy_1991_1_1/page/47 |journal=Biomass and Bioenergy |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=47–53 |bibcode=1991BmBe....1...47R |doi=10.1016/0961-9534(91)90051-D}}</ref> Tsarin Slurry-kawai yawanci sun fi rahusa, amma suna samar da karancin makamashi fiye da waɗanda ke amfani da amfanin gona, kamar masara da ciyawa; ta hanyar amfani da kayan amfanin gona mai sauƙi (30%), tsire-tsire na narkewa na anaerobic na iya ƙara fitar da makamashi sau goma kawai na farashin babban birnin, dangane da tsarin slurry-kai kawai. === Abubuwan dake ciki === Wani la'akari na biyu daya shafi kayan abinci shine abun ciki na danshi. Dry, substrates stackable, kamar abinci da sharar gida, sun dace da narkewa a cikin ɗakunan rami. Tsarin salon ramin yawanci yana da kusan fitar da ruwa mai guba, don haka wannan salon tsarin yana da fa'idodi inda fitar da ruwa na digester shine alhakin. Idan kayan yafi ruwan sama, yafi dacewa da sarrafawa tare da ma'auni na ma'aunin famfo maimakon famfo na kankare mai karfi da kuma hanyar motsa jiki. Har ila yau, mafi ruwan da kayan, mafi girma da yanki da yake ɗauka dangane da matakan iskar gas da aka samar. Abubuwan da ke cikin danshi na kayan abinci da akayi niyya zasu kuma shafi irin tsarin da akayi amfani dashi don maganin sa. Don amfani da babban mai ƙarfi anaerobic digester don narkewar abinci, ya kamata ayi amfani da wakilai masu yawa, kamar takin mai, don ƙara abubuwan dake cikin kayan shigarwa.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?doi=XfhO-iP3em4C&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&dq=high+solids+anaerobic+digestion+bulking&source=web&ots=fEDEUaGKK4&sig=B9CbvsX37xfMDLF4ILVhMKp2D-U#PPP1,M1 Management of Urban Biodegradable Waste], books.google.com. Retrieved 24.10.07.</ref> Wani mahimmin la'akari shine rabo na carbon:nitrogen na kayan shigarwa. Wannan rabo shine ma'auni na abinci da kwayar cuta ke buƙata don girma; mafi kyawun rabo na C:N shine 20-30:1. Yawan N na iya haifar da hana narkewar ammoniya.<ref name="Low"/> === Cutar === Matsayin gurɓataccen kayan abinci shine mahimmin la'akari yayin amfani da narkewar rigar ko narkewar plug-flow. Idan kayan abinci ga masu tantancewa suna da matakai masu mahimmanci na gurɓataccen jiki, kamar filastik, gilashi, ko karafa, to za'a buƙaci sarrafawa don cire gurɓata don amfani da kayan.<ref>[http://www.seas.ucla.edu/stenstro/r/r10 Anaerobic digestion of classified municipal solid wastes], seas.ucla.edu. Retrieved 24.10.07.</ref> Idan ba a cire shi ba, to ana iya toshe digesters kuma bazasu yi aiki yadda ya kamata ba. Wannan batun gurɓataccen baya faruwa tare da narkewar bushe ko tsire-tsire masu tsayi na anaerobic (SSAD), tunda SSAD yana kula da bushewa, biomass mai ɗorewa tare da babban kashi na abubuwa masu ƙarfi (40-60%) a cikin ɗakunan gas-tight da ake kira akwatunan fermenter.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Achinas |first=Spyridon |last2=Achinas |first2=Vasileios |last3=Euverink |first3=Gerrit Jan Willem |year=2017 |title=A Technological Overview of Biogas Production from Biowaste |journal=Engineering |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=299–307 |bibcode=2017Engin...3..299A |doi=10.1016/J.ENG.2017.03.002 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tare da wannan fahimtar ne aka tsara tsire-tsire na maganin halittu. Mafi girman matakin gyaran abinci da ake buƙata, za'a buƙaci ƙarin kayan aiki, kuma, saboda haka, aikin zai sami farashin kuɗi mafi girma. Cibiyar Kula da Amfanin Gida ta Kasa. Bayan rarraba ko tantancewa don cire duk wani gurbataccen jiki daga kayan abinci, ana sau dayawa yanka kayan, kuma ana yin su da inji ko hydraulically don ƙara girman dake samuwa ga ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin digesters kuma, saboda haka, ƙara saurin narkewa. Za'a iya samun maceration na abubuwa masu ƙarfi ta hanyar amfani da famfo na chopper don canja wurin kayan abinci a cikin iska mai narkewa, inda maganin anaerobic ke faruwa. === Abubuwan dake tattare dasu === Abinda ke cikin substratum shine babban abu wajen tantance yawan amfanin methane da ƙimar samar da methane daga narkewar biomass. Hanyoyi don ƙayyade halaye na kayan abinci suna samuwa, yayin da sigogi kamar su solids, elemental, da kwayoyin halitta suna da mahimmanci ga ƙirar digester da aiki.<ref>Jerger, D. & Tsao, G. (2006) Feed composition in Anaerobic digestion of biomass, p65</ref> Ana iya kimanta amfanin methane daga abubuwan dake cikin substratum tare da kimantawa game da lalacewa (kashi na substratum wanda aka canza zuwa biogas a cikin reactor). Don yin hasashen abun dake ciki na iskar gas (ƙananan dangi na methane da [[carbon dioxide]]) yazama dole a kimanta rarrabawar carbon dioxide tsakanin matakai na rabuwa da gas, wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin bayani (zafin jiki, pH, da abun dake cikin substratum) da kuma samfurin sinadarai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=D. T. |last2=Barth |first2=C. L. |date=1977 |title=A Dynamic Model for Simulation of Animal Waste Digestion |journal=Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation) |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=2129–2143 |jstor=25039421}}</ref> Ana kuma yin ma'auni kai tsaye na yiwuwar biomethanation ta amfani da juyin halitta na gas ko gwaje-gwaje na kwanan nan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hafner |first=Sasha D. |last2=Rennuit |first2=Charlotte |last3=Triolo |first3=Jin M. |last4=Richards |first4=Brian K. |date=December 2015 |title=Validation of a simple gravimetric method for measuring biogas production in laboratory experiments |journal=Biomass and Bioenergy |volume=83 |pages=297–301 |bibcode=2015BmBe...83..297H |doi=10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.10.003}}</ref> == Aikace-aikacen == [[Fayil:Schematic_of_the_Biogas_Reactor.jpg|thumb|Tsarin narkewar anaerobic a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin tsabta. Yana samar da narkewa narkewa (digestate) wanda za'a iya amfani dashi azaman taki, da kuma iskar gas wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don makamashi.<ref>Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, Ph., Zurbrügg, C. (2014) ''[http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/sandec/publikationen/compendium_e/index_EN Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies - (2nd Revised Edition)]''. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland.</ref>]] Yin amfani da fasahar narkewar anaerobic na iya taimakawa wajen rage fitar da iskar gas a hanyoyi masu mahimmanci: * Canja wurin man fetur * Ragewa ko kawar da sawun makamashi na sharar gida * Rage fitar da methane daga wuraren zubar da shara * Cire kayan aikin sinadarai da aka samar da masana'antu * Rage motsi na motoci * Rage asarar wutar lantarki * Rage amfani da LP Gas don [[dafa abinci]] * Wani muhimmin bangare na shirye-shiryen Zero Waste.<ref>Raio, M. (28 August 2018). Zero Waste Our New Future?. ''Zero Waste Our New Future?.'' Retrieved from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pgVFpgTQPzNlxiCiSMvI8Kem-YtEW81R/view?usp=sharing</ref> === Magani da tsabtace ruwa === [[Fayil:Anaerobic_digesters_in_a_sewer_treatment_plant.webm|thumb|Anaerobic digesters a cikin masana'antar tsabtace datti. Ana sarrafa iskar methane ta hanyar ƙonewa ta hanyar fitila.]] Anaerobic digestion yadace da kayan kwayoyin halitta, kuma ana amfani dashi akai-akai don masana'antu, [[Maganin shara a ruwa|Ruwa mai guba]] da kuma Maganin datti. Anaerobic digestion, tsari mai sauƙi, na iya rage yawan kwayoyin halitta wanda in ba haka baza'a zubar dashi a teku, <ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-9246063.html Sea Dumping of Sewage Sludge], encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22.02.2010.</ref> zubar dasu a cikin shara, ko ƙone su a cikin incinerators. <ref>[http://www.bookrags.com/research/ocean-dumping-ban-act-1988-enve-02/ Ocean Dumping Ban Act (1988)], bookrags.com. Retrieved 22.02.2010.</ref> Matsi doka dokokin da suka shafi muhalli akan hanyoyin zubar da [[Shara|sharar gida]] a cikin Kasashe masu tasowa yakara aikace-aikacen narkewar anaerobic a matsayin tsari don rage yawan sharar gida da samar da kayan aiki masu amfani. Ana iya amfani dashi don aiwatar da ɓangaren da aka raba na sharar gida ko kuma a madadin haka an haɗa shi da tsarin rarraba na inji, don aiwatar da raguwar sharar gida. Wadannan wuraren ana kiransu tsire-tsire na maganin halittu na inji.<ref>Svoboda, I (2003) [http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/1057/0002224.pdf Anaerobic digestion, storage, olygolysis, lime, heat and aerobic treatment of livestock manures], scotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 17.08.07.</ref> Idan aka zubar da sharar da aka sarrafa a cikin anaerobic digesters a cikin wani sharar gida, zai rushe ta halitta kuma sau dayawa anaerobically. A wannan yanayin, iskar za ta tsere cikin yanayi. Kamar yadda methane ya ninka sau 20 a matsayin iskar gas fiye da carbon dioxide, wannan yana da mummunar tasirin muhalli.<ref>[http://www.newmediaexplorer.org/sepp/2005/02/01/global_warming_methane_could_be_far_worse_than_carbon_dioxide.htm Global warming methane could be far more potent than carbon dioxide] newmediaexplorer.org. Retrieved 17.08.07.</ref> A cikin ƙasashen dake tattara sharar gida, amfani da wuraren narkewar anaerobic na gida na iya taimakawa wajen rage yawan sharar dake buƙatar sufuri zuwa wuraren da aka zubar da shara ko wuraren konewa. Wannan rage nauyin sufuri yana rage hayakin carbon daga motocin tattarawa. Idan an saka wuraren narkewar anaerobic a cikin hanyar sadarwar rarraba wutar lantarki, zasu iya taimakawa rage asarar wutar lantarki dake da alaƙa da jigilar wutar lantarki a kan grid na ƙasa.<ref>[http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/04-05/demand_side_management/framework5.htm Renewable Energy Framework], esru.strath.ac.uk. Retrieved 8.11.07.</ref> Ana iya amfani da narkewar anaerobic don maganin gurɓataccen laka da PFAS. Binciken a shekarar 2024 ya nuna cewa narkewar anaerobic, haɗe da adsorption a cikin aikace-aikacen carbon da ƙarfin lantarki na iya cire har zuwa 61% na PFAS daga laka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deligiannis |first=Michalis |last2=Gkalipidou |first2=Evdokia |last3=Gatidou |first3=Georgia |last4=Kostakis |first4=Marios G. |last5=Triantafyllos Gerokonstantis |first5=Dimitrios |last6=Arvaniti |first6=Olga S. |last7=Thomaidis |first7=Nikolaos S. |last8=Vyrides |first8=Ioannis |last9=Hale |first9=Sarah E. |date=August 2024 |title=Study on the fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances during thermophilic anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge and the role of granular activated carbon addition |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131013 |journal=Bioresource Technology |volume=406 |pages=131013 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131013 |issn=0960-8524 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Zamani na wutar lantarki === A cikin kasashe masu tasowa, tsarin narkewar anaerobic na gida dana gona yana bada damar samun makamashi mai tsada don dafa abinci da hasken wuta.<ref name="lrrd.org"/><ref>Friends of the Earth (2004) [http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/briefings/anaerobic_digestion.pdf Anaerobic digestion Briefing Paper], foe.co.uk. Retrieved 17.08.07.</ref>Daga shekarar 1975, kasar Sin da Indiya dukansu suna da manyan tsare-tsaren tallafin gwamnati don daidaita ƙananan tsire-tsire na gas don amfani a cikin gida don dafa abinci da hasken wuta. A halin yanzu, ayyukan narkewar anaerobic a kasashe masu tasowa na iya samun tallafin kuɗi ta hanyar Tsarin Tsabtace Ci Gaban [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] idan sun iya nuna cewa suna samar da rage hayakin carbon. Ana iya amfani da methane da wutar lantarki da aka samar a wuraren narkewar anaerobic don maye gurbin makamashi da aka samo daga man fetur, sabili da haka rage hayaki na iskar gas, saboda carbon a cikin kayan biodegradable wani ɓangare ne na sake zagayowar carbon. Carbon da aka saki cikin yanayi daga konewar biogas an cire shi ta shuke-shuke don su girma a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, yawanci a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, amma mafi yawanci a tsakanin lokacin girma na ƙarshe. Idan tsire-tsire sun sake girma, suna fitar da carbon daga sararin samaniya, tsarin zai zama tsaka-tsaki na carbon. Sabanin haka, an tsare carbon a cikin burbushin burbushin halittu a cikin ƙasa na miliyoyin shekaru, wanda konewa ke kara yawan matakan carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi. Samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar narkewar anaerobic yafi dacewa da manyan ayyuka, maimakon ƙananan gonaki, saboda manyan ayyuka suna da ƙarar turare wanda zai iya sa tsarin yazama mai cin gashin kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lazenby |first=Ruthie |date=August 15, 2022 |title=RETHINKING MANURE BIOGAS: Policy Considerations to Promote Equity and Protect the Climate and Environment |url=https://www.vermontlaw.edu/sites/default/files/2022-08/Rethinking_Manure_Biogas.pdf |access-date=December 9, 2022 |website=Center for Agriculture and Food Systems, Vermont Law and Graduate School}}</ref> Biogas daga Maganin datti a wasu lokuta ana amfani dashi don gudanar da Injin gas don samar da wutar lantarki, wasu ko dukansu ana iya amfani da su don gudanar da ayyukan datti. Ana amfani da wasu zafin sharar gida daga injin don dumama mai narkewa. Rashin zafi, gabaɗaya, ya isa ya dumama mai narkewa zuwa yanayin zafi da ake buƙata. Kyakkyawan ƙarfin wutar lantarki daga ayyukan datti yana da iyaka - a Burtaniya, akwai kimanin 80 MW jimlar irin wannan ƙarni, tare da yiwuwar ƙaruwa zuwa 150 MW, wanda ba shi da mahimmanci idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin ƙarfin da ake buƙata a Burtaniya na kimanin 35,000 MW. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yankin samar da iskar gas daga kwayoyin halitta marasa amfani - amfanin gona na makamashi, sharar abinci, da dai sauransu - ya fi girma, an kiyasta zai iya kimanin 3,000 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=METHAGEN AD |url=https://sysadvance.com/energy/methagen-ad/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=Sysadvance |language=en-US}}</ref> &nbsp;Tsire-tsire na iskar gas ta amfani da sharar dabbobi da albarkatun makamashi ana sa ran za su ba da gudummawa ga rage hayakin CO<sub>2</sub> da ƙarfafa grid, yayin da suke ba da manoma na Burtaniya ƙarin kudaden shiga. Wasu ƙasashe suna bada ƙarfafawa ta hanyar, alal misali, farashin ciyarwa don ciyar da wutar lantarki a kan wutar lantarki don tallafawa samar da makamashi mai kore.<ref name="nnfcc"/> A Oakland, California a babban tashar kula da ruwa mai guba ta East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD), a halin yanzu ana sarrafa sharar abinci tare da ruwa mai tsabta na gari na farko da na biyu da sauran sharar gida masu ƙarfi. Idan aka kwatanta da narkewar ruwa mai guba na gari kadai, codigestion na sharar abinci yana da fa'idodi da yawa. Anaerobic narkewar abinci daga tsarin sharar abinci na EBMUD yana bada fa'idar makamashi mafi girma, idan aka kwatanta da ruwan sharar gida na gari: 730 zuwa 1,300 kWh a kowace tan bushe na sharar abinci da akayi amfani dashi idan aka kwatanta le 560 zuwa 940 kWh a kowane tan bushe na ruwan sharar gari da aka yi da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2015 |title=Organics: Anaerobic Digestion |url=https://www.epa.gov/anaerobic-digestion |access-date=6 July 2019 |website=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> === Injin grid === Injection na grid na biogas shine allurar biogas a cikin grid na gas. Dole ne a inganta ruwan da ba a yi amfani da shi ba zuwa biomethane. Wannan haɓakawa yana nufin cire gurɓataccen abu kamar hydrogen sulphide ko siloxanes, da kuma carbon dioxide. Akwai fasahohi dayawa don wannan dalili, wanda akafi aiwatar dashi shine matsa lamba (PSA), ruwa ko amine scrubbing (matakan shan ruwa) kuma, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, rabuwa da membrane.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iea-biogas.net/files/daten-redaktion/download/publi-task37/upgrading_rz_low_final.pdf |title=Petersson A., Wellinger A. (2009). Biogas upgrading technologies - developments and innovations. IEA Bioenergy Task 37 |access-date=2024-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129031426/http://www.iea-biogas.net/files/daten-redaktion/download/publi-task37/upgrading_rz_low_final.pdf |archive-date=2014-11-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A matsayin madadin, ana iya amfani da wutar lantarki da zafi don ƙarni a shafin, wanda ke haifar da raguwar asarar jigilar makamashi. Rashin makamashi na yau da kullun a cikin tsarin watsa iskar gas ya kasance daga 1-2%, yayin da asarar makamashi a yanzu a kan babban tsarin lantarki ya kasance daga 5-8%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=energy loss, transmission loss |url=http://www.energyvortex.com/energydictionary/energy_loss__transmission_loss.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922135637/http://www.energyvortex.com/energydictionary/energy_loss__transmission_loss.html |archive-date=22 September 2018 |website=Energy Dictionary |publisher=EnergyVortex.com}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, Didcot Sewage Works yazama na farko a Burtaniya don samar da iskar gas da aka bayar ga grid na kasa, don amfani dashi har zuwa gidaje 200 a Oxfordshire. A shekara ta 2017, kamfanin wutar lantarki na Burtaniya Ecotricity ya shirya don samun digester da aka ciyar dashi ta hanyar ciyawa da aka samo a cikin gida wanda ke ciyar da gidaje 6000 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergenson |first=Angie |date=23 April 2015 |title=Green energy plant could be UK's alternative to fracking |url=http://www.hydrogenfuelnews.com/green-energy-plant-could-be-uks-alternative-to-fracking/8521901/ |website=Hydrogen Fuel News}}</ref> === Man fetur na mota === Bayan ingantawa tare da fasahar da aka ambata a sama, ana iya amfani da biogas (wanda aka canza zuwa biomethane) azaman man fetur a cikin motocin da suka dace. Wannan amfani yana da yawa a Sweden, inda akwai motocin iskar gas sama da 38,600, kuma kashi 60% na iskar iskar iske ne wanda aka samar a cikin tsire-tsire masu narkewa. === takin mai da kuma yanayin ƙasa === Za'a iya amfani da sashi mai ƙarfi, mai laushi na kayan da aka narke a matsayin mai yanayin ƙasa don ƙara abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa. Ana iya amfani da ruwan inabi a matsayin taki don samar da muhimman abubuwan gina jiki ga ƙasa maimakon taki na sinadarai wanda ke buƙatar makamashi mai yawa don samarwa da jigilar kaya. Amfani da taki da aka ƙera, sabili da haka, ya fi ƙarfin carbon fiye da amfani da taki na giya na anaerobic digester. A cikin ƙasashe kamar [[Ispaniya|Spain]], inda ƙasa dayawa suka lalace, kasuwanni don abubuwa masu narkewa na iya zama daidai da mahimmanci kamar biogas.<ref>[http://www.compostnetwork.info/index.php?id=44 Introduction and Spanish organic waste situation], compostnetwork.info. Retrieved 19.08.07.</ref> === Gas na dafa abinci === Ta hanyar amfani da bio-digester, wanda ke samar da ƙwayoyin cuta da ake buƙata don lalacewa, ana samar da iskar dafa abinci. Sharar kwayoyin kamar ganye da suka fadi, sharar kicin, sharar abinci da dai sauransu ana ciyar dasu a cikin na'urar murkushewa, inda aka gauraya shi da karamin ruwa. Ana ciyar da cakuda a cikin bio-digester, inda archaea ke rushe shi don samar da iskar dafa abinci. Ana tura wannan iskar gas zuwa murhu na kicin. A 2 cubic mita bio-digester iya samar da 2 cubic meters na dafa abinci gas. Wannan daidai yake da 1 kg na LPG. &nbsp;Amfanin da akafi sani da amfani da bio-digester shine laka wanda yake da wadataccen turare. == Kayayyakin == Manyan samfurori guda uku na narkewar anaerobic sune biogas, digestate, da ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Manual of Practice-MOP 11 Fifth Edition (Abstract) |url=http://www.e-wef.org/timssnet/products/tnt_products.cfm?primary_id=MOP1131&Action=LONG&subsystem=ORD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928121600/http://www.e-wef.org/timssnet/products/tnt_products.cfm?primary_id=MOP1131&Action=LONG&subsystem=ORD |archive-date=28 September 2007 |website=e-wef.org}}</ref><ref>[http://anaerobic-digestion.com/anaerobic-digestion-an-introduction Anaerobic Digestion – An Introduction and Commercial Status in the US – As of 2006], anaerobic-digestion.com. Retrieved 07.12.14</ref> === Magungunan halittu === {| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;" |+'''Halin da aka tsara na biogas''' ! style="background-color: #cfb;" |Haɗin ! style="background-color: #cfb;" |Tsarin ! style="background-color: #cfb;" width="100" |% |- |[[Methane]] |CH4 |50–75 |- |[[Carbon dioxide]] |CO2 |25–50 |- |Nitrogen |N2 |0–10 |- |Hydrogen |H2 |0–1 |- |Hydrogen sulfide |H2S |0–3 |- |Oxygen |O2 |0–0 |- | colspan="3" style="font-size: 0.85em; padding: 4px 0 4px 6px; text-align: left; background-color: #f2f2f2;" |Tushen: www.kolumbus.fi, 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Information on Biogas |url=http://www.kolumbus.fi/suomen.biokaasukeskus/en/enperus.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106022729/http://www.kolumbus.fi/suomen.biokaasukeskus/en/enperus.html |archive-date=6 January 2010 |website=www.kolumbus.fi}}</ref> |}   [[Fayil:Biogasholder_and_flare.JPG|thumb|Mai riƙe da iskar gas tare da sandunan kariya na walƙiya da flare na gasHasken gas]] [[Fayil:Biogas_pipes.JPG|thumb|Biogas dauke da bututu]] Biogas shine mafi girman sharar gida na kwayoyin cuta dake ciyar da kayan abinci masu narkewa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roubík |first=Hynek |last2=Mazancová |first2=Jana |last3=Banout |first3=Jan |last4=Verner |first4=Vladimír |date=2016-01-20 |title=Addressing problems at small-scale biogas plants: a case study from central Vietnam |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=112, Part 4 |pages=2784–2792 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.114}}</ref> (matakin methanogenesis na narkewar anaerobic ana yin sane ta hanyar archaea, wani micro-organism a kan wani reshe daban-daban na itacen phylogenetic na rayuwa zuwa kwayoyin cuti), kuma galibi methane ne da carbon dioxide, <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2008 |title=The Absolute Beginner's Guide to Biogas Energy |url=http://biogas-digester.com/beginners-guide-to-biogas-energy-explained.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110112833/http://biogas-digester.com/beginners-guide-to-biogas-energy-explained.html |archive-date=10 January 2016 |access-date=4 October 2015 |website=biogas-digester.com}}</ref> tare da karamin adadin hydrogen da trace hydrogen sulfide.<ref>[http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_workplace/farms_ranches/index.cfm/mytopic=30003 How Anaerobic Digestion (Methane Recovery) Works], eere.energy.gov. Retrieved 19.08.07.</ref> (Kamar yadda aka samar, biogas kuma ya ƙunshi tururi na ruwa, tare da ƙarancin tururi na ruwan aiki na zafin jiki na biogas). <ref name="Methods"/> Yawancin iskar gas ana samar da ita a lokacin tsakiyar narkewa, bayan yawan ƙwayoyin cuta ya girma, kuma ya ragu yayin da kayan da zasu lalace ya ƙare.<ref>[http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/briefings/anaerobic_digestion.pdf Anaerobic digestion briefing sheet], foe.co.uk. Retrieved 24.10.07.</ref> Ana adana iskar gas a saman digester a cikin kumfa mai iska ko cirewa kuma adanawa kusa da kayan aiki a cikin mai riƙe gas. The methane in biogas can be burned to produce both heat and electricity, usually with a reciprocating engine or microturbine{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}} often in a cogeneration arrangement where the electricity and waste heat generated are used to warm the digesters or to heat buildings. Excess electricity can be sold to suppliers or put into the local grid. Electricity produced by anaerobic digesters is considered to be renewable energy and may attract subsidies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Biomass Strategy 2007: Working paper 3 - Anaerobic Digestion |url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/energy/renewablefuel/pdf/ukbio0507-work3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216071449/http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/uk/energy/renewablefuel/pdf/ukbio0507-work3.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2008 |website=defra.gov.uk}}</ref> Biogas does not contribute to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations because the gas is not released directly into the atmosphere and the carbon dioxide comes from an organic source with a short carbon cycle. Biogas na iya buƙatar magani ko 'scrubbing' don tsaftace shi don amfani dashi azaman man fetur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is anaerobic digestion? |url=http://www.afbini.gov.uk/index/services/specialist-advice/renewable-energy/re-anaerobic-digestion-intro/re-anaerobic-digestion-what-is.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210200436/http://www.afbini.gov.uk/index/services/specialist-advice/renewable-energy/re-anaerobic-digestion-intro/re-anaerobic-digestion-what-is.htm |archive-date=10 December 2008 |website=afbini.gov.uk}}</ref> Hydrogen sulfide, samfurin mai guba wanda aka kafa daga sulfates a cikin kayan abinci, an sake shi azaman sashi na biogas. Hukumomin tilasta muhalli na kasa, irin su Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ko Hukumar Muhalli ta Ingilishi da Welsh, sun sanya takamaiman iyakoki a kan matakan iskar gas dake dauke da hydrogen sulfide, kuma, idan matakan hydrogen sulfides a cikin iskar gas suna da yawa, za a buƙaci tsabtace gas da kayan aiki (kamar maganin iskar amine) don aiwatar da iskar gas zuwa cikin matakan da aka yarda dasu a yankin. A madadin haka, ƙarin ferrous chloride FeCl<sub>2</sub> zuwa tankunan narkewa yana hana samar da hydrogen sulfide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meyer-Jens |first=T. |last2=Matz |first2=G. |last3=Märkl |first3=H. |date=June 1995 |title=On-line measurement of dissolved and gaseous hydrogen sulphide in anaerobic biogas reactors |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-microbiology-and-biotechnology_may-june-1995_43_2/page/341 |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=341–345 |doi=10.1007/BF00172836 |s2cid=21901}}</ref> Siloxanes masu saurin tashi na iya gurɓata iskar gas; ana samun irin waɗannan mahadi akai-akai a cikin sharar gida da ruwa mai guba. A cikin wuraren narkewa dake karɓar waɗannan kayan a matsayin wani bangare na kayan abinci, ƙananan nauyin kwayoyin siloxanes suna narkewa cikin iskar gas. Lokacin da aka ƙone wannan iskar gas a cikin injin gas, turbine, ko boiler, ana canza siloxanes zuwa silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>), wanda ke ajiya a cikin na'ura, yana ƙara lalacewa da fashewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wheles |first=E. |last2=Pierece |first2=E. |date=2004 |title=Siloxanes in landfill and digester gas |url=http://www.scsengineers.com/Papers/Pierce_2004Siloxanes_Update_Paper.pdf |access-date=17 August 2007 |website=scsengineers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biogas Upgrading and Utilisation |url=http://www.iea-biogas.net/Dokumente/Biogas%20upgrading.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128093101/http://www.iea-biogas.net/Dokumente/Biogas%20upgrading.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2007 |website=iea-biogas.net |publisher=IEA Bioenergy}}</ref> Fasahar da ta dace da tsada don cire siloxanes da sauran gurɓataccen iskar gas suna samuwa a halin yanzu.<ref name="BiogasSiloxaneRemoval">{{Cite web |last=Tower |first=P. |last2=Wetzel, J. |last3=Lombard, X. |date=March 2006 |title=New Landfill Gas Treatment Technology Dramatically Lowers Energy Production Costs |url=http://appliedfiltertechnology.com/_literature_37854/New_Landfill_Gas_Treatment_Tech_Dramatically_Lowers_Energy_Production_Costs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924111945/http://appliedfiltertechnology.com/_literature_37854/New_Landfill_Gas_Treatment_Tech_Dramatically_Lowers_Energy_Production_Costs |archive-date=24 September 2011 |access-date=2009-04-30 |publisher=Applied Filter Technology}}, appliedfiltertechnology.com</ref> A wasu aikace-aikace, ana iya amfani da magani ''a wurin'' don kara tsarkakar methane ta hanyar rage abubuwan dake cikin carbon dioxide, kawar da mafi yawansu a cikin na'urar nukiliya ta biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=B. |last2=Herndon |first2=F. G. |last3=Jewell |first3=W. J. |last4=Cummings |first4=R. J. |last5=White |first5=T. E. |year=1994 |title=In situ methane enrichment in methanogenic energy crop digesters |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biomass-bioenergy_1994_6_4/page/275 |journal=Biomass and Bioenergy |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=275–282 |bibcode=1994BmBe....6..275R |doi=10.1016/0961-9534(94)90067-1 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cikin ƙasashe kamar Switzerland, Jamus, da Sweden, ana iya matse methane a cikin iskar gas don ayi amfani dashi azaman man fetur na jigilar motoci ko shigarwa kai tsaye cikin iskar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2006 |title=Biogas as a road transport fuel |url=http://www.nfuonline.com/x9498.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015020533/http://www.nfuonline.com/x9498.xml |archive-date=15 October 2007 |website=nfuonline.com}}</ref> A cikin ƙasashe inda direba don amfani da narkewar anaerobic shine tallafin wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa, wannan hanyar magani batada tabbas, kamar yadda ake buƙatar makamashi a wannan matakin sarrafawa kuma yana rage matakan da ake samu don siyarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biogas Energy Centre |url=http://www.haase-energietechnik.de/en/Products_and_Services/Waste_Treatment/Biogas_Engineering/FE-488-e_Biogas_CHP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217033514/http://www.haase-energietechnik.de/en/Products_and_Services/Waste_Treatment/Biogas_Engineering/FE-488-e_Biogas_CHP.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2008 |publisher=haase-energietechnik.de}}</ref> === Digestate ===   Digestate shine ragowar kayan shigarwa na asali ga digesters wanda microbes ba zasu iya amfani dashi ba. Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi ragowar ma'adanai na ƙwayoyin cuta da suka mutu daga cikin digesters. Digestate na iya zuwa cikin nau'o'i uku: fibrous, giya, ko haɗin laka na ɓangarorin biyu. A cikin tsarin matakai biyu, nau'o'i daban-daban na narkewa sun fito ne daga tankuna daban-daban. A cikin tsarin narkewa guda ɗaya, za'a haɗa ɓangarorin biyu kuma, idan ana so, a raba su ta hanyar ƙarin aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2005 |title=Fact sheet Anaerobic Digestion |url=http://www.waste.nl/page/248 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055626/http://www.waste.nl/page/248 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |website=waste.nl}}</ref><ref name="generation2">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2009 |title=Biomass and biogas |url=https://www.climategen.org/blog/biomass-and-biogas/ |website=Climate Generation |access-date=16 November 2024 |archive-date=24 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224202246/https://climategen.org/blog/biomass-and-biogas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:Anaerobic_digestate.JPG|thumb|Acidogenic anaerobic digestatenarkewa]] Abu na biyu (acidogenic digestate) abu ne mai ɗorewa, kayan halitta wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawa daga lignin da cellulose, amma kuma na nau'ikan ma'adanai iri-iri a cikin matrix na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu mutuwa; wasu filastik na iya kasancewa. Kayan yayi kama da man fetur na cikin gida kuma ana iya amfani dashi kamar haka ko don yin samfuran gini masu ƙarancin gaske, kamar fiberboard.<ref>[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/09608524/1995/00000052/00000003/art00039 UK Strategy for centralised anaerobic digestion], ingentaconnect.com. Retrieved 24.10.07.</ref>Hakanan ana iya amfani da sinadarin mai narkewa azaman kayan abinci don samar da ethanol.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yue |first=Zhengbo |last2=Teater |first2=Charles |last3=Liu |first3=Yan |last4=MacLellan |first4=James |last5=Liao |first5=Wei |year=2010 |title=A sustainable pathway of cellulosic ethanol production integrating anaerobic digestion with biorefining |journal=Biotechnology and Bioengineering |volume=105 |issue=6 |pages=1031–9 |doi=10.1002/bit.22627 |pmid=19998279 |s2cid=25085927}}</ref> Abu na uku shine ruwa (methanogenic digestate) mai wadata da abubuwan gina jiki, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi azaman taki, dangane da ingancin kayan da ake narkewa.<ref name="generation">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2009 |title=Biomass and biogas |url=https://www.climategen.org/blog/biomass-and-biogas/ |website=Climate Generation |access-date=16 November 2024 |archive-date=24 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224202246/https://climategen.org/blog/biomass-and-biogas/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kamata a tantance matakan abubuwan dakee da guba (PTEs) ta hanyar sunadarai. Wannan zai dogara da ingancin kayan abinci na asali. Game da mafi yawan magudanan ruwa masu tsabta da kuma rarraba, matakan PTEs zasu kasance ƙasa. Game da sharar da ta samo asali daga masana'antu, matakan PTEs na iya zama mafi girma kuma za'a buƙaci ayi la'akari dasu yayin ƙayyade amfani mai dacewa don kayan. Digestate yawanci yana ƙunshe da abubuwa, kamar lignin, waɗanda microorganisms na anaerobic bazasu iya karya su ba. Har ila yau, digestate na iya ƙunsar ammoniya wanda yake phytotoxic, kuma yana iya hana cigaban shuke-shuke idan anyi amfani dashi azaman kayan inganta ƙasa. Saboda wadannan dalilai guda biyu, ana iya amfani da matakin balaga ko composting bayan narkewa. Lignin da sauran kayan suna samuwa don lalacewa ta hanyar microorganisms na aerobic, kamar fungi, taimakawa rage yawan kayan don sufuri. A lokacin wannan balaga, ammoniya za'ayi amfani da ita a cikin nitrates, yana inganta yawan amfanin kayan kuma yana sa yafi dacewa a matsayin ingantaccen ƙasa. Ana amfani da manyan matakai na composting ta hanyar fasahar narkewar anaerobic. === Ruwa mai guba === Sakamakon karshe daga tsarin narkewar anaerobic shine ruwa, wanda ya samo asali ne daga abun dake cikin danshi na asali wanda aka bi dashi da ruwa da aka samar yayin halayen microbial a cikin tsarin narkewa. Ana iya sakin wannan ruwa daga zubar da ruwa na digestate ko kuma yana iya zama ya rabu da digestate. Ruwa mai guba wanda ke fita daga wurin narkewar anaerobic yawanci zai sami matakan da suka fi girma na Bukatar iskar oxygen (BOD) da buƙatar iskar sinadarai (COD). Wadannan matakan dake tattare da magudanar ruwa suna nuna ikon gurɓata. Wasu daga cikin wadannan kayan ana kiransu 'COD mai wuya', ma'ana baza'a iya samun damar kwayoyin cuta na anaerobic ba don juyawa zuwa biogas. Idan an sanya wannan ruwa kai tsaye a cikin ruwa, zai shafi su ta hanyar haifar da eutrophication. Saboda haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin magani na ruwa mai guba. Wannan magani yawanci zai zama mataki na oxidation inda iska ke wucewa ta cikin ruwa a cikin jerin batch reactors ko reverse osmosis unit.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dosta |first=Joan |last2=Galí |first2=Alexandre |last3=Macé |first3=Sandra |last4=Mata-Álvarez |first4=Joan |date=February 2007 |title=Modelling a sequencing batch reactor to treat the supernatant from anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste |journal=Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=158–64 |bibcode=2007JCTB...82..158D |doi=10.1002/jctb.1645}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080524072038/http://www.virtualviz.com/wastewater.htm BOD Effluent Treatment], virtualviz.com. Retrieved 24.10.07.</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:SGDL0001.JPG|thumb|Hasken wuta na titin gas]] Rahoton sha'awar kimiyya a cikin masana'antar iskar gas da aka samar ta hanyar lalacewar kwayoyin halitta ya fito ne daga karni na 17, lokacin da Robert Boyle (a shekara ta 1627 zuwa shekarar 1691) da Stephen Hales (a shekara ta 1677 zuwa shekarar 1761) suka lura cewa tayar da turɓaya na rafi da tabkuna ya fitar da iskar gas mai cin wuta.<ref name="Fergusen, T. 2006 p49">Fergusen, T. & Mah, R. (2006) Methanogenic bacteria in Anaerobic digestion of biomass, p49</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1778, masanin kimiyyar Italiya Alessandro Volta (a shekara ta 1745 zuwa shekarar 1827), mahaifin electrochemistry, <ref name="Trasatti-1999">{{Cite journal |last=Trasatti |first=Sergio |date=1999-01-18 |title=1799–1999: Alessandro Volta's 'Electric Pile': Two hundred years, but it doesn't seem like it |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-electroanalytical-chemistry_1999-01-18_460_1-2/page/n7 |journal=Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry |volume=460 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1016/S0022-0728(98)00302-7 |doi-access=}}</ref> ya gano wannan gas a matsayin [[methane]].<ref name="Gijzen-2002">{{Cite journal |last=Gijzen |first=H.J. |year=2002 |title=Anaerobic digestion for sustainable development: a natural approach |url=http://wst.iwaponline.com/content/45/10/321 |journal=Water Science and Technology |volume=45 |issue=10 |pages=321–328 |doi=10.2166/wst.2002.0364 |pmid=12188565}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1808 Sir Humphry Davy ya tabbatar da kasancewar methane a cikin iskar gas da aka samar da naman shanu. An gina na farko da aka sani anaerobic digester a shekarar 1859 a wani mazaunin kuturta a [[Mumbai|Bombay]] a [[Indiya]].<ref name="Marsh-2008">{{Cite journal |last=Marsh |first=George |date=November–December 2008 |title=Rise of the Anaerobic Digestor |journal=Renewable Energy Focus |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=28–30 |doi=10.1016/S1755-0084(08)70063-2}}</ref> A shekara ta 1895, an haɓaka fasahar a Exeter, [[Ingila]], inda akayi amfani da tankin septic don samar da iskar gas don fitilar mai lalata iskar gas, wani nau'in Hasken gas. Har ila yau, a Ingila, a cikin shekarar 1904, an shigar da tanki na farko mai ma'ana biyu don maganin laka da laka a Hampton, London. [[Fayil:Emscherbrunnen.jpg|thumb|Tanki mai laushi]] A farkon karni na 20, tsarin narkewar anaerobic yafara kama da fasahar kamar yadda ta bayyana a yau.<ref name="Klinkner-2014">{{Cite journal |last=Klinkner |first=Blake Anthony |date=2014 |title=Anaerobic Digestion as a Renewable Energy Source and Waste Management Technology: What Must be Done for This Technology to Realize Success in the United States? |url=https://scholarship.law.umassd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=umlr |journal=UMass Law Review |volume=9 |page=79}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1906, Karl Imhoff ya kirkiro tankin Imhoff; wani nau'i na farko na anaerobic digester da tsarin maganin ruwa mai guba a farkon karni na 20. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Course ENV&nbsp;149 |url=http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/Imhoff.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413083033/https://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/Imhoff.htm |archive-date=13 April 2020 |access-date=22 February 2010 |website=Water.me.vccs.edu}}</ref><ref name="Grando-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Grando |display-authors=etal |date=December 2017 |title=Technology overview of biogas production in anaerobic digestion plants: A European evaluation of research and development |url=http://ddd.uab.cat/record/196228 |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=80 |pages=44–53 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.079}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wagenhals |display-authors=etal |year=1924 |title=Sewage treatment in the United States: A report on the study of 15&nbsp;representative sewage treatment plants |journal=Public Health |volume=38 |page=38 |doi=10.1016/S0033-3506(24)80014-8}}</ref> Bayan shekarar 1920, tsarin tanki na rufe yafara maye gurbin amfani da aka saba amfani dashi a baya na lagoons anaerobic - wuraren da aka rufe da yumɓu da akayi amfani dasu don magance abubuwa masu ƙarfi. Bincike kan narkewar anaerobic yafara da gaske a cikin shekarun 1930.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Humenik, F. |display-authors=etal |year=2007 |title=Agstar Conference 2004 |url=http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/conf04/humenik.pdf |access-date=14 July 2014 |website=epa.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715015131/http://www.epa.gov/agstar/documents/conf04/humenik.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A lokacin yakin duniya na, samarwa daga man fetur ya ragu yayin da samar da man fetur ta karu kuma an gano amfani da ita. Duk da yake karancin man fetur a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya sake inganta narkewar anaerobic, sha'awar fasahar ta sake raguwa bayan yakin ya ƙare.<ref name="Klinkner-2014"/> Hakazalika, rikicin makamashi na shekarar 1970 ya haifar da sha'awar narkewar anaerobic.<ref name="Klinkner-2014" /> Baya ga farashin makamashi mai yawa, abubuwan dake shafar karɓar tsarin narkewar anaerobic sun haɗa da karɓar kirkire-kirkire, azabtar da gurɓataccen yanayi, ƙarfafa manufofi, da wadatar tallafi da damar samun kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bishop, C. |last2=Shumway, C. |last3=Wandschneider, P. |year=2010 |title=Agent heterogeneity in adoption of anaerobic digestion technology: Integrating economic, diffusion, and behavioral innovation theories |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/467630/summary |journal=Land Economics |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=585–608 |doi=10.3368/le.86.3.585 |s2cid=16916841}}</ref><ref name="Bangalore-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Bangalore |display-authors=etal |date=Nov 2016 |title=Policy incentives and adoption of agricultural anaerobic digestion: A survey of Europe and the United States |journal=Renewable Energy |volume=97 |pages=559–571 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2016.05.062 |via=Elsevier Science Direct |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Yankin zamani === A yau, ana samun anaerobic digesters tare da gonaki don rage nitrogen run-off daga turare, ko wuraren kula da ruwa mai guba don rage farashin zubar da laka.<ref name="Klinkner-20142">{{Cite journal |last=Klinkner |first=Blake Anthony |date=2014 |title=Anaerobic Digestion as a Renewable Energy Source and Waste Management Technology: What Must be Done for This Technology to Realize Success in the United States? |url=https://scholarship.law.umassd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1027&context=umlr |journal=UMass Law Review |volume=9 |page=79}}</ref> Anaerobic narkewar noma don samar da makamashi ya zama mafi mashahuri a Jamus, inda akwai masu narkewa 8,625 a cikin shekarar 2014. <ref name="Auer-20172">{{Cite journal |last=Auer |display-authors=etal |year=2017 |title=Agricultural anaerobic digestion power plants in Ireland and Germany: Policy and practice |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=719–723 |bibcode=2017JSFA...97..719A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.8005 |pmid=27553887 |s2cid=32434338 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, akwai wurare 259 a shekara ta 2014, kuma ayyukan 500 da aka shirya don fara aiki a shekara ta 2019.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coker, C. |year=2017 |title=Status of organics recycling in the U.K. |journal=Biocycle |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=33–34}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;A Amurka, akwai tsire-tsire masu aiki 191 a fadin jihohi 34 a shekarar 2012. <ref name="Bangalore-20162">{{Cite journal |last=Bangalore |display-authors=etal |date=Nov 2016 |title=Policy incentives and adoption of agricultural anaerobic digestion: A survey of Europe and the United States |journal=Renewable Energy |volume=97 |pages=559–571 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2016.05.062 |via=Elsevier Science Direct |doi-access=free}}</ref> Manufofin na iya bayyana dalilin da yasa yawan tallafi ya bambanta a duk faɗin waɗannan ƙasashe. An kafa harajin ciyarwa a Jamus a cikin 1991, wanda akafi sani da FIT, yana bada kwangila na dogon lokaci wanda ke biyan saka hannun jari a cikin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Sakamakon haka, tsakanin shekara ta 1991 da shekarar 1998 yawan tsire-tsire masu narkewa a Jamus yakaru daga 20 zuwa 517. A ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, farashin makamashi a Jamus ya bambanta kuma masu saka hannun jari basu da tabbacin damar kasuwa. Gwamnatin Jamus ta amsa ta hanyar yin gyare-gyare na FIT sau hudu tsakanin shekara ta 2000 da shekarar 2011, kara farashin da inganta ribar narkewar anaerobic, kuma hakan ya haifar da dawowar da za'a iya dogara da ita don samar da iskar gas da cigaba da karɓar karɓa a duk faɗin ƙasar.<ref name="Bangalore-2016"/><ref name="Auer-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Auer |display-authors=etal |year=2017 |title=Agricultural anaerobic digestion power plants in Ireland and Germany: Policy and practice |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=719–723 |bibcode=2017JSFA...97..719A |doi=10.1002/jsfa.8005 |pmid=27553887 |s2cid=32434338 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Abubuwan da suka faru da suka shafi digesters === Anaerobic digesters sun haifar da kisan kifi (misali Kogin Mole, Devon, <ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/news/north-devon-company-fined-for-pollution-that-devastated-fish-population North Devon company fined for pollution that devastated fish population] Environment Agency, 29 July 2021, accessed 18 October 2022 Note: The North Devon company that caused a pollution incident leading to a devastating fish kill on the River Mole near South Molton has been fined £2,000 and ordered to pay £9,836 in costs.</ref> Kogin Teifi, <ref>[https://www.tivysideadvertiser.co.uk/news/17878181.pollution-anaerobic-digestion-plant-killed-18-000-fish-teifi/ Pollution from anaerobic digestion plant killed 18,000 fish in the ...], accessed 18 October 2022 Note: Around 18,000 fish are thought to have been killed on a five-mile stretch of the Teifi when 44,000 gallons of pollutant leaked from an anaerobic digestion plant.</ref> Afon Llynfi, <ref>[https://www.countryfile.com/wildlife/insects-invertebrates/natural-resources-wales-to-make-decision-soon-on-whether-to-prosecute-over-river-llynfi-pollution-incident/ Natural Resources Wales to make decision 'soon' on whether to prosecute over River Llynfi pollution incident] Fergus Collins, ''www.countryfile.com'', 1 October 2020, accessed 18 October 2022 Note: In July (2020), several miles of the Afon Llynfi at the northern edge of the Brecon Beacons National Park was stripped of all life by a sudden and severe pollution incident.</ref> da asarar rayuwar mutum (misali Fashewar Avonmouth) There have been explosions of Anaerobic Digesters in the US (Jay, Maine Pixelle Specialty Solutions' Androscoggin Mill; Pensacola (Cantonment) 22 January 2017 (Kamyr digester explosion); EPDM failure March 2013 Aumsville, Oregon; February 6, 1987, [[Pennsylvania]] two workers at a wastewater treatment plant were re-draining a sewage digester when an explosion lifted the 30-ton floating cover, killing both workers instantly; Southwest Wastewater Treatment Plant in Springfield, Missouri), in the UK (for example at Avonmouth and at Harper Adams College, Newport, Shropshire), plus In Europe, there were about 800 accidents on biogas plants between 2005 and 2015, e.g. in France (Saint-Fargeau) (though few of them were 'serious' with direct consequences for the human population).<ref name="VCM_et_al">{{Cite journal |last=Casson Moreno |first=Valeria |last2=Papasidero |first2=Salvatore |last3=Scarponi |first3=Giordano Emrys |last4=Guglielmi |first4=Daniele |last5=Cozzani |first5=Valerio |date=October 2016 |title=Analysis of accidents in biogas production and upgrading |journal=Renewable Energy |volume=96 |pages=1127–1134 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2015.10.017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lubos Kotek |last2=Petr Travnicek |last3=Petr Blecha |date=2015 |title=Accident analysis of european biogas stations |journal=Chemical Engineering Transactions |volume=43 |doi=10.3303/CET1543323}}</ref> Fortunately, according to one source, 'less than a dozen of them had consequences on humans'- for example, the incident at Rhadereistedt, Germany (4 dead).<ref name="SF_and_R" /> Binciken tsaro ya haɗa da <ref>[https://www.biogasworld.com/news/safety-precautions-anaerobic-digestion-systems/ Risks and safety measures for anaerobic digestion: How can you make your plant safer?] 2020-12-18 ''www.biogasworld.com'', accessed 19 October 2022</ref> <ref>[https://anaerobic-digestion.com/anaerobic-digestion-systems/anaerobic-digestion-uk/ Anaerobic Digestion UK Including Regulations and Objectives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201215053/https://anaerobic-digestion.com/anaerobic-digestion-systems/anaerobic-digestion-uk/ |date=2024-12-01 }} ''anaerobic-digestion.com'', accessed 19 October 2022</ref> wani binciken shekarar 2016 ya tattara bayanan haɗari 169 da suka shafi ADs.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283992800_Lessons_for_safe_design_and_operation_of_anaerobic_digesters Lessons for safe design and operation of anaerobic digesters] January 2013 Loss Prevention Bulletin via www.researchgate.net, accessed 19 October 2022</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casson Moreno |first=Valeria |last2=Papasidero |first2=Salvatore |last3=Scarponi |first3=Giordano Emrys |last4=Guglielmi |first4=Daniele |last5=Cozzani |first5=Valerio |date=October 2016 |title=Analysis of accidents in biogas production and upgrading |journal=Renewable Energy |volume=96 |pages=1127–1134 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2015.10.017}}</ref><ref name="VCM_et_al"/> == Dubi kuma ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist|25em}} == Haɗin waje == <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> * <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://www.adbioresources.org/ "Gidan yanar gizon hukuma na Anaerobic Digestion and Bioresources Association"]. </cite><cite class="citation web cs1">Anaerobic Digestion and Bioresources Association (ADBA).</cite> * <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://www.biogas-info.co.uk/ "Gidan Bayanai na Ofishin Burtaniya kan Anaerobic Digestion da Biogas"].</cite> * <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://www.americanbiogascouncil.org/ "Majalisar Biogas ta Amurka"]. </cite><cite class="citation web cs1">9 ga Oktoba 2018.</cite> * <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">"Gabatarwa ga Biogas da Anaerobic Digestion], bayani daga Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Extension". </cite><cite class="citation web cs1">An samo shi daga [http://www&#x3C;span&#x20;class= . .org/pages/Introduction_to_Biogas_and_Anaerobic_Digestion" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">asali]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} a ranar 25 ga Disamba 2010. <span class="reference-accessdate">An samo shi a ranar <span class="nowrap">18 ga Nuwamba</span> 2010</span>.</cite> </div>{{Waste}}{{wastewater}} [[Rukuni:Muhalli]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 90l9s6170s5p4ms2w8xxe6x6ha512ko 0 88225 969339 951377 2026-10-19T01:52:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amy Louise Acker''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1976) <ref name="dallasnews.com">{{Cite web |last=Anthony Krug |first=Kurt |title=Happy Town star Amy Acker first caught acting bug while growing up in Dallas |url=http://www.dallasnews.com/entertainment/television/headlines/20100427-Happy-Town-star-Amy-3266.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629122619/http://www.dallasnews.com/entertainment/television/headlines/20100427-Happy-Town-star-Amy-3266.ece |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |website=Dallas News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amy Acker |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/amy-acker/bio/3000469799/ |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=TV Guide |quote=Birth name: Amy Louise Acker}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka. An fi saninta da fitowa a matsayin Winifred Burkle da Illyria a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Angel (2001-2004), a matsayin Kelly Peyton a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na Alias (2005-2006), kuma a matsayin Root a cikin jerin wasannin wasan kwaikwayo na kimiyya-fiction Person of Interest (2012-2016). Daga 2017 zuwa 2019, ta fito a matsayin Caitlin Strucker a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na jarumi The Gifted, wanda ya dogara da X-Men na Marvel Comics . == Rayuwa ta farko == Amy Louise Acker was born and raised in Dallas, Texas, the eldest of four children.<ref name="dallasnews.com" /> Her mother is a homemaker and her father is a lawyer.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} She studied [[ballet]] and modern dance for fourteen years, but ended her lessons while in high school after an operation on one of her knees.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=DeCosemo |first=Nick |date=August 2003 |title=Angel! |journal=FHM (Uk) |volume=164 |pages=125}}</ref> She graduated from Lake Highlands High School in Dallas in 1995, and subsequently earned a bachelor's degree in theater from Southern Methodist University in 1999.<ref name="dallasnews.com" /> A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta na kwaleji, Acker ta yi samfurin J. Crew Katalog. Ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo na yanayi da yawa, gami da wani lokaci a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka a Spring Green, Wisconsin . Acker ta fara fitowa a talabijin lokacin da ta fito a matsayin Winifred "Fred" Burkle a Angel (lokaci 2-5), da kuma halin Illyria don wani ɓangare na kakar wasa ta biyar da ta ƙarshe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Angel - Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/angel/cast/1000157031/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=TVguide.com}}</ref> Ta lashe lambar yabo ta Saturn ta 2003 don Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a talabijin don nunawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peebles |first=Frank |date=March 14, 2019 |title=Amy Acker coming to FanCon |url=https://www.princegeorgecitizen.com/entertainment/local-a-e/amy-acker-coming-to-fancon-1.23663054 |access-date=January 18, 2021 |website=Prince George Citizen}}</ref> Acker ya shiga aikin Alias a shekara ta 2005 don kakar wasa ta karshe, yana wasa da Kelly Peyton. Acker ya kammala karatu daga baƙon tauraron zuwa memba yayin da wasan kwaikwayon ya shiga abubuwan karshe a watan Afrilu da Mayu 2006. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=January 25, 2006 |title=Acker Made An Alias Regular |url=http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?category=1&id=34324 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209145020/http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?category=1&id=34324 |archive-date=February 9, 2006 |website=Syfy {{!}} SCI FI Wire |quote=Amy Acker confirmed in an interview in January 2006, "They just made me a regular, so I should be here for the rest [of the season's episodes]..."}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2005, Acker ya ba da murya mai yin wasan kwaikwayo ga halin Huntress (Helena Rosa Bertinelli) a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen Justice League Unlimited . <ref name="btva">{{Cite web |title=Amy Acker (visual voices guide) |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Amy-Acker/ |access-date=December 4, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref> Ta ci gaba da yin baƙo a kan How I Met Your Mother, inda ta sake haɗuwa da Angel co-star Alexis Denisof (ainihin mijin ''HIMYM'' star Alyson Hannigan), wanda ke da rawar da ake takawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Olivia |date=September 19, 2022 |title=57 celebrities you probably forgot guest-starred on 'How I Met Your Mother' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/celebrities-who-guest-starred-on-how-i-met-your-mother-2018-9?op=1#ted-asked-a-student-named-penelope-played-by-alias-star-amy-acker-to-help-him-do-a-rain-dance-6 |website=Businessinsider.com}}</ref> Acker ya nuna Dr. Claire Saunders / Whiskey, wani hali mai maimaitawa, a kan Joss Whedon's Dollhouse . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 17, 2008 |title=Angel Vet Moves into Whedon's Dollhouse! |url=http://community.tvguide.com/blog-entry/TVGuide-Editors-Blog/Ausiello-Report/Ausiello-Scoop-Angels/800037759 |url-status=dead |journal=[[TV Guide]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421004102/http://community.tvguide.com/blog-entry/TVGuide-Editors-Blog/Ausiello-Report/Ausiello-Scoop-Angels/800037759 |archive-date=April 21, 2008 |access-date=April 17, 2008}}</ref> Ta yi baƙo a cikin 10 daga cikin 13 aukuwa na kakar wasa ta farko da kuma uku aukuwa na biyu. A cikin 2010, Acker ya kasance jerin na yau da kullun a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] Happy Town, <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Happy Town - Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/happy-town/cast/1000404290/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=TVguide.com}}</ref> wanda ke nuna halin Rachel Conroy . A wannan shekarar, ta fito a cikin kakar wasa ta farko na jerin shirye-shiryen [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] Human Target a matsayin Katherine Walters mai ban mamaki.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=French |first=Dan |date=March 10, 2010 |title='Dollhouse' star for 'Target' finale |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a207933/dollhouse-star-for-target-finale/ |website=digitalspy.com}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2010, ta bayyana a CBS's The Good Wife . Ta bayyana a cikin fim mai ban tsoro The Cabin in the Woods, wanda aka fitar a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 2012.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=The Cabin in the Woods - Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/the-cabin-in-the-woods/cast/2030098178/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=TVguide.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2012, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo na baƙi a Warehouse 13, Once Upon a Time, da kuma ''Grimm''.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nededog |first=Jethro |date=December 19, 2011 |title='Angel' Star Amy Acker Lands Guest Role on 'Once Upon a Time' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/abc-once-upon-a-time-nbc-grimm-amy-acker-274933/ |website=Hollywoodreporter.com}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Hanh |date=February 9, 2012 |title=Amy Acker Embraces Playing Grimm's Alluring Black Widow |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/amy-acker-embraces-playing-grimms-alluring-black-widow-030000375.html |website=Yahoo.com |access-date=September 21, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203132716/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/amy-acker-embraces-playing-grimms-alluring-black-widow-030000375.html |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2012, ta fito a matsayin Beatrice a fim din Joss Whedon mai suna Much Ado About Nothing . <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Rothman |first=Lily |date=June 6, 2013 |title=The Beginner's Guide to: Amy Acker of Much Ado About Nothing |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2013/06/06/the-beginners-guide-to-amy-acker-of-much-ado-about-nothing/ |website=Time.com |access-date=September 21, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260309181429/https://entertainment.time.com/2013/06/06/the-beginners-guide-to-amy-acker-of-much-ado-about-nothing/ |archive-date=March 9, 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Acker ya bayyana a kakar wasa ta uku na sitcom Husbands a matsayin Claudia, tsohuwar budurwar Brad Kelly wacce ba zato ba tsammani ta bayyana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnett |first=Barbara |date=October 21, 2011 |title=Video Interview with the Husbands Gang |url=http://blogcritics.org/video/article/video-interview-with-the-husbands-gang/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022163729/http://blogcritics.org/video/article/video-interview-with-the-husbands-gang/ |archive-date=October 22, 2011 |website=blogcritics.org}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, an jefa Acker a matsayin Audrey Nathan, tsohon masoyi ga Phil Coulson a cikin wani labari na Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abrams |first=Natalie |date=March 26, 2014 |title=Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Exclusive: Amy Acker to Play Famous Role from Coulson's Past |url=https://www.tvguide.com/News/Agents-SHIELD-Amy-Acker-Coulson-Cellist-1079676.aspx?linkId=7809312 |url-status=dead |journal=[[TV Guide]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327221155/http://www.tvguide.com/News/Agents-SHIELD-Amy-Acker-Coulson-Cellist-1079676.aspx?linkId=7809312 |archive-date=March 27, 2014 |access-date=December 6, 2015}}</ref> Tsakanin 2012 da 2016, Acker ya nuna Samantha "Root" Groves a wasan kwaikwayo na [[CBS]] Person of Interest; Groves ya zama hali na yau da kullun wanda ya fara a kakar wasa ta uku. Farawa da jerin '100th episode, Acker ya ɗauki matsayin murya na Machine. A cikin jerin karshe, ta kuma bayyana a matsayin bayyanar gani na Injin. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, an jefa Acker a matsayin Caitlin Strucker a cikin matukin jirgi don jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Fox The Gifted, <ref name="Gifted">{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=March 2, 2017 |title=Amy Acker To Star In Fox Marvel Pilot |url=https://deadline.com/2017/03/amy-acker-star-fox-marvel-pilot-stephen-moyer-1202034775/ |access-date=March 2, 2017 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Outlaw |first=Kofi |date=March 10, 2017 |title=X-Men TV Series 'Gifted' Official Title Revealed |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2017/03/11/x-men-tv-series-gifted-title/ |access-date=March 10, 2017 |website=Comicbook.com}}</ref> wanda aka karɓa zuwa jerin a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017.<ref name="V-TG">{{Cite web |last=Wagmeister |first=Elizabeth |date=May 9, 2017 |title=Fox Greenlights Marvel Action Series 'The Gifted' From Bryan Singer & Matt Nix — Watch First Teaser |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/fox-marvel-series-bryan-singer-watch-teaser-1202421542/ |access-date=May 9, 2017 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> The Gifted ya fara watsawa a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2017, kuma Fox ta soke jerin bayan yanayi biyu a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Lesley |date=April 17, 2019 |title='The Gifted,' 'Rel' Canceled at Fox |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/gifted-rel-canceled-at-fox-1202943 |access-date=April 17, 2019 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> Bayan kammalawar The Gifted, an jefa Acker a cikin 2019 a matsayin Kathleen Shepherd, 'yar'uwar Derek Shepherd ta huɗu, a cikin wani labari na ABC's Grey's Anatomy . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Lesley |date=February 13, 2019 |title='Grey's Anatomy' Enlists Amy Acker for Key Role |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/greys-anatomy-enlists-amy-acker-key-role-1186256/ |access-date=November 21, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ausiello |first=Michael |date=February 13, 2019 |title=Amy Acker joins 'Grey's Anatomy' as Kathleen Shepard in Season 15 |url=https://www.tvline.com/casting-news/amy-acker-greys-anatomy-kathleen-shepherd-season-15-cast-1030322/ |access-date=November 21, 2025 |website=[[TVline]]}}</ref> Ta bi wannan tare da maimaitawa a matsayin Catherine a kakar wasa ta uku ta Fox 9-1-1: Lone Star a cikin 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krug |first=Kurt Anthony |date=February 21, 2022 |title=Amy Acker on Her Recurring Role on '9-1-1: Lone Star' |url=https://www.showbizjunkies.com/tv/amy-acker-911-lone-star/ |access-date=November 21, 2025 |website=Showbiz Junkies}}</ref> Acker ya koma babban rawar da aka taka a shekarar 2023, inda ya fito a matsayin Tory a cikin fim din Freeform mai ban mamaki mai suna The Watchful Eye . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=June 30, 2022 |title=Freeform Orders 'The Watchful Eye' Drama Series Starring Mariel Molino From Julie Durk |url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/freeform-orders-the-watchful-eye-drama-series-mariel-molino-julie-durk-ryan-seacrest-productions-1235054936/ |access-date=November 22, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Ta kuma fito a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2024 Ordinary Angels, tare da [[Hilary Swank]] . <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=April 18, 2022 |title=Kingdom Story Company's 'Ordinary Angels' Adds Nancy Travis, Tamala Jones & More |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/ordinary-angels-adds-nancy-travis-tamala-jones-more-1235005018/ |access-date=October 26, 2022 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[File:Amy_Acker,_James_Carpinello.jpg|thumb|Acker tare da mijinta, James Carpinello, a cikin 2005]] Acker ya auri ɗan wasan kwaikwayo James Carpinello a shekara ta 2003.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Horn |first=Danny |date=October 5, 2024 |title=See where the 'Angel' cast ended up 25 years after the spinoff series' debut |url=https://ew.com/angel-cast-where-are-they-now-8723119 |website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |2001 |''Hadarin'' |Nina | |- | rowspan="2" |2002 |''Tafkin Groom'' |Kate |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Groom Lake - Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/groom-lake/cast/2000111394/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=TVguide.com}}</ref> |- |''Ka kama Ni Idan Ka Iya'' |Miggy | |- |2006 |''Sabon'' |Jill Yarrut |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Novice - Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/the-novice/cast/2000028118/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=TVguide.com}}</ref> |- |2009 |''21 da farkawa'' |Caitlin Murphy |<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2009 |title=Danica McKellar stars in "21 and a Wakeup" |url=https://abc7chicago.com/archive/7087373/ |website=abc7chicago.com |quote=21 and a Wake Up stars Amy Acker (of TV's Angel and Alias) as the film's lead Caitlin Murphy...}}</ref> |- |2011 |''Sironia'' |Molly Fisher |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sironia - Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/sironia/cast/2000356828/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=TVguide.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2012 |''Gidan da ke cikin dazuzzuka'' |Wendy Lin |<ref name=":5" /> |- |''Yawancin Matsalar Babu Abin da'' |Beatrice |<ref name=":8" /> |- |2014 |''Bari mu Kashe Matar Ward'' |Gina |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Let's Kill Ward's Wife - Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/lets-kill-wards-wife/cast/2000204780/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=TVguide.com}}</ref> |- |2016 |''Masanin Makamashi'' |Claire | |- |2017 |''Amanda &amp;amp; Jack Go Glamping'' |Amanda |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lodge |first=Guy |date=2017-11-09 |title=Film Review: ''Amanda & Jack Go Glamping'' |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/amanda-and-jack-go-glamping-review-1202610510/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Superman: Red Son'' |Lois Lane (murya) |Kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Brandon |date=2019-12-18 |title=Warner Bros. Announces ''Superman: Red Son'' Release Details |url=https://comicbook.com/dc/news/superman-red-son-movie-release-date-animated/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=ComicBook.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="btva" /> |- |2020 |''A waje'' |Mace |Gajeren fim; kuma co-direkta <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-27 |title=Horror short film shot entirely in lockdown plays on our deepest quarantine fears |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/films/news/outside-horror-film-short-amy-acker-person-of-interest-angel-james-carpinello-youtube-a9690976.html |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Mala'iku na yau da kullun'' |Theresa |<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=McKendrick |first=Devon |date=April 25, 2022 |title=Where Hilary Swank and Alan Ritchson have been spotted in Winnipeg |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/winnipeg/article/where-hilary-swank-and-alan-ritchson-have-been-spotted-in-winnipeg/ |access-date=October 26, 2022 |website=CTV News}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Matsakaicin Joe'' |Denise |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Average Joe (2024) {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/average_joe_2024 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> |- |2025 |''Yaron da ba za a iya karyawa ba'' |Lori |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scheck |first=Frank |date=February 20, 2025 |title='The Unbreakable Boy' Review: Zachary Levi in a Real-Life Drama |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/the-unbreakable-boy-review-zachary-levi-meghann-fahy-1236140167/ |website=hollywoodreporter.com}}</ref> |- |TBA |''Mai mamayewa'' |Diane |An sanar da shi Oktoba 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntim |first=Zac |last2=Wiseman |first2=Andreas |date=October 30, 2025 |title=Amy Acker To Star In Holiday Home Invasion Thriller 'Invader' — AFM |url=https://deadline.com/2025/10/amy-acker-invader-afm-1236602643/ |access-date=November 23, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; font-size:100%;" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- |1997 |''Wishbone'' |Priscilla / Catherine Morland / Venus |Episodes: "A Bone of Contention", "Pup Fiction", "The Roamin' Nose" |- |1999 |''To Serve and Protect'' |Melissa Jorgensen |Episode: "Part II" |- |2001–2004 |''Angel'' |Winifred "Fred" Burkle / Illyria |Recurring role (season 2); Main role (seasons 3–5)<ref name=":0" /> |- |2003 |''Return to the Batcave:''<br /><br />''The Misadventures of Adam and Burt'' |Bonnie Lindsay |Television film ([[CBS]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt - Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/return-to-the-batcave-the-misadventures-of-adam-and-burt/cast/2030287617/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=TVguide.com}}</ref> |- |2004 |''Johnny Bravo'' |Jackie, Cashier (voice) |Episode: "Double Vision"<ref name="btva" /> |- |2005 |''Supernatural'' |Andrea Barr |Episode: "Dead in the Water" |- | rowspan="2" |2005–2006 |''Justice League Unlimited'' |Huntress / Helena Bertinelli (voice) |4 episodes<ref name="btva" /> |- |''Alias'' |Kelly Peyton |Main role (season 5); 13 episodes<ref name=":1" /> |- |2006 |''How I Met Your Mother'' |Penelope |Episode: "Come On"<ref name=":2" /> |- | rowspan="3" |2007 |''Drive'' |Kathryn Tully |3 episodes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drive - Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/drive/cast/1030186417/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=TVguide.com}}</ref> |- |''Law &amp;amp; Order: Criminal Intent'' |Leslie LeZard |Episode: "Smile" |- |''Ghost Whisperer'' |Tessa |Episode: "Weight of What Was" |- | rowspan="4" |2008 |''Voices'' |Ellie Daly |Television film (a.k.a. ''A Near Death Experience'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voices - Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/voices/cast/2030106029/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=TVguide.com}}</ref> |- |''Fire and Ice: The Dragon Chronicles'' |Princess Luisa |Television film (Syfy)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire & Ice: The Dragon Chronicles - Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/fire-and-ice-the-dragon-chronicles/cast/2000496118/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=TVguide.com}}</ref> |- |''October Road'' |Girl in Blue Uniform / Jenny Bristol |2 episodes |- |''Private Practice'' |Molly Madison |Episode: "A Family Thing"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitovich |first=Matt |date=January 9, 2009 |title=Exclusive: Private Practice Taps into Buffyverse Once Again |url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/how-to-watch-florida-vs-arizona-basketball-game-live/ |website=TVguide.com}}</ref> |- |2009–2010 |''Dollhouse'' |Dr. Claire Saunders / Whiskey |Recurring role; 14 episodes<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Cindy |date=September 5, 2008 |title=Acker Opens The Dollhouse Door |url=http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?category=0&id=59493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907144511/http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?category=0&id=59493 |archive-date=September 7, 2008 |website=Syfy {{!}} SCI FI Wire}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2010 |''Human Target'' |Katherine Walters |Episode: "Christopher Chance"<ref name=":4" /> |- |''{{Sortname|The|Good Wife}}'' |Trish Arkin |Episode: "Running" |- |''Happy Town'' |Rachel Conroy |Main role; 8 episodes<ref name=":3" /> |- |''No Ordinary Family'' |Amanda Grayson |Episodes: "No Ordinary Mobster", "No Ordinary Accident" |- |2011 |''Dear Santa'' |Crystal Carruthers |Television film (Lifetime)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dear Santa - Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/dear-santa/cast/2030561013/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=TVguide.com}}</ref> |- |2011, 2013 |''CSI: Crime Scene Investigation'' |Sandy Colfax |Episodes: "Man Up", "Backfire" |- | rowspan="3" |2012 |''Grimm'' |Lena Marcenko |Episode: "Tarantella"<ref name=":7" /> |- |''Once Upon a Time'' |Astrid / Nova |Episode: "Dreamy"<ref name=":6" /> |- |''Warehouse 13'' |Tracey |Episode: "The Ones You Love" |- |2012–2016 |''Person of Interest'' |Samantha "Root" Groves |Guest role (season 1); Recurring role (season 2);<br /><br />Main role (seasons 3–5); 65 episodes |- |2013 |''Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated'' |Nova (voice) |4 episodes<ref name="btva" /> |- |2014 |''Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'' |Audrey Nathan |Episode: "The Only Light in the Darkness"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abrams |first=Natalie |date=March 26, 2014 |title=Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Exclusive: Amy Acker to Play Famous Role from Coulson's Past |url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/Agents-SHIELD-Amy-Acker-Coulson-Cellist-1079676.aspx/?linkId=7809312 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327221155/https://www.tvguide.com/news/Agents-SHIELD-Amy-Acker-Coulson-Cellist-1079676.aspx/?linkId=7809312 |archive-date=March 27, 2014 |website=TVguide.com}}</ref> |- |2015 |''A Novel Romance'' |Sophie |Television film (Hallmark)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amy Acker as Sophie Atkinson on A Novel Romance |url=https://www.hallmarkchannel.com/anovelromance/cast/dylan_bruce |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=hallmarkchannel.com}}</ref> |- |{{Nowrap|2015–2019}} |''Suits'' |Esther Litt-Edelstein |5 episodes (seasons 5, 8–9)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weinstein |first=Shelli |date=July 9, 2015 |title=Whedonverse Favorite Amy Acker Is Headed to Suits |url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/amy-acker-suits-guest-star/ |website=TVGuide.com}}</ref> |- |2016–2017 |''MacGyver'' |Sarah Adler |Episodes: "Metal Saw", "Screwdriver"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitovich |first=Matt Webb |date=July 28, 2016 |title=Amy Acker of 'Person of Interest' Guest Star on CBS' 'Macgyver' |url=https://tvline.com/2016/07/28/amy-acker-cast-macgyver-cbs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731190354/https://tvline.com/2016/07/28/amy-acker-cast-macgyver-cbs/ |archive-date=July 31, 2016 |website=TVline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chan |first=Robert |date=September 30, 2016 |title='MacGyver': How Amy Acker Ended Up Guest-Starring (and Why She'd Like to Stay) |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/macgyver-how-amy-acker-ended-up-guest-starring-and-why-shed-like-to-stay-170029255.html |website=Yahoo.com}}</ref> |- |2016 |''A Nutcracker Christmas'' |Lily |Television film (Hallmark)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amy Acker on A Nutcracker Christmas |url=https://www.hallmarkfamily.com/a-nutcracker-christmas/cast/amy-acker |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=Hallmarkfamily.com}}</ref> |- |2017–2019 |''The Gifted'' |Caitlin Strucker |Main role<ref name="Gifted" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''What Just Happened??! with Fred Savage'' |Dr. Rachel Layne |Episode: "Family" |- |''Grey's Anatomy'' |Kathleen Shepherd |Episode: "Good Shepherd"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=February 13, 2019 |title='Grey's Anatomy': Amy Acker Joins ABC Drama As Member Of The Shepherd Family |url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/greys-anatomy-amy-acker-abc-drama-shepherd-sister-1202556321/ |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> |- |2020 |''God Friended Me'' |Tammy |Episode: "Almost Famous"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Meredith |date=March 27, 2020 |title='God Friended Me': Will Guest Star Amy Acker Let Miles Help Her? (VIDEO) |url=https://www.tvinsider.com/928525/god-friended-me-season-2-episode-18-amy-acker/ |website=TVinsider.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |''All Rise'' |Georgia Knight |Episodes: "Georgia", "Leap of Faith"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitovich |first=Matt Webb |date=March 4, 2021 |title=Amy Acker Visits CBS' All Rise: Get Details And Official First Look |url=https://www.tvline.com/casting-news/amy-acker-cast-all-rise-season-2-1234646560/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=TVline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Rebecca |date=May 11, 2021 |title='All Rise' Season 2 Episode 16 Photos: "Leap of Faith" Preview |url=https://www.showbizjunkies.com/tv/all-rise-season-2-episode-16/ |website=Showbizjunkies.com}}</ref> |- |''Crashing Through the Snow'' |Maggie |Television film (Hallmark)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amy Acker as Maggie on Crashing Through the Snow |url=https://www.hallmarkchannel.com/crashing-through-the-snow/cast/amy-acker |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=Hallmarkchannel.com}}</ref> |- |2022 |''9-1-1: Lone Star'' |Catherine |6 episodes (season 3)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krug |first=Kurt Anthony |date=2022-02-21 |title=Amy Acker on Her Recurring Role on ''9-1-1: Lone Star'' |url=https://www.showbizjunkies.com/tv/amy-acker-911-lone-star/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=ShowbizJunkies |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2023 |''The Watchful Eye'' |Tory |Main role<ref name="Pilotorder">{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=September 13, 2021 |title=Hitchcockian Nanny Drama From Julie Durk Lands Pilot Order At Freeform; Andrea Londo & Warren Christie Among Stars |url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/nanny-drama-julie-durk-pilot-order-freeform-andrea-londo-warren-christie-1234832246/ |access-date=January 16, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |2025 |''Chicago Med'' |Heather Williams |Episode: "The Book of Archer"<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeVault |first=Ryan |date=April 3, 2025 |title=Chicago Med cast adds Amy Acker as Heather Williams |url=https://www.monstersandcritics.com/tv/chicago-med-cast-adds-amy-acker-as-heather-williams/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=monstersandcritics.com}}</ref> |} === Yanar gizo === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |2008 |''Wanene Yanke Kake?'' |Ellen |Abubuwa 3 |- |2013 |''Maza maza'' |Claudia |"Na yi Ƙarshe" kashi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Husbands {{!}} About {{!}} CW |url=https://www.cwtvpr.com/the-cw/shows/husbands/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322115707/https://www.cwtvpr.com/the-cw/shows/husbands/about/ |archive-date=March 22, 2015 |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=cwtvpr.com}}</ref> |- |2015–2017 |''Tare da Mutum'' |Dawn Jones |Abubuwa 8 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Con Man - Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/con-man/cast/1030085733/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |website=TVguide.com}}</ref> |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Haɗin kai !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Refs |- |2001 |Kyautar Saturn |Cinescape Genre Face of the Future Award - Mata |''Mala'ika''|{{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinescape Homepage featuring Female Genre Face of the Future Poll |url=http://www.cinescape.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020530204248/http://www.cinescape.com/ |archive-date=May 30, 2002 |access-date=November 14, 2024 |publisher=Cinescape}}</ref> |- |2002 |Kyautar Saturn |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a talabijin |''Mala'ika''|{{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | |- |2003 |Kyautar Saturn |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a talabijin |''Mala'ika''|{{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=30th Annual Saturn Awards : Cinescape Review |url=http://www.whedon.info/30rd-Annual-Saturn-Awards.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626233704/http://www.whedon.info/30rd-Annual-Saturn-Awards.html |archive-date=2025-06-26 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=www.whedon.info |language=en}}</ref> |- |2004 |Kyautar Satellite |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Actress - Drama Series |''Mala'ika''|{{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPA Satellite Awards Nominees |url=http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/ipa-satelliteawards-nominees.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040402023056/http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/ipa-satelliteawards-nominees.html |archive-date=April 2, 2004 |access-date=November 14, 2024 |publisher=International Press Academy}}</ref> |- |2004 |Kyautar Saturn |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a talabijin |''Mala'ika''|{{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The SF Site: News |url=https://www.sfsite.com/vault/news0502.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822014305/http://www.sfsite.com/vault/news0502.htm |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |access-date=June 10, 2020 |website=www.sfsite.com}}</ref> |- |2014 |Kyautar Indie Series |Tauraruwar Baƙo mafi Kyau - Comedy |''Maza maza''|{{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2014 |title=5th Annual Indie Series Awards Winners |url=https://www.indieseriesawards.com/2014/04/5th-annual-indie-series-awards-winners.html |access-date=June 10, 2020 |publisher=Indie Series Awards}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 84p6v4icuhityu3i1ngl38ar0311hpd 0 88614 969360 960802 2026-10-19T05:55:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asher Paul Roth''' (an haife ta a watan Agusta 11, 1985) ɗan wasan rap ɗan Amurka ne daga Morrisville, Pennsylvania . An san shi da farko don halarta na farko na 2009 " I Love College ," wanda ya kai lamba 12 akan <nowiki><i id="mwEA">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 kuma ya hango haihuwar frat rap, wani yanki na kwalejin hip hop. Tun da farko, Roth ya sanya hannu tare da SRC Records a cikin 2008, haka kuma - Don haka So Def Recordings Executive Scooter Braun sabon rikodin rikodin rikodin, Schoolboy Records a wannan shekarar. Kwangilarsa ta shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Universal Motown Records don sakin waƙar da aka ambata a baya, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin jagora guda ɗaya don kundi na farko na Roth, ''Barci a cikin Bread Aisle'' (2009). Duk da gauraye sake dubawa, da album peaked a lamba biyar a kan <nowiki><i id="mwGw">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 kuma ya zama kawai saki da shi tare da babban lakabin, saboda m bambance-bambancen da Braun. Roth ya rattaba hannu tare da lakabin rikodin indie Federal Prism don sakin kundi na studio na biyu, ''RetroHash'' (2014), wanda a matsakaici ya shiga ''Billboard'' 200. Kundin sa na uku, ''Flowers on the karshen mako'' (2020), masu suka sun mamaye shi sosai. == Rayuwa da aiki == === 1985–2007: Farkon rayuwa da farkon aiki === An haifi Roth kuma ya girma a Morrisville, Pennsylvania .  </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The Billboard article says Roth is native to Morristown, not Morrisville. (September 2021)">ba tabbaci ba</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lester |first=Paul |date=27 April 2009 |title=Fratboy slim and the kosher kids |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/mar/26/asher-roth |access-date=2011-04-06 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Ya fito daga zuriyar [[Yahudawa|Bayahude]] da Scotland . <ref name="Philadelphia Weekly">{{Cite web |date=15 April 2009 |title=Asher Roth is on his way to hip hop stardom |url=http://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/news-and-opinion/cover-story/Asher-Roth-42983072.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416180145/http://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/news-and-opinion/cover-story/Asher-Roth-42983072.html |archive-date=16 April 2009 |access-date=2009-04-14 |website=Philadelphia Weekly}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa, Elizabeth ( ''née'' McConnell), malami ne na yoga, kuma mahaifinsa, David Roth, shine babban darektan wani kamfani mai ƙira. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Pennsbury . Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya shiga Jami'ar West Chester kuma ya zama Babban Ilimi na Elementary, yayin da ya ci gaba da yin rikodin ayoyi a kan shahararrun samar da sauran rapper. A lokacin shekara ta biyu, ya buga wasu ayoyinsa a kan shafinsa na Myspace kuma ya aika da buƙatun aboki ga Scooter Braun, mai ba da gudummawa na [[Atlanta]] kuma tsohon VP na Talla na Jermaine Dupri 's So So Def Recordings . Mako guda da magana da Braun, Roth ya tashi zuwa Atlanta kuma nan da nan Braun ya sanya hannu, wanda daga baya ya zama manajansa. <ref name="XXL">{{Cite web |date=30 December 2008 |title=Feature Highlights '08: Asher Roth:So Far, So Good |url=http://www.xxlmag.com/online/?p=23318 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310231308/http://www.xxlmag.com/online/?p=23318 |archive-date=10 March 2009 |access-date=2009-03-05 |website=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]}}</ref> === 2008–2010: ''Barci a Hanyar Gurasa'' ===   Bayan haɗin gwiwa tare da Braun, Roth ya koma Atlanta don ci gaba da aikin hip-hop na cikakken lokaci. Yayin da masana'antun masana'antu ke girma, Roth ya kasance mai ladabi da lakabi masu yawa, ciki har da SRC, Def Jam, Warner Bros. Records da Atlantic Records . <ref name="AllHipHop">{{Cite web |last=Blanco |first=Alvin |date=2008-07-10 |title=Asher Roth: School's Out |url=http://allhiphop.com/stories/features/archive/2008/07/10/20276597.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331120345/http://allhiphop.com/stories/features/archive/2008/07/10/20276597.aspx |archive-date=31 March 2009 |access-date=2009-03-05 |publisher=AllHipHop}}</ref> A ƙarshe Roth zai sanya hannu kan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Braun's Schoolboy da Steve Rifkind, shugaban SRC / Universal Records. A ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2008, ta hanyar intanet, Roth ya saki ƙwararriyar sakinsa na farko, Don Cannon da DJ Drama -helmed mixtape, ''The Greenhouse Effect Vol.'' ''1'' . Wannan ya haifar da Roth kasancewa farar rapper na biyu da za a nuna a kan Drama da Cannon's Gangsta Grillz jerin. Daga baya Roth ya fara yin rikodin kundi na farko mai suna. A cikin marigayi 2008, an bayyana Roth an haɗa shi a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwXA">XXL</i></nowiki> 's 2009 Freshman Class na shekara-shekara, kuma an nuna shi a kan murfin tare da 'yan wasan rappers [[Kid Cudi]], Wale, BoB, Charles Hamilton, Cory Gunz, Blu, Mickey Factz, Ace Hood da Curren $y . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2008 |title=First Look: XXL Freshman Class of '09 Covers |url=http://highbridnation.com/2008/10/21/first-look-xxl-freshman-class-of-09-covers/ |access-date=March 13, 2013 |website=highbridnation.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 20, 2008 |title=XXL's Class of '09 Cover: Top 10 Freshmen |url=http://www.hiphoppress.com/2008/10/xxls-class-of-0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411022602/http://www.hiphoppress.com/2008/10/xxls-class-of-0 |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |access-date=March 13, 2013 |website=hiphoppress.com}}</ref> Waƙar Roth na halarta na farko " I Love College ", an sake shi a cikin Janairu 2009 a matsayin jagora guda a kan kundin sa na farko. Ana ɗaukar waƙar a matsayin waƙar farko na frat rap subgenre na hip hop . Waƙarsa ta biyu " Lark on my Go-Kart ", an sake shi Maris 24, 2009. Bayan an fitar da wa]ansu guda biyu, an fitar da kundi na farko na studio na Roth ''Barci a cikin Bread Aisle'' a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2009, don girmama hutun 420 na subculture na cannabis . A lokacin bazara na 2009, Roth ya haɗu da ɗan'uwan ''XXL'' sabbin tsofaffin tsofaffi [[Kid Cudi]] da BoB, don yawon shakatawa na 'Babban Hangover'. Roth kuma ya shiga Blink-182 a rabi na biyu na rangadin haduwarsu a faɗuwar 2009. === 2010-2012: ''Rawth EP'' da sauran ayyukan === Bayan yawon shakatawa a cikin 2009 da kuma fitar da tafki na biyu mai suna ''Seared Foie Gras tare da Quince da Cranberry'' a cikin Maris 2010, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-23 |title=Asher Roth – Seared Foie Gras w/ Quince & Cranberry (Mixtape) |url=http://www.2dopeboyz.com/2010/03/23/asher-roth-seared-foie-gras-w-quince-cranberry-mixtape/ |access-date=2013-03-01 |publisher=2dopeboyz.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607124057/http://www.2dopeboyz.com/2010/03/23/asher-roth-seared-foie-gras-w-quince-cranberry-mixtape/ |archive-date=2013-06-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Roth ya fara aiki akan kundi na studio na biyu, sannan mai suna ''The Spaghetti Tree'' . Daga shafin abokinsa Boyder na YouTube, an gan shi yana aiki tare da manyan masu yin rikodin Pharrell Williams da Nottz Raw . Yayin da suke aiki tare da Nottz, su biyun sun yanke shawarar yin aiki tare a kan wani aiki tare, saboda samun yawan rubuce-rubucen da aka ƙi da lakabin saboda samfurori da batutuwan haƙƙin mallaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=HHU Intv: Asher Roth Talks "The Spaghetti Tree," Performing with The Roots, Nottz & More |url=http://thehiphopupdate.com/tag/the-rawth-ep/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329234146/http://thehiphopupdate.com/tag/the-rawth-ep/ |archive-date=2013-03-29 |access-date=2013-03-01 |publisher=Thehiphopupdate.com}}</ref> Sakamakon ya kasance wasa na tsawaita waƙa guda takwas (EP), wanda Nottz ya samar kawai, mai suna ''Rawth EP'' . EP, wanda ke nuna bayyanuwa daga Colin Munroe, DA (na Chester French ), Rhymefest da Kardinal Offishall, an sake shi Disamba 27, 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-27 |title=Nottz Raw & Asher Roth – The Rawth [EP Album&#93; |url=http://thehiphopupdate.com/mixtape/nottz-raw-asher-roth-the-rawth-ep-album/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050254/http://thehiphopupdate.com/mixtape/nottz-raw-asher-roth-the-rawth-ep-album/ |archive-date=2013-12-03 |access-date=2013-03-01 |publisher=Thehiphopupdate.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2010, Roth ya fito da " GRAND (Yi Shirya Sabuwar Rana) ", na farko na farko daga ''Bishiyar Spaghetti'', kuma ya inganta waƙar ta hanyar tafiya zuwa gidajen rediyo daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar. A cikin hira na Yuli 2010 ''XXL'', yayin da yake magana akan ''Bishiyar Spaghetti'', Roth ya bayyana waƙoƙi hudu daga kundin. An ce ɗayan ya ƙunshi Wasan rapper na West Coast, wanda Swizz Beatz ya samar kuma an bayyana wani mai taken "Run It Back". A ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2011, an sanar da cewa ba za a ƙara kiran kundi na biyu na Roth ''The Spaghetti Tree'' ba. <ref name="NahRight">{{Cite web |last=eskay |date=2011-05-25 |title=Last Man Standing |url=http://nahright.com/news/2011/05/25/asher-roth-ft-akon-last-man-standing/ |access-date=2011-05-27 |publisher=NahRight}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2011, Roth ya fitar da wata waƙa mai suna "Mutum na Ƙarshe", a matsayin guda ɗaya. Waƙar, wadda ta ƙunshi mawaƙin Ba-Amurke-Mawaƙin [[Akon]], an nuna shi a kan sautin sauti zuwa wasan bidiyo na 2011 ''Madden NFL 12'' . A cikin wata hira da Rikki Martinez na ''Power 106'', Roth ya sanar da cewa zai saki wani mixtape mai suna ''Pabst & Jazz'' kuma ya bayyana sabon lakabi na kundi na biyu mai zuwa ya zama ''Is This Too Orange?'' . <ref name="2Dope">{{Cite web |date=2011-09-02 |title=Asher Roth Announces New Album Title (Video) |url=http://www.2dopeboyz.com/2011/09/02/asher-roth-annouces-new-album-title-video/ |access-date=2013-03-01 |publisher=2dopeboyz.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607143933/http://www.2dopeboyz.com/2011/09/02/asher-roth-annouces-new-album-title-video/ |archive-date=2013-06-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2011, ya fito da kyautar farko ta ''Pabst & Jazz'', waƙa mai suna "Ilimi na kowa". A cikin Nuwamba 2011, Roth ya rattaba hannu tare da Def Jam Recordings ta hanyar sake farfado da lakabin da ba a iya amfani da shi ba Loud Records, wanda yanzu har yanzu alama ce ta SRC Records . A cikin Afrilu 2012, Roth ya bayyana cewa ya sake yin aiki tare da mai gabatarwa Nottz Raw, da kuma Blink 182 drummer Travis Barker, a kan EP mai suna ''Rawther'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burgess, Omar |date=April 9, 2012 |title=Asher Roth Details His Artistic Growth, Reveals Upcoming EP With Nottz And Travis Barker |url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/interviews/id.1868/title.asher-roth-details-his-artistic-growth-reveals-upcoming-ep-with-nottz-and-travis-barker |access-date=January 2, 2014 |website=[[HipHoDX]] |publisher=Cheri Media Group}}</ref> A ƙarshen 2012, Roth ya bayyana cewa ya kawar da ''Is This Too Orange?'' take don kundin sa na biyu, saboda girmamawa ga Def Jam lakabin abokin aikin Frank Ocean 's debut ''Channel Orange'' (2012). === jl2013-2016: ''RetroHash'' ===   A Yuni 5, 2013, Roth ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai sake haduwa da DJ Drama da Don Cannon, don sakin mabiyi zuwa ga babban abin yaba masa tafarki ''The Greenhouse Effect'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Langhorne |first=Cyrus |date=2013-06-05 |title=Asher Roth Loads Up The Cannon To Bring More Drama |url=http://www.sohh.com/2013/06/asher_roth_loads_up_the_cannon_to_bring.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219115824/http://www.sohh.com/2013/06/asher_roth_loads_up_the_cannon_to_bring.html |archive-date=2013-12-19 |access-date=2014-07-19 |publisher=Sohh.Com}}</ref> ''The Greenhouse Effect Vol.'' An saki ''2'' a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-25 |title=Asher Roth - The Greenhouse Effect Vol. 2 &#124; Download & Listen [New Mixtape&#93; |url=http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/asher-roth-the-greenhouse-effect-vol-2-mixtape.87462.html |access-date=2014-07-19 |publisher=Hotnewhiphop.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107202540/http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/asher-roth-the-greenhouse-effect-vol-2-mixtape.87462.html |archive-date=2014-01-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin Disamba 2013, Roth ya bayyana kundi na biyu da ake jira kuma sau da yawa ana jinkirta shi mai suna ''RetroHash'' wanda aka saki a Afrilu 22, 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-18 |title=Asher Roth Announces New Album 'RetroHash' |url=http://www.missinfo.tv/index.php/asher-roth-new-album-retrohash/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223011407/http://www.missinfo.tv/index.php/asher-roth-new-album-retrohash/ |archive-date=2014-02-23 |access-date=2014-07-19 |publisher=MissInfo.tv}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-18 |title=Asher Roth Announces "RetroHash" Album |url=http://www.2dopeboyz.com/2013/12/18/asher-roth-announces-retrohash-album/ |access-date=2014-07-19 |publisher=2DOPEBOYZ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222035914/http://www.2dopeboyz.com/2013/12/18/asher-roth-announces-retrohash-album/ |archive-date=2013-12-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin wata hira na Disamba, a kan tashar tashar ''Juan Epstein'' tare da Peter Rosenberg da Cipha Sauti, Roth ya sanar da cewa har yanzu yana shirin sakewa EP ''Rawther'' na haɗin gwiwar, tare da Nottz Raw da Travis Barker; haka kuma EP tare da mashahurin mai shirya wasan hip hop Pete Rock, mai suna ''Pete Roth'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asher Roth Talks Career, Life & More On Juan Epstein |url=http://www.illroots.com/listen/asher-roth-talks-career-life-more-on-juan-epstein |access-date=2014-07-19 |publisher=Illroots}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tardio |first=Andres |date=2013-12-20 |title=Asher Roth Compares Record Companies To The Wizard Of Oz &#124; Get The Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales |url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.26714/title.asher-roth-compares-record-companies-to-the-wizard-of-oz |access-date=2014-07-19 |publisher=HipHop DX}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-08 |title=Asher Roth (@asherroth) to release EP with Pete Rock &#124; Yo! Philly Raps |url=http://yophillyraps.wordpress.com/2013/12/08/asher-roth-asherroth-to-release-ep-with-pete-rock/ |access-date=2014-07-19 |publisher=Yophillyraps.wordpress.com}}</ref> Bayan an sake shi, ''RetroHash'' ya yi muhawara a lamba 45 akan ginshiƙi <nowiki><i id="mw2g">na Billboard</i></nowiki> 200 na Amurka, tare da tallace-tallace na satin farko na kwafi 6,100 a cikin Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tardio |first=Andres |date=2014-04-30 |title=Hip Hop Album Sales: Week Ending 4/27/2014 |url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.28552/title.hip-hop-album-sales-week-ending-04-27-2014 |access-date=2014-04-30 |publisher=HipHop DX |archive-date=2014-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004832/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.28552/title.hip-hop-album-sales-week-ending-04-27-2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin Maris 2016, Roth ya sanar da cewa yana shirya kundi na uku na studio ''Red Hot Revival'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2016 |title=Exclusive Interview With Asher Roth |url=http://beat-town.com/2016/03/18/exclusive-interview-with-asher-roth/ |access-date=2016-03-20 |website=Beat-Town |archive-date=2016-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330030055/http://beat-town.com/2016/03/18/exclusive-interview-with-asher-roth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === 2016-yanzu: ''Fure-fure a karshen mako'' ===   A cikin 2016, Asher Roth ya koma jiharsa ta Pennsylvania bayan shekaru da yawa yana zaune a Atlanta, New York, da Los Angeles. Ya sake haɗawa da wani tsohon abokin kiɗa, Rob Dekhart, kuma sun fara aiki akan waƙoƙi da yawa. Tsawon shekaru, sun fito da kundi na ''furanni a ƙarshen mako'' wanda aka fitar a watan Afrilu 2020. == Salon kiɗa == === Tasiri === Asher Roth ya ambaci [[Jay-Z]] da [[Eminem]] a cikin tasirinsa a cikin hip hop, galibi daga Jay-Z's " Hard Knock Life ". Lokacin da yake girma, Roth ya kasance yana nunawa ga ƙananan hip hop a cikin iyalinsa, tare da iyayensa sun fi son " The Temptations, Duniya, Wind &amp;amp; Fire ... Bruce Springsteen da Dire Straits ." <ref name="XXL"/> A cewar Roth: {{Cquote|The first CD I ever bought was [[Dave Matthews Band]]'s ''[[Crash (Dave Matthews Band album)|Crash]]''... that is how suburban I am... I finally got into hip hop in '98 when I heard the [[Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)|Annie sample]] with [[Jay-Z]].... when I wrote my "[[A Milli]]" [[freestyle music|freestyle]], that was me listening to 10 years of hip hop and not relating to it at all. Like, damn, I don't sell [[Cocaine|coke]]. Damn, I don't have cars or 25-inch [[Rim (wheel)|rims]]. I don't have guns. I finally got to a point where I had the confidence to do this thing myself, and I was making music for me. And it turns out, a lot of people feel the same way I do.<ref name=Vibe>{{cite web| last=Fennessey| first=Sean| title=Asher Roth| work=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]| date=2008-10-30| url=http://www.vibe.com/music/next/2008/10/asher_roth/| access-date=2009-03-05| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203222352/http://www.vibe.com/music/next/2008/10/asher_roth/| archive-date=3 February 2009| url-status=dead}}</ref>}} Ya kuma ce: {{Cquote|Hip-hop has always been very influential in the 'burbs, [but] it's just a matter of where we could relate to it. You find a lot of kids that are really confused. You look at them and they're dressed out of character. They don't look right. I figured out, I don't have to dress this way, but I can still love hip-hop.<ref name=Sixshot>{{cite web|last=Michael |first=Jon |title=Asher Roth – Not Your Average |publisher=Sixshot.com |date=2008-06-18 |url=http://www.sixshot.com/articles/11518/ |access-date=2009-03-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014043015/http://www.sixshot.com/articles/11518/ |archive-date=October 14, 2008 }}</ref>}} == Rayuwa ta sirri == Roth ba ya ɗaukar kansa [[Yahudawa|Bayahude]], ko da yake sunansa wani lokaci yana sa mutane su gaskata cewa shi ne, kuma yana da zuriyar Yahudawa. Roth a bayyane yake game da amfani da tabar wiwi . Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin wata hira da DJ Vlad ya yi da kuma yin fim, Roth ya bayyana ra'ayinsa game da halatta cannabis: "Sigari ba ya yin wani abu a gare ku sai dai ya kashe ku ... Ni gaskiya ban yi imani da [marijuana] shine maganin ƙofa ba., saboda ina amfani da shi, kuma ban taɓa yin wani abu ba ... Ina ƙoƙarin bayyanawa game da shan taba na tukunya." == Hotuna ==   * ''Barci a cikin Hanyar Gurasa'' (2009) * ''RetroHash'' (2014) * ''Fure-fure a karshen mako'' (2020) == Filmography == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" |Fim |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Bayanan kula |- | 2013 | ''$50K da Wata Yarinya Kira: Labarin Soyayya'' | Ashiru | |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Talabijin |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="2" | 2009 | ''Kira na ƙarshe tare da Carson Daly'' | Kansa | |- | ''Late Night tare da Jimmy Fallon'' | Kansa | |- | rowspan="2" | 2010 | ''Silent Library'' | Kansa | |- | ''2010 Hip Hop Daraja: Dattin Kudu'' | Kansa | |- | 2012 | ''Kashe fuska'' | Kansa | |} == Kyauta == * MTV Video Music Awards ** Mafi kyawun Sabon Mawaƙi (" I Love College ") [An zaɓi] ** Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Hip Hop ("I Love College") [An zaɓi] == Manazarta == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> * Archived [http://www.asherrothmusic.com gidan yanar gizon hukuma] </link> {{Asher Roth}}{{Def Jam}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Roth, Asher}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eitfl1ls7hxvvyrw6s9s3xmfbyq24yl 0 92615 969347 965005 2026-10-19T03:31:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ann Kiessling'''(née Anderson; an haife ta i Maris 29, 1942) ƙwararren masaniyar ilimin haifuwa Ba'amurkiya ce kuma mai bincike ce a cikin binciken ƙwayar cuta na ɗan adam a Cibiyar Bincike ta Bedford. Ta kasance abokiyar farfesa a asibitocin koyarwa na Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard (Asibitin Brigham da Mata, Asibitin Faulkner, Deaconess New England, da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Beth Israel Deaconess) daga shekaran 1985 har zuwa Shekaran 2012. == Tarihi == An haifi Kiessling Ann Anderson a Baker City, Oregon. Mahaifinta, William Charles Anderson, shi ne kwamandan runduna a rundunar sojin saman kasar Amurka a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Ta sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Klamath Falls a 1960 kuma ta halarci Jami'ar Virginia inda ta sami digiri na farko na digirin farko na digiri na biyu, a aikin jinya. A shekarar 1966 ta samu digirin farko na digiri na biyu, a fannin ilmin sinadarai, daga Jami'ar Central Washington University inda ta kuma samu digiri na biyu a fannin ilmin sinadarai a shekarar 1967 Zuwa 1971 ta samu digirin digirgir. daga Jami'ar Jihar Oregon a fannin nazarin halittu da ilimin halittu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography - Ann Kiessling Oral History Interview - June 13, 2014 - Special Collections & Archives Research Center, Oregon State University Libraries |url=http://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/oh150/kiessling/biography.html |access-date=April 30, 2019 |website=scarc.library.oregonstate.edu}}</ref> 1] Ta yi bincike na digiri na biyu a Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, da Jami'ar California, San Diego. Kiessling ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya'ya mata uku da ɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Director |url=http://www.bedfordresearch.org/about-us/leadership/director/ |access-date=April 30, 2019 |website=Bedford Research Foundation |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013085314/https://www.bedfordresearch.org/about-us/leadership/director/ |archive-date=October 13, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kiessling an lura da ita don gano aikinta na baya-bayan nan a cikin sel ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kiessling AA, Goulian M |date=June 1979 |title=Detection of reverse transcriptase activity in human cells |url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=87260 |journal=Cancer Research |volume=39 |issue=6 Pt 1 |pages=2062–9 |pmid=87260}}</ref> Wannan rahoto ya fara nuna mahimmancin abubuwan da ke faruwa a dabi'a na retrovirus a cikin kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam, yanzu ana tunanin yana da mahimmanci ga filastik kwayoyin halitta da ke cikin juyin halittar ɗan adam da ilmin halitta. Kafin wannan binciken, an ɗauka cewa reverse transcriptase wani enzyme ne da aka samo shi kawai a cikin retroviruses (kamar ƙwayoyin cuta na rigakafi na ɗan adam). Don fahimtar matsayin al'ada na nazarin halittu na reverse transcriptase, Kiessling ya fara nazarin ƙwai da farfaɗo ƙwai. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=O'Keefe SJ, Wolfes H, Kiessling AA, Cooper GM |date=September 1989 |title=Microinjection of antisense c-mos oligonucleotides prevents meiosis II in the maturing mouse egg |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1989-09_86_18/page/7038 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=86 |issue=18 |pages=7038–42 |bibcode=1989PNAS...86.7038O |doi=10.1073/pnas.86.18.7038 |pmc=297988 |pmid=2476810 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiessling AA |year=2004 |title=What is an embryo? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_connecticut-law-review_summer-2004_36_4/page/1051 |journal=Connecticut Law Review |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=1051–92 |pmid=15868674}}</ref> Sha'awarta guda biyu game da ilimin halittar jiki da ilimin halittar haihuwa sun haifar da bincike a cikin watsa kwayar cutar ta kare mutum, da ƙirƙirar dakin gwaje-gwaje na farko don hadi a cikin vitro a Oregon a farkon 1980s. Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard ta dauki Kiessling a cikin 1985, inda ta gudanar da bincike har zuwa 2011. <ref name="gabbaypastwinners">{{Cite web |title=Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award in Biotechnology and Medicine - Past Winners |url=http://www.rose.brandeis.edu/Center/gabbay_past.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020422075737/http://www.rose.brandeis.edu/Center/gabbay_past.html |archive-date=April 22, 2002 |access-date=March 23, 2014 |publisher=Brandeis University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2012 |title=Dr. Ann Kiessling Devotes Full Time to Bedford Stem Cell Research Foundation |url=http://www.bedfordresearch.org/article/27110 |access-date=March 23, 2014 |publisher=Bedford Stem Cell Research Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017031723/http://www.bedfordresearch.org/article/27110 |archive-date=October 17, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kiessling tana gudanar da bincike a Gidauniyar Binciken Kwayoyin Bedford Stem . Kiessling yana gudanar da bincike a Bedford Stem Cell Research Foundation <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About the director |url=http://www.bedfordresearch.org/aboutus/aboutus.php?item=about_director |access-date=November 8, 2012 |publisher=Bedford Stem Cell Research Foundation}}</ref> Bukatar gudanar da bincike kan kwayoyin halitta a yankunan da ba gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da tallafi ba ya haifar da shigar da Gidauniyar Bincike ta Bedford Stem Cell. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bedford Stem Cell Research Foundation – Official Website |url=http://www.bedfordresearch.org/aboutus/aboutus.php?item=about_director |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407203014/http://www.bedfordresearch.org/aboutus/aboutus.php?item=about_director |archive-date=April 7, 2007 |access-date=April 13, 2007}}</ref> Dabarun da aka ƙera don Shirin Musamman na Taimakawa Haihuwa an ƙaddamar da su zuwa wasu cututtuka na sashin genitourinary na maza, irin su prostatitis da cututtuka na mafitsara. Kware a cikin ilimin halittar kwai ya jagoranci Kiessling don haɓaka shirin ba da gudummawar kwai na farko a ƙasar a cikin 2000. Ya ci gaba da mayar da hankali kan bincike a yau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egg Donor Program History & Overview |url=http://www.bedfordresearch.org/stemcell/stemcell.php?item=stemcell_eggdonor |access-date=November 8, 2012 |publisher=Bedford Stem Cell Research Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405010857/http://www.bedfordresearch.org/stemcell/stemcell.php?item=stemcell_eggdonor |archive-date=April 5, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tawagar Kiessling ita ce ta farko da ta tabbatar da mahimmancin rhythm na circadian zuwa farkon haɓakar kwai. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2023}} Daga cikin wallafe-wallafen da Kiessling ya yi shi ne na farko da cikakken nazari game da tasirin ingantattun kalmomi na kimiyya a kan dokoki mai suna, "Mene ne Embryo," wanda Connecticut Law Review ya buga <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiessling |first=Ann A. |date=January 1, 2004 |title=What is an embryo? |url=http://connecticutlawreview.org/archive/vol36/summer/Kiessling.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Connecticut Law Review |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=1051–1092 |issn=0010-6151 |pmid=15868674 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060709041838/http://connecticutlawreview.org/archive/vol36/summer/Kiessling.pdf |archive-date=July 9, 2006}}</ref> tare da sake shiga ta Harold Shapiro, Farfesa John A. Robertson, Farfesa Lars Nuhu, da Uba Kevin P. Quinn. Bitar doka ta yi magana game da cece-kuce na dukkanin abubuwan da ake kira embryos a halin yanzu dangane da dokokin binciken kwayoyin halittar mahaifa a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is an Embryo? Law Review |url=http://www.bedfordresearch.org/politics/humanembryo.php?item=stemcell_lawreview |access-date=November 8, 2012 |publisher=Bedford Stem Cell Research Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219053303/http://www.bedfordresearch.org/politics/humanembryo.php?item=stemcell_lawreview |archive-date=February 19, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2003, Kiessling ya rubuta Kwayoyin Jiki na Dan Adam: Gabatarwa ga Kimiyya da Yiwuwar Jiyya, Littafin karatu na farko akan batun da ake jayayya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jones and Bartlett Topics in Biology Series – Human Embryonic Stem Cells, Second Edition Text Book |url=http://www.jbpub.com/catalog/0763743860/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022004331/http://www.jbpub.com/catalog/0763743860/ |archive-date=October 22, 2006 |access-date=April 13, 2007}}</ref> Kiessling memba ne na California (Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na California XXXV) da Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Bincike na Stem Cell na Connecticut, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Connecticut Stem Cell Research Program Committee |url=http://www.dph.state.ct.us/StemCell/Committees.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070605230843/http://www.dph.state.ct.us/StemCell/Committees.htm |archive-date=June 5, 2007 |access-date=June 5, 2007}}</ref> kuma memba na kwamitocin Kula da Bincike na Ciwon Haihuwa na Jami'ar Harvard, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard University's Embryonic Stem Cell Research Oversight Committee |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~research/approvals/escro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702172106/http://fas.harvard.edu/~research/approvals/escro.html |archive-date=July 2, 2007 |access-date=June 5, 2007}}</ref> Joslin Cibiyar Ciwon sukari da Asibitin Yara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Stem Cell Program at Children's Hospital Boston |url=http://www.childrenshospital.org/cfapps/research/data_admin/Site799/mainpageS799P1sublevel49.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222528/http://www.childrenshospital.org/cfapps/research/data_admin/Site799/mainpageS799P1sublevel49.html |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=June 5, 2007}}</ref> An ambaci Kiessling a cikin labarai a cikin The Boston Globe, The Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, da NPR da sauransu. == SARS2 (Annubar Korona) == A cikin Maris 2020, Kiessling ta fadada ayyukanta na dakin gwaje-gwaje a Gidauniyar Bincike ta Bedford don haɗa gwajin SARS2 (COVID-19). A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2020, Kiessling ta ba da rahoton cewa ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yanta mata, ma'aikaciyar layin gaba a wani asibiti na gida, ta gwada inganci don Coronavirus. Rashin takaicin Kiessling game da ci gaba da rashin gwajin da aka samu ya sa ta fadada ƙoƙarin gwajin SARS2 na Gidauniyar don ba da gwajin jama'a. == Kyaututtuka == * 2007 - An gabatar da Shirin Kiessling na Musamman na Taimako na Haihuwa tare da Kyautar Kyautar Fasaha ta American Society for Reproductive Medicine . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) 2007 Conference |url=http://www.asrm.org/Professionals/Meetings/annualmeeting.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010222908/https://www.asrm.org/Professionals/Meetings/annualmeeting.html |archive-date=October 10, 2020 |access-date=November 9, 2009}}</ref> * 2009 - Kiessling ta sami lambar yabo ta Jacob Heskel Gabbay don Biotechnology da Medicine.<ref name="gabbaypastwinners"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=2009 Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award |url=http://www.bedfordresearch.org/newsandlibrary/news_article.php?id=24698 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113055902/http://www.bedfordresearch.org/newsandlibrary/news_article.php?id=24698 |archive-date=November 13, 2009 |access-date=November 9, 2009}}</ref> * 2010 - Kyautar Kyautar Alumni ta Jami'ar Washington ta Tsakiya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=COTS 2010 Distinguished Alumni Award |url=http://www.cwu.edu/~cots/alumni.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606122545/http://www.cwu.edu/~cots/alumni.html |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |access-date=July 20, 2011}}</ref> * 2011 - Jami'ar Virginia ta farko, makarantar jinya, Alumni Achievement Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2010 Alumni Achievement Award |url=http://www.nursing.virginia.edu/alumni/awards/ |access-date=April 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814022033/http://www.nursing.virginia.edu/alumni/awards/ |archive-date=August 14, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2014 - Kyautar Doctorate na girmamawa da Kyautar Rayuwa daga Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Jodhpur, Mumbai, Indiya, an gabatar da ita a Taron HIV na 2014 a Mumbai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Lifetime Achievement Award |url=http://www.hivcongress2014.com/program.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324050033/http://www.hivcongress2014.com/program.html |archive-date=March 24, 2014 |access-date=March 23, 2014}}</ref> * 2014 - Adireshin Farawa na Jami'ar Jihar Oregon <ref>{{Cite web |title=Noted researcher to speak at OSU commencement in June |url=http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/2014/mar/noted-researcher-speak-osu-commencement-june |access-date=March 23, 2014 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225957/http://oregonstate.edu/ua/ncs/archives/2014/mar/noted-researcher-speak-osu-commencement-june |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2014 |title=OSU Commencement Address "Stay Involved with Government" |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNgcD4VRjpI |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115153844/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNgcD4VRjpI |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=June 2, 2017 |website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> * 2014 - Dokta na girmamawa a cikin Cell da Molecular Biology, Jami'ar Jihar Oregon <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2013 |title=OSU Honorary Doctorate Award Previous Recipients |url=https://senate.oregonstate.edu/osu-honorary-doctorate-award-previous-recipients |access-date=December 1, 2024 |website=Faculty Senate |language=en}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite journal |vauthors=Loutradis D, John D, Kiessling AA |date=September 1987 |title=Hypoxanthine causes a 2-cell block in random-bred mouse embryos |journal=Biology of Reproduction |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=311–6 |doi=10.1095/biolreprod37.2.311 |pmid=3676390 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |vauthors=Goldman DS, Kiessling AA, Millette CF, Cooper GM |date=July 1987 |title=Expression of c-mos RNA in germ cells of male and female mice |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1987-07_84_13/page/4509 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=84 |issue=13 |pages=4509–13 |bibcode=1987PNAS...84.4509G |doi=10.1073/pnas.84.13.4509 |pmc=305119 |pmid=2955407 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |vauthors=Borzy MS, Connell RS, Kiessling AA |year=1988 |title=Detection of human immunodeficiency virus in cell-free seminal fluid |journal=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=419–24 |pmid=2464685}} * {{Cite journal |vauthors=O'Keefe SJ, Wolfes H, Kiessling AA, Cooper GM |date=September 1989 |title=Microinjection of antisense c-mos oligonucleotides prevents meiosis II in the maturing mouse egg |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1989-09_86_18/page/7038 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=86 |issue=18 |pages=7038–42 |bibcode=1989PNAS...86.7038O |doi=10.1073/pnas.86.18.7038 |pmc=297988 |pmid=2476810 |doi-access=free}} *   * {{Cite journal |last=Kiessling AA |year=2004 |title=What is an embryo? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_connecticut-law-review_summer-2004_36_4/page/1051 |journal=Connecticut Law Review |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=1051–92 |pmid=15868674}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ann Kiessling |last2=Ritsa Bletsa |last3=Bryan Desmarais |last4=Christina Mara |last5=Kostas Kallianidis |last6=Dimitris Loutradis |year=2009 |title=Evidence that human blastomere cleavage is under unique cell cycle control |journal=Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=187–195 |doi=10.1007/s10815-009-9306-x |pmc=2682187 |pmid=19288185}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rfkjyb0bm9qsja260codpc8dxwq8oje 0 93667 969497 611972 2026-10-19T11:44:19Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vili''' "Vili" '''Matula''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1962) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Croatia, darektan, mai fafutuka, kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Majalisar dokokin Croatia na hadin gwiwar hagu mai suna We Can!. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stipić |first=Tomislav |date=2 July 2020 |title=Vili Matula: Škorin stih o 'čudnim ljudima čudnog imena' je čudovišan |url=https://danica.hr/vili-matula-skorin-stih-o-cudnim-ljudima-cudnog-imena-je-cudovisan/ |website=danica.hr}}</ref> Matsayin Matula ya hada da ''S.P.U.K.'', Infection, 100 Minutes of Glory, Wallenberg: A Hero's Story, Schindler's List, da Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead. Yana aiki tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ker Interny Satirical a [[Zagreb]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == Matula ta halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare a Zagreb <ref name="kerempuh">{{Cite web |title=Vilim Matula |url=https://kazalistekerempuh.hr/ansambl/vilim-matula/ |website=kazalistekerempuh.hr |publisher=Kerempuh Theater}}</ref> kuma ta kasance memba na kwalejin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb . A shekara ta 1978, Matula ya fara ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta kansa, "Domaći" kafin ya shiga Kwalejin Fasaha a shekara ta 1980. <ref name="kerempuh" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1985, ya shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb. Acikin shekara ta 1988, Matula ya kafa Zagreb's Acting Studio, wanda aka nufa don bunkasa ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo tare da dabarun kamar su Strasberg Method, Chekhov Technique, Meyerhold's Biomechanics, da Alexander Technique. <ref name="kerempuh" /> A shekara ta 1993, Matula ta halarci Shirin Ayyuka na bazara a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal National a [[Landan]]. Daga 1987 zuwa 1997, ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb . <ref name="kerempuh"/> == Ayyuka == === Yin wasan kwaikwayo === A shekara ta 2000, ya shiga cikin ƙaddamar da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Boal Forum ta hanyar gayyatar daga masanin wasan kwaikwayo da mai sukar mata Nataša Govedić . <ref name="kerempuh"/> A shekara ta 2001, Matula ya fara hadin gwiwa tare da Damir Bartol Indoš da The House of Extreme Music Theatre Group Kugla . <ref name="kerempuh" /> A shekara ta 2008, ya bayyana a matsayin mai tallafawa a cikin Metastases, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Marul da lambar yabo ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia. <ref name="kerempuh" /> An zabi shi don kyautar Apollo a bikin al'adu na Belgrade.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}} Matula ta bayyana a cikin Tranquilizer Gun, Is It Clear, My Friend?''Shin A bayyane yake, Abokina?'', ''Cutar'', ''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'', Dukan Dare mai duhu, da ''Sumar Šuma'' summarum. Don rawar da ya taka a cikin ''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'', Matula ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako a Bikin Fim na Pula . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Post festum 51. Pula film festivala |url=http://www.filmski.net/vijesti/filmski/dugometrazni-film/1427/post-festum-51-pula-film-festivala |website=filmski.net |language=Croatian |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2024-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112033734/http://www.filmski.net/vijesti/filmski/dugometrazni-film/1427/post-festum-51-pula-film-festivala |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kuma bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen Wallenberg: A Hero's Story, Schindler's List, da Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (inda ya buga Horatio). Ayyukansa na talabijin sun haɗa da matsayin baƙo a kan ''Zakon!'', Naša mala clinic, da [[:hr:Žutokljunac|''Žutokljunac'']]. Matula ta kuma yi fim kuma ta samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na musamman da gajeren lokaci don bikin fina-finai na Motovun.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Matula ta yi rikodin wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo da yawa. Maganar maganarsa ta haɗa da karatun ayyukan Agusta Šenoa, Ivan Goran Kovačić, Ante Kovačić, Vladimir Nazor, da Miroslav Krleža. Ya ba da murya ga waƙoƙi uku a kan kundin ''Punk Cabaret'' na Stanislav Kovačić.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stanislav Kovačić predstavio glazbenu priču u formi punk cabaret kazališta |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/stanislav-kovacic-predstavio-glazbenu-pricu-u-formi-punk-cabaret-kazalista-foto-20200121 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> Ya bayyana haruffa da yawa a fim din Croatian-American mai suna The Elm-Chanted Forest, Chum a cikin dub na Croatian na Finding Nemo (2003), da Sterling a cikin dub ɗin Croation na Cars 3 (2017).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} === Siyasa === Matula ya kasance memba na League of Communists of Croatia, da kuma wakili a taron 11th da na karshe na kwamitin tsakiya na League of Comunists of Croatia , wanda ya haifar da zaben dimokuradiyya na farko a 1989 na Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Croatia, sannan wani ɓangare na Jamhurwar Socialist ta Yugoslavia.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} Matula ta yi adawa da 'yancin kungiyar PravoNaGRAD a Zagreb <ref>{{Cite web |title=INTERVJU: VILIM MATULA / 'Živimo u izopačenoj kriminalnoj orgiji od društva gdje se pljačke prikrivaju lažnim domoljubljem' |url=https://100posto.jutarnji.hr/scena/zivimo-u-izopacenoj-kriminalnoj-orgiji-od-drustva-gdje-se-pljacke-prikrivaju-laznim-domoljubljem |website=100posto.jutarnji.hr |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2020-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604114509/https://100posto.jutarnji.hr/scena/zivimo-u-izopacenoj-kriminalnoj-orgiji-od-drustva-gdje-se-pljacke-prikrivaju-laznim-domoljubljem |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma neo-fascism. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matula raspalio u Otvorenom: Probajte diplomatski s Merkelicom objasniti da postoje različiti oblici 'Sieg Heila', Lučić mu odgovorio usporedbom s Mladićem |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/matula-raspalio-u-otvorenom-probajte-diplomatski-s-merkelicom-objasniti-da-postoje-razliciti-oblici-sieg-heil-to-je-sramota-foto-20190508 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda shi ma shugaban ne. Matula memba ne na kwamitin daidaitawa na Zagreb is OURS! (Zagreb je NAŠ!), dandalin ɗan ƙasa mai ci gaba wanda aka yi rajista a matsayin jam'iyyar kore-municipalist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title=Zagreb is OURS!'...embraces Zagreb's less privileged and more vulnerable among us, including those impacted by discrimination based on class, age, health, ability, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, sex characteristics, nationality, language, religion, belief or lack of one, as well as other statuses and likely intersections.' |url=http://www.zagrebjenas.hr/zagreb-is-ours}}</ref> A cikin zaɓen birni na Zagreb na 2017, Matula ya shiga a matsayin dan takara a majalisar gundumar Donji grad a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa. Ya mayar da hankali ga murkushe majalisa da cin hanci da rashawa na hukumomin birni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Prezir spram vijeća, zlostavljanje službenice |url=https://www.zagrebjenas.hr/prezir-spram-vijeca-zlostavljanje-sluzbenice/ |website=zagrebjenas.hr}}</ref> A cikin 2019 ya zama memba na kafa dandalin ɗan ƙasa We can! (Moesili!) wanda ya kafa hadin gwiwar kore-hagu don zaben majalisar dokoki na 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ljudi - Možemo! |url=https://www.mozemo.hr/ljudi/ |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=mozemo.hr |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208165826/https://www.mozemo.hr/ljudi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabe shi a majalisar dokokin Croatia tare da wasu mambobi shida na hadin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=The future of the Croatian left: Mozemo! |url=https://www.index.hr/eng/croatia/article/the-future-of-the-croatian-left-mozemo/2195930.aspx |website=Index.hr |access-date=23 February 2025 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129070658/https://www.index.hr/eng/croatia/article/the-future-of-the-croatian-left-mozemo/2195930.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, Matula ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, da Montenegrins. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1985 |''Wallenberg: Labarin Jarumi'' |SS Sergant na biyu |Fim din talabijin |- |1987 |''Dirty Dozen: The Deadly Mission'' |Karl - Taimako na Krieger |Fim din talabijin |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1993 |''Jerin Schindler'' |Mai bincike | |- |1996 |''Sedma kronika'' |Antonije | |- |2004 |''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'' |Rapacki | |} == Kyaututtuka == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Vili MatulaaIMDb * [https://kazalistekerempuh.hr/ansambl/vilim-matula/ Tarihi daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kerayang Satirical] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] r1kv2jmoqzwqfx6zqq8fay92r2wnk48 969498 969497 2026-10-19T11:45:00Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vili''' "Vili" '''Matula''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1962) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Croatia, darektan, mai fafutuka, kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Majalisar dokokin Croatia na hadin gwiwar hagu mai suna We Can!. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stipić |first=Tomislav |date=2 July 2020 |title=Vili Matula: Škorin stih o 'čudnim ljudima čudnog imena' je čudovišan |url=https://danica.hr/vili-matula-skorin-stih-o-cudnim-ljudima-cudnog-imena-je-cudovisan/ |website=danica.hr}}</ref> Matsayin Matula ya hada da ''S.P.U.K.'', Infection, 100 Minutes of Glory, Wallenberg: A Hero's Story, Schindler's List, da Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead. Yana aiki tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ker Interny Satirical a [[Zagreb]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == Matula ta halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare a Zagreb <ref name="kerempuh">{{Cite web |title=Vilim Matula |url=https://kazalistekerempuh.hr/ansambl/vilim-matula/ |website=kazalistekerempuh.hr |publisher=Kerempuh Theater}}</ref> kuma ta kasance memba na kwalejin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb . A shekara ta 1978, Matula ya fara ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta kansa, "Domaći" kafin ya shiga Kwalejin Fasaha a shekara ta 1980. <ref name="kerempuh" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1985, ya shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb. Acikin shekara ta 1988, Matula ya kafa Zagreb's Acting Studio, wanda aka nufa don bunkasa ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo tare da dabarun kamar su Strasberg Method, Chekhov Technique, Meyerhold's Biomechanics, da Alexander Technique. <ref name="kerempuh" /> A shekara ta 1993, Matula ta halarci Shirin Ayyuka na bazara a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal National a [[Landan]]. Daga cikin 1987 zuwa 1997, ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb . <ref name="kerempuh"/> == Ayyuka == === Yin wasan kwaikwayo === A shekara ta 2000, ya shiga cikin ƙaddamar da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Boal Forum ta hanyar gayyatar daga masanin wasan kwaikwayo da mai sukar mata Nataša Govedić . <ref name="kerempuh"/> A shekara ta 2001, Matula ya fara hadin gwiwa tare da Damir Bartol Indoš da The House of Extreme Music Theatre Group Kugla . <ref name="kerempuh" /> A shekara ta 2008, ya bayyana a matsayin mai tallafawa a cikin Metastases, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Marul da lambar yabo ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia. <ref name="kerempuh" /> An zabi shi don kyautar Apollo a bikin al'adu na Belgrade.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}} Matula ta bayyana a cikin Tranquilizer Gun, Is It Clear, My Friend?''Shin A bayyane yake, Abokina?'', ''Cutar'', ''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'', Dukan Dare mai duhu, da ''Sumar Šuma'' summarum. Don rawar da ya taka a cikin ''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'', Matula ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako a Bikin Fim na Pula . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Post festum 51. Pula film festivala |url=http://www.filmski.net/vijesti/filmski/dugometrazni-film/1427/post-festum-51-pula-film-festivala |website=filmski.net |language=Croatian |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2024-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112033734/http://www.filmski.net/vijesti/filmski/dugometrazni-film/1427/post-festum-51-pula-film-festivala |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kuma bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen Wallenberg: A Hero's Story, Schindler's List, da Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (inda ya buga Horatio). Ayyukansa na talabijin sun haɗa da matsayin baƙo a kan ''Zakon!'', Naša mala clinic, da [[:hr:Žutokljunac|''Žutokljunac'']]. Matula ta kuma yi fim kuma ta samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na musamman da gajeren lokaci don bikin fina-finai na Motovun.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Matula ta yi rikodin wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo da yawa. Maganar maganarsa ta haɗa da karatun ayyukan Agusta Šenoa, Ivan Goran Kovačić, Ante Kovačić, Vladimir Nazor, da Miroslav Krleža. Ya ba da murya ga waƙoƙi uku a kan kundin ''Punk Cabaret'' na Stanislav Kovačić.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stanislav Kovačić predstavio glazbenu priču u formi punk cabaret kazališta |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/stanislav-kovacic-predstavio-glazbenu-pricu-u-formi-punk-cabaret-kazalista-foto-20200121 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> Ya bayyana haruffa da yawa a fim din Croatian-American mai suna The Elm-Chanted Forest, Chum a cikin dub na Croatian na Finding Nemo (2003), da Sterling a cikin dub ɗin Croation na Cars 3 (2017).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} === Siyasa === Matula ya kasance memba na League of Communists of Croatia, da kuma wakili a taron 11th da na karshe na kwamitin tsakiya na League of Comunists of Croatia , wanda ya haifar da zaben dimokuradiyya na farko a 1989 na Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Croatia, sannan wani ɓangare na Jamhurwar Socialist ta Yugoslavia.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} Matula ta yi adawa da 'yancin kungiyar PravoNaGRAD a Zagreb <ref>{{Cite web |title=INTERVJU: VILIM MATULA / 'Živimo u izopačenoj kriminalnoj orgiji od društva gdje se pljačke prikrivaju lažnim domoljubljem' |url=https://100posto.jutarnji.hr/scena/zivimo-u-izopacenoj-kriminalnoj-orgiji-od-drustva-gdje-se-pljacke-prikrivaju-laznim-domoljubljem |website=100posto.jutarnji.hr |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2020-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604114509/https://100posto.jutarnji.hr/scena/zivimo-u-izopacenoj-kriminalnoj-orgiji-od-drustva-gdje-se-pljacke-prikrivaju-laznim-domoljubljem |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma neo-fascism. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matula raspalio u Otvorenom: Probajte diplomatski s Merkelicom objasniti da postoje različiti oblici 'Sieg Heila', Lučić mu odgovorio usporedbom s Mladićem |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/matula-raspalio-u-otvorenom-probajte-diplomatski-s-merkelicom-objasniti-da-postoje-razliciti-oblici-sieg-heil-to-je-sramota-foto-20190508 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda shi ma shugaban ne. Matula memba ne na kwamitin daidaitawa na Zagreb is OURS! (Zagreb je NAŠ!), dandalin ɗan ƙasa mai ci gaba wanda aka yi rajista a matsayin jam'iyyar kore-municipalist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title=Zagreb is OURS!'...embraces Zagreb's less privileged and more vulnerable among us, including those impacted by discrimination based on class, age, health, ability, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, sex characteristics, nationality, language, religion, belief or lack of one, as well as other statuses and likely intersections.' |url=http://www.zagrebjenas.hr/zagreb-is-ours}}</ref> A cikin zaɓen birni na Zagreb na 2017, Matula ya shiga a matsayin dan takara a majalisar gundumar Donji grad a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa. Ya mayar da hankali ga murkushe majalisa da cin hanci da rashawa na hukumomin birni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Prezir spram vijeća, zlostavljanje službenice |url=https://www.zagrebjenas.hr/prezir-spram-vijeca-zlostavljanje-sluzbenice/ |website=zagrebjenas.hr}}</ref> A cikin 2019 ya zama memba na kafa dandalin ɗan ƙasa We can! (Moesili!) wanda ya kafa hadin gwiwar kore-hagu don zaben majalisar dokoki na 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ljudi - Možemo! |url=https://www.mozemo.hr/ljudi/ |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=mozemo.hr |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208165826/https://www.mozemo.hr/ljudi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabe shi a majalisar dokokin Croatia tare da wasu mambobi shida na hadin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=The future of the Croatian left: Mozemo! |url=https://www.index.hr/eng/croatia/article/the-future-of-the-croatian-left-mozemo/2195930.aspx |website=Index.hr |access-date=23 February 2025 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129070658/https://www.index.hr/eng/croatia/article/the-future-of-the-croatian-left-mozemo/2195930.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, Matula ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, da Montenegrins. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1985 |''Wallenberg: Labarin Jarumi'' |SS Sergant na biyu |Fim din talabijin |- |1987 |''Dirty Dozen: The Deadly Mission'' |Karl - Taimako na Krieger |Fim din talabijin |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1993 |''Jerin Schindler'' |Mai bincike | |- |1996 |''Sedma kronika'' |Antonije | |- |2004 |''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'' |Rapacki | |} == Kyaututtuka == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Vili MatulaaIMDb * [https://kazalistekerempuh.hr/ansambl/vilim-matula/ Tarihi daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kerayang Satirical] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] 2wtkzzwep29u8px4t93ezkufx2r67r7 969501 969498 2026-10-19T11:53:06Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vili''' "Vili" '''Matula''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1962) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Croatia, darektan, mai fafutuka, kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Majalisar dokokin Croatia na hadin gwiwar hagu mai suna We Can!. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stipić |first=Tomislav |date=2 July 2020 |title=Vili Matula: Škorin stih o 'čudnim ljudima čudnog imena' je čudovišan |url=https://danica.hr/vili-matula-skorin-stih-o-cudnim-ljudima-cudnog-imena-je-cudovisan/ |website=danica.hr}}</ref> Matsayin Matula ya hada da ''S.P.U.K.'', Infection, 100 Minutes of Glory, Wallenberg: A Hero's Story, Schindler's List, da Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead. Yana aiki tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ker Interny Satirical a [[Zagreb]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == Matula ta halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare a Zagreb <ref name="kerempuh">{{Cite web |title=Vilim Matula |url=https://kazalistekerempuh.hr/ansambl/vilim-matula/ |website=kazalistekerempuh.hr |publisher=Kerempuh Theater}}</ref> kuma ta kasance memba na kwalejin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb . A shekara ta 1978, Matula ya fara ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta kansa, "Domaći" kafin ya shiga Kwalejin Fasaha a shekara ta 1980. <ref name="kerempuh" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa acikin shekarar 1985, ya shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb. Acikin shekara ta 1988, Matula ya kafa Zagreb's Acting Studio, wanda aka nufa don bunkasa ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo tare da dabarun kamar su Strasberg Method, Chekhov Technique, Meyerhold's Biomechanics, da Alexander Technique. <ref name="kerempuh" /> A shekara ta 1993, Matula ta halarci Shirin Ayyuka na bazara a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal National a [[Landan]]. Daga cikin 1987 zuwa 1997, ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb . <ref name="kerempuh"/> == Ayyuka == === Yin wasan kwaikwayo === A shekara ta 2000, ya shiga cikin ƙaddamar da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Boal Forum ta hanyar gayyatar daga masanin wasan kwaikwayo da mai sukar mata Nataša Govedić . <ref name="kerempuh"/> A shekara ta 2001, Matula ya fara hadin gwiwa tare da Damir Bartol Indoš da The House of Extreme Music Theatre Group Kugla . <ref name="kerempuh" /> A shekara ta 2008, ya bayyana a matsayin mai tallafawa a cikin Metastases, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Marul da lambar yabo ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia. <ref name="kerempuh" /> An zabi shi don kyautar Apollo a bikin al'adu na Belgrade.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}} Matula ta bayyana a cikin Tranquilizer Gun, Is It Clear, My Friend?''Shin A bayyane yake, Abokina?'', ''Cutar'', ''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'', Dukan Dare mai duhu, da ''Sumar Šuma'' summarum. Don rawar da ya taka a cikin ''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'', Matula ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako a Bikin Fim na Pula . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Post festum 51. Pula film festivala |url=http://www.filmski.net/vijesti/filmski/dugometrazni-film/1427/post-festum-51-pula-film-festivala |website=filmski.net |language=Croatian |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2024-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112033734/http://www.filmski.net/vijesti/filmski/dugometrazni-film/1427/post-festum-51-pula-film-festivala |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kuma bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen Wallenberg: A Hero's Story, Schindler's List, da Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (inda ya buga Horatio). Ayyukansa na talabijin sun haɗa da matsayin baƙo a kan ''Zakon!'', Naša mala clinic, da [[:hr:Žutokljunac|''Žutokljunac'']]. Matula ta kuma yi fim kuma ta samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na musamman da gajeren lokaci don bikin fina-finai na Motovun.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Matula ta yi rikodin wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo da yawa. Maganar maganarsa ta haɗa da karatun ayyukan Agusta Šenoa, Ivan Goran Kovačić, Ante Kovačić, Vladimir Nazor, da Miroslav Krleža. Ya ba da murya ga waƙoƙi uku a kan kundin ''Punk Cabaret'' na Stanislav Kovačić.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stanislav Kovačić predstavio glazbenu priču u formi punk cabaret kazališta |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/stanislav-kovacic-predstavio-glazbenu-pricu-u-formi-punk-cabaret-kazalista-foto-20200121 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> Ya bayyana haruffa da yawa a fim din Croatian-American mai suna The Elm-Chanted Forest, Chum a cikin dub na Croatian na Finding Nemo (2003), da Sterling a cikin dub ɗin Croation na Cars 3 (2017).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} === Siyasa === Matula ya kasance memba na League of Communists of Croatia, da kuma wakili a taron 11th da na karshe na kwamitin tsakiya na League of Comunists of Croatia , wanda ya haifar da zaben dimokuradiyya na farko a 1989 na Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Croatia, sannan wani ɓangare na Jamhurwar Socialist ta Yugoslavia.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} Matula ta yi adawa da 'yancin kungiyar PravoNaGRAD a Zagreb <ref>{{Cite web |title=INTERVJU: VILIM MATULA / 'Živimo u izopačenoj kriminalnoj orgiji od društva gdje se pljačke prikrivaju lažnim domoljubljem' |url=https://100posto.jutarnji.hr/scena/zivimo-u-izopacenoj-kriminalnoj-orgiji-od-drustva-gdje-se-pljacke-prikrivaju-laznim-domoljubljem |website=100posto.jutarnji.hr |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2020-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604114509/https://100posto.jutarnji.hr/scena/zivimo-u-izopacenoj-kriminalnoj-orgiji-od-drustva-gdje-se-pljacke-prikrivaju-laznim-domoljubljem |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma neo-fascism. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matula raspalio u Otvorenom: Probajte diplomatski s Merkelicom objasniti da postoje različiti oblici 'Sieg Heila', Lučić mu odgovorio usporedbom s Mladićem |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/matula-raspalio-u-otvorenom-probajte-diplomatski-s-merkelicom-objasniti-da-postoje-razliciti-oblici-sieg-heil-to-je-sramota-foto-20190508 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda shi ma shugaban ne. Matula memba ne na kwamitin daidaitawa na Zagreb is OURS! (Zagreb je NAŠ!), dandalin ɗan ƙasa mai ci gaba wanda aka yi rajista a matsayin jam'iyyar kore-municipalist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title=Zagreb is OURS!'...embraces Zagreb's less privileged and more vulnerable among us, including those impacted by discrimination based on class, age, health, ability, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, sex characteristics, nationality, language, religion, belief or lack of one, as well as other statuses and likely intersections.' |url=http://www.zagrebjenas.hr/zagreb-is-ours}}</ref> A cikin zaɓen birni na Zagreb na 2017, Matula ya shiga a matsayin dan takara a majalisar gundumar Donji grad a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa. Ya mayar da hankali ga murkushe majalisa da cin hanci da rashawa na hukumomin birni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Prezir spram vijeća, zlostavljanje službenice |url=https://www.zagrebjenas.hr/prezir-spram-vijeca-zlostavljanje-sluzbenice/ |website=zagrebjenas.hr}}</ref> A cikin 2019 ya zama memba na kafa dandalin ɗan ƙasa We can! (Moesili!) wanda ya kafa hadin gwiwar kore-hagu don zaben majalisar dokoki na 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ljudi - Možemo! |url=https://www.mozemo.hr/ljudi/ |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=mozemo.hr |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208165826/https://www.mozemo.hr/ljudi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabe shi a majalisar dokokin Croatia tare da wasu mambobi shida na hadin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=The future of the Croatian left: Mozemo! |url=https://www.index.hr/eng/croatia/article/the-future-of-the-croatian-left-mozemo/2195930.aspx |website=Index.hr |access-date=23 February 2025 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129070658/https://www.index.hr/eng/croatia/article/the-future-of-the-croatian-left-mozemo/2195930.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, Matula ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, da Montenegrins. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1985 |''Wallenberg: Labarin Jarumi'' |SS Sergant na biyu |Fim din talabijin |- |1987 |''Dirty Dozen: The Deadly Mission'' |Karl - Taimako na Krieger |Fim din talabijin |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1993 |''Jerin Schindler'' |Mai bincike | |- |1996 |''Sedma kronika'' |Antonije | |- |2004 |''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'' |Rapacki | |} == Kyaututtuka == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Vili MatulaaIMDb * [https://kazalistekerempuh.hr/ansambl/vilim-matula/ Tarihi daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kerayang Satirical] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] g1qh8cii02hlvp4ewhwoxre480yeq5v 969502 969501 2026-10-19T11:53:41Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vili''' "Vili" '''Matula''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1962) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Croatia, darektan, mai fafutuka, kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Majalisar dokokin Croatia na hadin gwiwar hagu mai suna We Can!. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stipić |first=Tomislav |date=2 July 2020 |title=Vili Matula: Škorin stih o 'čudnim ljudima čudnog imena' je čudovišan |url=https://danica.hr/vili-matula-skorin-stih-o-cudnim-ljudima-cudnog-imena-je-cudovisan/ |website=danica.hr}}</ref> Matsayin Matula ya hada da ''S.P.U.K.'', Infection, 100 Minutes of Glory, Wallenberg: A Hero's Story, Schindler's List, da Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead. Yana aiki tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ker Interny Satirical a [[Zagreb]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == Matula ta halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare a Zagreb <ref name="kerempuh">{{Cite web |title=Vilim Matula |url=https://kazalistekerempuh.hr/ansambl/vilim-matula/ |website=kazalistekerempuh.hr |publisher=Kerempuh Theater}}</ref> kuma ta kasance memba na kwalejin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb . A shekara ta 1978, Matula ya fara ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta kansa, "Domaći" kafin ya shiga Kwalejin Fasaha a shekara ta 1980. <ref name="kerempuh" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa acikin shekarar 1985, ya shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb. Acikin shekara ta 1988, Matula ya kafa Zagreb's Acting Studio, wanda aka nufa don bunkasa ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo tare da dabarun kamar su Strasberg Method, Chekhov Technique, Meyerhold's Biomechanics, da Alexander Technique. <ref name="kerempuh" /> Acikin shekara ta 1993, Matula ta halarci Shirin Ayyuka na bazara a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal National a [[Landan]]. Daga cikin 1987 zuwa 1997, ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb . <ref name="kerempuh"/> == Ayyuka == === Yin wasan kwaikwayo === A shekara ta 2000, ya shiga cikin ƙaddamar da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Boal Forum ta hanyar gayyatar daga masanin wasan kwaikwayo da mai sukar mata Nataša Govedić . <ref name="kerempuh"/> A shekara ta 2001, Matula ya fara hadin gwiwa tare da Damir Bartol Indoš da The House of Extreme Music Theatre Group Kugla . <ref name="kerempuh" /> A shekara ta 2008, ya bayyana a matsayin mai tallafawa a cikin Metastases, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Marul da lambar yabo ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia. <ref name="kerempuh" /> An zabi shi don kyautar Apollo a bikin al'adu na Belgrade.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}} Matula ta bayyana a cikin Tranquilizer Gun, Is It Clear, My Friend?''Shin A bayyane yake, Abokina?'', ''Cutar'', ''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'', Dukan Dare mai duhu, da ''Sumar Šuma'' summarum. Don rawar da ya taka a cikin ''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'', Matula ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako a Bikin Fim na Pula . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Post festum 51. Pula film festivala |url=http://www.filmski.net/vijesti/filmski/dugometrazni-film/1427/post-festum-51-pula-film-festivala |website=filmski.net |language=Croatian |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2024-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112033734/http://www.filmski.net/vijesti/filmski/dugometrazni-film/1427/post-festum-51-pula-film-festivala |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kuma bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen Wallenberg: A Hero's Story, Schindler's List, da Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (inda ya buga Horatio). Ayyukansa na talabijin sun haɗa da matsayin baƙo a kan ''Zakon!'', Naša mala clinic, da [[:hr:Žutokljunac|''Žutokljunac'']]. Matula ta kuma yi fim kuma ta samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na musamman da gajeren lokaci don bikin fina-finai na Motovun.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Matula ta yi rikodin wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo da yawa. Maganar maganarsa ta haɗa da karatun ayyukan Agusta Šenoa, Ivan Goran Kovačić, Ante Kovačić, Vladimir Nazor, da Miroslav Krleža. Ya ba da murya ga waƙoƙi uku a kan kundin ''Punk Cabaret'' na Stanislav Kovačić.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stanislav Kovačić predstavio glazbenu priču u formi punk cabaret kazališta |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/stanislav-kovacic-predstavio-glazbenu-pricu-u-formi-punk-cabaret-kazalista-foto-20200121 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> Ya bayyana haruffa da yawa a fim din Croatian-American mai suna The Elm-Chanted Forest, Chum a cikin dub na Croatian na Finding Nemo (2003), da Sterling a cikin dub ɗin Croation na Cars 3 (2017).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} === Siyasa === Matula ya kasance memba na League of Communists of Croatia, da kuma wakili a taron 11th da na karshe na kwamitin tsakiya na League of Comunists of Croatia , wanda ya haifar da zaben dimokuradiyya na farko a 1989 na Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Croatia, sannan wani ɓangare na Jamhurwar Socialist ta Yugoslavia.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} Matula ta yi adawa da 'yancin kungiyar PravoNaGRAD a Zagreb <ref>{{Cite web |title=INTERVJU: VILIM MATULA / 'Živimo u izopačenoj kriminalnoj orgiji od društva gdje se pljačke prikrivaju lažnim domoljubljem' |url=https://100posto.jutarnji.hr/scena/zivimo-u-izopacenoj-kriminalnoj-orgiji-od-drustva-gdje-se-pljacke-prikrivaju-laznim-domoljubljem |website=100posto.jutarnji.hr |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2020-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604114509/https://100posto.jutarnji.hr/scena/zivimo-u-izopacenoj-kriminalnoj-orgiji-od-drustva-gdje-se-pljacke-prikrivaju-laznim-domoljubljem |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma neo-fascism. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matula raspalio u Otvorenom: Probajte diplomatski s Merkelicom objasniti da postoje različiti oblici 'Sieg Heila', Lučić mu odgovorio usporedbom s Mladićem |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/matula-raspalio-u-otvorenom-probajte-diplomatski-s-merkelicom-objasniti-da-postoje-razliciti-oblici-sieg-heil-to-je-sramota-foto-20190508 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda shi ma shugaban ne. Matula memba ne na kwamitin daidaitawa na Zagreb is OURS! (Zagreb je NAŠ!), dandalin ɗan ƙasa mai ci gaba wanda aka yi rajista a matsayin jam'iyyar kore-municipalist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title=Zagreb is OURS!'...embraces Zagreb's less privileged and more vulnerable among us, including those impacted by discrimination based on class, age, health, ability, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, sex characteristics, nationality, language, religion, belief or lack of one, as well as other statuses and likely intersections.' |url=http://www.zagrebjenas.hr/zagreb-is-ours}}</ref> A cikin zaɓen birni na Zagreb na 2017, Matula ya shiga a matsayin dan takara a majalisar gundumar Donji grad a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa. Ya mayar da hankali ga murkushe majalisa da cin hanci da rashawa na hukumomin birni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Prezir spram vijeća, zlostavljanje službenice |url=https://www.zagrebjenas.hr/prezir-spram-vijeca-zlostavljanje-sluzbenice/ |website=zagrebjenas.hr}}</ref> A cikin 2019 ya zama memba na kafa dandalin ɗan ƙasa We can! (Moesili!) wanda ya kafa hadin gwiwar kore-hagu don zaben majalisar dokoki na 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ljudi - Možemo! |url=https://www.mozemo.hr/ljudi/ |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=mozemo.hr |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208165826/https://www.mozemo.hr/ljudi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabe shi a majalisar dokokin Croatia tare da wasu mambobi shida na hadin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=The future of the Croatian left: Mozemo! |url=https://www.index.hr/eng/croatia/article/the-future-of-the-croatian-left-mozemo/2195930.aspx |website=Index.hr |access-date=23 February 2025 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129070658/https://www.index.hr/eng/croatia/article/the-future-of-the-croatian-left-mozemo/2195930.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, Matula ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, da Montenegrins. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1985 |''Wallenberg: Labarin Jarumi'' |SS Sergant na biyu |Fim din talabijin |- |1987 |''Dirty Dozen: The Deadly Mission'' |Karl - Taimako na Krieger |Fim din talabijin |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1993 |''Jerin Schindler'' |Mai bincike | |- |1996 |''Sedma kronika'' |Antonije | |- |2004 |''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'' |Rapacki | |} == Kyaututtuka == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Vili MatulaaIMDb * [https://kazalistekerempuh.hr/ansambl/vilim-matula/ Tarihi daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kerayang Satirical] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] 1dh585kl9qoqgskg7akqh4lv5eue4iz 969503 969502 2026-10-19T11:54:15Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vili''' "Vili" '''Matula''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1962) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Croatia, darektan, mai fafutuka, kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Majalisar dokokin Croatia na hadin gwiwar hagu mai suna We Can!. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stipić |first=Tomislav |date=2 July 2020 |title=Vili Matula: Škorin stih o 'čudnim ljudima čudnog imena' je čudovišan |url=https://danica.hr/vili-matula-skorin-stih-o-cudnim-ljudima-cudnog-imena-je-cudovisan/ |website=danica.hr}}</ref> Matsayin Matula ya hada da ''S.P.U.K.'', Infection, 100 Minutes of Glory, Wallenberg: A Hero's Story, Schindler's List, da Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead. Yana aiki tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ker Interny Satirical a [[Zagreb]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == Matula ta halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare a Zagreb <ref name="kerempuh">{{Cite web |title=Vilim Matula |url=https://kazalistekerempuh.hr/ansambl/vilim-matula/ |website=kazalistekerempuh.hr |publisher=Kerempuh Theater}}</ref> kuma ta kasance memba na kwalejin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb . A shekara ta 1978, Matula ya fara ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta kansa, "Domaći" kafin ya shiga Kwalejin Fasaha a shekara ta 1980. <ref name="kerempuh" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa acikin shekarar 1985, ya shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb. Acikin shekara ta 1988, Matula ya kafa Zagreb's Acting Studio, wanda aka nufa don bunkasa ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo tare da dabarun kamar su Strasberg Method, Chekhov Technique, Meyerhold's Biomechanics, da Alexander Technique. <ref name="kerempuh" /> Acikin shekara ta 1993, Matula ta halarci Shirin Ayyuka na bazara a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal National a [[Landan]]. Daga cikin shekara ta 1987 zuwa 1997, ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb . <ref name="kerempuh"/> == Ayyuka == === Yin wasan kwaikwayo === A shekara ta 2000, ya shiga cikin ƙaddamar da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Boal Forum ta hanyar gayyatar daga masanin wasan kwaikwayo da mai sukar mata Nataša Govedić . <ref name="kerempuh"/> A shekara ta 2001, Matula ya fara hadin gwiwa tare da Damir Bartol Indoš da The House of Extreme Music Theatre Group Kugla . <ref name="kerempuh" /> A shekara ta 2008, ya bayyana a matsayin mai tallafawa a cikin Metastases, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Marul da lambar yabo ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia. <ref name="kerempuh" /> An zabi shi don kyautar Apollo a bikin al'adu na Belgrade.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}} Matula ta bayyana a cikin Tranquilizer Gun, Is It Clear, My Friend?''Shin A bayyane yake, Abokina?'', ''Cutar'', ''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'', Dukan Dare mai duhu, da ''Sumar Šuma'' summarum. Don rawar da ya taka a cikin ''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'', Matula ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako a Bikin Fim na Pula . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Post festum 51. Pula film festivala |url=http://www.filmski.net/vijesti/filmski/dugometrazni-film/1427/post-festum-51-pula-film-festivala |website=filmski.net |language=Croatian |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2024-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112033734/http://www.filmski.net/vijesti/filmski/dugometrazni-film/1427/post-festum-51-pula-film-festivala |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kuma bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen Wallenberg: A Hero's Story, Schindler's List, da Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (inda ya buga Horatio). Ayyukansa na talabijin sun haɗa da matsayin baƙo a kan ''Zakon!'', Naša mala clinic, da [[:hr:Žutokljunac|''Žutokljunac'']]. Matula ta kuma yi fim kuma ta samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na musamman da gajeren lokaci don bikin fina-finai na Motovun.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Matula ta yi rikodin wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo da yawa. Maganar maganarsa ta haɗa da karatun ayyukan Agusta Šenoa, Ivan Goran Kovačić, Ante Kovačić, Vladimir Nazor, da Miroslav Krleža. Ya ba da murya ga waƙoƙi uku a kan kundin ''Punk Cabaret'' na Stanislav Kovačić.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stanislav Kovačić predstavio glazbenu priču u formi punk cabaret kazališta |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/stanislav-kovacic-predstavio-glazbenu-pricu-u-formi-punk-cabaret-kazalista-foto-20200121 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> Ya bayyana haruffa da yawa a fim din Croatian-American mai suna The Elm-Chanted Forest, Chum a cikin dub na Croatian na Finding Nemo (2003), da Sterling a cikin dub ɗin Croation na Cars 3 (2017).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} === Siyasa === Matula ya kasance memba na League of Communists of Croatia, da kuma wakili a taron 11th da na karshe na kwamitin tsakiya na League of Comunists of Croatia , wanda ya haifar da zaben dimokuradiyya na farko a 1989 na Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Croatia, sannan wani ɓangare na Jamhurwar Socialist ta Yugoslavia.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} Matula ta yi adawa da 'yancin kungiyar PravoNaGRAD a Zagreb <ref>{{Cite web |title=INTERVJU: VILIM MATULA / 'Živimo u izopačenoj kriminalnoj orgiji od društva gdje se pljačke prikrivaju lažnim domoljubljem' |url=https://100posto.jutarnji.hr/scena/zivimo-u-izopacenoj-kriminalnoj-orgiji-od-drustva-gdje-se-pljacke-prikrivaju-laznim-domoljubljem |website=100posto.jutarnji.hr |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2020-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604114509/https://100posto.jutarnji.hr/scena/zivimo-u-izopacenoj-kriminalnoj-orgiji-od-drustva-gdje-se-pljacke-prikrivaju-laznim-domoljubljem |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma neo-fascism. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matula raspalio u Otvorenom: Probajte diplomatski s Merkelicom objasniti da postoje različiti oblici 'Sieg Heila', Lučić mu odgovorio usporedbom s Mladićem |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/matula-raspalio-u-otvorenom-probajte-diplomatski-s-merkelicom-objasniti-da-postoje-razliciti-oblici-sieg-heil-to-je-sramota-foto-20190508 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda shi ma shugaban ne. Matula memba ne na kwamitin daidaitawa na Zagreb is OURS! (Zagreb je NAŠ!), dandalin ɗan ƙasa mai ci gaba wanda aka yi rajista a matsayin jam'iyyar kore-municipalist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title=Zagreb is OURS!'...embraces Zagreb's less privileged and more vulnerable among us, including those impacted by discrimination based on class, age, health, ability, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, sex characteristics, nationality, language, religion, belief or lack of one, as well as other statuses and likely intersections.' |url=http://www.zagrebjenas.hr/zagreb-is-ours}}</ref> A cikin zaɓen birni na Zagreb na 2017, Matula ya shiga a matsayin dan takara a majalisar gundumar Donji grad a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa. Ya mayar da hankali ga murkushe majalisa da cin hanci da rashawa na hukumomin birni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Prezir spram vijeća, zlostavljanje službenice |url=https://www.zagrebjenas.hr/prezir-spram-vijeca-zlostavljanje-sluzbenice/ |website=zagrebjenas.hr}}</ref> A cikin 2019 ya zama memba na kafa dandalin ɗan ƙasa We can! (Moesili!) wanda ya kafa hadin gwiwar kore-hagu don zaben majalisar dokoki na 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ljudi - Možemo! |url=https://www.mozemo.hr/ljudi/ |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=mozemo.hr |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208165826/https://www.mozemo.hr/ljudi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabe shi a majalisar dokokin Croatia tare da wasu mambobi shida na hadin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=The future of the Croatian left: Mozemo! |url=https://www.index.hr/eng/croatia/article/the-future-of-the-croatian-left-mozemo/2195930.aspx |website=Index.hr |access-date=23 February 2025 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129070658/https://www.index.hr/eng/croatia/article/the-future-of-the-croatian-left-mozemo/2195930.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, Matula ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, da Montenegrins. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1985 |''Wallenberg: Labarin Jarumi'' |SS Sergant na biyu |Fim din talabijin |- |1987 |''Dirty Dozen: The Deadly Mission'' |Karl - Taimako na Krieger |Fim din talabijin |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1993 |''Jerin Schindler'' |Mai bincike | |- |1996 |''Sedma kronika'' |Antonije | |- |2004 |''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'' |Rapacki | |} == Kyaututtuka == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Vili MatulaaIMDb * [https://kazalistekerempuh.hr/ansambl/vilim-matula/ Tarihi daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kerayang Satirical] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] s6m52uck9ambj410hon2zyq2izid44l 969504 969503 2026-10-19T11:54:41Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vili''' "Vili" '''Matula''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1962) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Croatia, darektan, mai fafutuka, kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Majalisar dokokin Croatia na hadin gwiwar hagu mai suna We Can!. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stipić |first=Tomislav |date=2 July 2020 |title=Vili Matula: Škorin stih o 'čudnim ljudima čudnog imena' je čudovišan |url=https://danica.hr/vili-matula-skorin-stih-o-cudnim-ljudima-cudnog-imena-je-cudovisan/ |website=danica.hr}}</ref> Matsayin Matula ya hada da ''S.P.U.K.'', Infection, 100 Minutes of Glory, Wallenberg: A Hero's Story, Schindler's List, da Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead. Yana aiki tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ker Interny Satirical a [[Zagreb]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == Matula ta halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare a Zagreb <ref name="kerempuh">{{Cite web |title=Vilim Matula |url=https://kazalistekerempuh.hr/ansambl/vilim-matula/ |website=kazalistekerempuh.hr |publisher=Kerempuh Theater}}</ref> kuma ta kasance memba na kwalejin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb . A shekara ta 1978, Matula ya fara ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta kansa, "Domaći" kafin ya shiga Kwalejin Fasaha a shekara ta 1980. <ref name="kerempuh" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa acikin shekarar 1985, ya shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb. Acikin shekara ta 1988, Matula ya kafa Zagreb's Acting Studio, wanda aka nufa don bunkasa ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo tare da dabarun kamar su Strasberg Method, Chekhov Technique, Meyerhold's Biomechanics, da Alexander Technique. <ref name="kerempuh" /> Acikin shekara ta 1993, Matula ta halarci Shirin Ayyuka na bazara a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal National a [[Landan]]. Daga cikin shekara ta 1987 zuwa cikin 1997, ya yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb . <ref name="kerempuh"/> == Ayyuka == === Yin wasan kwaikwayo === A shekara ta 2000, ya shiga cikin ƙaddamar da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Boal Forum ta hanyar gayyatar daga masanin wasan kwaikwayo da mai sukar mata Nataša Govedić . <ref name="kerempuh"/> A shekara ta 2001, Matula ya fara hadin gwiwa tare da Damir Bartol Indoš da The House of Extreme Music Theatre Group Kugla . <ref name="kerempuh" /> A shekara ta 2008, ya bayyana a matsayin mai tallafawa a cikin Metastases, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Marul da lambar yabo ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia. <ref name="kerempuh" /> An zabi shi don kyautar Apollo a bikin al'adu na Belgrade.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}} Matula ta bayyana a cikin Tranquilizer Gun, Is It Clear, My Friend?''Shin A bayyane yake, Abokina?'', ''Cutar'', ''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'', Dukan Dare mai duhu, da ''Sumar Šuma'' summarum. Don rawar da ya taka a cikin ''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'', Matula ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako a Bikin Fim na Pula . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Post festum 51. Pula film festivala |url=http://www.filmski.net/vijesti/filmski/dugometrazni-film/1427/post-festum-51-pula-film-festivala |website=filmski.net |language=Croatian |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2024-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112033734/http://www.filmski.net/vijesti/filmski/dugometrazni-film/1427/post-festum-51-pula-film-festivala |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kuma bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen Wallenberg: A Hero's Story, Schindler's List, da Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (inda ya buga Horatio). Ayyukansa na talabijin sun haɗa da matsayin baƙo a kan ''Zakon!'', Naša mala clinic, da [[:hr:Žutokljunac|''Žutokljunac'']]. Matula ta kuma yi fim kuma ta samar da shirye-shiryen talabijin na musamman da gajeren lokaci don bikin fina-finai na Motovun.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Matula ta yi rikodin wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo da yawa. Maganar maganarsa ta haɗa da karatun ayyukan Agusta Šenoa, Ivan Goran Kovačić, Ante Kovačić, Vladimir Nazor, da Miroslav Krleža. Ya ba da murya ga waƙoƙi uku a kan kundin ''Punk Cabaret'' na Stanislav Kovačić.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stanislav Kovačić predstavio glazbenu priču u formi punk cabaret kazališta |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/stanislav-kovacic-predstavio-glazbenu-pricu-u-formi-punk-cabaret-kazalista-foto-20200121 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> Ya bayyana haruffa da yawa a fim din Croatian-American mai suna The Elm-Chanted Forest, Chum a cikin dub na Croatian na Finding Nemo (2003), da Sterling a cikin dub ɗin Croation na Cars 3 (2017).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} === Siyasa === Matula ya kasance memba na League of Communists of Croatia, da kuma wakili a taron 11th da na karshe na kwamitin tsakiya na League of Comunists of Croatia , wanda ya haifar da zaben dimokuradiyya na farko a 1989 na Jamhuriyar Socialist ta Croatia, sannan wani ɓangare na Jamhurwar Socialist ta Yugoslavia.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} Matula ta yi adawa da 'yancin kungiyar PravoNaGRAD a Zagreb <ref>{{Cite web |title=INTERVJU: VILIM MATULA / 'Živimo u izopačenoj kriminalnoj orgiji od društva gdje se pljačke prikrivaju lažnim domoljubljem' |url=https://100posto.jutarnji.hr/scena/zivimo-u-izopacenoj-kriminalnoj-orgiji-od-drustva-gdje-se-pljacke-prikrivaju-laznim-domoljubljem |website=100posto.jutarnji.hr |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2020-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604114509/https://100posto.jutarnji.hr/scena/zivimo-u-izopacenoj-kriminalnoj-orgiji-od-drustva-gdje-se-pljacke-prikrivaju-laznim-domoljubljem |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma neo-fascism. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matula raspalio u Otvorenom: Probajte diplomatski s Merkelicom objasniti da postoje različiti oblici 'Sieg Heila', Lučić mu odgovorio usporedbom s Mladićem |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/matula-raspalio-u-otvorenom-probajte-diplomatski-s-merkelicom-objasniti-da-postoje-razliciti-oblici-sieg-heil-to-je-sramota-foto-20190508 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> Yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, wanda shi ma shugaban ne. Matula memba ne na kwamitin daidaitawa na Zagreb is OURS! (Zagreb je NAŠ!), dandalin ɗan ƙasa mai ci gaba wanda aka yi rajista a matsayin jam'iyyar kore-municipalist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title=Zagreb is OURS!'...embraces Zagreb's less privileged and more vulnerable among us, including those impacted by discrimination based on class, age, health, ability, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, sex characteristics, nationality, language, religion, belief or lack of one, as well as other statuses and likely intersections.' |url=http://www.zagrebjenas.hr/zagreb-is-ours}}</ref> A cikin zaɓen birni na Zagreb na 2017, Matula ya shiga a matsayin dan takara a majalisar gundumar Donji grad a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa. Ya mayar da hankali ga murkushe majalisa da cin hanci da rashawa na hukumomin birni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Prezir spram vijeća, zlostavljanje službenice |url=https://www.zagrebjenas.hr/prezir-spram-vijeca-zlostavljanje-sluzbenice/ |website=zagrebjenas.hr}}</ref> A cikin 2019 ya zama memba na kafa dandalin ɗan ƙasa We can! (Moesili!) wanda ya kafa hadin gwiwar kore-hagu don zaben majalisar dokoki na 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ljudi - Možemo! |url=https://www.mozemo.hr/ljudi/ |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=mozemo.hr |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208165826/https://www.mozemo.hr/ljudi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabe shi a majalisar dokokin Croatia tare da wasu mambobi shida na hadin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=The future of the Croatian left: Mozemo! |url=https://www.index.hr/eng/croatia/article/the-future-of-the-croatian-left-mozemo/2195930.aspx |website=Index.hr |access-date=23 February 2025 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129070658/https://www.index.hr/eng/croatia/article/the-future-of-the-croatian-left-mozemo/2195930.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2017, Matula ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, da Montenegrins. == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1985 |''Wallenberg: Labarin Jarumi'' |SS Sergant na biyu |Fim din talabijin |- |1987 |''Dirty Dozen: The Deadly Mission'' |Karl - Taimako na Krieger |Fim din talabijin |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1993 |''Jerin Schindler'' |Mai bincike | |- |1996 |''Sedma kronika'' |Antonije | |- |2004 |''Minti 100 na ɗaukaka'' |Rapacki | |} == Kyaututtuka == == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Vili MatulaaIMDb * [https://kazalistekerempuh.hr/ansambl/vilim-matula/ Tarihi daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kerayang Satirical] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] hm1ohimesewpnhe9zno0i12y50fvei6 0 93704 969461 589587 2026-10-19T11:14:45Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga Janairu zuwa Yuni 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga Janairu 1994 zuwa 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo a shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru a 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8qjw1tp7litg4r36f7jzyp9h12xfkez 969462 969461 2026-10-19T11:15:58Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga Janairu zuwa Yuni 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga Janairu 1994 zuwa 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo a shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru a 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gpx9drwyspzqi7r522n7y5o2kawex3j 969464 969462 2026-10-19T11:16:33Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga Janairu zuwa Yuni 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga Janairu 1994 zuwa 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo a shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru a 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gd1dkkr1y4xdtijhg44yyfh2ax2bv8c 969467 969464 2026-10-19T11:17:22Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin Janairu zuwa Yuni 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga Janairu 1994 zuwa 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo a shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru a 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tppdkfopryzr47ql0syzq6o66uxyu88 969469 969467 2026-10-19T11:18:05Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa Yuni 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga Janairu 1994 zuwa 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo a shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru a 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t4eku5htfo3plfi68ackk7a4myzdiz0 969475 969469 2026-10-19T11:23:38Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa Yuni 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairu 1994 zuwa 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo a shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru a 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] te9aev2szr2fogfnn8smlthjlvtfz3k 969477 969475 2026-10-19T11:24:30Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa Yuni 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 zuwa 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo a shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru a 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bn61gimtnkqzlz6pddfj6nnq6vbz39l 969478 969477 2026-10-19T11:25:32Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa Yuni 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 zuwa cikin 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo a shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru a 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7nff8r9metosd6re97m6fkjqp1yeh3g 969479 969478 2026-10-19T11:25:58Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa Yuni 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 zuwa cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo a shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru a 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1x248oc593tb9dblk10byidb2uctdsh 969480 969479 2026-10-19T11:26:41Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa Yuni 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo a shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru a 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5atyp0x4h7eb9h3o9udypw4mmbm6vlq 969481 969480 2026-10-19T11:27:25Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa cikin Yuni 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo a shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru a 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r5ieaojxiux4okgd3t3nktie2uxwigg 969482 969481 2026-10-19T11:28:01Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa cikin watan Yuni 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo a shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru a 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m34symoiioe02aokozr31msv9jo0mia 969483 969482 2026-10-19T11:28:32Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa cikin watan Yunin shekara ta 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo a shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru a 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ccyvzug834q8aouy2d1skxbuam163wz 969484 969483 2026-10-19T11:29:40Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa cikin watan Yunin shekara ta 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo acikin shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru a 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5co82jk3ca9jaany5mwrw2ymhy3oinp 969485 969484 2026-10-19T11:30:46Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa cikin watan Yunin shekara ta 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo acikin shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne acikin watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru a 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ao9sqmn2p2i6piwem0l77511362kleb 969486 969485 2026-10-19T11:32:10Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa cikin watan Yunin shekara ta 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo acikin shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne acikin watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru a 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin shekara ta 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] am6zs8y5tvi20n3qiufrmucgjup1tep 969488 969486 2026-10-19T11:32:48Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa cikin watan Yunin shekara ta 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo acikin shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne acikin watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru acikin 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin shekara ta 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 43t7ir8rn8hdzjezv08ek34o61g3pum 969489 969488 2026-10-19T11:33:36Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa cikin watan Yunin shekara ta 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo acikin shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne acikin watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru acikin shekara ta 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin shekara ta 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu. A ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] smsodn5d85ciio2tlj461orch7c0ts6 969490 969489 2026-10-19T11:34:50Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa cikin watan Yunin shekara ta 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo acikin shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne acikin watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru acikin shekara ta 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin shekara ta 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu.Acikin ƙarshen 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e821hshw21mh6ohlrgadpg2xyebld0i 969491 969490 2026-10-19T11:35:57Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa cikin watan Yunin shekara ta 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo acikin shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne acikin watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru acikin shekara ta 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin shekara ta 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu.Acikin ƙarshen shekara ta 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dqw511e13it1snhrcnu79pob346tnss 969492 969491 2026-10-19T11:37:03Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa cikin watan Yunin shekara ta 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo acikin shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne acikin watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru acikin shekara ta 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin shekara ta 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon shekara ta 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu.Acikin ƙarshen shekara ta 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon a shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m38zl55jwl59sngkejc2edgm0dvd7xj 969493 969492 2026-10-19T11:38:06Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa cikin watan Yunin shekara ta 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo acikin shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne acikin watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru acikin shekara ta 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin shekara ta 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon shekara ta 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu.Acikin ƙarshen shekara ta 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon acikin shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro, 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oi9wa9cwlpsnfqk28q7mefklsqtkz5a 969494 969493 2026-10-19T11:39:20Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa cikin watan Yunin shekara ta 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo acikin shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne acikin watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru acikin shekara ta 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin shekara ta 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon shekara ta 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu.Acikin ƙarshen shekara ta 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon acikin shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro,acikin shekara ta 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d6d276cq8t4o72m8uwix9g7qwacp6vh 969495 969494 2026-10-19T11:40:36Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa cikin watan Yunin shekara ta 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo acikin shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne acikin watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru acikin shekara ta 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin shekara ta 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon shekara ta 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu.Acikin ƙarshen shekara ta 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon acikin shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro,acikin shekara ta 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar shekara ta 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ba8qxrad0vpsvc420hl2cm0t47rp89q 969496 969495 2026-10-19T11:43:14Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 969496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slobodan Šnajder''' ({{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}}An haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1948) [[marubuci]] ne kuma mai talla labarai na Croatia.{{IPA|sh|slɔ̝bɔ̝̌dan ʃnǎjdɛ̝r|pron}} An haifi Šnajder acikin shekara ta 1948 a [[Zagreb]], inda ya kammala karatu a fannin falsafa da karatun Ingilishi daga Faculty of Philosophy . <ref name="mv">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder: Doba mjedi |url=https://mvinfo.hr/knjiga/10904/doba-mjedi |via=mvinfo.hr}}</ref> Ya kasance co-kafa kuma editan mujallar wasan kwaikwayo Prolog da kuma editan fitowar da [[Cekade]] ta buga. An buga gajerun labaru, litattafai da wasansa tun cikin shekara ta 1966.<ref name="mv" /> Daga cikin watan Janairu zuwa cikin watan Yunin shekara ta 1993, ya kasance marubuci a cikin jaridar yau da kullun Glas Slavonije, Osijek, (Reader for the Melancholics), kuma, tun daga cikin Janairun shekara ta 1994 har zuwa cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin jarida ta yau da kullun Novi list, Rijeka, (Dangerous Connections). Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na mujallar hagu ''Novi Plamen'' . Ginshiƙansa da wasansa suna da magoya baya da masu adawa.Kodayake Šnajder yana rubuce-rubuce tun daga lokacin, an fitar da littafinsa na farko mai suna Morendo acikin shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == Ayyukan farko na Šnajder shine wasan kwaikwayo na farko ''Minigolf'' - gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gavella, Zagreb, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Croatia na [[Zagreb]] (HNK) ya shirya uku daga cikin wasansa, ''Kamov, smrtopis'' (Kamov, Necrography) (1978), ''Držićev san'' (Dream of Držić) (1980), duka biyu da Ljubiša Ristić ya samar, da kuma "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind), wanda Ivica Boban ya shirya. ''Kamov, smrtopis'' an shirya shi ne acikin watan Maris na shekara ta 2003 ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Zagreb (ZKM) a cikin samar da Branko Brezovec . ''Dumanske tišine'' (Silences of a nun) wasa ne da aka shirya a duk abin da ke Yugoslavia. Wani wasan kwaikwayon nasa, "Zmijin svlak" (The Snakeskin), game da fyade a yakin Bosnia, an buga shi a duk faɗin Turai, daga Tübingen, Oslo, Warsaw, Kraków, Veroli kusa da Roma (Festival Dionysia), Frankfurt / Main, Dublin, Wien, Kopenhagen, har zuwa Belgrade. Wannan ya faru ne a matsayin rubutun da aka fi buga a kasashen waje, amma ba a Croatia ba. Amma akwai wani wasa wanda da alama ya fi rikitarwa daga ranar da aka bayar har zuwa yau: ''Hrvatski Faust'' (Croatian Faust). Akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin muhawara a cikin mahallin wasan kwaikwayon Ralph Hochhut "Stellvertreter" da wannan wasan kwaikwayon Šnajder . Dare na buɗewa ya kasance a Split, acikin shekara ta 1982, wanda Dino Radojević ya jagoranta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka shirya wasan a Varaždin (Petar Veček) da Belgrade (Slobodan Unkovski). Amma duk ra'ayoyin da za a yi a Zagreb, inda abubuwan da aka bayyana a cikin wasan suka faru acikin shekara ta 1942, a karkashin mulkin Ustaša ("quislings" na Croatia), sun zama ba zai yiwu ba tun daga farkon lokacin. A zahiri, wasan kwaikwayon yana la'akari da tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayon da kansa wanda a cikin shekarun saba'in ya buga wasan kwaikwayo biyu na Šnajder. Fassarar Faust-play na Šnajder yana da wani abu da ya shafi abin da Jamusawa ke kira ''"Aufarbeitung der Geschichte"'' (aikin tarihi). Wani abu kamar wannan ba aiki ne mai sauƙi ba, ba ga Jamusawa ba, ko ga Croats da yawa. "Croatian Faust" shine wasan farko na Šnajder da aka buga a kasashen waje: a cikin shekara ta 1987 Roberto Ciulli ya shirya wannan wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ruhr . An nuna wannan samarwa a ko'ina a Jamus, a kasashe da yawa na Turai, da kuma Amurka (Chicago). SAT1 ya yi fim na musamman. Shirin karshe na Šnajder a cikin yanayi na al'ada ya kasance "Bauhaus" (ZKM, wanda Paolo Magelli ya jagoranta, a farkon shekara ta 1990). A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa an cire Šnajder daga kowane repertoire da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a garinsu da ƙasarsu.Acikin ƙarshen shekara ta 1999 Petar Veček ya shirya babban guignol na Šnajder "Kod Bijelog labuda" (A White Swan), kuma a Varaždin . Amma an buga Šnajder a Turai, saboda irin wannan haramtacciyar tantancewa ba za ta iya aiki a waje da Croatia ba. Wasu shirye-shirye a Turai, ban da "Snakeskin": "Hrvatski Faust" (Croatian Faust, Burgtheater, Wien, wanda Hans Hollmann ya jagoranta), "Utjeha sjevernih mora" (Ta'aziyya ta Tekun Arewa a Frankfurt / Oder, wanda Michael Funke ya jagorantar), "Nevjesta od vjetra" (Bride of the Wind, wanda mai shirya fim din Werner Schroeter ya jagorantaka). Miloš Lazin ya samar da wasan Šnajder "Ines & Denise" a Faransanci, na farko a Sarajevo, sannan gidan wasan kwaikwayonsa ya buga wannan taken a garuruwan Faransa da yawa. Faransanci bude dare ya faru a Villeneuve-les-Avignon acikin shekarar 1997. An shirya wasan game da Josip Broz Tito, The Bones in Stone, a watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Bitola, [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Jamhuriyar Makidoniya]], wanda Branko Brezovec ya jagoranta. A cikin shekara ta 2010 Kruna Tarle ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayonsa don bukukuwa - Moja draga Tilla! ("Ƙaunatacciyar Tilla!" Tilla ta zauna a nan don 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jamus Tilla Durieux wacce ta yi hijira zuwa Masarautar Yugoslavia tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe). Wannan haɗin gwiwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zagreb da Hfs Ernst Busch, Kwalejin Jamus don wasan kwaikwayo daga Berlin. Kungiyar Jamus ta yi nasu sigar, dare na buɗewa ya faru a Leverkusen, bayan haka a Berlin. Wasanni na baya-bayan nan sune: Enciklopedija esani (Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time, wanda shine wani nau'i na post-socialist ''Jedermann'' (Kowane Mutum), wato wani nau'in 'canji' mu'ujiza-wasan), da Kako je Dunda স্পala domovinu (Yadda Dunda ke Gudanar da Ceton Kasarta), bisa ga dalilan Maupassant. Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time an ba da kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal a Cetinje, Montenegro,acikin shekara ta 2009. Fiye da shekaru goma sha takwas Šnajder yana rubuta ginshiƙan siyasa na mako-mako, na farko a Glas Slavonije, jaridar yau da kullun da aka bayar a Osijek, Croatia, a ƙarƙashin taken "Početnica za melankolike" (Mai karatu don Melancholics), a ci gaba a cikin "List New", wanda aka bayar a Rijeka. Wadannan ana kiransu Opasne vezes (Les Liaisons dangereuses, bayan na Laclos). Zaɓin da ke rufe ginshiƙan da aka rubuta har zuwa 1999 an buga shi a cikin littafin ''Kardinalna greška'' (Kaddalin Kuskuren), yayin da waɗanda aka buga daga 1999 zuwa tsakiyar shekara ta 2004 an tattara su a cikin wani littafi - Umwenn pod zvijezdom (To Die Under the Star). Slobodan Šnajder ya sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan Harshen Harshen Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks da Montenegrins a cikin aikin ''Harsuna da Ƙasashen'' (Jezici i nacionalizmi). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Derk |first=Denis |date=28 March 2017 |title=Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca |trans-title=A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear |url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920235101/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=5 June 2019 |publisher=[[Večernji list]] |pages=6–7 |language=Serbo-Croatian |issn=0350-5006}}</ref> Sanarwar ta yi adawa da rabuwa ta siyasa na bambance-bambance huɗu na Serbo-Croatian wanda ke haifar da jerin abubuwan da ba su dace ba na zamantakewa, al'adu da siyasa wanda ake aiwatar da maganganun harshe a matsayin ma'auni na haɗin kabilanci da ƙasa kuma a matsayin hanyar aminci na siyasa a jihohin da suka gaji Yugoslavia. == Bayanan littattafai ==   == Kyaututtuka na wallafe-wallafen == * Ta yaya Dunda ta ceci ƙasar ta (2008) - Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * The Encyclopaedia of the Wasted Time (2009) - Kyautar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal, Cetinje, Montenegro; Kyautar Kasa ta Croatia don Wasanni "Marin Držić" * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Meša Selimović <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - SUDBINA FOLKSDOJČERA Slobodan Šnajder osvojio nagradu Meša Selimović za roman 'Doba mjedi' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/sudbina-folksdojcera-slobodan-snajder-osvojio-nagradu-mesa-selimovic-za-roman-doba-mjedi-4667297 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Radomir Konstantinović <ref name="tportal.hr">{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik tportalove književne nagrade vrijedne 50 tisuća kuna |url=https://www.tportal.hr/kultura/clanak/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-tportalove-knjizevne-nagrade-vrijedne-50-tisuca-kuna-20161114 |website=tportal.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Mirko Kovač <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - LOVORIKE ZA DOBA MJEDI Slobodan Šnajder svojim najnovijim romanom osvojio i Nagradu Mirko Kovač |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/lovorike-za-doba-mjedi-slobodan-snajder-svojim-najnovijim-romanom-osvojio-i-nagradu-mirko-kovac-4681928 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Doba mjedi (2016) - roman@tportal.hr Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref name="tportal.hr" /> * Doba mjedi (2016) - "Fuka-fukan Kočić" Kyautar wallafe-wallafen <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Jutarnji list - KOČIĆEVO PERO SLOBODANU ŠNAJDERU 'Doba mjedi predstavlja anticipaciju budućeg razvoja cjelokupne književnosti' |url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/knjizevnost/kocicevo-pero-slobodanu-snajderu-doba-mjedi-predstavlja-anticipaciju-buduceg-razvoja-cjelokupne-knjizevnosti-5251507 |website=www.jutarnji.hr}}</ref> * Umwenn u Hrvatskoj: pet eseja (2019) - Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Višnja Machiedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slobodan Šnajder dobitnik nagrade Višnja Machiedo {{!}} Hrvatsko Društvo Pisaca |url=https://hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr/hr/novosti/slobodan-snajder-dobitnik-nagrade-visnja-machiedo |access-date=2020-07-08 |website=hrvatskodrustvopisaca.hr}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Jerin Novi'' * ''Novi Plamen'' == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h6zcx5r9rh4abah6sb4n2mb1yzyp9qm 0 94247 969438 741601 2026-10-19T10:45:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Josaphat.jpg|thumb| Hoton Kirista na Josaphat, rubutun karni na 12]] '''Barlaam da Josaphat''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Bilawhar da Budhasaf''', su ne tsarkaka na Kirista . Labarinsu ya ba da labarin yadda Josaphat ya koma [[Kiristanci]] . Bisa al’adar, wani sarkin Indiya ya tsananta wa Cocin Kirista a daularsa. Bayan da masana taurari suka annabta cewa wata rana ɗan nasa zai zama Kirista, sarkin ya ɗaure matashin ɗan sarki Josaphat, wanda duk da haka ya sadu da mai suna Saint Barlaam kuma ya koma Kiristanci. Bayan tsananin tsananin uban saurayin ya karɓi bangaskiyar Kirista, ya mai da gadon sarautarsa ga Josaphat, kuma ya yi ritaya zuwa jeji ya zama magaji. Daga baya kuma Joshafat da kansa ya yi murabus, ya tafi tare da tsohon malaminsa Barlaam. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Battistero_di_parma,_portale_sud_03_leggenda_di_barlaam.JPG|thumb| Hoton misalin Barlaam da Josaphat a Baftisma na Parma, Italiya]] Labarin '''Barlaam da Josaphat''' ko '''Joasaph''' [[Kiristanci]] ne kuma daga baya sigar labarin [[Gautama Buddha|Siddhartha Gautama]], wanda ya zama Buddha . Labarin ya samo asali ne daga rubutun [[Buddha]] [[Sanskrit|na Sanskrit]] [[Mahayana]] na ƙarni na biyu zuwa na huɗu, ta hanyar sigar Manichaean, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Joseph |date=2009 |title=The Life of the Saint and the Animal: Asian Religious Influence in the Medieval Christian West |url=https://journals.equinoxpub.com/JSRNC/article/view/5782 |journal=The Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=169–194 |doi=10.1558/jsrnc.v3i2.169 |access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> sannan da [[Larabci]] ''Kitāb Bilawhar wa-Būd̠āsaf'' (Littafin Bilawhar da Budhasaf), na yanzu a [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]] a ƙarni na takwas, daga inda ya shiga cikin da'irar Kirista na Gabas ta Tsakiya kafin ya bayyana a cikin nau'ikan Turai. Farkon karbuwa na Kiristanci shine almara [[Yaren Jojiya|na Jojiya]] ''Balavariani'' tun daga karni na 10. Wani dan kasar Jojiya, Euthymius na Athos, ya fassara labarin zuwa Girkanci, wani lokaci kafin ya mutu a wani hatsari yayin da ya ziyarci Constantinople a 1028. A can aka fassara fassarar Helenanci zuwa [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] a cikin 1048 kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya zama sananne a Yammacin Turai kamar ''Barlaam da Josaphat'' . Harshen Helenanci na "Barlaam da Ioasaph" wani lokaci ana danganta shi zuwa karni na 8 John na Damascus, amma FC Conybeare yayi jayayya cewa Euthymius ne ya rubuta shi a karni na 11. Labarin Barlaam da Josaphat ya shahara a tsakiyar zamanai, yana bayyana a irin waɗannan ayyuka kamar ''Legend na Zinariya'', kuma wani wurin da ke can ya ƙunshi akwatuna uku a ƙarshe ya bayyana, ta hanyar fassarar Turanci na Caxton na Latin, a cikin [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] 's " The Merchant of Venice ". Mawaƙin Chardri ya fitar da sigar Anglo-Norman, ''La vie de seint Josaphaz'', a ƙarni na 13. Labarin Josaphat da Barlaam kuma ya ƙunshi babban ɓangare na littafin xv na Speculum Historiale (Mirror of History) na 13th encyclopedist na Faransa Vincent na Beauvais . Ɗaya daga cikin rubutun [[Marco Polo]] ya lura da kamanceceniya mai ban mamaki tsakanin labarin "Sakyamuni Burkham" (sunan da Polo ke amfani da shi don [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] ) da St. Josaphat, a fili bai san asalin labarin Josaphat ba. An samar da nau'o'i biyu na Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Jamus : ɗaya, "Laubacher ''Barlaam'' ", na Bishop Otto II na Freising da wani, ''Barlaam und Josaphat'', soyayya a cikin ayar, na Rudolf von Ems . An bayyana karshen a matsayin "watakila furen kirkire-kirkire na addini a tsakiyar zamanai na Jamus" na Heinrich Heine . <ref>''Die Blüte der heiligen Dichtkunst im deutschen Mittelalter ist vielleicht »Barlaam und Josaphat«...'' See Heinrich Heine, [http://www.heinrich-heine.net/schule/schuled1.htm Die romantische Schule (Erstes Buch)] at heinrich-heine.net. {{In lang|de}}.</ref> A cikin ƙarni na 16, an sake ba da labarin Josaphat a matsayin kāriyar rayuwar zuhudu a lokacin [[Protestant Reformation|Gyarawa na Furotesta]] da ’ [['Yancin zaɓi|yancin zaɓe]] a kan koyarwar [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] game da kaddara . <ref name="Cañizares">{{Cite journal |last=Cañizares Ferriz |first=Patricia |date=1 January 2000 |title=La ''Historia de los dos soldados de Cristo, Barlaan y Josafat'' (Madrid 1608). |trans-title=Story of the two soldiers of Christ, Barlaan and Josafat |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/38829954.pdf |journal=Cuadernos de Filología Clásica. Estudios Latinos |language=es |volume=19 |page=260 |issn=1988-2343 |access-date=21 February 2021 |quote=y que ya en el s. XVI se convirtiera en un arma defensora de la validez de la vida monástica y del libre albedrío frente a la doctrina luterana.}}</ref> == Labari == [[Fayil:Leprosorium.jpg|thumb| Yarima Josaphat yana gai da kuturu da nakasassu. Misali daga kwafin Vincent de Beauvais Speculum Historiale na ƙarni na 14.]] A cewar almara, Sarki Abenner a Indiya ya tsananta wa Cocin Kirista a mulkinsa, wanda Manzo Thomas ya kafa. Sa’ad da masana taurari suka annabta cewa wata rana ɗansa zai zama Kirista, Abenner ya sa a keɓe ɗan sarki Josaphat daga waje. Duk da ɗaurin kurkukun, Josaphat ya sadu da limamin cocin Saint Barlaam kuma ya koma Kiristanci. Joshaphat ya kiyaye bangaskiyarsa ko da ya fuskanci fushin mahaifinsa da lallashi. Daga ƙarshe Abenner ya tuba, ya mai da gadon sarautarsa ga Josaphat, kuma ya yi ritaya zuwa jeji don ya zama ɗan garke. Joshafat da kansa ya yi murabus, ya tafi tare da tsohon malaminsa Barlaam. == Sunaye == A cikin wannan mahallin, sunan Josaphat ya samo asali ne daga [[Sanskrit]] ''bodhisattva'' . <ref name="Macdonell1900">{{Cite book|last3=Arthur Anthony Macdonell}}</ref> An canza kalmar Sanskrit zuwa ''{{Lang|pal|Bodisav}}'' a cikin rubutun Farisa ta Tsakiya a cikin karni na 6 ko na 7, sannan zuwa ''{{Transl|ar|Būdhasaf}}'' ko ''{{Transl|ar|Yūdhasaf}}'' a cikin takardar Larabci na ƙarni na 8 (Farkon Larabci "b"  zuwa "y"  kwafin digo a rubutun hannu). Wannan ya zama ''{{Transl|ka|Iodasaph}}'' a cikin [[Yaren Jojiya|Jojin]] a cikin karni na 10, kuma an daidaita wannan sunan a matsayin ''Ioasaph'' ( {{Lang|grc|Ἰωάσαφ}} ) a Girka a ƙarni na 11, sannan aka haɗa shi da ''Iosaphat/Josaphat'' a cikin Latin. Sunan Barlaam ya samo asali ne daga sunan Larabci ''Bilawhar'' ( {{Lang|ar|بِلَوْهَر}} ) aro ta hanyar [[Yaren Jojiya|Jojin]] ( {{Lang|ka|ბალაჰვარ}} {{Transl|ka|Balahvar}} ) zuwa Girkanci na Byzantine ( {{Lang|grc|Βαρλαάμ}} {{Transl|grc|Barlaám}} ). ''Bilawhar'' na Larabci a tarihi an yi tunanin ya samo asali ne daga Sanskrit <nowiki><i id="mwvw">bhagavan</i></nowiki>, ma'anar Buddha, amma wannan fitowar ba ta da tabbas kuma an gabatar da wasu. Almuth Degener yana ba da shawarar samowa daga Sanskrit ''purohita'' ta tsakiyar tsakiyar Farisa ta tsakiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Degener |first=Almuth |date=2014 |title=Barlaam the Priest |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297970563 |journal=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft |volume=164 |issue=2 |pages=527–530 |issn=0341-0137 |jstor=10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.2.0527}}</ref> Sunan mahaifin Josaphat, Sarki Abenner, ya samo asali ne daga sunan Girkanci ''Abenner'' ( {{Lang|grc|Ἀβεννήρ}} ), ko da yake wani sigar Girkanci na almara ya ba da wannan suna a matsayin ''Avenir'' ( {{Lang|grc|Ἄβενιρ}} ). An samo waɗannan sunayen Helenanci daga Jojiya ''Abeneser'' ( {{Lang|ka|აბენესერ}} ; daga baya aka gajarta zuwa {{Lang|ka|აბენეს}}, {{Transl|ka|Abenes}} ), wanda shi kansa ya samo asali ne daga harshen larabci na tatsuniyar inda aka sanya masa suna King ''Junaysar'' ( {{Lang|ar|جُنَيسَر}} ). A cewar IV Abuladze, a lokacin aro daga Larabci zuwa Jojiyanci, kuskuren <nowiki><i id="mw3Q">i'jam</i></nowiki> ya haifar da kuskuren karanta ''Junaysar'' a matsayin ''Habeneser'', bayan haka an cire farkon ''H-'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taniguchi |first=Isamu |year=1985 |title=Story of Barlaam and Josaphat as Crucible of Intercultural Communication |journal=Journal of Human Sciences |publisher=St. Andrew's University |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=45–57}}</ref> Ba a san asalin sunan Larabci ba. == Tsarki == === Ranakun idi === Barlaam da Josaphat an haɗa su a cikin bugu na farko na Roman Martyrology tare da ranar bikin haɗin gwiwa a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, <ref name="Macdonell1900"/> duk da haka, ba a haɗa su cikin Missal Roman ba. Tun 1960 wani Saint, St. Josephat, Bishop da Shahidai, yana da bikin ranar 16 ga Nuwamba. Barlaam da Josaphat an shigar da su cikin kalandar liturgical na Orthodox na Girka a ranar 26 ga Agusta <nowiki><i id="mw_g">Julian</i></nowiki> ( 8 Satumba <nowiki><i id="mwAQE">Gregorian</i></nowiki> ), <ref name="Macdonell1900"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Αιώνια Ορθόδοξο ημερολόγιο |url=https://www.crkvenikalendar.com/datumgr-2021-9-8 |website=Αιώνια Ορθόδοξο ημερολόγιο |language=el }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma cikin kalandar liturgical na al'adar Slavic na Cocin Orthodox na Gabas, a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba ''Julian'' ( 2 Disamba ''Gregorian'' ). <ref name="PRAVOSLAVIE">''[http://days.pravoslavie.ru/en/Days/20121119.htm November 19/December 2] {{Webarchive}}.'' Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru).</ref> == Rubutu == [[Fayil:Barlaam_and_Josaphat._English_lives_of_Buddha.djvu|page=9|thumb| Wani shafi daga bugun 1896 na Joseph Jacobs a Jami'ar Toronto (Danna hoto don karanta littafin)]] Akwai litattafai da yawa da yawa a cikin harsuna daban-daban, duk suna magana game da rayuwar Waliyai Barlaam da Josaphat a [[Indiya]] . A cikin wannan al'adar hagiographic, rayuwa da koyarwar Josaphat suna da alaƙa da yawa tare da na [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] . "Amma har zuwa tsakiyar karni na sha tara ba a gane cewa, a Josaphat, an girmama Buddha a matsayin waliyyi na Kirista na kimanin shekaru dubu." An tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar binciken Edouard de Laboulaye da Felix Liebrecht a cikin 1859-1860. An yi jayayya da marubucin aikin. Asalin labarin na iya zama rubutun tsakiyar Asiya da aka rubuta a cikin al'adar Manichaean . An fassara wannan littafi zuwa [[Yaren Jojiya|harshen Jojiya]] da [[Larabci]] . === Rubutun Girkanci === Mafi sanannun sigar Turai ta fito ne daga wani dabam, amma ba gaba ɗaya mai zaman kanta ba, tushen, an rubuta shi a cikin Hellenanci, kuma, ko da yake ba a san shi ba, an danganta shi da “John the monk”. An fara danganta shi ga Yahaya na Damascus a karni na 12. Ko da yake an kai wa wannan sifa hari a ƙarni na 19, George Ratcliffe Woodward da Harold Mattingly sun taƙaita muhawarar da ke goyon bayan marubucin Yahaya na Damascus kamar haka: Koyarwar aikin tana da kama da na St. akwai ayoyi akai-akai daga marubutan St. John da ya fi so, kamar St. Gregory na Nazianus da St. Basil; "Kare hotuna, tare da la'antar gumaka, da sha'awar ra'ayi na zuhudu, da rashin kulawa da aka nuna ga bishops da limaman addini, kusan sun tilasta mana mu sanya aikin a lokacin Rikicin Iconoclastic. Matsayin da aka ɗauka da kuma kare shi, shine ainihin abin da ya faru na Icon-vener." cewa ana kiran St. Yohanna sau da yawa da “Yohanna Monk”, don haka cewa ba a ambaci sunansa ba a cikin littattafan farko ba ya kawar da shi. Duk da haka, yawancin malaman zamani ba su yarda da wannan sifa ba, suna yin nuni da shaida da yawa da ke nuna Euthymius na Athos, ɗan Jojiya wanda ya mutu a 1028. Buga na zamani na rubutun Helenanci, daga rubuce-rubucen bambance-bambancen 160 masu tsira (2006), tare da gabatarwa (Jamus, 2009) an buga shi azaman juzu'i na 6 na ayyukan John the Damascene ta sufaye na Abbey na Scheyern, editan Robert Volk. An haɗa shi a cikin bugu saboda rubutun gargajiya, amma alamar "spuria" kamar yadda mai fassara shi ne dan Jojiya Euthymius the Hagiorite (ca. 955-1028) a Dutsen Athos kuma ba John Damascene na gidan sufi na Saint Sabas a cikin Hamadar Yahudiya ba . Gabatarwar 2009 ta ƙunshi bita. === Rubutun Turanci === Daga cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta a cikin Ingilishi, biyu daga cikin mafi mahimmanci sune Library na Burtaniya MS Egerton 876 (tushen littafin Ikegami) da ''MS Peterhouse 257'' (tushen littafin Hirsh) a Jami'ar Cambridge . Littafin ya ƙunshi labari mai kama da The Caskets Uku da aka samu a ''Gesta Romanorum'' kuma daga baya a cikin [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] 's ''The Merchant of Venice'' . === Bugawa === ==== Larabci ==== * E. Rehatsek – ''Littafin Ɗan Sarki da Ascetic'' – Fassarar Turanci (1888) dangane da rubutun Larabci na Halle. * Gimaret – ''Le livre de Bilawhar et Budasaf'' – Fassarar Faransanci na rubutun Larabci na Bombay ==== Jojin ==== * David Marshall Lang : ''The Balavariani: Tale from the Christian East'' California University Press: Los Angeles, 1966. Fassarar dogon juzu'in aikin Jojin wanda wataƙila ya zama tushen rubutun Helenanci. Jerusalem MS140 * David Marshall Lang: ''Hikimar Balahvar'' - gajeriyar sigar Georgian Jerusalem MS36, 1960 * [http://jalilnozari.blogspot.com/2009/01/balavarian.html Balavariani (Georgian da Larabci ბალავარიანი, بلوریانی)] ==== Girkanci ==== [[Fayil:Barlaam_y_Josafat.jpg|thumb|253x253px| Shafi na farko na rubutun Barlam da Josephat a Biblioteca Nacional de España, karni na 14 ko 15]] * Robert Volk, Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos VI/1: Tarihi animae utilis de Barlaam et Ioasaph (spuria). Patristische Texte da Studien Bd. 61. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2009. Pp. xli, 596. . * Robert Volk, Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos VI/2: Tarihi animae utilis de Barlaam et Ioasaph (spuria). Rubutu und zehn Appendices. Patristische Texte da Studien Bd. 60. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2006. Pp. nuni, 512. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018134-0|978-3-11-018134-0]] . * Boissonade - tsohon edition na Girkanci * GR Woodward da H. Mattingly – tsohuwar fassarar Turanci ta Greek [http://mcllibrary.org/Barlaam/ Online Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1914] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207071546/http://mcllibrary.org/Barlaam/ |date=2025-02-07 }} * S. Ioannis Damasceni {{Lang|la|Historia, de vitis et rebvs gestis SS. Barlaam Eremitae, & Iosaphat Indiæ regis.}} {{Lang|la|Historia, de vitis et rebvs gestis SS. Barlaam Eremitae, & Iosaphat Indiæ regis.}} Iacobo Billio Prunæo, S. Michaëlis a cikin fassarar Cœnobiarcha. Coloniae, Officina Birckmannica, sumptibus Arnoldi Mylij. Anno MD XCIII. – Fassarar Latin na zamani na Greek. * ''Samun damar SS.'' ''Barlaam eremitæ, da Iosaphat Indiæ rajista.'' S. Io. Damasceno avctores, Iac. Billio Prunæo ya fassara. Antverpiæ, Sumptibus Viduæ & hæredum Ioannis Belleri. 1602. – Fassarar Latin na zamani na Greek. * S. Ioannis Damasceni {{Lang|la|Historia, de vitis et rebvs gestis SS. Barlaam Eremitæ, & Iosaphat Indiæ regis.}} {{Lang|la|Historia, de vitis et rebvs gestis SS. Barlaam Eremitæ, & Iosaphat Indiæ regis.}} Iacobo Billio Prvnæo, S. Michaëlis a cikin eremo Cœnobiarcha, fassara. Babu shakka accuratissimè a P. Societate Iesv revisa & correcta. Coloniæ Agrippinæ, Apud Iodocvm Kalcoven, M. DC. XLIII. – Fassarar Latin na zamani na Greek. ==== Latin ==== * Codex VIII B10, Naples * ''Karatun Latin na Medieval tare da Legend of Barlaam da Josaphat'', ed. by Donka D. Marcus (2018) (bugu na Jacobus de Voragine 's taqaice, sigar Latin) ==== Habasha ==== * ''Baralam and Yusuf'' . Budge, EA Wallis . ''Baralam and Yewasef : sigar Ethiopic na komawar Kiristanci na almara na Buddha na Buddha da Bodhisattva'' . An buga: London; New York: Kegan Paul; Bigleswade, Birtaniya: Rarraba Extenza-Turpin; New York: Rarraba ta Jami'ar Columbia Press, 2004. ==== Tsohon Faransanci ==== * Jean Sonet, ''Le roman de Barlaam et Josaphat'' (Namur, 1949–52) bayan Yawon shakatawa MS949 * Leonard Mills, bayan Vatican MS660 * Zotenberg da Meyer, bayan Gui de Cambrai MS1153 ==== Catalan ==== * Gerhard Moldenhauer Vida de Barlan MS174 ==== Provencal ==== * Ferdinand Heuckenkamp, sigar in langue d'Oc * Jeanroy, sigar Provencal, bayan Heuckenkamp * Nelli, Troubadours, bayan Heuckenkamp * Occitan, BN1049 ==== Italiyanci ==== * GB Bottari, bugu na tsohuwar Italiyanci MS. * Georg Maas, tsohon Italiyanci MS3383 ==== Fotigal ==== * Hilário da Lourinha. ''Vida do honorado Infante Josaphate, filho del Rey Avenir, versão de frei Hilário da Lourinhã: ea identificação, por Diogo do Couto (1542-1616), de Josaphate com o Buda'' . Gabatarwa da bayanin kula ta Margarida Corrêa de Lacerda. Lisboa: Junta de Investigações zuwa Ultramar, 1963. ==== Serbian ==== * "Barlaam da Josaphat" a cikin Eastern Orthodox version ya fito ne daga Yahaya na Damascus, kofe da kuma fassara zuwa Old Church Slavonic da m sufaye daga 9th-11th ƙarni, kuma a cikin Serbian zamani ta Ava Justin Popović ("Rayuwa na Waliyai" ga Nuwamba, pp.&nbsp;563–590), ƙayyadaddun sigar da aka bayar a cikin Maganar Ohrid na Bishop Nikolaj Velimirović . ==== Croatian ==== Akwai nau'ikan Croatian guda uku, duk fassarorin daga Italiyanci. Tsohuwar sigar Shtokavian da ba ta da taken ta samo asali ne daga Jamhuriyar Ragusa kuma an rubuta ta zuwa wani codex daga tushen farko a karni na 17, yayin da ƙaramin fassarar Chakavian, rubutun hannu ɗaya da bugu ɗaya, ya samo asali ne a farkon ƙarni na 18. <ref> name="Karásek96" </ref> Petar Macukat ne ya buga littafin a [[Venezia|Venice]] a shekara ta 1708 kuma mai suna '''''Xivot S[veto]ga Giosafata obrachien od Barlaama''''' kuma a halin yanzu yana cikin ɗakin karatu na ƙasa da na Jami'a a Zagreb . Dukkan rubuce-rubucen an buga su ne a cikin 1913 ta ɗan bawan Czech Josef Karásek da masanin ilimin falsafa ɗan Croatia Franjo Fancev kuma an sake buga su a 1996. Fassarar Chakavian suna da tushen gama gari yayin da tsohon Shtokavian ya yi amfani da sigar Italiya ta farko da kuma ''Golden Legend'' . * Petar Macukat (mai fassara). ''Xivot S[veto]ga Giosafata obrachien od Barlaama s yednim verscem nadostavglien radi xena bitti osudyen'' . Venice: Domenico Lovisa ya buga, 1708. * Josip Karásek da Franjo Fancev (masu gyara). ''Dubrovačke Legende'' . Prague: An buga shi don Hohen Unterrichtsministeriums a Wien da dangin Hlávka na Edvard Leschinger, 1913. * Branimir Donat (edita). ''Dubrovačke Legende'' . Zagreb: An buga don Zorka Zane ta Dora Krupićeva, 1996 (Sake bugawa). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/953-96680-1-8|953-96680-1-8]] * Vesna Badurina Stipčević (edita). ''Hrvatska srednjovjekovna proza'' . Zagreb: An buga don Igor Zidić ta Matica hrvatska, 2013. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-953-150-319-8|978-953-150-319-8]] '''Harshen Hungary''' * Fassara daga Labarin Zinare a cikin Kazancy-codex tsakanin 1526 da 1541. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250516140043/https://nyelvemlekek.oszk.hu/adatlap/kazinczykodex] ==== Turanci ==== * Hirsh, John C. (edita). ''Barlam da Iosaphat: Rayuwar Turanci ta Tsakiya ta Buddha'' . An gyara daga MS Peterhouse 257. London; New York: An buga don Farkon Rubutun Turanci ta Jami'ar Oxford Press, 1986. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-19-722292-7|0-19-722292-7]] * Ikegami, Keiko. ''Barlaam da Yoshafat : kwafin MS Egerton 876 tare da bayanin kula, ƙamus, da nazarin kwatankwacin fassarar Turanci ta Tsakiya da Jafananci'', New York: AMS Press, 1999. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-404-64161-X|0-404-64161-X]] * John Damascene, ''Barlaam da Ioasaph'' (Loeb Classical Library). David M. Lang (gabatarwa), GR Woodward (mai fassara), Harold Mattingly (mai fassara) · Mawallafi: Loeb Classical Library, W. Heinemann; 1967, 1914. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-674-99038-2|0-674-99038-2]] * MacDonald, KS (edita). ''Labarin Barlaam da Yo'asaf : Buddha & Kiristanci'' . Tare da gabatarwar ilimin falsafa da bayanin kula ga nau'ikan Vernon, Harleian da Bodleian, na John Morrison. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, 1895. ==== Tsohon Norse ==== '''''Barlaams saga ok Jósafats''''' tsohon Norse ne (musamman Tsohuwar Norwegian ) mai fassara labarin ''Barlaam da Josaphat'' . Wannan tsohuwar sigar Norwegian ta dogara ne akan fassarar Latin daga karni na 12; Saga na Guðmundur Arason ya rubuta cewa Sarki Haakon III Sverresson ne ya fassara shi (ya mutu 1204). Akwai wasu nau'ikan Old Norse da yawa na labarin iri ɗaya, waɗanda aka fassara da kansu daga tushe daban-daban. Akwai nau'o'in Tsohon Yaren mutanen Sweden guda biyu, wanda babba ya zana a kan ''Golden Legend'', yayin da ƙarami yana amfani da ''tarihin Speculum'' a matsayin babban tushensa. "Farkon almara na Icelandic [[Reykjahólarbók]] na ƙarni na goma sha shida ya haɗa da sigar da aka fassara daga Low German. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelpstead |first=Carl |date=2022 |title=Kringla Heimsins: Old Norse Sagas, World Literature and the Global Turn in Medieval Studies |url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/151433/ |journal=Saga-Book |volume=46 |pages=155–78}}</ref> {{Rp|170}} * Magnus Rindal (edita). ''Barlaams ok Josaphats saga'' . Oslo: An buga shi don Kjeldeskriftfondet ta Norsk historisk kjeldeskrift-insitutt, 1981. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/82-7061-275-8|82-7061-275-8]] * ==== Tibet ==== * Rgya Tch'er Rol Pa – ou: Developpement des jeux, Philippe Édouard Foucaux (1811–1894) 1847. Lalitavistara ==== Ibrananci ==== * Avraham ben Shmuel ha-Levi Ibn Hasdai, ''Ben hammelekh vehannazir'' (ƙarni na 13) * Habermann, Avraham Meir (ed.), Avraham ben Hasdai, Ben hammelekh vehannazir, Jerusalem: Mahberot lesifrut - Mossad haRav Kook 1950 (a cikin Ibrananci). * Ibrahim bin Shemuel Halevi bin Hasdai, ''Ben hamelek vehanazir'', Ed. by Ayelet Oettinger, Universitat Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv 2011 (a cikin Ibrananci). == Duba kuma == {{Columns-list|* [[Gautama Buddha in world religions]] * [[Thomas the Apostle]] * [[Buddhism and Christianity]] * [[Greco-Buddhism]] * ''[[Life is a Dream]]'', Spanish play incorporating the theme of the imprisoned prince}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g6zb6gcil1ictoin70dsftfokt6r99z 0 96861 969190 825366 2026-10-18T17:06:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 969190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anita Annet Daga cikin''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba 1973) akawu ce 'yar ƙasar Uganda, lauya kuma 'yar siyasa wacce ita ce Shugabar Majalisar Dokoki ta 11 na Uganda tun daga shekarar 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-25 |title=NRM's Anita Among beats Opposition's Basalirwa to become Speaker,after gathering a total number of 401 valid votes against 66 votes scored by her opponent Asuman Basalirwa in a speaker election held on 25th March 2022 at Kololo independence grounds Kampala. |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nrm-s-anita-among-beats-opposition-s-basalirwa-to-become-speaker--3760166 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker of Parliament {{!}} Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/speaker-of-parliament |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref> Har ila yau, a lokaci guda tana zama zaɓaɓɓiyar 'yar majalisa na mazaɓar mata ta Bukedea, matsayin da ta riƙe a majalisar ta 10 (2016-2021). <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Kiggundu |first=Edris |date=21 September 2016 |title=MP Among's rise, connections leave key questions unanswered |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/46562-mp-among-s-rise-connections-leave-key-questions-unanswered |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202182441/https://observer.ug/news-headlines/46562-mp-among-s-rise-connections-leave-key-questions-unanswered |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance a jam'iyyar FDC kafin ta shiga jam'iyyar NRM mai mulki inda aka zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar kakakin majalisar wakilai ta 10. Sunanta na cikin korafin azabtarwa da gwamnatin Uganda ta shigar gaban kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-23 |title=Speaker Among named in fresh ICC torture petition |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/speaker-among-named-in-fresh-icc-torture-petition--4312870 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce mai mallakar Bukedea Comprehensive Academy, makarantar kwana ta haɗin gwiwa wacce aka kafa a cikin shekarar 2018. Makarantar, dake cikin gundumar Bukedea, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-28 |title=Museveni: Anita Among is a ‘Good Independent’ MP |url=https://chimpreports.com/museveni-anita-among-is-a-good-independent-mp/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma tana ba da horon sana'a tare da shirye-shiryenta na ilimi <ref>{{Cite web |last=Betsy |first=Norah |date=2021-11-08 |title=Bukedea Comprehensive Academy, New Curriculum Implementation, Teaching and Learning Resources, ICT Club, Staff Professional Development. |url=https://kawa.ac.ug/bukedea-comprehensive-academy-new-curriculum-implementation-teaching-and-learning-resources-ict-club-staff-professional-development/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=KAWA Uganda |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821181615/https://kawa.ac.ug/bukedea-comprehensive-academy-new-curriculum-implementation-teaching-and-learning-resources-ict-club-staff-professional-development/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Among a gundumar Bukedea a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba 1973. Ta halarci makarantun gida don karatun firamare da sakandare. Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin kasuwanci, daga [[Jami'ar Makerere]], a shekarar 2005. A shekara ta 2008, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kasuwanci, wanda kuma daga Jami'ar Makerere. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |year=2022 |title=Parliament of Uganda: office of the speaker [Anita Among] |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=178 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124413/https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=178 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |access-date=2022-08-16 |publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Among Anita Annet: Bukedea District Woman Representative |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=178 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124413/https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=178 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2018, Daga cikin waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri daga [[Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Kampala|Jami'ar Kampala International]], tare da digiri a fannin shari'ah. <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Mujuni |first=David |date=23 June 2018 |title=MP Anita Among Graduates From KIU |url=https://campusbee.ug/news/photos-mp-anita-among-graduates-from-kiu/ |access-date=6 January 2019 |publisher=Campusbee Uganda}}</ref> A lokacin tana kan hanyar samun cancanta a matsayin Chartered Certified Accountant. <ref name="2R"/> == Sana'a == Daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 2006, Among tayi aiki a Centenary Bank, ɗaya daga cikin manyan bankunan kasuwanci a ƙasar. A lokacin da ta tafi a shekara ta 2006, ta kai matsayin mai kula da reshe. Shekaru goma kafin zaɓen ta a Majalisar, ta yi aiki a matsayin malama a fannin lissafin kuɗi, a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Makerere da Jami'ar Kampala International University. <ref name="2R"/> === Siyasa === Don zagayowar zaɓen 'yan majalisu biyu a shekarar 2007, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri gundumar Bukedea, kuma a cikin shekarar 2011, Daga cikin su sun rasa kujerar wakilcin mata na gundumar zuwa [[Rose Akol]] ta jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement (NRM). <ref name="1R"/> Anita Among, wacce ta daɗe tana jam'iyyar adawa ta Forum for Democratic Change (FDC),<ref>{{Citation|title=FDC plots to throw MP Anita Among off statutory authorities committee over 'relationship' with NRM|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5d4dFEpc44|publisher= [[NTV Uganda]] |language= en | date= 2018-01-31 | access-date= 2022-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=FDC Reshuffle; MP Anita Among says she won't leave COSASE post |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6HZ5BZr3kU |language= en |publisher= [[NTV Uganda]] |date= 2022-08-16 |access-date= 2021-04-03}}</ref> ta tsaya takara a shekarar 2016 a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta. Ta yi nasara kuma ita ce 'yar majalisa mai ci.<ref name="1R"/> A shekarar 2020, ta shiga jam’iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) bayan da ta samu saɓani da jam’iyyarta ta FDC kuma ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na jam’iyyar. A babban zaɓen shekarar 2021, akwai ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan majalisar da aka zaɓa ba tare da hamayya ba domin shiga majalisar ta 11 duk da cewa nasarar da ta samu na da cece-kuce saboda hukumar zaɓe ta hana wasu daga cikin ‘yan takararta takara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=Voters petition EC over Bukedea MP's academic papers |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/voters-petition-ec-over-bukedea-mp-s-academic-papers-2723060 |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=1 November 2020 |title=Bukedea Woman MP Anita Among unopposed as EC cancels nomination of her six rivals |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2020/11/bukedea-woman-mp-anita-among-unopposed-as-ec-cancels-nomination-of-her-six-rivals.html |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=PML Daily News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Two Women Aspirants Blocked from Nomination in Bukedea |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/two-women-aspirants-blocked-from-nomination-in-bukedea |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=[[Uganda Radio Network]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-17 |title=Anita Among's Unopposed Victory Hanging On Thin Thread As Court Of Appeal Decides |url=https://eastnews.co.ug/anita-amongs-unopposed-victory-hanging-on-thin-thread-court-of-appeal-to-decide/ |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=East News |archive-date=2021-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413005202/https://eastnews.co.ug/anita-amongs-unopposed-victory-hanging-on-thin-thread-court-of-appeal-to-decide/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Independent Uganda |date=24 March 2021 |title=Court declines to order EC to degazette MP Anita Among |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/court-declines-to-order-ec-to-degazette-mp-anita-among/ |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-31 |title=MP Anita Among's opponent cries foul after she is declared unopposed in Bukedea |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2020/10/31/mp-anita-amongs-opponent-cries-foul-after-she-is-declared-unopposed-in-bukedea/ |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Nile Post |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=OUR REPORTER {{!}} PML |date=2021-03-23 |title=BREAKING! Court upholds EC's decision to Gazette MP Anita Among as "unopposed" |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2021/03/122453.html |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=PML Daily News}}</ref> Anita Among ta bayyana kudirinta na neman kujerar mataimakiyar shugaban majalisar dokokin Uganda ta 11. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MP Anita Among Declares Bid for Deputy Speaker Slot {{!}} The Kampala Post |url=https://kampalapost.com/content/mp-anita-among-declares-bid-deputy-speaker-slot |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=kampalapost.com |archive-date=2021-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410151917/https://kampalapost.com/content/mp-anita-among-declares-bid-deputy-speaker-slot |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Battle for Deputy Speaker job heats up as minister joins race |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/battle-for-deputy-speaker-job-heats-up-as-minister-joins-race--3277906 |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-18 |title=Deputy speaker's race: Bukedi MPs ask Oboth Oboth to do more consultions |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/deputy-speakers-race-bukedi-mps-ask-oboth-oboth-to-do-more-consultions/ |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven Eyeing Deputy Speakers Job in Parliament |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/seven-eyeing-deputy-speakers-job-in-parliament- |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> Anita Among an zaɓe ta a matsayin sabuwar shugabar majalisar dokokin Uganda a ranar 25 ga watan Maris, 2022 <ref name=":0"/> wacce ta maye gurbin Jacob Oulanyah, tsohon kakakin majalisar dokokin Uganda, wanda ya mutu a [[Seattle]], [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wamala |first=Maria |date=2022-08-16 |title=Oulanyah died before accessing treatment – Aceng |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129819/oulanyah-died-before-accessing-treatment---ac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325124040/https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129819/oulanyah-died-before-accessing-treatment---ac |archive-date=2022-03-25 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Museveni explains why he delayed Oulanyah death announcement |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129783 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker Oulanyah dead |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129779 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ta buƙaci mambobin Majalisar Dokokin Uganda da su goyi bayan wani sabon kudiri da zai mayar da gaskiyar bayyana kansa a matsayin LGBT ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma hadarin ɗaurin shekaru goma a gidan yari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=L'Ouganda Débat d'un Projet de Loi Rendant Illégale l'Identification LGBTQ |url=https://lematinal.media/louganda-debat-dun-projet-de-loi-rendant-illegale-lidentification-lgbtq/ |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111191908/https://lematinal.media/louganda-debat-dun-projet-de-loi-rendant-illegale-lidentification-lgbtq/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin majalisa ta 10, Anita Among ta kasance mataimakinyar shugaban kwamitin kwamitocin, hukumomin doka da kamfanoni na Jiha (COSASE). <ref name="1R"/> <ref name="2R"/> <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Dicta Asiimwe |first=and Halima Abdallah |date=5 January 2019 |title='Let us do our job,' opposition tells Uganda's Speaker |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Uganda-FDC-Speaker-parliament-committees-leadership/4552908-4922828-13gd8wk/index.html |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> == Takunkumin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu, 2024, Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Burtaniya ya ba da sanarwar takunkumi na kashin kai ga Anita Among da wasu manyan jami'an Uganda biyu a ƙarƙashin tsarinta na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa na duniya saboda hannu a cikin wani gagarumin cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ya sanya ta zama batun daskare kadarori da kuma hana tafiye-tafiye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK sanctions corrupt politicians in Uganda who stole from vulnerable communities |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-corrupt-politicians-in-uganda-who-stole-from-vulnerable-communities |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Sanctions Notice 30/04/2024 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6630b43d3579e7a8f398a9ba/Notice_Global_Anti-Corruption_300424.pdf}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Mayu, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya wa wasu jami'an Uganda takunkumi bisa zargin cin hanci da rashawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US sanctions Uganda’s parliament speaker and others over corruption and rights abuses |url=https://apnews.com/article/uganda-parliamentary-speaker-us-sanctions-720f1c80a72cf36ed1655e2a21329967 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Anita Among da mijinta Moses Magogo Hassim suna da tagwaye biyu. Ta samu kambun Nnalongo a Uganda. Ta gabatar da shi ga iyayenta a bikin aure na gargajiya. Ana kuma raɗe-raɗin cewa tana da ɗa ɗaya daga cikin jami'an Forum for Democratic Change a yammacin Uganda, Patrick Baguma Atenyi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephen Kalema |date=2019-09-20 |title=PROFILE: All eyes on Anita Among as Bukedea MP becomes most powerful woman politician |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20190920/77970/profile-all-eyes-on-anita-among-as-bukedea-mp-becomes-most-powerful-woman-politician.html |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Angelline Osegge * Anna Ebaju Adeke * Joy Atim * Majalisar Uganda * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki na goma na Uganda * Gundumar Bukedea * John Bosco Ikojo * Jacob Oulanya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dwtr6c61vwpy4k7agf8w10ydjcwaxk7 969192 969190 2026-10-18T17:06:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 969192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anita Annet Daga cikin''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba 1973) akawu ce 'yar ƙasar Uganda, lauya kuma 'yar siyasa wacce ita ce Shugabar Majalisar Dokoki ta 11 na Uganda tun daga shekarar 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-25 |title=NRM's Anita Among beats Opposition's Basalirwa to become Speaker,after gathering a total number of 401 valid votes against 66 votes scored by her opponent Asuman Basalirwa in a speaker election held on 25th March 2022 at Kololo independence grounds Kampala. |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nrm-s-anita-among-beats-opposition-s-basalirwa-to-become-speaker--3760166 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker of Parliament {{!}} Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/speaker-of-parliament |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref> Har ila yau, a lokaci guda tana zama zaɓaɓɓiyar 'yar majalisa na mazaɓar mata ta Bukedea, matsayin da ta riƙe a majalisar ta 10 (2016-2021). <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Kiggundu |first=Edris |date=21 September 2016 |title=MP Among's rise, connections leave key questions unanswered |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/46562-mp-among-s-rise-connections-leave-key-questions-unanswered |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202182441/https://observer.ug/news-headlines/46562-mp-among-s-rise-connections-leave-key-questions-unanswered |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance a jam'iyyar FDC kafin ta shiga jam'iyyar NRM mai mulki inda aka zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar kakakin majalisar wakilai ta 10. Sunanta na cikin korafin azabtarwa da gwamnatin Uganda ta shigar gaban kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-23 |title=Speaker Among named in fresh ICC torture petition |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/speaker-among-named-in-fresh-icc-torture-petition--4312870 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce mai mallakar Bukedea Comprehensive Academy, makarantar kwana ta haɗin gwiwa wacce aka kafa a cikin shekarar 2018. Makarantar, dake cikin gundumar Bukedea, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-28 |title=Museveni: Anita Among is a ‘Good Independent’ MP |url=https://chimpreports.com/museveni-anita-among-is-a-good-independent-mp/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma tana ba da horon sana'a tare da shirye-shiryenta na ilimi <ref>{{Cite web |last=Betsy |first=Norah |date=2021-11-08 |title=Bukedea Comprehensive Academy, New Curriculum Implementation, Teaching and Learning Resources, ICT Club, Staff Professional Development. |url=https://kawa.ac.ug/bukedea-comprehensive-academy-new-curriculum-implementation-teaching-and-learning-resources-ict-club-staff-professional-development/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=KAWA Uganda |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821181615/https://kawa.ac.ug/bukedea-comprehensive-academy-new-curriculum-implementation-teaching-and-learning-resources-ict-club-staff-professional-development/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Among a gundumar Bukedea a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba 1973. Ta halarci makarantun gida don karatun firamare da sakandare. Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin kasuwanci, daga [[Jami'ar Makerere]], a shekarar 2005. A shekara ta 2008, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kasuwanci, wanda kuma daga Jami'ar Makerere.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |year=2022 |title=Parliament of Uganda: office of the speaker [Anita Among] |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=178 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124413/https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=178 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |access-date=2022-08-16 |publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Among Anita Annet: Bukedea District Woman Representative |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=178 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124413/https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=178 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2018, Daga cikin waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri daga [[Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Kampala|Jami'ar Kampala International]], tare da digiri a fannin shari'ah. <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Mujuni |first=David |date=23 June 2018 |title=MP Anita Among Graduates From KIU |url=https://campusbee.ug/news/photos-mp-anita-among-graduates-from-kiu/ |access-date=6 January 2019 |publisher=Campusbee Uganda}}</ref> A lokacin tana kan hanyar samun cancanta a matsayin Chartered Certified Accountant. <ref name="2R"/> == Sana'a == Daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 2006, Among tayi aiki a Centenary Bank, ɗaya daga cikin manyan bankunan kasuwanci a ƙasar. A lokacin da ta tafi a shekara ta 2006, ta kai matsayin mai kula da reshe. Shekaru goma kafin zaɓen ta a Majalisar, ta yi aiki a matsayin malama a fannin lissafin kuɗi, a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Makerere da Jami'ar Kampala International University. <ref name="2R"/> === Siyasa === Don zagayowar zaɓen 'yan majalisu biyu a shekarar 2007, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri gundumar Bukedea, kuma a cikin shekarar 2011, Daga cikin su sun rasa kujerar wakilcin mata na gundumar zuwa [[Rose Akol]] ta jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement (NRM). <ref name="1R"/> Anita Among, wacce ta daɗe tana jam'iyyar adawa ta Forum for Democratic Change (FDC),<ref>{{Citation|title=FDC plots to throw MP Anita Among off statutory authorities committee over 'relationship' with NRM|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5d4dFEpc44|publisher= [[NTV Uganda]] |language= en | date= 2018-01-31 | access-date= 2022-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=FDC Reshuffle; MP Anita Among says she won't leave COSASE post |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6HZ5BZr3kU |language= en |publisher= [[NTV Uganda]] |date= 2022-08-16 |access-date= 2021-04-03}}</ref> ta tsaya takara a shekarar 2016 a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta. Ta yi nasara kuma ita ce 'yar majalisa mai ci.<ref name="1R"/> A shekarar 2020, ta shiga jam’iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) bayan da ta samu saɓani da jam’iyyarta ta FDC kuma ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na jam’iyyar. A babban zaɓen shekarar 2021, akwai ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan majalisar da aka zaɓa ba tare da hamayya ba domin shiga majalisar ta 11 duk da cewa nasarar da ta samu na da cece-kuce saboda hukumar zaɓe ta hana wasu daga cikin ‘yan takararta takara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=Voters petition EC over Bukedea MP's academic papers |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/voters-petition-ec-over-bukedea-mp-s-academic-papers-2723060 |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=1 November 2020 |title=Bukedea Woman MP Anita Among unopposed as EC cancels nomination of her six rivals |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2020/11/bukedea-woman-mp-anita-among-unopposed-as-ec-cancels-nomination-of-her-six-rivals.html |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=PML Daily News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Two Women Aspirants Blocked from Nomination in Bukedea |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/two-women-aspirants-blocked-from-nomination-in-bukedea |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=[[Uganda Radio Network]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-17 |title=Anita Among's Unopposed Victory Hanging On Thin Thread As Court Of Appeal Decides |url=https://eastnews.co.ug/anita-amongs-unopposed-victory-hanging-on-thin-thread-court-of-appeal-to-decide/ |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=East News |archive-date=2021-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413005202/https://eastnews.co.ug/anita-amongs-unopposed-victory-hanging-on-thin-thread-court-of-appeal-to-decide/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Independent Uganda |date=24 March 2021 |title=Court declines to order EC to degazette MP Anita Among |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/court-declines-to-order-ec-to-degazette-mp-anita-among/ |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-31 |title=MP Anita Among's opponent cries foul after she is declared unopposed in Bukedea |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2020/10/31/mp-anita-amongs-opponent-cries-foul-after-she-is-declared-unopposed-in-bukedea/ |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Nile Post |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=OUR REPORTER {{!}} PML |date=2021-03-23 |title=BREAKING! Court upholds EC's decision to Gazette MP Anita Among as "unopposed" |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2021/03/122453.html |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=PML Daily News}}</ref> Anita Among ta bayyana kudirinta na neman kujerar mataimakiyar shugaban majalisar dokokin Uganda ta 11. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MP Anita Among Declares Bid for Deputy Speaker Slot {{!}} The Kampala Post |url=https://kampalapost.com/content/mp-anita-among-declares-bid-deputy-speaker-slot |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=kampalapost.com |archive-date=2021-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410151917/https://kampalapost.com/content/mp-anita-among-declares-bid-deputy-speaker-slot |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Battle for Deputy Speaker job heats up as minister joins race |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/battle-for-deputy-speaker-job-heats-up-as-minister-joins-race--3277906 |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-18 |title=Deputy speaker's race: Bukedi MPs ask Oboth Oboth to do more consultions |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/deputy-speakers-race-bukedi-mps-ask-oboth-oboth-to-do-more-consultions/ |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven Eyeing Deputy Speakers Job in Parliament |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/seven-eyeing-deputy-speakers-job-in-parliament- |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> Anita Among an zaɓe ta a matsayin sabuwar shugabar majalisar dokokin Uganda a ranar 25 ga watan Maris, 2022 <ref name=":0"/> wacce ta maye gurbin Jacob Oulanyah, tsohon kakakin majalisar dokokin Uganda, wanda ya mutu a [[Seattle]], [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wamala |first=Maria |date=2022-08-16 |title=Oulanyah died before accessing treatment – Aceng |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129819/oulanyah-died-before-accessing-treatment---ac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325124040/https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129819/oulanyah-died-before-accessing-treatment---ac |archive-date=2022-03-25 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Museveni explains why he delayed Oulanyah death announcement |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129783 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker Oulanyah dead |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129779 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ta buƙaci mambobin Majalisar Dokokin Uganda da su goyi bayan wani sabon kudiri da zai mayar da gaskiyar bayyana kansa a matsayin LGBT ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma hadarin ɗaurin shekaru goma a gidan yari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=L'Ouganda Débat d'un Projet de Loi Rendant Illégale l'Identification LGBTQ |url=https://lematinal.media/louganda-debat-dun-projet-de-loi-rendant-illegale-lidentification-lgbtq/ |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111191908/https://lematinal.media/louganda-debat-dun-projet-de-loi-rendant-illegale-lidentification-lgbtq/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin majalisa ta 10, Anita Among ta kasance mataimakinyar shugaban kwamitin kwamitocin, hukumomin doka da kamfanoni na Jiha (COSASE). <ref name="1R"/> <ref name="2R"/> <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Dicta Asiimwe |first=and Halima Abdallah |date=5 January 2019 |title='Let us do our job,' opposition tells Uganda's Speaker |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Uganda-FDC-Speaker-parliament-committees-leadership/4552908-4922828-13gd8wk/index.html |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> == Takunkumin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu, 2024, Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Burtaniya ya ba da sanarwar takunkumi na kashin kai ga Anita Among da wasu manyan jami'an Uganda biyu a ƙarƙashin tsarinta na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa na duniya saboda hannu a cikin wani gagarumin cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ya sanya ta zama batun daskare kadarori da kuma hana tafiye-tafiye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK sanctions corrupt politicians in Uganda who stole from vulnerable communities |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-corrupt-politicians-in-uganda-who-stole-from-vulnerable-communities |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Sanctions Notice 30/04/2024 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6630b43d3579e7a8f398a9ba/Notice_Global_Anti-Corruption_300424.pdf}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Mayu, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya wa wasu jami'an Uganda takunkumi bisa zargin cin hanci da rashawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US sanctions Uganda’s parliament speaker and others over corruption and rights abuses |url=https://apnews.com/article/uganda-parliamentary-speaker-us-sanctions-720f1c80a72cf36ed1655e2a21329967 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Anita Among da mijinta Moses Magogo Hassim suna da tagwaye biyu. Ta samu kambun Nnalongo a Uganda. Ta gabatar da shi ga iyayenta a bikin aure na gargajiya. Ana kuma raɗe-raɗin cewa tana da ɗa ɗaya daga cikin jami'an Forum for Democratic Change a yammacin Uganda, Patrick Baguma Atenyi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephen Kalema |date=2019-09-20 |title=PROFILE: All eyes on Anita Among as Bukedea MP becomes most powerful woman politician |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20190920/77970/profile-all-eyes-on-anita-among-as-bukedea-mp-becomes-most-powerful-woman-politician.html |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Angelline Osegge * Anna Ebaju Adeke * Joy Atim * Majalisar Uganda * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki na goma na Uganda * Gundumar Bukedea * John Bosco Ikojo * Jacob Oulanya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] senjwwqdlk2no2mdvqvt1a5n9yml29o 969193 969192 2026-10-18T17:06:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 969193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anita Annet Daga cikin''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba 1973) akawu ce 'yar ƙasar [[Uganda]], lauya kuma 'yar siyasa wacce ita ce Shugabar Majalisar Dokoki ta 11 na Uganda tun daga shekarar 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-25 |title=NRM's Anita Among beats Opposition's Basalirwa to become Speaker,after gathering a total number of 401 valid votes against 66 votes scored by her opponent Asuman Basalirwa in a speaker election held on 25th March 2022 at Kololo independence grounds Kampala. |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nrm-s-anita-among-beats-opposition-s-basalirwa-to-become-speaker--3760166 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker of Parliament {{!}} Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/speaker-of-parliament |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref> Har ila yau, a lokaci guda tana zama zaɓaɓɓiyar 'yar majalisa na mazaɓar mata ta Bukedea, matsayin da ta riƙe a majalisar ta 10 (2016-2021). <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Kiggundu |first=Edris |date=21 September 2016 |title=MP Among's rise, connections leave key questions unanswered |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/46562-mp-among-s-rise-connections-leave-key-questions-unanswered |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202182441/https://observer.ug/news-headlines/46562-mp-among-s-rise-connections-leave-key-questions-unanswered |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance a jam'iyyar FDC kafin ta shiga jam'iyyar NRM mai mulki inda aka zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar kakakin majalisar wakilai ta 10. Sunanta na cikin korafin azabtarwa da gwamnatin Uganda ta shigar gaban kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-23 |title=Speaker Among named in fresh ICC torture petition |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/speaker-among-named-in-fresh-icc-torture-petition--4312870 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce mai mallakar Bukedea Comprehensive Academy, makarantar kwana ta haɗin gwiwa wacce aka kafa a cikin shekarar 2018. Makarantar, dake cikin gundumar Bukedea, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-28 |title=Museveni: Anita Among is a ‘Good Independent’ MP |url=https://chimpreports.com/museveni-anita-among-is-a-good-independent-mp/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma tana ba da horon sana'a tare da shirye-shiryenta na ilimi <ref>{{Cite web |last=Betsy |first=Norah |date=2021-11-08 |title=Bukedea Comprehensive Academy, New Curriculum Implementation, Teaching and Learning Resources, ICT Club, Staff Professional Development. |url=https://kawa.ac.ug/bukedea-comprehensive-academy-new-curriculum-implementation-teaching-and-learning-resources-ict-club-staff-professional-development/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=KAWA Uganda |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821181615/https://kawa.ac.ug/bukedea-comprehensive-academy-new-curriculum-implementation-teaching-and-learning-resources-ict-club-staff-professional-development/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Among a gundumar Bukedea a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba 1973. Ta halarci makarantun gida don karatun firamare da sakandare. Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin kasuwanci, daga [[Jami'ar Makerere]], a shekarar 2005. A shekara ta 2008, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kasuwanci, wanda kuma daga Jami'ar Makerere.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |year=2022 |title=Parliament of Uganda: office of the speaker [Anita Among] |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=178 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124413/https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=178 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |access-date=2022-08-16 |publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Among Anita Annet: Bukedea District Woman Representative |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=178 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124413/https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=178 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2018, Daga cikin waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri daga [[Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Kampala|Jami'ar Kampala International]], tare da digiri a fannin shari'ah. <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Mujuni |first=David |date=23 June 2018 |title=MP Anita Among Graduates From KIU |url=https://campusbee.ug/news/photos-mp-anita-among-graduates-from-kiu/ |access-date=6 January 2019 |publisher=Campusbee Uganda}}</ref> A lokacin tana kan hanyar samun cancanta a matsayin Chartered Certified Accountant. <ref name="2R"/> == Sana'a == Daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 2006, Among tayi aiki a Centenary Bank, ɗaya daga cikin manyan bankunan kasuwanci a ƙasar. A lokacin da ta tafi a shekara ta 2006, ta kai matsayin mai kula da reshe. Shekaru goma kafin zaɓen ta a Majalisar, ta yi aiki a matsayin malama a fannin lissafin kuɗi, a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Makerere da Jami'ar Kampala International University. <ref name="2R"/> === Siyasa === Don zagayowar zaɓen 'yan majalisu biyu a shekarar 2007, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri gundumar Bukedea, kuma a cikin shekarar 2011, Daga cikin su sun rasa kujerar wakilcin mata na gundumar zuwa [[Rose Akol]] ta jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement (NRM). <ref name="1R"/> Anita Among, wacce ta daɗe tana jam'iyyar adawa ta Forum for Democratic Change (FDC),<ref>{{Citation|title=FDC plots to throw MP Anita Among off statutory authorities committee over 'relationship' with NRM|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5d4dFEpc44|publisher= [[NTV Uganda]] |language= en | date= 2018-01-31 | access-date= 2022-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=FDC Reshuffle; MP Anita Among says she won't leave COSASE post |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6HZ5BZr3kU |language= en |publisher= [[NTV Uganda]] |date= 2022-08-16 |access-date= 2021-04-03}}</ref> ta tsaya takara a shekarar 2016 a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta. Ta yi nasara kuma ita ce 'yar majalisa mai ci.<ref name="1R"/> A shekarar 2020, ta shiga jam’iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) bayan da ta samu saɓani da jam’iyyarta ta FDC kuma ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na jam’iyyar. A babban zaɓen shekarar 2021, akwai ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan majalisar da aka zaɓa ba tare da hamayya ba domin shiga majalisar ta 11 duk da cewa nasarar da ta samu na da cece-kuce saboda hukumar zaɓe ta hana wasu daga cikin ‘yan takararta takara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=Voters petition EC over Bukedea MP's academic papers |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/voters-petition-ec-over-bukedea-mp-s-academic-papers-2723060 |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=1 November 2020 |title=Bukedea Woman MP Anita Among unopposed as EC cancels nomination of her six rivals |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2020/11/bukedea-woman-mp-anita-among-unopposed-as-ec-cancels-nomination-of-her-six-rivals.html |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=PML Daily News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Two Women Aspirants Blocked from Nomination in Bukedea |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/two-women-aspirants-blocked-from-nomination-in-bukedea |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=[[Uganda Radio Network]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-17 |title=Anita Among's Unopposed Victory Hanging On Thin Thread As Court Of Appeal Decides |url=https://eastnews.co.ug/anita-amongs-unopposed-victory-hanging-on-thin-thread-court-of-appeal-to-decide/ |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=East News |archive-date=2021-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413005202/https://eastnews.co.ug/anita-amongs-unopposed-victory-hanging-on-thin-thread-court-of-appeal-to-decide/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Independent Uganda |date=24 March 2021 |title=Court declines to order EC to degazette MP Anita Among |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/court-declines-to-order-ec-to-degazette-mp-anita-among/ |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-31 |title=MP Anita Among's opponent cries foul after she is declared unopposed in Bukedea |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2020/10/31/mp-anita-amongs-opponent-cries-foul-after-she-is-declared-unopposed-in-bukedea/ |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Nile Post |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=OUR REPORTER {{!}} PML |date=2021-03-23 |title=BREAKING! Court upholds EC's decision to Gazette MP Anita Among as "unopposed" |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2021/03/122453.html |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=PML Daily News}}</ref> Anita Among ta bayyana kudirinta na neman kujerar mataimakiyar shugaban majalisar dokokin Uganda ta 11. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MP Anita Among Declares Bid for Deputy Speaker Slot {{!}} The Kampala Post |url=https://kampalapost.com/content/mp-anita-among-declares-bid-deputy-speaker-slot |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=kampalapost.com |archive-date=2021-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410151917/https://kampalapost.com/content/mp-anita-among-declares-bid-deputy-speaker-slot |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Battle for Deputy Speaker job heats up as minister joins race |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/battle-for-deputy-speaker-job-heats-up-as-minister-joins-race--3277906 |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-18 |title=Deputy speaker's race: Bukedi MPs ask Oboth Oboth to do more consultions |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/deputy-speakers-race-bukedi-mps-ask-oboth-oboth-to-do-more-consultions/ |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven Eyeing Deputy Speakers Job in Parliament |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/seven-eyeing-deputy-speakers-job-in-parliament- |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> Anita Among an zaɓe ta a matsayin sabuwar shugabar majalisar dokokin Uganda a ranar 25 ga watan Maris, 2022 <ref name=":0"/> wacce ta maye gurbin Jacob Oulanyah, tsohon kakakin majalisar dokokin Uganda, wanda ya mutu a [[Seattle]], [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wamala |first=Maria |date=2022-08-16 |title=Oulanyah died before accessing treatment – Aceng |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129819/oulanyah-died-before-accessing-treatment---ac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325124040/https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129819/oulanyah-died-before-accessing-treatment---ac |archive-date=2022-03-25 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Museveni explains why he delayed Oulanyah death announcement |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129783 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker Oulanyah dead |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129779 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ta buƙaci mambobin Majalisar Dokokin Uganda da su goyi bayan wani sabon kudiri da zai mayar da gaskiyar bayyana kansa a matsayin LGBT ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma hadarin ɗaurin shekaru goma a gidan yari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=L'Ouganda Débat d'un Projet de Loi Rendant Illégale l'Identification LGBTQ |url=https://lematinal.media/louganda-debat-dun-projet-de-loi-rendant-illegale-lidentification-lgbtq/ |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111191908/https://lematinal.media/louganda-debat-dun-projet-de-loi-rendant-illegale-lidentification-lgbtq/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin majalisa ta 10, Anita Among ta kasance mataimakinyar shugaban kwamitin kwamitocin, hukumomin doka da kamfanoni na Jiha (COSASE). <ref name="1R"/> <ref name="2R"/> <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Dicta Asiimwe |first=and Halima Abdallah |date=5 January 2019 |title='Let us do our job,' opposition tells Uganda's Speaker |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Uganda-FDC-Speaker-parliament-committees-leadership/4552908-4922828-13gd8wk/index.html |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> == Takunkumin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu, 2024, Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Burtaniya ya ba da sanarwar takunkumi na kashin kai ga Anita Among da wasu manyan jami'an Uganda biyu a ƙarƙashin tsarinta na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa na duniya saboda hannu a cikin wani gagarumin cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ya sanya ta zama batun daskare kadarori da kuma hana tafiye-tafiye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK sanctions corrupt politicians in Uganda who stole from vulnerable communities |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-corrupt-politicians-in-uganda-who-stole-from-vulnerable-communities |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Sanctions Notice 30/04/2024 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6630b43d3579e7a8f398a9ba/Notice_Global_Anti-Corruption_300424.pdf}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Mayu, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya wa wasu jami'an Uganda takunkumi bisa zargin cin hanci da rashawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US sanctions Uganda’s parliament speaker and others over corruption and rights abuses |url=https://apnews.com/article/uganda-parliamentary-speaker-us-sanctions-720f1c80a72cf36ed1655e2a21329967 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Anita Among da mijinta Moses Magogo Hassim suna da tagwaye biyu. Ta samu kambun Nnalongo a Uganda. Ta gabatar da shi ga iyayenta a bikin aure na gargajiya. Ana kuma raɗe-raɗin cewa tana da ɗa ɗaya daga cikin jami'an Forum for Democratic Change a yammacin Uganda, Patrick Baguma Atenyi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephen Kalema |date=2019-09-20 |title=PROFILE: All eyes on Anita Among as Bukedea MP becomes most powerful woman politician |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20190920/77970/profile-all-eyes-on-anita-among-as-bukedea-mp-becomes-most-powerful-woman-politician.html |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Angelline Osegge * Anna Ebaju Adeke * Joy Atim * Majalisar Uganda * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki na goma na Uganda * Gundumar Bukedea * John Bosco Ikojo * Jacob Oulanya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s9aahynfmg9s4r6lxkcopblp2uxrpsc 969194 969193 2026-10-18T17:07:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 969194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anita Annet Daga cikin''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba 1973) akawu ce 'yar ƙasar [[Uganda]], lauya kuma 'yar siyasa wacce ita ce Shugabar Majalisar Dokoki ta 11 na Uganda tun daga shekarar 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-25 |title=NRM's Anita Among beats Opposition's Basalirwa to become Speaker,after gathering a total number of 401 valid votes against 66 votes scored by her opponent Asuman Basalirwa in a speaker election held on 25th March 2022 at Kololo independence grounds Kampala. |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nrm-s-anita-among-beats-opposition-s-basalirwa-to-become-speaker--3760166 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker of Parliament {{!}} Parliament of Uganda |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/speaker-of-parliament |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=www.parliament.go.ug}}</ref> Har ila yau, a lokaci guda tana zama zaɓaɓɓiyar 'yar majalisa na mazaɓar mata ta Bukedea, matsayin da ta riƙe a majalisar ta 10 (2016-2021). <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Kiggundu |first=Edris |date=21 September 2016 |title=MP Among's rise, connections leave key questions unanswered |url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/46562-mp-among-s-rise-connections-leave-key-questions-unanswered |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202182441/https://observer.ug/news-headlines/46562-mp-among-s-rise-connections-leave-key-questions-unanswered |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance a jam'iyyar FDC kafin ta shiga jam'iyyar NRM mai mulki inda aka zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar kakakin majalisar wakilai ta 10. Sunanta na cikin korafin azabtarwa da gwamnatin Uganda ta shigar gaban kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-23 |title=Speaker Among named in fresh ICC torture petition |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/speaker-among-named-in-fresh-icc-torture-petition--4312870 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce mai mallakar Bukedea Comprehensive Academy, makarantar kwana ta haɗin gwiwa wacce aka kafa a cikin shekarar 2018. Makarantar, dake cikin gundumar Bukedea, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-28 |title=Museveni: Anita Among is a ‘Good Independent’ MP |url=https://chimpreports.com/museveni-anita-among-is-a-good-independent-mp/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=ChimpReports |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma tana ba da horon sana'a tare da shirye-shiryenta na ilimi <ref>{{Cite web |last=Betsy |first=Norah |date=2021-11-08 |title=Bukedea Comprehensive Academy, New Curriculum Implementation, Teaching and Learning Resources, ICT Club, Staff Professional Development. |url=https://kawa.ac.ug/bukedea-comprehensive-academy-new-curriculum-implementation-teaching-and-learning-resources-ict-club-staff-professional-development/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=KAWA Uganda |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821181615/https://kawa.ac.ug/bukedea-comprehensive-academy-new-curriculum-implementation-teaching-and-learning-resources-ict-club-staff-professional-development/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Among a gundumar Bukedea a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba 1973. Ta halarci makarantun gida don karatun firamare da sakandare. Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin kasuwanci, daga [[Jami'ar Makerere]], a shekarar 2005. A shekara ta 2008, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kasuwanci, wanda kuma daga Jami'ar Makerere.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Parliament of Uganda |year=2022 |title=Parliament of Uganda: office of the speaker [Anita Among] |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=178 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124413/https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=178 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |access-date=2022-08-16 |publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament: Among Anita Annet: Bukedea District Woman Representative |url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=178 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124413/https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=178 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2018, Daga cikin waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri daga [[Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Kampala|Jami'ar Kampala International]], tare da digiri a fannin shari'ah.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Mujuni |first=David |date=23 June 2018 |title=MP Anita Among Graduates From KIU |url=https://campusbee.ug/news/photos-mp-anita-among-graduates-from-kiu/ |access-date=6 January 2019 |publisher=Campusbee Uganda}}</ref> A lokacin tana kan hanyar samun cancanta a matsayin Chartered Certified Accountant.<ref name="2R"/> == Sana'a == Daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 2006, Among tayi aiki a Centenary Bank, ɗaya daga cikin manyan bankunan kasuwanci a ƙasar. A lokacin da ta tafi a shekara ta 2006, ta kai matsayin mai kula da reshe. Shekaru goma kafin zaɓen ta a Majalisar, ta yi aiki a matsayin malama a fannin lissafin kuɗi, a Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Makerere da Jami'ar Kampala International University. <ref name="2R"/> === Siyasa === Don zagayowar zaɓen 'yan majalisu biyu a shekarar 2007, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri gundumar Bukedea, kuma a cikin shekarar 2011, Daga cikin su sun rasa kujerar wakilcin mata na gundumar zuwa [[Rose Akol]] ta jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement (NRM).<ref name="1R"/> Anita Among, wacce ta daɗe tana jam'iyyar adawa ta Forum for Democratic Change (FDC),<ref>{{Citation|title=FDC plots to throw MP Anita Among off statutory authorities committee over 'relationship' with NRM|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5d4dFEpc44|publisher= [[NTV Uganda]] |language= en | date= 2018-01-31 | access-date= 2022-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=FDC Reshuffle; MP Anita Among says she won't leave COSASE post |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6HZ5BZr3kU |language= en |publisher= [[NTV Uganda]] |date= 2022-08-16 |access-date= 2021-04-03}}</ref> ta tsaya takara a shekarar 2016 a matsayin 'yar takara mai zaman kanta. Ta yi nasara kuma ita ce 'yar majalisa mai ci.<ref name="1R"/> A shekarar 2020, ta shiga jam’iyyar National Resistance Movement (NRM) bayan da ta samu saɓani da jam’iyyarta ta FDC kuma ta lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na jam’iyyar. A babban zaɓen shekarar 2021, akwai ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan majalisar da aka zaɓa ba tare da hamayya ba domin shiga majalisar ta 11 duk da cewa nasarar da ta samu na da cece-kuce saboda hukumar zaɓe ta hana wasu daga cikin ‘yan takararta takara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=Voters petition EC over Bukedea MP's academic papers |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/voters-petition-ec-over-bukedea-mp-s-academic-papers-2723060 |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=George Okello |date=1 November 2020 |title=Bukedea Woman MP Anita Among unopposed as EC cancels nomination of her six rivals |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/politics/2020/11/bukedea-woman-mp-anita-among-unopposed-as-ec-cancels-nomination-of-her-six-rivals.html |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=PML Daily News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Two Women Aspirants Blocked from Nomination in Bukedea |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/two-women-aspirants-blocked-from-nomination-in-bukedea |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=[[Uganda Radio Network]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-17 |title=Anita Among's Unopposed Victory Hanging On Thin Thread As Court Of Appeal Decides |url=https://eastnews.co.ug/anita-amongs-unopposed-victory-hanging-on-thin-thread-court-of-appeal-to-decide/ |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=East News |archive-date=2021-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413005202/https://eastnews.co.ug/anita-amongs-unopposed-victory-hanging-on-thin-thread-court-of-appeal-to-decide/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Independent Uganda |date=24 March 2021 |title=Court declines to order EC to degazette MP Anita Among |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/court-declines-to-order-ec-to-degazette-mp-anita-among/ |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=[[The Independent (Uganda)]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-31 |title=MP Anita Among's opponent cries foul after she is declared unopposed in Bukedea |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2020/10/31/mp-anita-amongs-opponent-cries-foul-after-she-is-declared-unopposed-in-bukedea/ |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Nile Post |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=OUR REPORTER {{!}} PML |date=2021-03-23 |title=BREAKING! Court upholds EC's decision to Gazette MP Anita Among as "unopposed" |url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2021/03/122453.html |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=PML Daily News}}</ref> Anita Among ta bayyana kudirinta na neman kujerar mataimakiyar shugaban majalisar dokokin Uganda ta 11. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MP Anita Among Declares Bid for Deputy Speaker Slot {{!}} The Kampala Post |url=https://kampalapost.com/content/mp-anita-among-declares-bid-deputy-speaker-slot |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=kampalapost.com |archive-date=2021-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410151917/https://kampalapost.com/content/mp-anita-among-declares-bid-deputy-speaker-slot |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Battle for Deputy Speaker job heats up as minister joins race |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/battle-for-deputy-speaker-job-heats-up-as-minister-joins-race--3277906 |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Daily Monitor |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-18 |title=Deputy speaker's race: Bukedi MPs ask Oboth Oboth to do more consultions |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/deputy-speakers-race-bukedi-mps-ask-oboth-oboth-to-do-more-consultions/ |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven Eyeing Deputy Speakers Job in Parliament |url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/seven-eyeing-deputy-speakers-job-in-parliament- |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Uganda Radionetwork |language=en}}</ref> Anita Among an zaɓe ta a matsayin sabuwar shugabar majalisar dokokin Uganda a ranar 25 ga watan Maris, 2022 <ref name=":0"/> wacce ta maye gurbin Jacob Oulanyah, tsohon kakakin majalisar dokokin Uganda, wanda ya mutu a [[Seattle]], [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wamala |first=Maria |date=2022-08-16 |title=Oulanyah died before accessing treatment – Aceng |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129819/oulanyah-died-before-accessing-treatment---ac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325124040/https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129819/oulanyah-died-before-accessing-treatment---ac |archive-date=2022-03-25 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=[[New Vision]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Museveni explains why he delayed Oulanyah death announcement |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129783 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker Oulanyah dead |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/129779 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ta buƙaci mambobin Majalisar Dokokin Uganda da su goyi bayan wani sabon kudiri da zai mayar da gaskiyar bayyana kansa a matsayin LGBT ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma hadarin ɗaurin shekaru goma a gidan yari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=L'Ouganda Débat d'un Projet de Loi Rendant Illégale l'Identification LGBTQ |url=https://lematinal.media/louganda-debat-dun-projet-de-loi-rendant-illegale-lidentification-lgbtq/ |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111191908/https://lematinal.media/louganda-debat-dun-projet-de-loi-rendant-illegale-lidentification-lgbtq/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin majalisa ta 10, Anita Among ta kasance mataimakinyar shugaban kwamitin kwamitocin, hukumomin doka da kamfanoni na Jiha (COSASE). <ref name="1R"/> <ref name="2R"/> <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Dicta Asiimwe |first=and Halima Abdallah |date=5 January 2019 |title='Let us do our job,' opposition tells Uganda's Speaker |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Uganda-FDC-Speaker-parliament-committees-leadership/4552908-4922828-13gd8wk/index.html |access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> == Takunkumin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu, 2024, Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Burtaniya ya ba da sanarwar takunkumi na kashin kai ga Anita Among da wasu manyan jami'an Uganda biyu a ƙarƙashin tsarinta na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa na duniya saboda hannu a cikin wani gagarumin cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ya sanya ta zama batun daskare kadarori da kuma hana tafiye-tafiye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK sanctions corrupt politicians in Uganda who stole from vulnerable communities |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-sanctions-corrupt-politicians-in-uganda-who-stole-from-vulnerable-communities |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Sanctions Notice 30/04/2024 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6630b43d3579e7a8f398a9ba/Notice_Global_Anti-Corruption_300424.pdf}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Mayu, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya wa wasu jami'an Uganda takunkumi bisa zargin cin hanci da rashawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=US sanctions Uganda’s parliament speaker and others over corruption and rights abuses |url=https://apnews.com/article/uganda-parliamentary-speaker-us-sanctions-720f1c80a72cf36ed1655e2a21329967 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Anita Among da mijinta Moses Magogo Hassim suna da tagwaye biyu. Ta samu kambun Nnalongo a Uganda. Ta gabatar da shi ga iyayenta a bikin aure na gargajiya. Ana kuma raɗe-raɗin cewa tana da ɗa ɗaya daga cikin jami'an Forum for Democratic Change a yammacin Uganda, Patrick Baguma Atenyi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephen Kalema |date=2019-09-20 |title=PROFILE: All eyes on Anita Among as Bukedea MP becomes most powerful woman politician |url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20190920/77970/profile-all-eyes-on-anita-among-as-bukedea-mp-becomes-most-powerful-woman-politician.html |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Watchdog Uganda |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Angelline Osegge * Anna Ebaju Adeke * Joy Atim * Majalisar Uganda * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki na goma na Uganda * Gundumar Bukedea * John Bosco Ikojo * Jacob Oulanya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nqyi30gjl6rc0m1v1n34x3ctdyrmj43 0 98110 969202 630034 2026-10-18T17:11:53Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 969202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mawakan kuka''' shine kundi na studio na bakwai (kuma kundi na huɗu mara haɗin gwiwa) na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Cike da Jahannama. An fitar da kundin a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2019 kuma yana aiki azaman sakin farko na ƙungiyar ta Rikodin Komawa. Kurt Ballou na Converge ne ya yi amfani da Kuka Choir, wanda a baya ya yi Full of Hell's 2017 album studio Trumpeting Ecstasy.<ref>Chapstick, Kelsey (March 18, 2019). "Hear Noise-Grind Crew Full of Hell's Explosive New Song "Burning Myrrh"". Revolver. Project M. Retrieved March 21, 2019</ref> <ref>Falzon, Denise. "Full of Hell". Exclaim. Retrieved December 18, 2014.</ref> <ref>"FULL OF HELL: Sign To Relapse Records". Relapse Records. February 13, 2018. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.</ref> <ref>Thomas, Fred. "The Body". Allmusic. Retrieved January 25, 2015</ref> <ref>https://jesuitroundup.org/2015/01/interview-with-dylan-walker-vocalist-for-full-of-hell/</ref> == Rubutu da rakwadin == Tun da kundi na ƙarshe, da yawa daga cikin membobin Cikakkun Jahannama sun ƙaura zuwa garuruwa daban-daban. Saboda wannan, Kuka Choir ya zama na farko Cikakkun kundi na Jahannama da za a rubuta ba tare da dukan membobin band a cikin wani aiki sarari. A wannan lokacin, mawallafin guitar kuma marubucin firamare Spencer Hazard ya rubuta cikakkun waƙoƙi a cikin ɗakin kwanansa da kansa kuma ƙungiyar za ta taru don yin amfani da sabon kayan kusan sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a wa hsta saboda sabon nauyin "manyan" nasu.<ref>Hinds, Thomas (May 1, 2019). "We Talk 'Weeping Choir' with Full of Hell Guitarist Spencer Hazard + Band Releases New Single". Invisible Oranges. BrooklynVegan. Retrieved May 17, 2019</ref> Hazard ya ce wannan sabuwar hanyar yin rubutu ta haifar da wasu wakoki masu sarkakiya da kalubale da aka taba kirkirowa. Ya ce: "Wannan rikodin tabbas yana da sassan da na rubuta riff kuma yana da kyau sosai, amma da zarar mun taru mun kasance kamar, 'Wannan shi ne a cikin wani sa hannun sa hannu na lokaci mai ban mamaki ban ma san yadda za a ƙidaya shi ba,' irin abu. Ko da lokacin da muka shiga ɗakin studio, Kurt [Ballou] ya kasance kamar, 'Ban san lokacin sa hannu ba.'"<ref>Enis, Eli (May 16, 2019). "Full Of Hell: 'We've Had Plenty of People Turn Their Backs on Us Because We've Gotten Too Noisy or Experimental'". Kerrang!. Retrieved May 17, 2019.</ref> <ref>https://jesuitroundup.org/2015/01/interview-with-dylan-walker-vocalist-for-full-of-hell/</ref> Mawakan kuka suna alamar kundi na biyu na Cikakkun Jahannama wanda Kurt Ballou, mawaƙin mawaƙa na ƙungiyar Hardcore Converge, wanda ya yi aiki tare da Cikakken Jahannama akan kundi na farko, Trumpeting Ecstasy. Cikakkun Jahannama ya ruwaito cewa Ballou ya tura ƙungiyar da ƙarfi a wannan lokacin fiye da da, amma a ƙarshe ya fi ɗaukar sautin wasan kwaikwayonsu na raye-raye daga duk faya-fayen su har zuwa yau. Hazard ya kara da cewa: "[A kan] busa kaho irin ya bar mu mu yi namu abu. Amma a wannan karon tabbas ya kasance kamar, 'A'a, sake yi. Kuna iya yin mafi kyau.' Ina jin kamar ya sami damar samun kyawu daga gare mu a wannan lokacin."<ref>Enis, Eli (May 16, 2019). "Full Of Hell: 'We've Had Plenty of People Turn Their Backs on Us Because We've Gotten Too Noisy or Experimental'". Kerrang!. Retrieved May 17, 2019</ref> <ref>Kelly, Kim (December 8, 2015). "Listen to Full of Hell Lay Waste to the Melvins' Deep Cut 'Oven'". Noisey. Vice. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2015.</ref> <ref>Cool, Toby (March 18, 2015). "Meaningless Pain: An Interview With Full Of Hell". The Quietus. Retrieved May 25, 2015.</ref> <ref>Adams, Gregory (January 7, 2015). "Full of Hell and The Body Team Up for Collaborative Album". Exclaim!. Retrieved January 7, 2015.</ref> <ref>"FULL OF HELL: Sign To Relapse Records | Relapse Records". label.relapse.com. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018.</ref> <ref>Hugh, Gabe (December 10, 2014). "Full of Hell – Full of Hell & Merzbow". Hellbound. Retrieved December 18, 2014</ref> == Manazarta == 8c87wrqh64rfyusm8gocqloeq8ophc8 0 98525 969348 615125 2026-10-19T03:46:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anne-Marie Essy Raggi''' (née '''Thomas'''; 8 Oktoba 1918 - 19 Oktoba 2004) 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasa ce]] ta Ivory Coast kuma alama ce ta gwagwarmayar mulkin mallaka. Ta jagoranci zanga-zangar mata a Grand-Bassam, ta kasance memba mai girma a hukumar kula da mata ta Ivory Coast, kuma shugabar AFI na Grand-Bassam. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-06 |title=Des figures incroyables |url=https://www.elle.ci/societe/femmes-a-suivre/independance-de-la-cote-divoire-les-femmes-qui-ont-marque-notre-histoire/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Elle Côte d'Ivoire |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809231658/https://www.elle.ci/societe/femmes-a-suivre/independance-de-la-cote-divoire-les-femmes-qui-ont-marque-notre-histoire/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hommage à Anne Marie Raggi |url=https://irma.edu.ci/hommage-a-anne-marie-raggi/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=IRMA GRAND BASSAM |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706153823/https://irma.edu.ci/hommage-a-anne-marie-raggi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko da ilimi === An haifi Anne-Marie Essy Raggi a Lauzoua, [[Divo, French Ivory Coast|Divo]], a ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, 1918. Ta halarci makarantar [[Sisters of Notre Dame des Apôtres]] a Moossou. Ta mutu a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba, 2004, a [[Avicenne Clinic|asibitin Avicenne]] a [[Abidjan-Marcory]]. Ita ma a Faransa ta auri Louis Raggi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-08 |title=Journée de la femme : Un zoom sur Anne-Marie Raggi, combattante de la lutte anti-coloniale aux 4 « nationalités» {{!}} AbidjanTV.net |url=http://abidjantv.net/societe/journee-de-la-femme-un-zoom-sur-anne-marie-raggi-combattante-de-la-lutte-anti-coloniale-aux-4-nationalites/,%20http://abidjantv.net/societe/journee-de-la-femme-un-zoom-sur-anne-marie-raggi-combattante-de-la-lutte-anti-coloniale-aux-4-nationalites/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Gwagwarmaya == Domin neman a saki ƴan siyasar Ivory Coast da hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka ɗaure, Anne-Marie Essy Raggi ta jagoranci, tare da sauran 'yan ƙasa ciki har da Marie Koré, tattakin mata a Grand-Bassam, zanga-zangar da matan Ivory Coast suka fara, waɗanda suka yi tafiya daga Abidjan zuwa Grand-Bassam daga ranar 22 ga watan Disamba zuwa 24, 1949. <ref>{{Cite web |last=SANGARE |first=Mohamed |title=Côte d'Ivoire: RAGGI ANNE-MARIE, HONNEUR À LA GRANDE AMAZONE DE LA MARCHE SUR GRAND-BASSAM |url=https://blogs.mediapart.fr/mohamed-sangare/blog/090713/cote-divoire-raggi-anne-marie-honneur-la-grande-amazone-de-la-marche-sur-grand-bassam |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Mediapart |language=fr}}</ref> Anne-Marie Essy Raggi kuma an santa da yunƙurin siyasa da haɗin kai. Ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatare-janar na kwamitin mata na PDCI-RDA Sub-Section na Grand-Bassam daga shekarun 1946 zuwa 1974, mai girma memba na ƙasa kwamitin na Ivory Coast Women's Association (AFI), shugaban na Ivory Coast Women Association of Grand-Bassam, memba na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa Council daga shekarun 1970 zuwa 2000 daga magajiyar gari na Grand Basam. Jean-Baptiste Mockey daga shekarun 1980 zuwa 1985. <ref>{{Cite web |last=SANGARE |first=Mohamed |title=Côte d'ivoire : qu'est ce qu'on attend pour rebaptiser le Boulevard Giscard d'Estaing en Boulevard Anne-Marie Raggi? |url=https://blogs.mediapart.fr/mohamed-sangare/blog/110713/cote-divoire-quest-ce-quon-attend-pour-rebaptiser-le-boulevard-giscard-destaing-en-boulevard-an |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Mediapart |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=YECLO.com |date=2019-03-08 |title=Journée de la femme : Lumière sur Anne-Marie Raggi, combattante de la lutte anti-coloniale aux 4 "nationalités" |url=https://www.ivoiresoir.net/journee-de-la-femme-lumiere-sur-anne-marie-raggi-combattante-de-la-lutte-anti-coloniale-aux-4-nationalites/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=YECLO.ci |language=fr-FR}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance == Anne-Marie Essy Raggi ta sami kayan ado da yawa don ayyukanta a duk rayuwarta a Faransa da Ivory Coast. An ba ta kyautar Grand Cross National, jami'in National Order, kuma an yi mata ado da Order of the Ram. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rezo-Ivoire .net {{!}} anne marie raggi |url=https://rezoivoire.net/ivoire/patrimoine/2250/anne-marie-raggi.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=rezoivoire.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rezo-Ivoire .net {{!}} raggi anne marie la grande amazone de la marche sur grand bassam |url=https://rezoivoire.net/ivoire/profil/2985/raggi-anne-marie-la-grande-amazone-de-la-marche-sur-grand-bassam.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=rezoivoire.net}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1918]] mrf215kxkom1ro4p2lt88a0ehlsb8kh 0 98614 969249 691387 2026-10-18T19:58:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agnès Monnet''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954) 'yar [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasar]] ƙasar Ivory Coast ce, memba mai tarihi na ƙungiyar Popular Front (FPI). Ita ce matar Minista Léon Emmanuel Monnet. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Kwarewar a fannin aiki === Agnès Monnet tana da digiri na uku a cikin adabi na zamani (French lettres modernes) <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2022 |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Docteur Agnes Monnet invested president of the "Women Caucus For Lobbying-Côte d'Ivoire" |url=https://www.linfodrome.com/societe/79606-cote-d-ivoire-docteur-agnes-monnet-investie-presidente-du-women-caucus-for-lobbying-cote-d-ivoire |access-date=November 24, 2023 |website=Linfodrome |language=fr}}</ref> kuma mataimakiyar farfesa ce a [[Jami'ar Félix Houphouët-Boigny]] a [[Abidjan]]. Ta jagoranci Hukumar Haɗin gwiwar wayar da kan jama'a ta Ivory Coast (AICF) - a halin yanzu Hukumar Francophonie ta ƙasa - daga shekarun 2003 zuwa 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Biography: Agnès Monnet, the journey of a discreet and combative woman |url=https://cotedivoirenews.info/biographie-agnes-monnet-le-parcours-dune-femme-discrete-et-battante/ |access-date=March 20, 2021 |website=Côte d'Ivoire News |language=fr}}</ref> === Aikin siyasa === Agnès Monnet tana ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka shiga FPI. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnès Monnet (D.G de l'AICF) - Abidjan.net Who's Who |url=https://www.abidjan.net/qui/profil.asp?id=430 |access-date=March 20, 2021 |website=Abidjan.net |archive-date=January 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111190333/http://abidjan.net/QUI/profil.asp?id=430 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An naɗa ta sakatariyar hukumar FPI ta ƙasa mai kula da harkokin sadarwa, musamman wajen shirya taron jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agnès Monnet (D.G de l'AICF) - Abidjan.net Who's Who |url=https://www.abidjan.net/qui/profil.asp?id=430 |access-date=March 20, 2021 |website=Abidjan.net |archive-date=January 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111190333/http://abidjan.net/QUI/profil.asp?id=430 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ce mace ta farko magajiyar garin Agou a gundumar Lacs daga shekarun 2000 zuwa 2013. An sake zaɓen ta a wannan matsayi a shekara ta 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=40 years of Uvicoci: Dr. Agnès Monnet celebrates her predecessors |url=https://www.fratmat.info/article/230667/politique/40-ans-de-luvicoci-dr-agnes-monnet-celebre-ses-predecesseurs |access-date=November 24, 2023 |website=FratMat}}</ref> Agnès Monnet ta maye gurbin Laurent Akoun a matsayin Sakatare-Janar na FPI ƙarƙashin jagorancin Pascal Affi N'Guessan a cikin watan Yuli shekara ta 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2017 |title=Ivorian Women Politicians of Influence: Agnès Monnet, Secretary-General and Spokesperson of the FPI |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/485264/politique/femmes-politiques-ivoiriennes-dinfluence-agnes-monnet-secretaire-generale-et-porte-parole-du-fpi/ |access-date=March 20, 2021 |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr}}</ref> Ta yi murabus daga matsayinta na Sakatare-Janar kuma mai magana da yawun FPI a ƙarƙashin Pascal Affi N'Guessan a cikin watan Maris shekara ta 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 3, 2020 |title=Agnès Monnet "very disappointed" with Affi, she suspects Ouattara of "manipulation" |url=http://abidjantv.net/politique/agnes-monnet-tres-decue-daffi-elle-soupconne-ouattara-de-tripatouillage/,%20http://abidjantv.net/politique/agnes-monnet-tres-decue-daffi-elle-soupconne-ouattara-de-tripatouillage/ |access-date=March 20, 2021 |website=AbidjanTV.net |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0oiod5v8dsygvdj75jpbgma058q6mj8 0 98819 969161 612282 2026-10-18T16:38:35Z Salma Raddah 45959 969161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jihan Abass''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1993/1994) ƴar kasuwa ce ta zamantakewa kuma ƴar kasuwa 'yar ƙasar [[Kenya]] wacce ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na [[Lami Insurance Technology]], kamfanin fasahar inshora da ke [[Nairobi]], Kenya, da Lami Direct Insurance, kamfanin inshorar motocin dijital. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 September 2021 |title=Quartz Africa Innovators 2021: Female innovators lead the way |url=https://qz.com/africa/2062305/meet-the-female-entrepreneurs-leading-innovation-in-africa/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=[[Quartz Africa]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jihan Abass |url=https://www.africatechsummit.com/kigali/cth_speaker/jihan-abass/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=[[Africa Tech Summit]] Kigali |language=en-GB}}</ref> John Abass ta kafa Lami ne don haɓaka ƙarancin inshorar Afirka. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mureithi |first=Carlos |date=22 September 2021 |title=Who is building the tech infrastructure for African businesses? |url=https://qz.com/africa/2061798/who-is-building-the-tech-infrastructure-for-african-businesses/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=Quartz Africa |language=en}}</ref> Jihan Abass ta kasance mai sana'ar kasuwanci ta gaba kuma mai siyar da sukari a wani gidan kasuwanci a London, Ingila, inda ta yi ciniki a kasuwannin sukari na New York City da London. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 September 2021 |title=Quartz Africa Innovators 2021: Female innovators lead the way |url=https://qz.com/africa/2062305/meet-the-female-entrepreneurs-leading-innovation-in-africa/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=[[Quartz Africa]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://qz.com/africa/2062305/meet-the-female-entrepreneurs-leading-innovation-in-africa/ "Quartz Africa Innovators 2021: Female innovators lead the way"]. ''[[Quartz Africa]]''. 22 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jihan Abass |url=https://www.africatechsummit.com/kigali/cth_speaker/jihan-abass/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=[[Africa Tech Summit]] Kigali |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.africatechsummit.com/kigali/cth_speaker/jihan-abass/ "Jihan Abass"]. ''[[Africa Tech Summit?action=edit&redlink=1|Africa Tech Summit]] Kigali''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Jihan Abass tana da MBA daga [[Jami'ar Oxford]] da digiri na farko a fannin kuɗi daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Bayes. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jihan Abass |url=https://www.africatechsummit.com/kigali/cth_speaker/jihan-abass/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=[[Africa Tech Summit]] Kigali |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.africatechsummit.com/kigali/cth_speaker/jihan-abass/ "Jihan Abass"]. ''[[Africa Tech Summit?action=edit&redlink=1|Africa Tech Summit]] Kigali''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == A cikin shekarar 2020, an zaɓi Jihan Abass don wakiltar Afirka a [[InsureTech Connect]] 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muriuki |first=Benjamin |date=11 September 2020 |title=Jihan Abass: Kenyan woman to represent Africa at world InsureTech Connect 2020 |url=https://citizentv.co.ke/lifestyle/jihan-abass-kenyan-woman-to-represent-africa-at-world-insuretech-connect-344757/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=[[Citizen TV]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2021, ''Quartz'' ya naɗa ta a matsayin Mawallafiyar Afirka. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 September 2021 |title=Quartz Africa Innovators 2021: Female innovators lead the way |url=https://qz.com/africa/2062305/meet-the-female-entrepreneurs-leading-innovation-in-africa/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=[[Quartz Africa]] |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://qz.com/africa/2062305/meet-the-female-entrepreneurs-leading-innovation-in-africa/ "Quartz Africa Innovators 2021: Female innovators lead the way"]. ''[[Quartz Africa]]''. 22 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mureithi |first=Carlos |date=22 September 2021 |title=Who is building the tech infrastructure for African businesses? |url=https://qz.com/africa/2061798/who-is-building-the-tech-infrastructure-for-african-businesses/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=Quartz Africa |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMureithi2021">Mureithi, Carlos (22 September 2021). [https://qz.com/africa/2061798/who-is-building-the-tech-infrastructure-for-african-businesses/ "Who is building the tech infrastructure for African businesses?"]. ''Quartz Africa''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin shekarar 2022, Aljazeera Africa Direct ta ba da labarin wani shiri game da Kasuwancin Jihan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jihan's Venture: A businesswoman in Kenya |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/africa-direct/2022/4/20/jihans-venture-a-businesswoman-in-kenya |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2022, wanda aka bayyana azaman labarin rufewa a cikin Lionness of Africa 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jihan Abass, a Kenyan innovator in digital insurance |url=https://www.lionessesofafrica.com/blog/2022/3/27/jihan-abass-a-kenyan-innovator-in-digital-insurance |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Lionesses of Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hoj2wsdbqempvjfdenzo4qhm7xuyxmu 0 99320 969378 917078 2026-10-19T06:43:27Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372597109|BB Sasore]]" 969378 wikitext text/x-wiki Bodunrin Sasore, wanda aka fi sani da BB Sasore, [1] [2] marubucin fim ne na Najeriya, Daraktan fim, kuma wanda ya kafa Nemsia Studios. [3][4] An fi saninsa da marubuci da darektan Allah Kira, da Kafin 30. [5][6] == Ilimi == Sasore tana da digiri tare da manyan a cikin kwayoyin halitta da ilmin sunadarai daga Jami'ar Rutgers . <ref name="ShockNG 2021">{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2021 |title=EXCLUSIVE: The Confidential Interview With Bodurin Sasore |url=https://shockng.com/exclusive-the-confidential-interview-with-bodurin-sasore/ |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=ShockNG}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2013, Sasore ya kafa [[Nemsia Studios]] tare da [[Nemsia Studios|Derin Adeyokunnu]], ya kafa ɗakin karatu da aka keɓe don samar da fina-finai masu inganci, fina-fakkawan da ke da labari. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Ƙaunar Mai Laushi'' (2024) * ''[[Breath of Life (fim na 2023)|Rashin Rayuwa]]'' (2023) * ''[[God Calling|Allah Kira]]'' (2018) * ''[[Banana Island Ghost|Gidan Gidan Gida na Banana]]'' (2017) * ''[[Before 30|Kafin 30]]'' (2015) * ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013) * ''[[Journey of an African Colony|Tafiyar Ƙasar Afirka]]'' == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tstw8pp1ufscs0deuao65fna1e0cr8i 969379 969378 2026-10-19T06:44:15Z Salma Raddah 45959 969379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bodunrin Sasore, wanda aka fi sani da BB Sasore, [1] [2] marubucin fim ne na Najeriya, Daraktan fim, kuma wanda ya kafa Nemsia Studios. [3][4] An fi saninsa da marubuci da darektan Allah Kira, da Kafin 30. [5][6] == Ilimi == Sasore tana da digiri tare da manyan a cikin kwayoyin halitta da ilmin sunadarai daga Jami'ar Rutgers . <ref name="ShockNG 2021">{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2021 |title=EXCLUSIVE: The Confidential Interview With Bodurin Sasore |url=https://shockng.com/exclusive-the-confidential-interview-with-bodurin-sasore/ |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=ShockNG}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2013, Sasore ya kafa [[Nemsia Studios]] tare da [[Nemsia Studios|Derin Adeyokunnu]], ya kafa ɗakin karatu da aka keɓe don samar da fina-finai masu inganci, fina-fakkawan da ke da labari. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Ƙaunar Mai Laushi'' (2024) * ''[[Breath of Life (fim na 2023)|Rashin Rayuwa]]'' (2023) * ''[[God Calling|Allah Kira]]'' (2018) * ''[[Banana Island Ghost|Gidan Gidan Gida na Banana]]'' (2017) * ''[[Before 30|Kafin 30]]'' (2015) * ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013) * ''[[Journey of an African Colony|Tafiyar Ƙasar Afirka]]'' == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jrrdh6vmm0vn6cywel89jwxhuas4nu8 0 101048 969250 833018 2026-10-18T20:11:24Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Yoruba-Dancers-931x598.jpg|Yoruba-Dancers-931x598.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:CptViraj|CptViraj]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Yoruba-Dancers-931x598.jpg|]]. 969250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Blaxit-logo.png|thumb|Alamar da ba ta hukuma ba ta ƙungiyar Blaxit]] '''Blaxit''' ƙungiya ce ta zamantakewa wacce ke inganta dawo da Baƙar fata / 'yan [[Afirka]] na Amirka daga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Turai]] zuwa Afirka.Kalmar yanzu ta haɗa da duk mutanen da ke da al'adun Afirka waɗanda ke son ƙaura zuwa Afirka saboda dalilai da yawa, gami da sabbin damar ci gaban tattalin arziki da dalilai na al'adu. Haɗe da ƙasashen Afirka waɗanda yanzu ke neman samun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙaura, an kafa ƙungiya mai girma, tare da shugaban Ghana [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] ya bayyana cewa 2019 ita ce "[[Shekarar Dawowa, Ghana 2019|Shekarar Komawa]]" kuma daidai da sanarwarsa, ya sauƙaƙa ƙaura zuwa Ghana ga membobin al'ummomin Afirka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Silence is Not an Option |url=https://www.cnn.com/audio/podcasts/don-lemon-silence-is-not-an-option |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=CNN}}</ref> Kasashe irin su [[Saliyo]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Benin]], [[Ghana]], da [[Zambiya|Zambia]] yanzu suna ba da 'yan ƙasa ga mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka waɗanda ke son da'awar zama ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebayo |first=Bukola |date=November 29, 2019 |title=Ghana makes 126 people from the diaspora citizen as part of Year of Return celebrations |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/29/africa/ghana-foreign-nationals-citizenship/index.html |access-date=August 27, 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Benin tana motsawa don ba da 'yan ƙasa ga duk wanda zai iya tabbatar da asalin su ga [[Afirka]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mangin |first=Paul-Emile |last2=Luhan |first2=Wolfgang |date=March 11, 2024 |title=Non-willigness to lead and social preference |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/rct.13041 |doi=10.1257/rct.13041 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2024}}</ref> Tare da sabon ci gaban tattalin arziki na yankin, ƙasashen Afirka yanzu suna aiki don samun saka hannun jari da ƙwararrun ma'aikata daga mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka da 'yan Afirka da suka yi hijira. Gwamnan bankin tsakiya na [[Itofiya|Habasha]] Mamo Mihretu ya yi kira ga jama'ar Habasha da su shiga cikin sabbin damar da aka samu ta hanyar sake fasalin tattalin arziki a Habasha don amfana da kansu da ƙasarsu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia Invites The Diaspora To Seize New Economic Opportunities |url=https://ebc.et/english/newsdetails.aspx?newsid=8167 |access-date=December 14, 2024 |website=ebc.et |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222012654/https://ebc.et/english/newsdetails.aspx?newsid=8167 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tare da sanannun mutane na al'adun Afirka kamar [[Idris Elba]] suna komawa Afirka don ƙirƙirar 'Zollywood', <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2024 |title=Idris Elba: Why I'm planning a move to Africa |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c98yz7pxrlko |access-date=October 30, 2024 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Akon]] yana ƙirƙirar birni nasa a Senegal da ake kira 'Akon City', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vera |first=Amir |date=January 14, 2020 |title=Akon created his own city in Senegal called ‘Akon City’ |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/akon-city-senegal-trnd/index.html |access-date=October 28, 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> kuma Ludacris yana samun 'yancin Gabonese, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Standard |title=14 African- American celebrities who are trooping back to Africa |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/entertainment/swimming/article/2001355983/14-african-american-celebrities-who-are-trooping-back-to-africa |access-date=October 29, 2024 |website=Standard Entertainment |language=en}}</ref> ƙungiyar tana samun sabon saka hannun jari tare da ra'ayin sanya Afirka nahiya mai tasowa. Kalmar Blaxit an kirkireshi ne bayan Brexit ta hanyar masanin kimiyya, ɗan jarida, da kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin ɗan adam Dr. [[Ulysses Burley]] III. Kalmar ta haɗu da Black da Exit don samar da Blaxit kamar yadda Brexit ya bayyana fitowar Burtaniya daga [[Tarayyar Turai]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://www.ubthecure.com/about/ |access-date=June 14, 2021 |website=Ulysses Burley III |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Disheartened By Racial Violence In U.S., Inspired By Brexit, He Pondered A 'Blaxit' |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/07/17/486359426/disheartened-by-racial-violence-in-u-s-inspired-by-brexit-he-pondered-a-blaxit |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hjeld |first=Kim |title='I'm leaving, and I'm just not coming back': Fed up with racism, Black people head overseas |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2020/06/26/blaxit-black-people-leave-uk-escape-racism-build-lives-abroad/3234129001/ |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sewing |first=Joy |date=October 23, 2020 |title=Joy Sewing: Black Americans, fed up with racism, move abroad as 'Blaxit' trends |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/life/article/Black-Americans-fed-up-with-racism-move-abroad-15669032.php |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=HoustonChronicle.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Savali |first=Kristen West |date=January 26, 2020 |title=Is Moving To Another Country The Answer? |url=https://www.essence.com/news/is-blaxit-for-you/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=October 29, 2020 |website=Essence |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oshindoro |first=Michael |date=February 22, 2019 |title=Blaxit and the Romanticization of Africa |url=https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/bic/2019/005/7 |journal=Black Issues Conference}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa al'ummar Laberiya ne don mayar da martani ga wariyar launin fata wanda ya 'yantar da 'yancin' yan fata a cikin shekarun 1820. [1] Masanin tarihi Kevin K. Gaines ya ce kusan 15,000 'yanci da' yanci na Amurka sun yi hijira tsakanin shekarun 1820 da lokacin yakin basasa da bayan haka.[1] Sauran Baƙar fata Amurkawa sun yi hijira zuwa Kanada, wanda ya kasance "hasken 'yanci" ga Baƙar fata Amirkawa daga lokacin Yakin Juyin Juya Halin (duba: Black Loyalists), tare da daruruwan bayi masu gudu da suka yi hijira a shekara ta 1830 kuma mafi yawa suna ƙaura bayan sashi na 1850 na Dokar Bautar Fugitive . [1] Shahararren abolitionist Mary Ann Shadd ta yi hijira zuwa Kanada kuma ta karfafa wasu 'yan Afirka na Afirka su yi hijira [[File:Monument_Dakar_IMG_5008a.jpg|thumb|Abin tunawa na Renaissance na Afirka]] A farkon shekarun 1900, yawancin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na baki, masu zane-zane da marubuta sun yi hijira zuwa Turai, a cikin ƙoƙari na neman damar da ba ta wanzu a Amurka ba.<ref name=":1"/> [[Ira Aldridge]] ya bi aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a Turai saboda yana da iyakantaccen dama a Amurka.<ref name=":1" /> A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, lokacin da yawancin baƙar fata na Amurka suka fuskanci rayuwa a wasu ƙasashe a karon farko, da yawa daga cikinsu sun yanke shawarar kasancewa a Faransa, a cewar Gaines "inda aka bi da su da girmamawa. " <ref name=":1"/> Gaines ya ce wannan gogewar ta haifar da kirkirar al'ummar Afirka ta Afirka a Paris da sauran manyan biranen Faransa. A wannan lokacin James Reese Turai ne ya gabatar da kiɗa na Jazz a Faransa, wanda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar soja ta Harlem Hellfighters.<ref name=":1" /> Josephine Baker ta sami karbuwa a birnin Paris kuma daga baya ta zama 'yar ƙasar Faransa.<ref name=":1" /> James Baldwin ya bayyana kwarewarsa a Paris, ya bambanta su da waɗanda ke Amurka.<ref name=":1" /> Richard Wright ya kuma koma Paris, kuma Langston Hughes ya zauna a London na ɗan lokaci.<ref name=":0"/> [[Nina Simone]] ta zauna a Faransa da kasashe da yawa na Afirka.<ref name=":0" /> Paul Robeson ya ba da shaida ga Kwamitin Majalisar kan Ayyukan da ba na Amurka ba ta hanyar bayyana cewa a Rasha, "Na ji a karo na farko kamar cikakken mutum".<ref name=":0" /> Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], lokacin da [[Ghana]] ta zama ƙasar Afirka ta farko da ta mallaki Sahara don samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1957, ƙasar ta zama mai kyau ga baƙar fata na Amurka waɗanda ke son ziyartar ta don dalilai na tafiya da ƙaura.<ref name=":1"/> [[Maya Angelou]] da [[W. E. B. Du Bois|W.E.B. Dubois]] sun koma can.<ref name=":1" /> [[Fayil:Flag_of_the_UNIA.svg|thumb|Tutar Pan-Afirka]] Yunkurin [[Pan-Africanism]], wanda ya fara a shekara ta 1897, ya girma a cikin shekarun 1950 bayan mulkin mallaka a matsayin motsi wanda ke da niyyar ƙarfafawa da ƙarfafa alaƙar hadin kai tsakanin 'yan asalin Afirka. Tunanin Pan-Afirka ya rinjayi kafa kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (yanzu [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]]) a 1963. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan burin da Tarayyar Afirka ta kafa don nahiyar a cikin karni na 21 shine inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci. An dauki manyan matakai don magance wannan batun musamman tare da kirkirar [[Yankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afrika|Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Afirka]] (AfCFTA). A cikin 2019, shugaban kasar Ghana [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] ya bayyana cewa 2019 shine "[[Shekarar Dawowa, Ghana 2019|Shekarar Komawa]]" kuma daidai da sanarwarsa, ya sauƙaƙa ƙaura zuwa Ghana ga membobin al'ummomin Afirka.<ref name=":1"/> A watan Yunin 2020, Ministan Yawon Bude Ido na Ghana [[Barbara Oteng Gyasi]] ta karfafa wa 'yan baƙar fata Amurkawa su yi hijira, tana cewa "Afirka tana jiran ku".<ref name=":1" /> [[Saliyo]] ta kafa hanyar zama 'yan kasa ga membobin al'ummomin Afirka. Tare da taimakon gwaje-gwaje na DNA, wannan hanyar zuwa zama ɗan ƙasa tana bawa mutanen da ke da Al'adun Afirka damar komawa Afirka. Masanin ilimin kwayoyin halitta Rick Kittles da Gina Page suna taimaka wa iyalai su hada abubuwan da suka ɓace ta hanyar kakannin Afirka, suna taimaka wa zuriyar bayi sama da miliyan ɗaya su warware asirin al'adun Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2024 |title=Partners in time: Reconnecting African Americans with their tribes of origin |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/february-2024/partners-time-reconnecting-african-americans-their-tribes-origin |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=Africa Renewal |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:African-American_Ancestry_Visualized.png|thumb|248x248px|Tsohon Afirka-Amurka da aka gani]] 'Yan majalisa na [[Benin]] suna kimanta wani tsari na ba da' yan ƙasa ta hanyar zuriya ga zuriyar' yan Afirka a duk faɗin duniya. Don samun 'yancin Benin, za a buƙaci masu neman su ba da shaidar al'adun su na Afirka ta hanyar takardun hukuma, shaidu masu tabbatarwa, ko gwajin DNA. Za a ba da izinin mutane masu cancanta fasfo na Benin na shekaru uku a matsayin mataki na farko a cikin tsarin amincewa, yana ba da damar yin amfani da biza ba tare da izini ba zuwa wurare 63 a duk duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ikani |first=John |date=May 20, 2024 |title=Benin Considers Citizenship For Descendants Of Enslaved Africans |url=https://www.theheritagetimes.com/benin-considers-citizenship-for-descendants-of-enslaved-africans/ |access-date=June 14, 2024 |website=Heritage Times |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Ghana]] ta yi tarihi a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024 yayin da ta ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga mutane 524, da yawa daga Amurka ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Jenice |date=November 26, 2024 |title=Ghana made history last week as it granted citizenship to 524 people — some of them Philadelphians {{!}} Jenice Armstrong |url=https://www.inquirer.com/opinion/ghana-black-american-expat-dual-citizenship-20241126.html |access-date=November 28, 2024 |website=www.inquirer.com |language=en}}</ref> Tare da Donald Trump ya lashe wa'adi na biyu a matsayin Shugaban Amurka a 2024, yanzu akwai karuwar motsi na [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙar fata na Amurka]] da ke neman komawa Afirka saboda sauye-sauyen halayen a Amurka, da kuma amfana daga karuwar sabbin damar tattalin arziki na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PhillyInquirer |date=November 23, 2024 |title=Ghana wants Black Americans to ‘come home.’ Many are accepting the invitation. I went to find out why. |url=https://headtopics.com/us/ghana-wants-black-americans-to-come-home-many-are-62366810 |access-date=November 28, 2024 |website=Head Topics |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ghana ta zama kasa ta biyar a Afirka da ta aiwatar da tafiye-tafiye ba tare da biza ba ga 'yan Afirka. Shugaba Nana Akufo-Addo ya ba da izinin zartarwa don cikakkiyar manufofin tafiye-tafiye ba tare da biza ba a ranar Laraba, 18 ga Disamba, 2024. Manufar, wacce aka shirya don fara aiki a farkon 2025, za ta sanya Ghana kasa ta biyar a Afirka da za ta bude iyakokinta ga duk masu rike da fasfo na Afirka don tabbatar da hadin kan yanki. Shirin shiri ne na shekaru 10 da gwamnatin Ghana ta kaddamar don bunkasa yawon bude ido, karfafa dawowar 'yan Afirka da Ghana da ke zaune a kasashen waje, da kuma karfafa alakar tattalin arziki tare da diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ekanem |first=Solomon |date=December 26, 2024 |title=Ghana becomes 5th African country to implement visa-free travel for Africans |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/ghana-becomes-5th-african-country-to-implement-visa-free-travel-for-africans/4rk8xbt |access-date=December 30, 2024 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2024 yawon bude ido na Afirka ya sake komawa zuwa matakan kafin annobar, nahiyar ta ga karuwar kashi 7% a cikin isowa a cikin 2024 idan aka kwatanta da 2019.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Africa's tourism rebounds to pre-pandemic levels - UN - TRT Afrika |url=https://trtafrika.com/lifestyle/africas-tourism-rebounds-to-pre-pandemic-levels-un-18256632 |access-date=January 25, 2025 |website=trtafrika.com |language=en}}</ref> An ƙaddamar da matakin aiki na Yankin Ciniki na Afirka a wani bikin da ya haɗa da "kira mai daraja" tare da ƙasashe 27 da suka tabbatar da kayan aikin AfCFTA.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Operational Phase Of The African Continental Free Trade Area Launched {{!}} African Union |url=https://au.int/en/articles/operational-phase-african-continental-free-trade-area-launched |access-date=January 25, 2025 |website=au.int |archive-date=February 6, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206210258/https://au.int/en/articles/operational-phase-african-continental-free-trade-area-launched |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ba da alamar kiɗa ta Amurka Stevie Wonder 'yan asalin Ghana a ziyarar [[Accra]], babban birnin Ghana, a watan Mayu 2024. Shugaban kasar, [[Nana Akufo-Addo]], ya yaba da kwarewarsa da alakarsa da Afirka. "Ta hanyar ba shi 'yancin Ghana, ba wai kawai mun amince da babban baiwarsa da nasarorin da ya samu ba, har ma mun amince da zurfin alakarsa da nahiyar Afirka". Akalla baƙar fata 1,500 sun koma [[Ghana]] tun daga shekarar 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 7, 2022 |title=‘This is where I should be’: 1,500 Black Americans make Ghana their new home |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2022/09/07/where-i-should-be-1500-black-americans-make-ghana-their-new-home |access-date=November 6, 2024 |website=The World from PRX |language=en}}</ref> == Dalilai == ''USA Today'' ta ce "Baƙi bakar fata na Amurka, kamar masu hijira daga kowane irin launi da kabila, suna barin Amurka na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin saboda dalilai daban-daban: neman ingantaccen rayuwa, samun damar aiki, aure ko ritaya a ƙasashen waje, dalilai na haraji, ko kuma don neman sabon ƙwarewa."<ref name=":0" /> Kristen West Savali, da ta rubuta a mujallar ''Essence'' a watan Janairu na 2020, ta kwatanta Blaxit da [[Great Migration]] na bakar fata, tana cewa, "ya ƙara bayyana cewa babu ko da wani kusurwa a Amurka da ya kasance lafiya ga bakar fata."<ref name=":2" /> [[File:Map of Trans-African Highways.PNG|thumb|178x178px|Titunan Afirka]] Malamin jami'a Okunini Ọbádélé Kambon ya koma Ghana bayan an kama shi a birnin Chicago.<ref name=":0" /> Yana da hannu a wani shirin Ghanar da ke ƙarfafa zuriyar Afirka su dawo gida.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Coleman |first=Colette |date=February 16, 2024 |title=Blaxit: Tired of Racism, Black Americans Try Life in Africa |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/16/realestate/african-americans-africa.html |access-date=August 27, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ‘Yar kasuwa Lakeshia Ford ta koma Ghana bayan ta yi shekara guda a can cikin wani shirin musayar ilimi; ta ce a Ghana "ban damu da cewa ni bakar fata ce ba… a nan ni dai mace ce kawai."<ref name=":0" /> Tiffanie Drayton, wadda iyayenta suka koma daga Trinidad da Tobago zuwa Amurka tana da shekara huɗu, ta koma Trinidad da Tobago a 2013, kuma yanzu haka tana rubuta littafi mai suna ''Black American Refugee'' game da Blaxit.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Drayton ta ce tuki da ‘ya’yanta don su yi barci a Trinidad da Tobago ya sha bamban da kwarewa iri ɗaya a Amurka: "A Amurka, hannunka yana rawar jiki. Kana cikin fargaba akan abin da za ka ce. Kana cikin damuwa ko kana da takardar izini mai kyau. Kullum kana cikin fargaba."<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Flag of the African Union.svg|thumb|260x260px|Tutar Tarayyar Afirka]] === Ci gaban tattalin arzikin Afirka === Agenda 2063 wani tsari ne da Tarayyar Afirka ta ƙirƙira kuma yanzu haka ana aiwatar da shi. Manufofin tsari sun haɗa da bunƙasa tattalin arziki (ciki har da kawar da talauci a cikin tsararraki ɗaya), haɗin kai na siyasa (musamman ta hanyar kafa Tarayyar Afirka ko kuma haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa), kyautata dimokuraɗiyya da shari'a, tabbatar da tsaro da zaman lafiya a nahiyar Afirka baki ɗaya, ƙarfafa ''asalin al'adu'' ta hanyar farfaɗo da Afirka da ra'ayin pan-Africanism, daidaito tsakanin jinsi, da samun ‘yancin siyasa daga ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goals & Priority Areas of Agenda 2063 |url=https://au.int/agenda2063/goals }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana tsammanin ci gaban GDP na Afirka zai kai matsakaicin 3.8% a 2024 da 4.2% a 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional Economic Outlook for Sub-Saharan Africa, April 2024 {{!}} A Tepid and Pricey Recovery |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/REO/SSA/Issues/2024/04/19/regional-economic-outlook-for-sub-saharan-africa-april-2024 |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> Wannan ya fi matsakaicin ci gaban duniya da ake hasashe na 2.9% da 3.2%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2024 |title=Africa dominates list of the world's 20 fastest-growing economies in 2024—African Development Bank says in macroeconomic report |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/press-releases/africa-dominates-list-worlds-20-fastest-growing-economies-2024-african-development-bank-says-macroeconomic-report-68751 }}</ref> Afirka na da matasa da yawan su ke ƙaruwa da sauri, manyan birane, da sabbin fasahohi daga kamfanonin kuɗi har zuwa makamashi mai tsafta. Ana sa ran yawan al’umma zai ninka zuwa biliyan 2.5 nan da 2050, wanda ke samar da dama mai yawa ta hanyar albarkatu da ƙarfin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reimagining Africa's economic growth {{!}} McKinsey |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/reimagining-economic-growth-in-africa-turning-diversity-into-opportunity |access-date=June 22, 2024 |website=www.mckinsey.com |archive-date=June 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622195923/https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/reimagining-economic-growth-in-africa-turning-diversity-into-opportunity |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan sabuwar ci gaba ta janyo hankalin ‘yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje da kuma zuriyarsu su dawo nahiyar don cin moriyar damar. [[File:Kamdi Uko - Andela Lagos.jpg|thumb|Mai horaswa da ɗaukar ma’aikata a Lagos|230x230px]] AfCFTA (Yankin Ciniki Cikin ‘Yanci na Afirka) wani yanki ne na ciniki mara shinge da ya ƙunshi mafi yawan ƙasashen Afirka. An kafa shi a 2018, kuma yana da mambobi 43 da wasu ƙasashe 11 da suka rattaba hannu. Wannan shi ne mafi girma bayan WTO dangane da adadin ƙasashe da yawan mutane—miliyan 1.3 a faɗin nahiyar na biyu mafi girma a duniya.<ref name=":7" /> [[File:First WAFMAX in Angola 2 (8222830395).jpg|thumb|229x229px|Tashar jiragen ruwa a Angola]] Sabbin shirye-shirye na yankuna suna faruwa don sauƙaƙa saka jari kamar na Botswana One Stop Service Centre,<ref>{{Cite web |title=BITC - Welcome |url=http://www.bitc.co.bw/ |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=BITC Website}}</ref> wanda ke nufin bayar da sabis cikin gaggawa da gaskiya ga masu zuba jari. Jamhuriyar Dimokraɗiyyar Kongo da Zambiya suna haɗin gwiwa wajen kera batir, suna sauƙaƙa dokokin hakar ma’adinai tsakanin iyakokin su don samar da yanayin saka jari mai dorewa. Africa Mining Vision, wanda AU ta ƙaddamar a 2009, na iya zama tsarin jagora ga wannan cigaba. Afirka ta Kudu da ke da kashi 30% na manyan ma’adinan duniya,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Wenjie |last2=Laws |first2=Athene |last3=Valckx |first3=Nico |title=Harnessing Sub-Saharan Africa’s Critical Mineral Wealth |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2024/04/29/cf-harnessing-sub-saharan-africas-critical-mineral-wealth |access-date=June 26, 2024 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> ana hasashen kudin shiga daga hakar ma’adinai hudu—copper, nickel, cobalt, da lithium—zai kai dala tiriliyan 16 a cikin shekaru 25 masu zuwa. [[File:Marginal Promenade in Luanda - Angola 2015.jpg|thumb|229x229px|Mashigin rairayin bakin teku a Luanda]] Lekki Free Trade Zone (Lekki FTZ) wani yanki ne na ciniki mai ‘yanci da ke yankin gabashin Lekki, yana da fadin kilomita murabba’i 155. Ana sa ran zai zama sabuwar cibiyar birni da ke haɗa masana’antu, kasuwanci, gine-gine, ajiya da jigilar kaya, yawon buɗe ido, da nishaɗi. Fasfo na Tarayyar Afirka wata takarda ce da aka tsara don maye gurbin fasfo ɗin kowace ƙasa a cikin mambobin AU, wanda zai bai wa masu shi damar tafiya zuwa kowace ƙasa 55 na Afirka ba tare da biza ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philpot |first=Lorne |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Single passport for Africa set to become reality in 2021 |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/travel/single-passport-africa-rollout-2021/ |access-date=December 15, 2024 |website=The South African |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Sabon layin dogo mai sauri na Afirka da aka shirya zai haɓaka zirga-zirga, yawon buɗe ido, da haɗin manyan biranen Afirka nan da 2030. Wannan layin dogo zai haɗa birane kamar Nairobi, Lagos, Cairo da Dakar, yana taimakawa samun damar kasuwa, haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki, da haɗin kai na yanki. Misira ta riga ta fara aikin gina nata, wanda zai kai kilomita 2,000 da ke haɗa birane 60 kuma zai zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 27, 2024 |title=Africa’s New £7 Billion High-Speed Rail Network to Revolutionize Travel, Boost Tourism, and Connect Key African Capitals by 2030: New Travel Updates You Need to Know - Travel And Tour World |url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/africas-new-7-billion-high-speed-rail-network-to-revolutionize-travel-boost-tourism-and-connect-key-african-capitals-by-2030-new-travel-updates-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=December 30, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Gwamnan babban bankin [[Ethiopia]] Mamo Mihretu ya bukaci diaspora na Ethiopia da su amfana da sabbin damar da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar gyare-gyaren tattalin arziki domin amfanin kansu da ƙasarsu.<ref name=":4" /> Gyaran tsarin kuɗi na Ethiopia na nufin kawo ƙasarsu cikin tsarin ƙasashe masu matsakaicin samun kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia’s financial reforms open path to lower-middle-income status, Mamo Mihretu says |url=https://www.theaf{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}...</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 1wuw6jgrxtquyx8np10ymf64ayvqsgc 0 102808 969246 909919 2026-10-18T19:18:29Z Aliyu haider 50182 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 969246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Elgin_Marbles_4.jpg|thumb|314x314px|Yammacin Yamma, II, 2]] '''Elgin Marbles''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|l|ɡ|ɪ|n}} {{respell|ELG|in}}) tarin siffofin Girka ne na Dā daga Parthenon da sauran gine-gine daga Acropolis na [[Athens]], an cire su daga Ottoman Girka a farkon ƙarni na 19 kuma an tura su zuwa Burtaniya ta hanyar wakilan Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, kuma yanzu ana gudanar da su a [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]] a London. Yawancin siffofin an halicce su ne a karni na 5 BC a karkashin jagorancin mai zane-zane da masanin gine-gine Phidias. Kalmar Parthenon ''Marbles na Parthenon'' Sculptures (Girkanci) tana nufin siffofi - frieze, metopes da pediments - daga Parthenon da aka gudanar a cikin tarin daban-daban, musamman Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya da Gidan Tarihin Acropolis a Athens.{{Sfn|Jenkins|2016}} Daga shekarar 1801 zuwa 1812, wakilan Elgin sun cire kusan rabin siffofin Parthenon da suka tsira, da kuma siffofi daga Erechtheion, Haikali na Athena Nike da Propylaia, sun tura su zuwa Burtaniya don ƙoƙarin kafa gidan kayan gargajiya mai zaman kansa. Elgin ya bayyana cewa ya cire siffofin tare da izinin jami'an Ottoman waɗanda ke da iko a Athens a lokacin. An yi jayayya game da halattaccen ayyukan Elgin.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> Kasancewarsu a Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya shine batun jayayya ta duniya. A Burtaniya, wasu sun goyi bayan sayen tarin, <ref name="Casey22">{{Cite web |last=Casey |first=Christopher |date=30 October 2008 |title="Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism |url=http://ww2.jhu.edu/foundations/?p=8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513053304/http://ww2.jhu.edu/foundations/?p=8 |archive-date=13 May 2009 |access-date=25 June 2009 |website=Foundations. Volume III, Number 1}}</ref> yayin da wasu, kamar Lord Byron, suka kwatanta ayyukan Elgin da lalata ko fashi. Wani bincike na majalisar dokokin Burtaniya a cikin 1816 ya kammala cewa Elgin ya sami marmara bisa doka. Elgin ya sayar da su ga gwamnatin Burtaniya a wannan shekarar, bayan haka suka shiga cikin amincin Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1983, gwamnatin Girka ta nemi gwamnatin Burtaniya ta mayar da su Girka kuma ta lissafa takaddamar tare da [[UNESCO]]. Gwamnatin Burtaniya da Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya sun ki amincewa da tayin UNESCO na sulhu. A cikin 2021, UNESCO ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Burtaniya da ta warware matsalar a matakin gwamnati.<ref name=":202">{{Cite web |date=September 2021 |title=Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to its Countries of Origin or its Restitution in Case of Illicit Appropriation Twenty-Second SessionParis, UNESCO Headquarters, Room XI27-29 September 2021DECISIONS |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379856/PDF/379856eng.pdf.multi |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Gwamnatin Girka da magoya bayan dawowar marmara zuwa Girka sun yi jayayya cewa an samo su ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma ba bisa ka-ida ba, cewa suna da muhimmancin al'adu na musamman ga Girka, kuma za a fi godiya da darajar al'adunsu a cikin nuni na jama'a tare da sauran manyan kayan tarihi na Parthenon a Gidan Tarihin Acropolis. Gwamnatin Burtaniya da Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya sun yi jayayya cewa an samo su bisa doka, cewa dawowarsu za ta kafa misali wanda zai iya lalata tarin manyan gidajen tarihi na al'adun duniya, kuma tarin Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya yana ba su damar kallo a cikin mahallin wasu manyan al'adun tsohuwar kuma ta haka ne ya cika hangen nesa da Gidan kayan gargajiya na Acropolis ya bayar. Tattaunawar tsakanin jami'an Burtaniya da Girka suna ci gaba. == Sunan == An sanya sunan Elgin Marbles ne bayan 7th Earl na Elgin, wanda, tsakanin 1801 da 1812, ya kula da cire su daga Parthenon, Erechtheion, Haikali na Athena Nike da Propylaia da jigilar su zuwa Ingila.<ref name=":233">{{Cite web |title=The Parthenon Sculptures |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-story/contested-objects-collection/parthenon-sculptures |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=The British Museum}}</ref> Ta hanyar dokar majalisa, Dokar Gidan Tarihi ta Burtaniya ta 1816, an canja tarin zuwa Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya a kan yanayin da za a kiyaye shi tare kuma a kira shi "Elgin Marbles". Kalmar "Parthenon Marbles" ko "Parthenor Sculptures" tana nufin siffofi da siffofin gine-gine da aka cire musamman daga Parthenon.{{Sfn|Jenkins|2016}} Wadannan a halin yanzu ana gudanar da su a gidajen tarihi bakwai a duniya, musamman Gidan Tarihi na Acropolis da Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya. Kalmar "Parthenon Sculptures" ana amfani da ita a wannan ma'anar ta Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya da gwamnatin Girka.<ref name=":233" /> [[Mario Trabucco della Torretta]] ya yi jayayya cewa yayin da "Elgin Marbles" shine sunan doka na tarin, waɗanda ke ba da shawarar maidowa sun fi son "Parthenon Sculptures".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trabucco della Torretta |first=Mario |date=1 December 2023 |title=What's in a collection of Ancient Greek sculptures' name? |url=https://thecritic.co.uk/whats-in-a-collection-of-ancient-greek-sculptures-name/ |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=The Critic}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gina Parthenon a kan Acropolis na Athens daga 447 KZ a matsayin haikalin allahiya Athena . Wataƙila Phidias ne ke da alhakin ƙirar siffar. A cikin ƙarni masu zuwa an canza ginin zuwa coci da masallaci kuma an lalata siffofin sosai, kodayake ginin ya kasance mai kyau.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> A lokacin Yaƙin Ottoman-Venetian na shida (1684-1699) , Turks masu karewa sun karfafa Acropolis kuma sun yi amfani da Parthenon a matsayin kantin sayar da bindiga. A ranar 26 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1687, wani bindigogi na Venetian ya kunna gunpowder, kuma fashewar da ta haifar ta hura yankin tsakiya na Parthenon kuma ta sa ganuwar cella ta rushe cikin rushewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mommsen |first=Theodor E. |year=1941 |title=The Venetians in Athens and the Destruction of the Parthenon in 1687 |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=544–556 |doi=10.2307/499533 |jstor=499533}}</ref> Uku daga cikin ganuwar huɗu sun rushe, ko kusan haka, kuma kusan kashi uku cikin biyar na siffofin daga frieze sun fadi.<ref name="Chatziaslani">{{Cite web |last=Chatziaslani |first=Kornilia |title=Morosini in Athens |url=http://www.eie.gr/archaeologia/En/chapter_more_8.aspx |access-date=14 August 2012 |publisher=Archaeology of the City of Athens}}</ref> Kimanin mutane 300 ne suka mutu a fashewar, wanda ya zubar da raguwar marmara a wani muhimmin yanki.<ref name="Tomkinson2">{{Cite web |last=Tomkinson |first=John L. |title=Venetian Athens: Venetian Interlude (1684–1689) |url=http://www.anagnosis.gr/index.php?la=eng&pageID=217 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221546/http://www.anagnosis.gr/index.php?la=eng&pageID=217 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=14 August 2012 |publisher=Anagnosis Books}}</ref> A cikin ƙarni na gaba da rabi, an cire ɓangarorin sauran tsarin don kayan gini kuma an cire abubuwa masu daraja da yawa.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> == Samun == [[Fayil:East_pediment_O_Parthenon_BM_n2.jpg|thumb|Parthenon Selene Horse]] [[Fayil:The_Parthenon_sculptures,_British_Museum_(14063376069)_(2)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Metope daga Elgin Marbles wanda ke nuna Centaur da Lapith suna fada]] A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1798, an nada Earl na Elgin a matsayin "Ambassador na Musamman da Minista Plenipotentiary na Mai Girma na Britaniya zuwa Babban Ƙofar Selim III, Sultan na Turkiyya" (Greece a lokacin wani ɓangare ne na Daular Ottoman). Kafin ya tashi don ɗaukar mukamin, ya kusanci jami'an gwamnatin Burtaniya don yin tambaya idan za su yi sha'awar daukar masu zane-zane don ɗaukar zane-zane da zane-zane na sassan da aka [[sassaƙa]] na Parthenon. A cewar Elgin, "amsawar Gwamnati ... gaba ɗaya ba ta da kyau. "<ref name="Casey22"/>&nbsp; Elgin ya yanke shawarar aiwatar da aikin da kansa, kuma ya yi amfani da masu zane-zane don ɗaukar zane-zane da zane-zane a ƙarƙashin kulawar mai zane-zane na kotu na Neapolitan, Giovanni Lusieri . <ref name="Casey22"/> Kodayake ainihin niyyarsa shine kawai don yin rubuce-rubuce, a cikin 1801 Elgin ya fara cire kayan daga Parthenon da gine-ginen da ke kewaye da shi a ƙarƙashin kulawar Lusieri. A cewar wani dan kasar Turkiyya, ana ƙone siffofin marmara da suka fadi don samun lemun tsami don gini, kuma idan aka kwatanta da zane-zanen da aka buga a baya ya rubuta yanayin saurin lalacewar ragowar.<ref name="Casey22" /> An kuma cire ɓangarori daga Erechtheion, Propylaia, da Haikali na Athena Nike, duk a cikin Acropolis.<ref name=":233"/> An kawo su daga Girka zuwa [[Malta]], sannan kuma mai kula da Burtaniya, inda suka kasance shekaru da yawa har sai an kai su Burtaniya. An kammala tonowa da cirewa a cikin 1812 a farashin kansa ga Elgin na £ 74,240 <ref name="Casey22"/> (daidai da £ {{Inflation|UK-GDP|70000|1812|fmt=c|r=-4}} a cikin fam {{Inflation-year|UK-GDP}}). Elgin ya yi niyyar amfani da marmara don inganta fasahar Burtaniya, kuma burinsa na ƙarshe shine Gwamnati ta saya musu. Don gina shari'ar don kashe kuɗin jama'a, Elgin ya sayi gida a London kuma ya kafa siffofin a can a matsayin gidan kayan gargajiya mai zaman kansa, yana mai da su ga masu zane-zane, kuma a ƙarshe, jama'a. Elgin ya ci gaba da tattaunawa don sayar da tarin ga Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya a 1811, amma tattaunawar ta gaza lokacin da gwamnati ta ba da £ 30,000 kawai; kasa da rabin kuɗin da ya kashe game da su. Shekaru masu zuwa sun nuna karuwar sha'awar Girka ta gargajiya, kuma Elgin ya sami shaidu daga Ennio Quirino Visconti, darektan Louvre, da Antonio Canova na Gidan Tarihi na Vatican, waɗanda suka tabbatar da babban darajar fasaha na marmara. A cikin 1816, Kwamitin Zaɓin House of Commons, wanda aka kafa a buƙatar Ubangiji Elgin, ya gano cewa suna da ƙimar fasaha kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati ta sayi su don £ 35,000 don ci gaba da noma zane-zane a Burtaniya. A watan Yunin 1816, bayan ci gaba da muhawara, majalisa ta amince da sayen marmara ta hanyar kuri'un 82-30. An canja marmara zuwa Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta. ==Bayani== [[File:Parthenon_section_annotated.svg|thumb|Rubutacciyar zane ta Parthenon tare da ɓangarorin da aka rufe a Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya]] Duwatsun marmara da Elgin ya mallaka sun haɗa da adadi kusan 21 daga sassaka-sassaka daga gabas da yammacin pediment, 15 daga cikin asali 92 metope panels da ke nuna yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Lapiths da centaurs, da kuma mita 75 na Parthenon frieze wanda ya yi waɗanda aka shimfida a sama da ciki na ginin haikalin ado. A saboda haka, suna wakiltar fiye da rabi na abin da ya rage na kayan ado na sassaka na Parthenon.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2023 |title=Sassan Sassaka na Parthenon |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-story/contested-objects-collection/parthenon-sculptures |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=The British Museum}}</ref> Kayan mallakar Elgin sun kuma haɗa da abubuwa daga sauran gine-gine a kan Acropolis na Athens – wani caryatid daga Erechtheion; allunan huɗu daga shinge frieze na Haikalin Athena Nike; da kuma wasu gungu na sauran gutsuttsarin gine-gine na Parthenon, Propylaia, Erechtheion, da Haikalin Athena Nike – da kuma Taskar Atreus a Mycenae.<ref name=":1" /> Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya kuma riƙe ƙarin gutsuttsari daga Acropolis, wanda aka samu daga tarin daban-daban ba tare da alaƙa da Elgin ba, kamar na Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois,<ref>{{cite web | date=24 September 2024 | title=Rubutun Katalo na Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya don abu 1840.1111.5 | url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1840-1111-5 | website= The British Museum}}</ref> William Cavendish, Duke na Devonshire na 6,<ref>{{cite web | date=24 September 2024 |title=Rubutun Katalo na Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya don abu 1854.0513.1 |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1854-0513-1| website= The British Museum}}</ref> da kuma Society of Dilettanti.<ref>{{cite web | date=24 September 2024 |title=Rubutun Katalo na Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya don abu 1816.0610.29-30a | url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1816-0610-29-30-a | website= The British Museum}}</ref> == Halascin Cirewa daga Athens == A watan Fabrairun 1816, Kwamitin Zaɓe na Majalisar Dokoki ya gudanar da sauraron jama'a kan ko Elgin ya mallaki duwatsun marmara a bisa doka kuma ko ya kamata gwamnati ta saye su.<ref name=":4" /> A cikin shaidar sa ga kwamitin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahoto daga Kwamitin Zaɓe na Majalisar Dokoki kan tarin duwatsun marmara na Earl na Elgin; &c |url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008272383/page/n39/mode/2up |access-date=13 January 2023 |website=Internet Archive}}</ref> Elgin ya bayyana cewa aikin wakilansa a Acropolis, da kuma cire duwatsun marmara, an ba da izini ta hanyar firman (kalmar da matafiya na Yamma ke amfani da ita don nuna duk wani umarni na Ottoman) daga gwamnatin Ottoman da aka samu a watan Yulin 1801, kuma an gudanar da shi tare da amincewar voivode (gwamnan farar hula na Athens) da dizdar (kwamandan sojoji na sansanin Acropolis). A watan Maris na 1810, an sami wani firman, wanda ya ba da izinin jigilar duwatsun marmara na biyu daga Athens zuwa Biritaniya.<ref>Williams (2009). p. 23</ref> Elgin ya gaya wa kwamitin, "an yi wannan abu a fili a gaban dukan duniya... kuma dukan hukumomin yankin suna da hannu a ciki, haka kuma gwamnatin Turkiyya".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Dyfri |date=2009 |title=Firman Lord Elgin |journal=Journal of the History of Collections |pages=1–28}}</ref> Kwamitin ya wanke Elgin daga dukkan zarge-zargen cewa ya mallaki duwatsun marmara ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma ya yi amfani da ikonsa a matsayin jakada.<ref name=":4" /> Labarin Elgin na abubuwan da suka faru, duk da haka, ya kasance mai rikitarwa. Ba a sami rikodin hukuma na firman na Yuli 1801 a cikin rumbunan adana bayanai na Turkiyya ba.<ref name="Nation2">{{cite journal |author1=David Rudenstein |date=29 May 2000 |title=Shin Elgin Ya Ci Gaba da Marnar? |journal=Nation |volume=270 |issue=21 |page=30 |quote=Duk da haka babu wani mai bincike da ya taɓa gano wannan takarda ta Ottoman kuma lokacin da nake Istanbul na bincika a banza don shi ko kowane kwafi na shi, ko kowane nassi a gare shi a cikin wasu nau'ikan takardu ko bayanin sharuɗɗan sa na asali a cikin kowane takarda na hukuma mai alaƙa. Ko da yake wani takarda na wani nau'i na iya wanzu, da alama ya ɓace cikin iska, duk da cewa rumbunan adana bayanai na Ottoman suna ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na irin waɗannan takardu daga lokacin.}}</ref> Fassarar Italiyanci na firman da aka ce tana hannun Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya, kuma an gabatar da fassarar Ingilishi ga Kwamitin Zaɓe na 1816.<ref name=":2">St Clair, William: Lord Elgin and the Marbles. Oxford University Press, US, 3rd ed., (1998)</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=firman |url=http://www.parthenon.newmentor.net/firman.htm |work=newmentor.net}}</ref> Takardar ta bayyana a wani ɓangare,<ref>Williams (2009). pp. 6–7</ref> {{Blockquote |cewa a rubuta kuma a umurce cewa waɗancan masu zane [mutanen Elgin] yayin da suke shiga da fita ta ƙofar Gidan Gari, wanda shine wurin lura da su, wajen kafa scaffolder a kusa da tsohuwar haikalin Gumaka [Parthenon], da ɗaukar hotuna a cikin farar ƙasa (wato plaster) na waɗancan kayan ado iri ɗaya, da kuma lambobi masu bayyane, wajen auna ragowar sauran gine-gine da suka ruguje, kuma a cikin shiga don tono, gwargwadon buƙata, tushe don samun duk wani tubalin da aka rubuta, wanda wataƙila an adana shi a cikin tarkace, kada a dame su, ko kuma a hana su ta kowace hanya ta Kwamandan Gidan, ko wani mutum, kuma kada wani ya tsoma baki da scaffolderinsu, da kayan aiki, waɗanda suka iya yi a wurin; kuma idan suna son ɗauke wasu gutsutsuren dutse tare da tsoffin rubutu, da lambobi, kada a yi musu hamayya.}} Vassilis Demetriades, na Jami'ar Crete, ya nuna cewa takardar ba firman ba ce (dokar daga Sultan), ko buyuruldi (umarni daga Babban Vizier), amma mektub (wasika ta hukuma) daga Babban Vizier mai riƙo na Sultan wanda ba shi da ƙarfin doka.<ref name="firman23">{{cite web |last=Demetriades |first=Vassilis |title=Shin cire duwatsun marmara ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba? |url=http://www.parthenon.newmentor.net/illegal.htm |work=newmentor.net}}</ref> Dyfri Williams ya bayyana cewa ko da yake takardar ba firman ba ce a ma'anar fasaha, an yi amfani da kalmar sosai a cikin da'irar diflomasiyya da kotu don nufin takardun hukuma daban-daban na Ottoman. Ya nuna cewa takardar wataƙila buyuruldi ce, amma "Duk abin da takardar ta kasance, a fili dole ne a bi ta, kuma an bi ta."<ref>Williams (2009). pp. 8–12</ref> Mai tarihi Edhem Eldem ya kuma goyi bayan yiwuwar ingancin takardar kuma ya kira ta firman a ma'anar kalmar mai faɗi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Eldem |first=Edhem |date=2011 |editor-last1=Barani |editor-first1=Zainab |editor-last2=Celik |editor-first2=Zeynep |editor-last3=Eldem |editor-first3=Edhem |title=Scramble for the Past. A Story of Archaeology in the Ottoman Empire, 1753–1914 |publisher=Istanbul, SALT |pages=281–328 |chapter=Daga Rashin Kulawa zuwa Damuwa Mai Zafi: Tunanin Ottoman Game da Tsoffin Abubuwa, 1799–1869 |isbn=}}</ref> [[File:Parthenon pediment statues.jpg|thumb|Sassaka daga gabas pediment]] Akwai muhawara kan ko takardar ta ba da izinin wakilan Elgin su cire sassaka da aka haɗa da Parthenon da sauran gine-gine. Demetriades, David Rudenstine da sauran sun nuna cewa takardar ta ba da izinin ƙungiyar Elgin su cire kayan tarihi da aka samu daga tono da aka yarda da su, ba waɗanda har yanzu an haɗa su da gine-gine ba.<ref name="firman23"/><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Rudenstein |first=David |date=29 May 2000 |title=Shin Elgin Ya Ci Gaba da Marnar? |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Did+Elgin+Cheat+at+Marbles%3F-a062102045 |journal=The Nation}}</ref> Williams ya nuna cewa takardar ta kasance "mai buɗaɗɗiya" kuma gwamnan farar hula ya yarda da fassarar limamin coci Philip Hunt—wanda aka haɗa da ƙungiyar a matsayin limamin Elgin—wanda ya ba su damar cire sassaka da aka haɗe da gine-gine.<ref>Williams (2009). p. 20</ref> Beard ya kammala, "Babu yadda za a yi a sami amsa ta hanyar nazarin rubutun. Kamar yadda yake faruwa sau da yawa tare da takardun da aka aiko daga babban ofis, ainihin fassarar zai dogara ga mutanen da ke aiwatar da umarnin a wurin."<ref>Beard (2002). p. 91</ref> Masani a fannin shari'a John Henry Merryman ya nuna cewa takardar ta samar da "karamin ikon" kawai don cire sassaka, amma a bisa doka an tabbatar da ayyukan Elgin ta hanyar halin jami'an Ottoman. A cikin 1802, jami'an Ottoman a Constantinople sun ba da takardu ga gwamnan farar hula da kwamandan sojoji na Athens suna tabbatar da halinsu kuma, a watan Maris na 1810, sun ba da umarni wanda ya ba Elgin damar jigilar kayan marmara daga Girka zuwa Biritaniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Merryman |first=John |date=1985 |title=Tunanin Game da Elgin Marbles |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol83/iss8/3/ |journal=Michigan Law Review |volume=83 |issue=8 |pages=1899|doi=10.2307/1288954 |jstor=1288954 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Masani a fannin shari'a Catharine Titi ta bayyana cewa Sir Robert Adair ya ruwaito cewa Ottoman a cikin 1811 "gaba ɗaya sun musanta" cewa Elgin yana da wata kadara a cikin sassaka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Titi |first=Catharine |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6 |title=Parthenon Marbles da Dokokin Duniya |date=2023 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-031-26356-9 |pages=79–81 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6}}</ref> Masanin shari'a Alexander Herman da mai tarihi Edhem Eldem sun bayyana cewa takardun da ke cikin rumbunan adana bayanai na Turkiyya sun nuna cewa wannan musantawa ta kasance kawai dabarar jinkiri ce saboda dalilai na diflomasiyya, kuma Porte daga baya ya ba da izinin jigilar duwatsun marmara zuwa Biritaniya daga baya a cikin 1811.<ref>{{cite book |last=Herman |first=Alexander |author-link= |url= |title=Rikicin Elgin Marbles |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2023 |isbn=978-1509967179 |edition= |place=London |pages=45–46}}</ref><ref>BOA, HAT 1277/49548, AH 1225 (AD 1810), an ambato a Eldem (2011), p. 292</ref> Wasu shaidu da suka ga cire duwatsun marmara daga Acropolis, ciki har da membobin ƙungiyar Elgin, sun bayyana cewa ana buƙatar cin hanci mai tsada da kyauta ga jami'an yankin don tabbatar da ci gaban aikin su.<ref name="Edward Daniel Clarke 1818 223ff2">{{Cite book |first=Edward Daniel |last=Clarke |title=Tafiya a Ƙasashe daban-daban na Turai, Asiya da Afirka Sashe na Biyu Girka Masar da Ƙasa Mai Tsarki Sashe na Biyu Bugu na Huɗu Volume na Shida |publisher=T. Cadell |year=1818 |location=London |page=223ff}}</ref> An ba da shawarar cewa "ɗan kuɗi kaɗan" aka biya wa disdar, kuma kawai don jawo shi ya ci gaba da aikin. Ba a taɓa ambaton kuɗi don fara aikin ba, wanda shine saboda izini na hukuma.<ref>Williams (2019). pp. 13, 19</ref> Merryman ya nuna cewa cin hanci ba zai sa mallakar duwatsun marmara ta zama ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar ƙa'idodin lokacin:<ref>Merryman (1985). p. 1901–1902</ref> {{Blockquote|Ottoman da aka ci hanci su ne jami'an da ke da alhakin. Ko menene dalilinsu, suna da ikon doka don aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan. A lokaci da kuma a cikin al'ada inda jami'ai ke buƙatar cin hanci a kai a kai don aiwatar da ayyukansu na doka (kamar yadda har yanzu yake faruwa a yawancin duniya a yau), gaskiyar cewa an yi cin hanci ba wani babban la'akari na doka bane.}} Rudenstine, ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tantance ko, a lokacin, cin hanci zai zama muhimmiyar la'akari ta doka a irin waɗannan hada-hadar hukuma a ƙarƙashin dokar Ottoman ko ta Biritaniya.<ref>Rudenstine (1999) p. 370</ref> Herman ya nuna cewa cin hancin jami'ai ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba a ƙarƙashin dokar Biritaniya da ta Ottoman a lokacin, amma cewa Porte bai ɗauki mataki a kan jami'ansa a Athens ba kuma saboda haka ya jure ayyukansu a hankali.<ref>{{cite book |last=Herman |first=Alexander |author-link= |url= |title=Rikicin Elgin Marbles |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2023 |isbn=978-1509967179 |edition= |place=London |pages=46–48}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2024, wani kakakin Turkiyya, wanda shine magajin ko jihar Ottoman mai ci,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Öktem |first=Emre |date=August 2011 |title=Turkiyya: Magajin ko Jihar Ottoman Mai Ci? |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/turkey-successor-or-continuing-state-of-the-ottoman-empire/B3512009F20CED7173E9D27E37A5EE83 |journal=Leiden Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |page=561 |doi=10.1017/S0922156511000252 |issn=1478-9698|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ya musanta sanin firman kuma ya bayyana cewa Turkiyya tana goyon bayan dawo da duwatsun marmara. Kakakin ya bayyana cewa "masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya" ne suka cire duwatsun marmara, ya ƙara da cewa: "Ba na tunanin akwai wani wuri don tattauna halascin sa, har ma a lokacin kuma a ƙarƙashin dokar lokacin."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zois |first=Nikolas |date=4 June 2024 |title=Turkiyya ta musanta firman da ta ba Lord Elgin haƙƙin sayar da Sassakan Parthenon |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/culture/1240571/turkey-denies-firman-giving-lord-elgin-rights-to-sell-parthenon-sculptures/ |access-date=4 June 2024 |work=Kathimerini}}</ref> A martani, masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi Mario Trabucco della Torretta ya bayyana cewa masana sun ɗauka cewa kwafin firman na Biritaniya na gaske ne kuma ana iya jayayya cewa ya ba Elgin izinin cire sassakan.<ref name=":14">{{cite news |last=Trabucco della Torretta |first=Mario|date= 19 August 2024|title=Kada mu rasa Marnarmu! |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/daily-express/20240819/282110641929563?srsltid=AfmBOorQtcw0t7cXAs-LtFeYs0OvLCkm-sgXtQ_D2VF6X6IuYIyEJwIr |work= Daily Express |access-date= 24 September 2024}}</ref> ==Martani a zamanin Elgin{{anchor | Criticism by Elgin's contemporaries}}== A shekarar 1807, lokacin da Elgin ya nuna jigilar farko ta marmara a birnin London<ref name="Jenkins 2016. p. 102">Jenkins (2016). p. 102</ref>, an karɓe su da hannu biyu a wurin da yawa<ref name="Casey22"/> waɗanda suka yaba da sassaken kuma suka goyi bayan isowar su. Mai sassaka John Flaxman ya ce sun fi "dukiyar Italiya" kyau,<ref name=":12">Jenkins (2016). pp. 102–104</ref>, yayin da Benjamin West ya kira su da "misalan gwanancewar sassaka mafi tsarki".<ref>William St Clair (1967). p. 167</ref> Henry Fuseli ya nuna farin ciki sosai, kuma abokinsa Benjamin Haydon ya zama mai rajin bayyana muhimmancin su.<ref>{{Cite book |last=St. Clair |first=William |title=Lord Elgin and the Marbles |publisher=Oxford |year=1967 |edition=1st |location=London |pages=169–172}}</ref> Amma masana tarihin gargajiya kamar Richard Payne Knight sun ce marmaran ayyukan mutanen Romawa ne ko kuma na ƙananan masu fasaha, yayin da mai zane Ozias Humphrey ya ce su "tarkace ne kawai".<ref name=":12" /> Lord Byron, bayan shekaru kaɗan, ya ƙi amincewa da dauke marmaran daga Girka, inda ya kira Elgin da mai lalata tarihi.<ref name="BritA2">Encyclopædia Britannica, ''The Acropolis'', p. 6/20, 2008, O.Ed.</ref> A cikin waƙarsa ''Childe Harold's Pilgrimage'' da aka buga a shekarar 1812, ya rubuta game da Parthenon:<ref>{{cite news |date=14 July 2014 |title=The story of the Elgin Marbles |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |url=http://www.elginism.com/20040720/90/ |url-status=dead |access-date=25 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025153529/http://www.elginism.com/20040720/90/ |archive-date=25 October 2011}}</ref> {{poemquote|Dull is the eye that will not weep to see Thy walls defaced, thy mouldering shrines removed By British hands, which it had best behoved To guard those relics ne'er to be restored. Curst be the hour when from their isle they roved, And once again thy hapless bosom gored, And snatch'd thy shrinking gods to northern climes abhorred!}} Byron ba shi kaɗai ne ya soki cire marmaran ba a lokacin. Sir John Newport ya ce:<ref name="newsweek stones22">{{cite magazine |title=Romancing the Stones |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/200852 |magazine=Newsweek |access-date=25 June 2009}}</ref>{{blockquote|Mai daraja Lord ya ci gajiyar wata hanya marar adalci kuma ya aikata wata babbar fashin kaya. Da alama, abin bakin ciki ne cewa wakilin ƙasarmu ne ya kwashe abubuwan da Turawa da wasu barbarai suka ɗauka a matsayin tsarkaka.}} Edward Daniel Clarke wanda ya shaida cire metopes ya kira aikin "lalata", inda ya ce "hakanan ginin haikalin ya sami rauni fiye da wanda ya sha daga harin sojojin Venice", kuma cewa "ba wani daga cikin ma’aikatan da suka yi aikin ba... da bai nuna damuwarsa ba kan irin wannan lalacewar da aka yi bayan an riga an yi kwafin duk sassaken da ake son cirewa."<ref name="Edward Daniel Clarke 1818 223ff2" /> Lokacin da Sir Francis Ronalds ya ziyarci birnin Athens da Giovanni Battista Lusieri a 1820, ya rubuta cewa "Da Lord Elgin na da ɗanɗano na gaskiya maimakon son mallakar dukiya, da ya cire tarkace ne kawai ya bar kayan tarihi".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ronalds |first=B.F. |title=Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph |publisher=Imperial College Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-78326-917-4 |location=London |page=60}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir Francis Ronalds' Travel Journal: Athens |url=http://www.sirfrancisronalds.co.uk/athens.html |access-date=22 February 2018 |website=Sir Francis Ronalds and his Family}}</ref> [[File:Temporary Elgin Room at the Museum in 1819.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''The Trustees in the Temporary Elgin Room, 1819'', by Archibald Archer, depicts the Elgin Marbles at the British Museum surrounded by museum staff, a trustee, and visitors]] A shekarar 1810, Elgin ya fitar da wata kariya ga aikinsa, inda ya bayyana cewa bai yanke shawarar cire marmaran ba sai da ya gane cewa jami'an Daular Ottoman ba sa kula da su yadda ya kamata kuma suna fuskantar barazanar fada hannun sojojin Napoleon.<ref>St Clair (1967). p. 182</ref><ref name="BritB2">''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Elgin Marbles", 2008, online ed.</ref> Felicia Hemans ta goyi bayan sayen marmaran, a cikin waƙarta ''Modern Greece: A Poem'' (1817), ta kalubalanci Byron da tambaya: {{poemquote|And who may grieve that, rescued from their hands, Spoilers of excellence and foes of art, Thy relics, Athens! borne to other lands Claim homage still to thee from every heart?}} ta kuma ambaci Haydon da wasu masu goyon bayan samun damar kallon su a cikin bayaninta.<ref>''Modern Greece'', London 1817, [https://books.google.com/books?id=A1QVAAAAQAAJ pp. 45, 65–66]</ref> Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ya yi imanin cewa shawarar gwamnati ta Burtaniya na sayen marmaran zai buɗe sabon zamani na fasaha mai kyau.<ref name=":0" /> An fara nuna marmaran a cikin ɗakin wucin gadi a Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya a 1817 kuma sun kafa sabon tarihin yawan baƙi.<ref>Jenkins (2016). p. 110</ref> John Keats ya ziyarci gidan tarihin a 1817, ya bayyana yadda ya ji a cikin sonnet mai taken "On Seeing the Elgin Marbles". Ana ɗaukar wasu baitocin "Ode on a Grecian Urn" nasa cewa sun samo asali daga wannan ziyarar.<ref name=":0">Beard (2002) p. 16</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chamberlain |first=Tim |date=2005 |title=The Elusive Urn |url=https://www.academia.edu/1532559 |journal=The British Museum Magazine |issue=52 |pages=36–38 |access-date=2025-06-21 |archive-date=2025-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120033515/https://www.academia.edu/1532559 |url-status=dead }}</ref> William Wordsworth shima ya kalla marmaran kuma ya bayyana jin daɗinsa game da kyawun su a cikin wata wasiƙa da ya aike wa Haydon.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Andrew |last=Bennett |title=William Wordsworth in Context |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |page=304}}</ref> Daga baya, an nuna marmaran a cikin ɗakin da aka gina musamman mai suna Elgin Saloon (1832), kuma suka zama samfurin da ake amfani da su wajen horar da masu fasahar zane. Ana buƙata sosai ga kwafin su na filasta kuma an raba su ga gidajen tarihi, masu tarin kayan tarihi masu zaman kansu da shugabannin ƙasashe a duniya.<ref name=":5">Jenkins (2016). p. 111</ref><ref name=":7">Beard (2002). pp. 16–18</ref> An ƙara mayar da su zuwa Duveen Gallery, wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Joseph Duveen, a 1939, inda suka ci gaba da jawo yawancin baƙi.<ref name="Casey22" /> == Lalacewa == === Zamanin Farko da Zamanin Byzantine === Wani lokaci bayan an mayar da Parthenon coci a ƙarni na 6 AD, Kiristoci sun ɓata metopes na arewa, yamma da gabas na Parthenon don cire hotunan gumakan arna. Lalacewar ta kasance mai girma har ba za a iya gano hotunan da ke kan metopes da abin ya shafa ba tare da tabbaci ba.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schwab |first=Katherine A |title=The Parthenon, daga Tsohuwar Duniya zuwa Yanzu |url=https://archive.org/details/parthenonfromant0000unse |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-82093-6 |editor-last=Neils |editor-first=Jennifer |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/parthenonfromant0000unse/page/165 165] |chapter=Bikin Nasara: Metopes na Parthenon}}</ref><ref>Robert Ousterhout (2005) "'Bestride the Very Peak of Heaven': The Parthenon bayan Tsohuwar Duniya." A cikin Neils (ed). ''The Parthenon, daga Tsohuwar Duniya zuwa Yanzu.'' pp. 306–307</ref> === Venetians === [[File:Elgin Marbles east pediment.jpg|thumb|Sassaka daga Gabas Pediment]] Harbin Venetian na Parthenon a 1687 ya lalata yawancin sassaka, ciki har da wasu daga cikin waɗanda Elgin ya cire daga baya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://traumwerk.stanford.edu:3455/Archaeopaedia/198 |title=Stanford Archaeopaedia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314025855/http://traumwerk.stanford.edu:3455/Archaeopaedia/198 |archive-date=14 March 2008}}</ref> Ƙarin lalacewa ga fasahar Parthenon ta faru lokacin da janar na Venetian Francesco Morosini ya yi ƙoƙarin cire wasu manyan sassaka. A lokacin aikin, sassaka na Poseidon da dawakai biyu na keken Athena sun faɗi kuma sun farfashe. An cire sassaka da gutsutsuri da yawa ta hanyar Venetians.<ref name=":13"/> === Elgin === Elgin ya tattauna da mai sassaka ɗan ƙasar Italiya Antonio Canova a 1803 kan yadda za a gyara duwatsun marmara. Wasu sun ɗauki Canova a matsayin mafi kyawun mai gyaran sassaka a duniya a lokacin; Elgin ya rubuta cewa Canova ya ƙi yin aiki a kan duwatsun marmara saboda tsoron ƙara lalata su.<ref name="Casey22"/> Don sauƙaƙe jigilar kayayyaki ta Elgin, an yanke manyan ginshiƙan ginshiƙai da yawa na metopes da frieze slabs daga babban tsarin ko kuma an yanke su zuwa ƙananan sassa, wanda ya haifar da lalacewa maras gyaruwa ga Parthenon kanta.<ref name="Greek Ministry of Culture: Memorandum on the Parthenon Marbles">{{Cite news |url=http://www.yppo.gr/4/marm/memorandum-gr.pdf |title=Memorandum na Gwamnatin Girka |publisher=Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Girka |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019102204/http://www.yppo.gr/4/marm/memorandum-gr.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/arts/design/28ouro.html?_r=3&pagewanted=1&oref=slogin Inda Alloli Ke Kwadayi ga Taskokin da Aka Daɗe da Rasa] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016235933/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/arts/design/28ouro.html?_r=3&pagewanted=1&oref=slogin |date=16 October 2015}}, ''The New York Times''</ref> Jirgin ruwa ɗaya na duwatsun marmara a cikin jirgin ruwan Burtaniya ''Mentor''<ref name="The Wreck of the Mentor on the Coast of the Island of Kythera and the Operation to Retrieve, Salvage, and Transport the Parthenon Sculptures to London">{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/376886 |title=Rushewar Mentor a Tekun Tsibirin Kythera da Aikin Ceto, Ajiye, da Jigilar Sassakan Parthenon zuwa London (1802–1805) |publisher=Arts Books, Athens|last1=Leontsinis |first1=George }}</ref> an kama shi a cikin guguwa a gabar Tekun Matapan a kudancin Girka kuma ya nutse kusa da Kythera, amma an ceto shi da kuɗin Earl na kansa;<ref name="British Museum releases">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/news_and_press_releases/statements/parthenon_sculptures/parthenon_-_facts_and_figures.aspx |title=Sassakan Parthenon |publisher=British Museum}}</ref> ya ɗauki shekaru biyu kafin a dawo da su saman ruwa. === Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya === [[File:Tools used for the cleaning of the Elgin Marbles.JPG|thumb|upright|Kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su don tsaftace duwatsun marmara a 1937–38<ref>Oddy, Andrew, Andrew Oddy The Conservation of Marble Sculptures in the British Museum before 1975 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402032539/http://www.iiconservation.org/publications/sic/2002/sic47abstracts.php |date=2 April 2016}}, '''47'''(3).</ref> ]] Abubuwan tarihi da aka ajiye a London sun sha wahala daga gurɓataccen yanayi na ƙarni na 19 wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 kuma sun sha wahala maras gyaruwa ta hanyar tsoffin hanyoyin tsaftacewa da ma'aikatan Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya suka yi amfani da su.<ref>Oddy, Andrew, "The Conservation of Marble Sculptures in the British Museum before 1975", a cikin ''Studies in Conservation'', vol. 47, no. 3, (2002), pp. 145–146, Quote: "Duk da haka, na ɗan lokaci a ƙarshen shekarun 1930 an yi amfani da karfe don cire wuraren da suka lalace daga saman Elgin Marbles. An gabatar da sabon bayani game da wannan abin takaici."</ref> Tun farkon 1838, an nemi masanin kimiyya Michael Faraday ya samar da mafita ga matsalar lalacewar saman duwatsun marmara. Sakamakon an bayyana shi a cikin wannan sashin daga wasikar da ya aiko wa Henry Milman, kwamishinan National Gallery.<ref>Oddy, Andrew, "The Conservation of Marble Sculptures in the British Museum before 1975", a cikin ''Studies in Conservation'', vol. 47, no. 3, (2002), p. 146</ref><ref>Jenkins, I., '"Sir, suna goge Elgin Marbles!" – wasu tsabtace tsaka-tsaki na Sassakan Parthenon', ''Minerva'' 10(6) (1999) 43–45.</ref> <blockquote> Duwatsun marmara gabaɗaya sun kasance marasa tsafta sosai... daga tarin ƙura da hayaƙi.... Na sami jikin marmara a ƙarƙashin saman fari.... Amfani da ruwa, wanda aka shafa da soso ko zane mai laushi, ya cire datti mafi girma.... Amfani da laushi, gauraye mai yashi, tare da ruwa da gogewa, ko da yake ya fi sauri cire datti na sama, ya bar yawancin ciki a cikin saman marmara. Sa'an nan na shafa alkalis, duka carbonated da caustic; waɗannan sun hanzarta sassauta datti na sama... amma sun yi nisa da dawo da saman marmara zuwa launi da yanayin tsafta na asali. A ƙarshe na yi amfani da diluted nitric acid, kuma har wannan ya kasa.... Binciken ya sa na fidda rai game da yiwuwar gabatar da duwatsun marmara a Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya a cikin wannan yanayin tsabta da fari wanda suka mallaka tun asali.</blockquote> Wani ƙarin ƙoƙari na tsaftace duwatsun marmara ya biyo baya a 1858. Richard Westmacott, wanda aka naɗa mai kula da " motsi da tsaftace sassaka" a 1857, a cikin wasika da Kwamitin Tsayawa na Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya amince da shi a ranar 13 ga Maris 1858 ya kammala<ref>Oddy, Andrew, "The Conservation of Marble Sculptures in the British Museum before 1975", a cikin ''Studies in Conservation'', vol. 47, no. 3, (2002), p. 148</ref> <blockquote> Ina ganin wajibi ne in ce an lalata wasu daga cikin ayyukan sosai ta hanyar rashin sani ko rashin kulawa - da mai da alade - da kuma gyare-gyare a cikin kakin zuma da resin. Waɗannan kurakurai sun haifar da lalacewar launi. Zan yi ƙoƙari in gyara wannan ba tare da, duk da haka, neman kowane hadin gwiwa da zai iya lalata saman marmara ba.</blockquote> An yi wani ƙarin ƙoƙari na tsaftace duwatsun marmara a 1937–38. A wannan lokacin an samar da kwarin gwiwa ta hanyar gina sabon Gidan Tarihi don ajiye tarin. Pentelic marmara da aka haƙa daga Dutsen Pentelicus arewacin Athens, daga abin da aka yi sassaka, a zahiri yana samun launi mai ruwan goro mai kama da zuma idan aka fallasa shi ga iska; wannan launi ana yawan kiransa da "patina" na marmara<ref>Gardner, Ernest Arthur: Jagoran Sassakan Helenanci. An buga 1896 Macmillan; [https://web.archive.org/web/20200220080513/https://books.google.com/books/pdf/A_Handbook_of_Greek_Sculpture.pdf%3Fid%3DFZkCAAAAYAAJ%26output%3Dpdf%26sig%3DSxrIRuctayFp6t99OkFn_OoksOw]</ref> amma Lord Duveen, wanda ya ba da kuɗin daukacin aikin, yana aiki a ƙarƙashin ra'ayin cewa duwatsun marmara asali fari ne<ref name="oddy149">Oddy, Andrew, "The Conservation of Marble Sculptures in the British Museum before 1975", a cikin ''Studies in Conservation'', vol. 47, no. 3, (2002), p. 149</ref> wataƙila ya shirya wa ƙungiyar masu aikin dutse da ke aiki a aikin don cire lalacewar launi daga wasu sassaka. Kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su sune bakwai masu gogewa, chiseli ɗaya da yanki na dutsen carborundum. Yanzu an ajiye su a Sashen Kula da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya.<ref name="oddy149"/><ref name="BMScandal">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/543077.stm|title=Gidan Tarihi ya yarda da 'abin kunya' na Elgin Marbles|work=BBC News Online |date=1 December 1999 |access-date=3 January 2010}}</ref> Tsarin tsaftacewa ya goge wani ɓangare na cikakkun bayanai na yawancin sassaka.<ref>Paterakis AB. [Ba tare da taken ba]. Nazari a cikin Kula da Kaya 46(1): 79–80, 2001 [https://web.archive.org/web/20181004151928/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1506885]</ref> A cewar Harold Plenderleith, saman da aka cire a wasu wurare yana iya kasancewa har zuwa 1/10 na inci.<ref name="oddy149"/> Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya amsa ta hanyar cewa "an yi kuskure a lokacin."<ref name="guardian">[https://www.theguardian.com/parthenon/article/0,,195563,00.html an yi kuskure a lokacin] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605154549/http://www.guardian.co.uk/parthenon/article/0%2C%2C195563%2C00.html |date=5 June 2008}}, ''The Guardian''.</ref> A wani lokaci kuma, an ce "an wuce gona da iri wajen lalatawa saboda dalilai na siyasa" kuma "Girka ta yi laifi na wuce gona da iri wajen tsaftace duwatsun marmara kafin a kawo su Biritaniya."<ref name=BMScandal/> A lokacin taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan tsaftace duwatsun marmara, wanda Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya shirya a 1999, mai kula Ian Jenkins, mataimakin mai kula da kayan tarihi na Girka da Roman, ya bayyana cewa "Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ba zai iya yin kuskure ba, ba Paparoma ba ne. Tarihin sa ya kasance jerin niyyoyi masu kyau waɗanda aka lalata ta hanyar kuskure lokaci-lokaci, kuma tsaftace na shekarun 1930 ya kasance irin wannan kuskuren." Duk da haka, ya yi iƙirarin cewa babban dalilin lalacewar da aka yi wa duwatsun marmara shine yanayin da ya dade na shekaru 2000 a Acropolis.<ref name="autogenerated7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/dec/01/maevkennedy |title=Hare-hare na juna sun ɓata muhawarar Elgin Marbles | work=The Guardian |access-date=29 December 2008 | location=London | first=Maev | last=Kennedy | date=1 December 1999}}</ref> A wata jarida, masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Amurka Dorothy King ta rubuta cewa Girkawa ma sun yi amfani da dabarun kama da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a 1937–1938 a cikin shekaru goma na baya fiye da Biritaniya, kuma ta tabbatar da cewa har yanzu Italiyanci suna ɗaukar su abin yarda.<ref name="guardian faq">{{cite news |last=King |first=Dorothy |date=21 July 2004 |title=Elgin Marbles: gaskiya ko tatsuniya? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/jul/21/highereducation.parthenon |access-date=25 June 2009 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya ce an yi irin wannan tsaftacewa na Haikalin Hephaestus a cikin Tsohuwar Agora na Athens ta ƙungiyar kiyayewa ta Makarantar Amurka ta Nazarin Gargajiya a Athens<ref name="autogenerated3">J. M. Cook and John Boardman, "Archaeology in Greece, 1953", The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 74, (1954), p. 147</ref> a 1953 ta amfani da chisels na ƙarfe da waya ta tagulla.<ref name="British Museum releases"/> A cewar Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Girka, an iyakance tsaftacewa sosai ga ɓawon gishiri na saman.<ref name=autogenerated7 /> Rahoton Amurka na 1953 ya kammala cewa dabarun da aka yi amfani da su sun nufin cire baƙar fata da ruwan sama ya samar kuma "ya bayyana ingancin fasaha na zane" yana bayyanawa a lokaci guda "wasu 'yan gutsutsarin launi da suka rage".<ref name="autogenerated3" /> [[File:Elgin marbles frieze.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Yankin frieze daga Elgin (Parthenon) Marbles]] Wani binciken 2023 na Emma Payne ya kammala cewa lalacewar daga tsaftace na shekarun 1930 ba ta da muhimmanci kuma yana buƙatar a yi la'akari da shi a cikin mahallin lokacin.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2023/2023.08.24/ | title= Fassara Sassakan Parthenon: daga ƙarni na goma sha takwas zuwa zamanin dijital | journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review | date=24 August 2023}}</ref> Nazarin saman sassaka tare da dabarun nazarin kayan tarihi, ciki har da Visible-Induced Luminescence (VIL), sun bayyana alamun launuka na tsohuwar polychromy a kan sassaka, suna tabbatar da ra'ayin cewa lalacewar tsaftacewa ba ta da yawa fiye da yadda aka yi tunani a baya.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Verri |first1=Giovanni |last2=Granger-Taylor |first2=Hero |last3=Jenkins |first3=Ian |last4=Sweek |first4=Tracey |last5=Weglowska |first5=Katarzyna |last6=Wootton |first6=William Thomas |title=Sabon tufafin allahiya: sassaƙa da polychromy na Sassakan Parthenon |journal=Antiquity |date=October 2023 |volume=97 |issue=395 |pages=1173–1192 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2023.130 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Takardun da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya fitar a ƙarƙashin Dokar Yancin Bayani ta 2000 sun bayyana cewa jerin ƙananan haɗari, sata da ayyukan ɓarnata da baƙi suka yi sun haifar da ƙarin lalacewa ga sassaka.<ref name="telegraph">Hastings, Chris. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1490023/Revealed-how-rowdy-schoolboys-knocked-a-leg-off-one-of-the-Elgin-Marbles.html An bayyana: yadda ɗaliban makaranta masu hatsari suka buge ƙafa daga ɗaya daga cikin Elgin Marbles] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407143411/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1490023/Revealed-how-rowdy-schoolboys-knocked-a-leg-off-one-of-the-Elgin-Marbles.html |date=7 April 2016}}, ''The Daily Telegraph'', 15 May 2005. An dawo da shi 6 March 2010.</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da wani lamari a 1961 lokacin da yara maza biyu suka buge wani ɓangare na ƙafar centaur, kuma a 1966 an zana layuka huɗu masu zurfi a bayan ɗaya daga cikin adadi ta hanyar ɓarayi. A 1970, an zana haruffa a kan cinya na dama na sama na wani adadi. Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, an lalata rami na dowel a cikin ƙafar centaur ta hanyar ɓarayi da ke ƙoƙarin cire gutsutsarin gubar.<ref name="telegraph"/> A watan Yuni na 1981, wani adadi na pediment na yamma ya ɗan farfashe ta hanyar faɗuwar gilashin skylight. == Rigingimun maido da kayan tarihi == === Buƙatun Girka na Maido da Kayan Tarihi === A shekarar 1836, Sarki Otto na Girka, wanda ya sami 'yancin kai kwanan nan, ya nemi gwamnatin Biritaniya a hukumance ta dawo da wasu daga cikin Elgin Marbles (allunan frieze huɗu na Haikalin Athena Nike). A shekarar 1846, biyo bayan buƙatar Girka, Biritaniya ta aika da cikakken saitin simintin frieze na Parthenon, kuma a shekarar 1890 birnin Athens ya nemi maido da ainihin frieze, amma bai yi nasara ba. A shekarar 1927, ministan Girka a London ya nemi a dawo da wasu gutsuttsarin gine-gine, amma bai yi nasara ba.<ref>{{cite book |last=Herman |first=Alexander |author-link= |url= |title=Rikicin Parthenon Marbles |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2023 |isbn=978-1509967179 |edition= |place=London |pages=68}}</ref> A shekarar 1983, gwamnatin Girka ta nemi gwamnatin Biritaniya a hukumance ta dawo da "dukan sassakan da aka cire daga Acropolis na Athens kuma a halin yanzu suna cikin Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya", kuma a shekarar 1984, ta lissafa rikicin da UNESCO.<ref name=":202"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Herman |first=Alexander |author-link= |url= |title=Rikicin Parthenon Marbles |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2023 |isbn=978-1509967179 |edition= |place=London |page=71}}</ref> A shekarar 2000, wani kwamiti na musamman na majalisar dokokin Biritaniya ya gudanar da bincike kan cinikin kayan tarihi na al'adu ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda ya yi la'akari da rikicin game da duwatsun marmara. Kwamitin ya saurari shaidu daga ministan harkokin waje na Girka na lokacin, George Papandreou, wanda ya bayar da hujjar cewa batun mallakar doka ba shi da mahimmanci fiye da hujjojin ɗabi'a da al'adu na maido da sassakan. Kwamitin, duk da haka, bai bayar da wata shawarwari ba game da makomar duwatsun marmara.<ref name="Beard 2002. pp. 177–181">Beard (2002). pp. 177–181</ref> A shekarar 2000, gwamnatin Girka ta ba da umarnin gina sabon Gidan Tarihi na Acropolis, wanda aka buɗe a shekarar 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarihin Gidan Tarihi |url=https://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/museum-history |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=Gidan Tarihi na Acropolis}}</ref> An tsara gidan tarihin ne, a wani ɓangare, don shirya sassakan Parthenon da suka rage (ciki har da waɗanda ke cikin tarin Elgin) kamar yadda suke tsaye a ainihin Parthenon, da kuma tunkarar hujjojin cewa Elgin Marbles za a kiyaye su da kyau kuma a nuna su a Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya.<ref>Beard (2002). pp. 176, 184</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Acropolis yana nuna wani ɓangare na ragowar frieze (kusan kashi 30% ya ɓace ko ya lalace), wanda aka sanya shi a ainihin yanayin sa kuma a gaban Parthenon. An bayyana matsayin abubuwan da ke cikin London a fili tare da simintin fari, kuma an bar wuri inda sassakan ba su wanzu ba.<ref name="acrop museum2">{{Cite web |title=Frieze &#124; Gidan Tarihi na Acropolis |url=https://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/content/frieze-0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206111947/https://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/en/content/frieze-0 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |access-date=19 August 2018 |website=www.theacropolismuseum.gr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Herman |first=Alexander |author-link= |url= |title=Rikicin Parthenon Marbles |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2023 |isbn=978-1509967179 |edition= |place=London |pages=75–76}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, gwamnatin Girka ta nemi UNESCO ta shiga tsakani tsakanin hukumomin Girka da Biritaniya kan maido da duwatsun marmara, amma gwamnatin Biritaniya da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya sun ƙi tayin UNESCO na shiga tsakani. A shekarar 2021, UNESCO ta kammala cewa gwamnatin Biritaniya tana da wajibcin dawo da sassakan kuma ta kira Ƙasar Ingila da ta fara tattaunawa da Girka.<ref name=":202"/> A ƙarshen shekarar 2022, hukumomin Biritaniya da Girka sun ci gaba da tattaunawa kan makomar duwatsun marmara.<ref name=":172"/><ref name=":212"/> Lokacin da aka tambaye ta game da yiwuwar maido da Marbles, Sakatariyar Al'adu ta Biritaniya, Michelle Donelan ta amsa: "Zan iya tausayawa wasu daga cikin hujjojin amma ina jin cewa hanya ce mai haɗari da zamewa don tafiya a kai,"<ref name=":19">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Anita |date=7 December 2022 |title=Maido da Elgin Marbles zuwa Girka zai zama 'hanya mai haɗari da zamewa', in ji Sakatariyar Al'adu |work=Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/12/06/return-elgin-marbles-greece-would-dangerous-slippery-road-warns/ |access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref> tana nuna damuwar cewa sauran abubuwan al'adu da ke hannun Biritaniya yanzu ana iya buƙatar a dawo da su zuwa wuraren da aka samo su. A watan Nuwambar 2023, Firayim Minista Rishi Sunak ya soke taro da Firayim Ministan Girka Kyriakos Mitsotakis kan kalaman jama'a da Mitsotakis ya yi game da duwatsun marmara.<ref name=EM_1>{{cite news |last=Zakir-Hussain |first=Maryam |title=Rikicin Elgin Marbles ya barke yayin da Firayim Ministan Girka ya zargi Sunak da soke taro a minti na ƙarshe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/elgin-marbles-rishi-sunak-kyriakos-mitsotakis-b2454461.html |work=The Independent |date=28 November 2023 |language=en-GB |access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zeffman |first1=Henry |last2=Jones |first2=Harrison |last3=Mason |first3=Chris |date=28 November 2023 |title=Girka ta musanta alkawarin ba za ta ɗaga Sassakan Parthenon ba a ziyarar UK |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-67551732 |access-date=28 November 2023}}</ref> ===Dalilan da suka sa aka dawo Athens=== Masu jayayya kan dawo da duwatsun sun kawo dalilai na shari'a, ɗabi'a, al'adu, kiyayewa da fasaha. Dalilansu sun haɗa da: * An samo duwatsun ba bisa ka'ida ba, ko kuma aƙalla ba bisa ɗabi'a ba, saboda haka ya kamata a mayar da su ga mai mallakarsu na gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2007 |title=Parthenon Fragments Won't Go Back Home |url=http://www.elginism.com/20070401/702/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615183515/http://www.elginism.com/20070401/702/ |archive-date=15 June 2009 |access-date=20 January 2009 |publisher=Elginism}}</ref> * Duk da cewa duwatsun suna da ƙima ta al'adu ta duniya baki ɗaya, amma kuma wani ɓangare ne na musamman na al'adun Girka, kuma wannan shine wuri mafi dacewa don nuna su.<ref name="Beard 2002. pp. 177–181"/> * Ya kamata a sake haɗa sassaken Parthenon a duk faɗin duniya domin dawo da "abubuwan halitta" waɗanda "a halin yanzu suka kasance ba tare da haɗin kai ba, kama da juna da tarihi na abin tunawa da suke ciki" kuma su baiwa baƙi damar fahimtar su gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hellenic Ministry of Culture, Special Issues |url=http://odysseus.culture.gr/a/1/12/ea121.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017204203/http://odysseus.culture.gr/a/1/12/ea121.html |archive-date=17 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="Nicoletta Divari-Valakou 20082">Nicoletta Divari-Valakou, (Director of the Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Athens), "Revisiting the Parthenon: National Heritage in the Age of Globalism" in Mille Gabriel & Jens Dahl, (eds.) Utimut : past heritage&nbsp;– future partnerships, discussions on repatriation in the 21st Century, Copenhagen : International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs and Greenland National Museum & Archives, (2008)</ref><ref name="European Parliament Resolution for the return of the Elgin Marbles2">{{Cite news |title=European Parliament Resolution for the return of the Elgin Marbles |publisher=Greek Ministry of Culture |url=http://odysseus.culture.gr/a/1/12/ga123_3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230217/http://odysseus.culture.gr/a/1/12/ga123_3.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> * Nuna duk Parthenon Marbles da ke akwai kusa da ainihin muhallinsu na tarihi da al'adu, kuma a cikin mahallin sauran kayan tarihi na Girka, zai ba da damar "cikakken fahimta da fassararsu".<ref name="Nicoletta Divari-Valakou 20082" /><ref name="Who owns the marbles? The debate hits Sydney2">{{Cite news |title=Debate of the Elgin Marbles |publisher=University of Sydney |url=http://sydney.edu.au/senate/documents/History/Elgin_marbles_articles.pdf}}</ref> * Za a tabbatar da kiyaye duwatsun a Gidan Tarihi na Acropolis, saboda an sanye shi da fasaha ta zamani don kariya da kiyaye kayan tarihi.<ref name=":02">{{cite web |title=Bernard Tschumi Architects |url=http://www.arcspace.com/architects/Tschumi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928051614/http://www.arcspace.com/architects/Tschumi/ |archive-date=28 September 2007 |work=arcspace.com}}</ref> * Elgin Marbles sun sha wahala sosai daga rashin kiyayewa da hatsarori a London kuma ba za a iya ɗauka cewa za a kiyaye su da kyau a can ba.<ref>Beard (2002). pp. 166–178</ref> * Dawo da sassaken Parthenon ba zai kafa misali ga sauran da'awar mayar da su ba saboda "ƙimar duniya" ta musamman ta Parthenon.<ref>Nicoletta Divari-Valakou, (Director of the Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities of Athens), "Revisiting the Parthenon: National Heritage in the Age of Globalism" in Mille Gabriel & Jens Dahl, (eds.) Utimut : past heritage&nbsp;– future partnerships, discussions on repatriation in the 21st Century, Copenhagen : International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs and Greenland National Museum & Archives, (2008) passim; (see also http://www.natmus.gl/con2007/pdf/Concluding_summary_Nuuk_2007_revised.pdf Conference summary {{dead link|date=November 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}})</ref> === Dalilan Ci Gaba da Zama a London === Malaman tarihi, shugabannin siyasar Biritaniya, da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya sun gabatar da hujjoji daban-daban don ci gaba da riƙe Elgin Marbles a London.<ref name="newsweek stones22"/> Waɗannan sun haɗa da masu zuwa: * '''Samuwar Halacci:''' Elgin ya sami duwatsun marmara bisa ka'ida, kuma babu wata kotun shari'a da za ta yanke hukunci a kan mai ƙarar Girka.<ref>Jenkins (2016). p 99</ref><ref>Herman (2023), chapter 3.</ref> * '''Ceto daga Lalacewa:''' Elgin ya ceci duwatsun marmara daga lalacewa, kuma waɗanda ke cikin Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya suna cikin yanayi mafi kyau fiye da waɗanda aka bari a baya. Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya yana da haƙƙin riƙewa da nuna wa jama'a abin da ya kiyaye daga lalacewa.<ref name="guardian faq2">{{cite news |last=King |first=Dorothy |date=21 July 2004 |title=Elgin Marbles: gaskiya ko tatsuniya? |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/jul/21/highereducation.parthenon |access-date=25 June 2009}}</ref> * '''Rashin Yiwuwar Haɗa Duk Sassakan:''' Ba zai yiwu a haɗa dukkan sassakan Parthenon a matsayin cikakken guda ɗaya ba tunda rabi sun ɓace ko sun lalace kafin shekarar 1800.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sassakan Parthenon, bayanin Amintattu |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/about-us/british-museum-story/contested-objects-collection/parthenon-sculptures/parthenon |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya}}</ref> * '''Nuni a Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya:''' Nuni na Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya yana ba da damar ganin duwatsun marmara da kyau a cikin mahallin sauran manyan al'adun gargajiya, don haka yana cika ra'ayin da tarin Gidan Tarihi na Acropolis ya bayar.<ref name=":233"/> * '''Sakamakon Maido da Duk Kayayyaki:''' Cika dukkan buƙatun maido da kayayyaki zai zubar da yawancin manyan gidajen tarihi na duniya—wannan kuma ya haifar da damuwa tsakanin sauran gidajen tarihi na Turai da Amurka, tare da wata manufa da ake iya niyya ita ce Nefertiti Bust a Neues Museum na [[Berlin]]; ban da haka, wasu sassan duwatsun marmara na Parthenon suna cikin yawancin sauran gidajen tarihi na Turai.<ref name="guardian faq2" /> * '''Mafi girman adadin masu ziyara:''' Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya yana karɓar kusan baƙi miliyan 6 a shekara idan aka kwatanta da baƙi miliyan 1.5 zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Acropolis. Cire duwatsun marmara zuwa Girka zai rage adadin mutanen da ke da damar ziyartar duwatsun marmara sosai.<ref>{{cite news |last=Trend |first=Nick |date=5 June 2018 |title=Me yasa maido da Elgin Marbles zai zama hauka |website=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/comment/why-returning-the-elgin-marbles-would-be-madness/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/comment/why-returning-the-elgin-marbles-would-be-madness/ |archive-date=12 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * '''Tarihin Al'adun Biritaniya:''' Elgin Marbles sun kasance a nune a bainar jama'a a Ingila tun 1807<ref name="Jenkins 2016. p. 102"/> kuma a cikin wannan lokacin sun zama wani ɓangare na gadon al'adun Biritaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=takardar Merryman |url=https://law.wustl.edu/harris/Conferences/imperialism/Merryman_PAPER_FINALelgin2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422040718/https://law.wustl.edu/harris/Conferences/imperialism/Merryman_PAPER_FINALelgin2.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2018 |access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref> === Kamfen na Jama'a don Maido da Kayan Tarihi === A wajen Girka, an fara kamfen na maido da duwatsun marmara a shekarar 1981 tare da kafa Kwamitin Shirya na Duniya – [[Asturaliya|Australia]] – don Maido da Parthenon Marbles,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarihin Kwamiti |url=https://iocarpm.wordpress.com/about-2/committee-history/ |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=Kwamitin Shirya na Duniya – Australia don Maido da Parthenon Marbles |date=13 January 2016 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110094932/https://iocarpm.wordpress.com/about-2/committee-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma a shekarar 1983, tare da kafa Kwamitin Birtaniya don Haɗuwar Parthenon Marbles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Su Waye Mu |url=https://www.parthenonuk.com/about-bcrpm/who-we-are |access-date=10 January 2023 |website=Kwamitin Birtaniya don Haɗuwar Parthenon Marbles }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin kamfen kuma suna wanzu a Girka da kuma duniya baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maido da Su |url=http://www.bringthemback.org |access-date=17 April 2010}}</ref> Wasu shahararrun 'yan Birtaniya da na duniya, irin su ɗan wasan barkwanci Stephen Fry<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanderson |first=David |date=30 May 2022 |title=Stephen Fry: Ku kasance masu ladabi kuma ku dawo da Elgin Marbles |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/art/article/stephen-fry-be-classy-and-return-the-elgin-marbles-mj2zmxgrj |url-access=subscription |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=The Times |language=en |issn=0140-0460 |quote=Ya ce maido da sassakan daga Birtaniya "zai zama wani aiki da ke amfani da kalmar da ba mu iya amfani da ita ga ayyukan Birtaniya kwanan nan ba, sosai: zai zama mai ladabi".}}</ref> da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo Liam Neeson da George Clooney,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harris |first=Gareth |date=8 March 2021 |title=George Clooney ya shiga muhawarar Parthenon Marbles – kuma |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/03/08/george-clooney-wades-into-parthenon-marbles-debateagain |access-date=10 January 2023 |work=The Art Newspaper}}</ref> sun nuna goyon bayansu ga maido da duwatsun marmara.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herman |first=Alexander |title=Rikicin Parthenon Marbles: Gadon Gargajiya, Doka, Siyasa |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2023 |isbn=9781509967179 |location=London |pages=4, 78–80 |postscript=. Lura: Baya ga Fry, Neeson da Clooney, Herman ya kuma ambato Tom Hanks, Judi Dench, Vanessa Redgrave, Ian McKellen, da Joanna Lumley a matsayin fitattun magoya bayan kamfen.}}</ref> === Ra'ayoyin Jama'a === Wani bincike na Ipsos MORI da aka gudanar a kan masu jefa kuri'a na Birtaniya a shekarar 1998, ya gano cewa kashi 39% sun goyi bayan maido da duwatsun marmara zuwa Girka kuma kashi 15% sun goyi bayan riƙe su a Birtaniya; kashi 45% ba su da ra'ayi ko kuma ba za su jefa kuri'a ba idan aka gabatar da tambayar a wani zabe.<ref name="autogenerated12">{{cite web |title=Jama'a da 'Yan Majalisa za su dawo da Elgin Marbles! |url=http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126092318/http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=2001 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |work=ipsos-mori.com}}</ref> Wani bincike na Mori a shekarar 2002 ya nuna irin waɗannan sakamakon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maido da Parthenon Marbles |url=http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=1053 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409021725/http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=1053 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |access-date=18 June 2012 |publisher=Ipsos MORI}}</ref> Wani bincike na YouGov a shekarar 2021 ya gano cewa kashi 59% na masu amsa na Birtaniya sun yi tunanin cewa Parthenon marbles na Girka ne, kashi 18% cewa na Birtaniya ne, kuma kashi 18% ba su sani ba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/travel/survey-results/daily/2021/11/23/9b053/2|title=Parthenon Marbles tarin sassakan Girka ne na Tsohuwar Zamanin da aka cire daga Acropolis a Athens daga 1801–12 (lokacin da Masarautar Ottoman ke mulkin Girka) kuma an nuna su a Gidan Tarihi na Birtaniya tun 1817. Gwamnatin Girka ta nemi a dawo da su dindindin, amma Gidan Tarihi na Birtaniya ya ƙi. A ina kake tunanin Parthenon Marbles suke? | Tambayar Yau da Kullum|website=yougov.co.uk}}</ref> === Jaridun Birtaniya === ''The Guardian'' ta buga wani edita a shekarar 2020 tana sake jaddada goyon bayanta ga maido da Parthenon marbles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2020 |title=Ra'ayin Guardian game da Parthenon marbles: ba kawai wani labarin Brexit ba ne |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/23/the-guardian-view-on-the-parthenon-marbles-not-just-a-brexit-sideshow |access-date=8 January 2023 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2022, ''The Times'' ta janye goyon bayanta na dade wa ga riƙe duwatsun marmara, ta buga wani edita da ke kira ga maido da su zuwa Girka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2022 |title=Ra'ayin Times game da Elgin Marbles: Haɗa Gadon Girka |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/the-times-view-on-the-elgin-marbles-uniting-greeces-heritage-spdz5vz6k |access-date=8 January 2023 |work=The Times}}</ref> ''The Daily Telegraph'' ta buga wani edita a watan Janairun 2023 tana jayayya cewa duk wani yanke shawara kan maido da Elgin Marbles zuwa Girka ya kamata majalisar dokokin Birtaniya ce ta yanke shi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2023 |title=Kaddarar Elgin marbles ba za ta iya zama zaɓin George Osborne ba |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/2023/01/06/fate-elgin-marbles-cant-george-osbornes-choice/ |access-date=8 January 2023 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> === Dokar Gidan Tarihi ta Birtaniya ta 1963 === Dokar Gidan Tarihi ta Birtaniya ta 1963<ref>{{cite web |title=Dokar Gidan Tarihi ta Birtaniya ta 1963, kamar yadda aka gyara |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/24/contents |website=legislation.gov.uk |access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref> wata Dokar Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasar Ingila ce wacce ke hana Gidan Tarihi na Birtaniya zubar da kayan sa, sai dai a cikin ƴan ƙananan yanayi na musamman. Duk wani canji ga Dokar dole ne Majalisar ta zartar da shi. == Aro da Kwafi == Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya yi kwafin filasta na duwatsun marmara kuma ya rarraba su ga gidajen tarihi da yawa a duniya.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /> A shekarar 2022, Cibiyar Nazarin Dijital ta Oxford (IDA) ta nemi Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya da ta binciko duwatsun marmara daga Parthenon don yin kwafin robobi da aka sassaka. Duk da haka, gidan tarihin ya ƙi buƙatar kuma gwamnatin Girka ta ƙi yin sharhi game da aikin.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=8 July 2022 |title=Kamfen ɗin Roba na Guerrilla don Sake Haifar da Elgin Marbles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/08/science/elgin-marbles-3d-print.html/ |access-date=19 August 2023 |work=New York Times}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya ba da aro wani siffar allahn kogi, wataƙila kogin Ilisus, ga Gidan Tarihi na Hermitage a [[Saint-Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]] don murnar cika shekaru 250 da kafuwar sa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.britishmuseum.org/2014/12/05/loan-of-a-parthenon-sculpture-to-the-hermitage-a-marble-ambassador-of-a-european-ideal/ |title=Aro zuwa Gidan Tarihi na State Hermitage a Saint Petersburg |publisher=britishmuseum.org |access-date=8 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231192906/http://blog.britishmuseum.org/2014/12/05/loan-of-a-parthenon-sculpture-to-the-hermitage-a-marble-ambassador-of-a-european-ideal/ |archive-date=31 December 2014}}</ref> An nuna shi a can daga 6 ga Disamba 2014 har zuwa 18 ga Janairu 2015. Wannan shine karo na farko da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya ba da aro wani ɓangare na tarin Parthenon Marbles kuma ya haifar da wasu cece-kuce.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/06/world/europe/elgin-marbles-lent-to-hermitage-museum.html?_r=0 |title=Mutumin Girka ya Sake Tafiya, amma Ba zuwa Girka ba |newspaper=www.nytimes.com |date=5 December 2014 |access-date=8 December 2014|last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya ya bayyana cewa a shirye yake ya ba da aro duwatsun marmara daga Parthenon zuwa Girka amma gwamnatin Girka ba ta son amincewa da ka'idar yarda da mallakar Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya na kowane abu da aka aro ba.<ref name=":9" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ==Majiya== * {{cite book |author-link=Mary Beard (classicist) |first=Mary |last=Beard |title=The Parthenon |url=https://archive.org/details/parthenon0000mbea |publisher=[[Profile Books]] |edition=2nd |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84668-349-7}} * {{cite book |first=Alexander |last=Herman |title=The Parthenon Marbles Dispute |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] |place=London|edition= |year=2023 |isbn=978-1509967179 |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/parthenon-marbles-dispute-9781509967179/}} * {{Cite book |first=Tiffany |last=Jenkins |author-link=Tiffany Jenkins |title=Keeping Their Marbles: How the Treasures of the Past Ended Up in Museums{{nbsp}}... and Why They Should Stay There |place=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-965759-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/keepingtheirmarb0000jenk}} * {{cite book |first=William |last=St Clair |author-link=William St Clair |title=Lord Elgin and the Marbles |url=https://archive.org/details/lordelginmarbles0000stcl |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |place=Oxford |edition=4th |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-288053-5}} * {{cite book |author-link= |first=Catharine |last=Titi |title=The Parthenon Marbles and International Law |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |edition= |year=2023 |isbn=978-3-031-26356-9}} * {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Dyfri |title=Lord Elgin's firman |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-history-of-collections_2009_21_1/page/49 |journal=Journal of the History of Collections |date=7 January 2009 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=49–76 |doi=10.1093/jhc/fhn033}} ==Ƙara karatu== * {{cite magazine |first=Marc |last=Fehlmann |url=http://www.apollo-magazine.com/june-2007/63335/casts-and-connoisseurs.thtml |title=Casts and Connoisseurs: the early reception of the Elgin Marbles |magazine=[[Apollo (magazine)|Apollo]] |date=June 2007 |pages=44–51 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506011222/http://www.apollo-magazine.com/june-2007/63335/casts-and-connoisseurs.thtml |archive-date=6 May 2012}} * {{cite book |first=Jeanette |last=Greenfield |title=The Return of Cultural Treasures |url=https://archive.org/details/returnofcultural0000gree |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |place=Cambridge |edition=3rd |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-80216-1}} * {{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Hitchens |author-link=Christopher Hitchens |title=Imperial Spoils: The Curious Case of the Elgin Marbles |publisher=[[Chatto & Windus]] |place=London |isbn=978-0-8090-4189-3 |year=1987 |title-link=Imperial Spoils: The Curious Case of the Elgin Marbles}} (with essays by Robert Browning and Graham Binns) * {{cite book |first=Ian |last=Jenkins |title=The Parthenon Frieze |publisher=[[British Museum Press]] |location=London |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7141-2200-7}} * {{cite book |last=King |first=Dorothy |author-link=Dorothy King |title=The Elgin Marbles |publisher=[[Hutchinson Heinemann]] |place=London |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-09-180013-0 |title-link=The Elgin Marbles (book)}} * {{cite book |first=François |last=Queyrel |title=Le Parthénon, Un monument dans l'Histoire |publisher=Éditions Bartillat |location=Paris |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-84100-435-5 |url=http://www.editions-bartillat.fr/fiche-livre.asp?Clef=281 |access-date=24 May 2017 |archive-date=29 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929162206/http://www.editions-bartillat.fr/fiche-livre.asp?Clef=281 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Stallings |first=A. E. |author-link=A. E. Stallings |title=Frieze Frame: How Poets, Painters, and their Friends Framed the Debate Around Elgin and the Marbles of the Parthenon |publisher=Paul Dry Books|place=Philadelphia |date=2025 |isbn=9781589882003}} ==Shafuka mahaɗa== {{Commons}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Elgin Marbles |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle=}} <!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ==={{No more links}}=========--> *[http://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/?pname=Home&la=2 Acropolis Museum] *[http://www.parthenonfrieze.gr/ The Parthenon Frieze] *[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/galleries/ancient_greece_and_rome/rooms_18,_18a,_18b_parthenon.aspx The British Museum Parthenon pages] ===Pros and cons of restitution=== <!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ===={{No more links}}==========--> *[http://www.parthenonuk.com/ British Committee for the Reunification of the Parthenon Marbles' site] *[https://parthenonproject.co.uk/#overview The Parthenon Project] *[https://classicsforall.org.uk/reading-room/ad-familiares/case-lord-elgin "The Case for Lord Elgin," Classics for All] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040814225306/http://prometheus.cc.emory.edu/panels/5E/G.Wood.html Gillen Wood, "The strange case of Lord Elgin's nose"]: the cultural context of the early 19th century debate over the marbles, the politics and the aesthetics, imperialism and hellenism *[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmcumeds/371/371ap20.htm Two memorandums submitted to the UK Parliamentary Select Committee on Culture, Media and Sport in 2000.] *[https://aothenmagazine.com/#torrettamarbles "Keeping our share", ''Aôthen Magazine'']: Argues for the dismissal of the Greek claim, and for retaining the Marbles as part of cultural history. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aykh1co8k7t1l7i0dw7an0euinbwz2h 0 102904 969247 897658 2026-10-18T19:37:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Afirka ta Faransa''' ta ƙunshi duk wani tarihi na Faransa a nahiyar Afirka. Tun daga kan shigar Faransa Nahiyar da mamayar da tayi har ta kama wasu ƙasashe. == Faransa == [[Fayil:Map_of_Africa_(2674833839).jpg|right|thumb| Taswirar mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Afirka (a cikin kore), {{Circa|1922}}]] === Faransa Arewacin Afirka === * [[Misra|Masar]] (1798-1801) * Faransa Aljeriya (1830-1962) * Ƙasar Tunisiya (1881-1956) * Kariya a Maroko (1912-1956) * Yankin Soja na Fezzan-Ghadames (1943-1951) === Faransa Yammacin Afirka === * [[Ivory Coast]] (1843-1960) * Dahomey ko Faransa Dahomey (yanzu [[Benin]] ) (1883-1960) ** Mai zaman kansa na Dahomey, ƙarƙashin ma'ajin Faransa a 1889 ** [[Porto-Novo]] (kariya) (1863-1865, 1882) ** [[Cotonou]] (masu tsaro) (1868) * Sudan ta Faransa ( [[Mali]] a yanzu) (1883-1960) ** Senegambia da Niger (1902-1904) * [[Gini|Guinea]] ko Faransanci Guinea (1891-1958) * [[Muritaniya]] (1902-1960) ** Masarautar Adrar (masarauta) (1909) ** Masarautar [[Taganit]] Confederation's Emirate (masu kariya) (1905) ** Brakna Confederation's Emirate (masu kariya) ** Masarautar Trarza (kariya) (1902) * [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] (1890-1960) ** [[Damagaram|Sultanate of Damagaram]] ( [[Zinder]] ) (protectorate) (1899) * [[Senegal]] (1677-1960) * Faransa Upper Volta (yanzu [[Burkina Faso]] ) (1896-1960) * Togoland na Faransa (1918-1960) (tsohon mulkin mallaka na Jamus, umarni ya zama mulkin mallaka na Faransa) (yanzu [[Togo]] ) * [[Najeriya]] ** The [[Yankunan Forcados da Badjibo|Enclaves na Forcados da Badjibo]] (yankin karkashin yarjejeniyar shekaru 30) (1900-1927) ** [[Muri|Masarautar Muri]] (Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]] ) (1892-1893) * [[Gambiya|Gambia]] ** [[Albreda]] (1681-1857) ** Tsibirin Kunta Kinteh (1695-1697, 1702) === Faransa Equatorial Afirka === * [[Cadi|Chadi]] (1900-1960) * Oubangui-Chari ( [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]] a halin yanzu) (1905-1960) ** Dar al Kuti (mai tsaro) (1897) (a cikin 1912 Faransanci ya murkushe sultan). ** Sultanate na Bangassou (kariya) (1894) * A halin yanzu [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]], sai Kongo Faransa (1875-1960) * [[Gabon]] (1839-1960) * Faransa Kamaru (91% na [[Kamaru]] na yanzu) (1918-1960) (tsohon mulkin mallaka na Jamus, Mandate, Protectorate sannan Faransanci) * [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|Sao Tomé da Principe]] (1709) === Gabashin Afirka da Tekun Indiya === * [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] (1896-1960) ** Masarautar Imerina (mai tsaro) (1896) * Isle de France (1715-1810) (yanzu [[Moris|Mauritius]] ) * [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] ( Faransa Somaliland ) (Yankin Faransa na Afars da Issas) ( Faransa Somalia ) (1862-1977) * Faransa Misira (1798-1801, 1858-1882, 1956) * Mayotte (1841-yanzu) * [[Seychelles]] (1756-1810) * Chagos Archipelago (1721-1745, 1768-1814) * Tsibirin Watsewa ( Banc du Geyser, Bassas da India, Tsibirin Europa, Tsibirin Juan de Nova, Tsibirin Glorioso, Tsibirin Tromelin ) * [[Komoros|Comoros]] (1866-1975) * Réunion (1710-yanzu) == Magana == == Kara karantawa == * Langley, Michael. "Bizerta zuwa Bight: Faransanci a Afirka." ''Tarihi A Yau.'' (Oktoba 1972), shafi na 733-739. tsakanin 1798 zuwa 1900. * Hutton, Patrick H. ed. ''Kamus na Tarihi na Jamhuriyar Faransa ta Uku, 1870–1940'' (2 juzu'i 1986) * Northcutt, Wayne, ed. ''Kamus na Tarihi na Jamhuriya ta huɗu da ta biyar ta Faransa, 1946–1991'' (1992) * Singh, Gurjit. "Faransa a Afirka: Ƙoƙarin kallon matasa, Gidan Ƙofar, 21 Oktoba 2021" [https://www.gatewayhouse.in/france-africa-youthful-look/ akan layi] ; Akwai a [https://ssrn.com/abstract=4111184 SSRN] ===Dokoki da mulkin mallaka=== * Aldrich, Robert. ''Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion'' (1996) * Baumgart, Winfried. ''Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880–1914'' (1982) * Betts, Raymond. ''Tricouleur: The French Overseas Empire'' (1978), 174pp * Betts, Raymond. ''Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, 1890–1914'' (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/Assimilation-Association-French-Colonial-1890-1914/dp/0803262477/ excerpt and text search] * {{cite book|author=Chafer, Tony |title=The End of Empire in French West Africa: France's Successful Decolonization?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GseKljgaW0C|year=2002|publisher=Berg|isbn=9781859735572}} * Clayton, Anthony. ''The Wars of French Decolonization'' (1995) * Cogneau, Denis, et al. "Taxation in Africa from Colonial Times to Present Evidence from former French colonies 1900-2018." (2021): [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03420664/document online] * Conklin, Alice L. ''A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930'' (1997) [https://web.archive.org/web/20201123172230/https://www.questia.com/library/65667984/a-mission-to-civilize-the-republican-idea-of-empire online] * Evans, Martin. "From colonialism to post-colonialism: the French empire since Napoleon." in Martin S. Alexander, ed., ''French History since Napoleon'' (1999) pp: 391–415. * Gamble, Harry. ''Contesting French West Africa: Battles over Schools and the Colonial Order, 1900–1950'' (U of Nebraska Press, 2017). 378 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=53876 online review] * Jennings, Eric T. ''Imperial Heights: Dalat and the Making and Undoing of French Indochina'' (2010). * Lawrence, Adria. ''Imperial rule and the politics of nationalism: anti-colonial protest in the French empire'' (Cambridge UP, 2013). * {{cite journal |first1=C. W. |last1=Newbury |first2=A. S. |last2=Kanya-Forstner |title=French Policy and the Origins of the Scramble for West Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1969_10_2/page/253 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=10 |issue=2 |year=1969 |pages=253–276 |jstor=179514 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700009518 |s2cid=162656377 }}. * Klein, Martin A. ''Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998) * Manning, Patrick. ''Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa 1880-1995'' (Cambridge UP, 1998). * Neres, Philip. ''French-speaking West Africa: From Colonial Status to Independence'' (1962) * Priestley, Herbert Ingram. ''France overseas: a study of modern imperialism'' (1938) 464pp. * Quinn, Frederick. ''The French Overseas Empire'' (2000) * {{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Pakenham |title=The Scramble for Africa, 1876–1912 |url=https://archive.org/details/scrambleforafric00pake |url-access=registration |year=1991 |location=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-51576-2}}. * Poddar, Prem, and Lars Jensen, eds., ''A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: Continental Europe and Its Empires'' (Edinburgh UP, 2008), [https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Companion-Postcolonial-Literatures-Continental/dp/0748623949/ excerpt] also [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt1g0b6vw entire text online] * {{cite book | last=Petringa | first=Maria | title=Brazzà, a life for Africa | publisher=AuthorHouse | publication-place=Bloomington, IN | date=2006 | isbn=1-4259-1198-6 | oclc=74651678}} * Priestley, Herbert Ingram. (1938) ''France overseas;: A study of modern imperialism'' 463pp; encyclopedic coverage as of late 1930s * Roberts, Stephen H. ''History of French Colonial Policy (1870-1925)'' (2 vol 1929) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84402 vol 1 online] also [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.89866 vol 2 online]; Comprehensive scholarly history * {{cite book |first=Spencer |last=Segalla |title=The Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956|year=2009 |location=Lincoln|publisher=Nebraska UP|isbn=978-0-8032-1778-2}}. * Strother, Christian. "Waging War on Mosquitoes: Scientific Research and the Formation of Mosquito Brigades in French West Africa, 1899–1920." ''Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences'' (2016): jrw005. * Thomas, Martin. ''The French Empire Between the Wars: Imperialism, Politics and Society'' (2007) covers 1919–1939 * Thompson, Virginia, and Richard Adloff. ''French West Africa'' (Stanford UP, 1958). * Wesseling, H.L. and [[Arnold J. Pomerans]]. ''Divide and rule: The partition of Africa, 1880–1914'' (Praeger, 1996.) * Wesseling, H.L. ''The European Colonial Empires: 1815–1919'' (Routledge, 2015). ===Sake mallaka=== * Betts, Raymond F. ''Decolonization'' (2nd ed. 2004) * Betts, Raymond F. ''France and Decolonisation, 1900–1960'' (1991) * Chafer, Tony. ''The end of empire in French West Africa: France's successful decolonization'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2002). * [[Chamberlain, Muriel E.]] ed. ''Longman Companion to European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century'' (Routledge, 2014) * Clayton, Anthony. ''The wars of French decolonization'' (Routledge, 2014). * Cooper, Frederick. "French Africa, 1947–48: Reform, Violence, and Uncertainty in a Colonial Situation." ''Critical Inquiry'' (2014) 40#4 pp: 466–478. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/676416 in JSTOR] * Ikeda, Ryo. ''The Imperialism of French Decolonisation: French Policy and the Anglo-American Response in Tunisia and Morocco'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) * Jansen, Jan C. & Jürgen Osterhammel. ''Decolonization: A Short History'' (Princeton UP, 2017). [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10963.html online] * Jones, Max, et al. "Decolonising imperial heroes: Britain and France." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 42#5 (2014): 787–825. * Lawrence, Adria K. ''Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire'' (Cambridge UP, 2013) [https://issforum.org/roundtables/7-18-imperial-rule-nationalism online reviews] * [[James McDougall (academic)|McDougall, James]]. "The Impossible Republic: The Reconquest of Algeria and the Decolonization of France, 1945–1962," ''The Journal of Modern History'' 89#4 (December 2017) pp 772–811 [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/694427 excerpt] * Rothermund, Dietmar. ''Memories of Post-Imperial Nations: The Aftermath of Decolonization, 1945–2013'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Memories-Post-Imperial-Nations-Aftermath-Decolonization/dp/1107102294/ excerpt]; Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan * Rothermund, Dietmar. ''The Routledge companion to decolonization'' (Routledge, 2006), comprehensive global coverage; 365pp * Shepard, Todd. ''The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France'' (2006) * Simpson, Alfred William Brian. ''Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention'' (Oxford University Press, 2004). * Smith, Tony. "A comparative study of French and British decolonization." ''Comparative Studies in Society and History'' (1978) 20#1 pp: 70–102. [http://w3.salemstate.edu/~cmauriello/pdfEuropean/Smith%20Compartive%20French%20and%20British%20Decolonization.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614085733/http://w3.salemstate.edu/~cmauriello/pdfEuropean/Smith%20Compartive%20French%20and%20British%20Decolonization.pdf |date=2015-06-14 }} * Smith, Tony. "The French Colonial Consensus and People's War, 1946–58." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' (1974): 217–247. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/260298 in JSTOR] * Thomas, Martin, Bob Moore, and Lawrence J. Butler. ''Crises of Empire: Decolonization and Europe's imperial states'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015) * Von Albertini, Rudolf. ''Decolonization: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919–1960'' (Doubleday, 1971), scholarly analysis of French policies, pp 265–469.. ===Hotuna da tasiri akan Faransa=== * Andrew, Christopher M., and Alexander Sydney Kanya-Forstner. "France, Africa, and the First World War." ''Journal of African History'' 19.1 (1978): 11–23. * {{cite journal |first1=C. M. |last1=Andrew |first2=A. S. |last2=Kanya-Forstner |title=French Business and the French Colonialists |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1976-12_19_4/page/981 |journal=Historical Journal |volume=19 |issue=4 |year=1976 |pages=981–1000 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00010803|s2cid=159812995 }}. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638246 online] * Andrew, C. M., and A. S. Kanya-Forstner. "The French 'Colonial Party': Its Composition, Aims and Influence, 1885-1914." ''Historical Journal'' 14#1 (1971): 99–128. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637903 online]. * August, Thomas G. ''The Selling of the Empire: British and French Imperialist Propaganda, 1890–1940'' (1985) * Chafer, Tony, and Amanda Sackur. ''Promoting the Colonial Idea: Propaganda and Visions of Empire in France'' (2002) * {{cite journal |first=Vincent |last=Confer |title=French Colonial Ideas before 1789 |journal=French Historical Studies |volume=3 |issue=3 |year=1964 |pages=338–359 |doi=10.2307/285947|jstor=285947 }}. * Conkin, Alice L. ''A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895-1930'' (1997) [https://web.archive.org/web/20201123172230/https://www.questia.com/library/65667984/a-mission-to-civilize-the-republican-idea-of-empire online] * Dobie, Madeleine. ''Trading Places: Colonization & Slavery in 18th-Century French Culture'' (2010) * {{cite journal |first=Guy |last=Martin |title=The Historical, Economic, and Political Bases of France's African Policy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1985-06_23_2/page/189 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=23 |issue=2 |year=1985 |pages=189–208 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00000148|s2cid=154727976 }}. * Rosenblum, Mort. ''Mission to Civilize: The French Way'' (1986) [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-07-05-bk-2118-story.html online review] * Rothermund, Dietmar. ''Memories of Post-Imperial Nations: The Aftermath of Decolonization, 1945–2013'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Memories-Post-Imperial-Nations-Aftermath-Decolonization/dp/1107102294/ excerpt]; Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan * Singer, Barnett, and John Langdon. ''Cultured Force: Makers and Defenders of the French Colonial Empire'' (2008) * Thomas, Martin, ed. ''The French Colonial Mind, Volume 1: Mental Maps of Empire and Colonial Encounters'' (France Overseas: Studies in Empire and D) (2012); ''The French Colonial Mind, Volume 2: Violence, Military Encounters, and Colonialism'' (2012) ===Tarihi da memoir=== * Bennington, Alice. "Writing Empire? The Reception of Post-Colonial Studies in France." ''Historical Journal'' (2016) 59#4: 1157–1186. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/div-classtitlerewriting-empire-the-reception-of-post-colonial-studies-in-francea-hreffns01-ref-typefnadiv/32DA3F5C79BF6B46BE39A67840BF1D36 abstract] * {{cite journal |first=Rupert |last=Emerson |s2cid=220878619 |title=Colonialism |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-contemporary-history_1969_4_1/page/3 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=4 |issue=1 |year=1969 |pages=3–16 |doi=10.1177/002200946900400101}}. * Lawrence, Adria K. ''Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire'' (Cambridge UP, 2013) [https://issforum.org/roundtables/7-18-imperial-rule-nationalism online reviews] [[Rukuni:Tarihin Afirka]] k7zyzvue6jh8frsinkolmyqpfgx04gn 0 104869 969224 656132 2026-10-18T17:56:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Couscous_(Algérie,_lieu_exact_non_précisé).jpg|thumb|[[Couscous]], sau da yawa ana ɗaukarsa abincin ƙasa na Aljeriya]] Abinci na Aljeriya ya haɗa da dandano da tasiri da yawa, wanda ke nuna tarihin ƙasar da matsayi a kan hanyoyin Bahar Rum.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica 1998 v327">{{Cite web |date=August 12, 1998 |title=Culture, Traditions, Cuisine |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria/Cultural-life |access-date=April 2, 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Ya dogara ne akan kayan ƙasa da na teku. Cin nasara da motsi na yawan jama'a zuwa yankin Aljeriya sun kasance manyan tushe biyu na musayar tsakanin mutane da al'adu daban-daban. Don wurin da yake, al'adun abinci na Aljeriya Amazigh, Andalusian, Arab, Ottoman, Bahar Rum. Abinci na Aljeriya yana ba da nau'ikan abinci daban-daban dangane da yankin da lokacin, amma kayan lambu da [[Siril|hatsi]] sun kasance a cikin ainihinsa. Yawancin abincin Aljeriya suna kewaye da burodi, nama (lamb, naman sa ko kaza), man zaitun, kayan lambu, da sabbin ganye. Sau da yawa ana amfani da kayan lambu don salads, soups, tajines, [[couscous]], da kayan abinci na sauce. Daga cikin dukkan kayan gargajiya na Aljeriya da ake da su, wanda ya fi shahara shine [[Couscous na Aljeriya|couscous]], wanda aka gane shi azaman abincin ƙasa tun zamanin [[Numidia|Masarautar Numidian]].<ref name="ebin.pub 2005 h182">{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2005 |title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia 4 volumes 0313376263, 9780313376269 |url=https://ebin.pub/food-cultures-of-the-world-encyclopedia-4-volumes-0313376263-9780313376269.html |access-date=April 2, 2024 |website=ebin.pub |page=17}}</ref> == Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su == Aljeriya, kamar sauran ƙasashen Maghreb, suna samar da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu masu yawa na Bahar Rum har ma da wasu na wurare masu zafi. Ana cinye Ɗan rago. Ana kuma cin abincin teku da kifi na Bahar Rum.<ref>{{Citation|journal=Alejandro|url-status=Monterescu}}</ref> === Naman nama === Aljeriyawa suna cin nama mai yawa, kuma ana samun sa a kusan kowane abinci. Mutton shine nama mafi yawan cinyewa a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food in Algeria |url=https://www.worldfoodwine.com/food-in-algeria |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=World Food Wine}}</ref> [[Fayil:Mon_couscous.jpg|right|thumb|Couscous na Algeria tare da kayan lambu]] Ana guba amfani da kaji da naman sa - wasu, nau'ikan nama da ba a saba gani ba kamar tsuntsaye da naman alade ana ɗaukar su abinci ne mai dadi. A kudu, ana cin dromedary ([[Raƙumi|Naman raƙumi]]). {{citation needed span|Meat could traditionally be [[Dried meat|dried]] in regions such as [[Kabylia]] as a way to preserve the meat for long amounts of time.|date=December 2022}} ''merguez'' wani nau'in sausage ne wanda ya samo asali ne daga mutanen [[Abzinawa|Berber]]. === Abincin lambu === Abincin da aka ''kar'a'' amfani da shi sun ''wawa'' da [[Dankalin turawa|''Dankali'']] (batata / Burke), karots (zrodiya / ''Sennariya''), turnip (lefft), [[albasa]] (''bsel'' /''kwai">besla''), [[Tumatir]] (''Tomatish'' / tømètish / t'''Matem''), zucchini (corget /qar'a / ''khyar''), [[tafarnuwa]] (''ethoum''), cabbages (''cromb''), eggplant (''bidenjan''), zaitun (''zeton''), pennyroyal (''Korchef''), wake (chick), chickoll), Chickpea). Sau da yawa ana amfani da kayan lambu a cikin stews (''tagine'' /''Khaz'' / ''djwizza'') da kuma [[miya]] (''[[Chorba frik|chorba]]'' / ''[[harira]]'' /''jari'') ko kuma kawai soya ko tururi. === Kifi da abincin teku === Sardines, hake, shrimp, octopus, tuna da cod sune manyan abubuwan da ake ci a cikin abincin Aljeriya, galibi a cikin stews ko soya. === Abincin ƙanshi === Ana amfani da kayan yaji da yawa a cikin abincin Aljeriya, gami da bushewar jan chilli na nau'o'i daban-daban, caraway, cumin, cinnamon, turmeric, [[Citta|ginger]], paprika, Coriander, saffron, mace, cloves, fennel, [[Anise]], Nutmeg, cayenne pepper, fenugreek, da baƙar fata.Wasu cakuda kayan yaji ma na gargajiya ne ga yankin Arewacin Afirka, kamar ''[[Ras el hanout]]'', wanda za'a iya yin shi da kayan yaji 27.''[[Hror]]'' wani nau'i ne na kayan yaji na al'ada na abincin Aljeriya wanda aka fi yi da galangal, [[Piper cubeba|cubeb]], nutmeg da cinnamon, amma girke-girke na iya bambanta kuma ya haɗa da karin kayan yaji da ganye kamar liquorice ko Pellitory. == Abincin == [[Fayil:Bourekalgerien.jpg|right|thumb|Gurasar Aljeriya]] === Masu farawa da masu cin abinci === Ana iya cin wasu ƙananan farawa ko dai kafin babban abincin (a al'ada ana yin su a lokacin Ramadan). Wadannan masu farawa galibi miya ne (mafi shahara ''chorba'') amma kuma sun haɗa da ''[[:fr:Kémia|kemia]]'', wasu ƙananan jita-jita na offal (kamar hanta ko koda) ko [[Karas|karoshi]] tare da cumin (''Zorodiyya mcharmla''). Wasu salads na gargajiya kamar su ''chlata felfel'' (salads na [[Barkono|albasa]] / turare, [[Tumatir]], [[albasa]] ko scallions da [[tafarnuwa]] tare da [[Man zaitun]] da ruwan inabi, yawanci ana ba da sanyi), ''zaalouka'' (ratatouille na kwari da [[Tumatir]] galibi, ana ba da zafi ko sanyi) ko salads da aka yi da beets, [[masara]], cucumber, tumatir da ƙwai ana iya ba da su kafin cin abinci. === Babban abinci === [[Fayil:Chtitha-algeroise2.jpg|thumb|Kyakkyawan kaza na AlgeriaCittha]] Abincin da aka fi so kuma daya daga cikin abincin da aka fi sani da shi na Aljeriya shine [[couscous]].<ref name="WDL">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=Luce Ben Aben, Moorish Women Preparing Couscous, Algiers, Algeria |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8804/ |access-date=2013-09-26 |website=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> Ana yin semolina da al'ada daga alkama amma ana iya yin shi da sha'ir. Hakanan ana iya yin hatsi don yin el ''Hammoun'' couscous.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=El-Hammoum, un Couscous avant LE Couscous |url=https://guide-oran.com/el-hammoum-un-couscous-avant-le-couscous/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708053023/https://guide-oran.com/el-hammoum-un-couscous-avant-le-couscous/ |archive-date=2025-07-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ana iya shirya abincin a hanyoyi da yawa, gabaɗaya tare da sauce tare da [[Lentils|Lens]]" data-linkid="335" href="./Beef" id="mw7w" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Beef">naman sa ko Ɗan rago da zucchini, [[Karas|karoshi]], Chickpeas da wake mai kore, kaza, lentils da baƙar fata. Hakanan ana iya cinye couscous a cikin ''[[masfouf]]'' (ko thameqfoult a cikin Kabyle), busassun sigar ba tare da sauce da kayan lambu ba kamar wake, wake ko kuma tare da ruwan inabi da kwanakin, a al'ada tare da madara mai yisti. Ana iya samun abinci da yawa a cikin abincin gargajiya na Aljeriya: ''[[rechta]]'', ''[[Chakhshukha|chakhchoukha]]'', ''Berkoukes'', ''[[:fr:tikourbabine|tikourbabine]]'' (wanda ake kira ''[[:fr:asban|asban]]''), ''[[:fr:Aftir oukessoul|Aftir oukessoul]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2013 |title=Aftir oukessoul de Béjaïa |url=http://www.cuisinealgerie.com/aftir-oukessoul-de-bejaia/ |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=Cuisine Algérie}}.</ref> ''[[:fr:tlitli|Tlitli]]'' ko ''[[:fr:trida|trida]]''. Wadannan abincin gargajiya ana shirya su a cikin ja stew, ban da rechta wanda aka yi shi a cikin fararen stew a Aljeriya, tare da nama da kayan lambu. Abincin kayan lambu a Aljeriya kuma babban bangare ne na abincin tare da wasan kwaikwayo (Chickpeas flan), ''[[:fr:Tbikha|tbikha]]'' (tsuntsu na kayan lambu), [[shakshouka]] (wani nau'in ratatouille, sau da yawa ana dafa shi da ƙwai), ''zaalouka'' (ratatouille na kwai da tumatir galibi, ana ba da zafi ko sanyi). Sau da yawa ana cinye waɗannan jita-jita tare da burodi. ''[[Tajine]]'' ko djouez abinci ne na gargajiya da aka shirya a cikin stew ko kuma an dafa shi ta irin wannan hanyar, asali a cikin tukunya. Za su iya zama masu cin ganyayyaki, amma galibi ana yin su da nama (ko ɗan rago ko kaza) da kayan lambu. Takamaiman tajines da aka yi a cikin jan sauce ana kiransu ''Cittha'' (alal misali ''Chtitha djaj'' abinci ne na kaza da aka dafa a cikin jan soce tare da chickpeas). Sauran shahararrun abinci sun haɗa da ''Koubeb'' (kayan kaza da aka dafa a cikin farin sauce tare da cinnamon da Chickpeas kuma an ba da shi tare da manyan fries da parsley), ''[[zviti]]'', ''[[:fr:Marka bel assel|marqa bel a'assel]]'' (wani abu na musamman daga [[Tlemcen]]). Wasu ƙarin jita-jita sun haɗa da: [[Fayil:Shakshuka8.jpg|thumb|''[[Shakshouka|Chektchuk]]'']] * ''Bourek'' - soya ruwan bazara tare da kayan shafawa daban-daban, gami da nama, tuna, dankali, da cuku. Wani sanannen bambancin, ''[[:fr:Bourek annabi|Bourek annabi]]'', ƙasa [[Annaba]], ya fi girma kuma an cika shi da dankali, nama na naman sa, ƙwai, [[cuku]], ƙwai da parsley. * ''[[Mahdjouba|Mhadjeb]]'' - gurasa mai laushi da aka cika da albasa da sauce na tumatir. * ''[[Shakshouka]]'', ''chakshoka'', ''shakhshosha'' - cakuda albasa, tumatir, kararrawa, zucchini da ƙwai. Akwai nau'o'i da yawa, dangane da yankin. * ''Chorba frik'' ko ''jari'' - sopo na tumatir tare da ɗan rago. * ''Frites-omelette'' - Faransanci fries tare da ƙwai. * <nowiki><i id="mwAVs">Dobara</i></nowiki> - miya na chickpea. * ''Dolma'' - kayan lambu da aka dafa a cikin kaya. * ''[[Tajine mtewem]]'' - naman nama da aka dafa a cikin Tajine. === Soup === (wanda kuma ake dafa shi da ''kadaif'' a wasu yankuna a maimakon frik), ''[[harira]]'', ''[[djari]]'' da {{Interlanguage link|Tchicha zaatar|fr|Tchicha zaatar}} . Ana ba da waɗannan abincin gargajiya na Aljeriya a farkon abincin a matsayin abincin abinci kuma galibi ana shirya su ne daga ɗan rago, ɗan rago ko kaza, chickpeas, tumatir, vermicelli, alkama, kayan yaji da kayan lambu daban-daban da kayan lambobi. Wadannan nau'ikan miya sune mafi mashahuri a lokacin watan Ramadan mai tsarki. Gaspacho oranais wani nau'in Aljeriya ne na abincin Manchego . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaspacho oranais ou manchego |url=http://coundris.chez-alice.fr/f_recettes_gp.htm |access-date=2014-08-27 |publisher=Coundris.chez-alice.fr}}</ref> ''chorba'' yana da wani bambanci, ''Chorba bida'' (farin chorba) wanda aka dafa tare da kaza, ''kadaif'', chickpeas da pasley ba tare da wani tumatir ba. A al'ada ana cinye shi tare da matse ruwan lemun tsami. == Abincin cin abinci == [[Fayil:Baklawaalgerienne.jpg|thumb|baklawa na Aljeriya]] [[Fayil:1889_Selecto_ad.jpg|right|thumb|Tsohon hoton talla don Selecto daga Hamoud Boualem (1889).]] Yawanci, ana ba da 'ya'yan itatuwa na yanayi a matsayin kayan zaki a ƙarshen abinci. Wadannan 'ya'yan itatuwa sun hada da alade, Locwat, inabi, pomegranate ko kwanakin (wanda kuma za'a iya ba da shi a farkon abincin). Kayan kwalliya na yau da kullun sun haɗa da primiyat, ''garn ghzal'' (kamar ƙafar gaselle), <nowiki><i id="mwAZM">Baqlawa</i></nowiki>, bradj [fr], ''makroudh'', Kalb elouz, ওপbiya, da griwech [fr] (gurasa mai zurfi, mai zurfi mai kama da pretzel, mai tsomawa cikin zuma kuma an yayyafa shi da tsaba na sesame). Ana shirya kek da yawa don lokuta na musamman, kamar [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid-al-Fitr]] da bukukuwan aure. Misali, sababbin mata masu aure suna ba da ita ga wasu mata a lokacin ''hammam'' na gargajiya. ''[[tamina]]'' wani nau'i ne na paste da aka yi da semolina, [[man shanu]], ''hror'' ko wasu kayan yaji da [[zuma]], yawanci ana ba da shi bayan mace ta haihu. Ana ba da M'semen, ''[[sfenj]]'' ko [[baghrir]] gabaɗaya tare da shayi kuma ana iya rufe su da zuma, jam ko ma man zaitun da sukari. Creponne, wani sorbet wanda ya samo asali ne a [[Oran]], ƙwarewa ce a Aljeriya. Sauran kayan zaki da kek kamar su [[sfenj]] da [[kroki]] [[Mchawcha]] ana cin su. == Abin sha == Ana sha shayi mai kore tare da [[Na'a-Na'a|mint]] da rana da kuma lokacin bukukuwan tare da kek. Lokacin da ba a samun sabon mint ba, ana iya amfani da busassun ganye a maimakon haka. Hakanan ana iya shirya [[geranium]]%20tea" id="mwAcM" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="fr:Geranium tea">shayi na Geranium tare da ganyen geranium maimakon mint. Gabaɗaya, ana shirya shayi tare da ganyen shayi, ko dai daga cakuda gunpowder ko ''chaara sandook'' (kore shayi tare da ɗanɗano mai sauƙi fiye da cakuda gunfowder mai zaki). Aljeriyawa masu amfani da kofi ne masu nauyi; espresso mai kauri da kofi baƙar fata sun shahara sosai, karin kumallo na Aljeriya ya ƙunshi kofi na latte tare da croissants ko burodi tare da man shanu ko kowane kayan zaki na Aljirai kamar [[Baklawa na Aljeriya]], [[M'semen|Msemen]] ko [[baghrir]] da aka rufe da zuma ko jam. Mazagran, wanda aka ce shine "kofi mai sanyi na asali", ya samo asali ne a Aljeriya; abin sha ne mai sanyi mai ɗanɗano. ''Cherbet mazhar'' abin sha ne na gargajiya da ake sha a lokacin aure a sassan arewacin kasar. Shuka ce da aka yi da ruwa, sukari da ruwan orange (''Mahar''). ''Sherbet Miliana'' wani syrup ne na gargajiya wanda aka yi daga [[Cherry|cherries]] wanda ya samo asali daga Miliana. Ruwan 'ya'yan itace da abin sha mai laushi, wanda ake kira ''gazouz'', sun zama ruwan dare kuma galibi ana shan su kowace rana. Mafi shahararren soda na Aljeriya shine Hamoud Boualem, mai samar da abin sha mai laushi na Aljariya wanda ke yin abin sha a Aljeriya kuma yana fitar da su zuwa kasashen waje, da farko don amfani da 'yan gudun hijirar Aljeriya. Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin kamfanonin kasar, an kafa shi a 1878. Kayayensu sun haɗa da sodas kamar "Selecto," "Hamoud," da "Slim", kowannensu a cikin dandano da yawa, da kuma syrups a cikin dandana daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accueil |url=http://www.hamoud-boualem.com/fr/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=www.hamoud-boualem.com}}</ref> Aljeriya a baya ta samar da ruwan inabi mai yawa na Aljeriya yayin Mulkin mallaka na Faransa amma samarwa ya ragu tun lokacin da ta sami 'yancin kai. An ƙi amfani da barasa a Aljeriya amma ba a haramta shi ba bisa doka, wanda ba ya hana mai shayarwa daga samar da ruwan inabi iri-iri galibi daga gangaren Mascara, Médéa da Tlemcen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larnaude |first=Marcel |date=1948 |title=LA VIGNE EN ALGÉRIE D'APRÈS H. ISNARD |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23441368 |journal=Annales de Géographie |volume=57 |issue=308 |pages=356–359 |doi=10.3406/geo.1948.12436 |issn=0003-4010 |jstor=23441368 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Sauces da kayan yaji == Abinci na Aljeriya yana da alaƙa da amfani da kayan yaji da ganye masu ɗanɗano, kuma sauces iri-iri suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jita-jita da yawa. Sauce biyu na Aljeriya sune harissa da dersa. Harissa wani abu ne mai ɗanɗano wanda aka yi shi daga busassun chili, tafarnuwa, man zaitun, da kayan yaji daban-daban kamar caraway da coriander. Sau da yawa ana amfani dashi azaman kayan yaji don ƙara zafi da dandano ga stews, soups, da nama da aka gasa. Hakanan ana iya amfani da Harissa azaman marinade don nama ko abincin teku. [[Derssa|Dersa]] sauce ne mai laushi wanda aka yi da tafarnuwa, ruwan lemun tsami, man zaitun, da kuma ganye iri-iri kamar su parsley, cilantro, da mint. Sau da yawa ana amfani da shi azaman soya don burodi, kayan lambu, ko nama da aka gasa. Hakanan ana iya amfani da Dersa azaman marinade ko rigar salads. Zaalouk: wanka na gargajiya da aka yi amfani da shi a Aljeriya wanda aka yi da kwai, tumatir, tafarnuwa, da kayan yaji, yawanci ana amfani da shi azaman abincin abinci ko abinci na gefe. [[Chermoula]], marinade da aka yi da tafarnuwa, cilantro, ruwan lemun tsami, da kayan yaji, wanda aka saba amfani dashi don dandana abincin teku da kayan nama. Toum: sauce na tafarnuwa da aka yi da tafarnuwa, ruwan lemun tsami, da man zaitun, mai kama da aioli, sau da yawa ana ba da shi tare da nama da aka gasa ko kuma a matsayin nutsewa. Shakshuka sauce: sauce na tumatir mai ɗanɗano da aka yi da albasa, albasa, da kayan yaji iri-iri, sau da yawa ana amfani da su a cikin sanannen kwai mai suna. [[Hmiss]] wani sanannen kayan yaji ne a cikin abincin Aljeriya. Sauce ne mai ɗanɗano na tumatir wanda aka yi da jan albasa, tumatir, tafarnuwa, man zaitun, da albasa. Hmiss yawanci ana ba da shi azaman nutsewa ko yadawa tare da burodi ko nama da aka gasa, kuma ana iya amfani da shi azame rufewa don sandwiches ko pizza. Red peppers da aka gasa suna ba da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, yayin da chili peppers ke ƙara zafi, yana mai da shi mai ɗanɗana da ɗanɗana. A wasu sassan Aljeriya, ana kuma yin hmiss tare da ƙara kayan yaji kamar cumin da paprika, yana ba shi bambancin yanki na musamman. == Gurasar == Tsakanin 1976 da 1984, matsakaicin iyalin Aljeriya sun kashe kusan kashi 56% na kuɗin da suke samu a kan abinci da abin sha, kuma fiye da kashi 10% na wannan adadin an kashe su a kan burodi da sauran kayan hatsi. An yi imanin cewa gurasa tana dauke da albarkar Allah, ''Baraka''. A al'adance ana ganinsa a matsayin alama ce ta rayuwa kuma tana aiki a cikin al'adun alama na rayuwa, haihuwa da yalwa. === Nau'ikan burodi === [[Fayil:Khobz_Kesra_algérien.jpg|right|thumb|Gurasar Aljeriya]] ''Khubz as-dâr'' - garin alkama, ruwa, gishiri da yisti. A al'adance mai laushi da zagaye, 'yan centimeters kauri, an yi shi a gida kuma ana yin shi a cikin tanda na gas ko tanda na jama'a. Khubz at-tajîn ko ''Matlû'' - alkama semolina, yisti, ruwa da gishiri. Gurasar gurasa mai laushi (Faransanci: ''galette''), wanda aka dafa a cikin kayan ado da aka yi da zafi a baya ko farantin ƙarfe a kan wuta. Ana yin bambance-bambance ta hanyar ingancin wakili na yisti, ta hanyar ƙara sha'ir ko sorghum, bran, ko ta hanyar yin shi masara. ''Khubz-ftir'', raqâq, ''rfís'' ko ''tarid'' - mai durƙusa, mai yisti, an dafa shi na rabin minti a kan takardar tagulla ko ƙarfe, an daidaita shi a kan duwatsu a kan wuta. Wannan hanya ce da aka fi so ga waɗanda ke rayuwa a matsayin makiyaya saboda sauƙin jigilar kwanon rufi da ƙarancin man fetur da ake buƙata. ''Batbout'' karamin burodi ne mai kama da burodi na Girkanci, duk da cewa ya fi kauri (kamar ''Matlû''). Ana cinye shi tare da cikawa a ciki. Faransanci baguettes - fari, garin alkama mai yisti. An sayi shi a gidan burodi ko mai sayar da titi, amma ba a taɓa yin shi a gida ba saboda samun damar yin amfani da wutar lantarki. Rashin wutar lantarki yana hana cin wannan burodi, kuma sau da yawa 'yan Aljeriya suna juyawa zuwa burodi na gida waɗanda aka niƙa da hannayen mata. === Gurasar Aljeriya === Ana ba da gurasar Faransanci mafi ƙima dangane da dandano da inganci saboda yawanci ana danganta shi da kasancewa mafi dacewa da ƙa'idodi mafi girma. Koyaya, ana zaton fararen sassan ciki na baguette ba su da lafiya kuma ana jefa su akai-akai, kuma ana danganta gurasar da ƙishirwa akai-akai. Gurasar Aljeriya, a gefe guda, ana ɗaukar ta mafi gina jiki, mai wadata da ɗanɗano kuma ba ta da yawa. Saboda gurasar Faransanci tana da tauri a cikin dare ko kuma ta zama mai cinyewa lokacin da aka sanya shi a cikin jaka na filastik, yana da wahala a sami amfani a gare su, don haka ana jefa su da yawa fiye da gurasar Aljeriya wacce za a iya sake maimaitawa ko sake amfani da ita azaman kayan abinci ko ma abincin tsuntsaye. A cikin mahallin al'ada, gurasar Aljeriya ce kawai ake zaton ta dace. Gurasar da aka miƙa wa baƙi ya kamata a yi ta gida, saboda tana nuna ainihin, kusanci, da halaye na iyali. A cikin ayyukan yau da kullun, alama ce ta wadata da wadata idan mutum yana da ƙarin burodi a teburin, kuma yin burodi a gida ana iya ɗaukarsa alamar 'yancin tattalin arziki na iyali. Gurasar da aka fi cinyewa a Aljeriya ta ƙunshi Kesra, Matlouh, Mtabga da Mouna. == Hotuna == <gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="140"> Fayil:Kalb-el-louz.jpg|Kalb el Louz, a popular Algerian dessert Fayil:Makrout_dgig_,mekrout_a_base_de_farine.jpg|Algerian makroud Fayil:Algerian_couscous_from_Kabylia.jpg|Algerian couscous from Kabylia Fayil:Chakhchoukha.jpg|Algerian chakhchoukha from the city of Biskra Fayil:Tajinezitounepoulet.jpg|Traditional Algerian olive tagine with chicken and mushrooms Fayil:Crepone.jpg|Creponne, a specialty in Algeria Fayil:Kesra_2.jpg|Algerian home-made bread Fayil:Sfenj_sprinkled_with_sugar_and_served_on_a_plate.jpg|Algerian sfenj Fayil:Kesra_Rekhsis.jpg|Kesra Fayil:Mouna_(brioche).jpg|Mouna, sweet bread of Algerian origin Fayil:Traditional_Algerian_food.jpg|Algerian rogag </gallery> == Duba sauran bayani == * Abincin Larabawa * Abincin Berber * Abincin Bahar Rum * [[Abincin Maghrebi|Abincin Arewacin Afirka]] * Jerin abincin Afirka == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ani014kkr4fqfb0zce9phtdm3avj8zq 0 106549 969195 939072 2026-10-18T17:08:20Z Khalifah123 28682 969195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zaben gwamna na [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] na 2007''' shi ne zaben gwamna na 6 na Jihar bauchi. An gudanar da shi a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2011, dan takarar jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party [[Isa Yuguda]] ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke Mohammed Nadada Umar na jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-15 |title=Rigged Elections: Results So Far |url=http://saharareporters.com/2007/04/15/rigged-elections-results-so-far |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> == Sakamakon == Jimillar 'yan takara 9 ne suka fafata a zaben. [[Isa Yuguda]] daga jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party ta lashe zaben, inda ta doke Mohammed Nadada Umar daga jam'ummar Democratic Party. Masu jefa kuri'a da aka yi rajista sun kasance 2,211,463.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-16 |title=allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Fashola Wins Lagos, Uduaghan Takes Delta (Page 1 of 3) |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200704160094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416091910/https://allafrica.com/stories/200704160094.html |archive-date=2007-04-16 |access-date=2021-05-17}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} b25idjk3o1usizwu3wxlk5mxk68da88 969197 969195 2026-10-18T17:09:01Z Khalifah123 28682 969197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zaben gwamna na [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] na 2007''' shi ne zaben gwamna na 6 na Jihar [[bauchi]]. An gudanar da shi a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2011, dan takarar jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party [[Isa Yuguda]] ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke Mohammed Nadada Umar na jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-15 |title=Rigged Elections: Results So Far |url=http://saharareporters.com/2007/04/15/rigged-elections-results-so-far |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> == Sakamakon == Jimillar 'yan takara 9 ne suka fafata a zaben. [[Isa Yuguda]] daga jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party ta lashe zaben, inda ta doke Mohammed Nadada Umar daga jam'ummar Democratic Party. Masu jefa kuri'a da aka yi rajista sun kasance 2,211,463.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-16 |title=allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Fashola Wins Lagos, Uduaghan Takes Delta (Page 1 of 3) |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200704160094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416091910/https://allafrica.com/stories/200704160094.html |archive-date=2007-04-16 |access-date=2021-05-17}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ix9ered5b172jp8zvdoi8191a3scb8x 969198 969197 2026-10-18T17:09:34Z Khalifah123 28682 969198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zaben gwamna na [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] na 2007''' shi ne zaben gwamna na 6 na Jihar [[bauchi]]. An gudanar da shi a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2011, dan takarar jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party [[Isa Yuguda]] ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke Mohammed Nadada Umar na jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-15 |title=Rigged Elections: Results So Far |url=http://saharareporters.com/2007/04/15/rigged-elections-results-so-far |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> == Sakamakon == Jimillar 'yan takara 9 ne suka fafata a zaben. [[Isa Yuguda]] daga jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party ta lashe zaben, inda ta doke Mohammed Nadada Umar daga jam'ummar Democratic Party. Masu jefa kuri'a da aka yi rajista sun kasance 2,211,463.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-16 |title=allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Fashola Wins Lagos, Uduaghan Takes Delta (Page 1 of 3) |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200704160094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416091910/https://allafrica.com/stories/200704160094.html |archive-date=2007-04-16 |access-date=2021-05-17}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hoe1jo2088l4d07gotejvbjtt1w3jsr 969201 969198 2026-10-18T17:11:15Z Khalifah123 28682 969201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zaben gwamna na [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] na 2007''' shi ne zaben gwamna na 6 na Jihar [[bauchi]]. An gudanar da shi a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2011, dan takarar jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party [[Isa Yuguda]] ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke Mohammed Nadada Umar na jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-15 |title=Rigged Elections: Results So Far |url=http://saharareporters.com/2007/04/15/rigged-elections-results-so-far |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> == Sakamakon == Jimillar 'yan takara 9 ne suka fafata a zaben. [[Isa Yuguda]] daga jam'iyyar All [[Nigeria]] Peoples Party ta lashe zaben, inda ta doke Mohammed Nadada Umar daga jam'ummar Democratic Party. Masu jefa kuri'a da aka yi rajista sun kasance 2,211,463.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-04-16 |title=allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Fashola Wins Lagos, Uduaghan Takes Delta (Page 1 of 3) |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200704160094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416091910/https://allafrica.com/stories/200704160094.html |archive-date=2007-04-16 |access-date=2021-05-17}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mmej924i4o0w0sww9kffcjossq650mp 0 107330 969055 894172 2026-10-18T13:46:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969055 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''<nowiki/>'Yancin Dan Adam a [[Cuba|Cuban]]''' suna karkashin binciken kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, wadanda ke zargin gwamnatin Cuba da aikata laifuka na cin zarafin' yancin dan adam a kan mutanen Cuba, gami da ɗaurin kurkuku da shari'o'i marasa adalci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-06 |title=World Report 2020: Rights Trends in Cuba |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/cuba |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything you need to know about human rights in Cuba |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/americas/cuba/report-cuba/ |access-date=2021-02-23 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa kamar su [[Amnesty International]] da [[Hakkin ɗan'adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Human Rights]] Watch sun ja hankalin ayyukan ƙungiyar kare [[Hakkin Dan Adam a Slovakia|hakkin dan Adam]] da kuma sanya mambobinta a matsayin fursunonin lamiri, kamar su Óscar Elías Biscet . Bugu da kari, an kirkiro Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Dimokuradiyya a Cuba karkashin jagorancin tsoffin 'yan siyasa Václav Havel na [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], [[José María Aznar]] na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] da Patricio Aylwin na [[Chile]] don tallafawa ƙungiyar masu adawa da Cuba.<ref>The experts are: Alena Douhan, Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of the unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights; George Katrougalos, Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order; Attiya Waris, Independent Expert on foreign debt, other international financial obligations and human rights; Reem Alsalem, Special Rapporteur on violence against women and girls, its causes and consequences. {{cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=United States: Experts dismayed by decision to reinstate Cuba as State Sponsor of Terrorism, call for lifting of unilateral coercive measure |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/02/united-states-experts-dismayed-decision-reinstate-cuba-state-sponsor |access-date=6 April 2026 |website=Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights. United Nations}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == An bayyana damuwa game da yadda ake tafiyar da tsarin da ya dace. A cewar Human Rights Watch, ko da yake Cuba, a hukumance ba ta yarda da Allah ba har zuwa 1992, yanzu "ya ba da damar mafi girma don bayyana addini fiye da yadda aka yi a shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ta yarda da dama kungiyoyin agaji na addini suyi aiki, gwamnati har yanzu tana kula da cibiyoyi na addini, ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa, da kuma daidaikun masu bi".<ref name="hrw1999">{{Cite web |year=1999 |title=Cuba's repressive machinery |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/cuba/Cuba996-01.htm#P348_12349 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Censorship a Cuba ya kasance a tsakiyar korafe-korafe.<ref name="RWB-Index2008">{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Press Freedom Index 2008 |url=http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/cl_en_2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221403/http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/cl_en_2008.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-03 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref name="cubaonline">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Going online in Cuba: Internet under surveillance |url=http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221407/http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-03 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> A cewar rahoton Human Rights Watch daga shekara ta 2017 gwamnati ta ci gaba da dogaro da tsare-tsare na wucin gadi don tayar da masu sukar, masu gwagwarmaya masu zaman kansu, abokan adawar siyasa, da sauransu. Wannan rahoto ya kara da cewa Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam da Sakamako ta Kasa ta Cuba, kungiya mai zaman kanta mai 'yancin dan adam wacce ba ta da izinin hukuma kuma saboda haka gwamnati ta dauke ta ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta sami rahotanni sama da 7,900 na tsare-tsare daga Janairu zuwa Agusta 2016. Wannan yana wakiltar matsakaicin matsakaicin kowane wata na tsare-tsare a cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata.<ref name="Cuba Events of 2016">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2017 |title=World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Cuba |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/cuba |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Rahoton shekara-shekara na Amnesty International na 2017-2018 ya kuma bayyana karin tsare-tsaren da ake yi ba bisa ka'ida ba, korar jami'an gwamnati na nuna wariya da cin zarafi a cikin sana'o'in dogaro da kai da nufin sanya su shiru suna suka. Dangane da duk wani ci gaba da aka samu a fannin ilimi, Amnesty International ta ruwaito cewa ci gaban ilimi ya lalace ta hanyar satar bayanai ta yanar gizo da kuma ta layi. Cuba ta kasance galibi a rufe ga masu sa ido na kare hakkin dan adam masu zaman kansu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Cuba 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/americas/cuba/report-cuba/ |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Cuba jagora ce ta yanki a batutuwan kare hakkin mata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-06 |title=Cuban women cite gender challenges as they push to open businesses |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/cuban-women-cite-gender-challenges-push-open-businesses-rcna11186 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Fact Sheet {{!}} UN Women Data Hub |url=https://data.unwomen.org/country/cuba |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=data.unwomen.org}}</ref> == Tarihi == A lokacin [[Daular Sipaniya|Mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya]], limamin Bartolomé de las Casas ya ba da labarin zalunci ga 'yan asalin ƙasar. Jirgin da ya biyo baya na bayi na Afirka zuwa tsibirin, wanda ya dauki sama da shekaru 300, ya haifar da shiga tsakani na sojojin [[Birtaniya]] da kuma ƙuduri "don dakatar da waɗannan cin zarafin".<ref>"Report from the British commissionary judge, Havana, to the Foreign secretary (Lord Stanley)." September 30, 1866. Thomas, Hugh. ''Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom''. p.1050.</ref> Tun lokacin da Cuba ta sami 'yancin kai a 1902, kungiyoyi daban-daban, a cikin Cuba da kuma duniya, sun soki gwamnatocin Cuba da suka biyo baya saboda cin zarafin' yancin dan adam a tsibirin. A ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya a Cuba, haƙƙin ɗan adam a tsibirin ya zama damuwa ta duniya. Bayan ziyarar da ya kai yankin a shekara ta 1898, Sanata Redfield Proctor na Amurka ya kiyasta cewa har zuwa 200,000 Cubans sun mutu daga yunwa da cututtuka a cikin "masu tsananin Mutanen Espanya", ainihin sansanonin taro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Rhetorical Society |url=http://hcs.harvard.edu/~rhetoric/proctor.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807060847/http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~rhetoric/proctor.htm |archive-date=2011-08-07 |access-date=2006-08-27}}</ref> Damuwa ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa wajen samun goyon baya ga Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka a Amurka. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, da kuma bin dogon lokaci na rashin zaman lafiya, gwamnatin jari-hujja ta 1924-33 ta Gerardo Machado ta zama mai mulki. Machado ya tsawaita mulkinsa har sai da Fulgencio Batista ya jagoranci wani bore da ake kira Revolt of Sergeants, a matsayin wani bangare na juyin mulkin da ya hambarar da Machado a shekara ta 1933. Batista kuma ya zama mai karfi bayan wasu shugabannin 'yan tsana har sai da aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kasa a 1940. A cewar Hugh Thomas, lokacin bayan Machado ya kasance alama ce ta cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa. gansterismo a ko'ina cikin tsibirin.<ref>[[Hugh Thomas (writer)|Hugh Thomas]]. ''Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom''. p.388</ref> Daga 1940, Cuba tana da tsarin zaɓe na jam'iyyu da yawa har sai Fulgencio Batista (Shugaba daga 1940 zuwa 1944) ya yi juyin mulki tare da goyon bayan soja a ranar 10 ga Maris, 1952.<ref name="CIA, 1963 P. 1">CIA (1963). Political Murders in Cuba -- Batista Era Compared with Castro Regime</ref><ref name="Bethell-Cuba">{{cite book|title=Cuba|first=Leslie|last=Bethell}}</ref><ref name="Sweig-Inside">{{cite book|title=Inside the Cuban Revolution|first=Julia E.|last=Sweig|year=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01612-5|url=https://archive.org/details/insidecubanrevol00juli}}</ref><ref name="Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. 1990 P. 63">Wickham-Crowley, Timothy P. (1990). Exploring Revolution: Essays on Latin American Insurgency and Revolutionary Theory. Armonk and London: M.E. Sharpe. P. 63 "Estimates of hundreds or perhaps about a thousand deaths due to Batista's terror are also supported by comments made by Fidel Castro and other Batista critics during the war itself."</ref><ref name="Guerra, Lillian 2012 p. 42">Guerra, Lillian (2012). Visions of Power in Cuba: Revolution, Redemption, and Resistance, 1959–1971. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 42 "The likely total was probably closer to three to four thousand."</ref><ref>''Conflict, Order, and Peace in the Americas'', by the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, 1978, p. 121. "The US-supported Batista regime killed 20,000 Cubans"</ref> Don kwantar da rashin jin daɗi a tsakanin jama'a - wanda aka nuna daga baya ta hanyar tarzomar ɗalibai da zanga-zangar -Batista ya kafa tsauraran ra'ayi na kafofin watsa labarai, yayin da kuma yana amfani da Ofishin sa na Tattalin Arziki na Kwaminisanci don aiwatar da manyan tarzoma, azabtarwa da kisa ga jama'a. Wadannan kashe-kashen sun hauhawa a cikin 1957, yayin da ra'ayoyin gurguzu suka zama mafi tasiri. An kashe mutane da yawa, tare da kiyasin da aka kashe daga ɗaruruwa zuwa kusan mutane 20,000.<ref name="Invisible">''Invisible Latin America'', by Samuel Shapiro, Ayer Publishing, 1963, {{ISBN|0-8369-2521-1}}, pg 77. "All told, Batista's second dictatorship cost the Cuban people some 20,000 dead"</ref><ref name="WGuide">''The World Guide 1997/98: A View from the South'', by University of Texas, 1997, {{ISBN|1-869847-43-1}}, pg 209. "Batista engineered yet another coup, establishing a dictatorial regime, which was responsible for the death of 20,000 Cubans."</ref><ref name="ThirdW">''The Third World in Perspective'', by H.A. Reitsma & J.M.G. Kleinpenning, {{ISBN|0-8476-7450-9}}, pg 344. "Under Batista at least 20,000 people were put to death."</ref> A ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1960, Sanata John F. Kennedy, a tsakiyar yakin neman zabensa na shugabancin Amurka, ya soki dangantakar Batista da gwamnatin Amurka kuma ya soki gwamnatin Eisenhower don tallafa masa:<blockquote>Fulgencio Batista ya kashe 'yan Cuba 20,000 a cikin shekaru bakwai ... kuma ya mai da Demokradiyyar Cuba cikakkiyar 'yan sanda - yana lalata kowane 'yanci. Duk da haka taimakonmu ga gwamnatinsa, da rashin daidaiton manufofinmu, sun ba Batista damar kiran sunan Amurka don tallafawa mulkinsa na ta'addanci. Masu magana da yawun gwamnatin sun yaba wa Batista a bainar jama’a—suna yaba shi a matsayin babban abokin tarayya kuma abokin kirki—a lokacin da Batista ke kashe dubbai, yana lalata ’yancin kai na ƙarshe, da kuma sace ɗaruruwan miliyoyin daloli daga mutanen Cuba, kuma mun kasa matsa lamba don a yi zaɓe cikin ‘yanci.<ref name="JFK1960">[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25660 Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Democratic Dinner, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 6, 1960] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014174405/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25660 |date=October 14, 2013 }} from the ''[[John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library]]''.</ref></blockquote>A cewar mujallar Time, "Yajin aikin ya kasance na ɗan gajeren lokaci: "Tare da babba, Batista ya zagaya cikin gari da gaba gaɗi yayin da 'yan sandansa suka ci gaba da yin cikakken ikonsu. Sa’ad da wata motar sintiri ta yi ta rediyo cewa ta yi artabu da ’yan tawaye kuma tana da ‘mataccen mutum da fursuna’, ma’aikacin ya ba da umurni cewa: ‘Ku harbe shi.’ Da tsakar rana, 'yan sanda suka kutsa cikin wani gidan kwana, suka kama wasu samari uku wadanda su ne shugabanin kungiyar Action Catholic Action ta Cuba, wadanda ke tausayawa Castro. Bayan sa'o'i biyu aka mika gawarwakinsu da aka yi musu, azabtarwa da harsashi da aka yi wa 'yan uwa. Adadin wadanda suka mutu: 43. "<ref name=":4">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810279,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815000127/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810279,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 15, 2009|magazine=Time|title=CUBA: Strongman's Round|date=April 21, 1958|access-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref> A shekara ta 1959, Fidel Castro da dakarunsa sun yi nasarar korar Batista daga mulki. A lokacin an sami sauye-sauye na asali a cikin tsarin shari'a da na siyasa. A cikin wannan lokacin riƙon ƙwarya an sami wasu damuwa game da tsarin da ya dace.<ref>The Day After — Cuba: His Brother's Keeper Foreign Policy archive.</ref><ref>[http://www.fiu.edu/~fcf/castro_year1/castroyr1.ruleoflaw.html The End of the Rule of Law March 1959] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312142726/http://www.fiu.edu/~fcf/castro_year1/castroyr1.ruleoflaw.html|date=March 12, 2013}} Fidel Castro, by Robert E. Quirk 1993</ref> Kungiyar "Cuban National Reconciliation Movement", wata kungiya mai tushe a Amurka wacce ke da'awar yin aiki a matsayin dandalin tattaunawa kan al'ummar Cuban, ta yi cikakken bayani kan abin da ta yi imani da cewa suna da sarkakiya yayin nazarin 'yancin dan adam nan da nan bayan juyin juya hali. A cikin shekarun 1960, munanan tashe-tashen hankula da aka fi sani da Tawayen Escambray tsakanin gwamnatin Cuba da 'yan adawa masu dauke da makamai na ci gaba da gudana, amma a farkon shekarun 1970 sun yi kasa a gwiwa. Kungiyar ta bayyana cewa a lokacin da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa suka bunkasa a shekarun 1970, lokaci mafi muni na danniya ya kare, wanda hakan ya sa tantancewar baya-bayan nan ba tare da wani bangare ba na lokacin. Har ila yau, yunkurin sulhun ya ba da misali da matsalolin da ake fuskanta wajen tantance asusun cin zarafi da aka saba raba kan bangaranci. A cewar kungiyar, 'yan gudun hijirar Cuba wadanda galibi su ne suka fara yin Allah wadai da gwamnatin Cuba, galibi suna da akidar kyamar gurguzu da kuma keta hakkin da wasu gwamnatocin suka aikata, yayin da da yawa daga cikin masu lura da al'amura, ba su yi la'akari da ikirari na mutanen Cuban da abin ya shafa ba.<ref>[http://memoria.fiu.edu/memoria/documents/Book_English.pdf <i>Cuban National Reconciliation movement</i>] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719193424/http://memoria.fiu.edu/memoria/documents/Book_English.pdf |date=2011-07-19 }} Task force report 2003</ref> Bayan hawan mulki a shekara ta 1959, gwamnatin Fidel Castro ta gina ingantacciyar injuna na danniya, a cewar Human Rights Watch.<ref name="hrw19992">{{cite web |year=1999 |title=Cuba's repressive machinery |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/cuba/Cuba996-01.htm#P348_12349 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Tun a farkon watan Satumbar 1959,<ref>British Foreign Office. Chancery American Department, Foreign Office, London September 2, 1959 (2181/59) to British Embassy Havana classified as restricted Released 2000 by among British Foreign Office papers FOREIGN OFFICES FILES FOR CUBA Part 1: Revolution in Cuba "in our letter 1011/59 May 6 we mentioned that a Russian workers' delegation had been invited to participate in the May Day celebrations here, but had been delayed. The interpreter with the party, which arrived later and stayed in Cuba a few days, was called Vadim Kotchergin although he was at the time using what he subsequently claimed was his mother's name of Liston (?). He remained in the background, and did not attract any attention.."</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=November 7, 2005 |title=El campo de entrenamiento "Punto Cero" donde el Partido Comunista de Cuba (PCC) adiestra a terroristas nacionales e internacionales |url=http://www.canf.org/2005/1es/noticias-de-Cuba/2005-nov-07-el-campo-de-entrenamiento.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030031149/http://www.canf.org/2005/1es/noticias-de-Cuba/2005-nov-07-el-campo-de-entrenamiento.htm |archive-date=October 30, 2007 |access-date=2008-01-08 |publisher=[[Cuban American National Foundation]]}} (English title: The training camp "Point Zero" where the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) trained national and international terrorists) "... Los coroneles soviéticos de la KGB Vadim Kochergin y Victor Simonov (ascendido a general en 1970) fueron entrenadores en "Punto Cero" desde finales de los años 60 del siglo pasado. Uno de los" graduados" por Simonov en este campo de entrenamiento es Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, más conocido como "Carlos El Chacal". Otro "alumno" de esta instalación del terror es el mexicano Rafael Sebastián Guillén, alias "subcomandante Marcos", quien se "graduó" en "Punto Cero" a principio de los años 80."</ref> an ga Vadim Kotchergin (ko Kochergin), wakilin KGB, a Cuba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2005 |title=El campo de entrenamiento "Punto Cero" donde el Partido Comunista de Cuba (PCC) adiestra a terroristas nacionales e internacionales |url=http://www.canf.org/2005/1es/noticias-de-Cuba/2005-nov-07-el-campo-de-entrenamiento.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030031149/http://www.canf.org/2005/1es/noticias-de-Cuba/2005-nov-07-el-campo-de-entrenamiento.htm |archive-date=October 30, 2007 |access-date=2008-01-08 |publisher=[[Cuban American National Foundation]]}} (English title: The training camp "Point Zero" where the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) trained national and international terrorists)<br /><br /> "... Los coroneles soviéticos de la KGB Vadim Kochergin y Victor Simonov (ascendido a general en 1970) fueron entrenadores en "Punto Cero" desde finales de los años 60 del siglo pasado. Uno de los" graduados" por Simonov en este campo de entrenamiento es Ilich Ramírez Sánchez, más conocido como "Carlos El Chacal". Otro "alumno" de esta instalación del terror es el mexicano Rafael Sebastián Guillén, alias "subcomandante Marcos", quien se "graduó" en "Punto Cero" a principio de los años 80."</ref> Jorge Luis Vasquez, dan kasar Cuban wanda aka daure shi a Gabashin Jamus, ya bayyana cewa 'yan sanda na sirri na Gabashin Jamus Stasi sun horar da ma'aikatan Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Cuba (MININT).<ref>{{cite news |last=Levitin |first=Michael |date=November 4, 2007 |title=La Stasi entrenó a la Seguridad cubana |url=http://www.elnuevoherald.com/209/story/112259.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928223044/http://www.elnuevoherald.com/209/story/112259.html |archive-date=September 28, 2008 |publisher=Nuevo Herald}}</ref> === Kashe-kashen siyasa === An yi kimantawa daban-daban don tabbatar da yawan kisan gillar siyasa da aka gudanar a madadin gwamnatin Cuban tun bayan juyin juya halin. A cikin watanni biyu na farko na 1959, gwamnatin Castro ta kashe sama da jami'an Batista 300,<ref name="APfeb59">{{cite news |last1=Berrellez |first1=Robert |date=23 February 1959 |title=True Picture Of Batista Regime's Atrocities In Cuba Begins To Emerge |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19590223&id=NP1XAAAAIBAJ&pg=2501,4729775 |access-date=19 March 2017 |work=[[Spokane Daily Chronicle]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> tare da masanin tarihin Latin Amurka Thomas E. Skidmore ya ce an kashe mutane 550 a cikin watanni shida na farko na 1959. <ref name="Atlas">{{Cite web |title=Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls |url=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm#Cuba59 |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=users.erols.com}}</ref> A cikin wani labarin UPI na Afrilu 1961, hukumar ta bayyana cewa kimanin "700 sun mutu kafin 'yan wasan Castro' tsakanin 1959 da 1961.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 April 1961 |title=Seven including ex-Castroite executed |url=http://www.upi.com/Archives/1961/04/20/Seven-including-ex-Castroite-executed/1205884581438/ |access-date=19 March 2017 |work=[[United Press International|UPI]] |language=en}}</ref> The World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators ya tabbatar da cewa an yi kisa na siyasa 2,113 tsakanin shekarun 1958-67, yayin da masanin tarihin Burtaniya Hugh Thomas, ya bayyana a cikin bincikensa ''Cuba ko neman 'yanci'' <ref name="Atlas" /> cewa "watakila" kashe-kashen 5,000 ya faru a shekarar 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom Hugh Thomas |url=http://www.longitudebooks.com/find/p/7230/mcms.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607162823/http://www.longitudebooks.com/find/p/7230/mcms.html |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-07-19 |website=longitudebooks.com}}</ref><ref name="Atlas" /> Yawancin wadanda aka kashe kai tsaye bayan juyin juya halin 1959 'yan sanda ne,' yan siyasa da masu ba da labari ga mulkin Batista waɗanda aka zarge su da laifuka kamar azabtarwa da kisan kai, kuma shari'arsu ta jama'a da kisa sun sami goyon baya sosai tsakanin jama'ar Cuba. Yawancin malamai sun yarda cewa wadanda aka kashe sun kasance masu laifi kamar yadda ake tuhuma, amma shari'arsu ba ta bi tsari da ya dace ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Resurrection of Che Guevara |url=http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue25/farber25.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129121500/http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue25/farber25.htm |archive-date=2011-11-29 |access-date=2017-02-04 |website=nova.wpunj.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Resurrection of Che Guevara |url=http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue25/farber25.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129121500/http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue25/farber25.htm |archive-date=2011-11-29 |access-date=2017-02-04 |website=nova.wpunj.edu}}</ref> Gwamnatin Cuban ta tabbatar da irin wadannan matakan a kan dalilan cewa a Cuba, yin amfani da hukuncin kisa ga masu aikata laifukan yaki da sauransu sun bi irin wannan hanyar da Allies suka bi a baya a lokacin gwajin Nuremberg. Wasu malaman Cuban sun ci gaba da cewa idan gwamnati ba ta sanya dokoki masu tsanani a kan masu azabtarwa, [[Ta'addanci|'yan ta'adda]], da sauran masu laifi da gwamnatin Batista ta yi amfani da su ba, mutane da kansu za su dauki adalci a hannunsu.<ref>Raul Gomez Treto, "Thirty Years of Cuban Revolutionary Penal Law", <i>Latin American Perspectives</i>, Vol. 18, No. 2, Spring, 1991, pp. 114–125</ref> === An zargi sansanin tilasta aiki da cin zarafin fursunoni === A shekara ta 1987, an gudanar da wani "Tribunal on Cuba" a birnin Paris domin gabatar da shaidar tsoffin fursunoni na tsarin hukunta laifukan Cuba ga kafafen yada labarai na duniya. Wata kungiyar yaki da gurguzu da Amurka ke daukar nauyin wannan taro mai suna Resistance International da "Coalition of Committees for the Rights of Man in Cuba". Shaidu da aka gabatar a kotun, a gaban wani komitin kasa da kasa, sun yi zargin cewa ana fuskantar azabtarwa a gidajen yarin Cuba da kuma “sansanoni masu wahala”. Azabawar ta kunshi duka, gwaje-gwajen halittu wadanda suka hada da hana abinci, tambayoyi na tashin hankali da yanayin rayuwa mara tsafta.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070610074457/http://polarch.sas.ac.uk/pdf_documents/TropicalGulag.pdf Tribunal on Cuba] Paris April 1986</ref> Alkalin kotun ya amince da zargin kama shi ba bisa ka'ida ba; yanke hukunci ta hanyar kotun soja ba tare da jama'a ko mai kare shi ba; lokacin da fursunoni suka shafe a sansanonin aiki masu wahala ba tare da isasshen abinci, sutura ko kulawar likita ba; da kuma kame yaran da suka haura shekara tara. === Cin zarafin siyasa na ilimin hauka === Kodayake Cuba tana da alaƙa da siyasa da Tarayyar Soviet tun lokacin da Amurka ta yanke dangantaka da Cuba jim kadan bayan Firayim Minista Fidel Castro ya hau mulki a shekarar 1959, ƙananan zarge-zarge game da cin zarafin siyasa na ilimin kwakwalwa a wannan ƙasar sun fito kafin ƙarshen shekarun 1980. : 74 Americas Watch da [[Amnesty International]] sun buga rahotanni waɗanda suka yi nuni da shari'o'in yiwuwar asibiti ba tare da izini ba da kuma kula da fursunonin siyasa.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 75 Wadannan rahotanni sun shafi asibitin Gustavo Machin a Santiago na Cuba a kudu maso gabashin kasar da kuma babban asibitin mahaukaci a [[Havana]].<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 75 A shekara ta 1977, an buga wani rahoto game da zargin cin zarafin ilimin kwakwalwa a Cuba a Amurka kuma ya gabatar da shari'o'in rashin kulawa a asibitocin kwakwalwa na Cuba wanda ya samo asali ne daga farkon shekarun 1970.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 75 Yana gabatar da zarge-zarge masu tsanani waɗanda ke da'awar cewa fursunoni waɗanda suka ƙare a cikin unguwanni na asibitocin mahaukaci a Santiago de Cuba da Havana suna fuskantar hanyoyin rashin lafiya waɗanda suka haɗa da maganin lantarki ba tare da amfani da kayan kwantar da hankali ba ko anesthesia.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 75 Aikace-aikacen da aka ruwaito na ECT a cikin unguwanni na shari'a yana da alama, aƙalla a yawancin shari'o'in da aka ambata, ba isasshen magani na asibiti ba ne don yanayin da aka gano fursunoni - a wasu lokuta ba a gano fursunonin ba.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : An bayyana yanayi 75 a cikin unguwanni na shari'a a cikin maganganu masu banƙyama kuma a bayyane suke da bambanci sosai da yanayin da ke cikin sauran sassan asibitocin mahaukaci waɗanda aka ce suna da kyau kuma na zamani.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 75 {{Rp|75}} A watan Agustan 1981, an kama masanin tarihin Marxist Ariel Hidalgo kuma an zarge shi da "ta da tsarin zamantakewa, hadin kan kasa da kasa da kuma Jihar Socialist" kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru takwas a kurkuku. : 75 A watan Satumbar 1981, an kai shi daga hedikwatar tsaron jihar zuwa unguwar Carbó-Serviá (forensic) na asibitin Havana Psychiatric kuma ya zauna a can na makonni da yawa.<ref name="Medicine betrayed" /> : 76 {{Rp|76}} == Cuba ta zamani == === Matsalar siyasa === Wani rahoto na 2009 na Human Rights Watch ya kammala cewa "Raúl Castro ya ci gaba da bindigar Cuba a wuri... tun lokacin da ɗan'uwansa Fidel Castro ya ba shi iko. " <ref name="HRW 2009">{{Cite web |date=2009-11-18 |title=New Castro, Same Cuba: Political Prisoners in the Post-Fidel Era |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/11/18/cuba-ra-l-castro-imprisons-critics-crushes-dissent |access-date=2012-02-17 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Rahoton ya gano cewa "[yawan fursunonin siyasa da aka kama a ƙarƙashin Fidel suna ci gaba da lalacewa a kurkuku, kuma Raúl ya yi amfani da dokoki masu tsanani da gwaji na karya don ɗaure yawancin waɗanda suka yi ƙarfin hali don yin amfani da hakkinsu na asali. "[s] Gidan Freedom House da [[gwamnati]] Amurka ke tallafawa ya rarraba Cuba a matsayin "Ba Free ba", <ref name="FH Cuba1">{{Cite web |title=Cuba |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/country/cuba |access-date=2012-02-17 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> kuma ya lura cewa "Cuba ita ce kadai ƙasa a cikin Amurka da ke yin jerin Freedom House na Mafi Girma: Ƙungiyoyin Mafi Girma a Duniya don yaduwar cin zarafin [[Ƴancin siyasa|'yanci]] siyasa da' yanci na jama'a". <ref name="FH Cuba1" /> Rahoton Duniya na 2017 na Human Rights Watch ya rubuta cewa [[Ɗan jarida|'yan jarida]] masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ɗauka suna ƙarƙashin kamfen ɗin lalata da kuma kamawa na son rai, kamar yadda masu fasaha da masana kimiyya suke buƙatar mafi girma.<ref name="Cuba Events of 2016"/> [[Fayil:Press_conference,_Havana.jpg|right|thumb|Jorge Luis García Pérez ya kai farmaki ga narkewar Cuban a matsayin mika wuya ga mulkin Castro]] Wani rahoto na 1999 Human Rights Watch ya lura cewa babban alhakin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida shine saka idanu kan yawan mutanen Cuban don alamun rashin amincewa.<ref name="HRW-Cuba1999-VIII">{{Cite web |year=1999 |title=VIII. ROUTINE REPRESSION |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/cuba/Cuba996-08.htm#P1517_344135 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A cikin 1991 sabbin hanyoyin biyu don sa ido da sarrafawa na ciki sun fito. Shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci sun shirya tsarin tsaro da kariya (Sistema Unico de Vigilancia y Protección, SUVP). Brigades na Rapid Action (Brigadas de Acción Rapida, wanda kuma ake kira Brigades na Saurin Amsa, ko Brigadas de Respuesta Rápida) suna lura da sarrafa masu adawa.<ref name="HRW-Cuba1999-VIII" /> Har ila yau, gwamnati "tana riƙe fayilolin ilimi da na aiki (expedientes escolares y laborales) ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, inda jami'ai ke yin rikodin ayyukan ko maganganun da za su iya ɗaukar aminci ga juyin juya halin. Kafin ci gaba zuwa sabuwar makaranta ko matsayi, dole ne a fara ɗaukar rikodin mutum a karɓa".<ref name="HRW-Cuba1999-VIII" /> Yunkurin adawa a Cuba tarin mutane ne da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, mafi yawansu suna aiki don girmama haƙƙin mutum a tsibirin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report 2004 {{!}} Cuba |url=http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/cub-summary-eng |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608152653/http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/cub-summary-eng |archive-date=June 8, 2007 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin sanannun 'yan adawar Cuban sun hada da Ladies in White (masu karɓar Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought), Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam da shugaban al'ummar Cuban Jesús Permuy, Marta Beatriz Roque, da kuma wanda aka zaba don Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya kuma wanda ya lashe Kyautar Sakharov Oswaldo Payá, da Óscar Elías Biscet, da Jorge Luis García Pérez "Antúnez". A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2019, Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Amurka ta sanar da cewa, Amurka za ta kakabawa Cuba sabbin takunkumai, sakamakon rashin kyawun bayanan da take da shi na kare hakkin dan Adam da kuma goyon bayan gwamnatin Venezuela. Musamman ma, ci gaba da tsare José Daniel Ferrer an bayyana shi a wata sanarwa ta daban wacce ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta fitar. Ferrer wanda ke jagorantar kungiyar Patriotic Union of Cuba (UNPACU), gwamnatin Cuba na tsare a gidan yari kuma ba a bayyana inda yake ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2019 |title=US Levies New Sanctions on Cuba Over Human Rights, Venezuela |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/americas_us-levies-new-sanctions-cuba-over-human-rights-venezuela/6177839.html |access-date=18 October 2019 |website=Voice of America}}</ref> === Censorship === Cuba a hukumance ta amince da haƙƙin farar hula da na siyasa da aka lissafta a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Duniya a 1948. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ka'idoji a cikin sanarwar ita ce dagewar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da ra'ayi. A cewar kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Cuba na shekarar 1992, an ba da damar fadin albarkacin baki "bisa manufofin al'ummar gurguzu" kuma an ba da izinin yin zane-zane "muddin abin da ke cikinsa bai saba wa juyin juya halin Musulunci ba".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1992 |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/cuba-constitution.html |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=University of Minnesota Human Right Library}}</ref> Tsarin Mulki na Cuba na 2019 ya cire harshen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuba's Constitution of 2019 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Cuba_2019.pdf?lang=en#page=53&zoom=100,624,781 |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=constituteproject.org}}</ref> Matsayin Cuba ya kasance a kasan Index na 'yancin' yan jarida na 2008 wanda Reporters Without Borders (RWB) suka tattara. <ref name="RWB-Index2008"/> An kira Cuba daya daga cikin kasashe goma da aka fi tantancewa a duniya ta Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida.<ref name="CPJ-2006">{{Cite web |title=10 most censored countries |url=http://www.cpj.org/censored/censored_06.html |publisher=The Committee to Protect Journalists}}</ref> A cewar Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida na Amurka, kafofin yada labarai a Cuba suna aiki ne a karkashin kulawar Sashen Juyin Juyin Juya Hali na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, wanda "ke haɓaka da daidaita dabarun farfaganda".<ref name="CPJ-2006"/> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa [waɗanda?] suka yi imanin cewa waɗannan labaran suna ba da ikon yin amfani da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ga jihar. Hukumar Inter-American kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta tantance cewa: "A bayyane yake cewa yin amfani da' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a ƙarƙashin wannan labarin na Kundin Tsarin Mulki yana ƙarƙashin mahimman abubuwa guda biyu: a gefe guda, adanawa da ƙarfafa Jihar Kwaminisanci; a gefe guda kuma, buƙatar rufe duk wani zargi na ƙungiyar da ke mulki. " Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta [[Amnesty International]] ta tabbatar da cewa mallakar duniya ta kafofin watsa labarai tana nufin cewa an ƙuntata 'yancin faɗakar da' yanci. Don haka yin amfani da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki an ƙuntata shi ta hanyar rashin hanyoyin sadarwa na jama'a da ke fadowa daga waje da ikon jihar. Human Rights ta ce: "Rashin amincewa da sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin aikin da ya dace, gwamnati ta musanta matsayin doka ga ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa na cikin gida. Mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna fuskantar tsangwama ta tsari, tare da gwamnati ta sanya cikas don hana su yin rubuce-rubuce game da yanayin haƙƙin ɗan Adam Watch da Amnesty International sun hana su aikawa da manufofin binciken gaskiya zuwa Cuba. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe kaɗan a duniya don hanawa da ke aiki ga ƙungiyoyin sadarwa na Red Cross na Cuba. Tallafin kudi da wakilcin shari'a ana bayar da su ne ta hanyar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasashen waje a matsayin wani ɓangare na Cibiyar sadarwa ta Cuba ta EU . <ref name="People in Need">{{Cite web |title=Direct aid to the persecuted |url=https://www.clovekvtisni.cz/en/what-we-do/human-rights-support/cuba |website=People in Need}}</ref>  An fara yunkurin tsari da tsarin bayar da rahoto wanda gwamnati ba ta amince da shi ba a shekarar 1993. Ƙoƙarin neman kamfanin dillancin labarai mai zaman kansa, wanda ba a tantance shi ba, ya jagoranci jagorancin mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Cuba kuma shugaban jam'iyyar Christian Democratic Movement Jesús Permuy . <ref name="The Miami Herald" /> Ya fara ne a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar a matsayin membobin Civic Democratic Action, ƙungiyar laima ta kusan ƙungiyoyin adawa na Castro ashirin, sun kafa kawance tare da Kungiyar 'Yan Jarida ta Cuban Mai Zaman Kanta. <ref name="The Miami Herald" /> Ƙoƙarin ya gaza. Rahoton Reporters Without Borders na Oktoba 2006 ya gano cewa amfani da Intanet yana da matukar ƙuntatawa kuma ana sa ido sosai. Samun dama yana yiwuwa ne kawai tare da izinin gwamnati kuma ana rarraba kayan aiki. Ana kula da imel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voeux |first=Claire |last2=Pain |first2=Julien |date=October 2006 |title=Going online in Cuba: Internet under surveillance |url=http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221407/http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_gb_md_1.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-03 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> Ana korar 'yan jaridar kasashen waje bisa tsari daga Cuba, misali. An kori fitattun 'yan jaridar Gazeta Wyborcza, Anna Bikont da Seweryn Blumsztahn a shekara ta 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-05-20 |title=CUBA |url=https://cpj.org/2005/05/cuba-3/ |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, Human Rights Watch ta bayyana cewa "an hana [[Yancin taro|'yancin taro]] sosai a Cuba, kuma an haramta masu adawa da siyasa daga haɗuwa a cikin manyan kungiyoyi. " A shekara ta 2006, Amnesty ta bayyana cewa ""Dukkanin' yancin ɗan adam, ƙungiyoyin farar hula da ƙwararru da ƙungiyoyin da ke akwai a yau a Cuba a waje da hukuma na kayan aikin gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin jama'a da gwamnati ke sarrafawa an hana su samun matsayin doka. Wannan sau da yawa yana sanya mutane da ke cikin haɗari ga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin fuskantar tsangwama, tsoratar ko tuhumar laifi don ayyukan da ke nuna ikon yin amfani da ƙungiyoyi na asali na ƙungiyoyi na ƙa' yanci na ƙungiyoyi. Hukumomin Cuban sun amince da cibiyar ƙungiyar kwadago ta ƙasa guda ɗaya kawai, Central de Trabajadores de Cuba (CTC). Gwamnati a fili ta haramta kungiyoyin kwadago masu zaman kansu, ana cin zarafi da tsare masu fafutuka, sannan an daure shugabannin kungiyoyin da suka yi yunkurin cin gashin kansu. Ba a amince da ‘yancin yajin aiki a doka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Cuba |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/cuba/ |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=U.S. Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor}}</ref> === Jama'a === A cikin 2001 an yi ƙoƙari Oswaldo Payá Sardiñas da wasu daga Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Kirista, da ke aiki a matsayin Varela Project, don samun plebiscite na ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da tanadi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Cuba wanda ya ba da damar ɗan ƙasa.<ref name="HumanRightsWatch">[https://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/cuba12207.htm "Cuba"]. [[Human Rights Watch]]. Retrieved September 6, 2012.</ref> Idan gwamnati ta karbe ta kuma ta amince da kuri’ar jama’a, da gyare-gyaren za su kafa abubuwa kamar ‘yancin yin tarayya, ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, ’yancin yada labarai, da kuma fara sana’o’i masu zaman kansu. Majalisar dokokin kasar ta ki amincewa da koken kuma a martanin da aka yi an gudanar da kuri'ar raba gardama don nuna goyon bayan gurguzu ta zama wani tsari na din-din-din na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, wanda gwamnati ta yi ikirarin amincewa da kashi 99% na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref>[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR250012006 Amnesty International report 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718170319/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR250012006|date=2008-07-18}}</ref> Wani muhimmin aiki shi ne kafa Majalisar don Bunkasa Al'umma. Majalisar don inganta ƙungiyoyin jama'a a Cuba wani haɗin gwiwa ne na ƙungiyoyin fararen hula masu zaman kansu 365 tare da manufofin da aka bayyana na "samar da al'adun dimokuradiyya", "haɓaka motsin zamantakewa", ƙarfafa ƙungiyar Majalisar, sadarwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi don inganta ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ta yin amfani da duk hanyoyin da ake da su don yaƙar talauci da neman inganta yanayin rayuwar al'umma, haɓaka ilimi na gaskiya game da abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwar jama'a da tarihin zamantakewar Cuba, a duk tarihin tattalin arziki na Cuba, a cikin dukan ayyukan tattalin arziki na Cuba, da ci gaban tattalin arziki. kariya da kiyaye albarkatun kasa da muhallin halittu, da inganta al'adu na gaskiya kan 'yancin aiki. Majalisar ta yi taron farko a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Cuba |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/cuba/ |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=U.S. Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cubaverdad.net/workers_paradise.htm "Is Cuba a 'Workers Paradise'?."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115220420/http://www.cubaverdad.net/workers_paradise.htm|date=2008-01-15}} Cuba Verdad. Retrieved September 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.cubaverdad.net/independent_trade_unions.htm "Independent Trade Unions In Cuba."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115220355/http://www.cubaverdad.net/independent_trade_unions.htm|date=2008-01-15}} Cuba Verdad. Retrieved September 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.cubaverdad.net/violations_of_social_and_labor.htm "Violations of social and labor rights."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118040156/http://www.cubaverdad.net/violations_of_social_and_labor.htm|date=2008-01-18}} Cuba Verdad. Retrieved September 2012.</ref> === Hukuncin kisa === Cuba ta sanya dokar hana yin amfani da hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 1999. Duk da haka, an yi bangaranci lokacin da, a shekara ta 2003, an kashe mutane uku daga cikin gungun mutane goma saboda fashin jirgin ruwa. Masu garkuwar dai na yunkurin isa Florida ne, amma man fetur ya kare daga rabin hanyar da suka nufa. Bayan tsayuwar kwanaki biyu, jirgin ruwan ya samu rakiyar kwale-kwalen da ke tsaron gabar tekun zuwa wata tashar ruwa ta Kuba, da alama don mai; a lokacin da masu garkuwa da mutane suka fara tsalle-tsalle a sassan jirgin, sai dai hukumomin kasar sun fatattaki maharan tare da samun galaba a kansu. An yanke wa wasu maza hudu hukuncin daurin rai-da-rai, kuma sauran mata ukun da abin ya shafa sun samu zaman gidan yari na shekaru 1-5.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 April 2003 |title=Cuba ferry hijackers executed |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2941041.stm |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> === Ayyukan ƙin yarda === Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ciki har da Amnesty International sun daɗe suna sukar abin da hukumomin Cuba suka kira "Actos de repudiation" (actos de rebudio). Wadannan ayyukan suna faruwa ne lokacin da manyan kungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa suka yi amfani da maganganu, suka tsoratar da kuma wani lokacin da suka kai hari da kuma jefa duwatsu da sauran abubuwa a gidajen Cubans waɗanda ake la'akari da masu adawa da juyin juya hali. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam suna zargin cewa ana aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan ne tare da hadin gwiwa tare da jami'an tsaro kuma wani lokacin sun haɗa da Kwamitocin Tsaro na Juyin Juya Halin ko Brigades na Saurin Juya Hanyar. === Shahararrun fursunonin lamiri === * A shekara ta 1960, an yanke wa Armando Valladares hukunci kan zargin sanya bama-bamai a wuraren jama'a kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru talatin a kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=And when will Miami's terrorist nest be cleared out? |url=http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2009/junio/juev11/Miami.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304021436/http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2009/junio/juev11/Miami.html |archive-date=2012-03-04 |access-date=March 4, 2012 |website=Granma Internacional}}</ref> Shi da magoya bayansa sun yi jayayya cewa bai taɓa kasancewa cikin 'yan sanda na Batista ba kamar yadda magoya bayan Castro suka yi zargin, kuma cewa ɗaurinsa sakamakon adawa ne da gwamnatin Castro. Valladares ya yi iƙirarin cewa an azabtar da shi kuma an kunyata shi yayin da yake yajin aikin yunwa don nuna rashin amincewa da cin zarafin kurkuku; ya yi iccirarin cewa masu gadi sun hana shi ruwa har sai ya zama mai hauka, kuma sun ci gaba da yin fitsari a bakinsa da fuskarsa. Bugu da ƙari, ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana buƙatar amfani da keken guragu bayan yajin aikin yunwa mafi tsawo. Gwamnatin Cuban ta musanta duka ikirarin, kuma ta ba da shaidar bidiyo ga Regis Debray na Valladares tsaye da tafiya. An saki Valladares daga kurkuku bayan ya yi shekaru ashirin da biyu na hukuncinsa, saboda wani bangare na ceto na Shugaban Faransa [[François Mitterrand]]. Marubucin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya David Horowitz tun daga lokacin ya kira Valladares "Jam'in 'Yancin Dan Adam". * A shekara ta 1973, an tura marubucin gay Reinaldo Arenas zuwa kurkuku bayan an tuhume shi kuma an yanke masa hukunci da 'rashin jituwa' da kuma bugawa a kasashen waje don kauce wa tantancewa a Cuba. Ya tsere daga kurkuku kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya bar Cuba ta hanyar jefa kansa daga bakin teku a kan bututun ciki na taya. Yunkurin ya gaza kuma an sake kama shi a kusa da Lenin Park kuma an ɗaure shi a kurkuku a sanannen El Morro Castle tare da masu kisan kai da masu fyade. Bayan ya tsere daga Cuba a cikin 1980 Mariel Boatlift, Arenas ya bayyana mummunan abin da ya jimre a karkashin gwamnatin Cuban a cikin tarihin kansa Antes que anochezca (1992), fassarar Turanci Before Night Falls (1993). * A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, 1998, kotun Havana ta yanke wa [[Reynaldo Alfaro García]], memba na Jam'iyyar Democratic Solidarity, hukuncin shekaru uku a kurkuku saboda "yaduwar farfagandar abokan gaba" da kuma "rashin jita-jita". * Desi Mendoza, wani likitan Cuban, an daure shi saboda yin maganganun da ke sukar martani na Cuba ga annobar cutar dengue a Santiago na Cuba wanda ya yi zargin ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa. An kori Dokta Mendoza daga aikinsa a asibitin Cuban shekaru uku da suka gabata don kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta. Daga baya aka sake shi saboda rashin lafiya, dangane da barin kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MEDICAL LETTER WRITING ACTION {{!}} Dr Desi MENDOZA Rivero {{!}} CUBA |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR250281997?open%26of%3DENG-348 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060415060951/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR250281997?open&of=ENG-348 |archive-date=2006-04-15 |access-date=2005-09-26 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2013 |title=Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights & Law Program |url=https://www.aaas.org/program/scientific-responsibility-human-rights-law |website=AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society}}</ref> * Óscar Elías Biscet, likita, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 25 saboda rashin tashin hankali, amma adawa da Castro. * A farkon shekara ta 2003, an daure mutane da yawa, ciki har da 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu, masu ɗakin karatu da sauran abokan adawar gwamnatin Castro bayan gajeren gwaji, tare da wasu hukuncin da ya wuce shekaru 20, a kan zargin karɓar kuɗi daga Amurka don aiwatar da ayyukan adawa da gwamnati. * Wani rahoto na [[Amnesty International]], CUBA: 'yanci na asali har yanzu ana kai musu hari, ya yi kira ga "kotu na Cuba da su saki duk fursunonin lamiri nan da nan kuma ba tare da wani sharadi ba" da kuma "kaddamar da duk dokokin da ke hana' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, taro da tarayya, da kuma dakatar da duk ayyukan don tayar da masu adawa, 'yan jarida, da masu kare hakkin dan adam". * An ruwaito cewa an saki Jorge Luis García Pérez daga kurkuku a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007 bayan ya cika cikakken hukuncinsa na shekaru 17 da kwanaki 34 saboda, yana da shekaru 25, ya yi ihu da Fidel Castro. An yanke wa García Antúnez hukunci na sabotage bayan hukumomi sun zarge shi da ƙone gonakin sukari, sabotage, yada "farfagandar abokan gaba", da kasancewa cikin mallakar makami ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Insufficient medical care for Jorge Luis García Pérez |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engAMR250032001!Open |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112015238/http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engAMR250032001%21Open |archive-date=January 12, 2007 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> * Dokta Ariel Ruiz Urquiola, wanda Amnesty International ta ayyana "wani fursuna na lamiri" kuma ta bukaci a sake shi "nan da nan kuma ba tare da wani sharadi ba". * A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2020, [[Mataki Na Sha Tara (19)|Mataki na 19]], Cibiyar Bayar da Bayani ta Yakin da Zaman Lafiya da [[Amnesty International]] ta bukaci gwamnatin Cuba da ta saki fursuna na lamiri da kuma ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa, Roberto Quiñones Haces. Bayan shari'ar a watan Agustan 2019 kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekara guda saboda juriya da rashin biyayya game da aikinsa a matsayin ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2020 |title=Cuba: Government must release journalist and prisoner of conscience Roberto Quiñones Haces |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/09/gobierno-cubano-debe-liberar-al-periodista-y-preso-de-conciencia-roberto-quinones-haces/ |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> === Tafiya da ƙaura === Ya zuwa ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, an soke duk takunkumin tafiye-tafiye da sarrafawa da gwamnatin Cuba ta sanya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2013 |title=Reforma migratoria también favorece a los militantes cubanos |url=http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/internacionales/275273-reforma-migratoria-favorece-militantes-cubanos/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118050741/http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/internacionales/275273-reforma-migratoria-favorece-militantes-cubanos/ |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |access-date=January 16, 2017 |website=El Nuevo Diario}}</ref> Tun daga wannan ranar, kowane ɗan ƙasar Cuba, tare da fasfo mai inganci, na iya barin ƙasar ƙarƙashin ƙuntatawa ta gudanarwa da gwamnati ta ɗora. Dalibai suna buƙatar izinin tafiya daga makarantarsu, ma'aikata daga ma'aikatansu. Dukansu suna karkashin ikon gwamnati. Bukatun biza ga 'yan ƙasar Cuban sun fi ƙuntatawa na shigarwa ta gudanarwa da hukumomin wasu jihohin da aka sanya wa' yan ƙasar Cuba sau da yawa suna haɗa (a keta haƙƙin ɗan adam) waɗannan buƙatun tabbatar da izini don tafiya (ƙasashen Schengen EU). Wasu daga cikin buƙatun ƙasashe na uku kamar isar kuɗi na kuɗi da alaƙar kuɗi da ƙasar (dukiya, samun kudin shiga) ba za su iya cika su Cubans ba saboda yanayin tattalin arzikin wurin. 'Yan Cuba kaɗan ne ke da (tabbatar) kuɗin shiga don nuna za su iya biyan kuɗin tafiya da zama. Yawancin suna buƙatar mai tallafawa. A cikin 2014, 'yan ƙasar Cuba suna da ba tare da biza ko biza ba a lokacin isowa ƙasashe da yankuna 61, wanda ke matsayin fasfo na Cuban na 69 a duniya. Mutanen da ke riƙe da ƴan ƙasar Spain biyu da na Cuba a yanzu an ba su izinin tafiya cikin walwala, ta yin amfani da fasfo ɗin su na Sipaniya a madadin biza ga ƙasashen da ke buƙatar bizar fasfo ɗin Cuban. Haka kuma, tun daga wannan ranar, gwamnatin Cuba ta tsawaita wa'adin lokacin da aka ba da izini a kasashen waje daga watanni 11 zuwa 24, wanda ya baiwa Cuban da suka dawo cikin wa'adin watanni 24 su ci gaba da rike matsayinsu da fa'idar "Mazaunin Cikin Gida na Cuba". Idan ɗan ƙasar ya kasance daga Cuba sama da watanni 24, to matsayinsa zai canza zuwa "Mazaunin Cuban na waje" kuma zai rasa gata a ciki. Ta wannan sauyi, babu wani abu kamar balaguron "ba bisa ka'ida" ko "mara izini" ba, don haka mutanen da suka bar Cuba ta hanyoyin da ba na al'ada ba (kwale-kwale da dai sauransu) ba sa keta dokar Cuban, don haka ba za a iya tsare su ko ɗaure su ba. Kafin Janairu 13, 2013, 'yan ƙasar Cuba ba za su iya tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje ba, barin ko komawa Cuba ba tare da samun izinin hukuma ba tare da neman fasfo da izinin tafiye-tafiye na gwamnati, wanda sau da yawa aka hana shi.<ref name="travel">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2005 |title=Essential Background: Overview of human rights issues in Cuba |url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/cuba12207.htm |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Balaguron balaguro ba tare da izini ba a wasu lokuta yakan haifar da tuhumar aikata laifuka. Ya zama ruwan dare, a wancan lokacin, cewa wasu ƴan ƙasar da aka ba izinin yin balaguro (musamman ma’aikatan lafiya da sauran ƙwararrun ƙwararrun da ake ganin suna da mahimmanci ga ƙasar) ba a ba su izinin ɗaukar yaransu zuwa ƙasashen waje ba. A yayin da likitocin Cuban suka sauya sheka zuwa Amurka idan aka tura su zuwa wani "aiki" daga Cuba zuwa kowace ƙasa, ba za a bari duk yaran da aka bari a baya su shiga cikin iyayensu da suka sauya sheka ba na tsawon shekaru goma, ko da sun sami takardar visa ta waje, kuma ko da kuwa shekarun su.<ref name="travel" /> An ba da izinin shugaban adawar Castro Oswaldo Payá ya yi tafiya zuwa kasashen waje don karɓar Kyautar Sakharov, amma Ladies in White ba ta yi ba. Daga 1959 zuwa 1993, wasu Cubans miliyan 1.2 (kimanin 10% na yawan jama'a na yanzu) sun bar tsibirin zuwa Amurka, <ref name="census.gov">{{Cite web |title=Arquivo.pt |url=https://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/000797.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090709154810/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/000797.html |archive-date=2009-07-09 |access-date=2013-07-19}}</ref> sau da yawa ta hanyar ruwa a cikin ƙananan jiragen ruwa da rafts masu rauni. A cikin shekarun farko, da yawa daga cikin waɗanda za su iya neman zama ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya-Cuba na biyu sun tafi Spain. Bayan lokaci an ƙyale Yahudawan Cuba da dama su yi ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila bayan shawarwarin da ba su dace ba; akasarin Yahudawa 10,000 ko fiye da suka kasance a Cuba a 1959 sun fice. Tun bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet, 'yan Cuba da yawa a yanzu suna zama a ƙasashe dabam-dabam, wasu sun ƙare a ƙasashen Tarayyar Turai. Yawancin Cuban suna zaune a [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] da [[Kanada]]. At times the exodus was tolerated by the Cuban government as a "release valve"; at other times the government has impeded it. Some Cubans left for economic reasons and some for political ones. Others emigrated by way of the U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, which is blocked on the Cuban (land) side by barbed-wired fences and land mines.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 1995 gwamnatin Amurka ta kulla yarjejeniya da gwamnatin Cuba don warware rikicin ƙaura da ya haifar da Mariel Boatlift na 1980, lokacin da Castro ya buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa ga duk wanda ke son tafiya. Sakamakon shawarwarin dai shi ne yarjejeniyar da a karkashinta aka bukaci Amurka ta ba da biza 20,000 a duk shekara ga bakin haure na Cuba. Ba a cika cika wannan adadin ba; Gwamnatin Bush ta ki amincewa da wannan doka, inda ta bayar da biza 505 ga Cuban a cikin watanni shida na farkon shekarar 2003. Ta kuma toshe wasu 'yan Cuban da ke da biza. Ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1994, Cubans 72 sun yi ƙoƙari su bar tsibirin a kan wani jirgin ruwa na yakin duniya na biyu mai suna 13 de Marzo. A wani yunƙurin da sojojin ruwan Cuba suka yi na dakatar da jirgin, an aike da jiragen sintiri domin su tare tug ɗin. Ma’aikatan jirgin da wadanda suka tsira da ransu sun ruwaito cewa, jiragen ruwan Cuban sun yi kaca-kaca da jirgin tare da fesa ma fasinjojin nasa da rowan wuta mai tsananin zafi, inda suka mamaye da yawa daga cikin jirgin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amnesty International |date=June 30, 1997 |title=Cuba: The sinking of the "13 de Marzo" Tugboat on 13 July 1994 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr25/013/1997/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006044025/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr25/013/1997/en/ |archive-date=October 6, 2022 |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Jami'an tsaron gabar tekun Amurka sun ba da rahoton cewa, tsagaitawar da aka yi a manyan tekuna, an kwatanta ta da tashin hankali ne da hukumomi da kuma mutuwar bakin haure. A cewar hukumomin guda, an kai mutanen Cuban zuwa Amurka a cikin kwale-kwale masu sauri ta hanyar wasu masu aikata laifukan da suka kware a safarar mutane, tsoffin masu safarar muggan kwayoyi, da ke kudancin Florida, wadanda a yanzu ke ganin haramtattun mutane fiye da kwayoyi. Wadannan masu laifin suna karbar dala dubu 8 zuwa 12 ga kowane mutum, tare da cika kananan jiragen ruwa. Yawancin waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin ƙaura mutane ne da ke da dangi a Amurka, wasu waɗanda ba su cancanci a ɗauke su a matsayin baƙi na doka ba a Amurka, ko waɗanda ba sa son jiran lokacinsu a cikin adadin shekara-shekara, wanda aka sanya a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar ƙaura don baƙi na doka. <ref name="Gomez"/> Since November 1966, the Cuban Tun daga Nuwamba 1966, Dokar Daidaita Kuba ta ba da izinin zama ta atomatik ga kusan duk Cuban da suka isa bisa doka ko ba bisa ka'ida ba bayan shekara ɗaya da kwana ɗaya a Amurka. Babu wani baƙo daga wata ƙasa da ke da wannan gata. Takaddama kan wannan manufa ta ta'allaka ne kan asarar masana kimiyar Cuba, kwararru, masu fasaha da sauran kwararrun mutane, amma kuma ta haifar da fargabar rikicin kaura.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A ƙarshen shekara ta 2005 wanda ya ƙare a ranar 30 ga Satumba, Hukumar Tsaro ta Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa ta tsayar da Cubans 2,712 a teku, fiye da ninki biyu na 1,225 da aka ruwaito a shekara ta 2004 <ref name="Gomez"/> Adadin na 2005 shine na uku mafi girma na Cubans da aka tsayar a cikin Florida madaidaiciya a cikin shekaru 12 da suka gabata. An bayar da rahoton mafi girma a 1993 tare da 3,656 da 1994 lokacin da sama da 'yan Cuba 30,000 suka yi hijira ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda abin da ake kira rikicin ƙaura tsakanin ƙasashe biyu.<ref name="Gomez" /> Yarjejeniyar ƙaura ta 1994 da 1995 da aka sanya hannu tsakanin Havana da Washington, kuma wanda ya fito ne saboda rikicin a watan Agustan 1994, har yanzu yana aiki. Wadannan yarjejeniyoyi sun tilasta wa Amurka ta mayar da duk wadanda hukumomin Amurka suka tsayar a teku zuwa Cuba, ban da lokuta inda za'a iya tabbatar da tsanantawa ta siyasa don tabbatar da gudun hijira a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=8/28/00: Fact Sheet: Cuba-U.S. Migration Accord |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/regions/wha/cuba/fs_000828_migration_accord.html |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=1997-2001.state.gov}}</ref> The accords were designed to discourage those who would consider emigrating illegally by sea but the Bush administration has not complied with Washington's part of the agreements.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2012}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Although the Coast Guard says that only 2.5 percent of the Cubans intercepted are granted political asylum, the public understanding, the public perception in Cuba and among the Cuban community in Miami, is not the same. And since that is not the perception, more and more people continue to illegally leave the island by sea causing fatal consequences. According to studies carried out by Cuban experts on the island, it is estimated that at least 15 percent of those that attempt to cross the sea die before reaching the US.<ref name="Gomez">{{Cite web |date=February 2006 |title=Washington's Weapon to Create a Migratory Crisis |url=https://groups.yahoo.com/group/CubaNews/message/46114 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130210071227/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/CubaNews/message/46114 |archive-date=February 10, 2013 |publisher=AIN{{Clarify|date=September 2024|reason=What is AIN?}}}}</ref> Koyaya, alkaluman waɗanda suka tsere daga wasu ƙasashen Latin Amurka ko Caribbean na asali sun kwatanta daidai da na Cuba. A cikin kasafin kudi na 2005, 3,612 Dominicans aka tsince a kan manyan tekuna yunƙurin zuwa Amurka ba bisa ka'ida ba (900 fiye da Cuban da aka kama) kuma a cikin 2004, Haiti 3,229 kuma an karbo (2,000 fiye da 1,225 Cubans na shekarar kasafin kuɗi). Jaridar O Globo ta kasar Brazil ta buga labarin kan bakin haure ba bisa ka’ida ba a Amurka, inda ta nakalto majiyoyin hukuma, inda ta yi nuni da cewa, a zangon farko na shekarar 2005, an dakatar da ‘yan kasar Brazil 27,396 daga ketare iyakokin Amurka ba bisa ka’ida ba, matsakaita 4,556 a kowane wata da 152 a rana. A cikin 2004, jimlar baƙi 1,160,000, an dakatar da su lokacin da suke ƙoƙarin shiga Amurka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kashi 93 daga cikinsu (kusan 1,080,000) 'yan Mexico ne.<ref name="Gomez"/> === Ilimi === Ilimi a Cuba kyauta ne a kowane mataki kuma Ma'aikatar Ilimi ce ke jagoranta. A cikin 1961 gwamnati ta ba da izini ga duk cibiyoyin ilimi masu zaman kansu kuma ta gabatar da tsarin ilimi na jihar. === Kula da lafiya === Gwamnatin Cuban tana aiki a kan tsarin kiwon lafiya na kasa kuma tana ɗaukar cikakken alhakin kasafin kuɗi da gudanarwa don kula da lafiyar 'yan ƙasa. Gwamnati ta haramta duk wani zaɓi mai zaman kansa ga tsarin kiwon lafiya na kasa. A shekara ta 1976, an tsara shirin kiwon lafiya na Cuba a cikin Mataki na 50 na kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ce, "Kowane mutum yana da '[[Ƴancin Lafiya|'yancin lafiya]] da kulawa". Kula da lafiya a Cuba ma kyauta ne, kodayake ƙalubalen sun haɗa da ƙananan albashi ga likitoci, wuraren da ba su da kyau, samar da kayan aiki mara kyau, da kuma yawan rashin magunguna masu mahimmanci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2017 |title=Why an American went to Cuba for cancer care |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-39640165 |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=The Committee Office, House of Commons |date=28 March 2001 |title=Cuban Health Care Systems and its implications for the NHS Plan |url=http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200001/cmselect/cmhealth/30/30ap91.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821213607/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200001/cmselect/cmhealth/30/30ap91.htm |archive-date=21 August 2013 |access-date=19 July 2013 |publisher=Select Committee on Health}}</ref> Koyaya, babu haƙƙin sirri, ko yardar mai haƙuri, ko haƙƙin yin zanga-zanga ko gurfanar da likita ko asibiti saboda rashin aiki.<ref name="Hirschfeld">{{Cite journal |last=Hirschfeld |first=Katherine |date=July 2007 |title=Re-examining the Cuban Health Care System: Towards a Qualitative Critique |url=http://www.miscelaneasdecuba.net/media/pdf/Article-Hirschfeld-Press.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Cuban Affairs |volume=2 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317225912/http://www.miscelaneasdecuba.net/media/pdf/Article-Hirschfeld-Press.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-17 |access-date=2025-07-24}}</ref> Yawancin mutanen Cuba suna gunaguni game da siyasa a cikin maganin kiwon lafiya da yanke shawara na kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Hirschfeld" /> <ref name="Hirschfeld"/> Bayan shafe watanni tara a dakunan shan magani na Cuban, masanin ilimin ɗan adam Katherine Hirschfeld ya rubuta "Ƙara fahimtar da na yi game da aikata laifin Cuba na rashin amincewa ya haifar da wata tambaya mai tayar da hankali: har zuwa wane irin kyakkyawan yanayin kasa da kasa game da tsarin kula da lafiyar Cuban da al'adar jihar na murkushe 'yan adawa da kuma tsoratarwa a boye ko kuma daure shi zai zama masu suka?" Ana sa ran likitocin iyali su adana rikodin "haɗin siyasa" na marasa lafiya. Kula da annobar cututtuka ya zama tare da kula da siyasa.<ref name="Hirschfeld-since1898" /> === 'Yanci na addini === A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan Juyin Juya Halin Cuba, ayyukan [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] sun iyakance sosai kuma a cikin 1961 an kwace duk dukiyar da kungiyoyin addinai ke riƙe ba tare da diyya ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crahan |first=Margaret E. |date=1979 |title=Salvation through Christ or Marx: Religion in Revolutionary Cuba |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/165694 |journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=156–184 |doi=10.2307/165694 |issn=0022-1937 |jstor=165694 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An kori daruruwan malamai, ciki har da bishop, daga kasar har abada. Shugabannin Cuban sun kasance [[Mulhidanci|mai musun wanzuwar Allah]] har zuwa 1992 lokacin da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta amince da ba da damar mabiya addini su shiga jam'iyyar. A shekara ta 1998, [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]] ya ziyarci tsibirin kuma an ba shi izinin gudanar da manyan taro na waje kuma an ba da Visa ga firistoci goma sha tara na kasashen waje da suka zauna a kasar. Bugu da kari, wasu kungiyoyin addinai a Cuba kamar al'ummar [[Yahudawa]] yanzu an ba su izinin gudanar da ayyukan jama'a da shigo da kayan addini da abinci na kosher don Idin Ƙetarewa, da kuma karɓar malamai da sauran baƙi na addini daga ƙasashen waje. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, Cuba ta yi bikin bude Cocin Orthodox na Rasha a Havana a wani bikin da Raúl Castro, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Esteban Lazo, Shugaban Majalisar Ricardo Alarcón, da sauran mutane suka halarta.<ref name="Orthodox Cathedral">"Raúl Castro Attends Dedication of Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Havana". 20 Oct. 2008. Retrieved 14 Apr. 2009. ''Cuban News Agency''. {{Cite web |title=Raúl Castro Attends Dedication of Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Havana |url=http://www.cubanews.ain.cu/2008/1020asisteraul.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024082557/http://www.cubanews.ain.cu/2008/1020asisteraul.htm |archive-date=2008-10-24 |access-date=2009-04-14}}</ref> Jaridar Cuban ta lura cewa babban cocin shine na farko a cikin Latin Amurka.<ref name="Orthodox Cathedral" /> A cikin 2022, Freedom House ta kimanta 'yancin addini na Cuba a matsayin 3 daga 4, yana lura da cewa' yancin addini ya inganta a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Wani rahoto na 2023 ya gano cewa an tattara bayanan keta 'yancin addini fiye da ninki biyu daga 272 a 2021 zuwa 657 a 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuba: Documented religious freedom violations more than double in 2022 |url=https://www.csw.org.uk/2023/02/06/press/5930/article.htm |website=www.csw.org.uk}}</ref> === 'Yancin mata === Cuba ta kasance mai tseren gaba a yankin a cikin 'yancin mata. Game da haƙƙin haihuwa, matan Cuban suna da izinin haihuwa har zuwa shekaru biyu da kuma samun damar zubar da ciki kyauta.<ref name=":3" /> Mata suna jagorantar kusan kashi 50% na gidaje a Cuba. Kashi sittin cikin dari na masu sana'a na Cuba mata ne.<ref name=":3" /> Mata na Cuban suma suna da babban wakilci a kasar, tare da mata da ke riƙe da kashi 48.9% na kujerun majalisa a Majalisar Dokokin Cuban. === Tortura === . == Dangantakar launin fata ==   Esteban Morales Dominguez ya yi nuni ga wariyar launin fata da aka kafa a cikin littafinsa Kalubale na Matsalar launin fata a Cuba (Fundación Fernando Ortiz). Siyasar kabilanci a Cuba bayan juyin-juya hali ta tattauna siyasar kabilanci da ta mamaye Cuban kwaminisanci. [[Enrique Patterson]], a rubuce a cikin ''Miami Herald'', ya bayyana tseren a matsayin "bom na zamantakewa" kuma ya ce, "Idan gwamnatin Cuba ta ba da izinin baƙar fata na Cuba su shirya da kuma tayar da matsalolinsu kafin [masu hukuma] ... mulkin kama karya zai faɗi". Carlos Moore, wanda ya rubuta da yawa game da batun, ya ce "Akwai barazanar da ba a bayyana ba, baƙi a Cuba sun san cewa duk lokacin da kuka tayar da tseren a Cuba, kuna zuwa kurkuku. Saboda haka, gwagwarmaya a Cuba ta bambanta. Ba za a iya samun yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama ba. " <ref name="barrier" /> Za ku sami baƙar fata 10,000 da suka mutu nan take. " Ya ce sabuwar tsara ta baƙar fata na Cuba suna kallon siyasa ta wata hanya.<ref name="barrier" />&nbsp; Jorge Luis García Pérez, sanannen ɗan adam na Afro-Cuban da mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam da dimokuradiyya wanda aka ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru 17, a cikin wata hira da aka yi da Directorio Democrático Cubano na Florida <ref name="directorio">{{Cite web |title=Cuban former political prisoner Jorge Luis García Perez Antúnez: I felt death was very close several times |url=http://www.directorio.org/mediacoverage/note.php?note_id=1546 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429182538/http://www.directorio.org/mediacoverage/note.php?note_id=1546 |archive-date=2009-04-29}}</ref> ya ce "Hukumomin ƙasarmu ba su taɓa yarda da cewa baƙar fata ya yi adawa da juyin juya halin ba. A lokacin shari'ar, launi na fata ya kara tsananta halin da ake ciki. Daga baya lokacin da masu gadi suka wulakanta ni a kurkuku, koyaushe suna kirana da baƙar fata".<ref name="directorio" /> Duk da wadannan shingen duk da haka, ana yaba wa Cuba sau da yawa saboda ci gaban juyin juya halin Cuba a fannonin daidaiton launin fata. A lokacin jagorancinsa, Castro ya soke wariyar launin fata a cikin kasuwanci da wuraren jama'a yayin da yake gabatar da sauye-sauye na daidaito a fannoni kamar aiki, albashi, tsaro na zamantakewa, da ilimi. Adadin wadanda suka kammala karatun sakandare ya fi girma a tsakanin baƙi fiye da tsakanin fararen fata a Cuba, yayin da akasin haka gaskiya ne a duka Brazil da Amurka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A Lesson From Cuba on Race |url=https://globalhealth.washington.edu/sites/default/files/Fuente%20A%20Lesson%20From%20Cuba%20on%20Race%20-%20The%20New%20York%20Times131117.pdf |access-date=2021-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619192817/https://globalhealth.washington.edu/sites/default/files/Fuente%20A%20Lesson%20From%20Cuba%20on%20Race%20-%20The%20New%20York%20Times131117.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A fannin tsammanin rayuwa, tsammanin rayuwa na wadanda ba fararen fata na Cuba sun kasance shekara guda kawai fiye da na fararen fata; tsammanin rayuwa ya kasance daidai ga dukkan kabilun. Wani alama mai karfi na jin daɗin jama'a, wanda ke da alaƙa da samun damar samun sabis na kiwon lafiya (kamar yadda aka nuna, musamman, a cikin mutuwar jarirai), abinci mai gina jiki da ilimi, gibin tseren Cuban a cikin tsammanin rayuwa ya kasance ƙasa da waɗanda aka samu a cikin al'ummomin kabilanci masu wadata kamar Brazil (kimanin shekaru 6.7) da Amurka (kimani shekaru 6.3) a wannan lokacin.<ref name=":1" /> Saboda wadannan sauye-sauyen zamantakewa yawan mutanen Afro Cuban shine mafi yawan baƙar fata da ke rayuwa a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fidel Castro's Legacy On Race Relations In Cuba And Abroad |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/12/03/504274605/fidel-castros-legacy-on-race-relations-in-cuba-and-abroad |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> A fannin jagorancin kasa har yanzu ana iya ganin abubuwan da suka faru kafin juyin juya halin lokacin da suka zo ga batun launi, tare da Afro Cubans har yanzu ba su cimma daidaito ba idan ya zo ga wakilci. Duk da haka, an gabatar da gyare-gyare tun a cikin shekarun 1970s lokacin da Castro "ya yi aiki don kara yawan wakilan siyasa na Afro-Cuban, tare da kashi na Black membobin Majalisar Jiha da ke fadada daga 12.9% a 1976 zuwa 25.8% ta 2003".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glassman |first=Naomi |date=2021-03-07 |title=Revolutionary Racism : Afro‑Cubans in an Era of Economic Change |url=https://www.cetri.be/Revolutionary-Racism-Afro‑Cubans |access-date=2021-03-07 |website=Centre tricontinental |language=en}}</ref> == Black Spring == A watan Maris na shekara ta 2003, gwamnatin Cuba ta kama mutane da yawa (ciki har da 'yan jarida da masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam), kuma ta tuhume su da tayar da kayar baya saboda zargin hadin gwiwar da suka yi da James Cason, shugaban Sashen Harkokin Amurka a Havana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=San Martin |first=Nancy |date=20 March 2003 |title=35 Cuban dissidents arrested |url=http://www.hermanos.org/docs/tmh032103.html |website=The Miami Herald}}</ref> An yi wa wadanda ake tuhuma shari'a kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku daga shekaru 15 zuwa 28. A cikin duka, an ba mutane 75 dogon hukunci na matsakaicin shekaru 17 kowannensu. Daga cikin wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci sun hada da Raúl Rivero, Marta Beatriz Roque, da Oscar Elías Biscet . [[Amnesty International]] ta bayyana gwajin a matsayin "da sauri kuma a bayyane ba daidai ba".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Amnesty International USA's Online Action Center! |url=http://takeaction.amnestyusa.org/action/index.asp?step=2&item=10678 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040427121421/http://takeaction.amnestyusa.org/action/index.asp?step=2 |archive-date=2004-04-27 |access-date=2004-05-04 |website=Amnesty International USA}}</ref> Ministan harkokin wajen Cuba Felipe Pérez Roque ya musanta wadannan zarge-zargen, ya kuma mai da martani: "Cuba na da 'yancin kare kanta da kuma aiwatar da hukunci kamar yadda sauran kasashe ke yi, kamar yadda Amurka ke hukunta wadanda suka hada kai da wata kasar waje domin yi wa jama'arsu da yankunansu barna".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuba Responds to Rough Lies on 75 Imprisoned Mercenaries |url=http://www.ain.cubaweb.cu/2004/marzo/25cmconferencia.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050108055623/http://www.ain.cubaweb.cu/2004/marzo/25cmconferencia.htm |archive-date=2005-01-08 |access-date=2004-09-21}}</ref> A yayin shari'ar, an gabatar da shaidun da ke nuna cewa wadanda ake tuhuma sun karbi kudade daga Sashen Bukatun Amurka. Jami'an Cuban sun yi iƙirarin cewa manufar wannan tallafin ita ce zagon ƙasa ga ƙasar Cuba, da kawo cikas ga tsarin cikin gida, da kuma lalata tattalin arzikin Cuban. A nasa bangaren, Cason ya musanta bayar da kudade ga kowa a Cuba. A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2004, gwamnatin Cuba ta saki uku daga cikin wadanda aka kama a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003: Oscar Espinosa Chepe, [[Marcelo López]], da [[Margarito Broche]] . Wannan aikin ya biyo bayan ganawa tsakanin jakadan Spain da ministan harkokin waje na Cuba. A cikin kwanaki masu zuwa an sake wasu masu adawa hudu: Raúl Rivero, [[Osvaldo Alfonso Valdés]], [[Edel José García]] da [[Jorge Olivera]] An sake wasu fursunoni bakwai a baya saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya. == Hakkin LGBT a Cuba == Hakkokin 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, maza biyu, da masu canza jinsi a Cuba sun sami bunkasuwa a tsawon lokaci, daga wariyar da ake nunawa a mafi yawan karni na 20 zuwa abin da yanzu ake la'akari da wasu manufofin LGBT masu ci gaba a Latin Amurka. === Nuna bambanci === Dubban masu luwadi, Shaidun Jehobah, masu ƙin yarda da lamiri, da masu adawa an tilasta su gudanar da aikin soja na tilas a cikin shekarun 1960 a sansanonin UMAP, inda suke ƙarƙashin "sake koyarwa" siyasa. Kwamandojin soja sun zalunta fursunoni. Carlos Alberto Montaner ya ce "An kafa sansanonin tilasta aiki tare da sauri don "gyara" irin wannan karkatarwa ... Magana da jiki, aske kawuna, aiki daga asuba zuwa faɗuwar rana, hammocks, datti, karancin abinci ... sansanonin sun kara cikawa yayin da hanyoyin kamawa suka zama masu dacewa. " <ref name="Hirschfeld-since1898" />&nbsp;&nbsp; A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, saboda "tsarkakewar zamantakewar jama'a", gwamnatin Castro ta yi iƙirarin tsaftace fasahar "masu cin zarafin sodomitic" da kuma "masu rawa marasa lafiya". Bugu da ƙari, an kulle maza masu dogon gashi kuma an yanke gashin su.<ref name="Lumsden" /> An ruwaito Castro sau ɗaya ya tabbatar da cewa, "a cikin ƙasar, babu masu luwadi", kafin ya yi iƙirarin a 1992 cewa luwadi "halayyar ɗan adam ce ta halitta wacce dole ne a girmama ta kawai". Wani tushe ya ba da rahoton Castro kamar yadda ya yi tir da "maricones" ("Fagots") a matsayin " wakilai na mulkin mallaka". Castro ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa "kada a ba da izinin 'yan luwadi a cikin mukamai inda za su iya yin tasiri ga matasa". === Gyara na karni na 21 === Cuba ta yi gyare-gyare a karni na 21, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Israel |first=Esteban |date=2006-07-03 |title=Castro's niece fights for new revolution |url=http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000021/002197.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822022909/http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000021/002197.htm |archive-date=2006-08-22 |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> musamman ta hanyar nasarar raba gardama ta Dokar Iyali ta 2022. A shekara ta 2003, Carlos Sanchez na Ƙungiyar Lesbian da Gay ta Duniya ya ba da rahoto game da matsayin 'yan luwadi a Cuba wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin Cuba ba ta sanya wani hukunci na doka ga' yan 'yan lu'u-lu'u masu lu'u a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Carlos Sanchez, ILGA LAC rep tells us about his cuban experience |url=http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID%3D1%26FileCategory%3D10%26ZoneID%3D5%26FileID%3D26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628192450/http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileCategory=10&ZoneID=5&FileID=26 |archive-date=2006-06-28 |access-date=2006-03-27}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2005 tiyata na sake fasalin jima'i ga masu canza launin fata kyauta ne a karkashin doka, kuma gwamnati ce ke biyan su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2008 |title=HEALTH-CUBA: Free Sex Change Operations Approved |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42693 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612094759/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42693 |archive-date=2010-06-12 |publisher=Inter Press Service}}</ref> Har ila yau, [[Havana]] yanzu tana da yanayin "mai rai da kuzari" gay da lesbian. A wata hira da ya yi da jaridar Mexico ta La Jornada a shekara ta 2010, Sakataren Farko na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Cuba, Fidel Castro, ya kira tsananta wa 'yan luwadi yayin da yake kan mulki "babban zalunci, rashin adalci!" Da yake ɗaukar alhakin tsanantawa, ya ce, "Idan kowa yana da alhakin, ni ne ... Muna da matsaloli masu yawa, matsalolin rayuwa ko mutuwa. A cikin waɗannan lokutan ban iya magance wannan al'amari [na 'yan luwadi ba]. Na sami kaina cikin nutsewa, musamman, a cikin Rikicin Oktoba, a cikin yakin, a cikin tambayoyin siyasa. " Castro da kansa ya yi amanna cewa mugunyar da ake yi wa 'yan luwadi a Cuba ya samo asali ne daga halin da kasar ta kasance kafin juyin juya hali game da luwadi".&nbsp; Mariela Castro, 'yar Sakatariyar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta farko Raúl Castro, ta yi ta kokarin neman 'yancin 'yan madigo tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin Cuban da ke kula da ilimin jima'i da ta ke jagoranta. Mariela ta ce mahaifinta ya goyi bayan shirin nata, yana mai cewa mahaifinta ya shawo kan kyamarsa ta farko don tallafa wa 'yarsa. Sashe na raba gardama na Dokar Iyali ta 2022 ya halatta auren jinsi guda da tallafi ta iyaye masu jinsi guda. Cuba yanzu tana da ɗaya daga cikin matsayi mafi ci gaba game da haƙƙin LGBT na tsakanin ƙasashen Latin Amurka.<ref name=":2" /> == Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya == <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Tun bayan juyin juya halin Cuban dai an sha tafka muhawara da muhawara a kan hakkin dan Adam na kasar Cuba a hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Zai zama abin walƙiya mai maimaitawa a bayan fage na duniya mai ƙarfi a lokacin yakin cacar baki da kuma cikin shekaru masu zuwa.</sup> Ƙoƙarin da aka shirya da kuma ci gaba da yunkurin kasa da kasa da manyan kungiyoyin 'yan adawa na Cuba suka ƙaddamar (misali Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Miami, <ref name="Verdeja">Sam Verdeja, Guillermo Martinez, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=k186e30BHmgC&pg=PT232 Cubans, an Epic Journey: The Struggle of Exiles for Truth and Freedom]'' (2012). p. 241, {{ISBN|1935806203}}.</ref> UNIDAD Cubana, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency intervention of world leaders urged in favor of Cuban political prisoners |url=http://www.cubdest.org/0312/c0307marthae.html |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=www.cubdest.org}}</ref> Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Kirista ta Cuba, da sauransu) da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (kamar Human Rights Watch) sun shiga UNHRC kuma za su zama ci gaba a [[Geneva]]. Wadannan kungiyoyi wani lokacin suna wakiltar nau'ikan abubuwan da suka shafi Cuban daban-daban, kamar 'yancin addini (misali ƙungiyoyin Kirista-Democrat, jam'iyyun, da kungiyoyi) <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 1995 |title=United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Fifty-First Session, E/CN.4/1995/INF.1 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/172070/files/E_CN.4_1995_INF.1-EN.pdf |access-date=June 26, 2019 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 1995 |title=United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, Fifty-First Session, E/CN.4/1995/MISC.2 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/169318/files/E_CN.4_1995_Misc.2-ES.pdf |access-date=June 26, 2019 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> da ilimi (misali Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya), <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 12, 1996 |title=Commission begins consideration of rights of indigenous peoples; Press Release HR/CN/733 |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/1996/19960412.hrcn733.html |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 1996 |title=Commission on Human Rights; Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Forty-Eighth Session, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/Misc.1 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/236707/files/E_CN.4_Sub.2_1996_Misc.1-ES.pdf |access-date=June 25, 2019}}</ref> waɗanda suka haɗu a kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wani karfi mai tasiri wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo tare da yin aiki da kuma jagorantar kokarin kare hakkin dan adam na Cuban na kasa da kasa, musamman a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ya kasance mai fafutuka kuma shugaban al'ummar Cuban Jesús Permuy . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamilton |first=Robert |date=2018-10-01 |title=Ros-Lehtinen, other community leaders salute Jesús Permuy |url=https://communitynewspapers.com/coral-gables-news/ros-lehtinen-other-community-leaders-salute-jesus-permuy/ |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=Miami's Community News |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayanan Miami Herald game da Cuban Christian Democrat Movement ya bayyana cewa Permuy ya jagoranci dabarun diflomasiyya na kasa da kasa don kiran cin zarafin bil'adama na gwamnatin Castro da aiki tare da wasu gwamnatocin Kirista-Democratic don hana goyon bayan kasa da kasa har sai an yi canje-canje na gwamnati don magance cin zarafin dan adam. Kodayake kokarin kare hakkin dan adam na hadin gwiwar da ke jagorantar kungiyar ta NGO ga Cuba da farko ya yi gwagwarmaya don samun karfin gwiwa a cikin UNHRC, tasirin su ya karu a hankali, musamman yayin da manyan kungiyoyi suka sami Matsayi na Ba da Shawara wanda ya fadada albarkatun su da fallasa su a can.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congressional Record House Articles |url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2017/10/11/house-section/article/H7959-4 |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> Wani muhimmin canji a cikin wadannan kokarin ya zo ne a shekarar 1984 lokacin da Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Permuy ta samu nasarar yin kira ga a cire wakilin diflomasiyyar Cuba, Luis Sola Vila, daga wani babban kwamiti na Hukumar Kare Hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma a maye gurbinsa da wakilin daga Ireland, abokin tarayya na Kirista-Democratic a adawar gwamnatin Castro. <ref name="Ducassi" /> Wani muhimmin lokaci ya zo ne a shekarar 1987 lokacin da Shugaban Amurka [[Ronald Reagan]] ya nada Armando Valladares, tsohon fursunonin siyasa na Cuban na shekaru 22, a matsayin jakadan Amurka a hukumar. A shekara ta 1992, an sami canji mai yawa a Geneva yayin da wakilan UNHRC suka sauya daga kin amincewa da farko, sannan rashin kulawa da kuma rungumar kokarin diflomasiyya na ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Castro. Tun daga shekara ta 1990, Amurka kanta ta gabatar da ƙuduri daban-daban ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shekara-shekara da ke sukar rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Cuba. An bayyana shawarwarin da rashin jituwa na diflomasiyya a matsayin "kusan shekara-shekara". Yarjejeniya ta dogon lokaci tsakanin kasashe na Latin Amurka ba ta fito ba. An zartar da ƙudurin 1990-1997, amma an ƙi su a cikin 1998.<ref name="Herald" /> Ƙoƙarin da Amurka ta yi na gaba sun yi nasara ta hanyar ƙarancin ƙuri'a. A Amurka, wasu gwamnatoci suna goyon bayan zargi, wasu suna adawa da shi, suna ganin shi a matsayin magudi na mummunar batun kare hakkin dan adam don inganta ware tsibirin da kuma tabbatar da takunkumin da ya gabata.<ref name="coha-OAS-UNHRC" /> Kasashen Tarayyar Turai sun kada kuri'a a duniya a kan Cuba tun 1990, kodayake an nemi cewa ƙudurin ya kamata ya ƙunshi nassoshi game da mummunan tasirin takunkumin tattalin arziki. == Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na Cuba == * Daraktan Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Cuba (Directorio) * Gidauniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam a Cuba * Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Dimokuradiyya a Cuba * Majalisar 'Yancin Cuba * Masu adawa da Cuba * Mata a Fararen == Dubi kuma == * Naƙasasshiyar a Cuba * sansanin tsare-tsare na Guantanamo Bay * Sebastian Arcos Bergnes * Darsi Ferrer Ramírez * 'Yan fursunonin siyasa na Cuba yajin aikin yunwa na 2010 == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ee0bpoq4gwpd0n7gubi7bo5b9xuelrm 0 108331 969141 821974 2026-10-18T16:24:32Z Salma Raddah 45959 969141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sustainia''', tsohuwar Majalisar Copenhagen Climate Council, haɗin gwiwar duniya ne tsakanin kasuwancin duniya da kimiyya da ke Copenhagen. An kafa shi a cikin 2007 kuma a halin yanzu Rasmus Schjødt Larsen ne ke jagoranta.<ref>Danish Host Site for the UN COP15 Summit in Copenhagen, December 2009". www.cop15.dk. Archived from the original on 2009-01-19. Retrieved 2008-12-30.</ref> == Tarihi == Majalisar Copenhagen Climate Council an kafa ta ne a cikin 2007 ta wata cibiyar tunani mai zaman kanta a Scandinavia, safiyar Litinin, tana rikidewa zuwa cibiyar tunani mai dorewa Sustainia mai hedikwata a Copenhagen, [[Denmark]]. Tun da farko an kafa majalisar ne domin wayar da kan duniya muhimmancin taron sauyin yanayi na Copenhagen, da kuma tabbatar da goyon bayan fasaha da na jama'a da taimako ga masu yanke shawara a duniya lokacin da aka amince da sabuwar yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi don maye gurbin yarjejeniyar Kyoto daga 1997.<ref>"Read the entire news summary from the Poznań side event here"</ref> An buga bayanin majalisar a watan Nuwamba 2007, a jajibirin taron sauyin yanayi na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na 2007. Takardar ta zayyana abin da majalisar ta yi imani da cewa ana bukatar magance sauyin yanayi da kuma yadda za a iya cimma hakan ta hanyar sabuwar yarjejeniya ta duniya. Manifesto ya bayyana wata maƙasudi mai ma'ana don matsakaicin matakin iskar gas a cikin yanayi ta 2050. Takardar za ta kasance a matsayin shigarwa a taron kolin kasuwanci na duniya game da sauyin yanayi, yana bayyana mahimman abubuwa don ƙarin tattaunawa da haɗawa cikin shawarwarin da za a ba da shi ga taron koli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. == Ayyuka da ayyuka == Majalisar Copenhagen Climate Council tana ba da gidan yanar gizon yanayi na Yanar Gizo 2.0, The Climate Community, wanda tun daga lokacin ya samo asali zuwa Binciken Dama na Duniya. UNGC, DNVGL da Sustainia ne ke tallafawa gidan yanar gizon. Yana buga labaran yanayi da sauran ayyukan Majalisar Kula da Yanayi na Copenhagen, kamar 'Taron Kasuwancin Duniya akan Sauyin Yanayi'. Har ila yau, ta kaddamar da ayyuka da dama, ciki har da: 'Thought Leadership Series'; fim ɗin 'LIFE', littafi, da nunin dijital; taron kimiyya 'Buɗe da Climate Code: Innovation in Climate and Energy'; da taron gefen Poznań 'Business Business of a Post-2012 Climate Treaty'. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta shirya wani taron koli na kasuwanci a birnin [[Beijing.]]<ref>Copenhagen Climate Council - Global thought leaders from business and science". Archived from the original on 2011-07-27.</ref> An gudanar da taron koli na kasuwanci na duniya kan sauyin yanayi watanni shida kafin taron sauyin yanayi na Copenhagen na shekarar 2009. Taron ya tattaro shugabannin kasuwanci tare da manyan masana kimiyya na duniya, masana tattalin arziki, kungiyoyin farar hula, shugabannin kafofin watsa labarai, wakilan gwamnati da sauran manyan masu tunani don gabatar da shawarwarin tsarin kasa da kasa na gaba game da sauyin yanayi don maye gurbin yarjejeniyar Kyoto bayan 2012. Daga cikin fitattun mahalarta taron akwai Al Gore, Anders Fogh Rasmussen, da Richard Branson. A wajen taron, manyan jami'an gudanarwa sun tattauna yadda harkokin kasuwanci za su taimaka wajen magance matsalar sauyin yanayi ta hanyar sabbin fasahohin kasuwanci, da sabbin hadin gwiwa da kuma bunkasa kananan fasahohin carbon. An gabatar da sakamakon taron koli na kasuwanci na duniya kan sauyin yanayi ga gwamnatin Danish, mai masaukin baki taron kolin sauyin yanayi na Copenhagen,[1] da kuma shugabannin duniya dake tattaunawa kan sharuddan yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ta kasa da kasa. A Yuni 19, 2008, Copenhagen Climate Council and Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society (CITRIS) sun shirya taron makamashi mai suna Buɗe Ka'idar Yanayi: Innovation in Climate and Energy. Manufar taron ita ce gano mahimman bincike da ci gaban ci gaban da ake bukata don samun nasarar sauye-sauye zuwa tattalin arziƙin ƙasa mai ƙarancin kuzari. A ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar samfuran alaƙa a cikin kasuwanci, siyasa, da fasaha don taimakawa jagorar sabbin shawarwari da yanke shawara a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009, an ƙirƙira tarin kayan aikin, wanda aka fi sani da Mai Navigator Climate. A kan Disamba 8, 2008, Copenhagen Climate Council ya karbi bakuncin wani taron gefen hukuma[2] a taron koli na COP14 kan sauyin yanayi a Poznań, [[Poland]] daga Disamba 1-10, 2008. Taken shi ne "Business Bukatun zuwa Yarjejeniyar Yanayi na Bayan-2012". A wajen taron, wakilan majalisar daga harkokin kasuwanci da kimiyya sun gabatar da muhimman ka'idojinsu na sabuwar yarjejeniya. Tunanin da aka gabatar a wurin taron ya shafi ci gaban shawarwarin ƙarshe da shugabannin kasuwanci na duniya suka bayar a taron kasuwanci na duniya kan sauyin yanayi, da aka gudanar a Copenhagen a watan Mayu, 2009. A ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2008, majalisar kula da yanayi ta Copenhagen ta shirya taron zagaye[2] tare da wasu fitattun 'yan kasuwa a kasar Sin da ministar yanayi da makamashi na Danish Connie Hedegaard. == Ƙungiya == Majalisar Copenhagen Climate Council ta ƙunshi shugabannin sauyin yanayi 30 na duniya waɗanda ke wakiltar kasuwanci, kimiyya, da manufofin jama'a daga sassan duniya. An zaɓi shugabannin kasuwanci don wakiltar kamfanoni na duniya da ƙwararrun ƴan kasuwa, waɗanda, ta hanyar ayyukansu, sun bayyana cewa kasuwancin da ke da alhaki, mai ɗorewa yana da mahimmanci kuma yana da riba. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyi ]] 7dq0qv1ij27ytvzfb9p0yntrjs8tq2e 0 108837 969336 903847 2026-10-19T00:52:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Ambaliyar ruwa ta [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] ta 2017''' ta shafi arewa maso yammacin Malaysia a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, da farko ta shafi jihohin Kedah, Penang da Perak. Ambaliyar ta samo asali ne daga mummunan yanayi wanda ya samo asali a Tekun Kudancin China, wanda ya sauka a kudancin Thailand a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba kuma daga baya ya shiga arewacin Malaysia washegari. Penang ita ce jiha mafi muni; an kashe mutane bakwai kuma sama da mutane 7,000 sun rasa muhallinsu. Kafofin yada labarai na cikin gida sun bayyana ambaliyar a matsayin mafi muni a Tarihin Penang. A duk faɗin Malaysia, an kiyasta ambaliyar ta haifar da kusan dala miliyan 76.3 a cikin lalacewa.&nbsp; == Tarihi == Sassan Malaysia suna fuskantar ambaliyar shekara-shekara a lokacin ruwan sama na arewa maso gabas, wanda ke faruwa tsakanin Nuwamba da Maris.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monsoon |url=https://www.met.gov.my/en/pendidikan/fenomena-cuaca/#:~:text=The%20Northeast%20Monsoon%20season%20is,condition%20in%20the%20equatorial%20region. |access-date=9 Apr 2025 |website=[[Malaysian Meteorological Department]] |language=en}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka faru na ambaliyar ruwa ba daidai ba ne a duk faɗin ƙasar; gabar gabashin Malaysia tana jimrewa da ambaliyar ambaliyar a wannan kakar, yayin da gabar yamma ta fi fuskantar ambaliyar ƙasa a lokacin lokacin damina daga Satumba zuwa Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Managing the flood problem in Malaysia |url=https://www.water.gov.my/jps/resources/auto%20download%20images/584130f6ea786.pdf |journal=[[Department of Irrigation and Drainage]]}}</ref> Between 14 and 15 September 2017, northwestern Malaysia experienced [[Ambaliyar ruwa|flash floods]] attributed to the effects of Typhoon Doksuri. The states of Penang, Kedah and Perlis were particularly impacted. On 15 September, the Ayer Itam Dam recorded {{Convert|270|mm|in}} of rainfall, the highest in Penang for that day.<ref name=":0" /> Floodwaters reached depths of {{Convert|0.1|–|0.6|m|ft}} at downtown George Town, while Seberang Perai also experienced significant inundation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Md Saad |first=Muhammad Hafiz |last2=Kamarudin |first2=Mohd Khairul Amri |last3=Toriman |first3=Mohd Ekhwan |last4=Abd Wahab |first4=Noorjima |last5=Marcus Ata |first5=Frankie |last6=Abu Samah |first6=Mohd Armi |last7=Mohd Saudi |first7=Ahmad Shakir |last8=Novdin Manoktong |first8=Sianturi |date=2023 |title=Analysis of the flash flood event and rainfall distribution pattern on Relau River basin development, Penang, Malaysia |url=https://www.planningmalaysia.org/index.php/pmj/article/download/1224/906 |journal=Malaysian Institute of Planners |volume=21 |issue=1 |via=[[Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Malaysia)|Ministry of Housing and Local Government]] |access-date=2025-07-30 |archive-date=2025-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701053742/https://www.planningmalaysia.org/index.php/pmj/article/download/1224/906 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the time, the event was regarded as the worst flooding in Penang since 2007. == Tsarin yanayi == {{Storm path|29W 2017 track.png}}A ranar {{Convert|30|C|F}} ga Oktoba, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Japan (JMA) ta lura da wani mummunan yanayi na wurare masu zafi da aka kafa a kudancin tudun Kudancin China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2017 |title=Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2017-10-30T12:00:00Z |url=http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/cms/warning/2017/10/30/marine-weather-warning-for-gmdss-metarea-xi-2017-10-30t120000z/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005155/http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/cms/warning/2017/10/30/marine-weather-warning-for-gmdss-metarea-xi-2017-10-30t120000z/ |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=7 November 2017 |website=Japan Meteorological Agency}}</ref> Da farko a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, Cibiyar Gargadi ta Hadari (JTWC) ta ba da Gargadi na Tsarin Guguwa na Tropical (TCFA) don tsarin, amma an soke shi daga baya a wannan rana yayin da tsarin ya kasance ba a tsara shi ba yayin da yake motsawa zuwa yamma, saboda iska daga fitowar Typhoon Damrey.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2017 |title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (Invest 95W) |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPN21-PGTW_201710310130.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6udK2gKtw |archive-date=31 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center}}</ref><ref name="Twtybbs 01W">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2017 |script-title=zh:29W 進入北印度洋 |trans-title=29w entered the North Indian Ocean |url=https://twtybbs.com/thread-14588-1-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809020005/https://twtybbs.com/thread-14588-1-1.html |archive-date=9 August 2020 |access-date=9 August 2020 |website=Taiwan Typhoon BBS}}</ref> Tsarin ya ci gaba da motsawa sannu a hankali zuwa yamma na kwanaki, ba tare da ci gaba mai yawa ba saboda ci gaba da tasirin iska. Ya sauka a Lardin Pattani na Thailand a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, kuma JMA ta rage shi zuwa yankin da ke da matsin lamba daga baya a wannan rana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=JMA Warning and Summary issued at 0000Z 3 November 2017 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WWJP25-RJTD_201711030000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6uhDPPetI |archive-date=3 November 2017 |access-date=3 November 2017 |website=Japan Meteorological Agency}}</ref> Ragowar ta kasance mai tsayayya da madauki a kan Malay Peninsula. Yayinda yake a arewacin Malaysia, JTWC ta sake ba da TCFA a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, kuma ana sa ran sake bunkasa a kan Tekun Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2017 |title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (Invest 95W) |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPN21-PGTW_201711050730.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ukQtwtjp |archive-date=5 November 2017 |access-date=5 November 2017 |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center}}</ref> Ya dawo cikin ruwa daga baya a wannan rana. JTWC ta inganta shi zuwa mummunan yanayi na wurare masu zafi kuma ta sanya shi a matsayin 29W.<ref name="29W D1">{{Cite web |date=6 November 2017 |title=Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 29W (Twenty-nine) Warning Nr 01 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201711060900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6umVEvcqF |archive-date=6 November 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center}}</ref> JMA ta sake rarraba shi a matsayin mummunan yanayi na wurare masu zafi daga baya a wannan rana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2017 |title=JMA Warning and Summary issued at 1200Z 6 November 2017 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WWJP25-RJTD_201711061200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6umUcTiGg |archive-date=6 November 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=Japan Meteorological Agency}}</ref> Ya juya zuwa arewa maso yamma a ƙarƙashin tasirin ƙananan zuwa matsakaicin matsakaicin matakin zuwa arewa maso gabas.<ref name="29W D1" /> Duk da yanayin da ya dace ciki har da Yanayin zafi na teku na 30 ° C (86 ° F), ƙananan iska da kuma fitowar iska mai kyau, hulɗar ƙasa ta hana ƙarin ƙarfafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2017 |title=Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 29W (Twenty-nine) Warning Nr 05 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201711070900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6unxlFpvs |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=7 November 2017 |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center}}</ref> JMA ta daina saka idanu kan tsarin daga baya a wannan rana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2017 |title=JMA Warning and Summary issued at 0600Z 7 November 2017 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WWJP25-RJTD_201711070600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6unxVhIdF |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=7 November 2017 |website=Japan Meteorological Agency}}</ref> Da farko a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 29W ya sauka na biyu a kudancin Lardin Prachuap Khiri Khan na Thailand, kuma ya ɓace jim kadan bayan haka.<ref name="Twtybbs 01W" /> == Tasirin == Ruwan sama mai tsanani sakamakon iska mai iska daga 29W ya mamaye arewa maso yammacin [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] tsakanin 2 da 5 Nuwamba.<ref name="MetMalaysia alert2">{{cite news |last=Othman |first=Ahmad Fairuz |date=5 November 2017 |title=Penang floods: Meteorological Dept explains what triggered heavy rainfall |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/11/299593/penang-floods-meteorological-dept-explains-what-triggered-heavy-rainfall |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108205427/https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/11/299593/penang-floods-meteorological-dept-explains-what-triggered-heavy-rainfall |archive-date=8 November 2017 |access-date=7 November 2017 |work=New Straits Times}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, [[Malaysian Meteorological Department|Ma'aikatar Kula da Yanayi ta Malaysia]] (MET Malaysia) ta ba da "Gidan Gida", wanda ke nuna gargadi na uku don ruwan sama mai yawa, ga [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|jihohin]] [[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]], [[Penang]], [[Perak]], [[Perlis]] da [[Terengganu]]. Saboda ci gaba da ruwan sama, an kara matakin faɗakarwa zuwa "Orange" don Perlis, Kedah da Penang a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, sannan daga baya aka ɗaga zuwa "Red", matakin gargadi mafi girma, don Kedah da Menang.<ref name="MetMalaysia alert2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Continuous Rain Warning Issuance Criteria |url=https://www.met.gov.my/en/ramalan/hujan-lebat/ |access-date=9 Apr 2025 |website=[[Malaysian Meteorological Department]] |language=en}}</ref> Yayin da ruwan sama ya ragu, matakan faɗakarwa sun ragu a hankali.<ref name="MetMalaysia alert2"/> [[Chief Minister of Penang|Babban Ministan Penang]] [[Lim Guan Eng]] na lokacin ya ba da shawarar cewa ragowar Typhoon Damrey ta ba da gudummawa ga ruwan sama mai tsanani; duk da haka, MET Malaysia ta musanta wannan da'awar. === Kedah === Tsakanin 3 ga Nuwamba da 5 ga Nuwamba, ruwan sama mai yawa ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a [[List of districts in Malaysia|gundumomi]] kudancin [[Baling District|Baling]], [[Bandar Baharu District|Bandar Baharu]], [[Kuala Muda District|Kuala Muda]], [[Kulim District|Kulim]] da [[Yan District|Yan]]. Wani bangare na Arewa-Kudancin Expressway kusa da [[Sungai Petani]] ya zama ba za a iya isa ba saboda ambaliyar ruwa, yayin da itace da aka tumɓuke ya toshe hanya a Yan. Da karfe 7:00 na safe a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, an kwashe mutane 3,402 a cikin gundumomi biyar. Duk da ambaliyar ruwa, jarrabawar Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) da Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia (STPM) sun ci gaba kamar yadda aka tsara. Lalacewar aikin gona da ya haifar da ambaliyar an kiyasta shi a RM6.42 miliyan (US $ 1.5 miliyan). === Penang === [[Fayil:Central_George_Town,_Penang_5_November_2017_Flooding_Aftermath.jpg|right|thumb|Sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a cikin garin George Town]] Ruwan sama mai tsanani ya mamaye jihar daga karfe 2:00 na yamma a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba zuwa safiyar 5 ga Nuwamba. <ref name=":2" /> A yammacin 4 ga Nuwamba, madatsar ruwan Ayer Itam ta rubuta {{Convert|315|mm|in}} in) na ruwan sama sa'o'i 24, mafi girma a Penang har zuwa wannan batu. Yanayin yanayi mara kyau ya haifar da jirgin ruwa da ke wankewa a bakin teku a Butterworth. A cikin George Town, manyan yankuna na tsakiyar gari sun cika da ruwa, tare da matakan ruwa da suka tashi zuwa tsakanin 10 da 12 , kuma an tumɓuke bishiyoyi a ko'ina cikin birni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saleh |first=Azlan |date=Jul 2020 |title=Flood mapping using Sentinel-1 SAR Imagery: Case study of the November 2017 flood in Penang |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342925619 |journal=IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science |publisher=[[IOP Publishing]] |volume=479 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> Wani rami ya haifar da rushewar hanya kusa da ci gaban zama a Tanjong Bungah . <ref name=":2" /> Jiragen sama a Filin jirgin saman Penang an soke su ko kuma an karkatar da su saboda mummunan yanayi. Sauran tsarin sufuri kamar Penang Hill Railway da Rapid Penang, babban ma'aikacin bas na jama'a na jihar, an kuma dakatar da su.<ref name=":2" /> Da karfe 3:30 na safe a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, an kiyasta cewa 80% na Penang ya sami ruwan sama mai ci gaba, tare da wurare da yawa da aka bayyana a matsayin kusan "paralysed". A mayar da martani, Babban Minista Lim ya tuntubi Mataimakin Firayim Minista [[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]] don neman taimakon tarayya. Bayan sa'a guda, an tura Sojojin Malaysia, suna kafa cibiyar aiki don daidaita kokarin ceto. Da karfe 8:30 na safe, ma'aikatan soja da 'yan sanda sun fara ayyukan kwashewa jihar.<ref name=":2" /> A wannan rana, Butterworth ya rubuta {{Convert|372|mm|in}} in) na ruwan sama, daidai da watanni 1.5 na ruwan sama kuma ya wuce rikodin ranar da ta gabata a madatsar ruwan Ayer Itam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Othman |first=Melawani |last2=Ahrasan |first2=Naventhan |last3=Tan |first3=Thung |date=Mar 2021 |title=Report on climate change impacts in Penang |url=https://pgc.com.my/2020/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Climate-Change-Impacts-in-Penang.pdf |journal=Penang Green Council |access-date=2025-07-30 |archive-date=2025-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620024903/https://pgc.com.my/2020/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Climate-Change-Impacts-in-Penang.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ƙarshen 5 ga Nuwamba, ruwan sama ya ragu, amma kimanin mutane 3,000 an tilasta su kwashe su na ɗan lokaci zuwa cibiyoyin agaji a duk faɗin jihar. An bayar da rahoton mutuwar mutane biyar a wannan rana; mutane hudu sun nitse a cikin gidajensu kuma wani ma'aikacin Bangladesh ya mutu ta hanyar itace da aka tumɓuke. Da safe a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, yawan wadanda aka kwashe a Penang ya karu zuwa 5,845. An kuma gano wasu gawarwaki biyu, wanda ya kara yawan wadanda suka mutu zuwa bakwai.<ref name="Flood death" /> Adadin wadanda aka kwashe ya kai 7,294 da tsakar rana a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba. Duk da ambaliyar, jarrabawar SPM ta ci gaba kamar yadda aka tsara, tare da dalibai sama da 20,000 da ke kewaya ambaliyar ruwa don shiga cikin jarrabawar. Majalisar birnin Penang Island ta fara ayyukan tsaftacewa bayan ambaliyar ruwa ta lafa a garin George a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba. Duk da haka, babban yankin Seberang Perai ya ci gaba da mamaye har zuwa ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, lokacin da ruwan ya fara ja da baya. Kafofin yada labarai na gida irin su The Edge da Bernama sun bayyana ambaliya a matsayin mafi muni a tarihin Penang . Bangaren masana'antu na Penang ya kiyasta asarar kusan RM 300 miliyan (US $ 69.8 miliyan), yayin da bangaren aikin gona ya fuskanci asarar da ya kai RM21.3 miliyan (US $ 4.95 miliyan). === Perak === Gundumomi uku a Perak - Hulu Perak, Kuala Kangsar da Perak Tengah - ambaliyar ruwa ta buge su, ta kori jimlar mutane 174 da karfe 8:30 na safe a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba. A cikin Hulu Perak, rushewar ƙasa ta faru a kusa da Lenggong, amma ba a bayar da rahoton wadanda suka mutu ba. == Amsoshin == === A cikin gida === * [[Government of Malaysia|Gwamnatin tarayya]]: Don mayar da martani ga ambaliyar ruwa a [[Penang]], [[Malaysia Civil Defence Force|Sojojin Tsaro]] na Jama'a sun sake tura ma'aikata don taimakawa tare da ayyukan kwashewa tare da sojoji da 'yan sanda. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Firayim Minista]] [[Najib Razak]] ya ziyarci yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Penang kuma ya sanar da cewa gwamnatin tarayya tana la'akari da ƙarin RM1 biliyan a cikin kudade don ababen more rayuwa na rage ambaliyar a jihar. Kafin wannan sanarwar, an riga an amince da ayyukan rage ambaliyar ruwa da suka kai RM150 miliyan.<ref name=":5" /> Har ila yau, gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da tallafin kuɗi na RM250 ga kowane gida da ambaliyar ta shafa.{{Flag|Malaysia}} * : [[Government of Penang|Gwamnatin jihar Penang]] ta ba da tallafin kuɗi na RM700 ga wadanda ambaliyar ta shafa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin "Penang Bangkit", wanda ke da jimlar kuɗin RM105 miliyan. Shirin ya haɗa da kokarin tsaftacewa, isar da taimako, rangwamen kudaden kimantawa da cajin ruwa, da kuma maye gurbin takardun gwamnati da suka ɓace.{{Flag|Penang}} * : Gwamnatin jihar Perak ta ware RM100,000 don sayen kayan aiki da kayan aiki da za a aika zuwa Penang. An kuma amince da ƙarin rabon RM1 miliyan a cikin tsammanin ambaliyar ruwa a cikin Perak.{{Flag|Perak}} * : [[Government of Selangor|Gwamnatin jihar Selangor]] ta aika da masu sa kai 300 zuwa Penang kuma ta ba da gudummawar jimlar RM1 miliyan ga gwamnatin jihar Penang don kokarin agajin ambaliyar ruwa.{{Flag|Selangor}} * Kungiyar hadin gwiwa mai mulki a Penang, Pakatan Harapan (PH), ta tattara kayan aikin jam'iyya don tallafawa wadanda ambaliyar ta shafa. Jam'iyyar Democratic Action Party (DAP) ta shirya gudummawar gudummawa tsakanin 6 ga Nuwamba da 15 ga Nuwamba don taimakawa wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a jihar. Masu sa kai na jam'iyya daga Perak sun shiga cikin kokarin isar da taimako a Penang. Bugu da ƙari, duka Amanah da Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) sun tattara masu sa kai don taimakawa wajen ayyukan kwashewa.<ref name=":7" /> * Barisan Nasional (BN), hadin gwiwar tarayya da ke mulki a lokacin da kuma 'yan adawa a Penang, sun kafa kwamitoci don tantance kokarin rage ambaliyar ruwa a cikin PH-run Penang.<ref name=":7" /> Gerakan ya tara RM100,000 don tallafawa wadanda ambaliyar ta shafa. Kungiyar Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) da Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) sun aika da masu sa kai don taimakawa wajen taimakon ambaliyar ruwa. A gefe guda, Padang Besar memba na majalisar (MP) Zahidi Zainul Abidin daga United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) ya ba da shawarar cewa ambaliyar ruwa a Penang "ramako ne na karamin" don karbar bakuncin Oktoberfest, yayin da Mataimakin Firayim Minista [[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]] ya kira bala'in "alamu daga Allah" don BN ta sake karbar gwamnatin jihar Penang. * Jam'iyyar Musulunci ta Malaysia (PAS) ta tattara mambobinta don taimakawa wajen ayyukan kwashewa da kokarin agaji a Penang. Mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man ya kuma ba da ta'aziyya ga gwamnatin jihar Penang. Wannan ya faru ne duk da rikice-rikicen siyasa da ke tsakanin PAS da gwamnatin PH a Penang, kamar yadda PAS a baya ta yi zargin cewa cin hanci da rashawa ya ba da gudummawa ga ambaliyar watan Satumba a jihar.<ref name=":8" /> === Kasashen Duniya === * : A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, kungiyar Red Cross ta Singapore ta fara kamfen na tara kudade na tsawon wata daya don tallafawa al'ummomin da Typhoon Damrey ya shafa a [[Vietnam]] da ambaliyar ruwa a Penang. An tara jimlar S $ 20,000 don taimakawa wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Penang. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2018 |title=Red Cross News Issue One 2018 |url=https://redcross.sg/images/newsletter/RedCrossNewsIssue12018-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf |journal=[[Singapore Red Cross Society]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411085313/https://redcross.sg/images/newsletter/RedCrossNewsIssue12018-ilovepdf-compressed.pdf |archive-date=2025-04-11 |access-date=2025-07-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Flag|Singapore}} * : A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, wakilin [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Malaysia|Ofishin Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu na Taipei a Malaysia]] James Chang Chi-ping ya jagoranci bikin gabatar da gudummawa tare da [[Chief Minister of Penang|Babban Ministan Penang]] [[Lim Guan Eng]]. Kungiyar Masu saka hannun jari ta Taipei a Malaysia ta ba da jimlar RM151,200 ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Penang.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Nov 2017 |title=Representative Chang, James Chi- ping attends Taipei Investors' Association in Malaysia Penang flood relief donation presentation on 22 November 2017 |url=https://www.roc-taiwan.org/my_en/post/4071.html |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |website=[[Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Malaysia]] |language=en}}</ref>{{Flag|Taiwan}} === Kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba === * AirAsia ta sauƙaƙa jigilar jiragen sama don kayan aiki da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya bayan ambaliyar. * Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Amirka ta ba da biyan kuɗi na wucin gadi kusan RM300,000 ga abokan ciniki da ambaliyar ta shafa a Penang da Kedah. * Honda ta ba da rangwamen har zuwa 50% akan gyare-gyare ga samfuran Honda da ambaliyar ta shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Nov 2017 |title=Honda Malaysia offers relief programme for Penang flood victims - 50% discount on affected parts |url=https://paultan.org/2017/11/07/honda-malaysia-offers-relief-programme-for-penang-flood-victims-50-discount-on-affected-parts/ |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |website=Paul Tan's Automotive News |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kamfanin IJM ya ba da gudummawa ga masu sa kai, injuna da manyan motoci don taimakawa wajen ayyukan tsaftacewa a George Town . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 Nov 2017 |title=IJM rally to clean-up areas in Penang hit by flood |url=https://www.ijm.com/press-releases/ijm-rally-to-clean-up-areas-in-penang-hit-by-flood |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |website=[[IJM Corporation]]}}</ref> * Johor Darul Ta'zim FC ta ba da gudummawar RM500,000 ga gwamnatin jihar Penang. * Gidauniyar Mah Sing ta ba da RM500,000 don taimakawa wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa. * Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group ta ba da sanarwar rarraba RM2.2 miliyan don da'awar inshora kuma ta yi alkawarin hanzarta aiwatar da da'awar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2017 |title=MSIG Assisting Penang Flood Victims |url=https://www.msig.com.my/about/news-media/msig-assisting-penang-flood-victims |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914050607/https://www.msig.com.my/about/news-media/msig-assisting-penang-flood-victims |archive-date=14 September 2018 |access-date=14 September 2018 |website=Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group}}</ref> * OBike ta fara ba da gudummawa, tana alkawarin RM2,000 kowace rana don kowane tafiye-tafiye 10,000 da aka kammala. * [[Oppo]] ya ba da wani ɓangare na ribar da suka samu daga wasan kwaikwayo a Sunway Carnival Mall don tallafawa kokarin agaji na ambaliyar ruwa a Penang.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 Nov 2017 |title=OPPO Malaysia donates part of F5 profits from debut roadshow at Sunway Carnival Mall to Penang for flood relief I |url=https://www.malaysianfoodie.com/2017/11/oppo-malaysia-donates-part-profits-from-debut-roadshow-sunway-carnival-mall-penang-for-flood-relief.html |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |website=Malaysian Foodie |language=en-US}}</ref> * Perodua ta ba da bincike kyauta ga samfuran Perodua da ambaliyar ta lalata kuma ta ba da rangwamen 20% a kan sassan da aka zaɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Nov 2017 |title=Perodua to assist owners affected by Penang floods |url=https://paultan.org/2017/11/07/perodua-to-assist-owners-affected-by-penang-floods/ |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |website=Paul Tan's Automotive News |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Samsung]] ya ba da sanarwar samar da sabis na gyare-gyare kyauta ga kayan aiki da na'urorin da ambaliyar ta shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2017 |title=Samsung Offers Flood Relief for Penang Customers |url=https://news.samsung.com/my/samsung-offers-flood-relief-for-penang-customers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109184513/https://news.samsung.com/my/samsung-offers-flood-relief-for-penang-customers |archive-date=9 November 2017 |access-date=9 November 2017 |website=Samsung}}</ref> * Sime Darby ya kawo abinci, kayan tsabta, kayan aiki da takardun shaida don taimakawa wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Penang da Kedah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Nov 2017 |title=Yayasan Sime Darby offers assistance to 3,012 families affected by floods - Media |url=https://www.yayasansimedarby.com/media/yayasan-sime-darby-offers-assistance-to-3012-families-affected-by-floods |access-date=10 Apr 2025 |website=[[Sime Darby]] |archive-date=11 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411085314/https://www.yayasansimedarby.com/media/yayasan-sime-darby-offers-assistance-to-3012-families-affected-by-floods |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Masu sa kai 300 daga Jami'ar Kuala Lumpur sun rarraba RM60,000 na abinci, kayan aiki da kayan kiwon lafiya ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa. * ViTrox ta aika da masu sa kai don taimakawa tare da taimakon ambaliyar ruwa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] edggckrmx88mepj60n7pnl3h9x82ccx 0 110140 969016 688042 2026-10-18T12:20:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Four Mothers Society ko Four Mothers Nation ƙungiya ce ta addini, siyasa, da kuma gargajiya ta Muscogee, Cherokee, Choctaw da Chickasaw, da kuma Mutanen Natchez da suka shiga cikin waɗannan kabilun, a [[Oklahoma]]. Gidajen bikin Mothers Society guda huɗu sun kasance masu aiki a yau.<ref name="echota">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2015 |title=Echota Ceremonial Ground has long history in area |url=http://www.cherokeephoenix.org/Article/index/8846 |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=Cherokee Phoenix |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529134008/http://www.cherokeephoenix.org/Article/Index/8846 |archive-date=2016-05-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An kafa shi a cikin shekarun 1890 a matsayin ƙungiyar adawa da manufofin rarraba na Hukumar Dawes da kuma ayyukan majalisa daban-daban na Amurka na lokacin. Al'umma tana da addini a yanayi. Ya yi adawa da rarraba saboda raba ƙasashen kabilanci sun kai farmaki ga tushen al'adunsu. Bugu da kari, za a ayyana wasu ƙasashe na al'umma da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a sayar da su ga waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba, wanda zai haifar da asarar ƙasashensu. A mafi girman kungiyar, tana da mambobi sama da 24,000. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Chittoharjo.jpg|right|thumb|384x384px|Hoton Chitto Harjo, shugaban soja na Muscogee, c. 1900]] Ƙungiyoyin uwaye huɗu na iya kasancewa, kodayake ba a rubuta su ba, don yawancin karni na 19. <ref name=":2" /> An kafa shi a hukumance a matsayin kungiyar tattara haraji game da 1895 a Sulphur Springs, Yankin Indiya. Ya ci gaba a cikin wannan jiki na doka har zuwa 1915, kuma mai yiwuwa daga baya. Sunan yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda aka yi imanin cewa mahaifiyar Cherokee daga Silu, Uwar Masara. Sunan na iya nufin hanyoyi huɗu, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da tunani da aiki na addini. Tare da wucewar Dokar Curtis a cikin 1898 da Dokar Dawes, rabon ya zama manufofin Amurka. An tilasta wa gwamnatocin kabilun daban-daban su yarda da rabon kuma an yi rajistar membobinsu don kafa shugabannin gidaje. Yawancin mambobi na Ƙungiyoyin Uwargida huɗu sun yi fushi da cewa ana raba ƙasashen al'umma kuma ana rarraba su ga gidaje. Chitto Harjo ya kafa sabuwar gwamnatin Muscogee a Henryetta, wanda yawancin Muscogee waɗanda suka yi adawa da rabon sun amince da shi a matsayin gwamnati mai inganci. A cikin 1900, mabiyan Harjo sun gudanar da taro a filin bikin Hickory; sun bayyana cewa Pleasant Porter da gwamnatinsa sun keta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Muscogee na 1867. Sun ayyana gwamnatin Porter mara inganci kuma sun ayyana Harjo a matsayin sabon shugaban. Redbird Smith, mai bin gargajiya kuma wanda ya kafa kungiyar Nighthawk Keetoowah Society, ya kuma shiga cikin kungiyar Mothers Society. A cikin 1906, ƙungiyar ta gabatar da takarda na sa hannu 186 ga Majalisa, don a iya aika wakilai zuwa Washington, DC, don tattauna keta yarjejeniya da damuwarsu game da shugabancin kabilanci. Harjo ya yi magana a gaban Majalisar Dattijai, wanda Mothers Nation ta goyi bayan. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar uwaye huɗu tana da alaƙa da motsi don Jihar Sequoyah . Maimakon amincewa da haɗuwa da Yankin Oklahoma kuma su nemi shiga cikin Tarayyar, sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da jihar da za a ware wa 'yan asalin Amurka. Baya ga nuna adawa da rabon a bayyane, Ƙungiyoyin Uwargida huɗu suna kula da ƙungiyoyin bikin don rawa, wasannin stickball, bukukuwa, tarurruka, da bukukuwa. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980s Chickasaw suna da akalla filin rawa ɗaya kuma Cherokee wani. A farkon karni na 21, yawancin gidajen Four Mothers Society suna aiki a gabashin Oklahoma.<ref name="echota"/> == Wakilin a wasu kafofin watsa labarai == Mawallafin [[LeAnne Howe]] (Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma) yana nufin Ƙungiyar Mothers guda huɗu a cikin litattafantafanta a cikin mahallin al'adun gargajiya na matriarchal. Ta bincika shi a cikin littafinta Miko Kings . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] acq2af87bmr99taezo73aoy2kswfc1k 0 110231 969356 965071 2026-10-19T05:29:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Arlo Looking Cloud (an haife shi Fritz Arlo Lookin Cloud; Maris 25, 1954) tsohon dan gwagwarmayar Amurka ne. An fi saninsa da hannu a kisan dan gwagwarmayar Indiyawan Indiyawan Amurka [[Anna Mae Aquash]] . An same shi da laifin kisan ta kuma an yanke masa hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku. Koyaya, a cikin 2011, an rage hukuncinsa zuwa shekaru 20 a matsayin lada ga shaidarsa a kan wanda aka tuhume shi, [[John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)|John Graham]] . An saki Looking Cloud daga kurkuku a shekarar 2020. == Rayuwa ta farko == Looking Cloud wani Lakota Sioux ne wanda ya girma a Pine Ridge Indian Reservation . <ref name="LATimes">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=4 April 2004 |title=Second Man Is Wanted in 1970s Slaying of an Indian Activist |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-apr-04-na-aim4-story.html |access-date=15 August 2016 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> == Tarihin Shari'a == === Kisan Anna Mae Aquash === [[Anna Mae Aquash|Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash]] mace ce mai fafutuka a cikin rukunin [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]] . A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1975, Looking Cloud, tare da [[Theda Nelson Clarke]] da [[John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)|John "John Boy Patton" Graham]], sun tilasta wa Aquash shiga bayan mota kuma suka kai ta wani bangare mai nisa na Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, inda aka harbe Aquash a bayan kai kuma ya bar ya mutu.<ref name="Legend of Pine Ridge">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2008 |title=Why Was Anna Mae Aquash Really Murdered? |url=http://legendofpineridge.blogspot.com/2008/07/why-was-anna-mae-aquash-really-murdered.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Legend of Pine Ridge}}</ref> An gano jikinta a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1976 a Pine Ridge Indian Reservation a kasan wani kwari da ke kusa da wata babbar hanya. <ref name="Huffington Post">{{Cite web |date=27 August 2007 |title=What is the Truth About the Murder of Anna Mae? |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tim-giago/what-is-the-truth-about-t_b_62521.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=The Huffington Post}}</ref><ref name="First Nation's Drums">{{Cite web |date=26 December 2000 |title=What is the Truth About the Murder of Anna Mae? |url=http://www.firstnationsdrum.com/2000/12/murder-of-anna-mae-aquash-unsolved-after-23-years |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717020733/http://firstnationsdrum.com/2000/12/murder-of-anna-mae-aquash-unsolved-after-23-years/ |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=First Nation's Drums}}</ref> An bayyana cewa an harbe Aquash har lahira; an matse bakin bindigar a bayan wuyanta, kamar yadda binciken gawa ya bayyana.<ref name="Mail Archives">{{Cite web |date=7 August 1999 |title=NATIVE_NEWS: ANNA MAE: A Badlands trail of secrets and murder |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/nativenews@mlists.net/msg03815.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Mail Archives |archive-date=29 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829024549/https://www.mail-archive.com/nativenews@mlists.net/msg03815.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rahoton mai binciken ya nuna cewa ban da mummunan raunin bindiga, fallasawa ya ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar Aquash.<ref name="Occupirate">{{Cite web |last=Sparrow |first=CJ |date=22 June 2013 |title=Who killed Anna Mae Aquash and who cares anyway? |url=http://occupirate.blogspot.com/2013/06/who-killed-anna-mae-aquash-and-who.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Occupirate}}</ref> === Kamawa === A ranar 27 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2003, mai kula da 'yan sanda na [[Denver]], Abe Alonzo, ya ga Looking Cloud, wanda ya kasance mai shekaru 49 da ba shi da gida, yana tafiya a kan Colfax Avenue. Daga baya aka kama Looking Cloud a kan wata takardar shaidar da hukumomin tarayya suka bayar a [[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]], inda aka zargi Looking Cloud da wani mutum da harbi Pictou-Aquash yayin satar mutane a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1975 kusa da Wanblee, Dakota ta Kudu.<ref name="Dick Shovel #2">{{Cite web |last=Mendez |first=Deborah |date=3 April 2003 |title=Man Held in Decades-old Slaying of American Indian Activist |url=http://dickshovel.com/3apr03.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Dick Shovel}}</ref> ==== Amurka v. Looking Cloud ==== Darlene Nichols ta shaida cewa Leonard Peltier, wani dan gwagwarmayar [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|AIM]] wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa da laifin kashe wasu jami'an [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] biyu a cikin Pine Ridge Shootout <ref name="Free Leonard">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Quick Facts· Case of Leonard Peltier |url=http://www.freeleonard.org/case/ |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Free Leonard}}</ref> (wanda FBI ta sanya shi a hukumance RESMURS), <ref name="FBI">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=RESMURS Case (Reservation Murders) |url=https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/resmurs-case-reservation-murders |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=FBI}}</ref> ya gaya mata da Aquash cewa ya kashe jami'an FBI guda biyu a lokacin wani harbi na Yuni 1975 a wani wurin kiwon Pine Ridge. A cewar shaidar Ecoffey, "Ya ce (mai bayyanawa){{Sic}} yana roƙon ransa, amma na harbe shi duk da haka." <ref name="Native Times #1">{{Cite web |last=Merchant |first=Norman |date=8 December 2010 |title=Prosecution rests in 1975 AIM slaying trial |url=http://www.nativetimes.com/news/crime/4709-prosecution-rests-in-1975-aim-slaying-trial |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Native Times}}</ref> A cewar Nichols-Ecoffey, ita, tare da Leonard Peltier, 'yan uwanta Bernie Nichols-Lafferty <ref name="Ani-Kutani">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Leonard Peltier |url=http://www.ani-kutani.com/nativeamericanfacts/leonardpeltier.htm |access-date=6 March 2016 |website=Ani-Kutani}}</ref> da Barbara Robideau, <ref name="Rapid City Journal">{{Cite web |last=Banks |first=Dennis |date=3 December 2010 |title=Testimony of Witness testifies FBI agent threatened Aquash's life |url=http://www.jfamr.org/doc/kmtest1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518032313/http://www.jfamr.org/doc/kmtest1.html |archive-date=18 May 2008 |access-date=6 March 2016 |website=JFAMR}}</ref> sai mijinta Dennis Banks <ref name="JFAMR #3">{{Cite web |last=DeMain |first=Paul |date=23 February 2004 |title=Jury convicts man in 1975 murder of Anna Mae Pictou Aquash of Being Party to 1st Degree Murder |url=http://jfamr.org/compile.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=JFAMR}}</ref> da sauransu suna tafiya a cikin motar Hollywood a lokacin da motar [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|Indiya]] ta Indiya . Ya ba da labarin wannan taron [ <ref name="Journal Star">{{Cite web |last=Kolpack |first=Dave |date=12 April 2010 |title=Trial set in 1975 killing of AIM activist in S.D. |url=http://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/nebraska/trial-set-in-killing-of-aim-activist-in-s-d/article_58f9725e-46a6-11df-9f3d-001cc4c002e0.html |access-date=6 March 2016 |website=Journal Star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523002714/http://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/nebraska/trial-set-in-killing-of-aim-activist-in-s-d/article_58f9725e-46a6-11df-9f3d-001cc4c002e0.html |archive-date=23 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ya shaida yadda ta ji Peltier ya ce ya yi tunanin Aquash ne. A lokacin shari'ar, Nichols ya ba da shaida game da abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali da suka shafi [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]]. Uku daga cikin wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, The Custer Courthouse Riot Incident wanda ya shafi daruruwan mutane, zama na kwana saba'in da daya na Wounded Knee, da kuma harbi a kusa da gidanta wanda ya kashe jami'an FBI biyu.<ref name="Open Jurist" /> Nichols ya kuma tattauna zargin da kusan mambobi ashirin na [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]] suka yi game da Aquash ya zama mai ba da labari, ko kuma aƙalla sun saba da jita-jita.<ref name="Open Jurist" /> Nichols ya kuma ba da shaida cewa mambobi da yawa, daya daga cikinsu ya riga ya yi barazanar rayuwar Aquash saboda ya yi zargin cewa ita mai ba da labari ce, ya ɗauki Aquash na makonni don "duba ta," yana bayanin cewa koyaushe tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka, ba a yarda ta je ko'ina ba, kuma ba a yarda da ita ta koma gida duk da buƙatun ta na yin hakan.<ref name="Open Jurist" /> Mathalene White Bear, wani tsohon memba na Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka wanda ya ba da mafaka ga Aquash a 1975, ya ba da shaida cewa Aquash ta yi imanin cewa rayuwarta tana cikin haɗari tun farkon Satumba na wannan shekarar.<ref name="Case Law #4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Fritz Arlo LOOKING CLOUD, Defendant-Appellant. No. 04-2173. Decided: August 19, 2005 |url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-8th-circuit/1467051.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Case Law}}</ref> Darlene Nichols ta shaida cewa [[Leonard Crow Dog]] da Leonard Peltier sun yi tunanin Aquash mai ba da labari ne, kuma Nichols, 'yarta, da Dennis Banks, sun ji Peltier ya ce ya yi tunanin Aquasha mai ba da rahoto ne.<ref name="Open Jurist">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=419 F. 3d 781 - United States of America v. Fritz Arlo Looking Cloud. |url=http://openjurist.org/419/f3d/781/united-states-of-america-v-fritz-arlo-looking-cloud |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=OpenJurist}}</ref> Don shiga cikin kisan Aquash, Looking Cloud ya furta cewa ya kori Aquash daga [[Denver]] zuwa Rapid City sannan zuwa wurin da aka kashe Aquash; duk da haka, ya yi zargin cewa bai san komai game da shirin kashe Aquash ba, kuma memba ne na [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|AIM]] [[John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)|John Graham]], wanda ake kira John Boy Patton, <ref name="JFAMR #33">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Justice Delayed for Murdered Mi'kmaq Woman Annie Mae Pictou Aquash 32-year-old Murder Trial Delayed |url=http://jfamr.org/delayed.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608054040/http://jfamr.org/delayed.html |archive-date=8 June 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=JFAMR}}</ref> wanda ya harbe Aquash. <ref name="Freedom Archives">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 February 2004 |title=Leonard Peltier's Reaction to Kamook & Arlo Looking Cloud Trial |url=http://freedomarchives.org/pipermail/news_freedomarchives.org/2004-February/000130.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Freedom Archives}}</ref> Richard Two Elk daga baya zai ba da shaida a cikin shari'ar tarayya da ta shafi kisan Aquash. Two Elk ya ba da shaida wanda ya nuna cewa Arlo Looking Cloud ya tuntube shi a cikin kaka na 1994, yana neman shawara kan yadda za a amsa wa hukumomin da ke binciken kisan Aquash, kuma Two Elk sun bayyana cewa Looking Cloud ta yarda da shiga cikin lamarin.<ref name="JFAMR2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Testimony of Richard Two Elk in the Trial of Arlo Looking Cloud |url=http://www.jfamr.org/doc/elktest.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608132438/http://www.jfamr.org/doc/elktest.html |archive-date=8 June 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=JFAMR}}</ref> Two Elk ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin cewa ɗan'uwansa na tallafi yana da hannu a kisan Aquash kuma cewa a cikin shekaru, Looking Cloud kawai "yana aiki ne akan umarni".<ref name="Dick Shovel #333332">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Former AIM activist reveals allegations in Anna Mae Aquash's murder |url=http://www.dickshovel.com/annatp1.html |access-date=16 August 2014 |website=Dick Shovel}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2004, bayan juriyar tarayya (wanda ya kunshi mata 7 da maza 5) sun yi shawarwari na tsawon sa'o'i bakwai, sun yanke Arlo Looking Cloud hukunci a cikin kisan kiyashi na 1975 na Aquash. <ref name="Sites by Dawn">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=21st-century Developments |url=http://www.sitesbydawn.com/FreedomWonFreedomLost.com/Developments.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Sites by Dawn |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308123520/http://www.sitesbydawn.com/FreedomWonFreedomLost.com/Developments.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Dick Shovel">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Carson |date= |title=Jury convicts Looking Cloud in 1975 murder |url=http://dickshovel.com/guilty.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Dick Shovel}}</ref> ==== Daukaka kara ==== A shekara ta 2005, Looking Cloud ya daukaka kara ga Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka, amma an soke karar kuma an tabbatar da hukuncin da aka yanke masa a kurkuku.<ref name="Open Jurist"/> ==== Yarjejeniyar rantsuwa ==== A watan Agustan shekara ta 2011, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka Lawrence Piersol ya sanya hannu kan wani umarni wanda ya rage lokacin da aka yanke hukuncin rai na asali na Looking Cloud zuwa shekaru 20 don musayar shaidar da aka ba masu gabatar da kara a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 a kan abokin makirci [[John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)|John Graham]] . <ref name="Huffington Post #2">{{Cite web |last=Lammers |first=Dirk |date=26 September 2011 |title=Denver Man's Sentence Reduced In 1975 AIM Slaying |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/26/denver-mans-sentence-redu_n_981867.html |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Huffington Post}}</ref><ref name="Indian Country's News">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=October 2011 |title=Looking Cloud has sentence reduced in Aquash murder case |url=http://www.indiancountrynews.com/index.php/investigations/annie-mae-pictou-aquash/12087-looking-cloud-has-sentence-reduced-in-aquash-murder-case |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=Indian Country News |archive-date=21 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321181918/http://www.indiancountrynews.com/index.php/investigations/annie-mae-pictou-aquash/12087-looking-cloud-has-sentence-reduced-in-aquash-murder-case |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shaidar Looking Cloud ta ba da ƙarin haske game da kisan Aquash, tare da Looking Cloud yana zargin cewa ya tsaya kusa yayin da Graham ya harbe Aquash.<ref name="Indian Country's News" /><ref name="The Denver Post">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 September 2011 |title=Denver man's sentence reduced in 1975 AIM slaying |url=http://www.denverpost.com/2011/09/26/denver-mans-sentence-reduced-in-1975-aim-slaying/ |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=The Denver Post}}</ref> An sanya Looking Cloud BOP # 07609-073 kuma an sake shi daga FTC Oklahoma City a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2020. == Kyauta == Shari'ar kotu game da Looking Cloud ta bar rarrabuwar da ke ci gaba. Akwai wasu bangarorin da suka yi imanin cewa Looking Cloud ba shi da laifi. A cewar Russell Means, memba na [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]], wariyar launin fata shine zuciyar yanke hukunci na tarayya na Looking Cloud. An nakalto shi yana cewa, "Racism ya ci gaba. An yi watsi da al'adunmu kuma ba a haɗa su ba, kuma an ba daya daga cikin mutanen da suka fi tausayi a birnin Denver alhakin kisan da wani shugaban kungiyar Indiyawan Amurka ya ba da umarni. Ina da cikakken fushi kuma ya yi takaici sosai". <ref name="Rapid City Journal #2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 February 2004 |title=Arlo Looking Cloud Given Heroin Before So-Called Video Confession |url=http://rapidcityjournal.com/news/looking-cloud-guilty/article_4ca12fe1-13ea-5824-a5e4-2b1f7f4c6f19.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Rapid City Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612173528/https://rapidcityjournal.com/news/looking-cloud-guilty/article_4ca12fe1-13ea-5824-a5e4-2b1f7f4c6f19.html |archive-date=12 June 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Looking Cloud ya yi zargin cewa an ba shi barasa da heroin kafin a tilasta masa ikirarin.<ref name="BSNorrell">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 July 2007 |title=Arlo Looking Cloud Given Heroin Before So-Called Video Confession |url=http://bsnorrell.blogspot.com/2007/07/arlo-given-alcohol-heroin-in-jail.html |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=BSNorrell}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Afrilu 2005, a cikin wata wasika da aka rubuta da hannu, Looking Cloud ya yi zargin cewa lauyansa na shari'a, Timothy Rensch, ya yi makirci da Bruce Ellison, lauyan Leonard Peltier. A cewar Looking Cloud, "Na sami wasika da ke sanar da ni cewa [[Vernon Bellecourt|Vernon B. Bellecourt]] ya ba da duk kayan shari'ata a cikin shari'ata ga Laliberte [ Lauyan Graham] a Kanada, a bayyane yake samun shi daga lauyan daukaka kara na Gilbert Arlo. Kuma na karanta Vernon da Gilbert suka koma baya. Kuma yadda Rensch ya yi aiki sosai don tabbatar da Candy Hamilton ba zai iya ambaton sunan Bruce Ellison ba. <ref name="4 Struggle Mag">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 August 2004 |title=The Trial and Conviction of Arlo Looking Cloud in the Murder of Anna Mae Aquash |url=https://4strugglemag.org/2004/08/03/the-trial-and-conviction-of-arlo-looking-cloud-in-the-murder-of-anna-mae-aquash/ |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=BSNorrell |archive-date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919070333/https://4strugglemag.org/2004/08/03/the-trial-and-conviction-of-arlo-looking-cloud-in-the-murder-of-anna-mae-aquash/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pelmony, tsohon abokin aikinsa Leech da Ellison ya koma baya ga shaidar da aka yi amfani da ita ga Barry Bachtier, mai suna Looking Cloud ba don tabbatar da ita ba don tabbatarwa ba.<ref name="Portland Indy Media">{{Cite web |last=Robideau |first=Robert |date=July 2007 |title=JOHN TRUDELL, A PROFILE OF COWARDICE AN FBI INFORMANT COVERS HIS TRACKS IN THE MURDER OF A |url=http://portland.indymedia.org/en/2007/07/362371.shtml?discuss |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=BSNorrell |archive-date=17 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917021726/http://portland.indymedia.org/en/2007/07/362371.shtml?discuss |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakazalika, an soki lauyan da aka nada a kotun Looking Cloud, Timothy Rensch, saboda rashin sanya kyakkyawar kariya tare don Looking Cloud . <ref name="IndianCountryTodayMediaNetwork #2">{{Cite web |last=Melmer |first=David |date=12 February 2004 |title=Looking Cloud trial raises questions |url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2004/02/12/looking-cloud-trial-raises-questions-89957 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019101343/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2004/02/12/looking-cloud-trial-raises-questions-89957 |archive-date=19 October 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Indianz}}</ref> A cikin roƙonsa na sabon shari'a, Looking Cloud ya haɗa da sabon lauya a cikin roƙon, amma kuma an musanta shi.<ref name="Indianz">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 March 2004 |title=Commentary: Racist Trial for Aquash murder |url=https://4strugglemag.org/2004/08/03/the-trial-and-conviction-of-arlo-looking-cloud-in-the-murder-of-anna-mae-aquash/ |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Indianz |archive-date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919070333/https://4strugglemag.org/2004/08/03/the-trial-and-conviction-of-arlo-looking-cloud-in-the-murder-of-anna-mae-aquash/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kuma duk da yarjejeniyar neman gafara ta Looking Cloud wanda ya haɗa da musayar shaidar da [[John Graham (mai fafutuka na Kanada)|John Graham]], Kwamitin Tsaro na Graham ya nuna cewa zai taimaka wa Looking Cloud ya kafa ƙungiyar daukaka kara ta shari'a. A cewar wani wakilin daga Kwamitin Tsaro na Graham, ban da tabbacin Looking Cloud wanda ya dogara da rashin shaidar shari'a, sun kuma nuna cewa, "Duk da haka kwamitin Tsaro naGraham zai taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar daukaka kara ta shari'a don Looking Cloud. Me ya sa ya taimaka masa lokacin da ya shafi John? Ba mu yi imani da ya yi niyyar shigar da John ba. "<ref name="IndianCountryTodayMediaNetwork #2"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5dh5e9641riiujtg6o014jnphh9z6ew 0 110754 969079 894191 2026-10-18T14:28:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  [[Fayil:Vietnamese_Black_April_(Tháng_Tư_Đen)_Democracy,_Human_Rights_Rally_63.jpg|thumb|Taron neman sakin Nguyễn Quốc Quân a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2012, a lokacin "Black Afrilu"]] [[Fayil:Viet_Tan_Party_(Đảng_Việt_Tân)_infobooth_and_recruitment_centre.jpg|thumb|Kamfanin bayanai na Jam'iyyar Việt Tân a taron neman dimokuradiyya, kare hakkin dan adam]] '''<nowiki/>'Yancin Dan Adam a [[Vietnam]]''' (Vietnamese) suna cikin mafi talauci a duniya, kamar yadda masana ilimi na cikin gida da na waje daban-daban suka yi la'akari da su, masu adawa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) irin su Amnesty International (AI), Human Rights Watch (HRW), da Hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (OHCHR).<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2020 |title=Vietnam: World Report |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/vietnam |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=English |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview: Vietnam |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/viet-nam/ |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ratcliffe |first=Rebecca |date=17 February 2022 |title=Vietnamese activists routinely placed under house arrest, report finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/feb/17/vietnamese-activists-routinely-placed-under-house-arrest-report-finds |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Wannan ya kasance batun jayayya tsakanin Gwamnatin Vietnam, karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis (CPV), da sauran kasashe da kungiyoyin siyasa, kamar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. A karkashin kundin tsarin mulki na yanzu, CPV ita ce kawai jam'iyyar siyasa ta doka: duk sauran jam'iyyun an haramta su, suna mai da Vietnam ɗaya daga cikin 'yan jihohin jam'iyya ɗaya da aka kafa bisa doka, tare da [[Sin|China]], [[Cuba]], [[Eritrea]], [[Laos]], da [[Koriya ta Arewa]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2017 |title=How One-Party States Work in Cuba, Vietnam & North Korea |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-one-party-states-work-in-cuba-vietnam-north-korea.html |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=study.com}}</ref> Zaben da aka yi a Vietnam an nuna shi a matsayin wani abu ne kawai na roba, tare da kowane zabe wanda ya haifar da kashi 99% na kuri'un CPV. [[Ƴancin yin Tarayya|'Yanci na tarayya]],' [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]],' yanci na manema labarai, da' yancin yanayi mai lafiya an hana su sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sochua |first=Mu |title=Vietnam's National Assembly Vote: A Futile Gesture |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/vietnams-national-assembly-vote-a-futile-gesture/ |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |quote=The May 23 election is designed to affix a '''rubber stamp''' to the Vietnamese Communist Party’s monopoly on political power.}}</ref> 'Yan ƙasa da ke sukar gwamnatin Vietnam ko waɗanda ke tattauna wasu batutuwa da CPV ta ɗauka "maras yarda" sau da yawa suna fuskantar tsoratarwa da ɗaurin kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2021 |title=Vietnam jails journalists for 'propaganda' critical of state |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vietnam-security-trial-idUSKBN29A0VI |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, gwamnatin Vietnam ta yi amfani da ma'aikatan yanar gizo da masu ra'ayin kishin kasa ko "kungiyoyin ra'ayoyin jama'a", masu sharhi na siyasa da jihohi da ba a san su ba waɗanda ke yaki da duk wani ra'ayi na rashin amincewa da manufofin CPV ko zanga-zangar kan matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam. Ana kiyaye ''Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Vietnam'' a kowace shekara a ranar 11 ga Mayu a jihar [[Virginia]] ta Amurka, musamman ta Vietnamese diaspora waɗanda suka bar bayan Yaƙin Vietnam da Faduwar Saigon da kuma masu adawa da suka tsere daga ƙasar a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya.{{Efn|Also known as the "Liberation of Saigon" by the regime.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=§ 2.2-3310.3. Vietnam Human Rights Day |url=https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title2.2/chapter33/section2.2-3310.3/ |website=Virginia's Legislative Information System}}</ref> == Hakki == === Hakkin muhalli === ''De jure'', Mataki na 43 na kundin tsarin mulkin Vietnam ya haɗa da haƙƙin yanayi mai lafiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Prosperous and green in the Anthropocene: The human right to a healthy environment in Southeast Asia |url=https://rwi.lu.se/pyramid-publications/prosperous-and-green-in-the-anthropocene-the-human-right-to-a-healthy-environment-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=2021-04-22 |website=The Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law |language=en-US}}</ref> Jihar tana da alhakin "...kare muhalli; sarrafawa, kuma yadda ya kamata kuma yana amfani da albarkatun halitta; kare yanayi da bambancin halittu; ɗaukar mataki a cikin rigakafi da juriya game da bala'o'i na halitta; da kuma amsawa ga [[Canjin yanayi]]. " <ref name=":0" /> Wadannan haƙƙoƙin sun ci gaba ta hanyar Dokar Kare Muhalli a cikin 2014. <ref name=":0" /> === 'Yanci na addini === {{Excerpt|Freedom of religion in Vietnam}} == Hakkin takamaiman kungiyoyi == === Hakkin LGBT === {{Excerpt|LGBT rights in Vietnam}} === Ƙananan kabilun === A cewar kundin tsarin mulkin Vietnam: "Dukkan ƙabilun suna daidai da juna, haɗin kai da mutunta juna kuma suna taimakon juna don ci gaban juna; duk ayyukan wariya da rarrabuwa na ƙasa an haramta su sosai. " 'Yan tsiraru na Cham, Montagnard da Khmer Krom sun haɗu tare a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru (FULRO), don yin yaki da Vietnamese don samun 'yancin kai a lokacin yakin Vietnam. 'Yan ta'addar FULRO na karshe sun mika wuya ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 1992. Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilanci daban-daban kamar Montagnard Foundation, Inc., Ofishin Champa na Duniya, da Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation sun yi zargin cewa jama'ar Vietnamese da gwamnati suna ci gaba da cin zarafin ɗan adam a kan Degar (Montagnards), Cham, da Khmer Krom. Vietnam ta zaunar da 'yan kabilar Vietnam sama da miliyan guda a filayen Montagnard a tsaunukan tsakiya. Kungiyar Montagnard ta gudanar da wata gagarumar zanga-zangar adawa da Vietnamese a cikin 2001, wanda ya jagoranci Vietnamese don murkushe zanga-zangar da karfi tare da rufe dukkanin yankin ga baki. === Kaddamar da Chams === Cham a Vietnam ana gane su ne kawai a matsayin ƴan tsiraru, kuma ba a matsayin ƴan asalin ƙasar ta gwamnatin Vietnam ba duk da kasancewarsu ƴan asalin yankin. Dukansu Hindu da Musulmi Chams sun fuskanci zalunci na addini da kabilanci da ƙuntatawa akan imaninsu a karkashin gwamnatin Vietnam na yanzu, tare da kasar Vietnam ta kwace kadarorin Cham tare da hana Cham kiyaye akidarsu. An mayar da gidajen ibada na Hindu zuwa wuraren yawon bude ido ba tare da son Cham Hindu ba. A cikin 2010 da 2013, al'amura da dama sun faru a ƙauyukan Thanh Tín da Phươc Nhơn, inda 'yan Vietnamese suka kashe Cham. Musulman Cham na Mekong Delta suma an mayar da su saniyar ware a fannin tattalin arziki da kuma jefa su cikin talauci sakamakon manufofin gwamnatin Vietnam, inda Kinh 'yan kabilar Vietnam suka zauna a mafi yawan yankunan Cham tare da goyon bayan jihohi, kuma ayyukan addini na tsiraru an yi niyya don kawar da gwamnatin Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Philip |date=December 2006 |title=Economy in Motion: Cham Muslim Traders in the Mekong Delta |url=http://www.chamstudies.com/members/philiptaylor(chammuslimtraders).pdf |url-status=dead |journal=The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology |publisher=The Australian National University |volume=7 |issue=3 |page=238 |doi=10.1080/14442210600965174 |issn=1444-2213 |s2cid=43522886 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202224/http://www.chamstudies.com/members/philiptaylor(chammuslimtraders).pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> A cikin 2012, 'Yan sanda na Vietnam a ƙauyen Chau Giang sun shiga [[Masallaci]] Cham, sun sace janareta na lantarki, kuma sun yi wa' yan matan Cham fyade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-14 |title=Mission to Vietnam Advocacy Day (Vietnamese-American Meet up 2013) in the U.S. Capitol. A UPR report By IOC-Campa |url=http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/news-tin-t-c/100-mission-to-vietnam-advocacy-day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140217070518/http://www.chamtoday.com/index.php/news-tin-t-c/100-mission-to-vietnam-advocacy-day |archive-date=17 February 2014 |access-date=2014-06-17 |publisher=Chamtoday.com}}</ref> Gwamnatin Vietnam na fargabar cewa shaidar tasirin Cham a yankin da ake takaddama a kan tekun kudancin kasar Sin zai kawo hankali ga take hakkin bil'adama da kashe-kashen wasu tsiraru a Vietnam kamar wadanda aka aikata a tashe-tashen hankula na 2001 da 2004, kuma ya kai ga kawo batun 'yancin cin gashin kai na Cham, tun lokacin da 'yan Vietnam suka mamaye Cham a cikin yakin Vietnam da kuma ci gaba da lalata al'adun Cham 18. kayayyakin tarihi da aka bari a baya, ganima ko gini a saman haikalin Cham, gina gonaki a kansu, hana ayyukan addini na Cham, da barin ambaton babban birnin Cham na Song Luy da aka lalata a cikin mamayewar 1832 a cikin littattafan tarihi da jagororin yawon shakatawa. Halin da Cham ke ciki idan aka kwatanta da na 'yan kabilar Vietnam ba shi da inganci, inda Cham ba ta da ruwa da wutar lantarki da kuma zama a gidajen da aka yi da laka. == Rahoton == === Rahoton UNHRC na Vietnam === ''Wani rahoto da gwamnatin Vietnam ta tsara a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2007 don Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don nazarin aiwatar da hakkokin bil'adama a cikin kasar Viet Nam ya bayyana cewa: Ga kasar Viet Nam, mutane duka biyu ne na ƙarshe na haƙiƙa da kuma motsa jiki na kowane manufofin ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kuma karewa da inganta 'yancin ɗan adam a ko da yaushe manufofin gwamnati ne. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1992, babbar doka ta kasar, ya ba da tabbacin cewa dukkan ‘yan kasa suna samun daidaiton ‘yancin siyasa, tattalin arziki, al’adu da zamantakewa, kuma daidai suke a gaban doka. Kowane dan kasa na da hakkin shiga cikin harkokin tafiyar da kasa da al'umma, 'yancin yin addini da imani, 'yancin tafiya da zama a cikin kasar Viet Nam, 'yancin yin korafe-korafe da korafe-korafe, 'yancin samun aiki, ilimi da kiwon lafiya da dai sauransu ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, launin fata da addini ba. A kan haka, dokokin Vietnamese suna ƙididdige takamaiman haƙƙoƙin daidai da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya.''<ref name="report of Vietnam">{{Cite web |title=News &#124; Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the United States |url=http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/news/story.php?d=20090424174141}}</ref> A cewar ofishin jakadancin Vietnam, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tabbatar da rahoton kare hakkin dan adam na Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN ratify Vietnam's human rights report |url=http://www.vietnewsonline.vn/News/Politics/8181/UN-ratify-Vietnams-human-rights-report.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009032800/http://www.vietnewsonline.vn/News/Politics/8181/UN-ratify-Vietnams-human-rights-report.htm |archive-date=9 October 2011}}</ref> Ofishin jakadancin ya kuma bayyana cewa yawancin waɗannan ƙasashe sun yaba da sabuntawar Vietnam, nasarorin da kuma jajircewa mai ƙarfi don inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam adheres to human rights, says diplomat |url=http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/news/story.php?d=20090511153755}}</ref> Bisa rahoton da cibiyar watsa labaru ta Intanet ta kasar Sin ta fitar a shekarar 1997, kasar Vietnam ta yi sauye-sauye da dama ga kundin tsarin mulkinta, da dokokinta, da manufofinta masu amfani a fannin hakkin dan Adam, tun bayan da Đổi Mới, ko kuma sake fasalin tattalin arziki a shekarar 1986. Misali, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar kwaskwarima a shekarar 1991, don ba da kariya ga "yancin siyasa, jama'a, al'adu, tattalin arziki da na farko." haramta azabtarwa. Bangaren kasa da kasa, Vietnam ita ce ta biyu mai rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniya ta Hakkokin Yara. Ko da yake Vietnam tana riƙe da hukuncin kisa, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1992 ya rage yawan laifukan da suka cancanta daga 44 zuwa 29, kuma sama da kashi 90% na yawan jama'a suna samun damar kula da lafiya. A fannin kare hakkin mata, Vietnam tana matsayi na 2 a tsakanin kasashen Asiya da tekun Pasifik sannan ta 9 a cikin kasashe 135 a yawan 'yan majalisar mata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 1997 |title=Human Rights in Vietnam During Renovation Process: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/bjrenquan/190897.htm |access-date=28 August 2010 |publisher=[[China Internet Information Center]]}}</ref> === Rahotanni game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Vietnam === Rahotanni na Amurka na baya-bayan nan suna kula da irin wannan ra'ayi da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa waɗanda ke da waɗannan ra'ayoyin sun haɗa da Human Rights Watch <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2010 |title=Vietnam's Human Rights Defenders |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/03/23/vietnams-human-rights-defenders |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> da Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2009 |title=UPR: Vietnam's Human Rights Violations Exposed by |url=http://www.unpo.org/article/9401 |access-date=20 December 2010 |publisher=UNPO |archive-date=25 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232311/http://www.unpo.org/article/9401 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nuna tsanantawar addini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SUMMARY PREPARED BY THE OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, IN ACCORDANCE WITH PARAGRAPH 15 (C) OF THE ANNEX TO HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL RESOLUTION 5/1* |url=https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session5/VN/A_HRC_WG6_5_VNM_3_E.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126075604/https://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session5/VN/A_HRC_WG6_5_VNM_3_E.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=2020-10-14}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta nuna damuwa game da "yawan yanayin rashin haƙuri a Vietnam ga masu kare hakkin bil adama da membobin al'ummomin addini da ba a san su ba." Ta yi kira ga gwamnati da ta kawo karshen danniya da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, imani da taro, da kuma sakin ‘yan fursunonin siyasa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Motion for a resolution on human rights in Vietnam and Laos – B7-0157/2009 |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=MOTION&reference=B7-2009-0157&language=EN |access-date=20 December 2010 |publisher=Europarl.europa.eu}}</ref> 'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki ya kasance matsala yayin da hukumomin Vietnam ke ci gaba da amfani da tsauraran dokokin tsaron kasa don hukunta masu sukar gwamnatin Vietnam. A cewar ofishin kula da harkokin waje da na Commonwealth da na gwamnatin Biritaniya, kafofin yada labarai na hukuma sun ci gaba da kula da su ta hanyar sanya ido da hana gwamnati shiga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam &#124; Human Rights and Democracy 2012 |url=http://www.hrdreport.fco.gov.uk/human-rights-in-countries-of-concern/vietnam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723035402/http://www.hrdreport.fco.gov.uk/human-rights-in-countries-of-concern/vietnam/ |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=1 September 2013}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2017, Vietnam ta rike fursunonin siyasa sama da 100 saboda laifin sukar gwamnati ko shiga cikin addinai, zanga-zangar, fafutuka, ko jam'iyyun siyasar da gwamnati ba ta amince da su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rushford |first=Greg |date=23 July 2013 |title=Mr. Sang Comes to Washington |url=http://rushfordreport.com/?p=333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928004807/http://rushfordreport.com/?p=333 |archive-date=28 September 2013 |access-date=1 September 2013 |publisher=Rushford Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=Vietnam: Release All Political Prisoners |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/03/vietnam-release-all-political-prisoners |access-date=21 April 2019 |website=hrw.org |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch, gwamnatin kasar Vietnam ta kara tsaurara matakan murkushe 'yan adawa da masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama da kuma 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu, gabanin babban taron jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Vietnam karo na 13 da ya gudana a watan Janairun 2021. Kotun ta kuma kara zaman gidan yari ga 'yan adawar da ke zaman gidan yari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2020 |title=Vietnam: Crackdown on Peaceful Dissent Intensifies |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/19/vietnam-crackdown-peaceful-dissent-intensifies |access-date=19 June 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, [[Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Ƴancin Dan Adam|Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam]] ya yi Allah wadai da hukunci da yanke hukunci na dogon lokaci da aka yi wa wasu fitattun masu kare hakkin dan adam hudu da 'yan jarida a Vietnam. Hukunce-hukuncen da ake yi wa Do Nam Truong, Trinh Ba Phoung, Nguyen Thi Tam da Pham Doan Trang sun samo asali ne daga ci gaba da ba da shawarwari da bayar da rahoto kan haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasar Viet Nam..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viet Nam: UN experts appalled by the conviction of four human rights defenders |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?LangID=E&NewsID=28009 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=OHCHR}}</ref> == Kaddamar da masu adawa a karni na ashirin da daya == A shekara ta 2009, an kama Lê Công Định, lauya wanda shekaru da yawa da suka gabata ya yi aiki ga gwamnati a cikin wata shari'ar da ta yi nasara a kan manoman Kifi na Amurka, kuma an tuhume shi da laifin aikata laifuka; an kuma kama abokan aikinsa da yawa. Yawancin gwamnatocin Yammacin Turai sun yi Allah wadai da matakin, kuma kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun yi zargin cewa kamawar saboda goyon bayan Le Cong Dinhs ga 'yancin magana.<ref name="BBC1" /> [[Amnesty International]] ta kira shi da abokan aikinsa da aka kama fursunoni na lamiri.<ref name="BBC1" /> === Shekaru na 2010 === Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, Vietnam tana da wasu mutane da yawa a tsare wadanda [[Amnesty International]] ta dauka a matsayin fursunonin lamiri: [[Cù Huy Hà Vũ|Ya Huy Hà Vũ]], wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin "yiwarfarfaganda a kan jihar" don ba da tambayoyi ga manema labarai na kasashen waje; <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2011 |title=Prominent Vietnamese activist jailed over democracy calls |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pre01/185/2011/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429053933/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGPRE201104052283 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |id=PRE 01/185/2011}}</ref> [[Nguyễn Đan Quế]], wanda aka yi masa hukuncin "kiy da hannu da rarraba takardu" yana kira ga hambarar da gwamnati; <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2011 |title=Vietnamese authorities must release Dr. Nguyen Dan Que |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2011/02/vietnamese-authorities-must-release-dr-nguyen-dan-que/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429043201/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGPRE010892011&rss=iar |archive-date=29 April 2011 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> da kuma [[Roman Catholic priest|Firist na Roman Katolika]] [[Nguyen Van Ly|Thadeus Nguyễn Văn Lý]] (wanda aka fi sani da Uba Thaddeus) wanda aka tsare don "yễn" <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2011 |title=Viet Nam: Further information: Catholic priest risks being returned to prison: Father Nguyen Van Ly |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa41/001/2011/en/ |access-date=17 April 2011 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |id=ASA 41/001/2011}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2019, hukumomin Vietnam sun kama tare da yankewa wani mai fafutukar dimokaradiyyar Australiya, Chau Van Kham, daurin shekaru 12 a gidan yari bisa zargin "bayar da kudaden ta'addanci". An kama mutumin mai shekaru 70 a duniya saboda kasancewar sa na kungiyar masu fafutukar tabbatar da dimokuradiyya ta Việt Tân. An yi ikirarin tuhume-tuhumen da ake zarginsa da cewa ba su da tushe balle makama kuma siyasa ce ta masu rajin kare hakkin dan Adam, lauyoyi da kuma iyalansa. A watan Yunin 2023, bayan shafe shekaru hudu a gidan yari, jaridar The Guardian ta ruwaito cewa an saki dan fafutuka daga gidan yari bisa dalilan jin kai, tare da kokarin gwamnatin Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2023 |title=Australian democracy activist Chau Van Kham released from Vietnam jail and reunited with family |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/jul/11/australian-democracy-activist-chau-van-kham-released-from-vietnam-jail-and-reunited-with-family |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> === Shekaru na 2020 === An kama mutane da yawa kuma an yi musu shari'a a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2022 |title=Vietnam: Dozens of Rights Activists Detained, Tried |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/13/vietnam-dozens-rights-activists-detained-tried}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2023, an yanke wa mai fafutuka Trần Văn Bang hukuncin daurin shekaru takwas a gidan yari bayan ya yi rubutu a Facebook yana sukar gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2023 |title=Vietnam: Free Democracy Campaigner Tran Van Bang |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/05/11/vietnam-free-democracy-campaigner-tran-van-bang |access-date=13 May 2023 |website=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Vietnam - wanda 'yan adawa da Vietnam suka kafa == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == * {{Cite web |title=Rafto Laureates |url=http://www.rafto.no/Default.aspx?tabid=479&subtabid=504 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820014929/http://www.rafto.no/Default.aspx?tabid=479&subtabid=504 |archive-date=20 August 2006 |access-date=9 December 2006}} == Haɗin waje == {{Commons category-inline}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140515071452/http://nhanquyen.vn/index.php?newlang=english Jaridar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Vietnam] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100317082632/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/136015.htm Rahoton Ma'aikatar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Amurka 2009 Vietnam] * [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]].org/en/content/view/full/164/" id="mwA3w" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Censorship a Vietnam - IFEX * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Vietnam a shafukan yanar gizo na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya: Human Rights Watch da [https://web.archive.org/web/20130917030819/http://www.fidh.org/-Vietnam,234- FIDH] * [http://www.vietnamhumanrights.net/IndexE.html Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Vietnam] * Vietnam: daga "Vision" zuwa Gaskiya. 'Yancin Dan Adam a Vietnam a karkashin Shugabancin ASEAN [[Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya|FIDH]], 2010 * [http://www.unpo.org/article/9401 UNPO - Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na Vietnam 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525232311/http://www.unpo.org/article/9401 |date=2014-05-25 }} * [http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/news/story.php?d=20090424174141 Rahoton kasa na Vietnam a karkashin sake dubawa na duniya na Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130619195731/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5628&giella1=eng 'Yan asalin ƙasar suna fuskantar tsanantawa da gangan a Vietnam] * [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41440 Bayyana Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Gwamnatin Vietnam a Ci gaba da Tattaunawar Amurka da Vietnam: Jin sauraro a gaban Kwamitin Afirka, Lafiya ta Duniya, 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya, da Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa na Kwamitin Harkokin Waje, Majalisar Wakilai, Taron Ɗari da goma sha uku, Taron Farko, 11 ga Afrilu 2013] * [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo42124 Ci gaba da zalunci ta Gwamnatin Vietnam: Jin sauraro a gaban Kwamitin kan Afirka, Lafiya ta Duniya, 'Yancin Dan Adam na Duniya, da Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa na Kwamitin kan Harkokin Waje, Majalisar Wakilai, Majalisa ta Ɗari da goma sha uku, Taron Farko, 4 Yuni 2013] * Vietnam: An bayyana murkushe zanga-zangar lumana, [[Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya|FIDH]] 2023. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dwookvztk9ws9zbtfa21oc35n0f1uy5 0 110960 969394 690773 2026-10-19T07:06:32Z Salma Raddah 45959 969394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dabbobin dwarf (Mazama Cathy), ko Cathy, ƙananan nau'in dabbobi ne 'yan asalin tsaunuka na [[Andes|Andean]] a yammacin [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] da kudu maso gabashin [[Peru]], inda ake samun su a cikin [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]] da páramo. Fuskarsa tana da launin ruwan kasa tare da launin toka mai duhu da wuyansa. Ƙananan suna da launin ruwan kasa, kuma ƙuƙwalwar gajere kuma tana da kauri. Yana da nauyin kusan 11 kg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trolle |first=Mogens |last2=Louise H. Emmons |author-link2=Louise H. Emmons |title=A record of a dwarf brocket from lowland Madre de Dios, Peru |url=http://www.amazonconservation.org/home/News%20-%20dwarf%20deer.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825142207/http://www.amazonconservation.org/home/News%20-%20dwarf%20deer.htm |archive-date=2004-08-25 |access-date=2007-06-08 |publisher=Amazon Conservation Association}}</ref>&nbsp; Wani nau'in da aka yi nazari sosai game da shi, [[IUCN]] tana ɗaukar dwarf brocket a matsayin Vulnerable. Bincike ya faru a cikin gandun daji na Bolivia, fadada sanannun yankuna da rarrabawar ƙasa; yayin da kusan kashi 40% na mazaunin ya lalace ko ya ragargaje, sauran sun nuna kiyayewa mai kyau. Wannan ya haifar da shawarar bi da shi a matsayin [[Vulnerable species|Mai rauni]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rumiz |first=D. I. |last2=E. Pardo |last3=C.F. Eulert |last4=R. Arispe |last5=R.B. Wallace |last6=H. Gómez |last7=B. Ríos-Uzeda |date=April 2007 |title=New records and a status assessment of a rare dwarf brocket deer from the montane forests of Bolivia |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=271 |issue=4 |pages=428–436 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00226.x}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2patwx0vtddww714m0ud3qh21m7kkze 0 111659 969081 960078 2026-10-18T14:32:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yancin Dan Adam a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]]''' sun shafi haƙƙi na asali a cikin [[doka]] na kowane mutum a Ƙasar Burtaniya. Wani bangare ne na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Burtaniya, haƙƙin ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga doka ta kowa, daga [[Dokar|dokoki]] kamar Magna Carta, Bill of Rights 1689 da [[Dokar ƴancin Ɗan Adam ta shekara ta 1998]], daga memba na Majalisar Turai, da kuma dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Codification na haƙƙin ɗan adam kwanan nan ne, amma dokar Burtaniya tana da ɗaya daga cikin al'adun haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa mafi tsawo. A yau babban tushen shari'a shine Dokar '[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]] ta shekarar 1998, wanda kuma ya haɗa Yarjejeniyar Turai kan' Ƴancin Dan Adam cikin shari'ar cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Spring 2012 |title=The UK and the European Court of Human Rights |url=http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/documents/research/83._european_court_of_human_rights.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413112932/http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/documents/research/83._european_court_of_human_rights.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2016 |access-date=16 March 2016 |publisher=Equality and Human Rights Commission |page=9}}</ref>   Codification na haƙƙin ɗan Adam kwanan nan ne, amma kafin [[Dokar ƴancin Ɗan Adam ta 1998]] da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|'Yancin ɗan adam]], dokar Burtaniya tana da ɗaya daga cikin al'adun haƙƙin ɗanɗano mafi tsawo a duniya. Magna Carta a shekarar 1215 ya ɗaure Sarki ya buƙaci yardar Majalisar kafin kowane haraji, ya girmama haƙƙin shari'a "ta hanyar shari'ar takwarorinsa, ko Dokar Ƙasar", ya bayyana cewa "Ba za mu sayar wa wani mutum ba, ba za mu musanta ko kuma mu miƙa wuya ga kowane mutum ko dai Adalci ko Haƙƙi ba", ya tabbatar da ƴancin motsi ga mutane, kuma ya kiyaye ƙasar kowa. Masana falsafa sun fara tunanin haƙƙoƙi ba a matsayin gata da gwamnati ko doka za ta ba su ba, to amma a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na abin da yake nufi zama mutum ba.<ref name="Human Rights">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/staritemshumanrights.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114213856/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/staritemshumanrights.html |archive-date=14 January 2015 |access-date=3 October 2014 |publisher=The British Library}}</ref> [[John Locke]] (1632-1704), ɗaya daga cikin masu tunani na [[Zamanin Haskakawa|Haskakawa]], ya yi jayayya cewa kariya ga "dukiya" - wanda a gare shi yana nufin "rayuwa, 'yanci da dukiya" - sune dalilan da suka sa al'umma ta wanzu. Ya bayyana cewa an halicci kowane mutum daidai kuma yana da ƴanci amma, don dawo da fa'idodin rayuwa a cikin al'umma mai tsari, mutum na iya buƙatar barin wasu daga cikin wannan' yanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Locke's Two Treatises |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/staritems/62johnlocketreatise.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006150752/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/staritems/62johnlocketreatise.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=3 October 2014 |publisher=The British Library}}</ref> A cikin ƙarni na 18, shari'ar ''Entick da Carrington'', ta biyo bayan Locke kusan dai-dai, ta tabbatar da cewa jihar da gwamnati ba za su iya yin komai ba wanda doka ba ta bayar ba, kuma mutane na iya yin komai sai abin da doka ta haramta. A cikin ''Somerset da Stewart'', Lord Mansfield ya yi ikirarin cewa bautar ba ta da doka a cikin doka ta al'ada don haka dole ne a saki mutumin da aka yi amfani da shi a Boston, Massachusetts a Ingila. Wannan babban korafi ne na yankuna na kudanci a cikin gudu har zuwa sanarwar 'yancin kai ta Amurka. A shekara ta 1789, ra'ayoyin haƙƙin asali sun samo asali kuma sun yi wahayi zuwa ga Dokar 'Yancin Amurka, da kuma Sanarwar' Yancin Mutum da na Dan kasa bayan juyin juya halin Amurka da Faransa. Kodayake wasu sun lakafta haƙƙin halitta a matsayin "rashin hankali a kan stilts", Majalisar da kotuna sun haɓaka ƙarin haƙƙin doka a hankali. A cikin shekara ta 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft ta fara yunkurin Burtaniya don kare hakkin mata da daidaito, yayin da ƙungiyoyi a bayan shahidai na Tolpuddle da Chartists suka jagoranci sake fasalin aiki da 'yancin dimokuradiyya. Bayan bala'in yakin duniya na biyu da Holocaust, sabon dokar kasa da kasa ta sanya Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 a tsakiya, yana tsarkake haƙƙin farar hula, siyasa, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Kodayake Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ba yarjejeniya ba ce, haƙƙoƙin suna ɗaure ka'idojin jus cogens a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma Burtaniya ta tabbatar da wasu yarjejeniyoyi guda biyu waɗanda suka sake bayyana Sanarwar Duniya: Alkawarin Duniya kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa da Alkawarin Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu na 1966. A cikin shekarar 1950, Burtaniya ta hada hannu da [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]], wanda ke ba mutane damar daukaka kara ga Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin dan Adam a [[Strasbourg]] ko da a kan Dokokin Majalisar: Majalisar koyaushe tana da alhakin bin ka'idojin ka'idoji na kasa da kasa. Saboda wannan [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Taron]] daukaka kara ya daɗe, Majalisar ta tsara doka don " kawo haƙƙin gida" [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Taron]] da [[Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998|Dokar]] [['yanci]] Dan Adam ta 1998, don mutane su iya tayar da'awar haƙƙin ɗan adam a kotunan Burtaniya bisa ga Yarjejeniyar kai tsaye. Yarjejeniyar ta ƙunshi haƙƙin rayuwa, haƙƙin adawa da azabtarwa, haƙƙin tilasta aiki, yin aure, don ingantaccen magani, da haƙƙin rashin nuna bambanci a cikin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Yawancin shari'o'in shari'a sun shafi haƙƙin 'yanci, sirri,' [['Yanci na lamiri|'yancin lamiri]] da faɗar albarkacin baki, da kuma' [[Ƴancin yin Tarayya|'yancin tarayya]] da taro. Har ila yau, Burtaniya ta ba da haƙƙoƙi ga ƙa'idodin aiki masu kyau, tsaron jama'a, da kuma haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da yawa ta hanyar dokokinta. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ba da sanarwar nada jakadan kare hakkin dan adam na farko. Sakataren Harkokin Waje [[Jeremy Hunt]] ya nada Rita French, tsohon babban sakataren sirri na Hunt, don inganta aikin Burtaniya a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2019 |title=UK to appoint first human rights ambassador |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/may/20/uk-appoint-first-human-rights-ambassador-rita-french |access-date=20 May 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2023 Gwamnatin Sunak ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen fadada ikon Dokar Tsaro ta Jama'a, wanda zai ba da damar 'Yan sanda na Burtaniya su gurfanar da sauƙin kan zanga-zangar zaman lafiya, idan gwamnati ta ga irin wannan zanga-zambe ya zama "mai rushewa", <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Lords can stop police getting pre-emptive protest ban rights, Green peer says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/27/lords-police-pre-emptive-protest-ban-jenny-jones-green-peer |website=The Guardian}}</ref> tilasta masu zanga-zangran da ake la'akari da su sa na'urorin bin diddigin koda kuwa ba a gurfanar su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2023 |title=New measures to silence climate activists? They'll only spur us on &#124; Indigo Rumbelow |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jan/16/measures-climate-activists-police-protests-just-stop-oil |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Skidelsky |first=Robert |date=17 January 2023 |title=The Return of Thoughtcrime &#124; by Robert Skidelsky |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/britain-uk-government-public-order-bill-climate-protest-by-robert-skidelsky-2023-01 |website=Project Syndicate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morell |first=Anna |date=18 January 2023 |title='The Public Order Bill will remove what little voice disabled people have' |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/dis-life-public-order-bill-28984759 |website=mirror}}</ref> Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam sun zargi lissafin na kasancewa mai mulkin kama karya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Police Are Psychics Now, Apparently |url=https://novaramedia.com/2023/01/24/the-police-are-psychics-now-apparently/ |website=Novara Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McGee |first=Luke |date=17 January 2023 |title=The British government wants to hand police unprecedented powers to handle protesters. Human rights activists say it's an affront to democracy |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/17/uk/uk-public-order-bill-police-protests-intl-gbr-cmd/index.html |website=CNN}}</ref> == Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam == Birtaniya ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara Yarjejeniyar, [ 25 ] tare da adadi irin su Arthur Goodhart, John Foster da Hersch Lauterpacht na Birtaniya wanda ke ba da gudummawar kafa Majalisar Turai a shekara ta 1949 a matsayin hanyar da za ta kare kariya daga hawan sabon [[mulkin kama-karya]] da kuma samar da ƴan ƙasa na ƙasashen [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] -mallake da fitila. Majalisar ta Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta riga ta dauki matakin samar da yarjejeniyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta hanyar doka, kungiyar da [[Winston Churchill]] da Harold Macmillan suka yi nasara, kuma sashin shari'a na ƙasa da kasa (kirga Lauterpacht da Maxwell Fyfe daga cikin membobinta) ya samar da daftarin yarjejeniya. Shugaban Maxwell Fyfe da tsohon shugaban adawa na Faransa Pierre-Henri Teitgen, Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Dattijai ta Turai ya ba da shawarar cewa Kwamitin Ministocin Majalisar ya tsara yarjejeniya wanda zai karɓi kuma ya tabbatar da jin daɗin haƙƙin da aka ayyana a cikin sanarwar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta 10 ga Disamba 1948, da kuma kafa [[Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Turai|Kotun Turai da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam]]. Kwamitin ya amince kuma rubutun abin da zai zama Yarjejeniyar Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam ya kasance a cikin manyan abubuwan da Sir Oscar Dowson, babban mai ba da shawara kan shari'a mai ritaya ga Ofishin Cikin Gida ya' tsara.[26] === Tabbatar === Akwai goyon baya ga Yarjejeniyar a Burtaniya inda gwamnatin Attlee ta kasance a ofis. Lord Chancellor Jowitt, Sakataren mulkin mallaka Griffiths da Chancellor Sir Stafford Cripps sun ƙi amincewa da tabbatarwa bisa ga asarar ikon mallakar da zai haifar. Jowitt ya kuma ga barazana ga tsarin cikin gida na doka ta al'ada da haɗarin ba da izinin hukunce-hukuncen da ba a sani ba. Duk da haka ya yi imanin cewa tabbatarwa ya zama dole daga ra'ayi na siyasa kamar yadda ƙin zai zama, a ganinsa, da wuya a tabbatar da shi a gida da waje. Matsi na siyasa a gefe, ra'ayin gwamnati gabaɗaya shine cewa Yarjejeniyar an yi niyya ne kawai don hana karɓar mulkin kama karya ba batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam ba a cikin dimokuradiyya mai aiki. Ainihin, an yi tunanin cewa Burtaniya ba ta da wani abu da za ta rasa daga tabbatarwa amma kin amincewa na iya yin hadarin wasu asarar fuska a Turai.[31] Yarjejeniyar tana da ƙarin goyon baya tsakanin 'yan siyasa na jam'iyyar Conservative, musamman Winston Churchill wanda ya yi imanin cewa zai iya taimakawa wajen haɗa Turai bisa ga mulkin doka. Burtaniya ta zama jaha ta farko da ta ajiye kayan aikin tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar a ranar 8 ga Maris 1951, tare da Yarjejeniya ta fara aiki a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1953 bayan an ajiye tabbatarwa ta goma.[33][34][26] Ba a gabatar da doka ba kuma ba a dauki matakai don ba da tasiri ga haƙƙin Yarjejeniyar a cikin dokar cikin gida har sai an zartar da [[Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998]]. === QHakkin neman takara === Abubuwa biyu na Yarjejeniyar sun ba wakilan Burtaniya ga Majalisar Turai dalilin damuwa: kafa Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da haƙƙin neman izini ga [[Kotu|Kotun]]. An yi tunanin cewa yiwuwar gabatar da ƙorafe-ƙorafe yana buɗewa ga cin zarafi kuma ana iya amfani da shi don dalilai na siyasa, musamman ta mambobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, maimakon don ƙorafe-ƙorafe na gaske. Bugu da kari, an ji tsoron cewa sakamakon karɓar takardar neman izini na mutum zai haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya yayin da za a iya lalata ikon Burtaniya.[37] Kokarin Burtaniya na cire tanadin da suka shafi waɗannan batutuwan biyu ba su yi nasara ba amma sun sami nasarar tabbatar da cewa suna da zaɓi.[38] Gwamnatin Conservative da aka zaba a 1951 ta amince da Yarjejeniya ta Farko ga ECHR a 1953 dangane da haƙƙin mallaka, ilimi da zaɓe na 'yanci, amma ta ki amincewa da 'yancin gabatar da ƙara bisa dalilan cewa [[Doka ta gama gari|dokar gama-gari]] za ta zo ƙarƙashin ikon kotun duniya . Zaben Labour a 1964 ya haifar da sake duba batun kuma a wannan karon babbar muryar da ba ta ba ita ce ta Sakataren Cikin Gida, Frank Soskice . Ko da yake yana son karɓar haƙƙin ƙarar ƙararrakin, ya ƙi amincewa da hukuncin da ya dace na Kotun bisa ga cewa zai hana Birtaniya wani matsayi na sassaucin ra'ayi game da koke-koke kuma zai iya haifar da kunya ta siyasa. A shekara ta 1965 yawancin ministocin gwamnati sun yi imanin cewa Kotun ba za ta haifar da babbar barazana ga ikon mallakar ƙasa ko ga rayuwar siyasa fiye da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam wacce Ingila ke ƙarƙashinta ba.[42] Ƙarin matsin lamba don karɓa ya zo ne daga alƙalin Burtaniya kuma Shugaban Kotun, Arnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair، Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Turai Peter Smithers, Terence Higgins MP da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daban-daban.[43][44] Kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance don tabbatarwa a 1950, gwamnatin Labour ta kammala a 1965 cewa akwai kadan da za a rasa daga ba da gudummawa ga matsin lamba don amincewa da Kotun da haƙƙin shigar da kara.[45] A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1965, Wilson ya sanar da House of Commons cewa za a amince da haƙƙin shigar da kara na tsawon shekaru uku.[46] A lokacin gwamnati ta damu da cewa Kamfanin Man Fetur na Burmah zai yi amfani da sabon haƙƙin yin hamayya da halattaccen Dokar Lalacewar Yakin 1965, wanda ya hana kamfanin haƙƙin diyya don lalacewar da aka haifar a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]]. Kamar yadda aka amince da shawarar House of Lords, an yi amfani da lokacin karɓar don ya faɗi waje da lokacin iyakancewar watanni shida don ƙalubalen Dokar, kuma karɓar Ƙasar Ingila a bayyane ya bayyana cewa ya shafi kawai da'awar da ta taso bayan ranar da ta fara aiki.[47][48] Robert Boothby MP ne ya gabatar da sanarwar karɓa tare da Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Turai a ranar 14 ga Janairun 1966.[49] === Yunkurin shiga tsakani === Kira na farko na jama'a don haɗa Yarjejeniyar cikin dokar ƙasa an yi shi ne a cikin 1968 ta hanyar Anthony Lester wanda ya buga wata takarda mai taken ''Dimokuradiyya da 'Yancin Mutum''.[50] Sa'an nan a cikin 1974 Ubangiji Scarman ya yi kira ga wani kayan aiki don kalubalanci ikon mallakar majalisa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na asali.[50][51] A shekara mai zuwa Kwamitin Zartarwa na Kasa na jam'iyyar Labour ya bayyana Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam, kodayake wasu' yan siyasa na Conservative sun dauki wannan a matsayin bai isa ba ciki har da Leon Brittan, Geoffrey Howe da Roy Jenkins wadanda suka ga Dokar' Yancin da ta fi tasiri wajen hana cin zarafin da hukumar kare hakkin mutum ta yi.[52] A cikin 1976, Lord Wade ya gabatar da wani daftarin doka a cikin House of Lords kuma a cikin 1978 wani kwamitin zaɓe na House of Lords ya buga wani rahoto da ke ba da shawarar haɗawa wanda aka yi muhawara a cikin Lords wanda ya kai ga kawo gyara wanda ke neman gwamnati ta gabatar da doka kan lamarin. Lord Wade ya yi nasarar samun amincewar Ubangiji kan daftarin doka amma bai sami wani ci gaba ba a majalisar dokokin kasar inda yunkurin Alan Beith ya yi na samun nasarar karatu na biyu bai samu halarta ba. Akwai damuwa a lokacin game da alƙalai waɗanda ke yanke hukunci game da shari'o'in da suka shafi adam wanda zai iya kai su daga matsayinsu na bangaranci na al'ada zuwa al'amuran siyasa. A shekara ta 1986 Lord Broxbourne ya sami amincewar Lords don lissafin shigarsa, amma bai yi nasara ba a cikin Commons, duk da cewa an sami karatun na biyu.[54][55] Dokar Edward Gardner ta 1989 don haɗa Yarjejeniyar ta kuma kasa a karatun ta na biyu.[56][55] A wannan lokacin, manufofin jam'iyyar Conservative na hukuma sun goyi bayan kiyaye shirye-shiryen kundin tsarin mulki na yanzu wanda ya ga yana tabbatar da babban matsayi na kariya ga haƙƙin mutum.[56][57] A shekara ta 1991 ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa ya karu, yana samun tallafi daga ƙungiyoyi irin su Charter88, Liberty da Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Jama'a - na ƙarshe biyu sun buga shawarwari don Dokar Haƙƙin Biritaniya da ke haɗa haƙƙoƙin. Manyan ma'aikatan shari'a na da da na yanzu sun ba da shawarar haɗa haɗin gwiwa, ciki har da Lord Gardiner, Lord Hailsham, Lord Taylor da Lord Bingham, ta Law Society da Majalisar Lauyoyi .Smith a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Labour a 1992, Manufofin Labour game da Yarjejeniyar - wanda ya saba da shi a gabanin da kuma lokacin babban zaben 1992- ya fara canza canji don haɗawa. Smith ya ba da jawabi a ranar 1 ga Maris 1993 mai taken "Democracy na Citizen" inda ya yi kira ga "sabon tsarin mulki, sabon yarjejeniya tsakanin mutane da jihar wanda ke sanya matakin tsakiya na ɗan ƙasa" Wannan ya biyo bayan Taron Jam'iyyar Labour a watan Oktoba 1993 wanda ya amince da manufofin matakai biyu inda za a sanya Yarjejeniyar cikin doka sannan kuma ta aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin. An shirya don tabbatar da haƙƙin Yarjejeniyar ta amfani da "duk da haka sashi" mai kama da na Sashe na talatin da uku na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Kanada da' Yanci, wanda zai haifar da Yarjejeniyar da ta mamaye dokokin da Majalisar ta zartar sai dai idan an bayyana akasin haka. Za a kuma kafa kwamiti na kare hakkin dan adam don saka idanu da inganta kare hakkin dan Adam. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1994 Lord Lester ya gabatar da lissafi a cikin Lords wanda ya dogara da Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand wanda zai ba Yarjejeniyar irin wannan matsayi a cikin dokar Burtaniya kamar yadda aka ba da Dokar Tarayyar Turai ta hanyar ba da damar kotuna su soke Ayyukan Majalisar na gaba da na yanzu waɗanda ba su dace da shi ba, suna sanya alhakin hukumomin gwamnati su bi kuma su samar da ingantaccen magunguna ciki har da lalacewa.[63] An gabatar da shi a lokacin damuwa game da tasirin dokar Tarayyar Turai akan ikon mallakar majalisa, lissafin bai sami goyon baya daga gwamnatin Conservative ba kuma ya kasa a cikin Commons saboda rashin lokaci. A ranar 18 ga Disamba 1996, Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida na Labour Jack Straw da Paul Boateng sun buga takardar shawarwari mai taken "Kawo 'Yancin Gida" wanda ya tsara shirye-shiryen Labour na haɗa Yarjejeniyar idan ta ci zabe na gaba. Takardar ta mayar da hankali kan matakin farko na manufofin 'yancin ɗan adam na Labour da kuma yadda ya kamata a shigar da Yarjejeniyar, musamman game da ikonta na soke dokar da aka kafa . A ranar 5 ga Maris 1997 kwamitin shawarwari na Labour da Liberal Democrat kan sake fasalin tsarin mulki karkashin jagorancin Robin Cook da Robert Maclennan sun buga wani rahoto da ke kira da a samar da "Kwamishan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam" don sa ido kan yadda ake gudanar da dokar da kuma kawo kararraki a madadin wadanda ke neman kare hakkokinsu. === Tafiya ta Majalisar === Zaben Labour a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1997 ya haifar da buga fararen takarda a kan lissafin - "Hakkin da aka kawo gida: Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam".[66] Lord Irvine ne ya gabatar da lissafin a majalisar dattawa a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lords Hansard text for 3 Nov 1997 (171103-03) |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo971103/text/71103-03.htm |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=publications.parliament.uk}}</ref> A mayar da martani ga wata tambaya daga Ubangiji Simon, Ubangiji Irvine ya tabbatar da cewa lissafin bai haɗa da Yarjejeniyar ba, amma ya ba da "ƙarin tasiri a Ƙasar Ingila ga haƙƙin taron".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lords Hansard text for 29 Jan 1998 (180129-27) |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo980129/text/80129-27.htm |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=publications.parliament.uk}}</ref> Lord Irvine ya kuma ki amincewa da wani gyare-gyare da aka gabatar daga Conservative Lord Kingsland wanda zai kasance da tasirin tilasta kotunan cikin gida su yi amfani da shari'ar Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai, yana mai bayyana cewa tilastawa ta la'akari da shi ya isa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lords Hansard text for 18 Nov 1997 (171118-15) |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo971118/text/71118-15.htm |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=publications.parliament.uk}}</ref> Yan Democrat masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun goyi bayan lissafin, kamar yadda wasu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka hada da Lord Bingham, Lord Scarman, Lord Wilberforce, Lord Ackner, Lord Cooke da Lord Donaldson . Ko da yake wasu ] yan [ sun yi tawaye ga layin jam'iyyar, musamman Lord Renton da Lord Windlesham . Karatun na biyu a cikin House of Commons ya faru ne a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 1998 inda Jack Straw ya gabatar da lissafin wanda ya bayyana cewa shi ne "babban lissafin farko kan haƙƙin ɗan adam sama da shekaru 300".<ref name="Hansard-767">{{Cite web |title=Orders of the Day — Human Rights Bill [Lords]: 16 Feb 1998: House of Commons debates |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1998-02-16a.767.0 |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=TheyWorkForYou |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015172415/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1998-02-16a.767.0 |archive-date=2020-10-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Baya ga shigar da Yarjejeniyar a cikin dokar cikin gida, Jack Straw ya nuna cewa an yi niyyar lissafin don samun wasu muhimman sakamako guda biyu: sabuntawa da Dimokuradiyya na tsarin siyasa ta hanyar kawo "mafi kyawun daidaituwa tsakanin hakkoki da alhakin, tsakanin ikon jihar da 'yancin mutum" <ref name="Hansard-767" /> da kuma gabatar da al'adun wayar da kan jama'a game da haƙƙin ɗan adam. [71] Gyaran da aka ƙi sun haɗa da ba kotuna mafi girman sassauci game da dokar shari'ar Strasbourg da kuma ambaton iyakar godiya da Kotun ta ba jihohi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 3 Jun 1998 (pt 33) |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980603/debtext/80603-33.htm |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=publications.parliament.uk}}</ref> da kuma iyakance wajibin fassara doka daidai da haƙƙin Yarjejeniya kawai lokacin da ya 'daidaita' don yin hakan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 3 Jun 1998 (pt 40) |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980603/debtext/80603-40.htm |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=publications.parliament.uk}}</ref> Wani gyare-gyare mai nasara ya gabatar da shi ta hanyar Labour backbencher Kevin McNamara wanda ke da tasirin shigar da shi cikin lissafin Mataki na 1 da 2 na Yarjejeniyar 6 na Yarjejeniya wanda ke soke hukuncin kisa a lokacin zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 21 Oct 1998 (pt 43) |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo981021/debtext/81021-43.htm |access-date=2020-10-13 |website=publications.parliament.uk}}</ref>[75] Kudin ya sami nasarar tattauna da Commons da Lords kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2000 a matsayin [[Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998]].[66] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Yancin dan Adam na 1998 == Wani shari’ar da ta faru kafin kafa Human Rights Act da ta fito da kalubalen da ake fuskanta wajen daukar mataki kan hukumomin gwamnati ita ce ta Kelly Davis, wani Bafili daga Bath mai aikin gine-gine, wanda hukumar Wansdyke District Council ta ki amincewa da shirinsa na gine-gine sau da dama tsakanin 1989 da 1991. A shekara ta 2000, wani alkalin kotun Bristol County Court ya yanke hukunci cewa jami’an tsara gari sun kasance “ba masu taimako ba ne kuma suna hana ci gaba,” inda ya kara da cewa hakan na iya kasancewa ne saboda Davis shi ne “kadai Bafili mai gini a Wansdyke.”<ref>{{cite web |title=£790,000 payout for race case builder |url=https://www.humphreys.co.uk/articles/790000-payout-for-race-case-builder/ |website=Humphreys & Co. Solicitors |access-date=30 July 2025 |date=19 November 2001}}</ref> Wannan shari’a ta nuna muhimmancin Human Rights Act, wadda ke ba mutane damar kai kara kai tsaye idan hukumomi sun nuna wariya. A ka’ida, dokar tana da [[tasirin tsaye]] wato tana aiki ne kawai a tsakanin jama’a da hukumomin gwamnati, ba tsakanin mutane masu zaman kansu ba.{{sfnp|Wadham|Mountfield|Prochaska|Brown|2011|loc=para. 3.05}} Sai dai kuma akwai wasu lokuta da ake iya amfani da dokar a kaikaice kan mutum mai zaman kansa.{{sfnp|Wadham|Mountfield|Prochaska|Brown|2011|loc=para. 3.72}} [[Sashe na 3 na Human Rights Act 1998|Sashe na 3 na dokar]] yana bukatar a fassara duk wata doka – ko ta farko ko ta biyayya – a hanya da ta dace da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan Adam, muddin hakan zai yiwu.{{sfnp|Wadham|Mountfield|Prochaska|Brown|2011|loc=para. 3.11}} Idan har ba za a iya fassara dokar da ta dace da yarjejeniyar ba, hakan ba ya hana sahihancinta ko aiki da ita.{{sfnp|Wadham|Mountfield|Prochaska|Brown|2011|loc=para. 3.14}} A irin wannan yanayi, [[Sashe na 4 da 10 na Human Rights Act 1998|sashe na 4]] yana bai wa kotu damar bayar da [[sanarwar rashin daidaito]] wadda ba ta da tasiri kai tsaye kan dokar kuma ba ta da tasiri kai tsaye kan shari’ar da ke gaban kotun;{{sfnp|Clayton|Tomlinson|2009|loc=para. 4.91}} hakan yana bai wa Majalisar Dokoki damar gyara dokar, ko da ba dole ba ne su yi hakan.{{sfnp|Clayton|Tomlinson|2009|loc=para. 4.91}} A Scotland, dokar [[Scotland Act 1998]] ce ke tabbatar da hakkin dan Adam. Sashe na 57(2) na dokar ya ce: "Wani memba na Gwamnatin Scotland ba shi da iko yin wata doka mai sauki ko wani aiki da ya sabawa wani daga cikin hakkokin da ke cikin yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan Adam...”<ref>{{cite web|title=Protecting and promoting human rights at home and abroad|url=http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Justice/policies/human-rights|publisher=The Scottish Government|access-date=16 March 2016|date=6 August 2015}}</ref> Dokokin kare hakkin dan Adam na Birtaniya sun sha suka daga wasu mutane da ke ganin suna fifita hakkin masu laifi fiye da na wadanda aka zalunta. Shari’o’i da suka janyo cece-kuce irin su na [[Learco Chindamo]]<ref name="dc">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080417012614/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/22/nlawrence122.xml David Cameron: Scrap the Human Rights Act], 24 August 2007, ''Daily Telegraph''</ref> da na [[2006 Afghan hijackers case|’yan fashin jirgi na Afghan a 2006]],<ref name="2af">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4760539.stm Hijacker ruling draws criticism], BBC News, 12 May 2006</ref> sun haddasa kiran da wasu suka yi{{who|date=April 2016}} na a sake duba Human Rights Act 1998 da wasu dokoki. A cikin mulkinsa na biyu, [[David Cameron]] ya bayyana kudirin sauya dokar da wata sabuwar [[Proposed British Bill of Rights|Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Birtaniya]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-33134338|title=Cameron 'will fix human rights mess'|work=BBC News |date=15 June 2015}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2022, kungiyoyi fiye da 50 sun gargadi gwamnatin Birtaniya cewa rusa Human Rights Act zai haifar da “mummunan sakamako” da suka hada da rashin kare mata da ’yan mata daga tashin hankali da kuma jefa zaman lafiya a Arewacin Ireland cikin hadari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2022/may/09/consequences-dire-human-rights-act-ditched-northern-ireland-boris-johnson|title=Consequences 'dire' if Human Rights Act ditched, more than 50 groups warn|accessdate=9 May 2022|website=The Guardian|date=9 May 2022 }}</ref> == Hakkoki a cikin dokokin gida == Dukkan dokar gama gari (common law) da kuma [[Human Rights Act 1998]] na daga cikin tushen hakki a cikin dokokin Birtaniya. Tun daga 1998, ta hanyar ci gaban da kotuna ke yi, wadannan dokoki biyu sun fara hade sosai, domin ra’ayi mafi rinjaye ya nuna cewa dokokin da suka shafi cin zarafi (tort), adalci (equity), kwangila (contract), ko dukiyar mutum (property) na iya karbar hakkokin dan Adam cikin tsarin su. Kamar yadda [[Lord Bingham]] ya bayyana a shekarar 2008:<ref>''[[Van Colle v Chief Constable of Hertfordshire]]'' [2008] [http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2008/50.html UKHL 50]; [2009] 1 AC 225 at [58]</ref> {{Cquote|Mutum zai yi mamaki idan wani aiki da ya saba wa muhimmin hakki ko ’yanci na mutum bai sami madadinsa ba a cikin wata doka kamar dokar gama gari, wadda ta dace da bukatun mutane. Kuma akwai hujjoji da ke nuna cewa dokar gama gari a wasu bangarori ta canza bisa tasirin yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan Adam...}} Wannan ra’ayi na zamani ya bambanta da na da, wanda [[A. V. Dicey]] ya wakilta, inda ya ce: "A kowane lokaci a Ingila ba a taba sanar da wani hakki na ’yancin tunani ko ’yancin fadin albarkacin baki ba, [...] kuma da wuya a ce tsarin mulkinmu ya san da wani hakki na musamman na taron jama’a."{{sfnp|Dicey|1889|pp=239-240, 271}} == European Union law == Yarjejeniyar ta ƙunshi wasu haƙƙoƙi da ba a tanada a cikin Yarjejeniyar ba, waɗanda suka haɗa da haƙƙin samun damar kiwon lafiya, haƙƙin yin ciniki da aiki tare, haƙƙin 'yancin fasaha da kimiyya, haƙƙin ilimi da kuma haƙƙin samun damar yin hidima kyauta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=House of Lords Select Committee on European Union |author-link=European Union Committee |date=26 February 2008 |title=Tenth Report; Chapter 5 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldselect/ldeucom/62/6209.htm |access-date=4 November 2013 |at=paras 5.25-5.60}}</ref> .<ref>{{cite web |author=House of Lords Select Committee on European Union |author-link=European Union Committee |date=26 February 2008 |title=Tenth Report; Chapter 5 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldselect/ldeucom/62/6209.htm |access-date=4 November 2013 |at=paras 5.25-5.60}}</ref> == European Union law == Yarjejeniyar ta ƙunshi wasu haƙƙoƙi da ba a tanada a cikin Yarjejeniyar ba, waɗanda suka haɗa da haƙƙin samun damar kiwon lafiya, haƙƙin yin ciniki da aiki tare, haƙƙin 'yancin fasaha da kimiyya, haƙƙin ilimi da kuma haƙƙin samun damar yin hidima kyauta .<ref>{{cite web |author=House of Lords Select Committee on European Union |author-link=European Union Committee |date=26 February 2008 |title=Tenth Report; Chapter 5 |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldselect/ldeucom/62/6209.htm |access-date=4 November 2013 |at=paras 5.25-5.60}}</ref> == Manazarta == d9wkqgdtygqsh4m83dvqx01libquafe 0 111698 969446 722504 2026-10-19T11:04:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Battambang''' (Khmer, UNGEGN) ita ce babban birnin Lardin Battambang kuma birni na uku mafi girma a Cambodia . Birnin yana kan Kogin Sangkae, wanda ke gudana ta lardin. An kafa Battambang a karni na 11 ta Daular Khmer.  Daga baya ta zama babbar cibiyar kasuwanci kuma babban birnin lardin Siamese na Cambodia na ciki.  An mayar da ita cikin Cambodia lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa.  A cikin karni na 20, Battambang shine birni na biyu mafi girma a Cambodia, amma ci gaban Siem Reap ya mamaye shi.  Rikici da kisan kare dangi ne suka yi tasiri a cikin ƙarni na 20, tare da tilastawa garin ficewa a lokacin Democratic Kampuchea.  Har ila yau, wurin da aka gwabza fada a lokacin rikicin Khmer Rouge har zuwa shekarun 1990. Da yake amfana daga ƙasa mai kyau da ke kewaye da ita, an daɗe ana sanar da Battambang don abinci, fasaha, da al'adu, kuma ya zama wurin yawon bude ido. Gine-ginen mulkin mallaka na Faransa da aka kiyaye da kyau da sauran gine-ginen al'adun gargajiya sun kasance batun shirye-shiryen kiyayewa na gida. An amince da Battambang a matsayin Birnin Gastronomy kuma an haɗa shi a cikin Cibiyar Nazarin Cities ta [[UNESCO]] a cikin 2023. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Le_Tour_du_monde-08-p288.jpg|thumb|"Ganin Battambang" (1863) daga Le Tour du Monde''Tafiya ta Duniya'']] An kafa Battambang a matsayin ƙauyen masu kamun kifi a ƙarni na 11, wanda ke kewaye da kogin Sangkae.[1]  A cikin 1795, Siam (Tailan na yau) ya mamaye yawancin arewa maso yammacin Cambodia, gami da lardunan Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Oddar Meanchey, Pailin, da Siem Reap, zuwa lardin Inner Cambodia.  Siamese ya mallaki Battambang a matsayin babban birnin lardi ta hanyar dangin Khmer Abhaiwongse masu magana da Thai, reshe na gidan sarautar Khmer, wanda ya yi mulki har tsawon tsararraki shida.  A shekara ta 1880, Battambang ya zama muhimmin birni na kasuwanci wanda kusan mazaunan 2,500 ke zaune, tare da kogin yana aiki a matsayin babban hanyar sufuri zuwa Phnom Penh da Saigon.  A karkashin mulkin Thailand, hanya daya ce kawai aka gina a cikin birnin, tare da samar da gidaje a bangarorin biyu.  Sauran wuraren tarihi da aka gina sun haɗa da katafaren gida da gwamnan ke zaune, kasuwa, pagoda da yawa, da kuma asibitin Katolika..<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Sun Sheng |last2=Lim |first2=Ymeng |date=1 April 2019 |title=Battambang City, Cambodia: From a small colonial settlement to an emerging regional centre |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275118304086 |journal=[[Cities (journal)|Cities]] |volume=87 |pages=205–220 |doi=10.1016/j.cities.2018.10.003 |issn=0264-2751 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin 1907, an ba da lardin Battambang ga Faransa don sake haɗuwa da Cambodia a matsayin wani ɓangare na Indochina na Faransa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Briggs |first=Lawrence Palmer |date=August 1946 |title=The Treaty of March 23, 1907 between France and Siam and the Return of Battambang and Angkor to Cambodia |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/treaty-of-march-23-1907-between-france-and-siam-and-the-return-of-battambang-and-angkor-to-cambodia/EBC571E0299B8E48D7A39AA71CFBCC76 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=439–454 |doi=10.2307/2049791 |issn=2326-3067 |jstor=2049791 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":6"/> A karkashin Faransanci, an haɓaka Tsarin birane, wanda ya haifar da faɗaɗa garin Mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Wannan yunkurin farko na sabuntawa ya haifar da tituna da aka tsara a cikin tsarin grid da jerin hanyoyin budewa da gadoji, a cikin yankin da yanzu ake kira Yankin Kula da Tarihi. Dukkanin koguna sun haɗu da gina gadoji biyu a cikin 1917. <ref name=":6" /> A cikin 1926, an aiwatar da mataki na biyu na ci gaban birane, yana mai da hankali kan yammacin Battambang, tare da sabon hanyar jirgin kasa da aka gina wanda ke haɗa birnin zuwa Phnom Penh. An kuma gina gidaje masu zaman kansu, kasuwar tsakiya, da gine-ginen jihar.<ref name=":6" /> A shekara ta 1953, Yarima Norodom Sihanouk ya zaɓi Battambang a matsayin cibiyar ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Cambodia, kuma ya jagoranci sabuntawa a lokacin jagorancin Cambodia mai zaman kanta. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Battambang {{!}} City, Geography, History, & Population {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Battambang |access-date=8 February 2025 |website=britannica.com}}</ref> Battambang ta kirkiro wani shiri na zama cibiyar masana'antu da tattalin arziki a arewa maso gabashin Cambodia.<ref name=":6"/> Battambang ita ce birni na biyu mafi girma a Cambodia a cikin karni na 20. <ref name=":0" /> Masu saka hannun jari na Faransa da na kasar Sin ne suka gina masana'antun masana'antu da tufafi, an gina Filin jirgin saman Battambang, kuma an tsawaita layin jirgin ƙasa zuwa iyakar Thai a Poipet. Don biyan bukatun al'adu na yawan jama'a, an gina makarantu da yawa da jami'a, da kuma cibiyar wasanni, gidan kayan gargajiya, da kuma zauren baje kolin.<ref name=":6" /> Kamar sauran Cambodia, yakin basasar Cambodia da kisan kare dangi ya shafi rayuwa a Battambang.] Ci gaba ya tsaya a Battambang a karkashin Jamhuriyar Khmer, kuma an yi watsi da shi gaba daya a lokacin Democratic Kampuchea, tare da tilastawa jama'arta kaura zuwa sansanonin kwadago kuma an soke ikon mallakar filaye. Gidan kayan tarihi na lardin Battambang ya zama gidan yari. Kashe kogo na Phnom Sampeau, wurin da ake aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na Khmer Rouge, yana da nisan kilomita shida daga birnin. A cikin 1980, bayan mamayewar Vietnam da ya hambarar da gwamnatin Khmer Rouge, dubban 'yan gudun hijira sun koma birnin, amma tsare-tsaren ci gaba ba zai iya faruwa ba saboda rashin saka hannun jari. A shekarar 1990 ne mayakan Khmer Rouge suka yi wa birnin Battambang kawanya, amma sun kasa kwace shi.] Rikici ya ci gaba a cikin birnin da kewaye har zuwa shekarar 1997.[1].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Lindt |first=Naomi |date=15 December 2011 |title=A Pocket of the Past in Battambang, Cambodia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/18/travel/a-pocket-of-the-past-in-battambang-cambodia.html |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Fayil:Street.Battambang.2009.jpg|thumb|Battambang a cikin 2009]] Tun daga 1989, lokacin da aka sake dawo da haƙƙin mallaka na masu zaman kansu, Battambang ya fara haɓaka tattalin arziƙi a kan kayayyakin aikin gona, kuma ƙananan masana'antu sun bayyana. Gwamnatin karamar hukumar birnin ta kafa yankin Kariya a cikin 2009 don kiyaye gine-ginen tarihi kusan 800. Bayan saka hannun jari daga GIZ, gwamnatin ƙasa ta amince da shirin "Master Development Plan 2030" a cikin 2015, wanda ya zama birni ɗaya tilo na Cambodia baya ga Phnom Penh da ke da irin wannan shirin. A cikin 2022, Sashen Al'adu da Fine Arts na Lardi ya jera tsoffin gidajen ibada, wuraren tarihi, gine-ginen mulkin mallaka, da gidajen Khmer na gargajiya a matsayin gine-ginen da ke ƙarƙashin kiyayewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Historic building preservation a boon for Battambang history buffs |url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/historic-building-preservation-boon-battambang-history-buffs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406181036/https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/historic-building-preservation-boon-battambang-history-buffs |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=[[The Phnom Penh Post]]}}</ref> Battambang tana da Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi ([[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]]: ''Aw'').{{Weather box}} == Alamomi == === Gidan Bauta na Bahá'í === [[Fayil:Bahá'í_House_of_Worship,_Battambang.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Gidan Bauta na Bahá'í a Battambang]] Kusan kilomita 7 (4 kudu da Battambang, a cikin garin Odambang, yana tsaye da gidan ibada na Bahá'í na birnin. An kaddamar da shi a cikin 2017, zagaye, ginin bangarori tara yana da tsakiya na tsakiya, ƙwanƙwasawa, da kuma fuka-fuki waɗanda ke tunatar da Gidan Taron Chaktomuk na Phnom Penh. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muong |first=Vandy |title=Baha'i House of Worship emerges in Battambang |url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-property/bahai-house-worship-emerges-battambang |access-date=19 October 2018 |website=The Phnom Penh Post |ref=pppost-bhow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2017 |title=Spirit and aspirations of a people: Reflections of Temple's architect |url=https://news.bahai.org/story/1189/ |access-date=19 October 2018 |website=Bahá'í World News Service |ref=bwns-bhow}}</ref>   [[Fayil:Linteau_Ramayana_Musée_Guimet_9972.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|''Ramayana'' da aka nuna a kan zane-zane daga karni na 11]] An gina Gidan Tarihi na Lardin Battambang a cikin 1968 kuma yana da fasahar al'adu da kayan tarihi. === Psar Nath === [[Fayil:Battambang_market._May_2000..jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Kasuwar Psar Nath a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2000]] Psar Nath ita ce babbar kasuwar Battambang, wadda aka gina a 1936, sananniya ce ga salon Art Deco. Ya lalace a cikin wutar lantarki a shekarar 2020. === Phnom Sampov ===   Phnom Sampov wani tudu ne kuma wurin addini ne mai nisan kilomita 12 daga birnin, wanda ke nuna babban mazaunin jemagu da kuma wurin kashe Khmer Rouge a cikin kogon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Horng |first=Pengly |date=31 July 2024 |title=Phnom Sampov: The pearl of Battambang – Khmer Times |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501533222/phnom-sampov-the-pearl-of-battambang/ |access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>&nbsp; === Wat Damrei Sar === [[Fayil:Buddhist_temple,_Battambang.JPG|thumb|200x200px|Wat Domrei Sar]] Wat Damrei Sar ita ce mafi tsufa a cikin birnin Battambang, a sama da shekaru 100.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Vibol |first=Torn |date=22 September 2022 |title=More than 31 pagodas in Battambang get heritage listing – Khmer Times |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501156335/more-than-31-pagodas-in-battambang-get-heritage-listing/ |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=[[Khmer Times]]}}</ref> == Yawan jama'a ==   An adana bayanan hukuma na yawan mutanen Battambang tun 1998, lokacin da aka ruwaito yawan jama'a 138,271. <ref name=":6"/> Dangane da ƙididdigar shekara ta 2019, birnin Battambang yana da yawan jama'a 119,251, raguwar kashi 1.9% tun shekara ta 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Krong Battambang (Municipality, Cambodia) – Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/cambodia/admin/0203__krong_battambang/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> An ambaci jami'o'i tara na birnin a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga jan hankalin dalibai 9,579 daga yankin da ke kewaye, tun daga shekara ta 2016.<ref name=":6"/> == Infrastructure da ci gaba == [[Fayil:Aerial_view_of_Battambang_city.jpg|thumb|Bayanan sararin samaniya na birnin Battambang]] Yayinda kasar ta sauya zuwa tattalin arzikin kasuwa a Zamanin zamani, gwamnatin Battambang ta yi gwagwarmaya don dawo da ababen more rayuwa irin su samar da Ruwa bayan Zaben 1993, ta sami cakuda kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da tallafin NGO.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Devas |first=Nick |date=1996 |title=Reshaping government at the local level in Cambodia: with an example of urban water supply in Battambang |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1099-162X(199602)16:1%3C31::AID-PAD843%3E3.0.CO;2-J |journal=Public Administration and Development |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=31–41 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-162X(199602)16:1<31::AID-PAD843>3.0.CO;2-J |issn=1099-162X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Battambang ta sami rancen dala miliyan 60 daga [[Bankin Cigaban Asiya|Bankin Ci Gaban Asiya]] a cikin 2023 don inganta magudanar ruwa, magudanar shara, da hanyoyi. "Smart City Master Plan" na birnin ya kuma tsara fadada damar samun ruwa mai tsabta, ci gaban masana'antu da yawon bude ido, tafiya, da inganta kula da sharar gida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Horng |first=Pengly |date=11 March 2024 |title=Battambang's grand infrastructure on track for 2025 completion – Khmer Times |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501454139/battambangs-grand-infrastructure-on-track-for-2025-completion/ |access-date=20 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lord |first=Fiona Nicole |last2=Retamal |first2=Monique |last3=Davila |first3=Federico |date=13 August 2024 |title=Strengthening transformative capacities for urban sustainability: a case study of waste reform in Battambang, Cambodia |journal=Urban Transformations |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=8 |bibcode=2024UrbTr...6....8L |doi=10.1186/s42854-024-00065-3 |issn=2524-8162 |doi-access=free}}</ref>&nbsp; Asibitin Bayani na Lardin Battambang yana aiki da birnin da gundumomin da ke kewaye da shi, tare da gadaje 270, kuma yana karɓar kusan marasa lafiya 2,000 a kowane wata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lon |first=Chanthap |last2=Timmermans |first2=Ans |last3=Buathong |first3=Nillawan |last4=Nou |first4=Samon |last5=Se |first5=Youry |last6=Sitthy |first6=Ngo |last7=Chann |first7=Soklyda |last8=Kraesub |first8=Somporn |last9=Wongstitwilairoong |first9=Tippa |last10=Walsh |first10=Douglas S. |last11=Tyner |first11=Stuart |last12=Fukuda |first12=Mark |last13=Callender |first13=David |last14=Sherwood |first14=Jeffrey |last15=Koy |first15=Lenin |date=27 June 2013 |title=Severe malaria in Battambang Referral Hospital, an area of multidrug resistance in Western-Cambodia: a retrospective analysis of cases from 2006–2009 |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=217 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-12-217 |issn=1475-2875 |pmc=3699359 |pmid=23802651 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Battambang yana da rauni ga [[Canjin yanayi a Cambodia|Tasirin canjin yanayi]] kamar matsanancin zafi da ambaliyar ruwa.<ref>{{Citation|journal=Matthias}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> Birnin yana da wasu yankuna masu lalacewa waɗanda talakawa na birane ke zaune waɗanda ke da saukin kamuwa da waɗannan abubuwan yanayi. Samun ilimi, kiwon lafiya, ruwa, da wutar lantarki gabaɗaya ana samun su ga mazauna ƙauyuka, duk da iyakantaccen damar aiki.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Samnang |first=Rem |last2=Chanthol |first2=Hay |date=28 February 2018 |title=Slum Areas in Battambang and Climate Resilience |url=https://www.ajpor.org/article/13017-slum-areas-in-battambang-and-climate-resilience |journal=Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=104–126 |doi=10.15206/ajpor.2018.5.2.104}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == Kasuwannin Battambang da yawa a cikin birane sun ba shi damar zama cibiyar tattalin arziki ga lardin.<ref name=":6"/> A cikin 2018, kashi 71.3% na ma'aikata a cikin birni sun yi aiki a cikin ayyuka, gami da aikin gona, siyarwa, yawon shakatawa, da gini. Aikin noma ya dauki ma'aikata 27.2% na yawan jama'a, kuma 1.5% sun yi aiki a sana'a.<ref name=":6" /> Yawancin kasuwancin suna cikin gidaje ko kuma suna aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba a tituna Battambang.<ref name=":6" /> Gidaje a cikin birni sun fadada cikin sauri a cikin shekarun 2010. <ref name=":6" /> Gine-gine da al'adun Battambang sun haifar da ci gaban bangaren yawon bude ido.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thuon |first=Try |date=1 December 2021 |title=How formalization of urban spatial plan affects marginalized groups and resilience practices in Cambodia secondary town: A case study from Battambang |journal=Regional Science Policy & Practice |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=1866–1888 |doi=10.1111/rsp3.12403 |issn=1757-7802 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido na kasa da kasa fiye da sauran biranen Kambodiya, musamman Siem Reap . A cikin 2023, gwamnan Battambang Sok Lu ya ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen inganta Filin jirgin saman Battambang da shirya ci gaban kogi da gidaje 800 na gargajiya na Khmer don fadada yawon bude ido na gaba.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Sok |first=Sithika |date=27 March 2022 |title=Battambang airport to be upgraded into 4C category |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501048230/battambang-airport-to-be-upgraded-into-4c-category/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=[[Khmer Times]]}}</ref> == Gwamnati == A karkashin kundin tsarin mulki na 1993 na Cambodia, tsarin birane na Battambang yana karkashin dokokin kasa da kuma ci gaba da hukumomin lardin Battambang da na gari. A karkashin bangarorin gudanarwa na Cambodia, an sake raba birnin zuwa ''sangkat'' 10 da ƙauyuka 62, kowannensu yana da majalisun gida.<ref name=":6"/> Kudin shekara-shekara na birnin na US $ 625,000 (kamar yadda na 2019) daga gwamnatin ƙasa an kara shi da kudaden ci gaban kasa da kasa da saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu, suna ba shi damar gina ingantaccen ababen more rayuwa kamar maganin datti da hanyoyi.<ref name=":6" /> == Al'adu == An lura da Battambang saboda muhimmancinsa na dogon lokaci a matsayin cibiyar Fasahar Kambodiya, kiɗa, da al'adu, tare da shahararrun masu fasaha da mawaƙa da aka haifa ko kuma suna zaune a cikin birni.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2023 |title=The transformation of a creative capital |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230410-battambang-cambodias-creative-second-city |access-date=8 February 2025 |website=bbc.com}}</ref> Zamanin Khmer Rouge ya haifar da tsanantawa ko bacewar fitattun masu fasaha da mawaƙa da yawa da kuma raguwa a fagen zane-zane, amma an yi ƙoƙari don sake farfado da shi bayan rikici.<ref name=":2" /> Battambang tana da zane-zane da bita da ke nuna masu zane-zane na gida da masu zane-zanen.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Kungiyar al'adu mai zaman kanta Phare Ponleu Selpak, wacce ke ba da ilimi da horo na zane-zane kyauta ga matasa, marasa galihu, tana zaune ne a Battambang kuma tana daidaita wasan motsa jiki na zamani.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Phare Ponleu Selpak |url=http://www.phareps.org |access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref> Battambang tana karbar bakuncin shekara-shekara, bikin zane-zane na kwana uku na Chumnor, tare da bita da wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name=":2" /> [[Fayil:Prahoc_market_(8198458075).jpg|thumb|Ana yin Prahok a Battambang]] An san birnin da al'adun abinci, saboda filayen noma masu kyau na lardin.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="473" href="./UNESCO" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="UNESCO">UNESCO's culinary map<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/19/how-a-sleepy-town-in-cambodia-won-a-place-on-unsescos-culinary-map&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;9</nowiki> February 2025<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;work<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;The Observer<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;issn<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;0029-7712<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwBCM\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt150\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"CITEREFDunston2023\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Dunston, Lara (19 November 2023). </cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-:4_28-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Battambang#cite_note-:4-28 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> An dauki lardin Battambang a matsayin "kwandon shinkafa na Cambodia", tare da birnin da ke dauke da ma'adanai da yawa waɗanda ke sarrafa shinkafa don kasuwannin ƙasa da na duniya.<ref name=":6"/> Battambang sananne ne ga shinkafa na jasmine da kayan abinci na gida, gami da ayaba da shinkafa.<ref name=":4" /> A ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2023, Battambang na ɗaya daga cikin birane 55 da aka kara a cikin Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu ta UNESCO, inda aka jera shi a matsayin Birnin Gastronomy. <ref name=":4" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO supported Battambang promote Creative Cities Network UCCN |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/unesco-supported-battambang-promote-creative-cities-network-uccn |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=unesco.org |ref=unesco uccn for battambang}}</ref> Ita ce birni na farko na Kambodiya da ta shiga cibiyar sadarwa.<ref name=":3" /> UNESCO ta amince da shirye-shiryen Battambang wajen inganta Abincin Khmer da Abinci na titi da kuma haɗa al'adu cikin ci gaban birane.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=19 June 2024 |title=Battambang, Cambodia's first UNESCO Creative City, shows what sustainable gastronomy means for Khmer culinary heritage |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/battambang-cambodias-first-unesco-creative-city-shows-what-sustainable-gastronomy-means-khmer |website=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> == Addini == === Addinin Buddha === [[Fayil:Wat_Kor,_Battambang_(2012).jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|Haikali na Buddha a Battambang]] Battambang gida ce ga wasu pagodas na Buddha. A cikin 2022, 31 daga cikin waɗannan sun sami matsayin gado, dukansu sun wuce shekaru 60, kuma an inganta su don Yawon shakatawa na addini na cikin gida.<ref name=":12"/> Gine-ginen Thai da salon Rattanakosin suna bayyane a kan pagodas da stupas da aka gina a lokacin mulkin Siamese. Pagodas da aka gina daga baya suna nuna salon gine-gine na musamman ga Battambang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leng |first=Sirang |date=28 April 2023 |title=The Evolution of Decorative Stupa in Battambang from the 19th Century to Mid-20th Century |url=https://so08.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/artssu/article/view/1841 |journal=Journal of Arts and Thai Studies |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=E166 (1–14) |issn=2774-1419}}</ref> === Katolika === Battambang tana da karamin al'ummar [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] da kuma prefecture na manzanni. An tsananta wa al'ummar Katolika a Cambodia sosai a zamanin Khmer Rouge, kuma an lalata Cocin Our Lady of the Assumption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cambodian Church 'emerging from Khmer Rouge oppression' |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/cambodian-church-emerging-from-khmer-rouge-oppression/99212 |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=[[Union of Catholic Asian News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=http://www.battambangparish.org/our-history.html |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=Our Lady of the Assumption Catholic Parish |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018140105/http://www.battambangparish.org/our-history.html |archive-date=18 October 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sufuri == [[Fayil:I_simply_had_to_check_out_Battambang_train_station_(14450903414).jpg|thumb|Tashar jirgin kasa ta Battambang Royal]] Battambang tana da alaƙa ta hanyar National Highway 5 zuwa Phnom Penh da [[Bangkok]], kuma tana zaune a kan National Road 57, wanda ke haɗa shi da iyakar Thai ta hanyar Lardin Pailin.<ref name=":6"/> Battambang an haɗa shi da hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Cambodia, amma an watsar da tsarin a zamanin Khmer Rouge.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=The end of the famous Bamboo Train? |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20160412-the-end-of-the-famous-bamboo-train |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=bbc.com}}</ref> Gyara hanyar jirgin kasa ta sake haɗa Tashar jirgin kasa ta Battambang Royal zuwa Serei Saophoan a cikin 2018, tare da shirye-shiryen kammala layin don haɗa birnin zuwa Phnom Penh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2018 |title=Service opens on restored rails connecting Battambang, Banteay Meanchey |url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/service-opens-restored-rails-connecting-battambang-banteay-meanchey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130201621/https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/service-opens-restored-rails-connecting-battambang-banteay-meanchey |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=phnompenhpost.com}}</ref> Jirgin Norry, ko jirgin bamboo, yana gudana kilomita 4 (2 daga Prasat Banan zuwa garin Chhoeuteal. A baya an samo shi a kan layin dogo a waje da birni, an sake komawa jirgin bamboo a cikin 2017 don buɗe hanyar sake dawo da zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bamboo train' back on tracks in Battambang |url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/bamboo-train-back-tracks-battambang |access-date=19 October 2018 |website=The Phnom Penh Post |ref=pppost-norry}}</ref> Norry ya zama abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido.<ref name=":5"/> An kafa Filin jirgin saman Battambang a shekarar 1968, tare da haɗin jirgin sama zuwa Phnom Penh . An rufe filin jirgin sama a lokacin yakin basasa kuma daga baya sojoji suka yi amfani da shi, kafin a rufe shi a shekarar 1991. <ref name=":6"/> <ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Hukumar Kula da Halitta ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Cambodia ta yi amfani da shi don tallafawa ayyukan helikofta a cikin 1992 da 1993. An sanar da shirye-shiryen inganta shi don saduwa da ƙarfin Filin jirgin saman Siem Reap a cikin 2019, amma annobar COVID-19 ta jinkirta waɗannan.<ref name=":7"/><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Battambang Airport Upgrade Under Review |url=https://cambodianess.com/article/battambang-airport-upgrade-under-review |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=Cambodianess}}</ref> Yayinda aka rufe, an yi amfani da shi azaman wurin shakatawa na jama'a da kasuwar abinci.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":10" /> Akwai haɗin jirgin ruwa tsakanin Battambang da Siem Reap ta hanyar Kogin Sangkae, wanda ke ɗaukar tsakanin sa'o'i shida zuwa bakwai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Horng |first=Pengly |date=28 August 2024 |title=Battambang-Siem Reap boat service welcomes tourists – Khmer Times |url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501549618/battambang-siem-reap-boat-service-welcomes-tourists/ |access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2024 |title=Scenic boat journey from Siem Reap to Battambang |url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/travel/scenic-boat-journey-from-siem-reap-to-battambang |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918230249/https://www.phnompenhpost.com/travel/scenic-boat-journey-from-siem-reap-to-battambang |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=phnompenhpost.com}}</ref><div class="div-col"> * [[G-Devith]] - mawaƙi * [[Sar Kheng]] - ɗan siyasa * [[Kalyanee Mam]] - mai shirya fina-finai * [[Vann Nath]] - mai zane, mai zane, marubuci, kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam * [[Chhom Nimol]] - mawaƙi * [[Sopheap Pich]] - mai zane-zane da kuma mai zane * [[Arn Chorn-Pond]] - mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam * [[Pen Ran]] - mawaƙi kuma marubucin waƙa * [[Am Rong]] - soja kuma mai shirya fim * [[Mao Sareth]] - mawaƙi * [[Ros Serey Sothea]] - mawaƙa ("Sarauniya tare da Muryar Zinariya") * [[Sinn Sisamouth]] - mawaƙi (ba a haife shi a Battambang ba amma ya zauna a can tun yana yaro) </div> == Garin biyu da 'yan uwa == * [[Da Nang]], Vietnam <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Worldwide Sister Cities |url=https://sistercities.app/sistercities/cambodia/battambang |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=sistercities.app}}</ref>{{Flagicon|Vietnam}} * [[Incheon]], Koriya ta Kudu <ref name=":9" />{{Flagicon|South Korea}} * [[Stockton, California]], Amurka <ref name=":9" />{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Rukuni:Biranen Kambodiya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 51je30s075o9xvy0kju03v5ntjviqnu 0 111732 969107 893118 2026-10-18T16:01:33Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357113264|Deschooling]]" 969107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Koyar da yara makaranta''' kalma ce da masanin falsafar Austria [[Ivan Illich]] ya ƙirƙiro. Masu koyar da gida, musamman [[Rashin makaranta|waɗanda ba sa zuwa makaranta]], galibi suna amfani da kalmar don nufin tsarin sauyi da yara da iyaye ke bi idan suka bar makaranta don fara koyar da gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn The Difference Between Unschooling and Deschooling |url=https://www.time4learning.com/blog/new-homeschooler/learn-the-difference-between-unschooling-and-deschooling/ |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Time4Learning |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2014-02-25 |title=From School to Homeschool: What is Deschooling? |url=https://www.thehomeschoolmom.com/school-homeschool-what-is-deschooling/ |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=TheHomeSchoolMom |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsarin aiki muhimmin tushe ne na koyar da gida don yin aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deschooling: Starting Out Right at Home |url=https://www.thehomeschoolmom.com/homeschooling-101/deschooling/ |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=TheHomeSchoolMom |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi yara su sauya daga tsarin karatunsu na yau da kullun da kuma tunaninsu na ci gaba, su sake haɓaka ikon koyo ta hanyar [[Ƙaddamar da kai|yanke shawara kan kansu]], da kuma gano abin da suke son koya a kwanakin farko na karatunsu na gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Deschooling? |url=https://observatory.tec.mx/edu-news/what-is-deschooling |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Observatory of Educational Innovation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsarin aiki == Adadin lokacin da wannan tsari zai ɗauka na iya bambanta, ya danganta da nau'in mutumin da yaron yake da kuma tsawon lokacin da ya yi a makarantar. <ref name="time4learning.com">{{Cite web |title=What, When, Why & How of Deschooling |url=https://www.time4learning.com/deschooling.html |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Time4Learning |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Buehler |first=Antonio |date=2017-05-31 |title=Deschooling: How Long Does it Take? |url=http://www.abrome.com/blog/2017/6/1/deschooling-how-long-does-it-take |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Abrome |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=MaryEllen |date=2012-08-31 |title=Deschooling: Important Homeschooling Step Or Useless Buzzword? |url=https://www.offthegridnews.com/how-to-2/deschooling-important-homeschooling-step-or-useless-buzzword/ |access-date=2020-11-30 |website=Off The Grid News |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsarin zai iya shafar halayen yara daban-daban ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Musamman a kwanakin farko na daina zuwa makaranta, sau da yawa yara suna son murmurewa daga yanayin makaranta, don haka galibi suna yin barci mai tsawo kuma suna ƙin duk wani nau'in koyo da gangan, maimakon haka suna neman gamsuwa ta daban kamar kallon talabijin ko yin wasannin bidiyo, wanda yayi kama da halin da ake ciki a lokacin hutun makaranta . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deschooling and Decompression – Home Education Network |url=https://home-ed.vic.edu.au/deschooling-and-decompression/ |access-date=2020-11-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-06 |title=Homeschool 101: What to expect when deschooling |url=https://raisingroyalty.ca/homeschool-101-expect-deschooling/ |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=Raising Royalty |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari a cikin wannan tsari na sauyawa, yara na iya jin gundura ko kuma su rasa tsarin yau da kullun, <ref name="time4learning.com" /> har sai daga ƙarshe sun gano yadda za su yi amfani da lokacinsu da 'yancinsu <ref name=":3" /> don nemo abubuwan da suke so. A mafi kyawun yanayi, wannan yana haifar da su sanar da kansu da son rai game da wasu abubuwan da suke sha'awa a kai, inda za a iya fara koyar da gida. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar wannan matakin a matsayin matakin nishaɗi ko kuma wani tsari na "warkarwa" daga yanayin makaranta. Yawancin mabiya wannan motsi na makarantar gida na zamani suna ɗaukar wannan matakin a matsayin abin da ya zama dole domin sun ga cewa tsarin makaranta na iya lalata kerawa, son sani, da kuma son koyo na yaro. <ref name=":3" /> Suna da'awar cewa a makaranta yawancin yara suna karatu ne kawai a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na waje kamar maki, maimakon don kansu, kuma abin da, yaushe, yadda, da kuma wanda za su koya koyaushe an ƙaddara shi maimakon abin da za a iya tantancewa a can. <ref name=":4" /> == Bayani == An yaba wa [[Ivan Illich]], wanda ya ji cewa yaran da aka koya musu karatun gargajiya suna buƙatar a sake gina su. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=DESCHOOLING SOCIETY |url=http://www.davidtinapple.com/illich/1970_deschooling.html |access-date=2018-11-19 |website=David Tinapple}}</ref> Illich ya yi imanin cewa makarantu suna da " ɓoyayyen manhaja " wanda ke sa ilmantarwa ta daidaita da maki da cancanta maimakon ƙwarewa masu mahimmanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weston |first=Anthony |date=1996-01-01 |title=Deschooling Environmental Education |url=https://cjee.lakeheadu.ca/article/view/491 |journal=Canadian Journal of Environmental Education |language=en-US |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=35–46 |issn=1205-5352}}</ref> Ya yi imanin cewa ilimin zamani yana mai da hankali kan haɓaka makarantu a matsayin tsarin masana'antu, <ref name=":0" /> masana'antar guba wadda ta ƙware a kan abin da iyalai ya kamata su iya kafa kansu, wato ilimi. A cewar Illich, makarantu suna daidaita nasara bisa ga takarda da kuma ƙwarewar ilimi. Sakamakon haka makarantu, maki, da takardun shaidar kammala karatu suna ba da tabbacin ƙarya cewa ɗaliban sun sami ilimi a cikin wani fanni na ilimi. John Holt malami ne wanda shi ma ya yi imani da rashin zuwa makaranta. Tunaninsa ya yi daidai da Illich domin babu ɗayansu da ya gamsu cewa makaranta ce inda ɗalibai ke koyon duk abin da suke buƙatar sani. <ref name=":0" /> Madadin haka, sun jaddada cewa ɗalibai suna koyo akai-akai ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar fallasa ga duniyar halitta. <ref name=":0" /> Illich da Holt sun ga makarantu ba su da isasshe saboda sun mai da hankali kan "horon ƙwarewa" maimakon wasu hanyoyin koyo. <ref name=":0" /> Bugu da ƙari, masu nazarin ka'idojin rashin zuwa makaranta sun ɗauki ilimi a matsayin kiyaye tsarin zamantakewa.  Saboda haka,  suna son "yin Allah wadai da ikon mallakar da cibiyoyin ilimi na gargajiya ke da shi kan ilimi da ilmantarwa." <ref name=":2" /> == Ƙungiyar rashin makaranta/korar ɗalibai == "Rage karatu" mutum ba yana nufin hana mutane karatu ko karatu a makarantu ba. A cikin al'ummar Illich da Holt da ba su da ilimi, kowa zai iya zaɓar ko zai je makaranta. Maimakon a tilasta wa mutane zuwa makaranta, a yi musu jarrabawa kafin shiga makaranta, ko kuma a hana su damar koyon wani batu da ake so, mutane za su sami 'yancin zaɓar yadda za su koya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Routray |first=Sailen |date=2012 |title=Deschooling Society |journal=Contemporary Education Dialogue |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=85–104 |doi=10.1177/097318491100900105 |issn=0973-1849}}</ref> A cewar John Holt, wani mai fafutukar [[Rashin makaranta|rashin zuwa makaranta]], "al'umma da ba ta zuwa makaranta za ta kasance al'umma wadda kowa zai sami zaɓi mafi faɗi da 'yanci don koyon duk abin da yake son koya, ko a makaranta ko ta wata hanya daban." <ref name=":1" /> == Duba kuma == * ''[[Ƙungiyar Rashin Makaranta|Ƙungiyar Koyar da Makaranta]]'' * [[Rashin amincewa da makaranta|Ƙungiyoyin fafutukar yaƙi da makaranta]] == Manazarta == tsryvfn4wadv8fmvvgt7eyfurbkrqnd 969110 969107 2026-10-18T16:02:11Z Arcdanumma047 38699 969110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Koyar da yara makaranta''' kalma ce da masanin falsafar Austria [[Ivan Illich]] ya ƙirƙiro. Masu koyar da gida, musamman [[Rashin makaranta|waɗanda ba sa zuwa makaranta]], galibi suna amfani da kalmar don nufin tsarin sauyi da yara da iyaye ke bi idan suka bar makaranta don fara koyar da gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn The Difference Between Unschooling and Deschooling |url=https://www.time4learning.com/blog/new-homeschooler/learn-the-difference-between-unschooling-and-deschooling/ |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Time4Learning |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2014-02-25 |title=From School to Homeschool: What is Deschooling? |url=https://www.thehomeschoolmom.com/school-homeschool-what-is-deschooling/ |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=TheHomeSchoolMom |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsarin aiki muhimmin tushe ne na koyar da gida don yin aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deschooling: Starting Out Right at Home |url=https://www.thehomeschoolmom.com/homeschooling-101/deschooling/ |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=TheHomeSchoolMom |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi yara su sauya daga tsarin karatunsu na yau da kullun da kuma tunaninsu na ci gaba, su sake haɓaka ikon koyo ta hanyar [[Ƙaddamar da kai|yanke shawara kan kansu]], da kuma gano abin da suke son koya a kwanakin farko na karatunsu na gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Deschooling? |url=https://observatory.tec.mx/edu-news/what-is-deschooling |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Observatory of Educational Innovation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsarin aiki == Adadin lokacin da wannan tsari zai ɗauka na iya bambanta, ya danganta da nau'in mutumin da yaron yake da kuma tsawon lokacin da ya yi a makarantar. <ref name="time4learning.com">{{Cite web |title=What, When, Why & How of Deschooling |url=https://www.time4learning.com/deschooling.html |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Time4Learning |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Buehler |first=Antonio |date=2017-05-31 |title=Deschooling: How Long Does it Take? |url=http://www.abrome.com/blog/2017/6/1/deschooling-how-long-does-it-take |access-date=2020-11-29 |website=Abrome |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=MaryEllen |date=2012-08-31 |title=Deschooling: Important Homeschooling Step Or Useless Buzzword? |url=https://www.offthegridnews.com/how-to-2/deschooling-important-homeschooling-step-or-useless-buzzword/ |access-date=2020-11-30 |website=Off The Grid News |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsarin zai iya shafar halayen yara daban-daban ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Musamman a kwanakin farko na daina zuwa makaranta, sau da yawa yara suna son murmurewa daga yanayin makaranta, don haka galibi suna yin barci mai tsawo kuma suna ƙin duk wani nau'in koyo da gangan, maimakon haka suna neman gamsuwa ta daban kamar kallon talabijin ko yin wasannin bidiyo, wanda yayi kama da halin da ake ciki a lokacin hutun makaranta . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deschooling and Decompression – Home Education Network |url=https://home-ed.vic.edu.au/deschooling-and-decompression/ |access-date=2020-11-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-06 |title=Homeschool 101: What to expect when deschooling |url=https://raisingroyalty.ca/homeschool-101-expect-deschooling/ |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=Raising Royalty |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari a cikin wannan tsari na sauyawa, yara na iya jin gundura ko kuma su rasa tsarin yau da kullun, <ref name="time4learning.com" /> har sai daga ƙarshe sun gano yadda za su yi amfani da lokacinsu da 'yancinsu <ref name=":3" /> don nemo abubuwan da suke so. A mafi kyawun yanayi, wannan yana haifar da su sanar da kansu da son rai game da wasu abubuwan da suke sha'awa a kai, inda za a iya fara koyar da gida. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar wannan matakin a matsayin matakin nishaɗi ko kuma wani tsari na "warkarwa" daga yanayin makaranta. Yawancin mabiya wannan motsi na makarantar gida na zamani suna ɗaukar wannan matakin a matsayin abin da ya zama dole domin sun ga cewa tsarin makaranta na iya lalata kerawa, son sani, da kuma son koyo na yaro. <ref name=":3" /> Suna da'awar cewa a makaranta yawancin yara suna karatu ne kawai a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na waje kamar maki, maimakon don kansu, kuma abin da, yaushe, yadda, da kuma wanda za su koya koyaushe an ƙaddara shi maimakon abin da za a iya tantancewa a can. <ref name=":4" /> == Bayani == An yaba wa [[Ivan Illich]], wanda ya ji cewa yaran da aka koya musu karatun gargajiya suna buƙatar a sake gina su. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=DESCHOOLING SOCIETY |url=http://www.davidtinapple.com/illich/1970_deschooling.html |access-date=2018-11-19 |website=David Tinapple}}</ref> Illich ya yi imanin cewa makarantu suna da " ɓoyayyen manhaja " wanda ke sa ilmantarwa ta daidaita da maki da cancanta maimakon ƙwarewa masu mahimmanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weston |first=Anthony |date=1996-01-01 |title=Deschooling Environmental Education |url=https://cjee.lakeheadu.ca/article/view/491 |journal=Canadian Journal of Environmental Education |language=en-US |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=35–46 |issn=1205-5352}}</ref> Ya yi imanin cewa ilimin zamani yana mai da hankali kan haɓaka makarantu a matsayin tsarin masana'antu, <ref name=":0" /> masana'antar guba wadda ta ƙware a kan abin da iyalai ya kamata su iya kafa kansu, wato ilimi. A cewar Illich, makarantu suna daidaita nasara bisa ga takarda da kuma ƙwarewar ilimi. Sakamakon haka makarantu, maki, da takardun shaidar kammala karatu suna ba da tabbacin ƙarya cewa ɗaliban sun sami ilimi a cikin wani fanni na ilimi. John Holt malami ne wanda shi ma ya yi imani da rashin zuwa makaranta. Tunaninsa ya yi daidai da Illich domin babu ɗayansu da ya gamsu cewa makaranta ce inda ɗalibai ke koyon duk abin da suke buƙatar sani. <ref name=":0" /> Madadin haka, sun jaddada cewa ɗalibai suna koyo akai-akai ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar fallasa ga duniyar halitta. <ref name=":0" /> Illich da Holt sun ga makarantu ba su da isasshe saboda sun mai da hankali kan "horon ƙwarewa" maimakon wasu hanyoyin koyo. <ref name=":0" /> Bugu da ƙari, masu nazarin ka'idojin rashin zuwa makaranta sun ɗauki ilimi a matsayin kiyaye tsarin zamantakewa.  Saboda haka,  suna son "yin Allah wadai da ikon mallakar da cibiyoyin ilimi na gargajiya ke da shi kan ilimi da ilmantarwa." <ref name=":2" /> == Ƙungiyar rashin makaranta/korar ɗalibai == "Rage karatu" mutum ba yana nufin hana mutane karatu ko karatu a makarantu ba. A cikin al'ummar Illich da Holt da ba su da ilimi, kowa zai iya zaɓar ko zai je makaranta. Maimakon a tilasta wa mutane zuwa makaranta, a yi musu jarrabawa kafin shiga makaranta, ko kuma a hana su damar koyon wani batu da ake so, mutane za su sami 'yancin zaɓar yadda za su koya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Routray |first=Sailen |date=2012 |title=Deschooling Society |journal=Contemporary Education Dialogue |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=85–104 |doi=10.1177/097318491100900105 |issn=0973-1849}}</ref> A cewar John Holt, wani mai fafutukar [[Rashin makaranta|rashin zuwa makaranta]], "al'umma da ba ta zuwa makaranta za ta kasance al'umma wadda kowa zai sami zaɓi mafi faɗi da 'yanci don koyon duk abin da yake son koya, ko a makaranta ko ta wata hanya daban." <ref name=":1" /> == Duba kuma == * ''[[Ƙungiyar Rashin Makaranta|Ƙungiyar Koyar da Makaranta]]'' * [[Rashin amincewa da makaranta|Ƙungiyoyin fafutukar yaƙi da makaranta]] == Manazarta == oj8ijcbendwglhhq6wyxto7ug9x7ij3 0 112090 969419 951877 2026-10-19T09:01:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|name=General Medical Council|alt=|map=|abbreviation=|founder=|type=[[Charitable organisation]]|headquarters=[[Regent's Place]] <br> [[Euston Road]] <br> [[London]]|membership=|language=|owner=<!-- or | owners = -->|subsidiaries=|budget=|revenue=}} Majalisar Likitoci ta Janar (GMC) ƙungiya ce ta jama'a wacce ke kula da rajistar likitocin a cikin Burtaniya. Babban alhakinta shine "kare, haɓakawa da kiyaye lafiya da amincin jama'a" ta hanyar sarrafa shigar da rajista, da dakatarwa ko cire membobin idan ya cancanta. Hakanan yana tsara ma'auni na makarantun likitanci a Burtaniya. Kasancewa cikin rajistar yana ba da gata mai yawa a ƙarƙashin Sashe na VI na Dokar Kiwon Lafiya ta 1983. Laifi ne mai laifi yin da'awar zama memba na ƙarya. GMC tana samun tallafin kuɗin da membobinta ke biya, kuma ta zama ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista a 2001. == Tarihi == Dokar Kiwon Lafiya ta 1858 ta kafa Babban Majalisar Ilimi da Rijistar Kiwon Lafiyar Ingila a matsayin hukuma ta doka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finch |first=Ernest |date=November 1958 |title=The centenary of the General Council of Medical Education and Registration of the United Kingdom (The General Medical Council) 1858-1958 in relation to medical education |journal=[[Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England]] |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=321–331 |pmc=2413715 |pmid=13595529}}</ref> Da farko membobinta ne suka zaba daga membobin sana'a, kuma sun ji daɗin amincewa da yawa daga sana'a. == Manufar == Dukkanin ayyukan GMC sun samo asali ne daga abin da ake buƙata na doka don kafawa da kiyaye rajista, wanda shine jerin sunayen likitoci na wucin gadi ko cikakke "masu aikin likita masu rajista", a cikin ɓangaren jama'a a Burtaniya.<ref name="Medical Act">{{Cite web |title=About us: Legislation: Medical Act 1983 |url=http://www.gmc-uk.org/about/legislation/medical_act.asp#1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221044114/http://www.gmc-uk.org/about/legislation/medical_act.asp#1 |archive-date=21 December 2014 |access-date=17 September 2014 |publisher=General Medical Council}}</ref> GMC tana sarrafa shigarwa cikin Jerin Likitocin da aka yi rajista ("rikodin likita"). Dokar Kiwon Lafiya ta 1983 (wanda aka gyara) ta lura cewa, "Babban manufar Babban Majalisar wajen aiwatar da ayyukansu shine karewa, ingantawa da kula da lafiya da lafiyar jama'a. "<ref name="Medical Act" /> Abu na biyu, GMC tana tsarawa da kuma saita ka'idoji ga makarantun kiwon lafiya a Burtaniya, kuma tana hulɗa da wasu ƙasashe masu kula da kiwon lafiya da jami'o'i a kan makarantun kiwo a kasashen waje, wanda ke haifar da wasu cancanta da aka amince da juna. Tun daga shekara ta 2010, ta kuma tsara ilimin likitanci na digiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Order of Council 2010 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/473/made |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref> Na uku, GMC tana da alhakin tsarin lasisi da sake tabbatarwa ga duk likitoci masu aiki a Burtaniya, sun rabu da tsarin rajista, tun daga 3 ga Disamba 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statutory Instruments 2012 No. 2685. Health Care and Associated Professions. Doctors. The General Medical Council (Licence to Practise and Revalidation) Regulations Order of Council 2012 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2012/2685/contents/made |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511213017/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2012/2685/contents/made |archive-date=11 May 2013 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=National Archives}}</ref> == Ayyuka da iko == Saboda ka'idar cin gashin kai da dokar yarda babu wani ƙuntatawa na doka akan wanda zai iya kula da marasa lafiya ko samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya ko na kiwon lafiyar. A wasu kalmomi, ba laifi ba ne a samar da abin da za a dauka a matsayin taimakon likita ko magani ga wani mutum - kuma ba kawai a cikin gaggawa ba. Wannan ya bambanta da matsayin da ya shafi dabbobi, inda laifi ne a karkashin Dokar Likitocin Dabbobi ta 1966 ga wanda ba likitan dabbobi ba ne (ko a wasu yanayi mafi iyakantaccen ma'aikacin dabbobi) don samar da magani (sai a cikin gaggawa) ga dabba da ba su da mallakar. Majalisar, tun lokacin da aka kafa Dokar 1858, ta ba da iko ga GMC don ba da fa'idodi da alhakin shari'a daban-daban ga waɗancan likitocin da aka yi rajista tare da GMC - ƙungiyar jama'a da ƙungiya, kamar yadda aka bayyana, na Dokar Kiwon Lafiya ta 1983, ta Mista Burnett a cikin Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Burtaniya da Babban Majalisar Kiwon Laƙabilar. {{Cquote|Registration brings with it the privileges, as they are described, set out in Part 6 of the Act. In reality, they comprise prohibitions for all those not registered. Section 46 prohibits any person from recovering in a court of law any charge rendered for medical advice, attendance or surgery unless he is registered. Section 47 provides that only those registered can act as physicians, surgeons or medical officers in any NHS hospital, prison, in the armed forces or other public institutions. Section 48 invalidates certificates, such as sick notes or prescriptions, if signed by someone who is unregistered. Section 49 imposes penalties via criminal offences for pretending to be a registered medical practitioner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/markup.cgi?doc=/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2008/2602.html|title=British Medical Association, R (on the application of) v General Medical Council &#91;2008&#93; EWHC 2602 (Admin) (3 October 2008) |last=MR JUSTICE BURNETT |website=bailii.org|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>}} Ta hanyar abin da, ta hanyar umarni a cikin Majalisar Privy, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Medical Act 1983 (Amendment) Order 2002 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2002/3135/part/I/made/data.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504181002/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2002/3135/part/I/made/data.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2018 |access-date=4 May 2018 |website=legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> GMC ta bayyana "Babban manufar Babban Majalisar wajen aiwatar da ayyukansu shine karewa, ingantawa da kula da lafiya da lafiyar jama'a". GMC tana samun kuɗi ta hanyar kudaden shekara-shekara da ake buƙata daga waɗanda ke son yin rajista da kudade don jarrabawa. Kudin rajista ya karu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata: kudaden 2007 = £ 290, kudaden 2008 = £ 390, kudaden 2009 = £ 410, kudaden 2010 = £ 420, kudaden 2011 = £ 420 , tare da rangwamen 50% ga likitocin da ke samun ƙasa da £ 32,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Registration and licensing: Fees |url=http://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/fees.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715220248/http://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/fees.asp |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=27 July 2015 |publisher=General Medical Council}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2011, biyo bayan Takardar Umurni "Enabling Excellence-Autonomy and Accountability for Healthcare Workers, Social Workers and Social Care Workers", GMC ta rage kudaden rajista daidai da dabarun Gwamnati don sake fasalin da sauƙaƙe tsarin don tsara ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a Burtaniya da ma'aikatan zamantakewa da ma'aikata na kula da zamantakewa a Ingila kuma suna buƙatar cewa "[A]t lokacin hana albashi a bangarorin jama'a da masu zaman kansu, ana buƙatar rage nauyin kudaden ga kowane masu rajista. " === Rubuce-rubucen likitoci a Burtaniya === {{Cquote|The GMC maintains a register of medical practitioners. However, no law expressly prohibits any unregistered or unqualified person from practicing most types of medicine or even surgery. A criminal offence is committed only when such a person deliberately and falsely represents himself as being a registered practitioner or as having a medical qualification. The rationale of the criminal law is that people should be free to opt for any form of advice or treatment, however bizarre...<ref>{{cite book |author1=Cave, Emma |author2=Brazier, Margaret |title=Medicine, patients and the law |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |year=2007 |pages=6 |isbn=978-0-14-103020-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFgdAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>}} Rijistar tare da GMC tana ba da dama da ayyuka da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The privileges and duties of doctors: UK statutes |url=http://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/information_for_doctors/privileges.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223081919/http://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/information_for_doctors/privileges.asp |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=8 February 2015 |publisher=General Medical Council}}</ref> Rijistar GMC na iya zama na wucin gadi ko cikakke. Ana ba da rajista na wucin gadi ga waɗanda suka kammala makarantar likita kuma suka shiga shekara ta farko (FY1) na horar da likita; ana iya canza wannan zuwa cikakken rajista bayan kammala shekara ta farko ta horar da digiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Doctors who hold provisional registration and want to apply for full registration |url=http://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/registration_applications/PRFR.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020192318/http://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/registration_applications/PRFR.asp |archive-date=20 October 2017 |access-date=8 February 2015 |publisher=General Medical Council}}</ref> A baya, an ba da nau'i na uku na rajista ("ƙayyadadden rajista") ga likitocin da suka kammala karatu a waje da Burtaniya kuma waɗanda suka kammala jarrabawar kwamitin ƙwarewa da harshe amma har yanzu ba su kammala wani lokaci na aiki a Burtaniya ba. An soke iyakantaccen rajista a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 2007 kuma yanzu masu karatun likitanci na duniya na iya neman rajista na wucin gadi ko cikakken rajista dangane da matakin kwarewarsu - har yanzu suna da biyan bukatun GMC don ilimi da ƙwarewa da harshen Ingilishi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Applying for registration as an International Medical Graduate |url=http://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/before_you_apply/imgs.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105181249/http://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/before_you_apply/imgs.asp |archive-date=5 November 2017 |access-date=8 February 2015 |publisher=General Medical Council}}</ref> An ƙayyade nau'in da abun ciki na rajista a cikin Dokokin Babban Kwamitin Kiwon Lafiya (Hanyar da Abun ciki na Rijistar) na 2015. Bayanai da aka rubuta sun haɗa da sunan, adireshin, ranar cancanta, jinsi, ranar haihuwa, hoto, dacewa da yin aiki tarihin, ƙuntatawa da kuma ko suna da lasisi don yin aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Managing the UK medical register |url=https://www.gmc-uk.org/about/what-we-do-and-why/managing-the-uk-medical-register |access-date=16 March 2024 |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316002225/https://www.gmc-uk.org/about/what-we-do-and-why/managing-the-uk-medical-register |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ba duk bayanan da ke cikin rajistar ba ne ga jama'a. GMC tana gudanar da Gwajin kwamitin kimantawa na sana'a da harshe (PLAB), wanda dole ne likitocin kasashen waje da ba na [[Tarayyar Turai]] ba su zauna kafin su iya yin aikin likita a Burtaniya a matsayin likita mai rijista. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ana iya cire likitan da aka gano ya aikata wasu laifuka daga ("ƙare") rajistar likita. === Lasisi da sake tabbatar da likitoci a Burtaniya === Yanzu an ba GMC ikon yin lasisi da sabunta aikin likitoci akai-akai a Burtaniya. Lokacin da aka gabatar da tsarin ba da lasisi a cikin 2009, 13,500 (6.1%) na likitocin da suka yi rajista sun zaɓi kada a ba su lasisi.[1] Likitocin da ba su da lasisi amma masu rijista suna yiwuwa su zama malamai marasa koyarwa, manajoji, ko masu aiki a ƙasashen waje, ko kuma sun yi ritaya. Ganin cewa duk likitocin da suka yi rajista a Burtaniya an ba su lasisin yin aiki ta atomatik sau ɗaya a cikin Nuwamba 2009, tun daga Disamba 2012 babu lasisin da za a sabunta ta atomatik, amma za a sake sabunta shi duk bayan shekaru biyar. Babu likita yanzu da za a yi rajista a karon farko ba tare da an ba shi lasisin yin aiki ba kodayake likita mai lasisi na iya barin lasisin idan ya ga dama. Babu likita mara lasisi amma likita mai rijista a Burtaniya da ke ƙarƙashin sake tabbatarwa. Koyaya, likitoci marasa lasisi amma masu rijista a Burtaniya har yanzu suna ƙarƙashin tsarin motsa jiki-zuwa aiki, kuma ana buƙatar bin kyakkyawan jagorar aikin likita na GMC. [abubuwan da ake bukata]]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Kafa ka'idojin aikin likita mai kyau === GMC yana tsara ƙa'idodin ƙwararru da ɗabi'a waɗanda ake buƙatar likitoci a Burtaniya su bi. Babban jagorar da GMC ke bayarwa ga likitoci ana kiransa Good Medical Practice.] Wannan ya bayyana ma'auni na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun da jama'a ke tsammani daga likitocinsa kuma yana ba da ƙa'idodin da ke ƙarfafa shawarwarin motsa jiki na GMC. An rubuta asali a cikin 1995, bugu da aka sabunta ya fara aiki a cikin Nuwamba 2006, kuma wani yana aiki daga 22 Afrilu 2013. Abubuwan da ke cikin Kyawawan Ayyukan Kiwon lafiya an sake tsara su zuwa sassa huɗu na ayyuka. Mafi mahimmancin canjin su shine maye gurbin wani aiki zuwa, "Yi aiki ba tare da bata lokaci ba idan kuna da dalili mai kyau don yin imani cewa ku ko abokin aiki na iya sanya marasa lafiya cikin haɗari," zuwa wani sabon aiki don, "Daukar matakin gaggawa idan kuna tunanin cewa ana lalata lafiyar haƙuri, [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|mutunci]] ko ta'aziyya". Tare da ɗan littafin jagora akwai jagororin bayani da yawa, gami da wani sabo game da amfani da kafofin watsa labarun. Hakanan GMC yana ba da ƙarin jagora ga likitoci kan takamaiman batutuwan ɗabi'a, kamar su kula da marasa lafiya a ƙasa da shekaru 18, kula da ƙarshen rayuwa, da rikice-rikice na sha'awa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethical guidance |url=http://www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/ethical_guidance.asp |access-date=4 May 2018 |website=gmc-uk.org}}</ref> === Ilimin likita === GMC tana tsara ilimin likita da horo a Ƙasar Ingila. Yana gudanar da shirye-shiryen 'tabbatar inganci' don makarantun likitanci na Burtaniya da kuma digiri na biyu don tabbatar da cewa an cimma ka'idojin da ake bukata da sakamakon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education and training |url=http://www.gmc-uk.org/education/index.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205111752/https://www.gmc-uk.org/education/index.asp |archive-date=5 February 2018 |access-date=8 February 2015 |publisher=General Medical Council}}</ref> A cikin Fabrairun 2008 Sakataren Kiwon Lafiya na lokacin, Alan Johnson, ya yarda da shawarwarin Rahoton Takeke wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa Hukumar Kula da Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya ta Digiri da Digiri a cikin GMC.[1] Yayin da yake fahimtar nasarorin da PMETB ya samu, Farfesa John Tooke ya kammala cewa ana buƙatar haɗa ka'idoji zuwa jiki ɗaya; cewa a samu wata kungiya da ke kula da abin da ya kira 'ci gaba da karatun likitanci', tun daga lokacin da wani ya zabi aikin likitanci har ya yi ritaya. Haɗin, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2010, PMETB da GMC sun yi maraba da su..<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2010 |title=News: PMETB merger goes ahead |url=http://www.gmc-uk.org/publications/6563.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221003444/http://www.gmc-uk.org/publications/6563.asp |archive-date=21 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |publisher=General Medical Council}}</ref> === Rashin halayyar da kuma dacewa da yin aiki === Ana iya tura likitan da aka yi rajista zuwa GMC idan akwai shakku game da lafiyarsu don yin aiki. GMC ta damu da tabbatar da cewa likitoci suna da aminci don yin aiki. Matsayinta ba, alal misali, ga likitoci masu kyau ko biyan diyya ga marasa lafiya bayan matsaloli (za a iya magance biyan diyya ta hanyar karar rashin aikin likita). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Raise a concern about a doctor |url=http://www.gmc-uk.org/concerns/complaints_and_role_of_the_gmc.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191255/http://www.gmc-uk.org/concerns/complaints_and_role_of_the_gmc.asp |archive-date=20 October 2017 |access-date=4 May 2018 |website=gmc-uk.org}}</ref> Sakamakon sauraron ana samun su a shafin yanar gizon GMC. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.gmc-uk.org/concerns/hearings_and_decisions/fitness_to_practise_decisions.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010115728/http://www.gmc-uk.org/concerns/hearings_and_decisions/fitness_to_practise_decisions.asp |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=4 May 2018 |website=www.gmc-uk.org}}</ref> A tarihi kula da damuwa yana da rafi biyu: daya game da kiwon lafiya, ɗayan game da hali ko iyawa, amma an haɗa waɗannan rafi, cikin tsari ɗaya na motsa jiki. GMC tana da iko don bayar da shawara ko gargadi ga likitoci, karɓar ayyukan daga gare su, ko tura su zuwa kwamitin motsa jiki. Kwamitin kula da lafiya na GMC na iya karɓar ayyukan likita, bayar da gargadi, sanya sharuɗɗa akan aikin likita, dakatar da likita, ko cire su daga rajistar likita (lokacin da aka ce an 'buɗe su'). An tabbatar da shi akai-akai cewa lafiyar GMC don aiwatar da matakai ta shafi likitocin da ba fararen fata ba. Likitocin baƙar fata da na kabilanci suna gunaguni game da ƙarin, ana bincika su akai-akai, suna ba da mafi tsanani a kai a kai, kuma ba su da wakilci a duk fannoni na shugabanci a cikin GMC. A ranar 18 ga Yuni 2021, GMC, a karon farko a tarihinta an same shi da laifin nuna wariyar launin fata ga wani ba farar fata wata kotu a Burtaniya. Hukuncin da kotun da’ar ma’aikata ta Reading ta yanke, ta gano cewa GMC ta yi wa Dokta Karim mai ba da shawara kan ilimin urologist wariyar launin fata ta hanyar ci gaba da gudanar da bincike a kansa lokacin da ba ta binciki zargin da ake yi wa wani farar fata ba. Kotun ta ji Dr Karim sanannen likitan mata ne a duniya baki daya na kasashen Afirka baki daya da Turawa wanda ya kasance mai hura wuta a shari’ar da likitocin fida ke yi ba tare da horon da ya dace ba. Bayan binciken GMC, Dr Karim ya halarci zaman sauraron kararrakin motsa jiki a shekarar 2018, bayan da aka wanke shi daga wani laifi. Bayan sauraren karar, Dr Karim ya ce: “Tun da farko, GMC ta gan ni a matsayin bakar fata mai laifi kuma ya hana ni shaidar da za ta iya tabbatar da cewa ba ni da laifi.. Dr Karim ya bayyana zargin cin zarafi ba bisa ka'ida ba "abin takaici ne". Ya ce: "Kuna ji kamar komai ya ruguje kuma yana rugujewa. Lokacin da ba ku yi komai ba, kun gane cewa mutane na iya zama masu ramuwar gayya, GMC ta nuna min wariya kuma ina da kwararan hujjoji da ke nuna cewa ba ni da laifi amma sun hana ni shaida a lokacin kotuna na motsa jiki a 2018. Wannan babbar nasara ce kuma a karon farko da aka yi muku sunan GMC. Kuma sun yanke shawarar shari'ar tun da farko bisa ga hakan - abin mamaki ne, a gaskiya, asalina shine kawai bambanci tsakanina da mutumin da aka bar shi kuma shine babban kwatancena a duk wannan harka. === Jirgin gaggawa === Samun rajista tare da GMC (ko na wucin gadi ko cikakke) kuma yana bawa mai rajista damar dacewa da amfani da fitilun haske mai haske ga motansu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matt Prior: green light means go... doesn't it? |url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/opinion/tester%E2%80%99s-notes/matt-prior-green-light-means-go-doesnt-it |access-date=14 March 2021 |website=Autocar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Darren.Polley |date=12 August 2016 |title=Car Modifications |url=https://www.suffolk.police.uk/advice/roads-and-vehicles/car-modifications |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307115458/https://www.suffolk.police.uk/advice/roads-and-vehicles/car-modifications |archive-date=7 March 2021 |access-date=14 March 2021 |website=Suffolk Constabulary |language=en}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da irin waɗannan fitilu yayin halartar gaggawa na likita don faɗakar da wasu masu amfani da hanya game da kasancewarsu da niyyarsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mallinson |first=Tom |date=6 October 2020 |title=Does driving using a Green Beacon reduce emergency response times in a rural setting? |journal=Rural and Remote Health |language=en |volume=20 |issue=4 |page=6114 |doi=10.22605/RRH6114 |pmid=33019797 |s2cid=222160654 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hakanan zasu iya sanya motar likita ta fi ganuwa idan sun tsaya a wurin hatsari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2011 |title=Road Accidents (RTA) - Attending as a Passing Doctor |url=https://patient.info/doctor/Road-Accidents-Attending-as-a-Passing-Doctor.htm |access-date=14 March 2021 |website=patient.info |language=en}}</ref> Ba sa ba da izini ga dokokin zirga-zirgar hanya. == Gyara == Tun daga shekara ta 2001, yanke shawara na GMC na lafiya don yin aiki sun kasance ƙarƙashin bita ta Majalisar Kula da Lafiya (CHRE), wanda zai iya bambanta da jumla. GMC kuma tana da alhakin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta hanyar Kwamitin Zaɓin Lafiya. A cikin rahotonsa na farko game da GMC, Kwamitin ya bayyana GMC a matsayin "mai kula da kiwon lafiya mai inganci", amma ya yi kira ga wasu canje-canje ga ka'idojin motsa jiki da ayyuka, gami da ba da damar GMC damar yin kira ga hukuncin bangarorin ta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2011 |title=Health Committee publishes reports on healthcare regulators |url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/health-committee/news/11-07-26-nmcreportpublished/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715061504/http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/health-committee/news/11-07-26-nmcreportpublished/ |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=3 July 2014 |publisher=United Kingdom Parliament}}</ref> A cikin 2000s, GMC ta aiwatar da sauye-sauye masu yawa na ƙungiyarta da hanyoyinta. A wani bangare, irin waɗannan motsi sun biyo bayan kashe-kashen Shipman. Sun bi jagorancin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kafa a cikin fararen takarda, Trust, Assurance and Safety . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm70/7013/7013.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003065739/http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm70/7013/7013.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=27 October 2011}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001, an kara Freemasonry a cikin rajistar bukatun mambobin majalisa wanda GMC ta buga. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman canje-canje shine rage girman Majalisar kanta, da canza abun da ke ciki zuwa daidaitattun adadin likitoci da membobin lay, maimakon yawancin su zama likitoci. Dokar da aka zartar a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002 ta ba da izinin canje-canje a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin Majalisar daga shekara mai zuwa, tare da rage yawan mambobi daga 104 zuwa 35, yana ƙara yawan mambobi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dyer |first=Clare |date=10 May 2003 |title=New slimmed down GMC takes shape |journal=BMJ |volume=326 |issue=7397 |page=1002 |doi=10.1136/bmj.326.7397.1002/a |pmc=1169350}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2011, GMC ta karɓi ƙarin canje-canje waɗanda za su raba gabatarwar ta na shari'o'in motsa jiki daga shari'ar su, wanda zai zama alhakin sabon jiki, Hukumar Kula da Likitoci. A baya an soki GMC saboda hada wadannan matsayi biyu a cikin kungiya daya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2010 |title=GMC to retain adjudication on fitness to practise - Hospital Dr |url=http://www.hospitaldr.co.uk/blogs/our-news/gmc-to-retain-adjudication-on-fitness-to-practise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924222729/http://www.hospitaldr.co.uk/blogs/our-news/gmc-to-retain-adjudication-on-fitness-to-practise |archive-date=24 September 2017 |access-date=4 May 2018 |website=hospitaldr.co.uk}}</ref> Tun daga 2012, lasisin likitoci don yin aiki yana ƙarƙashin sabuntawa na lokaci-lokaci, kulawa da kulawa ta GMC. Kwararrun likitocin suna shiga cikin kimantawa na shekara-shekara kuma suna tattara tarin shaida, tunani da ci gaba da koyo, wanda ƙwararren likitan da ya dace ya tantance kuma ya gabatar da shi ga GMC don nuna ci gaba da dacewa da aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revalidation for doctors |url=https://www.bma.org.uk/advice-and-support/career-progression/best-practice/revalidation-for-doctors |access-date=2 July 2025 |website=The British Medical Association is the trade union and professional body for doctors in the UK. |language=en-gb}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, Sakataren Harkokin Lafiya, Andrew Lansley, ya yi Rubutun Ministoci a cikin sashin Shari'a mai taken 'Ma'aikatan Kiwon Lafiya, Ma'aikatan Jama'a da Ma'aikatan Kiwan Lafiya' inda ya ce: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Health Care Workers, Social Workers and Social Care Workers: 16 Feb 2011: Hansard Written Answers - TheyWorkForYou |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wms/?id=2011-02-16a.85WS.1 |access-date=4 May 2018 |website=TheyWorkForYou |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505070801/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wms/?id=2011-02-16a.85WS.1 |archive-date=5 May 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Cquote|I have today laid before Parliament a Command Paper, "Enabling Excellence-Autonomy and Accountability for Healthcare Workers, Social Workers and Social Care Workers" (Cm 8008)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_124374.pdf|title=Enabling Excellence Autonomy and Accountability for Healthcare Workers, Social Workers and Social Care Workers|website=dh.gov.uk|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031125450/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_124374.pdf|archive-date=31 October 2012}}</ref> setting out the Government's proposals for how the system for regulating health care workers across the United Kingdom and social workers in England should be reformed.}} A cikin Takardar umarni: {{Cquote|Should any regulators wish to propose mergers with other regulatory bodies to reduce costs as part of this work, the Government will view these proposals sympathetically. If the sector itself is unable to identify and secure significant cost reductions over the next three years, and contain registration fees, then the Government will revisit the issue of consolidating the sector into a more cost-effective configuration.}} Sir Liam Donaldson, tsohon babban jami'in kiwon lafiya kwanan nan ya gaya wa binciken jama'a na Mid Staffordshire Foundation Trust cewa ya shiga cikin tattaunawa game da Nursing da Midwifery Council haɗuwa da Babban Kwamitin Kiwon Lafiya, amma masu goyon baya sun "dakatar" da ra'ayin kuma an kirkiro Majalisar Kula da Lafiya a maimakon haka don raba mafi kyawun aiki. Sir Liam ya ce CHRE ta kasance "mai nasara sosai" amma zai zama "ya cancanci kallon yiwuwar haɗuwa" tsakanin GMC da NMC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2011 |title=Nurses see patients as 'diseased objects' |url=https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/nurses-see-patients-as-diseased-objects-23-09-2011/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314054239/http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice-clinical-research/clinical-subjects/patient-safety/nurses-see-patients-as-diseased-objects/5035392.article |archive-date=14 March 2016 |access-date=4 May 2018 |website=nursingtimes.net}}</ref> == Rashin amincewa == === Gudanar da kai da kuma kula da korafe-korafe === Damuwa ta samo asali ne daga binciken da yawa wanda ke nuna cewa yadda GMC ke kula da korafe-korafe ya bambanta dangane da tseren ko cancantar kasashen waje, amma an yi jayayya cewa wannan na iya zama saboda dalilai na kai tsaye. Koyaya hukunce-hukuncen da kotun Burtaniya ta yanke a ranar 18 ga Yuni 2021 a karo na farko ta sami GMC da laifin nuna bambancin launin fata a cikin hanyoyin horo. Mutuwa da cututtuka tsakanin likitoci da ke wucewa ta hanyar GMC sun ja hankalin mutane. A cikin 2003/4 tsakanin 4 da 5% na likitocin da ke fuskantar lafiya don yin bincike sun mutu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - GMC |url=http://www.gmc-uk.org/5b___Report_of_the_Health_Review__Final_.pdf_25399045.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215313/http://www.gmc-uk.org/5b___Report_of_the_Health_Review__Final_.pdf_25399045.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=4 May 2018 |website=gmc-uk.org}}</ref> Dangane da buƙatar bayanai daidai da [[Dokar ƴancin bayani ta 2000|Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai ta 2000]], GMC ta bayyana cewa likitoci 68 sun mutu kwanan nan yayin da suke fuskantar horo don yin bincike, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deaths during GMC investigation - 4 February 2011 |url=http://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/57592/response/148232/attach/html/2/DOC001.PDF.pdf.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306104342/https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/57592/response/148232/attach/html/2/DOC001.PDF.pdf.html |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=4 May 2018 |website=whatdotheyknow.com}}</ref> A cikin wani rahoto na ciki, "Doctors Who Commit Suicide While Under GMC Fitness to Practise Investigation", GMC ta gano likitoci 114, tare da matsakaicin shekaru 45, waɗanda suka mutu a cikin shekaru tara da suka gabata, kuma suna da shari'ar GMC a lokacin mutuwar, kuma a cikin abin da 28 suka mutu da (24) ko ƙoƙarin (4) kashe kansu <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2014 |title=GMC to introduce 'emotional resilience' training after finding 28 doctors under investigation committed suicide |url=http://www.pulsetoday.co.uk/your-practice/practice-topics/regulation/gmc-to-introduce-emotional-resilience-training-after-finding-28-doctors-under-investigation-committed-suicide/1/20008791.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115222147/http://www.pulsetoday.co.uk/your-practice/practice-topics/regulation/gmc-to-introduce-emotional-resilience-training-after-finding-28-doctors-under-investigation-committed-suicide/1/20008791.article |archive-date=15 November 2017 |access-date=4 May 2018 |website=pulsetoday.co.uk}}</ref> kuma sun ba da shawarar horar da 'resilience na motsin rai' ga likitoci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2016 |title=Suicides by doctors under investigation by GMC - a Freedom of Information request to General Medical Council |url=https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/suicides_by_doctors_under_invest#outgoing-569463 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510085307/https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/suicides_by_doctors_under_invest#outgoing-569463 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |access-date=4 May 2018 |website=whatdotheyknow.com}}</ref> A cikin gargadi game da "mafi yawan tsari" Dokta Clare Gerada, tsohon shugaban Royal College of General Practitioners, ya yi sharhi: {{Cquote|We already spend up to one billion pounds regulating doctors. We are one of the most over-regulated professions around and there will always be people who fall through. If we pile on more and more regulation, we will never win.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pulsetoday.co.uk/gerada-warning-on-over-regulation-after-documentary-secretly-films-gp-consultations/12822006.article |title=Gerada warning on 'over-regulation' after documentary secretly films GP consultations |work=Pulse |date=4 October 2011 |access-date=3 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115221851/http://www.pulsetoday.co.uk/gerada-warning-on-over-regulation-after-documentary-secretly-films-gp-consultations/12822006.article |archive-date=15 November 2017}}</ref>}} Following the suicide of Professor John E Davies from Guy's Hospital, London, HM Senior Coroner for the area wrote to Niall Dickson with her Regulation 28: Report to Prevent Future Deaths:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reports to Prevent Future Deaths |url=https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/related-offices-and-bodies/office-chief-coroner/pfd-reports/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309000548/https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/related-offices-and-bodies/office-chief-coroner/pfd-reports/ |archive-date=9 March 2018 |access-date=4 May 2018 |website=www.judiciary.gov.uk}}</ref> {{Cquote|This is the second death of a doctor that has come before me over the last 2 years where a GMC investigation into the doctor's practice has been found to play a part.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Davies-2014-0063.pdf|title=Date of report: 13 February 2014 Ref: 2014-0063 Deceased name: John Davies Coroners name: Dr Fiona Wilcox Coroners Area: London Inner (West) Category: Other related deaths|website=judiciary.gov.uk|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132215/https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Davies-2014-0063.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>}} Masana kimiyya a Kwalejin King's London sun bincika tasirin karuwar nuna gaskiya a kan aikin likita kuma sun sami sakamako mai mahimmanci ba tare da niyya ba. Yayin da likitoci suka yi martani da damuwa ga ka'idoji da manyan labarai, sun yi aiki da kariya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McGivern |first=Gerry |last2=Fischer, Michael D. |year=2010 |title=Medical regulation, spectacular transparency and the blame business |journal=Journal of Health Organization and Management |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=597–610 |doi=10.1108/14777261011088683 |pmid=21155435}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McGivern |first=Gerry |last2=Fischer, Michael Daniel |date=1 February 2012 |title=Reactivity and reactions to regulatory transparency in medicine, psychotherapy and counselling |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/45260/1/WRAP_McGivern_McGivern__Fischer_SSM_2012_Reactivity__Reactions_to_Regulatory_Transparency_in_Medicine_Psychotherapy__Counselling_%28Authors%27_version%29.pdf |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=289–296 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.035 |pmid=22104085}}</ref> === Matsayi na sadaka === An yi rajistar GMC a matsayin sadaka tare da Hukumar Taimako ta Ingila da Wales a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2001. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Application for registration as a charity by the General Medical Council - 2 April 2001 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/324270/GMC.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207064920/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/324270/GMC.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=6 February 2016 |publisher=Charity Commission}}</ref> Kwamishinonin da suka yi la'akari da kotun da ikon Hukumar don yin la'akari le matsayin kungiyar, wanda kotuna suka yi laʼakari da shi a baya, a cikin batutuwan matsayin sadaka. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, asusun da GMC ta gabatar ga Hukumar Taimako sun nuna kudin shiga na £ 97 miliyan, kashe £ 101M tare da ajiyar £ 68M. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Annual Report 2014 |url=http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Accounts/Ends78/0001089278_AC_20141231_E_C.PDF |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=General Medical Council |page=63}}</ref>{{Spaces}} === Binciken jirgin ruwa === Dame Janet Smith ta soki GMC sosai a matsayin wani ɓangare na bincikenta game da batutuwan da suka taso daga batun Dokta Harold Shipman. "Bincike," in ji Dame Janet, "ya maye gurbin ka'ida. " Dame Janet ta ci gaba da cewa GMC ta kasa magance shari'o'in Fitness to Practise (FTP), musamman ma wadanda suka shafi likitoci masu daraja da girmamawa. Dangane da rahoton Shipman, Sir Liam Donaldson, babban jami'in kula da lafiya na lokacin, ya buga wani rahoto mai suna Good likitoci, marasa lafiya, wanda ya bayyana a cikin 2006. Donaldson ya nuna damuwa game da hanyoyin GMC FTP da sauran ayyuka na Majalisar. A nasa ra'ayin, an magance korafe-korafe a cikin tsangwama, GMC ya haifar da damuwa ga likitoci game da ƙananan korafe-korafe tare da jure rashin aiki a wasu lokuta. Ya zargi Majalisar da kasancewa "sirri, mai jure wa rashin daidaiton aiki da kuma mamaye sha'awar kwararru, maimakon na mara lafiya". Tsohon Shugaban Majalisar Likitoci ta Janar, Sir Donald Irvine, ya yi kira da a rusa majalisar da ke yanzu tare da sake kafa sabuwar mambobi..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Irvine |first=Donald |date=September 2006 |title=Good doctors: safer patients—the Chief Medical Officer's prescription for regulating doctors |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_royal-society-of-medicine-great-britain-journal_2006-09_99_9/page/430 |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=99 |issue=9 |pages=430–432 |doi=10.1177/014107680609900902 |pmc=1557883 |pmid=16946375}}</ref> === Penny Mellor === A cikin Yuli 2010 an soki GMC mai tsanani a cikin wata budaddiyar wasiƙa a cikin Jaridar Likita ta Burtaniya ta Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Yara don shawarar haɗa Penny Mellor a Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun GMC akan Kariyar Yara. A cewar wasikar, Penny Mellor an yanke masa hukunci tare da daure shi a kan laifin hada baki don sace wani yaro, kuma ya jagoranci yakin neman zabe na tsawon lokaci ciki har da zarge-zargen karya a kan likitoci da sauran kwararrun da ke da hannu a harkar kare yara. Ta kuma yi kamfen a kan Sir Roy Meadow da Farfesa David Southall, wadanda GMC ta share daga rajistar likitoci amma daga baya aka sake dawo da su bayan hukuncin kotu. Daga baya Penny Mellor ta yi murabus daga Kungiyar Kwararru. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, Babban Kotun Ingila da Wales ta soke shawarar da GMC ta yanke a shekarar 2010 don ya kori likitan gastroenterologist na yara John Walker-Smith daga rajistar likita saboda mummunar halayyar sana'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press Association |date=7 March 2012 |title=MMR row: high court rules doctor should not have been struck off |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/mar/07/mmr-row-doctor-appeal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032102/http://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/mar/07/mmr-row-doctor-appeal |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=25 October 2015 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A cikin hukunce-hukuncensa, babban alƙalin ya soki abin da ya ce shine "rashin isasshen tunani da kuma, a lokuta da yawa, kuskuren ƙarshe," kuma ya ce, "Zai zama masifa idan wannan ya sake faruwa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=John Aston |date=7 March 2012 |title=MMR doctor John Walker-Smith wins High Court appeal |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/mmr-doctor-john-walker-smith-wins-high-court-appeal-7543114.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021013606/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/mmr-doctor-john-walker-smith-wins-high-court-appeal-7543114.html |archive-date=21 October 2015 |access-date=3 November 2015 |website=The Independent}}</ref> === Yarjejeniyar likitoci === Rikici ya tashi a watan Yulin 2016 lokacin da Babban Kwamitin Kiwon Lafiya ya sanar da cewa zai nada Charlie Massey a matsayin sabon Shugaba.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="274" href="./Jeremy_Hunt" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Jeremy Hunt">Jeremy Hunt's aides<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>http://metro.co.uk/2016/07/16/doctors-embroiled-in-another-dispute-over-one-of-jeremy-hunts-aides-6010582/&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;website&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Metro&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;8</nowiki> December 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;16 July 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url-status<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;live<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;archive-url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://web.archive.org/web/20160925013633/http://metro.co.uk/2016/07/16/doctors-embroiled-in-another-dispute-over-one-of-jeremy-hunts-aides-6010582/&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archive-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;25</nowiki> September 2016<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwBO0\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt226\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFNagesh2016\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Nagesh, Ashitha (16 July 2016). </cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-69" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./General_Medical_Council#cite_note-69 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Massey ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga sakataren kiwon lafiya Jeremy Hunt a kan kwangilar likitocin Junior mai rikitarwa, wanda ya haifar da kwanaki da yawa na aikin masana'antu ta likitoci game da damuwa game da yiwuwar da lafiyar haƙuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Denis |date=22 August 2016 |title=Secret documents reveal official concerns over 'seven-day NHS' plans |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/aug/22/secret-documents-reveal-official-concerns-over-seven-day-nhs-plans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028142457/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/aug/22/secret-documents-reveal-official-concerns-over-seven-day-nhs-plans |archive-date=28 October 2016 |access-date=8 December 2016 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Likitoci da yawa sun ji cewa wannan ya nuna rikice-rikice na sha'awa kuma sun sanya hannu kan takarda ga majalisar likitoci don nuna gaskiya a cikin tsarin nadin sa. Kwamitin kiwon lafiya ya ba da amsa yana mai da'awar cewa har yanzu suna da ƙungiya mai zaman kanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephenson |first=Terence |date=19 September 2016 |title=Response to petition regarding GMC appointments and impartiality |url=http://www.gmc-uk.org/news/28654.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103135258/http://www.gmc-uk.org/news/28654.asp |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=8 December 2016 |website=www.gmc-uk.org |publisher=General Medical Council UK}}</ref> Massey ya kuma kasa nuna kansa a gaban Kwamitin Asusun Jama'a na Majalisar. Majalisar ta kunshi kwararru shida na kiwon lafiya da mambobi shida. Dukkanin mambobi ne Majalisar Privy ta nada su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council members |url=https://www.gmc-uk.org/about/how-we-work/governance/council/council-members |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207010832/https://www.gmc-uk.org/about/council/members.asp |archive-date=7 February 2018 |access-date=11 June 2018 |website=General Medical Council}}</ref> Shugaban yanzu shine Dame Carrie MacEwen wanda ya yi aiki tun watan Mayu 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2022 |title=New Chair for the General Medical Council |url=https://www.gmc-uk.org/news/news-archive/new-chair-for-the-general-medical-council |access-date=25 September 2022 |publisher=General Medical Council}}</ref> Shugaban zartarwa da mai rajista na yanzu shine Charlie Massey . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anonymous |title=Charlie Massey – Chief Executive and Registrar |url=http://www.gmc-uk.org/about/chief_executive.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211021454/http://www.gmc-uk.org/about/chief_executive.asp |archive-date=11 December 2016 |access-date=8 December 2016 |website=www.gmc-uk.org |publisher=General Medical Council UK}}</ref> Christine Murrell ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a GMC a 1933, duk da haka ta mutu kafin ta iya zama. A cikin 1950, Hilda Lloyd ta zama mace ta farko a cikin Majalisar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.gmc-uk.org/about/who-we-are/our-history |access-date=25 September 2022 |publisher=General Medical Council}}</ref><ref name="GMC2">{{Cite journal |last=Scott |first=Jean M |date=March 1988 |title=Women and the GMC: The Struggle for Representation |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=164–166 |doi=10.1177/014107688808100315 |issn=0141-0768 |pmc=1291513 |pmid=3282068}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Clare Marx ta zama mace ta farko a Majalisar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Chair of the General Medical Council |url=https://www.gmc-uk.org/news/news-archive/new-chair-of-the-general-medical-council |access-date=31 May 2024 |website=}}</ref> == Sauran masu kula da kiwon lafiya == Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Kwararru don Lafiya da Kula da Jama'a (PSA), kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke da alhakin Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya, tare da aikin inganta kiwon lafiya da jin daɗin marasa lafiya da jama'a a cikin tsarin masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya. Amma PSA ba ta da ikon shari'a don bincika korafe-korafe game da masu tsarawa. Yana ba da shawara ga sassan kiwon lafiya na gwamnatin Burtaniya guda huɗu kan batutuwan da suka shafi ka'idojin masu kiwon lafiya; bincikawa da kula da aikin hukumomin kula da lafiya guda tara: [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] riaj7o0njqlh9yq768wpei366nl6gl7 0 114041 969432 775457 2026-10-19T10:36:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 969432 wikitext text/x-wiki Mai Girma '''Oheneba Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware''' likita ce kuma jami'ar diflomasiyya ta Ghana. Ita ce jakadiyar [[Ghana]] a [[Rasha|Tarayyar Rasha]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2021 |title=The Ambassador {{!}} The Ghana Embassy, Moscow-Russia |url=https://ghanaembassy-russia.com/mission/ambassador/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604033819/https://ghanaembassy-russia.com/mission/ambassador/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma horar da Opoku Ware a matsayin likitan iyali. A shekarar 2017, shugaban Ghana ya nada ta a matsayin Jakadiyar Tarayyar Rasha. Ita kuma jakadiyar a wasu ƙasashe da dama da suka haɗa da [[Armeniya|Armenia]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == ''Oheneba'' Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware 'yar Victoria (née Victoria Nana Akua Afiiriyie Bando) ce da Otumfuo Opoku Ware II, Sarkin 15 na [[Daular Ashanti|Masarautar Ashanti]] ([[Asantehene]]" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Asantehene">Asantehene) saboda haka prefix na sunanta, "Oheneba". Iyayenta biyu sun fito ne daga masarautar Ashanti; sun yi aure a shekara ta 1945. <ref name="royal">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2011 |title=Obituary: King Opoku Ware II of Ashanti |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-king-opoku-ware-ii-of-ashanti-1078403.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-king-opoku-ware-ii-of-ashanti-1078403.html |archive-date=14 June 2022 |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Lesley ita ce 'yar ƙarama ta Asantehene . Tana da 'yan uwa biyu, Gifty Opoku Ware ta mutu a 2018 kuma Nana Osei Opoku Ware ya mutu a 2025.<ref name=":0"/> Mahaifin Lesley ya zama sarki lokacin da aka sace shi a shekarar 1970. Shi ne Asantehene, kuma ana kiransa Otumfuo, ko "mafi girma". Mahaifiyarta Victoria ba ta da ban mamaki saboda matan sarki ba su da tasiri kamar yadda mahaifiyar sarki take; Victoria ta zama mai mulki da mai tasiri ga manufofi, an ruwaito ta taimaka wa Sarki samun kursiyin. <ref name="Times 1996" /><ref name="royal" /> A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa, Victoria tana da ayyukan siyasa da diflomasiyya har zuwa mutuwarta a shekara ta 1996. <ref name="royal" /> Mahaifin Lesley ya mutu a 1999 kuma ɗansa bai gaji taken ba.<ref name="royal" /> Opoku Ware ta sauke karatu daga Royal College of Surgeons da ke Dublin a shekara ta 1981. Ta kammala karatunta a Royal College of General Practitioners tare da takardar shedar General Practice a matsayin likitan iyali a 2003. (U.K) <ref name=":0"/> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:President_Sarkissian_and_Ambassador_Lesley_Akyaa_Opoku_Ware.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Armenia Armen Sarkissian da Jakadan Ghana Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware a cikin 2019]] Opoku Ware ta shafe yawancin ayyukanta a Burtaniya. An yi mata rajista a matsayin kwararriyar likitancin iyali tare da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ghana a cikin 2013, kuma ta yi aiki da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Ghana na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin ta fara wannan tafiya.<ref name=":0"/> Opoku Ware ya karbi takardar shedar sha'awar yawon bude ido ta kasa da kasa a madadin kasar don bunkasa yawon shakatawa a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na hadin gwiwar kasuwanci, tattalin arziki da jin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Gets Certificate Of Tourism Attraction |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/852367/ghana-gets-certificate-of-tourism-attraction.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> [[Nana Akufo-Addo]], Shugaban Jamhuriyar Ghana, ya ba ta izini a matsayin Jakadan Ghana a Tarayyar Rasha a ranar 12 ga Satumba 2017. A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2018, ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta ga Shugaban Tarayyar, [[Vladimir Putin]] . Har yanzu tana zaune a Moscow lokacin da ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta a Armenia ga Shugaba Armen Sarkissian a watan Janairun 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana's Ambassador Present Credentials To Armenian President |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/916281/ghanas-ambassador-present-credentials-to-armenian.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta a Moldova kuma Tudor Ulianovschi ya tabbatar mata cewa Moldova ta yi niyyar kirkirar ofishinta a Ghana don ci gaba da inganta dangantaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghanaian ambassador agreed presents copies of credentials to Moldovan foreign ministry |url=https://www.moldpres.md/en/news/2019/04/17/19003064 |access-date=16 October 2021 |publisher=www.moldpres.md |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, an sake sabunta mata takardar shaidar zama jakadiyar kasar Rasha. Shugaban kasar, Nana Akufo-Addo, ya karfafa mata gwiwa da wasu jakadu ko manyan kwamishinoni 20 da su taimaka wa kasarsu ta murmure bayan da ta samu [[Annobar cutar Covid-19 a Ghana|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akufo-Addo presents credentials to 21 envoys |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1085468/akufo-addo-presents-credentials-to-21-envoys.html |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, she was ambassador to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova and Russia.<ref name=":0"/> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Opoku Ware ta yi aure tare da yara biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press release on Deputy Foreign Minister Mikhail Bogdanov's meeting with Ambassador of the Republic of Ghana to Russia Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware |url=https://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/3944933 |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=www.mid.ru |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=edemtrends |date=20 September 2021 |title=Dr. Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware: Daughter of Late Asantehene Otumfour Opoku Ware II |url=https://edemtrendsgh.com/dr-lesley-akyaa-opoku-ware-daughter-of-late-asantehene-otumfour-opoku-ware-ii/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Edem Trends GH |language=en-US |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024173612/https://edemtrendsgh.com/dr-lesley-akyaa-opoku-ware-daughter-of-late-asantehene-otumfour-opoku-ware-ii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Karramawa == * Manajan darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Euracare a Accra . <ref name=":1"/> * Shugaban Ci gaban Birnin Petronia (2012 - 2015). <ref name=":1" /> * Jakadan Ghana a Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=See the 21 ambassadors, high commissioners who have been presented with their credentials |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/president-akufo-addo-presents-credentials-to-21-ambassadors-high-commissioners.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] n0582h7pjn0h3e6lg3t173qzu1na2el 969433 969432 2026-10-19T10:37:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 969433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mai Girma '''Oheneba Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware''' likita ce kuma jami'ar diflomasiyya ta Ghana. Ita ce jakadiyar [[Ghana]] a [[Rasha|Tarayyar Rasha]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2021 |title=The Ambassador {{!}} The Ghana Embassy, Moscow-Russia |url=https://ghanaembassy-russia.com/mission/ambassador/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604033819/https://ghanaembassy-russia.com/mission/ambassador/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma horar da Opoku Ware a matsayin likitan iyali. A shekarar 2017, shugaban Ghana ya nada ta a matsayin Jakadiyar Tarayyar Rasha. Ita kuma jakadiyar a wasu ƙasashe da dama da suka haɗa da [[Armeniya|Armenia]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == ''Oheneba'' Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware 'yar Victoria (née Victoria Nana Akua Afiiriyie Bando) ce da Otumfuo Opoku Ware II, Sarkin 15 na [[Daular Ashanti|Masarautar Ashanti]] ([[Asantehene]]" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Asantehene">Asantehene) saboda haka prefix na sunanta, "Oheneba". Iyayenta biyu sun fito ne daga masarautar Ashanti; sun yi aure a shekara ta 1945. <ref name="royal">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2011 |title=Obituary: King Opoku Ware II of Ashanti |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-king-opoku-ware-ii-of-ashanti-1078403.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-king-opoku-ware-ii-of-ashanti-1078403.html |archive-date=14 June 2022 |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Lesley ita ce 'yar ƙarama ta Asantehene . Tana da 'yan uwa biyu, Gifty Opoku Ware ta mutu a 2018 kuma Nana Osei Opoku Ware ya mutu a 2025.<ref name=":0"/> Mahaifin Lesley ya zama sarki lokacin da aka sace shi a shekarar 1970. Shi ne Asantehene, kuma ana kiransa Otumfuo, ko "mafi girma". Mahaifiyarta Victoria ba ta da ban mamaki saboda matan sarki ba su da tasiri kamar yadda mahaifiyar sarki take; Victoria ta zama mai mulki da mai tasiri ga manufofi, an ruwaito ta taimaka wa Sarki samun kursiyin. <ref name="Times 1996" /><ref name="royal" /> A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa, Victoria tana da ayyukan siyasa da diflomasiyya har zuwa mutuwarta a shekara ta 1996. <ref name="royal" /> Mahaifin Lesley ya mutu a 1999 kuma ɗansa bai gaji taken ba.<ref name="royal" /> Opoku Ware ta sauke karatu daga Royal College of Surgeons da ke Dublin a shekara ta 1981. Ta kammala karatunta a Royal College of General Practitioners tare da takardar shedar General Practice a matsayin likitan iyali a 2003. (U.K) <ref name=":0"/> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:President_Sarkissian_and_Ambassador_Lesley_Akyaa_Opoku_Ware.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Armenia Armen Sarkissian da Jakadan Ghana Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware a cikin 2019]] Opoku Ware ta shafe yawancin ayyukanta a Burtaniya. An yi mata rajista a matsayin kwararriyar likitancin iyali tare da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ghana a cikin 2013, kuma ta yi aiki da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Ghana na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin ta fara wannan tafiya.<ref name=":0"/> Opoku Ware ya karbi takardar shedar sha'awar yawon bude ido ta kasa da kasa a madadin kasar don bunkasa yawon shakatawa a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na hadin gwiwar kasuwanci, tattalin arziki da jin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Gets Certificate Of Tourism Attraction |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/852367/ghana-gets-certificate-of-tourism-attraction.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> [[Nana Akufo-Addo]], Shugaban Jamhuriyar Ghana, ya ba ta izini a matsayin Jakadan Ghana a Tarayyar Rasha a ranar 12 ga Satumba 2017. A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2018, ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta ga Shugaban Tarayyar, [[Vladimir Putin]] . Har yanzu tana zaune a Moscow lokacin da ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta a Armenia ga Shugaba Armen Sarkissian a watan Janairun 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana's Ambassador Present Credentials To Armenian President |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/916281/ghanas-ambassador-present-credentials-to-armenian.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta a Moldova kuma Tudor Ulianovschi ya tabbatar mata cewa Moldova ta yi niyyar kirkirar ofishinta a Ghana don ci gaba da inganta dangantaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghanaian ambassador agreed presents copies of credentials to Moldovan foreign ministry |url=https://www.moldpres.md/en/news/2019/04/17/19003064 |access-date=16 October 2021 |publisher=www.moldpres.md |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, an sake sabunta mata takardar shaidar zama jakadiyar kasar Rasha. Shugaban kasar, Nana Akufo-Addo, ya karfafa mata gwiwa da wasu jakadu ko manyan kwamishinoni 20 da su taimaka wa kasarsu ta murmure bayan da ta samu [[Annobar cutar Covid-19 a Ghana|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akufo-Addo presents credentials to 21 envoys |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1085468/akufo-addo-presents-credentials-to-21-envoys.html |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, she was ambassador to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova and Russia.<ref name=":0"/> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Opoku Ware ta yi aure tare da yara biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press release on Deputy Foreign Minister Mikhail Bogdanov's meeting with Ambassador of the Republic of Ghana to Russia Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware |url=https://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/3944933 |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=www.mid.ru |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=edemtrends |date=20 September 2021 |title=Dr. Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware: Daughter of Late Asantehene Otumfour Opoku Ware II |url=https://edemtrendsgh.com/dr-lesley-akyaa-opoku-ware-daughter-of-late-asantehene-otumfour-opoku-ware-ii/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Edem Trends GH |language=en-US |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024173612/https://edemtrendsgh.com/dr-lesley-akyaa-opoku-ware-daughter-of-late-asantehene-otumfour-opoku-ware-ii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Karramawa == * Manajan darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Euracare a Accra . <ref name=":1"/> * Shugaban Ci gaban Birnin Petronia (2012 - 2015). <ref name=":1" /> * Jakadan Ghana a Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=See the 21 ambassadors, high commissioners who have been presented with their credentials |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/president-akufo-addo-presents-credentials-to-21-ambassadors-high-commissioners.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] frh8ivhtipmd75hjwlk48ydlnt3p324 969434 969433 2026-10-19T10:37:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 969434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oheneba Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware''' likita ce kuma jami'ar diflomasiyya ta Ghana. Ita ce jakadiyar [[Ghana]] a [[Rasha|Tarayyar Rasha]]. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2021 |title=The Ambassador {{!}} The Ghana Embassy, Moscow-Russia |url=https://ghanaembassy-russia.com/mission/ambassador/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604033819/https://ghanaembassy-russia.com/mission/ambassador/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma horar da Opoku Ware a matsayin likitan iyali. A shekarar 2017, shugaban Ghana ya nada ta a matsayin Jakadiyar Tarayyar Rasha. Ita kuma jakadiyar a wasu ƙasashe da dama da suka haɗa da [[Armeniya|Armenia]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == ''Oheneba'' Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware 'yar Victoria (née Victoria Nana Akua Afiiriyie Bando) ce da Otumfuo Opoku Ware II, Sarkin 15 na [[Daular Ashanti|Masarautar Ashanti]] ([[Asantehene]]" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Asantehene">Asantehene) saboda haka prefix na sunanta, "Oheneba". Iyayenta biyu sun fito ne daga masarautar Ashanti; sun yi aure a shekara ta 1945. <ref name="royal">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2011 |title=Obituary: King Opoku Ware II of Ashanti |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-king-opoku-ware-ii-of-ashanti-1078403.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-king-opoku-ware-ii-of-ashanti-1078403.html |archive-date=14 June 2022 |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Lesley ita ce 'yar ƙarama ta Asantehene . Tana da 'yan uwa biyu, Gifty Opoku Ware ta mutu a 2018 kuma Nana Osei Opoku Ware ya mutu a 2025.<ref name=":0"/> Mahaifin Lesley ya zama sarki lokacin da aka sace shi a shekarar 1970. Shi ne Asantehene, kuma ana kiransa Otumfuo, ko "mafi girma". Mahaifiyarta Victoria ba ta da ban mamaki saboda matan sarki ba su da tasiri kamar yadda mahaifiyar sarki take; Victoria ta zama mai mulki da mai tasiri ga manufofi, an ruwaito ta taimaka wa Sarki samun kursiyin. <ref name="Times 1996" /><ref name="royal" /> A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa, Victoria tana da ayyukan siyasa da diflomasiyya har zuwa mutuwarta a shekara ta 1996. <ref name="royal" /> Mahaifin Lesley ya mutu a 1999 kuma ɗansa bai gaji taken ba.<ref name="royal" /> Opoku Ware ta sauke karatu daga Royal College of Surgeons da ke Dublin a shekara ta 1981. Ta kammala karatunta a Royal College of General Practitioners tare da takardar shedar General Practice a matsayin likitan iyali a 2003. (U.K) <ref name=":0"/> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:President_Sarkissian_and_Ambassador_Lesley_Akyaa_Opoku_Ware.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Armenia Armen Sarkissian da Jakadan Ghana Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware a cikin 2019]] Opoku Ware ta shafe yawancin ayyukanta a Burtaniya. An yi mata rajista a matsayin kwararriyar likitancin iyali tare da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ghana a cikin 2013, kuma ta yi aiki da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Ghana na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin ta fara wannan tafiya.<ref name=":0"/> Opoku Ware ya karbi takardar shedar sha'awar yawon bude ido ta kasa da kasa a madadin kasar don bunkasa yawon shakatawa a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na hadin gwiwar kasuwanci, tattalin arziki da jin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Gets Certificate Of Tourism Attraction |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/852367/ghana-gets-certificate-of-tourism-attraction.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> [[Nana Akufo-Addo]], Shugaban Jamhuriyar Ghana, ya ba ta izini a matsayin Jakadan Ghana a Tarayyar Rasha a ranar 12 ga Satumba 2017. A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2018, ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta ga Shugaban Tarayyar, [[Vladimir Putin]] . Har yanzu tana zaune a Moscow lokacin da ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta a Armenia ga Shugaba Armen Sarkissian a watan Janairun 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana's Ambassador Present Credentials To Armenian President |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/916281/ghanas-ambassador-present-credentials-to-armenian.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta a Moldova kuma Tudor Ulianovschi ya tabbatar mata cewa Moldova ta yi niyyar kirkirar ofishinta a Ghana don ci gaba da inganta dangantaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghanaian ambassador agreed presents copies of credentials to Moldovan foreign ministry |url=https://www.moldpres.md/en/news/2019/04/17/19003064 |access-date=16 October 2021 |publisher=www.moldpres.md |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, an sake sabunta mata takardar shaidar zama jakadiyar kasar Rasha. Shugaban kasar, Nana Akufo-Addo, ya karfafa mata gwiwa da wasu jakadu ko manyan kwamishinoni 20 da su taimaka wa kasarsu ta murmure bayan da ta samu [[Annobar cutar Covid-19 a Ghana|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akufo-Addo presents credentials to 21 envoys |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1085468/akufo-addo-presents-credentials-to-21-envoys.html |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, she was ambassador to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova and Russia.<ref name=":0"/> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Opoku Ware ta yi aure tare da yara biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press release on Deputy Foreign Minister Mikhail Bogdanov's meeting with Ambassador of the Republic of Ghana to Russia Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware |url=https://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/3944933 |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=www.mid.ru |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=edemtrends |date=20 September 2021 |title=Dr. Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware: Daughter of Late Asantehene Otumfour Opoku Ware II |url=https://edemtrendsgh.com/dr-lesley-akyaa-opoku-ware-daughter-of-late-asantehene-otumfour-opoku-ware-ii/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Edem Trends GH |language=en-US |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024173612/https://edemtrendsgh.com/dr-lesley-akyaa-opoku-ware-daughter-of-late-asantehene-otumfour-opoku-ware-ii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Karramawa == * Manajan darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Euracare a Accra . <ref name=":1"/> * Shugaban Ci gaban Birnin Petronia (2012 - 2015). <ref name=":1" /> * Jakadan Ghana a Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=See the 21 ambassadors, high commissioners who have been presented with their credentials |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/president-akufo-addo-presents-credentials-to-21-ambassadors-high-commissioners.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hst3icwc0dkl4ozinrv020b63x1g60f 969435 969434 2026-10-19T10:37:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 969435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oheneba Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware''' likita ce kuma jami'ar diflomasiyya ta Ghana. Ita ce jakadiyar [[Ghana]] a [[Rasha|Tarayyar Rasha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2021 |title=The Ambassador {{!}} The Ghana Embassy, Moscow-Russia |url=https://ghanaembassy-russia.com/mission/ambassador/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604033819/https://ghanaembassy-russia.com/mission/ambassador/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma horar da Opoku Ware a matsayin likitan iyali. A shekarar 2017, shugaban Ghana ya nada ta a matsayin Jakadiyar Tarayyar Rasha. Ita kuma jakadiyar a wasu ƙasashe da dama da suka haɗa da [[Armeniya|Armenia]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == ''Oheneba'' Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware 'yar Victoria (née Victoria Nana Akua Afiiriyie Bando) ce da Otumfuo Opoku Ware II, Sarkin 15 na [[Daular Ashanti|Masarautar Ashanti]] ([[Asantehene]]" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Asantehene">Asantehene) saboda haka prefix na sunanta, "Oheneba". Iyayenta biyu sun fito ne daga masarautar Ashanti; sun yi aure a shekara ta 1945. <ref name="royal">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2011 |title=Obituary: King Opoku Ware II of Ashanti |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-king-opoku-ware-ii-of-ashanti-1078403.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-king-opoku-ware-ii-of-ashanti-1078403.html |archive-date=14 June 2022 |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Lesley ita ce 'yar ƙarama ta Asantehene . Tana da 'yan uwa biyu, Gifty Opoku Ware ta mutu a 2018 kuma Nana Osei Opoku Ware ya mutu a 2025.<ref name=":0"/> Mahaifin Lesley ya zama sarki lokacin da aka sace shi a shekarar 1970. Shi ne Asantehene, kuma ana kiransa Otumfuo, ko "mafi girma". Mahaifiyarta Victoria ba ta da ban mamaki saboda matan sarki ba su da tasiri kamar yadda mahaifiyar sarki take; Victoria ta zama mai mulki da mai tasiri ga manufofi, an ruwaito ta taimaka wa Sarki samun kursiyin. <ref name="Times 1996" /><ref name="royal" /> A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa, Victoria tana da ayyukan siyasa da diflomasiyya har zuwa mutuwarta a shekara ta 1996. <ref name="royal" /> Mahaifin Lesley ya mutu a 1999 kuma ɗansa bai gaji taken ba.<ref name="royal" /> Opoku Ware ta sauke karatu daga Royal College of Surgeons da ke Dublin a shekara ta 1981. Ta kammala karatunta a Royal College of General Practitioners tare da takardar shedar General Practice a matsayin likitan iyali a 2003. (U.K) <ref name=":0"/> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:President_Sarkissian_and_Ambassador_Lesley_Akyaa_Opoku_Ware.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Armenia Armen Sarkissian da Jakadan Ghana Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware a cikin 2019]] Opoku Ware ta shafe yawancin ayyukanta a Burtaniya. An yi mata rajista a matsayin kwararriyar likitancin iyali tare da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ghana a cikin 2013, kuma ta yi aiki da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Ghana na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin ta fara wannan tafiya.<ref name=":0"/> Opoku Ware ya karbi takardar shedar sha'awar yawon bude ido ta kasa da kasa a madadin kasar don bunkasa yawon shakatawa a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na hadin gwiwar kasuwanci, tattalin arziki da jin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Gets Certificate Of Tourism Attraction |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/852367/ghana-gets-certificate-of-tourism-attraction.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> [[Nana Akufo-Addo]], Shugaban Jamhuriyar Ghana, ya ba ta izini a matsayin Jakadan Ghana a Tarayyar Rasha a ranar 12 ga Satumba 2017. A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2018, ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta ga Shugaban Tarayyar, [[Vladimir Putin]] . Har yanzu tana zaune a Moscow lokacin da ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta a Armenia ga Shugaba Armen Sarkissian a watan Janairun 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana's Ambassador Present Credentials To Armenian President |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/916281/ghanas-ambassador-present-credentials-to-armenian.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta a Moldova kuma Tudor Ulianovschi ya tabbatar mata cewa Moldova ta yi niyyar kirkirar ofishinta a Ghana don ci gaba da inganta dangantaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghanaian ambassador agreed presents copies of credentials to Moldovan foreign ministry |url=https://www.moldpres.md/en/news/2019/04/17/19003064 |access-date=16 October 2021 |publisher=www.moldpres.md |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, an sake sabunta mata takardar shaidar zama jakadiyar kasar Rasha. Shugaban kasar, Nana Akufo-Addo, ya karfafa mata gwiwa da wasu jakadu ko manyan kwamishinoni 20 da su taimaka wa kasarsu ta murmure bayan da ta samu [[Annobar cutar Covid-19 a Ghana|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akufo-Addo presents credentials to 21 envoys |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1085468/akufo-addo-presents-credentials-to-21-envoys.html |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, she was ambassador to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova and Russia.<ref name=":0"/> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Opoku Ware ta yi aure tare da yara biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press release on Deputy Foreign Minister Mikhail Bogdanov's meeting with Ambassador of the Republic of Ghana to Russia Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware |url=https://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/3944933 |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=www.mid.ru |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=edemtrends |date=20 September 2021 |title=Dr. Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware: Daughter of Late Asantehene Otumfour Opoku Ware II |url=https://edemtrendsgh.com/dr-lesley-akyaa-opoku-ware-daughter-of-late-asantehene-otumfour-opoku-ware-ii/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Edem Trends GH |language=en-US |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024173612/https://edemtrendsgh.com/dr-lesley-akyaa-opoku-ware-daughter-of-late-asantehene-otumfour-opoku-ware-ii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Karramawa == * Manajan darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Euracare a Accra . <ref name=":1"/> * Shugaban Ci gaban Birnin Petronia (2012 - 2015). <ref name=":1" /> * Jakadan Ghana a Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=See the 21 ambassadors, high commissioners who have been presented with their credentials |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/president-akufo-addo-presents-credentials-to-21-ambassadors-high-commissioners.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] deitbp7sbyeervp8kkgvu0bsmzo9sdc 969436 969435 2026-10-19T10:38:02Z Pharouqenr 25549 969436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oheneba Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware''' likita ce kuma jami'ar diflomasiyya ta Ghana. Ita ce jakadiyar [[Ghana]] a [[Rasha|Tarayyar Rasha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2021 |title=The Ambassador {{!}} The Ghana Embassy, Moscow-Russia |url=https://ghanaembassy-russia.com/mission/ambassador/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604033819/https://ghanaembassy-russia.com/mission/ambassador/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma horar da Opoku Ware a matsayin likitan iyali. A shekarar 2017, shugaban Ghana ya nada ta a matsayin Jakadiyar Tarayyar Rasha. Ita kuma jakadiyar a wasu ƙasashe da dama da suka haɗa da [[Armeniya|Armenia]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == ''Oheneba'' Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware 'yar Victoria (née Victoria Nana Akua Afiiriyie Bando) ce da Otumfuo Opoku Ware II, Sarkin 15 na [[Daular Ashanti|Masarautar Ashanti]] (Asantehene) saboda haka prefix na sunanta, "Oheneba". Iyayenta biyu sun fito ne daga masarautar Ashanti; sun yi aure a shekara ta 1945. <ref name="royal">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2011 |title=Obituary: King Opoku Ware II of Ashanti |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-king-opoku-ware-ii-of-ashanti-1078403.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-king-opoku-ware-ii-of-ashanti-1078403.html |archive-date=14 June 2022 |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Lesley ita ce 'yar ƙarama ta Asantehene . Tana da 'yan uwa biyu, Gifty Opoku Ware ta mutu a 2018 kuma Nana Osei Opoku Ware ya mutu a 2025.<ref name=":0"/> Mahaifin Lesley ya zama sarki lokacin da aka sace shi a shekarar 1970. Shi ne Asantehene, kuma ana kiransa Otumfuo, ko "mafi girma". Mahaifiyarta Victoria ba ta da ban mamaki saboda matan sarki ba su da tasiri kamar yadda mahaifiyar sarki take; Victoria ta zama mai mulki da mai tasiri ga manufofi, an ruwaito ta taimaka wa Sarki samun kursiyin. <ref name="Times 1996" /><ref name="royal" /> A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa, Victoria tana da ayyukan siyasa da diflomasiyya har zuwa mutuwarta a shekara ta 1996. <ref name="royal" /> Mahaifin Lesley ya mutu a 1999 kuma ɗansa bai gaji taken ba.<ref name="royal" /> Opoku Ware ta sauke karatu daga Royal College of Surgeons da ke Dublin a shekara ta 1981. Ta kammala karatunta a Royal College of General Practitioners tare da takardar shedar General Practice a matsayin likitan iyali a 2003. (U.K) <ref name=":0"/> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:President_Sarkissian_and_Ambassador_Lesley_Akyaa_Opoku_Ware.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Armenia Armen Sarkissian da Jakadan Ghana Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware a cikin 2019]] Opoku Ware ta shafe yawancin ayyukanta a Burtaniya. An yi mata rajista a matsayin kwararriyar likitancin iyali tare da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ghana a cikin 2013, kuma ta yi aiki da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Ghana na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin ta fara wannan tafiya.<ref name=":0"/> Opoku Ware ya karbi takardar shedar sha'awar yawon bude ido ta kasa da kasa a madadin kasar don bunkasa yawon shakatawa a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na hadin gwiwar kasuwanci, tattalin arziki da jin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Gets Certificate Of Tourism Attraction |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/852367/ghana-gets-certificate-of-tourism-attraction.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> [[Nana Akufo-Addo]], Shugaban Jamhuriyar Ghana, ya ba ta izini a matsayin Jakadan Ghana a Tarayyar Rasha a ranar 12 ga Satumba 2017. A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2018, ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta ga Shugaban Tarayyar, [[Vladimir Putin]] . Har yanzu tana zaune a Moscow lokacin da ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta a Armenia ga Shugaba Armen Sarkissian a watan Janairun 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana's Ambassador Present Credentials To Armenian President |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/916281/ghanas-ambassador-present-credentials-to-armenian.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta a Moldova kuma Tudor Ulianovschi ya tabbatar mata cewa Moldova ta yi niyyar kirkirar ofishinta a Ghana don ci gaba da inganta dangantaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghanaian ambassador agreed presents copies of credentials to Moldovan foreign ministry |url=https://www.moldpres.md/en/news/2019/04/17/19003064 |access-date=16 October 2021 |publisher=www.moldpres.md |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, an sake sabunta mata takardar shaidar zama jakadiyar kasar Rasha. Shugaban kasar, Nana Akufo-Addo, ya karfafa mata gwiwa da wasu jakadu ko manyan kwamishinoni 20 da su taimaka wa kasarsu ta murmure bayan da ta samu [[Annobar cutar Covid-19 a Ghana|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akufo-Addo presents credentials to 21 envoys |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1085468/akufo-addo-presents-credentials-to-21-envoys.html |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, she was ambassador to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova and Russia.<ref name=":0"/> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Opoku Ware ta yi aure tare da yara biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press release on Deputy Foreign Minister Mikhail Bogdanov's meeting with Ambassador of the Republic of Ghana to Russia Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware |url=https://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/3944933 |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=www.mid.ru |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=edemtrends |date=20 September 2021 |title=Dr. Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware: Daughter of Late Asantehene Otumfour Opoku Ware II |url=https://edemtrendsgh.com/dr-lesley-akyaa-opoku-ware-daughter-of-late-asantehene-otumfour-opoku-ware-ii/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Edem Trends GH |language=en-US |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024173612/https://edemtrendsgh.com/dr-lesley-akyaa-opoku-ware-daughter-of-late-asantehene-otumfour-opoku-ware-ii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Karramawa == * Manajan darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Euracare a Accra . <ref name=":1"/> * Shugaban Ci gaban Birnin Petronia (2012 - 2015). <ref name=":1" /> * Jakadan Ghana a Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=See the 21 ambassadors, high commissioners who have been presented with their credentials |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/president-akufo-addo-presents-credentials-to-21-ambassadors-high-commissioners.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 291918r41b2cpitqm5j4xwnvi3joxo5 969445 969436 2026-10-19T11:02:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 969445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oheneba Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware''' likita ce kuma jami'ar diflomasiyya ta Ghana. Ita ce jakadiyar [[Ghana]] a [[Rasha|Tarayyar Rasha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2021 |title=The Ambassador {{!}} The Ghana Embassy, Moscow-Russia |url=https://ghanaembassy-russia.com/mission/ambassador/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604033819/https://ghanaembassy-russia.com/mission/ambassador/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma horar da Opoku Ware a matsayin likitan iyali. A shekarar 2017, shugaban Ghana ya nada ta a matsayin Jakadiyar Tarayyar Rasha. Ita kuma jakadiyar a wasu ƙasashe da dama da suka haɗa da [[Armeniya|Armenia]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == ''Oheneba'' Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware 'yar Victoria (née Victoria Nana Akua Afiiriyie Bando) ce da Otumfuo Opoku Ware II, Sarkin 15 na [[Daular Ashanti|Masarautar Ashanti]] (Asantehene) saboda haka prefix na sunanta, "Oheneba". Iyayenta biyu sun fito ne daga masarautar Ashanti; sun yi aure a shekara ta 1945. <ref name="royal">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2011 |title=Obituary: King Opoku Ware II of Ashanti |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-king-opoku-ware-ii-of-ashanti-1078403.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220614/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-king-opoku-ware-ii-of-ashanti-1078403.html |archive-date=14 June 2022 |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Lesley ita ce 'yar ƙarama ta Asantehene . Tana da 'yan uwa biyu, Gifty Opoku Ware ta mutu a 2018 kuma Nana Osei Opoku Ware ya mutu a 2025.<ref name=":0"/> Mahaifin Lesley ya zama sarki lokacin da aka sace shi a shekarar 1970. Shi ne Asantehene, kuma ana kiransa Otumfuo, ko "mafi girma". Mahaifiyarta Victoria ba ta da ban mamaki saboda matan sarki ba su da tasiri kamar yadda mahaifiyar sarki take; Victoria ta zama mai mulki da mai tasiri ga manufofi, an ruwaito ta taimaka wa Sarki samun kursiyin. <ref name="Times 1996" /><ref name="royal" /> A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa, Victoria tana da ayyukan siyasa da diflomasiyya har zuwa mutuwarta a shekara ta 1996. <ref name="royal" /> Mahaifin Lesley ya mutu a 1999 kuma ɗansa bai gaji taken ba.<ref name="royal" /> Opoku Ware ta sauke karatu daga Royal College of Surgeons da ke Dublin a shekara ta 1981. Ta kammala karatunta a Royal College of General Practitioners tare da takardar shedar General Practice a matsayin likitan iyali a 2003. (U.K) <ref name=":0"/> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:President_Sarkissian_and_Ambassador_Lesley_Akyaa_Opoku_Ware.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Armenia Armen Sarkissian da Jakadan Ghana Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware a cikin 2019]] Opoku Ware ta shafe yawancin ayyukanta a Burtaniya. An yi mata rajista a matsayin kwararriyar likitancin iyali tare da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ghana a cikin 2013, kuma ta yi aiki da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Ghana na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin ta fara wannan tafiya.<ref name=":0"/> Opoku Ware ya karbi takardar shedar sha'awar yawon bude ido ta kasa da kasa a madadin kasar don bunkasa yawon shakatawa a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na hadin gwiwar kasuwanci, tattalin arziki da jin kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana Gets Certificate Of Tourism Attraction |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/852367/ghana-gets-certificate-of-tourism-attraction.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> [[Nana Akufo-Addo]], Shugaban Jamhuriyar Ghana, ya ba ta izini a matsayin Jakadan Ghana a Tarayyar Rasha a ranar 12 ga Satumba 2017. A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2018, ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta ga Shugaban Tarayyar, [[Vladimir Putin]] . Har yanzu tana zaune a Moscow lokacin da ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta a Armenia ga Shugaba Armen Sarkissian a watan Janairun 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana's Ambassador Present Credentials To Armenian President |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/916281/ghanas-ambassador-present-credentials-to-armenian.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, ta gabatar da takardun shaidarta a Moldova kuma Tudor Ulianovschi ya tabbatar mata cewa Moldova ta yi niyyar kirkirar ofishinta a Ghana don ci gaba da inganta dangantaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghanaian ambassador agreed presents copies of credentials to Moldovan foreign ministry |url=https://www.moldpres.md/en/news/2019/04/17/19003064 |access-date=16 October 2021 |publisher=www.moldpres.md |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, an sake sabunta mata takardar shaidar zama jakadiyar kasar Rasha. Shugaban kasar, Nana Akufo-Addo, ya karfafa mata gwiwa da wasu jakadu ko manyan kwamishinoni 20 da su taimaka wa kasarsu ta murmure bayan da ta samu [[Annobar cutar Covid-19 a Ghana|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akufo-Addo presents credentials to 21 envoys |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1085468/akufo-addo-presents-credentials-to-21-envoys.html |access-date=16 October 2021 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, she was ambassador to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova and Russia.<ref name=":0"/> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Opoku Ware ta yi aure tare da yara biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press release on Deputy Foreign Minister Mikhail Bogdanov's meeting with Ambassador of the Republic of Ghana to Russia Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware |url=https://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/3944933 |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=www.mid.ru |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=edemtrends |date=20 September 2021 |title=Dr. Lesley Akyaa Opoku Ware: Daughter of Late Asantehene Otumfour Opoku Ware II |url=https://edemtrendsgh.com/dr-lesley-akyaa-opoku-ware-daughter-of-late-asantehene-otumfour-opoku-ware-ii/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Edem Trends GH |language=en-US |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024173612/https://edemtrendsgh.com/dr-lesley-akyaa-opoku-ware-daughter-of-late-asantehene-otumfour-opoku-ware-ii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Karramawa == * Manajan darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Euracare a Accra . <ref name=":1"/> * Shugaban Ci gaban Birnin Petronia (2012 - 2015). <ref name=":1" /> * Jakadan Ghana a Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=See the 21 ambassadors, high commissioners who have been presented with their credentials |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/president-akufo-addo-presents-credentials-to-21-ambassadors-high-commissioners.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3pz8qmtcxygnpjmcsfvzzpgjzzzv3x9 0 114127 969426 964851 2026-10-19T10:14:02Z Bauchi 1 40103 /* 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama */ 969426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tun daga shekara ta 1967, [[Hassanal Bolkiah|Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah]] ya jagoranci [[Brunei]] a matsayin masarauta. Hukumomin gaggawa sun bai wa sarkin damar yin mulki kusan ba tare da tangarda ba tun daga 1962. Majalisar dokoki, wadda ta ƙunshi naɗaɗɗen naɗaɗɗen, zaɓe a kaikaice, da tsofaffin membobin, suna yin taro akai-akai a duk shekara kuma suna aiki kawai a matsayin ƙungiya mai ba da shawara don ƙaddamarwa da amincewa da dokoki da tsare-tsaren kashe kudi. Rundunar ‘yan sanda ta Royal Brunei (RBPF) da kuma ma’aikatar tsaron cikin gida (ISD) wadanda ofishin Firayim Minista da ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida ke kula da su, su ne ke da alhakin tabbatar da oda da kuma tabbatar da doka a cikin al’ummar kasar. Sa ido mai zaman kansa kan yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance ƙalubale saboda rashin gaskiya. Idan aka aiwatar da sauye-sauyen lokaci zuwa ga kundin tsarin shari'a, zai ba da damar yin amfani da hukuncin kisa da kuma hukuncin kisa a kan laifuffuka daban-daban da suka hada da sara da jifa, wadanda ke zama azabtarwa. Bitar za ta nuna wa mata wariya kuma za ta tauye yancin mutane na tunani, lamiri, da addini.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> == Shari'a == === Shari'ar Shari'a ta Syariah === A ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2019, Dokar Laifukan Syariah ta Brunei (2013) ta fara aiki. Sabuwar dokar tana nuna wariya ga mafiya rauni a cikin al'umma, ciki har da yara, mata, da tsiraru na addini da masu canjin launin Jinsi,kuma suna yin illa ga muhimman hakkokin bil'adama. Yawancin bangarori na kundin sun sabawa alkawuran Brunei ga dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da kuma yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda Brunei ke ciki. Brunei ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata da yarjejeniyar 'yancin yara (CEDAW). Brunei ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa da sauran muguwar dabi'a, wulakanci ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa, amma har yanzu ba ta amince da shi ba. A matsayinta na mamba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Brunei ta sha alwashin kiyaye ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama ta Duniya, wadanda ake tunanin wakilci ne na dokokin kasa da kasa da aka amince da su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-22 |title=Brunei's Pernicious New Penal Code |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/22/bruneis-pernicious-new-penal-code |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> === Yaki da fataucin mutane === Gwamnatin Brunei ta tilasta bin doka ta haɓaka ƙoƙarin yaƙi da fataucin mutane. Dokar hana fataucin mutane ta 2019 ta haramta fataucin jima'i da fataucin aiki da kuma hukuncin da aka tsara, wanda ake ganin ya yi tsauri. Bugu da kari, wata kila gwamnati ta yi amfani da Babi na 120 Sashe na 5 na Dokar Laifin Mata da 'Yan Mata wajen gurfanar da wadanda suka aikata laifin safarar jima'i. Koyaya, adadin laifuffukan da ake zargi da fataucin da aka gabatar don bita da yuwuwar bincike ya ragu daga shari'o'i 147 a cikin 2020 zuwa 134 a cikin 2021.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> == Hakki na asali == === 'Yanci na magana === Tsarin mulki da dokoki ba su haɗa da wani tanadi na [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] ba. Ana ba wa membobin Majalisar Dokoki damar "bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kyauta" a madadin mutane, amma ba a ba su damar amfani da harshe ko aiki a hanyoyin da "marasa hakki, zagi, abin kunya, ko lalacewa". Kalubale game da "tsarin ko muhimmancin ra'ayin ƙasa, ra'ayin mulkin mallaka na Musulunci na Malay," an haramta su ta hanyar doka. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, mulkin mallaka ne kawai zai iya kula da hakkoki da gata na tseren [[Brunei Malay]], kuma an sanya Islama a matsayin addinin ƙasa. Duk wani aiki, abu, ko sanarwa da aka nufa don haifar da "ra'ayi na rashin son kai ko ƙiyayya" doka ta haramta shi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> A cewar kungiyar masu fafutuka ta Reporters Without Borders (RSF), sanya ido kan kai shi ne al'ada ga 'yan jarida a Brunei, wanda aka sanya a matsayi na 154 a cikin kasashe 180 a matsayin 'yancin 'yan jarida. Don rahoton da aka yanke hukunci na karya da mugunta, jami'ai suna da ikon rufe jaridu ba tare da hujja ba, tara, da kuma daure 'yan jarida har na tsawon shekaru uku. Gidan Talabijin na gwamnati shi ne kawai tashar tashar a Brunei. Iyalin Sultan ne ke tafiyar da [[Borneo]] Bulletin, babbar jarida ta yau da kullun ta harshen Ingilishi a cikin al'umma, kuma da yawa daga cikin marubutanta suna yin tauye kai. Scoop, bugu na kan layi wanda aka yi muhawara a cikin 2017, yana ba da ɗaukar hoto na siyasa da al'umma na Brunei.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Shahiran Sheriffudin bin Shahrani Muhammad, ma’aikacin gwamnati, an sauke shi ne a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, kuma an zarge shi a karkashin sashe na 4 (1) (c) na dokar tada zaune tsaye da yin kalamai a Facebook cewa ma’aikatar kula da harkokin addini ta samu “mummuna”. Don tsoron sakamakon shari'a, 'yan jarida da masu fafutuka na kan layi sun ci gaba da tantance kansu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> === 'Yanci na taro da motsi === Hukumomin gaggawa na gwamnati sun tauye ‘yancin yin taro a kasar nan. Taron jama'a na mutane 10 ko fiye yana buƙatar izini daga gwamnati, kuma 'yan sanda na iya tarwatsa taron da ba na hukuma ba na mutane biyar ko fiye da ake ganin za su iya haifar da dagula zaman lafiya. Gwamnati na ba da izini akai-akai don abubuwan da suka faru na shekara-shekara, amma lokaci-lokaci suna tarwatsa taron siyasa ko kuma wani abin ban sha'awa. Al'ummar LGBTQI+ sun ba da rahoton cewa hukumomi sun fasa wani taron a karshen watan Janairu saboda rashin izini. Masu shirya abubuwan da suka faru a kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci sukan gudanar da tarurruka a cikin sirri maimakon neman izini ko gudanar da ayyukan tantance kansu a abubuwan da suka faru na jama'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Dokokin da suka daɗe suna tauye haƙƙin haɗawa. Ba tare da izini ba, babu wata ƙungiya ta mutane sama da goma da za su taru saboda kowane dalili, kuma ana kiyaye waɗannan ƙa'idodi akai-akai. Taron mutane biyar ko fiye da ba a hukumance ba wanda 'yan sanda ke ganin zai iya kawo cikas ga zaman lafiya na iya tarwatsa su. Dole ne Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida ya amince da duk izini. A al'adance, gwamnati ta ba da izinin gudanar da bukukuwa na shekara, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta kan yi amfani da wannan ikon lokaci-lokaci wajen dakile tarukan siyasa. Maimakon neman izini ko shigar da kai a al'amuran jama'a, waɗanda ke da alhakin shirya abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci suna yawan yin taro cikin sirri.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Fundamental freedoms still severely restricted in Brunei |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/fundamental-freedoms-still-severely-restricted-brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Dokar ba ta ba da ’yancin yin tarayya ba, kuma ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin hukuma su yi rajista da magatakardar ƙungiyoyin jama’a tare da bayar da rahoton ayyukansu. Gwamnati na iya dakatar da ayyukan kungiyoyin da suka yi rajista idan ta ga yana da maslaha ga jama'a. Ƙungiyoyin da ke neman tara kuɗi ko gudummawa daga jama'a suna buƙatar izini daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da izini na kowane mutum don kowane aikin tara kuɗi. Gwamnati na karɓar mafi yawan aikace-aikacen kafa ƙungiyoyi, amma masu nema suna ƙarƙashin binciken bayanan baya da buƙatun suna. Ƙungiyoyin da aka amince da su suna magance al'amura kamar gurbatar yanayi, adana namun daji, fasaha, kasuwanci, da mata a cikin kasuwanci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Seria_20_November_2022_12.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Pekan zai kasance]] === 'Yanci na addini === Addinin hukuma a Brunei shine [[Mabiya Sunnah|Musulunci na Sunni]], amma kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da izinin yin zaman lafiya ga dukkan addinai. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da dokar Shari'a, wanda ya hada da azabtarwa ta [[Kafar Azaba|jiki]] da ta babban birnin don laifuka kamar ridda da saɓo, kodayake ba a aiwatar da hukuntawa ta kisa ba tun 1957. Gwamnati ta ba da izinin 'yan tsiraru na addinai wadanda ba Musulmai ba su yi imani da su amma ta haramta kungiyoyin addinai da ta dauka "marasa kyau". Duk wuraren ibada an rufe su saboda COVID-19, kuma ba a sanar da wuraren ibada wadanda ba na Musulunci ba game da rufewa. Gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa]] ba. Wadanda ba Musulmai ba suna ci gaba da fuskantar ƙuntatawa game da ikon su na tuba, kuma a wani lamari, jami'an al'ada sun kwace Littafi Mai-Tsarki amma ana iya dawo da su tare da amincewar rubuce-rubuce daga sassan gwamnati daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> Gwamnati ta ci gaba da kokarin da ta yi na dogon lokaci don hana wasu addinai da tallafawa [[Shafi`iyya|Makarantar Shafii]] ta Sunni Islam. Kungiyoyin addinai waɗanda ba su bi makarantar Shafii ta Sunni Islama suna ƙarƙashin dokoki da ka'idoji. A cikin shekara ta 2012, akwai ɗan canji kaɗan a cikin tsarin yadda gwamnati ke girmama 'yancin addini. Bisa ga haɗin addini, imani, ko aiki, akwai wasu rahotanni game da cin zarafin jama'a ko nuna bambanci. Ƙungiyoyin addinai a cikin al'umma galibi sun kasance tare cikin jituwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} 2012 Report on International Religious Freedom – Brunei |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/519dd4e114.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> === 'Yancin siyasa === Sarki ne ke mulkin kasar ta hanyar haihuwa ta gado, kuma 'yan kasa ba su da ikon zabar mulkinsu. Tun daga shekarar 1962 ne aka fara amfani da ikon gaggawa, duk bayan shekaru biyu da sarkin musulmi ke sabunta shi. Majalisar dokoki ba ta da iko mai zaman kansa kuma da farko tana ba da dandalin tattaunawa na jama'a game da shirye-shiryen gwamnati, kasafin kuɗi, da gazawar gudanarwa. Zaɓen majalisar tuntuɓar ƙauye yana ba da damar kada kuri'a ta hanyar jefa kuri'a a asirce ga mutane masu shekaru 18 da haihuwa, amma dole ne 'yan takara su kasance Musulmi, wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta amince da su, kuma sun kasance ɗan ƙasa ko mazaunin dindindin sama da shekaru 15. Jam’iyyar siyasa daya tilo da ta yi rajista, jam’iyyar ci gaban kasa, ta yi alkawarin mara wa sarki da gwamnati baya, kuma ba ta sukar gwamnati.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> == Hakkin yara == Uba ko, bayan aiwatar da aikace-aikacen, uwar ita ce tushen zama ɗan ƙasa. Haihuwa a cikin iyakokin ƙasa ba ya ba da ɗan ƙasa. Ana rubuta kowace haihuwa, kuma ana yi wa yara maza da mata daidai. Dole ne iyaye marasa jiha su nemi takardar izini na musamman idan an haifi ɗansu a nan. Rashin yin rikodin haihuwa ya saba wa doka, kuma yin hakan ya sa ya zama ƙalubale wajen sa yaron a makaranta. Duk da cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma an yanke masa hukunci, amma da alama bai zama ruwan dare gama gari ba. A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, an yanke wa wani mahaifin da ya yi lalata da 'ya'yansa mata hukuncin daurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari da kuma gwangwani 12. Sashin da aka sadaukar domin binciken laifukan da suka shafi mata da yara wani bangare ne na RBPF, kuma Ma'aikatar Al'adu, Matasa, da Wasanni ta ba da mafaka da kulawa da wadanda abin ya shafa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> Matsakaicin shekarun aure na doka a Brunei shine shekaru 14 da watanni bakwai tare da izinin iyaye da mahalarta, sai dai idan dokokin addini ko na al'ada sun saita mafi ƙarancin shekaru. Dokar Iyali ta Musulunci ta kayyade mafi karancin shekaru 16 ga 'yan mata musulmi, da maza musulmi 18, kuma laifi ne a tilasta wa wani ya yi aure ba tare da son ransa ba. Dole ne ‘yan kabilar China su zama 15 ko sama da haka kafin su yi aure, kuma jima’i da yarinya ‘yar kabilar China ‘yar kasa da shekara 15 ana daukar su fyade ko da tare da mijinta. Auren da ya shafi yara ƙanana ba safai ba ne kuma gabaɗaya al'adar zamantakewa ta haramta. Yin jima'i da yarinya 'yar kasa da shekaru 14 fyade ne kuma za'a iya yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru 30 a gidan yari da mafi karancin gwangwani 12 kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Dokar ta kāre mata, ’yan mata, da yara maza daga yin amfani da su don yin karuwanci da kuma “wasu maƙasudai na lalata,” irin su batsa, da suka haɗa da yin lalata da kasuwanci. Don ci gaba da yi wa matasa maza fyade, gwamnati ta yi amfani da dokar da ta haramta "jima'i ta jiki da ta sabawa tsarin yanayi." Bayan aure, manya masu yarda dole ne su kasance aƙalla shekaru 16. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> A cewar Datin Paduka Hajah Norlida binti Dato Paduka Haji Abdul Jalil, babban sakatare na dindindin na ma'aikatar al'adu, matasa, da wasanni na kasar Brunei, tun bayan da aka fara tantance kasar a shekarar 2003, an yi kokari da dama wadanda suka daga darajar Brunei Darussalam na bin ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar. An amince da wasu shawarwarin kwamitin, yayin da wasu suka samu ci gaba. A karshen watan Agustan 2015, Brunei ta soke ƙin amincewarta ga sakin layi na 20 na ƙaramin sakin layi na 1 da na 2 da ƙaramin sakin layi na 21 (a). Mataki na 14, Mataki na 20 (3), da Mataki na 21 (b-e), da kuma wasu sassan Yarjejeniyar da ba za su dace da Musulunci ba, addinin hukuma na Brunei, na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tanadi. Sun bayyana kwarin guiwar cewa duk samari za su yi aure tun suna shekara 18 kuma za a haramta bulala da azabtar da jiki a kowane wuri. Kwararru sun tattauna batutuwa irin su bautar da yara, ra'ayoyin jinsi mara kyau, kaciyar mata, ilimin jama'a da na addini, da tsarin shari'a na yara. An yaba wa Brunei don samun manyan matakan karatu da ilimi. Kwararrun sun yi sha'awar ƙarin koyo game da madadin kulawa da tsarin tallafi, tsarin karɓuwa, yawan [[kiba]] da matakan da aka ɗauka don magance matsalar, da kuma yiwuwar zubar da ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Committee on the Rights of the Child considers the report of Brunei Darussalam |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2016/01/committee-rights-child-considers-report-brunei-darussalam |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref> == 'Yancin mata == Doka ta duniya ta tanadi dauri da gwangwani a matsayin hukuncin fyade, yayin da dokar hukunta laifukan Shari’a ta tanadi jifan kisa a matsayin mafi girman hukuncin. Dokar ba ta haramta yi wa maza fyade ko fyaden ma’aurata ba, kuma jima’i da namiji da matarsa ba za a yi la’akari da shi a matsayin fyade ba matukar ba ta kai shekara 14 ba (15 ga matan Sinawa). Babu takamaiman dokar musgunawa cikin gida, amma hukumomi na iya kama mutane a karkashin dokar da ta shafi kare mata da 'yan mata. Hukuncin cin zarafi na cikin gida ya kasance daga mako daya zuwa biyu a gidan yari da kuma tarar karamin hari zuwa gwangwani da kuma hukuncin dauri mai tsawo saboda mummunan rauni. Dokar iyali ta Musulunci ta ba da kariya daga cin zarafin ma'aurata tare da ba da izinin ba da umarnin kariya, tare da hukuncin da ya saba wa dokar kariya ya zama tara mai yawa, ɗauri har zuwa watanni shida, ko duka biyun.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> Gyara ga Shari'ar Shari'a ta haɗa da sassan da, idan aka aiwatar da su, za su kara nuna bambanci ga mata, gami da sanya [[Mata a musulunchi|Mata Musulmi]] marasa aure su zauna a gidan mai kula da su da kuma aikata laifuka a [[Aure a Musulunci|waje da aure]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> == Hakkin nakasassu == Doka a wannan ƙasa ba ta buƙatar samun dama ko haramta wariya ga nakasassu a yawancin ayyukan jama'a, gami da samun dama ga gine-gine, sufuri, da sadarwa. Koyaya, ana ba da sabis na ilimi ga nakasassu a makarantun gwamnati da na addini. Gwamnati kuma tana ba da shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a da kuma tallafin nakasassu kowane wata ga yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 15. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna aiki don ƙara ayyukan gwamnati. Gwamnati ta bullo da wasu hanyoyin biyan kudi don tabbatar da cewa nakasassu sun sami alawus alawus din su yayin bala'in COVID-19. Ba a yi magana ta musamman game da samun damar yin shari'a ga nakasassu ba. Duk mutane, ba tare da la'akari da nakasa ba, suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da samun damar kiwon lafiya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> == Cinikin mutane == Ma'aikatan kasashen waje, galibi daga [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Filipin|Philippines]], [[Bangladesh]], da China, suna cikin haɗari ga cin zarafin masu fataucin mutane a Brunei. Masu fataucin mutane suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban kamar tilasta wa masu bashi, rashin biyan albashi, kwace fasfo, da cin zarafin jiki don cin zarafin Ma'aikatan ƙaura. Wasu mata masu ƙaura da suka isa kan biza ta yawon bude ido na iya tilasta su shiga [[Cinikin jima'i|fataucin jima'i]], yayin da wadanda ke fama da fataucin a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] ko Indonesia na iya wucewa ta Brunei. Dokokin Anti-LGBTQI + suma suna kara haɗarin cin hanci da rashawa ga mutane LGBTQI +, waɗanda suka riga sun kasance cikin haɗarin fataucin mutane. Masana da ke aiki a kan kokarin yaki da fataucin mutane a Brunei suma suna fuskantar barazanar masu fataucin kaya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> === Shari'a === Kotuna ba su hukunta duk wani mai fataucin mutane a Brunei a shekara ta biyar a jere. Gwamnati na buƙatar shaidar ƙarfin jiki, zamba, ko tilastawa ta jiki don bincika laifin fataucin, kuma ba ta binciki shari'o'in da waɗanda ake zargi da fataucin suka yi amfani da ba tilastawa ba. Dogara ga shaidar wanda aka azabtar da kuma rashin matakan bincike na musamman don tabbatar da shaida ya haifar da bincike da kuma gurfanar da su a karkashin dokar hana fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ta gaza fahimtar yawaitar fataucin mutane da alamomin da ke da alaka da aiki, wanda ke kawo cikas ga yunkurin yaki da fataucin mutane. Gwamnati ba ta binciki duk wasu laifuffukan fataucin da ake zargi da aikatawa ba, kuma ta mai da hankali kan laifukan da masu aikata laifuka daga kasashen waje ke aikatawa maimakon masu laifi na Brune. Gwamnatin Brunei ba ta bayar da rahoton wani bincike, tuhuma, ko hukunci na ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke da hannu a safarar mutane ba, amma cin hanci da rashawa da hadin gwiwar hukuma a cikin laifukan fataucin sun kasance abin damuwa. Gwamnati ta tuhumi jami'an da ke da hannu a zamba ta hanyar biza amma ba su ba gwamnatocin kasashen waje hadin kai ba kan tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi na fataucin cikin gida da suka shafi 'yan kasashen waje.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> === Karewa === Gwamnatin Brunei ta rage kokarinta na kare wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane. Duk da cewa suna da daidaitattun hanyoyin aiki (SOPs) don gano wanda aka azabtar, turawa, da kariya, gwamnati ba ta bayar da rahoton gano duk wanda aka yi wa fataucin mutane ba a shekara ta biyu a jere. Har ila yau, SOPs ba su bincika alamun fataucin mutane ba tsakanin mutane na LGBTQI + ko manya da aka kama don shiga cikin [[Karuwanci|Jima'i na kasuwanci]]. An ruwaito cewa gwamnati ta gurfanar da wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane kuma ta yanke musu hukunci saboda cin zarafin shige da fice, kuma ta fitar da ma'aikatan kasashen waje wadanda ma'aikatan Bruneian suka hana albashi ko kulawar likita. Wadannan ayyukan sun ci gaba da tsoro tsakanin wadanda abin ya shafa kuma sun haifar da gagarumin ganewa da gibin samar da sabis. Masu sa ido sun yi kira ga tsarin sadarwa na yau da kullun tsakanin ofisoshin jakadancin gwamnatin kasashen waje da gwamnatin Bruneian don kara hadin gwiwa kan rahotanni na laifukan fataucin mutane.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> === Rigakafi === Gwamnatin Brunei ta rage kokarin hana fataucin mutane. Suna da kwamitin yaki da fataucin mutane da ke yin taro a kowace shekara kuma suna aiwatar da shirinsu na kasa da aka samar a watan Nuwamba 2020. Duk da haka, ma'aikatar kwadago ba ta fitar da ka'idoji kan haramcin cajin kudade, albashi, riba, ko diyya ta wakilan daukar ma'aikata, kuma babu sa ido kan wannan tanadi. Gwamnatin Bruneiya ta bukaci ma’aikatan kasashen waje da su sanya hannu a kwangilolinsu a gaban jami’in kwadago don hana jabu da tabbatar da bin doka. Koyaya, duk kwangilolin an rubuta su a cikin tsari iri ɗaya kuma ba a ba da takamaiman bayani ba dangane da aikin ma'aikata ko bayanin matsayi. Gwamnati ba ta tabbatar da cewa ana yin kwangila a cikin yaren farko na ma'aikata ba ko kuma sun riƙe kwafin kwangilar su. Gwamnati ba ta kuma aiwatar da dokar da ta dace da ta hana masu daukar ma'aikata hana albashi ko rike fasfo na ma'aikata. Cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 ta hana gwamnati damar gudanar da baje kolin hanyoyin yaki da safarar mutane da kuma yakin wayar da kan jama’a, amma wata kafar yada labarai mallakar gwamnati ta ci gaba da buga labarai kan fataucin da ‘yancin ’yan kwadago.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> == Hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar == Waɗannan mutanen ƙasar ba su da wata jiha tasu. Babu wata ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iyakoki a kusa da yankunan ƴan asalin, kuma majalisar dokoki ko sauran hukumomin gwamnati ba su da wani wakilci na ƙabilu na asali. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun ɗan taka rawa wajen zaɓin da ya shafi yankunansu, al’adu, da al’adunsu da kuma yin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa a ciki da kuma ƙarƙashin ƙasa na asali, gami da makamashi da ma’adanai.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin Malay na 'yan asali bakwai-Belait, Bisaya, Brunei, Dusun (Brunei), Kedayan, Murut ko Tutong - an jera su a matsayin masu cancanta ta atomatik don zama dan kasa a cikin Dokar Ƙasa ta Brunei na 1961. A wani wuri, ya lissafa ƙarin al'ummomin 15 waɗanda kuma ake la'akari da su 'yan asalin zuwa Brunei, Dayas, Kayanlanda ([[Kenya]]), Dayas, Kayanland (ciki har da Sabups da Sipengs), Kajangs (ciki har da Sekapans, Kejamans, Lahanans, Punans, Tajongs da Kanowits), Lugats, Lisums, Melanaus, Penans, Sians, Tagals, Tabuns da Ukits. Duk da cewa an amince da su a matsayin ƴan asalin ƙasar nan, ba a ba su zama ɗan ƙasa kai tsaye ba. Ka'idojin da dole ne su cika sun fi tsauri, yayin da samun uba wanda memba ne na ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin "Malay" na asali bakwai ya isa ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa nan da nan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=Dusun, Murut, Kedayan, Iban, Tutong, Penan |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/dusun-murut-kedayan-iban-tutong-penan/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Kashewa da azabtarwa ta jiki == Duk da kasancewarsa mai kawar da kai a ka'idar, rataya ya kasance hukunci na gama-gari don laifuka da dama, da suka haɗa da kisan kai, ta'addanci, da laifukan da suka haɗa da kwayoyi. Gyaran dokar Penal Code, idan aka fara aiki a mataki na uku, zai sa aikata laifuka kamar zina, luwadi, da fyade hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jefewa. Duk musulmi da wanda ba musulmi ba, wadanda suka yi zina da musulmi, za a yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta hanyar jifa ko bulala 100, gwargwadon matsayin auren wanda ya aikata laifin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Brunei Darussalam 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/brunei-darussalam/report-brunei-darussalam/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> Duk da yake babu wata alama cewa an aiwatar da dokokin jinsi guda kwanan nan, akwai da'awar cewa dokar da ta sa nuna bambancin jinsi ba bisa ka'ida ba a wasu lokuta. Bayan zargi a duniya, Brunei ya bayyana a cikin 2019 cewa za a tsawaita haramcin hukuncin kisa don haɗawa da sabbin dokoki a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'a ta Syariah ta 2013. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, akwai lokuta na nuna bambanci ga mutanen LGBT, gami da cin zarafi, barazana, da ƙalubalen samun damar samun dama ga hakkoki da ayyuka na asali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-18 |title=Brunei |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country-profile/brunei/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}</ref> A mayar da martani ga rahotanni cewa gwamnatin Bruneian za ta karɓi Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa kuma ta ci gaba da adawa da amfani da hukuncin kisa, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'ar Shari'a ta Syariah (UNCAT) da ta wuce kwanan nan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nishat |date=2019-05-07 |title=Brunei death penalty will not be repealed or implemented |url=https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/brunei-death-penalty/64515/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Open Access Government |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Hakkin ma'aikaci == Ma'aikata suna da haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙwadago da shiga ƙungiyoyi, amma ƙungiyoyin suna ƙarƙashin kulawa mai mahimmanci daga magatakardar ƙungiyar kwadago. Dokar dai ta haramta hada-hadar gama-gari da yajin aiki, kuma babu wata kungiya ko kungiyoyin ma'aikata a kasar. Dole ne ƙungiyoyi su yi rajista tare da gwamnati kuma su kasance ƙarƙashin doka iri ɗaya kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi, tare da hukuncin rashin yin rajista. Dokar ta haramta alaka da kungiyoyin kwadago na kasa da kasa ba tare da izinin gwamnati ba kuma ta takaita amfani da kudaden kungiyar. Dokar ta bukaci jami’an kungiyar su kasance masu gaskiya, kuma hukuncin da ya saba wa dokokin kungiyar ya hada da tara da dauri. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna aiki ne a cikin lamuran ma'aikata amma suna aiwatar da ayyukan tantance kansu don gujewa fuskantar gwamnati.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> Bisa ga ƙidayar ƙidayar Ma'aikata/Ma'aikata ta 2017 da Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta fitar, akwai jimillar ma'aikata 25,211 a cikin aikin gine-ginen kaɗai, waɗanda ke da baƙi 22,510, 'yan ƙasar waje 2,141, da mazaunan dindindin 560. Bayanin ya dace da jimlar ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci 1,777 masu aiki a ɓangaren gine-gine na Brunei. [[Fayil:Kuala_Belait_18_February_2023_02.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikacin kasashen waje a karkashin Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a (JKR).]] === Aikin tilas ko tilas === Dokar ta haramta duk wani nau'i na tilastawa ko aiki na dole, amma gwamnati ba ta aiwatar da doka yadda ya kamata ba, kuma an yi aikin tilastawa. Hukunce-hukuncen aikin tilastawa na iya haifar da hukunci, amma yawancin shari'o'in an yanke su ba tare da kotu ba, kuma ba kasafai ake aiwatar da hukunci ba. Gwamnati ta kafa kwamitin hadin gwiwa don dakile safarar mutane. Duk da haka, gwamnati ba ta binciki yadda ya kamata a kan batun bautar bashi ko aikin tilastawa. Wasu ma’aikatan bakin haure na kasashen waje sun fuskanci bautar da ba son rai ba, daurin bashi, rashin biyan albashi, ma’aikata masu cin zarafi, ko tsare gida, wasu ma’aikata na hana albashi don dawo da dillalan aiki ko kudaden daukar ma’aikata. Sarkin ya gudanar da ziyarar ba-zata a ma’aikatun shige da fice da ma’aikata saboda damuwa da rikon amana da ingancin sassan biyu. Ya nuna damuwa game da wata kungiyar da ke sayar da katunan shaidar kasa ta bogi kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa jami'an shige da fice sun shiga hannu. Sarkin ya kuma danganta kwararowar ma’aikata na kasashen waje da rashin kulawar gwamnati wajen bayar da bizar ma’aikata, inda ya yi magana a fili kan ma’aikatan Bangladesh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> === Nuna bambanci === Dokar ba ta da takamaiman tanadi don hana aikin yi da nuna bambanci a sana'a. Matsakaicin albashi na aiki daidai yake kuma doka ba ta buƙata ba. An hana mata yin aiki a wasu ayyukan yaƙi na soja, kuma asalin ƙabilanci shine ƙayyadadden abu a wasu mukaman gwamnati da aikin soja. Ma'aikata na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu sun nuna son kai ga ma'aikatan kasashen waje, kuma masu neman aikin LGBTI wani lokaci suna fuskantar wariya. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kara wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafin mata a wuraren aiki. Wasu ma'aikatan kasashen waje sun sami karancin albashi bisa asalin kasarsu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> == 'Yancin mutanen da aka kama == Sai dai a lokuta lokacin da ƴan sanda ba su iya samun amincewa a kan lokaci don dakatar da wanda ake zargi da gudu ko kuma lokacin da aka kama wanda ake zarge da aikata laifi, dole ne majistare ya amince da sammacin kamawa. Bayan kamawa, 'yan sanda na iya riƙe wanda ake zargi har zuwa awanni 48 yayin da suke gudanar da bincike kafin su kai shi a gaban majistare ko [[Shari'a|Kotun shari'a]]. Kungiyoyin tilasta a karkashin dokar shari'a da shari'a sun amince kuma sun tabbatar da wannan haƙƙin. Ba a ba da izinin samun damar shiga ga mutanen da aka tsare a cikin sa'o'i 48 na bincike a ofisoshin 'yan sanda ba, gami da lauyoyi. A kan yarjejeniyar majistare ko kotun shari'a, hukumomi na iya kiyaye fursunoni fiye da sa'o'i 48 na asali.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa, bayan shafe sa’o’i 48 ana gudanar da bincike, hukumomi a wata kasa suna sanar da fursunonin tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi musu tare da bayar da bayanai game da fursunonin. Bayan wannan lokaci, 'yan sanda na iya, a cikin yanayi mai wuya, ƙin shigar da baƙi. Ban da manyan laifuffuka, dokar ta ba da izinin yin amfani da belin alkali bisa ga ra'ayi, amma ba ta yi tanadi ga waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu ba su sami wakilci na shari'a kyauta. A cikin kararrakin da ba na babban birni ba, waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu na iya wakiltar kansu, duk da haka ƙungiyoyin sa-kai da yawa suna ba da sabis na shari'a. A karkashin dokar tsaron cikin gida, gwamnati na da hurumin tsare ko kama mutane da kuma tsare su ba tare da tuhumarsu ba saboda sauya wa'adin shekaru biyu yayin da kuma ta kira wata kungiya mai ba da shawara don tantance mutanen da ake tsare da su. Baya ga kotunan shari’a, ana amfani da shari’ar shari’a, kuma wani kwamiti ne ke tantance irin kotunan da ya kamata su saurari kararraki.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> == 'Yancin mutane a shari'a == Dokar ba ta bayyana karara kan wani bangaren shari'a mai zaman kansa ba, da kuma sarkin musulmi, wanda ke rike da mukamin firaminista, da kuma yarima mai jiran gado, wanda ke rike da mukamin babban minista, dukkansu ne ke kula da kotunan da ba ruwansu da addini da na shari'a. Duk da haka, babu wani bayanan da aka samu na shiga tsakani na gwamnati da bangaren shari'a, kuma gabaɗaya gwamnatin tana kiyaye yancin shari'a. Duk alkalai a manyan kotuna sarki ne ya nada su kuma suna aiki bisa ga ra'ayinsa a tsarin shari'a biyu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> Doka ta duniya a wata ƙasa ta tanadi yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya, akan lokaci, da kuma jama'a, tare da waɗanda ake tuhumar ba su da laifi kuma a ba su 'yancin yin la'akari, a sanar da su tuhume-tuhume, da kuma fuskantar masu tuhuma, masu yin tambayoyi, gabatar da shaida, ba da shaida, da kuma daukaka kara. Hanyoyin Shari'a ba su tanadar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙi na musamman ba, amma waɗanda ake tuhuma a shari'ar shari'a gabaɗaya suna da haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da na waɗanda suke cikin shari'ar laifi a ƙarƙashin dokar duniya. Kotunan Shari'a na da hurumin yin wasu lamuran farar hula, amma wasu sassan shari'a sun shafi kowa da kowa, ba tare da la'akari da addini ba. Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta ba da izinin tsare tsare a cikin lamuran ɓarna da tashin hankali, amma waɗanda ake tsare suna da damar gabatar da wakilci game da umarnin tsarewa ga hukumar ba da shawara, ko dai da kai ko ta hanyar lauya ko lauya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Brunei |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/brunei/ |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> dmhjt81pbldhvzgyamwxxmnu7xmsuv8 0 117878 969200 934896 2026-10-18T17:10:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdullahi Ibrahim Musa''' yakasance masanin kimiyya ne kuma farfesa a fannin karatu a [[Najeriya]] . Shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna|Jami'ar]] [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] (KASU) na yanzu. Wanda Tsohon gwamnan Jihar Kaduna, Malam [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai|Nasir Ahmad El-Rufa'i]] ne ya nada shi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Just In: KASU gets new vice-chancellor – The Daily Reality |url=https://dailyrealityng.com/2022/10/19/just-in-kasu-gets-new-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=16 August 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya hau mulki ne a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2022.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Profile: Meet Professor Abdullahi Musa, new VC of Kaduna State University |url=https://newswirengr.com/2022/11/14/profile-meet-professor-abdullahi-musa-new-vc-of-kaduna-state-university/ |access-date=16 August 2025 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901190353/https://newswirengr.com/2022/11/14/profile-meet-professor-abdullahi-musa-new-vc-of-kaduna-state-university/ |archive-date=1 September 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wanda Ya maye gurbin Farfesa [[Abdullahi musa ashafa|Abdullahi Musa Ashafa]], wanda ya rike mukamin a matsayin mai aiki tun daga 23 ga watan Yuni 2022.<ref name=":1" /> Har zuwa lokacin da aka nada shi, Farfesa Abdullahi Musa ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai Gidan Laburaren Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Abu |date=19 October 2022 |title=Prof. Abdullahi I. Musa appointed KASU VC |url=https://dateline.ng/prof-abdullahi-i-musa-appointed-kasu-vc/ |access-date=16 August 2025 |website=Dateline Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwarsa na farko da ilimi == Musa ya fito ne daga yankin karamar hukumar Soba na cikin Jihar Kaduna, <ref name=":2"/> kuma ya fara tafiyarsa ta ilimi tare da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar laburare daga [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami'ar Bayero, Kano]], sannan ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyya daga Jami'an Ahmadu Bello, Zaria, inda daga baya ya jagoranci Sashen Laburaren da Kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of the Vice-Chancellor – KASU |url=https://kasu.edu.ng/office-of-the-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=16 August 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sami Ph.D. a cikin Gudanar da Bayanai, ƙwararre a cikin Tsarin Bayanai, daga Jami'ar Jihar Emporia da ke [[Kansas]], ta Kasar Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=PL33L4MAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=16 August 2025 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> Wanda har ila yau, yana da digiri na gaba a Kimiyya ta Bayanai, Kimiyya ta Gudanarwa, da Gudanar da Kasuwanci. Farfesa Musa ya yi aiki a matsayin malami mai ziyara a Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign, musamman a Makarantar Nazarin Kimiyya da Cibiyar Mortenson don Shirye-shiryen Duniya. Binciken da ya yi ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin kiwon [[lafiya]], ilimin kiwon lafiyar, da ilimin zamantakewa.<ref name=":0"/> == Ayyuka == * Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Laburaren da Kimiyya na Bayanai, Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zaria . <ref name=":1"/> dake zaria == Kyaututuka == Ya samu Kyautar Mataimakin Shugaban jami'a na Shekara ta Time Africa Magazine a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba 2024 a Gidan Kyautar Kasa na Najeriya a Abuja. Kyautar ta amince da kokarinsa da gudummawarsa ga ci gaban ilimi a Najeriya da waje.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Abdullahi Ibrahim Musa wins Time Africa's Vice-Chancellor of the Year Award – KASU |url=https://kasu.edu.ng/2024/10/15/prof-abdullahi-ibrahim-musa-wins-time-africas-vice-chancellor-of-the-year-award/ |access-date=16 August 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sq0nkmzxspft5jdpvdqjm337kg5shad 0 118279 969245 908593 2026-10-18T19:11:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adenike Grange''' farfesa ne a fannin ilimin yara, mashawarci, marubuci kuma tsohon [[Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya (Najeriya)|Ministan Lafiya]] . An nada ta ne a ranar 25 ga Yulin 2007, inda ta zama ministar lafiya ta farko a Najeriya. A lokacin aikinta, ta yi aiki don inganta harkokin kiwon lafiya, rage mace-macen mata masu juna biyu da cututtuka a tsakanin kungiyoyi masu rauni. An kama ta ne bisa umarnin shugaban kasa [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa 'Yar'aduwa]] kan karkatar da kudaden gwamnati da suka kai Naira miliyan 300 da ba a yi amfani da su ba. [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|Hukumar da ke yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa (EFCC)]] ne ta binciki ta inda aka gurfanar da ita a gaban kuliya. Ta yi murabus daga ofishin a ranar 26 ga Maris 2008. == Fage == Adenike Grange ya yi makarantar sakandare a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] sannan ya yi makarantar St. Francis' College, Letchworth a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] . Daga 1958 zuwa 1964 ta karanci likitanci a jami'ar St Andrews da ke Scotland. Ta yi aiki a asibitin Dudley Road da ke [[Birmingham]] kafin ta dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1965, inda ta ci gaba da aiki a asibitocin Legas. Ta koma Birtaniya a 1967 kuma ta zama babbar jami'ar kula da lafiyar yara (Pediatrics) a asibitin St Mary's Hospital for Children, sannan ta sami Diploma a kan lafiyar yara a 1969. A 1971 ta shiga [[Asibitin Koyarwa ta Jami'ar Legas|Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Legas]] . A 1978, ta zama malama a [[Kwalejin Likitanci, Jami'ar Legas|kwalejin likitanci, Jami'ar Legas]] . Ta zama babban malami a 1981 kuma farfesa a 1995. <ref name="who">{{Cite web |title=Professor Adenike Grange |url=https://www.who.int/pmnch/about/members/agrangecitation.pdf |access-date=31 October 2009 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Grange ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga [[Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya (Najeriya)|Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya]], [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]], [[UNICEF]], [[UNFPA]] da [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pediatrics |first=American Academy of |date=2007-09-01 |title=Dr. Grange named Nigerian health minister |url=https://www.aappublications.org/content/28/9/40.1 |journal=AAP News |language=en |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=40 |issn=1073-0397}}</ref> Ita ce mai ba da shawara ta WHO kan shirin kiwon lafiyar haihuwa a Najeriya daga 1993 zuwa 1999. Ita ce marubucin littattafan kimiyya sama da hamsin, musamman kan gudawa da yanayin abinci mai gina jiki ga yara. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar likitocin yara ta duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2007 |title=Welcoming Adenike Grange and Gabriel Aduku |url=http://www.nigeriahealthwatch.com/2007/07/welcoming-adenike-grange-and-gabriel.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429124629/http://www.nigeriahealthwatch.com/2007/07/welcoming-adenike-grange-and-gabriel.html |archive-date=29 April 2010 |access-date=31 October 2009 |publisher=Nigeria Health Watch}}</ref> A cikin aikinta, ta zama sananne a matsayin mai ba da shawara don inganta lafiyar yara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2002 |title=Article: Adenike Grange – Crusading for the African Child's Health |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-592466921 |access-date=31 October 2009 |publisher=Women & Environments International Magazine Article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116185132/https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-592466921/adenike-grange-crusading-for-the-african-child-s |archive-date=16 November 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2007, Grange ya zama ministar lafiya ta Tarayyar Najeriya, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta rike mukamin. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2007, Grange ya gabatar da Lancet Lancet a Cibiyar Lafiya ta Duniya da Ci gaba ta UCL . Ta bayyana cewa, "Akwai isassun dabarun ilimi, dabaru, kayan aiki, magunguna da ka'idojin magani don warkar da cututtuka da kuma tsawaita rayuwa, amma gaskiyar ita ce tsarin da aka tsara don samar da waɗannan sakamakon ba su da isasshen ko ma babu wanda ke da matsala a duniya". Ta bayyana yin aiki a Najeriya don daidaita hanyoyin samar da lafiya tare da yin koyi da mafi kyawun ayyuka daga wasu ƙasashe. Abubuwan da aka ba da fifiko sun haɗa da kawar da cutar shan inna, magance zazzabin cizon sauro, rage mace-macen mata masu juna biyu, da rage yawan cututtuka a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu rauni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2007 |title=UCL Lancet Lecture: health reform in Nigeria |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0711/07111203 |access-date=31 October 2009 |publisher=University College London |archive-date=22 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122004803/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0711/07111203 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tszkqj5qz3luxikdhjegviwwo9fw91q 0 121339 969460 951468 2026-10-19T11:13:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969460 wikitext text/x-wiki Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Pakistan sun hada da gurbatar iska, gurbatar ruwa, gurbatar hayaniya, sauyin yanayi, rashin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari, zaizayar kasa, bala'o'i, kwararowar hamada da ambaliya. Dangane da bugu na 2020 na ƙimar aikin muhalli (EPI) wanda Cibiyar Yale ta Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli & Manufofin ta fitar, Pakistan tana matsayi na 142 tare da maki EPI na 33.1, haɓaka na 6.1 a cikin shekaru 10. Ya yi matsayi na 180 dangane da ingancin iska.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan {{!}} Environmental Performance Index |url=https://epi.yale.edu/epi-results/2020/country/pak |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=epi.yale.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518024916/https://epi.yale.edu/epi-results/2020/country/pak |archive-date=2022-05-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Canjin yanayi da dumamar yanayi sune batutuwan da suka fi damun mutane da ke cikin hadari a duk faɗin ƙasar. Babban dalilan wadannan batutuwan muhalli sune hayakin carbon, Fashewar yawan jama'a, da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-03 |title=The environmental issues in Pakistan |url=https://thefrontierpost.com/the-environmental-issues-in-pakistan/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=The Frontier Post |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127081937/https://thefrontierpost.com/the-environmental-issues-in-pakistan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wadannan matsaloli ne masu tsanani na muhalli da Pakistan ke fuskanta, kuma suna kara tabarbarewa yayin da tattalin arzikin kasar ke kara habaka da karuwar al'umma. Ko da yake wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ma'aikatun gwamnati sun dauki matakin dakatar da lalata muhalli, har yanzu al'amuran muhalli na Pakistan suna nan. Pakistan na fuskantar babban kalubale yayin da albarkatun kasa da yanayin muhalli ke fuskantar karuwar gurbatar yanayi da dambarwa. Babban abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a kasar sun shafi wuce gona da iri na amfani da albarkatun kasa, gurbacewar iska da ruwa, rage yawan makamashi, rage gandun daji, da sarrafa sharar gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Pakistan paying attention to environment crises? – DW – 05/31/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/is-pakistan-paying-attention-to-existential-environment-crises/a-61987940 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> == Sakamakon tattalin arziki na lalacewar muhalli == Yawancin sassan masana'antu na Pakistan, misali kamun kifi da noma, wanda ke samar da fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na abin da ake samarwa da kuma kashi biyu cikin biyar na ayyukan yi a Pakistan, sun dogara sosai kan albarkatun ƙasar. Don haka, don dorewar ci gaban tattalin arziki, ana samun buƙatu mai yawa kan albarkatun ƙasa da ba su da yawa. Sai dai abin mamaki shi ne abin da kasar ta dogara da shi don ci gabanta shi ma ke barazana ga zaman lafiya da nasarar kasar nan gaba. A cewar bankin duniya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=11. Environmental Issues - World Bank |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/Publications/448813-1188777211460/pakceach2.pdf |access-date=30 October 2016 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref> Kashi 70% na al'ummar Pakistan suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara kuma tuni matsanancin talauci ya afka musu. Wadannan mutane sun dogara ne akan albarkatun kasa don samar da kudin shiga kuma suna da yawa fiye da amfani da waɗannan albarkatun. Wannan yana haifar da ƙarin lalacewa na muhalli kuma daga baya yana ƙara talauci. Wannan ya haifar da abin da Bankin Duniya ke kira da "mummunan koma baya na talauci da lalata muhalli."<ref name=":1" /> == Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi == [[Fayil:Pollution_in_karachi.png|thumb|An jefa sharar gida a cikin wani makirci mara amfani a Karachi, Pakistan.]] [[Fayil:Garbage_dump_in_Karachi.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton ya nuna sharar gida da ke kwance a tsakiyar titin. Birnin ya sha wahala sosai saboda rashin kulawa. Mutane suna barin sharar gida a kan manyan hanyoyi, amma hukumomin yankin ba sa karɓar shi ko ma kallon shi.]] Rahoton na Bankin Duniya a shekara ta 2013 ya bayyana cewa, manyan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Pakistan sun hada da gurbatar iska, rashin wadataccen ruwan sha, gurbacewar hayaniya da tabarbarewar kiwon lafiya a birane da kauyuka sakamakon gurbacewar yanayi. Wadannan abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli ba wai kawai suna cutar da 'yan Pakistan ba ne har ma suna yin babbar barazana ga tattalin arzikin kasar. Rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa, karuwar masana'antu, birane da kuma motoci ba makawa za su kara dagula wannan matsala.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sánchez-Triana |first=Ernesto |last2=Enriquez |first2=Santiago |last3=afzal |first3=Javaid |last4=Nakagawa |first4=Akiko |last5=Shuja Khan |first5=Asif |date=2014 |title=Cleaning Pakistan's Air: Policy Options to Address the Cost of Outdoor Air Pollution |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/701891468285328404/pdf/890650PUB0Clea00Box385269B00PUBLIC0.pdf |website=www.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Pakistan tana da banbancin shakku na kasancewa ƙasa ta uku a duniya mafi ƙazanta idan ana maganar ingancin iska, wanda ke ƙara ƙalubalen muhallinta. Gaggawar haɓakar birane, haɗe da haɓakar yawan jama'a, yana ba da ƙarin ɓarna game da wannan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan’s Path to Climate Action Needs Strong Political Leadership |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/08/pakistans-path-to-climate-action-needs-strong-political-leadership/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> === Rashin gurɓata ruwa === Bankin Duniya ya ware Pakistan a matsayin kasa mai fama da matsalar ruwa. Akwai manyan koguna guda bakwai da ke shiga Pakistan daga manyan kogizai, wadanda suka hada da kogin Kabul da ke shigowa daga Afghanistan, da kogin Indus, kogin Jhelum, kogin Chenab, kogin Ravi, da kogin Sutlej da ke shigowa daga Indiya. Daga cikin waɗannan, ana karkatar da Ravi da Sutlej a cikin ƙasar Indiya, wanda aka ba da amfani mai amfani ga Indiya a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Indus Waters da Indiya da Pakistan suka sanya hannu a cikin 1960. Hanyoyin sadarwa na Canal daga Indus (babban tushe), Kogin Jhelum, da Kogin Chenab suna ba da ruwa a ko'ina cikin filayen noma a Punjab da Sindh, yayin da sauran ƙasar ke da ɗan samun damar samun sauran ruwa mai daɗi. Karancin ruwa ba wai kawai yana barazana ga tattalin arzikin Pakistan ba har ma yana haifar da babbar barazana ga rayuwar miliyoyin 'yan Pakistan. Ƙananan kwararar ruwa saboda Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus, da kuma karkata zuwa magudanar ruwa, na nufin cewa ana samun raguwar kwararar ruwa a cikin kogunan Pakistan. A daya hannun kuma, samar da gurbacewar ruwa na karuwa sosai saboda karuwar tattalin arziki da yawan jama'a, da kuma karancin maganin ruwa. Hanyoyin gurbacewar ruwa sun hada da yawan amfani da takin zamani da magungunan kashe kwari, zubar da gurbatattun masana'antu a cikin tabkuna da koguna, da najasa da ba a kula da su ba, ana zubar da su cikin koguna da teku, da gurbatattun bututun da ake amfani da su wajen jigilar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief on Water Pollution |url=http://environment.gov.pk/PRO_PDF/PositionPaper/Water%20Pollution.pdf |access-date=30 October 2016 |website=environment.gov.pk |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202125238/http://environment.gov.pk/PRO_PDF/PositionPaper/Water%20Pollution.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cutar ruwan sha mai kyau yana sa mutane su sami rigakafi don samun ruwa mai tsabta kuma yana ƙara yaduwar cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa. Sakamakon haka, yawancin matsalolin kiwon lafiya da aka ruwaito a Pakistan ko dai sakamakon kai tsaye ne ko a kaikaice na gurɓataccen ruwa. 45% na mutuwar jarirai saboda zawo ne kuma 60% ga cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satellite Based Monitoring of Groundwater Storage Variations Over Indus Basin |url=http://www.pcrwr.gov.pk/images/press%20news/Current%20Synopsis.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113052216/http://www.pcrwr.gov.pk/images/press%20news/Current%20Synopsis.pdf |archive-date=2016-11-13 |website=www.pcrwr.gov.pk |publisher=Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resource, Ministry of Science & Technology}}</ref> A cewar masu bincike, ana sa ran Pakistan za ta zama kasar da ta fi damuwa da ruwa a yankin a shekara ta 2040. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Pakistan paying attention to environment crises? – DW – 05/31/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/is-pakistan-paying-attention-to-existential-environment-crises/a-61987940 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> === Rashin gurɓataccen amo === Manyan biranen Pakistan, irin su [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], Islamabad da Rawalpindi, na fuskantar matsalar gurbatar hayaniya. Babban tushen wannan gurbatar yanayi shi ne hayaniyar motoci da motocin bas, motoci, manyan motoci, raksha da tankunan ruwa. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa a daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin Karachi, matsakaicin amo ya kai 90 dB kuma yana iya kaiwa kusan 110 dB. Wannan ya fi girman ma'aunin amo na ISO na 70 dB, wanda ba ya nufin ya zama cutarwa ga kunnen ɗan adam. Duk da haka, binciken ya kuma kammala da cewa a Pakistan, "matsayin hayaniyar zirga-zirga kamar yadda ka'idodin ingancin muhalli ya tsara, Hukumar Kare Muhalli shine 85 dB".<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Traffic Noise Pollution in Karachi, Pakistan |url=http://lumhs.edu.pk/jlumhs/Vol09No03/pdfs/v9n3oa09.pdf |journal=Journal of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences |volume=09}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wannan yawan gurɓataccen amo na iya haifar da al'amuran kiwon lafiya na sauraro da marasa sauraro. Abubuwan da ke cikin saurare sun haɗa da asarar sel masu ji; al'amurran kiwon lafiya da ba na sauraro ba sun haɗa da damuwa barci, amo da cututtukan zuciya, amsawar endocrine ga hayaniya da ciwon hauka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Exploring Noise Pollution, Source and its impacts: an anthropological Study of rawalpindi city |url=http://www.sci-int.com/pdf/3641762493rd%20Paper%20Noise%20615-616.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Pakistan Association of Anthropology |issn=1013-5316 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804132348/http://sci-int.com/pdf/3641762493rd%20Paper%20Noise%20615-616.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-04 |access-date=2016-11-12}}</ref> Akwai ƴan ƙalilan, dokoki da tsare-tsare marasa fa'ida dangane da matakan hayaniya. Babu wani abin da ya dace, kuma yayin da hukumomin kare muhalli na tarayya da na larduna ke karbar korafe-korafe da dama kan gurbacewar hayaniya daga jama’a, wadannan hukumomin ba su iya daukar mataki ba saboda takurewar doka da kuma rashin ka’idojin hayaniyar kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Position Paper for environmental quality standards of noise in pakistan |url=http://www.environment.gov.pk/PRO_PDF/NoisePaperGen.pdf |access-date=30 October 2016 |website=environment.gov.ok |publisher=Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Rashin gurɓata iska === Gurbacewar iska matsala ce da ke kara ta'azzara a yawancin manyan biranen Pakistan. A cewar wani rahoto na Bankin Duniya, " Gurbacewar iska a biranen Karachi na cikin mafi muni a duniya kuma yana haifar da babbar illa ga lafiyar bil'adama da tattalin arziki". Rashin amfani da makamashi, da karuwar motocin da ake amfani da su a kullum, da karuwar hayakin masana'antu ba tare da ka'ida ba, da kona shara da robobi ne suka fi taimakawa wajen gurbata iska a birane. A cewar wani bincike na baya-bayan nan, Sashen Kare Muhalli na Sindh ya yi iƙirarin cewa matsakaita na gurɓacewar muhalli a manyan biranen ya kai kusan sau huɗu fiye da iyakokin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Wadannan hayaki suna da illa masu illa, wadanda suka hada da "cututtukan numfashi, rage gani, asarar ciyayi da kuma tasiri ga ci gaban tsirrai". Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga gurbatar iska shine ayyukan masana'antu. Rashin isassun magunguna masu fitar da iska da kuma rashin kulawar ka'idoji kan ayyukan masana'antu sun taimaka wajen tabarbarewar iskar iska a manyan biranen kasar. Bugu da kari, al'adar da aka saba kona dumbin shara, da suka hada da robobi da roba, a kan tituna da jama'a ke yi, na fitar da iskar gas mai guba, wadanda ke da matukar illa ga mazauna yankin. A cikin 2018, wani matashi dan kasuwa a Karachi, Abid Omar, ya ƙaddamar da shirin Pakistan Air Quality Initiative don saka idanu kan ingancin iska a manyan biranen Pakistan. Aikin yana da niyyar kara yawan bayanan ingancin iska a Pakistan da kuma sa 'yan ƙasa su fi sanin tasirin lafiyar gurɓataccen iska.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rehman |first=Sonya |date=2018-09-01 |title=Pakistan's Rising Air Pollution Crisis |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/pakistans-rising-air-pollution-crisis/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kafa tashoshin sa ido guda uku masu ingancin iska a wurare uku a Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-30 |title=U.S. Mission Pakistan Starts Publishing Air Quality Data |url=https://pk.usembassy.gov/u-s-mission-pakistan-starts-publishing-air-quality-data/ |access-date=2019-06-01 |website=U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Pakistan |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601014810/https://pk.usembassy.gov/u-s-mission-pakistan-starts-publishing-air-quality-data/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Musamman, bincike ya bayyana mummunan sakamakon gurɓacewar iska zai iya haifar da jin daɗin waɗanda abin ya shafa. Bincike ya nuna yadda sauyin yanayi a koda yaushe ke haifar da babbar barazana ga ‘yan kasar Pakistan wadanda a lokuta da dama sukan fallasa illar gurbacewar iska. An sami dakatarwar Particulate Matter, wanda aka danganta da cututtukan numfashi a cikin adadi mai cutarwa a cikin manyan biranen Pakistan. Wasu dabarun da za a iya amfani da su don sarrafa yadda ya kamata a magance matsalolin gurɓacewar iska a biranen Pakistan sun haɗa da ci gaban ƙirar hanyoyi da inganta dorewar sufuri, ƙarin amfani da manufofin ragewa da gwamnatin Pakistan ke yi, da jujjuya zuwa hanyoyin makamashi mai tsabta kamar CNG. == Canjin yanayi == {{Excerpt|Climate change in Pakistan}} == Bala'o'i na halitta ==   Saboda yanayi daban-daban na Pakistan da yanayin yanayi, yana fuskantar bala'o'i daban-daban da suka hada da girgizar kasa, ambaliya, tsunami, fari, guguwa da guguwa. Wani rahoton kula da bala'o'i ya yi iƙirarin cewa lardunan Gilgit-Baltistan (GB), Balochistan da AJK suna cikin yankunan da ke fama da girgizar ƙasa kuma don haka suna da saurin kamuwa da girgizar ƙasa, yayin da Sindh da Punjab ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa a koyaushe saboda suna da ƙananan wurare.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Irshad |first=Muhammad |last2=Ali |first2=Arshad |last3=Iqbal |first3=Shahid |date=April–June 2015 |title=Disaster Management System of Pakistan |journal=Acta Technica Corvininesis- Bulletin of Engineering |volume=8 |issue=2 |issn=2067-3809}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin munanan bala'o'in da Pakistan ta fuskanta sun hada da girgizar kasa Quetta a 1935 lokacin da aka kashe mutane kusan 60,000, ambaliya ta 1950 lokacin da aka kiyasta mutane 2900 suka mutu yayin da mutane 900,000 suka rasa matsuguni, girgizar Hunza ta 1974 inda girgizar kasar ta Hunza ta 1974, Kashmir da aka kashe kusan mutane 5300, girgizar kasa da girgizar kasa a kalla 200000. fiye da mutane miliyan 1.5, da kuma ambaliyar ruwa na 2010, inda mutane miliyan 20 suka shafa. == dazuzzuka == Pakistan tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 7.42/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 41 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last=Grantham |first=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, sare daji yana faruwa da matukar damuwa a Pakistan. Kasar a halin yanzu ta dogara sosai da kayayyakin katako da aka shigo da su saboda rashin wadatar kai a wannan bangare, wanda ya haifar da kudaden da ake kashewa. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan albarkatun suna raguwa a kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari, wanda ke da tasiri sosai ga jin daɗin jama'ar Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-24 |title=Deforestation in Pakistan |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/24-Nov-2022/deforestation-in-pakistan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain · |first=Tasawar |date=2023-02-02 |title=Post-flood demand for firewood piles pressure on Pakistan’s forests |url=https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/livelihoods/post-flood-demand-for-firewood-piles-pressure-on-pakistans-forests/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=The Third Pole |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kokarin kiyayewa == Gwamnati ta nuna damuwa game da barazanar muhalli ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban zamantakewa kuma tun farkon shekarun 1990 ta magance matsalolin muhalli tare da sabbin dokoki da cibiyoyi irin su Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta Pakistan. Duk da haka, masu ba da lamuni na kasashen waje suna ba da mafi yawan kudaden kare muhalli, kuma kashi 0.04 cikin 100 na kasafin ci gaban gwamnati ne ke zuwa wajen kare muhalli. Don haka, ikon gwamnati na aiwatar da ka'idojin muhalli yana da iyaka, kuma masana'antu masu zaman kansu sau da yawa ba su da kudaden da za su cika ka'idojin muhalli da kungiyoyin cinikayya na kasa da kasa suka kafa. Gwamnatin Pakistan ta fara sabon kamfen tare da Tsabtace da Green Pakistan don shawo kan matsalolin muhalli. === Shirye-shiryen Indus mai rai === Initiative na Living Indus wani shiri ne na muhalli wanda ma'aikatar sauyin yanayi ta Pakistan, tare da haɗin gwiwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ke da nufin karewa, adanawa, da kuma maido da yanayin yanayin da ke cikin Basin Indus. === Shirin Gwarzon Green Mai Tsarki === Gwamnatin Pakistan ta kaddamar da wani shiri mai suna Clean Green Pakistan a cikin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Ramiz |date=2019-11-25 |title=PM Launches Clean Green Champion Program |url=https://blog.ramizansari.com/2019/11/25/pm-launches-clean-green-champion-program/ |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Blog by Ramiz Ansari |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614174046/https://blog.ramizansari.com/2019/11/25/pm-launches-clean-green-champion-program/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manufar shirin ita ce gudanar da gasa tsakanin biranen Pakistan a cikin tsabta da ciyayi. An ƙaddamar da tashar yanar gizo inda 'yan ƙasa za su iya yin rajista kuma su ba da rahoton ayyukansu don samun maki. Za a kuma ba 'yan ƙasa lambobin yabo lokacin da suka kai wani ƙofar maki. === Tsunami na itatuwa biliyan === Gwamnatin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) ta kaddamar da Tsunami na Billion Tree a shekarar 2014 a matsayin martani ga kalubalen dumamar da duniya. Tsunami na Billion Tree na Pakistan ya dawo da kadada 350,000 na gandun daji da kuma lalacewar ƙasa don shawo kan jajircewar Bonn Challenge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan (KPK) |url=http://www.bonnchallenge.org/content/pakistan-kpk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010052941/http://www.bonnchallenge.org/content/pakistan-kpk |archive-date=2019-10-10 |access-date=2019-03-27 |website=Bonn Challenge |language=en}}</ref> Aikin ya yi niyyar inganta yanayin halittu na gandun daji masu rarraba, da kuma sharar gida masu zaman kansu da filayen gona, sabili da haka yana haifar da aiki tare da al'ummomin da ke da damuwa da masu ruwa da tsaki don tabbatar da sa hannunsu ta hanyar aiwatar da ayyukan ingantawa da fadada ayyukan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Billion Tree Tsunami Afforestation Project |url=http://few.kp.gov.pk/page/about_billion_tree_tsunami_afforestation_project |access-date=2019-03-27 |website=few.kp.gov.pk}}</ref> A cikin shekara guda kawai ya kara kashi uku cikin hudu na sabbin bishiyoyi biliyan, a matsayin wani ɓangare na "tsunami na itace" da nufin juyar da mummunar asarar gandun daji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pakistan investing $150m in billion-tree reforestation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/04/pakistan-investing-150m-billion-tree-reforestation-150430135404923.html |access-date=2019-03-27 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> An kammala aikin ne a watan Agustan 2017, a gaban jadawalin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan has planted over a billion trees |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/07/pakistan-s-billion-tree-tsunami-is-astonishing/ |access-date=2019-03-27 |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref> Kafofin yada labarai na duniya sun amince da shirin, wato The Washington Post, VoA News, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan to Plant '10 Billion Trees' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-incoming-government-to-plant-10-billion-trees-/4516212.html |access-date=2019-03-27 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> The ''Hindu'', ''Reuters'', ''Al Jazeera'', <ref name=":0"/> da sauransu da yawa. Gajerun fina-finai irin su Green Election Campaign da Stop suna daga cikin Clean Green Pakistan Effort . === Dabarun Kare Kasa === Rahoton dabarun kiyayewa yana da fayyace maƙasudai guda uku: kiyaye albarkatun ƙasa, haɓaka ci gaba mai dorewa, da haɓaka ingantaccen amfani da sarrafa albarkatun. Tana kallon kanta a matsayin "kira don daukar mataki" da ake yiwa gwamnatocin tsakiya da na larduna, kasuwanci, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs), al'ummomin gida, da daidaikun mutane. Abubuwan gurɓataccen tushen noma na farko sune abubuwan gina jiki (musamman nitrogen da phosphorus), laka, sharar dabbobi, magungunan kashe qwari, da gishiri. Maɓuɓɓugan da ba na noma ba suna shiga cikin ruwan saman ta hanyar zubar da ruwa kai tsaye ko ta hanyar magudanar ruwa zuwa ruwan ƙasa wanda ke fitowa zuwa mashigar ruwa. Ayyukan noma iri-iri suna haifar da zazzagewar barbashi na ƙasa. Labewar da zaizayar kasa ke haifarwa na iya lalata muhallin kifin da dausayi, kuma galibi yana jigilar sinadarai masu yawa na aikin gona wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa. Wannan zubar da jini, bi da bi, yana rinjayar canje-canje ga wuraren zama na ruwa kamar yawan zafin jiki da rage iskar oxygen. Mafi yawan tushen abubuwan da ake samu na abinci mai gina jiki a cikin ruwa na sama daga tushe mara tushe sune takin sinadari da taki daga wuraren dabbobi. Irin waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki suna haifar da eutrophication a cikin ruwan saman. Magungunan kashe kwari da ake amfani da su don magance kwari a ayyukan noma kuma na iya gurɓata ƙasa da albarkatun ƙasa. Komawar ruwa, zubar da ruwa, da leach da aka ci daga wuraren da aka ban ruwa na iya jigilar ruwa, sinadarai, gishiri, da sauran kayan. A ƙarshe, rashin yin kiwo mara kyau a yankunan magudanan ruwa, da kuma yankunan tudu, na iya haifar da lalacewar ingancin ruwa. Ana kallon ci gaban Pakistan a matsayin sana'a mai yawa. A cikin neman canza halaye da ayyuka, dabarun kiyayewa na ƙasa sun fahimci cewa ana buƙatar sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci guda biyu a cikin dabi'u: maido da ɗabi'ar kiyayewa da aka samo daga kyawawan halaye na [[Musulunci]], wanda ake kira Qantas, da farfaɗo da ruhi da alhakin al'umma, Haqooq ul Ibad. Rahoton dabarun kiyayewa na ƙasa ya ba da shawarar fannonin shirye-shirye goma sha huɗu don aiwatar da fifiko: kiyaye ƙasa a cikin filayen noma, haɓaka haɓakar ban ruwa, kare magudanar ruwa, tallafawa gandun daji da [[shuka]], maido da filayen kiwo da inganta kiwo, kiyaye raƙuman ruwa da kiyaye kamun kifi, kiyaye rayayyun halittu, haɓaka ingantaccen makamashi na hana ci gaba, haɓaka cibiyoyi masu ƙarfi, rage ɓangarorin cibiyoyi, gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska, rage ɓangarorin da za a iya sabunta su, da rage ɓangarorin da za a iya sabunta su a birane. don sarrafa albarkatun gama gari, haɗa shirye-shiryen yawan jama'a da muhalli, da kiyaye abubuwan al'adu. Yana bayyana takamaiman shirye-shirye sittin da takwas a cikin waɗannan fagage, kowanne yana da dogon buri da abubuwan da ake sa ran da kuma saka hannun jari na zahiri da ake buƙata cikin shekaru goma. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga rawar da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na muhalli, kungiyoyin mata, da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa suke takawa wajen yin aiki tare da gwamnati a kokarinta na kiyaye muhalli. Shawarwari daga Rahoton Dabarun Tsare-tsare na Ƙasa an haɗa su a cikin Tsarin Shekaru Biyar na takwas (1993-98). A wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da kungiyar Global CLEAN ta gudanar, an gano cewa matsakaicin zafin jiki a Pakistan ya karu da digiri 0.2 cikin shekaru biyu kacal. Wannan babban sauyi ne kuma yana mai da hankali kan kamfen ɗin sauyin yanayi. '''Amfani da ƙasa''' * Yankin noma - 27% * Amfanin gona na dindindin - 1% * Filaye na dindindin - 6% * dazuzzuka da gandun daji - 5% * Sauran - 61% (1993 ya kasance) * Ƙasar da ake ban ruwa - 171,100 km² (1993 est.) &nbsp; === Yankunan da aka kare === Pakistan tana da wuraren shakatawa na kasa guda 14, wuraren ajiyar namun daji guda 72, wuraren adana namun daji guda 66, wuraren kariya na ruwa da na ruwa guda 9, wuraren dausayi mai kariya 19 da sauran ciyayi masu karewa, ciyayi, gandun daji da abubuwan tarihi na halitta. ==== Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ==== Pakistan jam'iyya ce ga yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da yawa da suka shafi muhalli da yanayi. Mafi shahararrun su sune: {| bgcolor="#fff4f4" width="100%" ! colspan="2" align="center" |Yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi |- align="center" ! align="left" valign="top" |Takamaiman yankuna da [[Teku|Tekuna]] | align="left" valign="top" |<small>[[Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku|Dokar Tekun]], Ƙazantar da Jirgin ([[MARPOL 73/78]]) </small> |- align="center" ! align="left" valign="top" |[[Climate|yanayi]] da yanayi | align="left" valign="top" |<small>Canjin yanayi, Kare Layer na Ozone, haramta gwajin nukiliyaHana gwajin nukiliya</small> |- align="center" ! align="left" valign="top" |Biodiversity, [[Yanayi na halitta|muhalli]], da [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]] | align="left" valign="top" |<small>Yaduwar hamada, nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari, Canjin Muhalli, Yankin Ruwa, Kare Rayuwar Ruwa</small> |- align="center" ! align="left" valign="top" |[[Shara|Rashin da aka yi]] | align="left" valign="top" |<small>[[Taron Basel|Rashin Kasuwanci Mai Hadari]]</small> |- align="center" ! align="left" valign="top" |[[Kogi|Koguna]] | align="left" valign="top" |<small>Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus</small> |} == Dubi kuma == * Tattalin arzikin kore * Yanayin Pakistan * Kula da lafiya a Pakistan * Tattalin arzikin hydrogen * Tsalle daga iskar gas zuwa hydrogen * Jerin batutuwan muhalli * Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Pakistan * Yankunan da aka kare a Pakistan * Dabbobin daji na Pakistan == Bayanan da aka ambata == 5nr683qim0p1ufsqz308geg43khqoe7 0 122846 969139 965432 2026-10-18T16:19:04Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357026229|Joy Grant-Ekong]]" 969139 wikitext text/x-wiki Joy Grant-Ekong wacce aka fi sani da Joy Aiyegbeni ita ce mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin ta Najeriya, darektan, mai kula da rubutun kuma mai ba da shawara kan samarwa, wanda aka sani da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2020 Mama Drama da One Too Many [4] <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2021 |title=First Look at the forthcoming film "One Too Many" starring Jide Kosoko, Omowunmi Dada & Dakore Akande |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/04/one-too-many-nollywood-film/ |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Bella Naija}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Joy Grant-Ekong a Legas, Najeriya . [1] Ta fara samarwa a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ojo Ladipo sannan ta koma Wale Adenuga Productions a matsayin manajan ci gaba.[2] Joy Grant-Ekong ta shiga wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na M-Net mai suna Tinsel daga kakar wasa ta biyu kuma ta zama shugaban sashen mataimakan darektan zuwa kakar wasa ta huɗu.[2] == Ayyuka == A cikin 2016, ta samar da fim mai taken Babysitting Ejiro, fim din M-Net na Victor Sanchez Aghahowa, da fim mai suna ''InLine'' wanda [[Tope Oshin]] ya jagoranta, wanda aka watsa a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a cikin 2017. Joy Grant-Ekong ta samar da fim mai tsawo Mama Drama da Echoes a cikin 2019. <ref name="Tribune" /> A cikin 2020, ta samar da Hell Ride, wanda ya lashe kyautar Best First feature na kasa da kasa a 2022 Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF). A cikin 2020, an ambaci sunanta daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ke tsara masana'antar fina-falla ta Najeriya ta hanyar Vanguard . A cikin 2021, ta samar da One Too Many . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Taken ! colspan="2" |Matsayi ! rowspan="2" |Ref |- !Daraktan !Mai gabatarwa |- |2016 |''Ejiro mai zama jariri''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2017 |''A cikin layi''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7492760/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Sakamakon''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |''Yaudara''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt23468652/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |''Wasan kwaikwayo na Mama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12424356/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Ɗaya da yawa''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2023 |''Yana da Sauƙin Kashewa''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}} | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2017 |Komawa a cikin bikin fim din akwatin, California |Mafi kyawun Fim na Tsawon Lokaci |''A cikin layi''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Bikin Fim na Zuma |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{Won}} | |- |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto (TINFF) |Mafi kyawun fasalin farko na kasa da kasa |Jirgin Jahannama|{{Won}} | |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] otnmx2x6wb8gc0i486cjjl4ej350c56 969140 969139 2026-10-18T16:19:38Z Salma Raddah 45959 969140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Joy Grant-Ekong wacce aka fi sani da Joy Aiyegbeni ita ce mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin ta Najeriya, darektan, mai kula da rubutun kuma mai ba da shawara kan samarwa, wanda aka sani da fim din wasan kwaikwayo na 2020 Mama Drama da One Too Many [4] <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2021 |title=First Look at the forthcoming film "One Too Many" starring Jide Kosoko, Omowunmi Dada & Dakore Akande |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/04/one-too-many-nollywood-film/ |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Bella Naija}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Joy Grant-Ekong a Legas, Najeriya . [1] Ta fara samarwa a shekara ta 2003 lokacin da ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Ojo Ladipo sannan ta koma Wale Adenuga Productions a matsayin manajan ci gaba.[2] Joy Grant-Ekong ta shiga wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun na M-Net mai suna Tinsel daga kakar wasa ta biyu kuma ta zama shugaban sashen mataimakan darektan zuwa kakar wasa ta huɗu.[2] == Ayyuka == A cikin 2016, ta samar da fim mai taken Babysitting Ejiro, fim din M-Net na Victor Sanchez Aghahowa, da fim mai suna ''InLine'' wanda [[Tope Oshin]] ya jagoranta, wanda aka watsa a cikin fina-finai a duk fadin kasar a cikin 2017. Joy Grant-Ekong ta samar da fim mai tsawo Mama Drama da Echoes a cikin 2019. <ref name="Tribune" /> A cikin 2020, ta samar da Hell Ride, wanda ya lashe kyautar Best First feature na kasa da kasa a 2022 Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF). A cikin 2020, an ambaci sunanta daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ke tsara masana'antar fina-falla ta Najeriya ta hanyar Vanguard . A cikin 2021, ta samar da One Too Many . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Taken ! colspan="2" |Matsayi ! rowspan="2" |Ref |- !Daraktan !Mai gabatarwa |- |2016 |''Ejiro mai zama jariri''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2017 |''A cikin layi''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7492760/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_wr_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Sakamakon''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |''Yaudara''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt23468652/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |''Wasan kwaikwayo na Mama''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast & Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt12424356/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=IMDb Newspaper}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Ɗaya da yawa''|{{No}}|{{Yes}} | |- |2023 |''Yana da Sauƙin Kashewa''|{{Yes}}|{{Yes}} | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2017 |Komawa a cikin bikin fim din akwatin, California |Mafi kyawun Fim na Tsawon Lokaci |''A cikin layi''|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Bikin Fim na Zuma |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |''Jirgin Jahannama''|{{Won}} | |- |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto (TINFF) |Mafi kyawun fasalin farko na kasa da kasa |Jirgin Jahannama|{{Won}} | |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1c6j2jn9tfnk570z8plzwt0muo1ts9x 0 122906 969123 914455 2026-10-18T16:10:24Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367684196|Babatunde Agunloye]]" 969123 wikitext text/x-wiki Babatunde Faruk Agunloye (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977), shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya da kuma furodusa na Kanada.[1][2] An san shi da fim dinsa Aajule keji Realm 2 wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun gajeren fim na kasa da kasa a Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival Awards.[3] == Rayuwa ta farko == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[Jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ire-Akari Estate, makarantar sakandare ta Isolo da Air Force, Ikeja sannan ya ci gaba da zuwa [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] Ojo kuma ya ci gaba lekensa a Makarantar Fim ta Toronto, Toronto . == Ayyuka == A cikin 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun gajeren fim na kasa da kasa a Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival tare da fim dinsa mai taken 'Aajule کچی Realm 2" A cikin 2024, an ambaci Babatunde a cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka a cikin Diaspora Charting A New Path in the Movie Industry by Leadership . A cikin wannan shekarar, ya samar da aikin farko da aka fi sani da baƙar fata a gidan talabijin na Kanada. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Ref |- |2020 |''Alamar ta Uku'' |Darakta / Marubuta | |- |2021 |''Ƙauna a cikin Canji'' |Mataimakin Darakta |<ref>{{Cite web |title=full cast and crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14023562/?ref_=nm_knf_t_4 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=IMDB}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Zabura 23'' |Daraktan | |- |2022 |''Gicciye'' |Edita |<ref>{{Cite web |title=full cast and crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt21663294/?ref_=nm_flmg_c_1_edt |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=IMDB}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Yankin 2'' |Daraktan | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2022 |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim|{{Won}} | |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] 8bwjff1nw7fwxnyhhca7ugfq7re2vmo 969124 969123 2026-10-18T16:10:58Z Salma Raddah 45959 969124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Babatunde Faruk Agunloye (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1977), shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya da kuma furodusa na Kanada.[1][2] An san shi da fim dinsa Aajule keji Realm 2 wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun gajeren fim na kasa da kasa a Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival Awards.[3] == Rayuwa ta farko == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[Jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ire-Akari Estate, makarantar sakandare ta Isolo da Air Force, Ikeja sannan ya ci gaba da zuwa [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] Ojo kuma ya ci gaba lekensa a Makarantar Fim ta Toronto, Toronto . == Ayyuka == A cikin 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun gajeren fim na kasa da kasa a Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival tare da fim dinsa mai taken 'Aajule کچی Realm 2" A cikin 2024, an ambaci Babatunde a cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka a cikin Diaspora Charting A New Path in the Movie Industry by Leadership . A cikin wannan shekarar, ya samar da aikin farko da aka fi sani da baƙar fata a gidan talabijin na Kanada. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Ref |- |2020 |''Alamar ta Uku'' |Darakta / Marubuta | |- |2021 |''Ƙauna a cikin Canji'' |Mataimakin Darakta |<ref>{{Cite web |title=full cast and crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14023562/?ref_=nm_knf_t_4 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=IMDB}}</ref> |- |2022 |''Zabura 23'' |Daraktan | |- |2022 |''Gicciye'' |Edita |<ref>{{Cite web |title=full cast and crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt21663294/?ref_=nm_flmg_c_1_edt |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=IMDB}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Yankin 2'' |Daraktan | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2022 |Bikin Fim na Nollywood na Duniya na Toronto |Mafi kyawun gajeren fim|{{Won}} | |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] ayemzrvz8pcrapr2ec62br9hzowvz07 0 122961 969134 962632 2026-10-18T16:16:56Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372665415|Ugezu J. Ugezu]]" 969134 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ugezu Jideofor Ugezu Listenⓘ ƙwararren da aka fi sani da '''Ugezu J. Ugezu''' darektan Najeriya ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da kuma furodusa. Ugezu kuma mawaki ne kuma mawaƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |first=Ama |date=2020-08-21 |title=A Woman who Dresses Naked in the name of Fashion is Classless and Stupid - Actor Ugezu |url=https://www.gistreel.com/a-woman-who-dresses-naked-in-the-name-of-fashion-is-classless-and-stupid-actor-ugezu/ |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ugezu a Enugwu Ukwu, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra, Najeriya]] a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1970. Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na makarantar firamare, ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Jama'a, Umueze Anam daga 1982 zuwa 1985 kuma ya tafi Fr. Joseph High School, Aguleri daga 1986 zuwa 1988 inda ya kammala karatun sakandare kuma ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare. Ugezu J. Ugezu ya sami shiga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu da aka fi sani da ESUT . A cikin wannan ma'aikatar ne ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |date=2022-08-21 |title=Ugezu J. Ugezu Biography & Life Story, 2024 Net Worth |url=https://hiphopkit.com/biography/ugezu-j-ugezu/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=HipHopKit |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ugezu J. Ugezu ya kasance mai aiki a masana'antar [[Nollywood]] tun daga shekara ta 2000 kuma ya fito a fina-finai sama da 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcdonald |first=Harrison |date=2021-04-20 |title=Actor, Ugezu J. Ugezu opposes Tonto Dikeh's call for Nigerians to get involved in Akuapem Poloo's case l |url=https://www.gistreel.com/actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-opposes-tonto-dikehs-call-for-nigerians-to-get-involved-in-akuapem-poloos-case/ |access-date=2021-04-20 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Babu wani abu don komai (2005) kamar yadda Bitrus ya * ''An yi shi a Cambridge'' (2006) a matsayin Yakubu * Yara maza daga Holland (2006) a matsayin Patrick * Wawaye a kan gudu (2007) * Alloli suna da hikima (2008) * Masu yin ruwan sama (2009) a matsayin Donald * Mugun magudi (2010) a matsayin Moore * Amnesty (2011) a matsayin Uche * Gidajen Rana (2011) a matsayin Firist * ''Ginin Yarjejeniya'' (2012) * Ƙarshen yana kusa (2012) * ''Lokacin Ceto'' (2014) * Dust ɗin Kabari (2015) * Echoes of Love (2016) a matsayin Udo Obodo * ''Akweke'' (2016) a matsayin Akpati Nsiegbe * ''Da'irar Wuta'' (2017) * Kyakkyawan Ƙananan (2017) Janar Mai Kula * Waɗuwar 'Yar'uwa (2018) * Destinies (2019) a matsayin Francis * ''Sarki Mai Aminci'' (2020) * ''Firayim Minista'' (2022) * Scaret Chance (2022) a matsayin Ichie Echezona * ''Gimbiya ita ce nawa'' (2022) * ''Kungiyar Jama'a'' (2007) == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] fdy84k2vn49colb27wy1ds0l92w8824 969136 969134 2026-10-18T16:17:23Z Salma Raddah 45959 969136 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Ugezu Jideofor Ugezu Listenⓘ ƙwararren da aka fi sani da '''Ugezu J. Ugezu''' darektan Najeriya ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da kuma furodusa. Ugezu kuma mawaki ne kuma mawaƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |first=Ama |date=2020-08-21 |title=A Woman who Dresses Naked in the name of Fashion is Classless and Stupid - Actor Ugezu |url=https://www.gistreel.com/a-woman-who-dresses-naked-in-the-name-of-fashion-is-classless-and-stupid-actor-ugezu/ |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ugezu a Enugwu Ukwu, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra, Najeriya]] a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1970. Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na makarantar firamare, ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Jama'a, Umueze Anam daga 1982 zuwa 1985 kuma ya tafi Fr. Joseph High School, Aguleri daga 1986 zuwa 1988 inda ya kammala karatun sakandare kuma ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare. Ugezu J. Ugezu ya sami shiga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu da aka fi sani da ESUT . A cikin wannan ma'aikatar ne ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Gudanar da Jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gift |date=2022-08-21 |title=Ugezu J. Ugezu Biography & Life Story, 2024 Net Worth |url=https://hiphopkit.com/biography/ugezu-j-ugezu/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=HipHopKit |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ugezu J. Ugezu ya kasance mai aiki a masana'antar [[Nollywood]] tun daga shekara ta 2000 kuma ya fito a fina-finai sama da 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcdonald |first=Harrison |date=2021-04-20 |title=Actor, Ugezu J. Ugezu opposes Tonto Dikeh's call for Nigerians to get involved in Akuapem Poloo's case l |url=https://www.gistreel.com/actor-ugezu-j-ugezu-opposes-tonto-dikehs-call-for-nigerians-to-get-involved-in-akuapem-poloos-case/ |access-date=2021-04-20 |website=Gistreel |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Babu wani abu don komai (2005) kamar yadda Bitrus ya * ''An yi shi a Cambridge'' (2006) a matsayin Yakubu * Yara maza daga Holland (2006) a matsayin Patrick * Wawaye a kan gudu (2007) * Alloli suna da hikima (2008) * Masu yin ruwan sama (2009) a matsayin Donald * Mugun magudi (2010) a matsayin Moore * Amnesty (2011) a matsayin Uche * Gidajen Rana (2011) a matsayin Firist * ''Ginin Yarjejeniya'' (2012) * Ƙarshen yana kusa (2012) * ''Lokacin Ceto'' (2014) * Dust ɗin Kabari (2015) * Echoes of Love (2016) a matsayin Udo Obodo * ''Akweke'' (2016) a matsayin Akpati Nsiegbe * ''Da'irar Wuta'' (2017) * Kyakkyawan Ƙananan (2017) Janar Mai Kula * Waɗuwar 'Yar'uwa (2018) * Destinies (2019) a matsayin Francis * ''Sarki Mai Aminci'' (2020) * ''Firayim Minista'' (2022) * Scaret Chance (2022) a matsayin Ichie Echezona * ''Gimbiya ita ce nawa'' (2022) * ''Kungiyar Jama'a'' (2007) == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] js38gf1fcswo4r41r4009al9497lziq 0 125211 969361 800198 2026-10-19T06:16:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Jihar Yobe''' (YSUTH) an kafa shi a shekarar 2007 a matsayin cibiyar da ke da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Jihar Yobe|Jami’ar Jihar Yobe]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Aminu Ibrahim |date=2024-11-03 |title=Yobe State University Teaching Hospital (YSUTH) Damaturu: A Beacon of Healthcare and Medical Education |url=https://ysuth.org/yobe-state-university-teaching-hospital-ysuth-damaturu-a-beacon-of-healthcare-and-medical-education/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=YSUTH |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812155517/https://ysuth.org/yobe-state-university-teaching-hospital-ysuth-damaturu-a-beacon-of-healthcare-and-medical-education/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> domin samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga al’ummar Jihar Yobe da yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Nijeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ewodage |first=Rejoice |date=2017-12-16 |title=Yobe Ultramodern Teaching Hospital Begins Operations |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/12/16/yobe-ultramodern-teaching-hospital-begins-operations/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Channels Television |language=en}}</ref><ref name="f363">{{cite web | title=About Us | website=YSUTH | date=September 23, 2023 | url=https://ysuth.org/about-us/ | access-date=March 20, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401004514/https://ysuth.org/about-us/ | archive-date=April 1, 2025 | url-status=dead}}</ref> Asibitin yana nan a KM 4, kusa da Dikumari, kan hanyar Potiskum, [[Damaturu]], [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]], [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]]. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Jihar Yobe]] cnd8zvtpsgpinyztg69238f3r0vy40t 0 126014 969126 925169 2026-10-18T16:11:45Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369098260|Quiverfull]]" 969126 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Quiverfull''' matsayi ne na tauhidi [[Kirista|na Kirista]] wanda ke ɗaukar manyan iyalai a matsayin albarka daga Allah. <ref name="rainey_ref_2">{{Cite web |last=Dennis Rainey |year=2002 |title=The Value of Children (11 July 2002 FamilyLife Today Radio Broadcast) |url=http://www.familylife.com/fltoday/default.asp?id=5868&page=72&search=&strMonth=&strDay=&strYear=&guests=&keywords=&showType= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051001144025/http://www.familylife.com/fltoday/default.asp?id=5868&page=72&search=&strMonth=&strDay=&strYear=&guests=&keywords=&showType= |archive-date=October 1, 2005 |access-date=2006-09-30 |publisher=FamilyLife Today |format=Transcript of radio broadcast}}</ref> Yana ƙarfafa haihuwa ta hanyar guje wa duk wani nau'in [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana haihuwa]], da kuma mayar da hana haihuwa . <ref name="joyce">{{Cite journal |last=Kathryn Joyce |date=9 November 2006 |title=Arrows for the War |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/arrows-war/ |journal=[[The Nation]] |access-date=2010-09-18}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta samo sunansa daga Zabura 127 :3–5, inda ake kiran yara da yawa a cikin kwatancen kibiyoyi a cikin cikakken ƙwanƙwasa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Psalm 127:3 - Children are a Heritage From the LORD |url=https://biblehub.com/psalms/127-3.htm |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Bible Hub}}</ref> Wasu majiyoyi sun ambaci matsayin Quiverfull a matsayin [[Gudanar da Allah|providentalism]], <ref name="open_embrace">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> yayin da wasu majiyoyi kawai suka ambaci shi a matsayin bayyanar haihuwar ɗa . <ref name="cbn">{{Cite web |last=Strand, Paul |year=2006 |title=Back to the Future: The Growing Movement of Natalism |url=https://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-religion/1437791/posts |access-date=2006-10-07 |publisher=[[CBN News|Christian Broadcasting Network]]}} (originally published by CBN News, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080924145624/http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/news/050331a.aspx archived] September 24, 2008)</ref> Ya fi yaɗuwa a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] amma kuma yana da mabiya a [[Kanada]], <ref name="QF-Canda">{{Cite journal |last=Joe Woodward |date=Mar 31, 2001 |title=The godliness of fertility: A growing Protestant movement is rediscovering the sanctification available in large families |journal=Calgary Herald |pages=OS.10 |id={{ProQuest |244455568}}}}</ref> [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], [[New Zealand]], [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], da sauran wurare. Wani kiyasi na 2006 ya nuna cewa adadin iyalai da suka amince da wannan falsafar ya kama daga "dubban mutane zuwa dubunnan mutane". <ref name="joyce" /> == Tarihin Baya == Yayin da hanyoyin hana haihuwa suka ci gaba a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, ƙungiyoyin Kirista masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da yawa sun fitar da sanarwa a hukumance game da amfani da su, suna nuna rashin jituwarsu da imani da manufofin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Bugu da ƙari, akwai waɗanda ke jayayya cewa tsarin "ci gaban ciki" na Quiverfull wata alama ce ta wani yanayi mai faɗi wanda ke bayyana a cikin salon rayuwar ƙungiyoyi kamar Yahudawan Orthodox (musamman Yahudawan Haredi da Hasidic ) da wasu Kiristoci ciki har da masu bin addinin Orthodox na [[Holand|Netherlands]], masu bin addinin Anabaptist na gargajiya (kamar Old Order Amish, Old Colony Mennonites, da wasu Mennonites na Conservative ), wasu Methodist na gargajiya na ƙungiyar tsarki mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, da kuma masu bin addinin Laestadian Lutheran na Finland . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adams C, Leverland M |year=1986 |title=The effects of religious beliefs on the health care practices of the Amish |journal=Nurse Pract |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=58, 63, 67 |doi=10.1097/00006205-198603000-00008 |pmid=3446212}}</ref> Na farko kuma yana iya zama misali na bayyanar motsin ra'ayi a cikin wasu ƙungiyoyi na ƙabilu, harsuna, addini, yanki, ko wasu ƙungiyoyi waɗanda membobinsu suka nuna damuwa game da ci gaba da wanzuwarsu saboda dalilai na tarihi ko wasu dalilai. Irin waɗannan falsafa da ƙungiyoyi sun bambanta a tsakaninsu—ana samun su a dukkan sassa da sassan siyasa—kuma galibi suna wakiltar, zuwa matakai daban-daban, bambancin da ke cikin ƙungiyarsu. Bayyanar irin waɗannan motsi da ra'ayoyi sun haɗa da komai tun daga yawan auren da ake yi a cikin ƙungiya ana yaba masa a hankali, zuwa ƙarin kira ga endogamy kamar yadda lamarin yake ga [[Druze]] ,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2020}} game da damuwar da [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] a [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]] suka bayyana game da karuwar yawan haihuwa a tsakanin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]], bisa ga Dokar 770 wadda gwamnatin Nicolae Ceaușescu ta bayar a Romania game da hana haihuwa, da sauran batutuwa na yawan jama'a a matsayin wani ɓangare na bambancin ra'ayin Juche na [[Koriya ta Arewa]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2020}} === izinin Anglican na hana haihuwa === A shekarar 1930, taron Lambeth ya fitar da wata sanarwa da ta ba da izinin hana haihuwa: "Inda akwai wani abu da ake ganin ya zama wajibi a takaita ko a guji iyaye, cikakken kauracewa ita ce babbar hanya kuma a bayyane", amma idan akwai dalili mai kyau na gujewa kauracewa, "Taron ya amince cewa za a iya amfani da wasu hanyoyi, muddin an yi hakan bisa ga ka'idodin Kirista". Manyan bayanai kan muhawarar zamani suna nuna ra'ayoyi daban-daban kan lamarin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Contraception |url=http://anglicanhistory.org/misc/contraception/}}</ref> A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an fara karɓar maganin hana haihuwa a hankali tsakanin sauran manyan Furotesta, har ma a tsakanin wasu masu wa'azin bishara masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. <ref name="flann">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell, Flann |date=Nov 1960 |title=Birth Control and the Christian Churches |journal=Population Studies |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=131–147 |doi=10.2307/2172010 |jstor=2172010}}</ref> <ref name="allen">{{Cite journal |last=Allen, James E. |year=1976 |title=Family Planning Attitudes of Seminary Students |journal=Review of Religious Research |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=52–55 |doi=10.2307/3509598 |jstor=3509598}}</ref> <ref name="affiliation">{{Cite journal |last=Goldschneider, Calvin |last2=William D. Mosher |name-list-style=amp |year=1988 |title=Religious Affiliation and Contraceptive Usage |journal=Studies in Family Planning |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=48–57 |doi=10.2307/1966739 |jstor=1966739 |pmid=3363605}} </ref> <ref name="consvprots"> {{Cite journal |last=Ellison, Christopher G. |last2=Patricia Goodson |name-list-style=amp |year=1997 |title=Conservative Protestantism and Attitudes toward Family Planning in a Sample of Seminarians |journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=512–529 |doi=10.2307/1387687 |jstor=1387687}}</ref> === Marubutan farko na Quiverfull === [[File:Mary_pride_thewayhome.jpg|thumb| Littafin Mary Pride na farko, ''The Way Home: Beyond Feminism, Back to Reality'' (1985), ya inganta motsin Quiverfull.]] [[File:Fullquiverofarrows.jpg|thumb| Ƙungiyar Kirista ta Quiverfull ta samo sunansa daga Zabura 127:3-5, inda ake kiran yara da yawa a cikin kwatancen kibau a cikin cikakken quiver.]] A ƙarni na 20, Quiverfull a matsayin ƙungiyar Kirista ta zamani ta fara bayyana. <ref name="explaindiffs">{{Cite journal |last=Marcum, John P. |year=1981 |title=Explaining Fertility Differences among U.S. Protestants |journal=Social Forces |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=532–43 |doi=10.2307/2578449 |jstor=2578449}}</ref> Nancy Campbell ta fara buga mujallarta ''mai suna Above Rubies'', wacce ke tallata kuma tana ɗaukaka iyaye mata masu zaman gida waɗanda ke da 'ya'ya da yawa gwargwadon iko, a cikin 1977. Duk da cewa Campbell ne ke da alhakin tsara ra'ayoyin Quiverfull, a cewar Pride, wannan motsi ya fara ne bayan buga littafin Mary Pride mai suna ''The Way Home: Beyond Feminism, Back to Reality'' a shekarar 1985. A cikin littafinta, Pride ta ba da labarin tafiyarta daga abin da ta kira ra'ayoyin [[Feminism|mata]] da na hana haihuwa na [[farin ciki]] (wanda ta rayu a matsayin mai fafutuka kafin ta koma addinin Kiristanci mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a 1977) zuwa ga gano farin cikin da ke kewaye da abin da ta bayyana a matsayin rawar da Littafi Mai Tsarki ya umarta ta mata da uwaye a matsayin masu ɗaukar yara da ma'aikata a gida ƙarƙashin ikon [[miji]] . Pride ya rubuta cewa irin wannan salon rayuwa gabaɗaya ana buƙatar duk matan Kirista da suka yi aure bisa ga Littafi Mai Tsarki, amma ra'ayin mata ya yaudari yawancin matan Kirista ba tare da saninsu ba, musamman a cikin karɓar maganin hana haihuwa. <ref name="consvprots" /> A matsayin tushen hujjojinta, Pride ta zaɓi ayoyi da yawa na Littafi Mai Tsarki domin ta bayyana abin da ta gani a matsayin matsayin mata a Littafi Mai Tsarki . Waɗannan sun haɗa da ayoyi waɗanda ta fassara a matsayin ci gaba da fafutukar da take yi na tilasta wa yara haihuwa da kuma adawarta ga amfani da [[Kulawar haihuwa|maganin hana haihuwa]] wanda (a ganinta) aka tallata shi ta hanyar "ajandar mata" wadda ta taɓa rayuwa a da. Bayanin Pride ya zama babban tushen Quiverfull. Sunan ƙungiyar Quiverfull ya fito ne daga {{Bibleverse|Psalm|127:3–5|KJV}}, wanda Pride ta ambata a cikin ''The Way Home'' :   == Manazarta == d1pxy70wxx6vj24iz4runbw5mz4w55x 969128 969126 2026-10-18T16:12:37Z Arcdanumma047 38699 969128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Quiverfull''' matsayi ne na tauhidi [[Kirista|na Kirista]] wanda ke ɗaukar manyan iyalai a matsayin albarka daga Allah. <ref name="rainey_ref_2">{{Cite web |last=Dennis Rainey |year=2002 |title=The Value of Children (11 July 2002 FamilyLife Today Radio Broadcast) |url=http://www.familylife.com/fltoday/default.asp?id=5868&page=72&search=&strMonth=&strDay=&strYear=&guests=&keywords=&showType= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051001144025/http://www.familylife.com/fltoday/default.asp?id=5868&page=72&search=&strMonth=&strDay=&strYear=&guests=&keywords=&showType= |archive-date=October 1, 2005 |access-date=2006-09-30 |publisher=FamilyLife Today |format=Transcript of radio broadcast}}</ref> Yana ƙarfafa haihuwa ta hanyar guje wa duk wani nau'in [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana haihuwa]], da kuma mayar da hana haihuwa . <ref name="joyce">{{Cite journal |last=Kathryn Joyce |date=9 November 2006 |title=Arrows for the War |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/arrows-war/ |journal=[[The Nation]] |access-date=2010-09-18}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta samo sunansa daga Zabura 127 :3–5, inda ake kiran yara da yawa a cikin kwatancen kibiyoyi a cikin cikakken ƙwanƙwasa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Psalm 127:3 - Children are a Heritage From the LORD |url=https://biblehub.com/psalms/127-3.htm |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Bible Hub}}</ref> Wasu majiyoyi sun ambaci matsayin Quiverfull a matsayin [[Gudanar da Allah|providentalism]], <ref name="open_embrace">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> yayin da wasu majiyoyi kawai suka ambaci shi a matsayin bayyanar haihuwar ɗa . <ref name="cbn">{{Cite web |last=Strand, Paul |year=2006 |title=Back to the Future: The Growing Movement of Natalism |url=https://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-religion/1437791/posts |access-date=2006-10-07 |publisher=[[CBN News|Christian Broadcasting Network]]}} (originally published by CBN News, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080924145624/http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/news/050331a.aspx archived] September 24, 2008)</ref> Ya fi yaɗuwa a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] amma kuma yana da mabiya a [[Kanada]], <ref name="QF-Canda">{{Cite journal |last=Joe Woodward |date=Mar 31, 2001 |title=The godliness of fertility: A growing Protestant movement is rediscovering the sanctification available in large families |journal=Calgary Herald |pages=OS.10 |id={{ProQuest |244455568}}}}</ref> [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], [[New Zealand]], [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], da sauran wurare. Wani kiyasi na 2006 ya nuna cewa adadin iyalai da suka amince da wannan falsafar ya kama daga "dubban mutane zuwa dubunnan mutane". <ref name="joyce" /> == Tarihin Baya == Yayin da hanyoyin hana haihuwa suka ci gaba a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, ƙungiyoyin Kirista masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da yawa sun fitar da sanarwa a hukumance game da amfani da su, suna nuna rashin jituwarsu da imani da manufofin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Bugu da ƙari, akwai waɗanda ke jayayya cewa tsarin "ci gaban ciki" na Quiverfull wata alama ce ta wani yanayi mai faɗi wanda ke bayyana a cikin salon rayuwar ƙungiyoyi kamar Yahudawan Orthodox (musamman Yahudawan Haredi da Hasidic ) da wasu Kiristoci ciki har da masu bin addinin Orthodox na [[Holand|Netherlands]], masu bin addinin Anabaptist na gargajiya (kamar Old Order Amish, Old Colony Mennonites, da wasu Mennonites na Conservative ), wasu Methodist na gargajiya na ƙungiyar tsarki mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, da kuma masu bin addinin Laestadian Lutheran na Finland . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adams C, Leverland M |year=1986 |title=The effects of religious beliefs on the health care practices of the Amish |journal=Nurse Pract |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=58, 63, 67 |doi=10.1097/00006205-198603000-00008 |pmid=3446212}}</ref> Na farko kuma yana iya zama misali na bayyanar motsin ra'ayi a cikin wasu ƙungiyoyi na ƙabilu, harsuna, addini, yanki, ko wasu ƙungiyoyi waɗanda membobinsu suka nuna damuwa game da ci gaba da wanzuwarsu saboda dalilai na tarihi ko wasu dalilai. Irin waɗannan falsafa da ƙungiyoyi sun bambanta a tsakaninsu—ana samun su a dukkan sassa da sassan siyasa—kuma galibi suna wakiltar, zuwa matakai daban-daban, bambancin da ke cikin ƙungiyarsu. Bayyanar irin waɗannan motsi da ra'ayoyi sun haɗa da komai tun daga yawan auren da ake yi a cikin ƙungiya ana yaba masa a hankali, zuwa ƙarin kira ga endogamy kamar yadda lamarin yake ga [[Druze]] ,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2020}} game da damuwar da [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]] a [[Ireland ta Arewa|Arewacin Ireland]] suka bayyana game da karuwar yawan haihuwa a tsakanin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]], bisa ga Dokar 770 wadda gwamnatin Nicolae Ceaușescu ta bayar a Romania game da hana haihuwa, da sauran batutuwa na yawan jama'a a matsayin wani ɓangare na bambancin ra'ayin Juche na [[Koriya ta Arewa]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2020}} === izinin Anglican na hana haihuwa === A shekarar 1930, taron Lambeth ya fitar da wata sanarwa da ta ba da izinin hana haihuwa: "Inda akwai wani abu da ake ganin ya zama wajibi a takaita ko a guji iyaye, cikakken kauracewa ita ce babbar hanya kuma a bayyane", amma idan akwai dalili mai kyau na gujewa kauracewa, "Taron ya amince cewa za a iya amfani da wasu hanyoyi, muddin an yi hakan bisa ga ka'idodin Kirista". Manyan bayanai kan muhawarar zamani suna nuna ra'ayoyi daban-daban kan lamarin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Contraception |url=http://anglicanhistory.org/misc/contraception/}}</ref> A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, an fara karɓar maganin hana haihuwa a hankali tsakanin sauran manyan Furotesta, har ma a tsakanin wasu masu wa'azin bishara masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. <ref name="flann">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell, Flann |date=Nov 1960 |title=Birth Control and the Christian Churches |journal=Population Studies |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=131–147 |doi=10.2307/2172010 |jstor=2172010}}</ref> <ref name="allen">{{Cite journal |last=Allen, James E. |year=1976 |title=Family Planning Attitudes of Seminary Students |journal=Review of Religious Research |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=52–55 |doi=10.2307/3509598 |jstor=3509598}}</ref> <ref name="affiliation">{{Cite journal |last=Goldschneider, Calvin |last2=William D. Mosher |name-list-style=amp |year=1988 |title=Religious Affiliation and Contraceptive Usage |journal=Studies in Family Planning |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=48–57 |doi=10.2307/1966739 |jstor=1966739 |pmid=3363605}} </ref> <ref name="consvprots"> {{Cite journal |last=Ellison, Christopher G. |last2=Patricia Goodson |name-list-style=amp |year=1997 |title=Conservative Protestantism and Attitudes toward Family Planning in a Sample of Seminarians |journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=512–529 |doi=10.2307/1387687 |jstor=1387687}}</ref> === Marubutan farko na Quiverfull === [[File:Mary_pride_thewayhome.jpg|thumb| Littafin Mary Pride na farko, ''The Way Home: Beyond Feminism, Back to Reality'' (1985), ya inganta motsin Quiverfull.]] [[File:Fullquiverofarrows.jpg|thumb| Ƙungiyar Kirista ta Quiverfull ta samo sunansa daga Zabura 127:3-5, inda ake kiran yara da yawa a cikin kwatancen kibau a cikin cikakken quiver.]] A ƙarni na 20, Quiverfull a matsayin ƙungiyar Kirista ta zamani ta fara bayyana. <ref name="explaindiffs">{{Cite journal |last=Marcum, John P. |year=1981 |title=Explaining Fertility Differences among U.S. Protestants |journal=Social Forces |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=532–43 |doi=10.2307/2578449 |jstor=2578449}}</ref> Nancy Campbell ta fara buga mujallarta ''mai suna Above Rubies'', wacce ke tallata kuma tana ɗaukaka iyaye mata masu zaman gida waɗanda ke da 'ya'ya da yawa gwargwadon iko, a cikin 1977. Duk da cewa Campbell ne ke da alhakin tsara ra'ayoyin Quiverfull, a cewar Pride, wannan motsi ya fara ne bayan buga littafin Mary Pride mai suna ''The Way Home: Beyond Feminism, Back to Reality'' a shekarar 1985. A cikin littafinta, Pride ta ba da labarin tafiyarta daga abin da ta kira ra'ayoyin [[Feminism|mata]] da na hana haihuwa na [[farin ciki]] (wanda ta rayu a matsayin mai fafutuka kafin ta koma addinin Kiristanci mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a 1977) zuwa ga gano farin cikin da ke kewaye da abin da ta bayyana a matsayin rawar da Littafi Mai Tsarki ya umarta ta mata da uwaye a matsayin masu ɗaukar yara da ma'aikata a gida ƙarƙashin ikon [[miji]] . Pride ya rubuta cewa irin wannan salon rayuwa gabaɗaya ana buƙatar duk matan Kirista da suka yi aure bisa ga Littafi Mai Tsarki, amma ra'ayin mata ya yaudari yawancin matan Kirista ba tare da saninsu ba, musamman a cikin karɓar maganin hana haihuwa. <ref name="consvprots" /> A matsayin tushen hujjojinta, Pride ta zaɓi ayoyi da yawa na Littafi Mai Tsarki domin ta bayyana abin da ta gani a matsayin matsayin mata a Littafi Mai Tsarki . Waɗannan sun haɗa da ayoyi waɗanda ta fassara a matsayin ci gaba da fafutukar da take yi na tilasta wa yara haihuwa da kuma adawarta ga amfani da [[Kulawar haihuwa|maganin hana haihuwa]] wanda (a ganinta) aka tallata shi ta hanyar "ajandar mata" wadda ta taɓa rayuwa a da. Bayanin Pride ya zama babban tushen Quiverfull. Sunan ƙungiyar Quiverfull ya fito ne daga {{Bibleverse|Psalm|127:3–5|KJV}}, wanda Pride ta ambata a cikin ''The Way Home'' :   == Manazarta == 4c4qhltvmhubd2kz79cmiwa5rjjehlg 3 126465 969354 965236 2026-10-19T05:02:10Z M I Idrees 13015 /* Ƙirƙirar maƙala mutanen da basu shahara ba */ sabon sashe 969354 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Uskeone! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Uskeone|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 Disamba 2025 (UTC) == Rashin Shahara akan makarantun firamare == Barka da ƙoƙari, ina fatan kana jin daɗin bada gudummawa a Wikipedia kuma ba zaka gajiya ba. Ina son sanar da kai, Primary schools ba'a masu maƙala sai dai idan akwai muhimman abubuwa da makarantar ke da shi, kamar ace ita ce makaranta ta farko da aka fara samarwa a wuri, ko ta yaye tsaffin ɗalibai wanda sun zama shugabannin ƙasa yanzu da sauran su. [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>Em-mustapha</u></b></samp></span>]] ^{<samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp>} 10:26, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) :Na gode sosai [[User:Uskeone|Uskeone]] ([[User talk:Uskeone|talk]]) 12:13, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) == Ƙirƙirar maƙala mutanen da basu shahara ba == @[[User:Uskeone|Uskeone]] Sannu da kokari. Sai dai dukkan maƙalar da kake yi basu shahara ba. Wannan ne dalilin da ya sa na sanya musu tag din delete. Fatan zaka gyara. [[User:M I Idrees|M I Idrees]] ([[User talk:M I Idrees|talk]]) 05:02, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) glz8vmll4q66rsxob6krlizgcmn96f9 969355 969354 2026-10-19T05:02:39Z M I Idrees 13015 /* Ƙirƙirar maƙalar mutanen da basu shahara ba */ 969355 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Uskeone! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Uskeone|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 Disamba 2025 (UTC) == Rashin Shahara akan makarantun firamare == Barka da ƙoƙari, ina fatan kana jin daɗin bada gudummawa a Wikipedia kuma ba zaka gajiya ba. Ina son sanar da kai, Primary schools ba'a masu maƙala sai dai idan akwai muhimman abubuwa da makarantar ke da shi, kamar ace ita ce makaranta ta farko da aka fara samarwa a wuri, ko ta yaye tsaffin ɗalibai wanda sun zama shugabannin ƙasa yanzu da sauran su. [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>Em-mustapha</u></b></samp></span>]] ^{<samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp>} 10:26, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) :Na gode sosai [[User:Uskeone|Uskeone]] ([[User talk:Uskeone|talk]]) 12:13, 9 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) == Ƙirƙirar maƙalar mutanen da basu shahara ba == @[[User:Uskeone|Uskeone]] Sannu da kokari. Sai dai dukkan maƙalar da kake yi basu shahara ba. Wannan ne dalilin da ya sa na sanya musu tag din delete. Fatan zaka gyara. [[User:M I Idrees|M I Idrees]] ([[User talk:M I Idrees|talk]]) 05:02, 19 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) e0r5mlhkzlgryqy14fmskwjyntnkce0 0 126726 969244 758041 2026-10-18T19:08:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adele Anthony''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1970) <ref name="federman">{{Cite web |title=Federman Family Tree |url=http://www.myroots.co.il/Federman/pafg04.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128141256/http://www.myroots.co.il/Federman/pafg04.htm |archive-date=2012-11-28 |access-date=2012-10-14}}</ref> 'yar wasan violin Australiya ce. A shekara ta 1984, tana da shekaru 13, ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta da ta lashe gasar ABC Instrumental and Vocal Competition; daga baya ta lashe wasu gasa na duniya kuma ta yi karatu a New York. Yanzu tana zaune ne a Amurka, inda take zaune tare da mijinta Gil Shaham, kuma tana yawon shakatawa da rikodin. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Adele Anthony a Singapore a matsayin 'yar Alphonse Jivaras Anthony, wanda ya kafa kungiyar Singapore Symphony Orchestra. Ta fara buga violin tana da shekaru biyu da rabi lokacin da iyalin suka zauna a Tasmania. Daga baya ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Dernancourt, Kudancin Australia, kuma ta yi karatun violin a Adelaide tare da Lyndall Hendrickson da Beryl Kimber. A lokacin da take makarantar sakandare, ta halarci makarantar Pembroke, Kensington da Saint Ignatius'College Athelstone. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 13, a shekara ta 1984, Anthony shine mafi ƙanƙanta wanda ya lashe gasar ABC Instrumental and Vocal Competition, <ref>Alphonse Jivaras Anthony, a former student of Isolde Menges and Tibor Varga. See also: James Buescher, 11.11 2007 http://lancasteronline.com/features/entertainment/adele-anthony-is-married-to-the-violin/article_73de9c6e-a796-5ac1-98eb-d7bd96d8c5d0.html {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (wanda yanzu ake kira ABC Symphony Australia Young Performers Awards), yana yin Violin Concerto na John Sibelius tare da Queensland Symphony Orchestra . Daga baya ta yi karatu tare da Dorothy DeLay a Makarantar Juilliard a New York na tsawon shekaru takwas. A shekara ta 1996 ta lashe gasar Violin ta kasa da kasa ta Carl Nielsen. Rubuce-rubucen ta sun haɗa da Concerto na Violin na Philip Glass No. 1 (1999/2000 a kan Naxos Records), Arvo Pärt's Tabula Rasa tare da Gil Shaham, Neeme Järvi da Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra (a kan Deutsche Grammophon) da kuma Ross Edwards' Concerto for Violin da Orchestra, Maninyas / Sibelius's Violin Concerto in D minor tare da Adelaide Symphony orchestra wanda Arvo Volmer (Canary Classics CC09) ya gudanar. Ta auri mai kunna violin Gil Shaham . Suna da 'ya'ya uku.<ref name="federman"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] eud83y9dkuvoyg9kpqyx97wlcohykgt 0 126954 969415 963493 2026-10-19T08:25:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bradley Chance Saltzman''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, a shekarar 1969) shi ne Janar na rundunar sararin samaniya ta kasar Amurka wanda shine na biyu kuma shugaban ayyukan sararin samaniya na yanzu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ayyukan sararin samaniya don ayyukan, cyber, da nukiliya daga shekarar 2020 zuwa shekarar 2022. Shi ne janar janar na farko kuma babban jami'in farko da aka inganta a cikin Space Force. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Saltzman ga Belinda C. Troutman a cikin Daviess County, Kentucky, a cikin shekara ta 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Persons born on 30 June 1969, ANGELO B. NAZOS to BRETT A. BARRICK |url=https://sortedbybirthdate.com/small_pages/1969/19690630_1001.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804010114/https://sortedbybirthdate.com/small_pages/1969/19690630_1001.html |archive-date=2021-08-04 |website=sortedbybirthdate.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=Owensboro native becomes chief of Space Force |url=https://www.messenger-inquirer.com/news/owensboro-native-becomes-chief-of-space-force/article_87ba3fb3-2067-5cac-a7c9-0779676eea8c.html |access-date=2025-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115013719/https://www.messenger-inquirer.com/news/owensboro-native-becomes-chief-of-space-force/article_87ba3fb3-2067-5cac-a7c9-0779676eea8c.html |archive-date=2025-01-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mahaifinsa da kakansa sun kasance a cikin Sojojin Amurka.<ref name="Army">{{Cite web |date=2016-04-06 |title=Promotion major honor for BGHS graduate |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/663480060 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224711/https://www.newspapers.com/image/663480060 |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=July 28, 2022}}</ref> Ya girma a Bowling Green, Kentucky, yana halartar Makarantar Sakandare ta Bowling Green inda ya buga wasan [[Tennis]].<ref name="leaders">{{Cite web |last=Sergeant |first=Don |date=2020-09-24 |title=BG native Saltzman among leaders of new Space Force |url=https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831224712/https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/bg-native-saltzman-among-leaders-of-new-space-force/article_05011ba9-5a10-5f75-8ca4-ffa0cd1fa8ae.html |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Bowling Green Daily News]]}}</ref> Saltzman ta yi karatu ne a Jami'ar Boston a kan tallafin karatu na Sojojin Sama, ta kammala karatu a 1991 tare da digiri na BA a [[Tarihi]].<ref name="leaders"/> Daga baya ya kammala digiri na Master of Public Administration a Jami'ar Montana a 1994 da kuma digiri na Master na Strategic Management daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar George Washington a 1998. Ya kuma kammala shirye-shiryen taro a Jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill da Harvard Kennedy School. == Ayyukan soja == === Farkon aikin Sojojin Sama === [[Fayil:Lt_Col_B._Chance_Saltzman.jpg|thumb|Saltzman a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel]] An ba da izini ga Saltzman a cikin [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1991, a matsayin mataimakin na biyu ta hanyar shirin Horar da [[Boston University|Jami'ar Boston]] ta Air Force Reserve Officer. Bayan ya sami girmamawa na digiri na musamman daga horar da shirye-shiryen aiki na makami mai linzami a Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, ya rike ma'aikatan makami mai banƙyama da yawa, malami, da kuma matsayi mai kimantawa a Malmstrom Air Force Base. Yayinda aka sanya shi a cikin 341st Missile Wing, ya shiga gasar farko ta Guardian Challenge Space Competition kuma ya jagoranci tawagar zuwa 1995 Blanchard Trophy don mafi kyawun ƙungiyar ayyukan makami mai linzami. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] mgw9gil3oipduic1ox79hrx89tbbxwk 0 127103 969146 759142 2026-10-18T16:33:07Z Salma Raddah 45959 969146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kungiyar '''Future Trees Trust''' wata kungiya ce ta agaji da ke da nufin ingantawa da kuma kara yawan bishiyoyin katako a Birtaniya da Ireland. == Tarihi == An kafa Shirin Inganta Itace Mai Itace na Burtaniya da Ireland (BIHIP) a shekarar 1991 da nufin inganta da kuma ƙara yawan bishiyoyin katako a Birtaniya da Ireland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.futuretrees.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&layout=category&task=category&id=30&Itemid=28}}</ref> An sake masa suna Future Trees Trust a shekarar 2008. Kamfanin Future Trees Trust wata kungiya ce mai rijista a [[Ingila]] da Wales, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.futuretrees.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&layout=category&task=category&id=30&Itemid=28}}</ref> da Ireland. Yana samun tallafi daga wata kungiyar kungiyoyi, kuma yana da nau'ikan halittu guda shida wadanda ke jagorantar bincike kan: [[Fraxinus|ash]], [[birch]], [[Cherry|ceri]], itacen [[oak]], [[sycamore]], da [[Walnut|gyada]] . <ref>http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithoutPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=1103202&SubsidiaryNumber=0 {{Dead link}}</ref> A cikin 2019 da 2020, ya taimaka wajen dasa bishiyoyin ash guda 3,000 a Ingila don kafa [[Taskar Ash]] . Taskar ta kunshi bishiyoyin da suka nuna juriya ga kwayar cutar fungal ''[[Hymenoscyphus fraxineus]]'' . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} abao9d9cral4vfiwu2l25f59tpfmyny 969147 969146 2026-10-18T16:33:49Z Salma Raddah 45959 969147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kungiyar '''Future Trees Trust''' wata kungiya ce ta agaji da ke da nufin ingantawa da kuma kara yawan bishiyoyin katako a Birtaniya da Ireland. == Tarihi == An kafa Shirin Inganta Itace Mai Itace na Burtaniya da Ireland (BIHIP) a shekarar 1991 da nufin inganta da kuma ƙara yawan bishiyoyin katako a Birtaniya da Ireland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.futuretrees.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&layout=category&task=category&id=30&Itemid=28}}</ref> An sake masa suna Future Trees Trust a shekarar 2008. Kamfanin Future Trees Trust wata kungiya ce mai rijista a [[Ingila]] da Wales, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.futuretrees.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&layout=category&task=category&id=30&Itemid=28}}</ref> da [[Ireland]]. Yana samun tallafi daga wata kungiyar kungiyoyi, kuma yana da nau'ikan halittu guda shida wadanda ke jagorantar bincike kan: [[Fraxinus|ash]], [[birch]], [[Cherry|ceri]], itacen [[oak]], [[sycamore]], da [[Walnut|gyada]] . <ref>http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithoutPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=1103202&SubsidiaryNumber=0 {{Dead link}}</ref> A cikin 2019 da 2020, ya taimaka wajen dasa bishiyoyin ash guda 3,000 a Ingila don kafa [[Taskar Ash]] . Taskar ta kunshi bishiyoyin da suka nuna juriya ga kwayar cutar fungal ''[[Hymenoscyphus fraxineus]]'' . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hpi1lvv83lq02nzfo0gxqh6y9d3y234 969149 969147 2026-10-18T16:34:50Z Salma Raddah 45959 969149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kungiyar '''Future Trees Trust''' wata kungiya ce ta agaji da ke da nufin ingantawa da kuma kara yawan bishiyoyin katako a Birtaniya da Ireland. == Tarihi == An kafa Shirin Inganta Itace Mai Itace na Burtaniya da Ireland (BIHIP) a shekarar 1991 da nufin inganta da kuma ƙara yawan bishiyoyin katako a Birtaniya da Ireland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.futuretrees.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&layout=category&task=category&id=30&Itemid=28}}</ref> An sake masa suna Future Trees Trust a shekarar 2008. Kamfanin Future Trees Trust wata kungiya ce mai rijista a [[Ingila]] da Wales, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.futuretrees.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&layout=category&task=category&id=30&Itemid=28}}</ref> da [[Ireland]]. Yana samun tallafi daga wata kungiyar kungiyoyi, kuma yana da nau'ikan halittu guda shida wadanda ke jagorantar bincike kan: [[Fraxinus|ash]], [[birch]], [[Cherry|ceri]], itacen [[oak]], [[sycamore]], da [[Walnut|gyada]]. <ref>http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithoutPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=1103202&SubsidiaryNumber=0 {{Dead link}}</ref> A cikin 2019 da 2020, ya taimaka wajen dasa bishiyoyin ash guda 3,000 a Ingila don kafa [[Taskar Ash]] . Taskar ta kunshi bishiyoyin da suka nuna juriya ga kwayar cutar fungal ''[[Hymenoscyphus fraxineus]]'' . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6452ivjzqikkcka0x4liif1zmyc5nxn 969159 969149 2026-10-18T16:36:52Z Salma Raddah 45959 969159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kungiyar '''Future Trees Trust''' wata kungiya ce ta agaji da ke da nufin ingantawa da kuma kara yawan bishiyoyin katako a Birtaniya da Ireland. == Tarihi == An kafa Shirin Inganta Itace Mai Itace na Burtaniya da Ireland (BIHIP) a shekarar 1991 da nufin inganta da kuma ƙara yawan bishiyoyin katako a Birtaniya da Ireland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.futuretrees.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&layout=category&task=category&id=30&Itemid=28}}</ref> An sake masa suna Future Trees Trust a shekarar 2008. Kamfanin Future Trees Trust wata kungiya ce mai rijista a [[Ingila]] da Wales, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.futuretrees.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&layout=category&task=category&id=30&Itemid=28}}</ref> da [[Ireland]]. Yana samun tallafi daga wata kungiyar kungiyoyi, kuma yana da nau'ikan halittu guda shida wadanda ke jagorantar bincike kan: [[Fraxinus|ash]], [[birch]], [[Cherry|ceri]], itacen [[oak]], Sycamore , da [[Walnut|gyada]]. <ref>http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithoutPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=1103202&SubsidiaryNumber=0 {{Dead link}}</ref> A cikin 2019 da 2020, ya taimaka wajen dasa bishiyoyin ash guda 3,000 a Ingila don kafa [[Taskar Ash]] . Taskar ta kunshi bishiyoyin da suka nuna juriya ga kwayar cutar fungal ''[[Hymenoscyphus fraxineus]]'' . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} s0sac235edd60fo9k1ukiuzpy8ejetw 0 127936 969364 761338 2026-10-19T06:27:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Stonehouse''' cibiyar lafiya ce da ke Strathaven Road, Stonehouse, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. NHS Lanarkshire ce ke kula da shi. == Tarihi == Asalin ginin, wanda Alexander Cullen ya tsara a matsayin asibitin cututtuka masu yaduwa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Health |url=http://www.stonehouseonline.org.uk/health.html |access-date=7 March 2020 |publisher=Stonehouse Online}}</ref> an kammala shi a shekarar 1896. <ref name="hh2">{{Cite web |title=Stonehouse Hospital |url=https://historic-hospitals.com/gazetteer/lanarkshire/ |access-date=7 March 2020 |publisher=Historic Hospitals}}</ref> An faɗaɗa shi a shekarar 1916, kuma bayan ya shiga [[National Health Service|Hukumar Lafiya ta Ƙasa]] a shekarar 1948, ya zama asibitin al'umma. <ref name="hh2" /> An sayi wani ƙaramin gini na zamani a ƙarƙashin [[Private finance initiative|shirin kuɗi na masu zaman kansu]] a shekarar 2001. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Consolidated Accounts for the year ended 31 March 2018 |url=https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-government-consolidated-accounts-year-ended-31-march-2018/pages/26/ |access-date=7 March 2020 |publisher=The Scottish Government}}</ref> An kammala sabon ginin, wanda Dawn Construction ya gina akan kuɗin fam miliyan 4.3, a shekarar 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2006 |title=Public Private Partnerships |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/spwrans/?id=2006-11-15.S2W-29142.h |access-date=7 March 2020 |publisher=Scottish Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106101522/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/spwrans/?id=2006-11-15.S2W-29142.h |archive-date=6 January 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2972mw1ivkfjkgmxa3904je4l55fyfd 0 129328 969407 889788 2026-10-19T07:43:17Z Nura Bello 24854 969407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Salma Samar Damluji''' (an haife ta ne a shekara ta 1954) ƙwararriyar ce mai zane ce a Lebanon, farfesa kuma marubuciya da ke zaune a tsakanin Landan da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ta yi aiki tare da mai zane na Masar [[Hassan Fathi|Hassan Fathy]] a Alkahira, a tsakanin shekarun 1975-6 da kuma a 1984-5. An naɗa ta mai ba da shawara kan gine-gine ga ministan [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]], [[Shehu|Shaykh]] Sultan bin Zayed Al Nahyan a tsakanin 2001-2004 a Babban Masallacin Sheikh Zayed da sauran ayyuka a [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]] . A shekara ta 2008, ta kafa Gidauniyar Gine-gine ta Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> a Hadramaut, tare da abokan aiki a [[Yemen]] kuma tana aiki a can kan ayyukan gine-gine da gyaran ƙasa. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Damluji a [[Beirut]], Lebanon, ga uba ɗan ƙasar Iraqi kuma uwa Kirista 'yar Lebanon. Bayan rikicin 1958, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]] . Damluji ta koma Landan a shekarar 1972, inda ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar AA a fannin gine-gine a shekarar 1977. Daga baya ta kammala karatun digirinta na uku a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal a shekarar 1987. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> == Sana'a == Shiga Damluji cikin gine-ginen Yemen ya fara ne bayan ziyarar aiki ta UNESCO a shekarar 1981. Ayyukanta a can sun haɗa da, 'Masallacin Aynat: Masjid al Faqih (2008-11), Masna'at 'Urah, Daw'an (2008-12), Husn Qarn Majid, Daw'an (2012-14), Masallacin 'Umar Ba Wazir, Wadi Sah (2008-10) da kuma kwanan nan (2017-19) gyaran ƙofar Shibam bayan yaƙi, da sake gina al-Habib Hamad bin Salih Dome' Bin Isma'il Domes, Masallacin Shaklanza da ke Al-Shihr da kuma Shaykh Ya'qub Dome da ke Mukalla . Waɗannan ayyukan an ba su kuɗi ne daga Asusun Yarima Claus na Netherlands da Asusun Kare Al'adu na Majalisar Burtaniya, Burtaniya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 2014, Damluji ita ce mace ta farko da aka gayyata ta zama mai zanen gini don bayar da Leçon Inaugurale <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> a École de Chaillot da ke Paris, ta goma a cikin jerin. An buga wannan a cikin ''The Other Architecture: Geometry, Earth and the Vernacular'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Salma Samar Damluji |url=http://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/fr/publication/salma-samar-damluji |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=Cité de l'architecture & du patrimoine |language=fr}}</ref> (Paris, 2015) kuma ta samar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da aikinta da bincikenta. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An zaɓe ta a matsayin Memba na Académie d'Architecture da ke Paris a shekarar 2017, kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Académie d'Architecture's Restoration Award (lambar azurfa) a shekarar 2015. A shekarar 2012, ta sami lambar yabo ta Duniya don Tsarin Gine-gine Mai Dorewa a shekarar 2012, daga Cité d'architecture & du Patrimoine da Gidauniyar Locus. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 2013, an naɗa ta a matsayin Mu'allim Awad Binaldin Chairman na Farfesa a fannin Gine-gine a duniyar Musulunci, a Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut . Damluji babbar malamar koyarwa ce a Makarantar Digiri ta Ƙungiyar Gine-gine (AA) da kuma Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal (RCA) da ke Landan (UK). Tana da littattafai da dama da aka buga a kan gine-ginen ƙasa da na harsunan yankin Larabawa. Littattafan da ta wallafa sun haɗa da ''Hassan Fathy: Earth & Utopia'' (2018), ''The Architecture of Yemen'' (2007) da ''The Architecture of Oman'' (1998).&nbsp;Za a buga sabon bugu na ''The Architecture of Yemen and its Reconstruction'' a shekarar 2020. Ta shirya nune-nunen da dama kan ayyukanta a Landan (a RCA da RIBA), a Paris, Venice da kuma a Madrid. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Littattafai == === Littattafai === * ''Hassan Fathy: Duniya & Utopia,'' (Laurence King Publishing, London 2018) * ''Sauran Architecture: Geometry, Duniya da Vernacular'' (Leçon Inaugurale de l'École de Chaillot), Paris 2015, Faransanci da Ingilishi. (Gajeren jera ta Académie d'Architecture na Prix du Livre d'Architecture a watan Nuwamba 2015) * ''Al Diwan Al Amiri, Doha, Qatar'', Laurence King Publishing, London 2013 * ''Tsarin Gine-ginen Duniya, Alamomin Gine-gine Wadi Hadramut & Daw'an,'' Taron Gine-ginen Duniya Say'un- Fabrairu 2011, Beirut 2011 * Edita. ''[https://www.amazon.com/Italian-Excellence-Sheikh-Sultan-Nahyan/dp/0615276296 Masallacin Sheikh Zayed Al Nahayan Abu Dhabi: Kyawun Italiya a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa] ,'' Fantini Mosaici, Milano 2009 * ''[https://www.amazon.com/Architecture-Yemen-Yafi-Hadramut/dp/185669514X Tsarin Gine-ginen Yemen Daga Yafi' zuwa Hadramut]'', Laurence King Publishing, London 2007 * ''[https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/200952518 Babban Masallacin Sultan Qaboos]'', Apex Publishing, Muscat 2007 * ''Tsarin Gine-ginen Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa'', Garnet Publishing, Reading 2006 * ''Tsarin Gine-ginen Oman'', Karatu na 1998 * Edita. ''Tsarin Masallacin Annabi Mai Tsarki Madina'', Landan 1998 * Edita. ''Tsarin Masallacin Mai Tsarki Makkah'', Landan 1998 * ''Zillij Fasahar Fasahohin Moroccan'', tare da John Hedgecoe; Karatu 1992 (Buga ta Faransa 1993) * Babban Edita, ''Fasaha da Gine-gine na Musulunci, Tsarin Tsarin Geometric'' Issam El Said; Tarek El Bouri & Keith Critchlow, Reading 1993 * ''Tsarin Gine-ginen Bulo na Kwarin Laka Shibam, Tarim da Wadi Hadramut'', Karatu na 1992 (Buga ta Larabci, Beirut 1996) * ''Gaskiyar Yemen; Gine-gine da aka sassaka a cikin Laka da Dutse'', Karatu na 1991 * Edita. ''Littafin Tarihin Gani na Wani Mai Zane na Larabawa'', Maath Alousi, Beirut & London 1983 === Surorin littafi === * [http://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2147 http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Alternatives/Architecture-Alternatives/Sustainable-design-8 'Aikin Ammar Khammash' a cikin ''Tsarin Zane Mai Dorewa 8: Zuwa ga sabuwar Ɗabi'a don Gine-gine da Birni'', Contal, Marie-Hélène da Revedin, Jana, Gine-gine - Madadin Gallimard Editions, Paris, 2020 (shafi na 124-131).] * 'Masallaci & Gidaje Masu Tsarki a Wadi Sah: Hadramut (YEMEN)', a cikin ''ginin ƙasa da al'ada juzu'i na 2'' Ed. Hubert Feiglstorfer, IVA-ICRA (Cibiyar Bincike Mai Kwatanta Kan Gine-gine) Jami'ar Fasaha ta Vienna, Vienna, 2018 (shafi na&nbsp;313–337). * [http://www.iuav.it/Ateneo1/eventi-del/2017/W-A-VE--20/Scheda_Collana.pdf 'Sake ƙirƙiro M'alula'&nbsp;a cikin ''Wave 2017'' | ''Siriya (Syria the Making of the Future + bita 26)'', Incipit (Italiya), 2017]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * 'La Médina et le renouveau de la ville nomade [Madina da nomad sabunta birane]', a cikin ''La Ville Rebelle,'' Ed. Jana Revedin, Paris, 2015 * "Salma Samar Damluji" a cikin ''Dorewa Design III'', ''vers une nouvelle ′ethique pour l'architecture et la ville'', Contal, Marie-Hélène da Revedin, Jana, Paris, 2014 (pp.82-95). === Labarai === * [https://issuu.com/pdezwart/docs/www.alefmag.com Mujallar Alef Fitowa ta 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226064409/https://issuu.com/pdezwart/docs/www.alefmag.com |date=2023-02-26 }} shafi na 70-73, 2008 * ''[https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/earth/earthern-wear-mud-cities-in-hadramut-yemen/10046277.article Lalacewar Ƙasa: Birane Masu Laka a Hadramut, Yemen]'', Binciken Gine-gine, Fabrairu 2020 * ''[https://www.larchitecturedaujourdhui.fr/engagements/ Hassan Fathy, de la vérité en Architecture; Hassan Fathy, Game da Gaskiya a Gine-gine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260212095852/https://www.larchitecturedaujourdhui.fr/engagements/ |date=2026-02-12 }} ,'' Haɗin kai, L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui, 'A'A 424, Satumba 2018 * [https://www.larchitecturedaujourdhui.fr/generosites-espaces-en-plus/ ''Les Architectures de Terre de Salma Samar Damluji; Salma Samar Damluji's Earth Architecture,'' Générosités, espaces en plus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212011220/https://www.larchitecturedaujourdhui.fr/generosites-espaces-en-plus/ |date=2025-12-12 }}, L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui, 'A'A 426, Mayu 2018 === Nunin Nunin === * Nunin Zane-zane na Jami'ar Venice na Iuav akan Ma'lula: ' [http://wave2017.iuav.it Ginin babban kumfa mai girman rai ga Ma'lula, samfuran gidajen ibada da aka lalata, da birni]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ', Venice, Yuni-Yuli 2017 * [http://xx.aaschool.ac.uk/exhibition/ Matan AA XX 100 a fannin gine-gine a mahallinsu]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 1917–2017, Ƙungiyar Gine-gine, London, 7 ga Oktoba-9 ga Disamba 2017 * Jami'ar Iuav Architecture 'Sketch for Syria', ayyukan fasaha, Janairu-Fabrairu 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> * [https://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/fr/publication/reenchanter-le-monde-architecture-ville-transitions Re-Enchant the World], nunin rukuni na Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, Palais du Chaillot, Paris, Mayu-Oktoba 2014 * Mai ba da shawara ga Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Louisiana, Denmark don baje kolin 'Arab Contemporary: Architecture, Culture and Identity', Denmark, Janairu- Mayu 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Salma Samar Damluji |url=http://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/fr/publication/salma-samar-damluji |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=Cité de l'architecture & du patrimoine |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> * 'ARABIYA FELIX: Tsarin Gine-ginen Yemen', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> RIBA London, Nuwamba 2007- Fabrairu 2008 === Sharhi === * Casabella, Mayu 2020 [https://casabellaweb.eu/2020/05/17/909-maggio-2020/ 'Hassan Fathy' na Francesco Dal Co] * Nuwamba–Disamba 2019: Sabon Sharhin Hagu [https://newleftreview.org/issues/II120/articles/owen-hatherley-a-mud-brick-utopia 'A Laka-Brick Utopia' na Owen Hatherley] * Nuwamba 2018: Financial Times [https://www.ft.com/content/7c0c7b94-ee0c-11e8-89c8-d36339d835c0 'Mafi kyawun littattafai na 2018: Gine-gine da zane' na Edwin Heathcote] * 8 Nuwamba 2018: Corriere della Sera [http://living.corriere.it/tendenze/architettura/hassan-fathy-lutopia-continua/ 'Hassan Fathy: l'utopia continua' na Testo Massimo di Conto] * Mujallar bangon waya ta Oktoba 2018 [https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/hassan-fathy-book-laurence-king 'Littafi na farko kan falsafa da aikin Hassan Fathy' na Harriet Thorpe] * [https://www.admiddleeast.com/book-review-hassan-fathys-tale-of-earth-utopia Sharhin Littafi na Hassan Fathy game da Duniya da Utopia na Oktoba 2018 na Gabashin Tsakiya 'Bita na Littafi: Labarin Hassan Fathy game da Duniya da Utopia' na Jumana Abdel-Razzaq] === Kyaututtuka === * [https://blogbaladi.com/architect-aub-professor-salma-samar-damluji-elected-member-of-the-academie-darchitecture-en-france/ Médaille de la Restauration], Kwalejin Gine-gine ta Faransa, Lambar Azurfa ta Kwalejin Gine-gine ta Faransa 2015 (Paris) * Kyauta ta Duniya don Gine-gine Mai Dorewa 2012 (Paris), Gidauniyar Locus === Siffofin bidiyo === * [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2022-11-02/the-architects-building-future-cities-with-mud-video Laka Mai Sanyi Ya Fi Siminti Kyau Don Gina Gidaje a Afirka Mai Zafi, 2 Nuwamba 2022] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8uOxf22xDs&feature=emb_logo Gidauniyar Gine-gine ta Daw'an Mud Brick: Shekaru goma sha biyu na aiki] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_D43y9cjhY 'Sake Ba da Tarihi ...', Sabon jerin Canonical Historystories, London, Birtaniya, Janairu 2019] * [http://wave2018iuav.com/w-a-ve-2018-italian-beauty-il-video-della-premiazione/ WAVe. 2018 Italiyanci Beauty: bidiyon bikin bayar da kyautar] * [https://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/en/node/33549 Salma Samar Damluji, Daw'an Architecture Foundation, Entrevue diffusée dans l'exposition "Réenchanter le monde: architecture, ville, transitions" présentée à la Cité de l'architecture et du patrimoine du mercredi 21 mai 2014 au lundi 2014 octobre] * [https://vimeo.com/255729622 Duniyar Duniya, tare da Roger Moukarzel, don Maimaita Nunin Duniya, Cité de l'Architecture & du Patrimoine, 2014] * [https://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/fr/video/salma-samar-damluji-0 Leçon Inaugurale de l'école de Chaillot, Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, 3 Maris 2014] * [https://vimeo.com/112070037 Rana Dust: Shibam tare da Roger Moukarzel, 2013] == Gidauniyar Gine-ginen Bulo Mai Laka ta Daw'an == An kafa Gidauniyar Gine-gine ta Daw'an Mud a shekarar 2007-8, ta hannun Salma Samar Damluji da abokan aikinta a Yemen, Dr. Abdullah BaGhumyan da kuma Architect Ali Ba Saad. Gidauniyar tana kafa ayyuka kuma tana neman kuɗi don tsara da ginawa tare da masu ginin Hadrami ta amfani da kayan ƙasa da dabarun gine-ginen Yemen. [[Fayil:Salma_Damluji_group_photo.jpg|thumb|Haɗuwa a Masjidul Faqih tare da (hagu zuwa dama): Mai kula da Masallaci, Sayyid Abu Bakr al-Hamid, Salma Samar Damluji, Mansab 'Aynat Umar al-Hamid, Umar BaSa'd (direbanmu) da Karamah 'Ubayd 'Ulaywah. ©Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation, 2012]] === An kammala ayyukan === * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=9 Masna'at 'Urah] Wuri: Wadi Daw'an Kwanan wata: 2006 - 2013 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=12 Masallacin Aynat: Masjid al Faqih] Wuri: 'Aynat- Wadi Hadramut Ranar: 2008-2011 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=13 Masallacin Umar Ba Wazir Wuri] : Ghayl 'Umar- Sah, Wadi Hadramut Ranar: 2008 - 2010 [[Fayil:Salma_Damluji.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Umar Ba Wazir ©Daw'an Laka Bulo Gine-gine, 2010]] * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=14 Wali Domes (Saint Shrines)] Wuri: Sah, Wadi Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2008 - 2010 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=15 Husn Qarn Majid] Wuri: Wadi Daw'an Kwanan wata: 2012 - 2014 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=18 Gidajen Shibam] Gidan BaSahi - Gidan BaSwatayn Wuri: Shibam, Wadi Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2012 - 2014 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=19 Bayan Yaki Shibam] Shibam Gateway Shigar Fadar Shibam Wuri: Shibam, Wadi Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2017 - 2019 * Majalisar Burtaniya, Asusun Kare Al'adu (CPF), ta amince da tallafin kudi don wani aiki kan 'Sake Ginawa da Gyaran Al'adu bayan Yaƙi a Yemen', wanda Asusun CER-Net Prince Claus ya jagoranta. An ba da kwangilar Gidauniyar Gine-gine ta Daw'an don gudanar da aikin tare da haɗin gwiwar Ofishin Gwamnan Hadramut. Aikin ya shafi sake gina wuraren al'adu da wuraren tarihi a Hadramut waɗanda aka yi niyya a lokacin yaƙin: [[Fayil:Salma_Damluji_group_photo_1.jpg|thumb|Tawagar Gine-ginen ...]] * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=20 Shaykh Ya'qub Dome] Location: Al Mukallah, Hadramut Date: 2019 - 2020 [[Fayil:Salma_Damluji_Work.jpg|thumb|Al Habib Hamad Bin Salih Domes ©Daw'an Laka Bulo Gine-gine, 2019]] [[Fayil:Salma_Damluji_Work_Progress.jpg|thumb|Al Habib Hamad Bin Salih Domes ©Daw'an Laka Bulo Gine-gine, 2019]] * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=23 Masallacin Shaklanza] Wuri: Al Shihr, Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2019 - 2020 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=21 Al Habib Hamad Bin Salih Wuri] : Al Shihr, Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2019 - 2020 * Gidan [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=22 Bin Isma'il Wuri] : Al Shihr, Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2019 - 2020 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] a56xmf9mb5cf9jzn9jmmfa3n1fu8dm3 969408 969407 2026-10-19T07:46:21Z Nura Bello 24854 969408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Salma Samar Damluji''' (an haife ta ne a shekara ta 1954) ƙwararriyar ce mai zane ce a Lebanon, farfesa kuma marubuciya da ke zaune a tsakanin Landan da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ta yi aiki tare da mai zane na Masar [[Hassan Fathi|Hassan Fathy]] a Alkahira, a tsakanin shekarun 1975-6 da kuma a 1984-5. An naɗa ta mai ba da shawara kan gine-gine ga ministan [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]], [[Shehu|Shaykh]] Sultan bin Zayed Al Nahyan a tsakanin 2001-2004 a Babban Masallacin Sheikh Zayed da sauran ayyuka a [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]] . A shekara ta 2008, ta kafa Gidauniyar Gine-gine ta Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> a Hadramaut, tare da abokan aiki a [[Yemen]] kuma tana aiki a can kan ayyukan gine-gine da gyaran ƙasa. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Damluji a [[Beirut]], Lebanon, ga uba ɗan ƙasar Iraqi kuma uwa Kirista 'yar Lebanon. Bayan rikicin da ya faru a shekarar 1958, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]] . Damluji ta koma Landan a shekarar 1972, inda ta kammala karatunta daga Makarantar AA a fannin gine-gine a shekarar 1977. Daga baya ta kammala karatun digirinta na uku a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal a shekarar 1987. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> == Sana'a == Shiga Damluji cikin gine-ginen Yemen ya fara ne bayan ziyarar aiki ta UNESCO a shekarar 1981. Ayyukanta a can sun haɗa da, 'Masallacin Aynat: Masjid al Faqih (2008-11), Masna'at 'Urah, Daw'an (2008-12), Husn Qarn Majid, Daw'an (2012-14), Masallacin 'Umar Ba Wazir, Wadi Sah (2008-10) da kuma kwanan nan (2017-19) gyaran ƙofar Shibam bayan yaƙi, da sake gina al-Habib Hamad bin Salih Dome' Bin Isma'il Domes, Masallacin Shaklanza da ke Al-Shihr da kuma Shaykh Ya'qub Dome da ke Mukalla . Waɗannan ayyukan an ba su kuɗi ne daga Asusun Yarima Claus na Netherlands da Asusun Kare Al'adu na Majalisar Burtaniya, Burtaniya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 2014, Damluji ita ce mace ta farko da aka gayyata ta zama mai zanen gini don bayar da Leçon Inaugurale <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> a École de Chaillot da ke Paris, ta goma a cikin jerin. An buga wannan a cikin ''The Other Architecture: Geometry, Earth and the Vernacular'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Salma Samar Damluji |url=http://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/fr/publication/salma-samar-damluji |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=Cité de l'architecture & du patrimoine |language=fr}}</ref> (Paris, 2015) kuma ta samar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da aikinta da bincikenta. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An zaɓe ta a matsayin Memba na Académie d'Architecture da ke Paris a shekarar 2017, kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Académie d'Architecture's Restoration Award (lambar azurfa) a shekarar 2015. A shekarar 2012, ta sami lambar yabo ta Duniya don Tsarin Gine-gine Mai Dorewa a shekarar 2012, daga Cité d'architecture & du Patrimoine da Gidauniyar Locus. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 2013, an naɗa ta a matsayin Mu'allim Awad Binaldin Chairman na Farfesa a fannin Gine-gine a duniyar Musulunci, a Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut . Damluji babbar malamar koyarwa ce a Makarantar Digiri ta Ƙungiyar Gine-gine (AA) da kuma Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal (RCA) da ke Landan (UK). Tana da littattafai da dama da aka buga a kan gine-ginen ƙasa da na harsunan yankin Larabawa. Littattafan da ta wallafa sun haɗa da ''Hassan Fathy: Earth & Utopia'' (2018), ''The Architecture of Yemen'' (2007) da ''The Architecture of Oman'' (1998).&nbsp;Za a buga sabon bugu na ''The Architecture of Yemen and its Reconstruction'' a shekarar 2020. Ta shirya nune-nunen da dama kan ayyukanta a Landan (a RCA da RIBA), a Paris, Venice da kuma a Madrid. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Littattafai == === Littattafai === * ''Hassan Fathy: Duniya & Utopia,'' (Laurence King Publishing, London 2018) * ''Sauran Architecture: Geometry, Duniya da Vernacular'' (Leçon Inaugurale de l'École de Chaillot), Paris 2015, Faransanci da Ingilishi. (Gajeren jera ta Académie d'Architecture na Prix du Livre d'Architecture a watan Nuwamba 2015) * ''Al Diwan Al Amiri, Doha, Qatar'', Laurence King Publishing, London 2013 * ''Tsarin Gine-ginen Duniya, Alamomin Gine-gine Wadi Hadramut & Daw'an,'' Taron Gine-ginen Duniya Say'un- Fabrairu 2011, Beirut 2011 * Edita. ''[https://www.amazon.com/Italian-Excellence-Sheikh-Sultan-Nahyan/dp/0615276296 Masallacin Sheikh Zayed Al Nahayan Abu Dhabi: Kyawun Italiya a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa] ,'' Fantini Mosaici, Milano 2009 * ''[https://www.amazon.com/Architecture-Yemen-Yafi-Hadramut/dp/185669514X Tsarin Gine-ginen Yemen Daga Yafi' zuwa Hadramut]'', Laurence King Publishing, London 2007 * ''[https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/200952518 Babban Masallacin Sultan Qaboos]'', Apex Publishing, Muscat 2007 * ''Tsarin Gine-ginen Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa'', Garnet Publishing, Reading 2006 * ''Tsarin Gine-ginen Oman'', Karatu na 1998 * Edita. ''Tsarin Masallacin Annabi Mai Tsarki Madina'', Landan 1998 * Edita. ''Tsarin Masallacin Mai Tsarki Makkah'', Landan 1998 * ''Zillij Fasahar Fasahohin Moroccan'', tare da John Hedgecoe; Karatu 1992 (Buga ta Faransa 1993) * Babban Edita, ''Fasaha da Gine-gine na Musulunci, Tsarin Tsarin Geometric'' Issam El Said; Tarek El Bouri & Keith Critchlow, Reading 1993 * ''Tsarin Gine-ginen Bulo na Kwarin Laka Shibam, Tarim da Wadi Hadramut'', Karatu na 1992 (Buga ta Larabci, Beirut 1996) * ''Gaskiyar Yemen; Gine-gine da aka sassaka a cikin Laka da Dutse'', Karatu na 1991 * Edita. ''Littafin Tarihin Gani na Wani Mai Zane na Larabawa'', Maath Alousi, Beirut & London 1983 === Surorin littafi === * [http://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2147 http://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Alternatives/Architecture-Alternatives/Sustainable-design-8 'Aikin Ammar Khammash' a cikin ''Tsarin Zane Mai Dorewa 8: Zuwa ga sabuwar Ɗabi'a don Gine-gine da Birni'', Contal, Marie-Hélène da Revedin, Jana, Gine-gine - Madadin Gallimard Editions, Paris, 2020 (shafi na 124-131).] * 'Masallaci & Gidaje Masu Tsarki a Wadi Sah: Hadramut (YEMEN)', a cikin ''ginin ƙasa da al'ada juzu'i na 2'' Ed. Hubert Feiglstorfer, IVA-ICRA (Cibiyar Bincike Mai Kwatanta Kan Gine-gine) Jami'ar Fasaha ta Vienna, Vienna, 2018 (shafi na&nbsp;313–337). * [http://www.iuav.it/Ateneo1/eventi-del/2017/W-A-VE--20/Scheda_Collana.pdf 'Sake ƙirƙiro M'alula'&nbsp;a cikin ''Wave 2017'' | ''Siriya (Syria the Making of the Future + bita 26)'', Incipit (Italiya), 2017]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * 'La Médina et le renouveau de la ville nomade [Madina da nomad sabunta birane]', a cikin ''La Ville Rebelle,'' Ed. Jana Revedin, Paris, 2015 * "Salma Samar Damluji" a cikin ''Dorewa Design III'', ''vers une nouvelle ′ethique pour l'architecture et la ville'', Contal, Marie-Hélène da Revedin, Jana, Paris, 2014 (pp.82-95). === Labarai === * [https://issuu.com/pdezwart/docs/www.alefmag.com Mujallar Alef Fitowa ta 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226064409/https://issuu.com/pdezwart/docs/www.alefmag.com |date=2023-02-26 }} shafi na 70-73, 2008 * ''[https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/earth/earthern-wear-mud-cities-in-hadramut-yemen/10046277.article Lalacewar Ƙasa: Birane Masu Laka a Hadramut, Yemen]'', Binciken Gine-gine, Fabrairu 2020 * ''[https://www.larchitecturedaujourdhui.fr/engagements/ Hassan Fathy, de la vérité en Architecture; Hassan Fathy, Game da Gaskiya a Gine-gine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260212095852/https://www.larchitecturedaujourdhui.fr/engagements/ |date=2026-02-12 }} ,'' Haɗin kai, L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui, 'A'A 424, Satumba 2018 * [https://www.larchitecturedaujourdhui.fr/generosites-espaces-en-plus/ ''Les Architectures de Terre de Salma Samar Damluji; Salma Samar Damluji's Earth Architecture,'' Générosités, espaces en plus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212011220/https://www.larchitecturedaujourdhui.fr/generosites-espaces-en-plus/ |date=2025-12-12 }}, L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui, 'A'A 426, Mayu 2018 === Nunin Nunin === * Nunin Zane-zane na Jami'ar Venice na Iuav akan Ma'lula: ' [http://wave2017.iuav.it Ginin babban kumfa mai girman rai ga Ma'lula, samfuran gidajen ibada da aka lalata, da birni]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ', Venice, Yuni-Yuli 2017 * [http://xx.aaschool.ac.uk/exhibition/ Matan AA XX 100 a fannin gine-gine a mahallinsu]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 1917–2017, Ƙungiyar Gine-gine, London, 7 ga Oktoba-9 ga Disamba 2017 * Jami'ar Iuav Architecture 'Sketch for Syria', ayyukan fasaha, Janairu-Fabrairu 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> * [https://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/fr/publication/reenchanter-le-monde-architecture-ville-transitions Re-Enchant the World], nunin rukuni na Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, Palais du Chaillot, Paris, Mayu-Oktoba 2014 * Mai ba da shawara ga Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Louisiana, Denmark don baje kolin 'Arab Contemporary: Architecture, Culture and Identity', Denmark, Janairu- Mayu 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Salma Samar Damluji |url=http://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/fr/publication/salma-samar-damluji |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=Cité de l'architecture & du patrimoine |language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> * 'ARABIYA FELIX: Tsarin Gine-ginen Yemen', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation |url=http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org}}</ref> RIBA London, Nuwamba 2007- Fabrairu 2008 === Sharhi === * Casabella, Mayu 2020 [https://casabellaweb.eu/2020/05/17/909-maggio-2020/ 'Hassan Fathy' na Francesco Dal Co] * Nuwamba–Disamba 2019: Sabon Sharhin Hagu [https://newleftreview.org/issues/II120/articles/owen-hatherley-a-mud-brick-utopia 'A Laka-Brick Utopia' na Owen Hatherley] * Nuwamba 2018: Financial Times [https://www.ft.com/content/7c0c7b94-ee0c-11e8-89c8-d36339d835c0 'Mafi kyawun littattafai na 2018: Gine-gine da zane' na Edwin Heathcote] * 8 Nuwamba 2018: Corriere della Sera [http://living.corriere.it/tendenze/architettura/hassan-fathy-lutopia-continua/ 'Hassan Fathy: l'utopia continua' na Testo Massimo di Conto] * Mujallar bangon waya ta Oktoba 2018 [https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/hassan-fathy-book-laurence-king 'Littafi na farko kan falsafa da aikin Hassan Fathy' na Harriet Thorpe] * [https://www.admiddleeast.com/book-review-hassan-fathys-tale-of-earth-utopia Sharhin Littafi na Hassan Fathy game da Duniya da Utopia na Oktoba 2018 na Gabashin Tsakiya 'Bita na Littafi: Labarin Hassan Fathy game da Duniya da Utopia' na Jumana Abdel-Razzaq] === Kyaututtuka === * [https://blogbaladi.com/architect-aub-professor-salma-samar-damluji-elected-member-of-the-academie-darchitecture-en-france/ Médaille de la Restauration], Kwalejin Gine-gine ta Faransa, Lambar Azurfa ta Kwalejin Gine-gine ta Faransa 2015 (Paris) * Kyauta ta Duniya don Gine-gine Mai Dorewa 2012 (Paris), Gidauniyar Locus === Siffofin bidiyo === * [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2022-11-02/the-architects-building-future-cities-with-mud-video Laka Mai Sanyi Ya Fi Siminti Kyau Don Gina Gidaje a Afirka Mai Zafi, 2 Nuwamba 2022] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8uOxf22xDs&feature=emb_logo Gidauniyar Gine-gine ta Daw'an Mud Brick: Shekaru goma sha biyu na aiki] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_D43y9cjhY 'Sake Ba da Tarihi ...', Sabon jerin Canonical Historystories, London, Birtaniya, Janairu 2019] * [http://wave2018iuav.com/w-a-ve-2018-italian-beauty-il-video-della-premiazione/ WAVe. 2018 Italiyanci Beauty: bidiyon bikin bayar da kyautar] * [https://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/en/node/33549 Salma Samar Damluji, Daw'an Architecture Foundation, Entrevue diffusée dans l'exposition "Réenchanter le monde: architecture, ville, transitions" présentée à la Cité de l'architecture et du patrimoine du mercredi 21 mai 2014 au lundi 2014 octobre] * [https://vimeo.com/255729622 Duniyar Duniya, tare da Roger Moukarzel, don Maimaita Nunin Duniya, Cité de l'Architecture & du Patrimoine, 2014] * [https://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/fr/video/salma-samar-damluji-0 Leçon Inaugurale de l'école de Chaillot, Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, 3 Maris 2014] * [https://vimeo.com/112070037 Rana Dust: Shibam tare da Roger Moukarzel, 2013] == Gidauniyar Gine-ginen Bulo Mai Laka ta Daw'an == An kafa Gidauniyar Gine-gine ta Daw'an Mud a shekarar 2007-8, ta hannun Salma Samar Damluji da abokan aikinta a Yemen, Dr. Abdullah BaGhumyan da kuma Architect Ali Ba Saad. Gidauniyar tana kafa ayyuka kuma tana neman kuɗi don tsara da ginawa tare da masu ginin Hadrami ta amfani da kayan ƙasa da dabarun gine-ginen Yemen. [[Fayil:Salma_Damluji_group_photo.jpg|thumb|Haɗuwa a Masjidul Faqih tare da (hagu zuwa dama): Mai kula da Masallaci, Sayyid Abu Bakr al-Hamid, Salma Samar Damluji, Mansab 'Aynat Umar al-Hamid, Umar BaSa'd (direbanmu) da Karamah 'Ubayd 'Ulaywah. ©Daw'an Mud Brick Architecture Foundation, 2012]] === An kammala ayyukan === * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=9 Masna'at 'Urah] Wuri: Wadi Daw'an Kwanan wata: 2006 - 2013 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=12 Masallacin Aynat: Masjid al Faqih] Wuri: 'Aynat- Wadi Hadramut Ranar: 2008-2011 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=13 Masallacin Umar Ba Wazir Wuri] : Ghayl 'Umar- Sah, Wadi Hadramut Ranar: 2008 - 2010 [[Fayil:Salma_Damluji.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Umar Ba Wazir ©Daw'an Laka Bulo Gine-gine, 2010]] * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=14 Wali Domes (Saint Shrines)] Wuri: Sah, Wadi Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2008 - 2010 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=15 Husn Qarn Majid] Wuri: Wadi Daw'an Kwanan wata: 2012 - 2014 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=18 Gidajen Shibam] Gidan BaSahi - Gidan BaSwatayn Wuri: Shibam, Wadi Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2012 - 2014 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=19 Bayan Yaki Shibam] Shibam Gateway Shigar Fadar Shibam Wuri: Shibam, Wadi Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2017 - 2019 * Majalisar Burtaniya, Asusun Kare Al'adu (CPF), ta amince da tallafin kudi don wani aiki kan 'Sake Ginawa da Gyaran Al'adu bayan Yaƙi a Yemen', wanda Asusun CER-Net Prince Claus ya jagoranta. An ba da kwangilar Gidauniyar Gine-gine ta Daw'an don gudanar da aikin tare da haɗin gwiwar Ofishin Gwamnan Hadramut. Aikin ya shafi sake gina wuraren al'adu da wuraren tarihi a Hadramut waɗanda aka yi niyya a lokacin yaƙin: [[Fayil:Salma_Damluji_group_photo_1.jpg|thumb|Tawagar Gine-ginen ...]] * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=20 Shaykh Ya'qub Dome] Location: Al Mukallah, Hadramut Date: 2019 - 2020 [[Fayil:Salma_Damluji_Work.jpg|thumb|Al Habib Hamad Bin Salih Domes ©Daw'an Laka Bulo Gine-gine, 2019]] [[Fayil:Salma_Damluji_Work_Progress.jpg|thumb|Al Habib Hamad Bin Salih Domes ©Daw'an Laka Bulo Gine-gine, 2019]] * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=23 Masallacin Shaklanza] Wuri: Al Shihr, Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2019 - 2020 * [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=21 Al Habib Hamad Bin Salih Wuri] : Al Shihr, Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2019 - 2020 * Gidan [http://www.dawanarchitecturefoundation.org/projectdetails.aspx?ProjectID=22 Bin Isma'il Wuri] : Al Shihr, Hadramut Kwanan wata: 2019 - 2020 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] 3ifrzl3vw7gfqgc7itlo3wurkinn0cn 0 130475 969171 899372 2026-10-18T16:44:26Z Salma Raddah 45959 969171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Tunawa da Holocaust''' (Hungarian) gidan tarihi ne na tarihin [[The Holocaust|kisan kiyashin]] Yahudawa, wanda ke a lamba 39 Páva Utca, [[Budapest]], a [[Hungariya|Hungary]] . Gidan tarihin yana cikin harabar tsohon Majami'ar Páva Street, wanda aka kammala a shekarun 1920, kuma yana aiki a matsayin abin tunawa ga Yahudawan Hungary waɗanda aka kashe a lokacin [[The Holocaust|kisan kiyashin]] . Duk da cewa an fi mai da hankali kan Yahudawa, gidan tarihin ya kuma ambaci wariya da kisan gillar da aka yi wa Romawa, ƴan luwadi, da nakasassu . == Bayani == Cibiyar Tunawa da Holocaust cibiya ce ta ƙasa da gwamnatin [[Hungary]] ta kafa a shekarar 1999. An kuma gyara tsohuwar majami'ar kuma an buɗe ta a matsayin wurin tunawa da gidan tarihi a shekarar 2004. Ita ce Cibiyar Tunawa da Holocaust ta farko a Tsakiyar Turai da wata ƙasa ta kafa. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> An tsara gidan tarihin ta hanyar [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane]] István Mányi da Attila Gáti. A fannin gine-gine, ginin ba shi [[Asymmetrical|da bambanci]] . Matakala suna jagorantar baƙi zuwa nune-nunen, waɗanda aka yi niyya don "alama ce ta lokacin Holocaust mai karkacewa da karkacewa." Akwai nune-nunen dindindin da na ɗan lokaci, da kuma cibiyar bincike. Cibiyar bincike tana ba wa mutane damar neman danginsu kuma su sami damar ƙara sunayensu a cikin bayanan gidan tarihin. An rubuta sunayen mutane 60,000 daga cikin waɗanda suka rasa rayukansu sakamakon kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa mutane 600,000 a Hungary a bango da ke farfajiyar Cibiyar Tunawa da Holocaust. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> == Ce-ce-ku-ce == Bayan nasarar da Jam'iyyar Fidesz ta Viktor Orbán ta samu a zaɓen ƴan majalisar dokoki na ƙasar Hungary a shekarar 2010, an naɗa Andras Levente Gal a matsayin shugaban cibiyar. Paul A. Shapiro na Gidan Tarihi na Tunawa da Holocaust na Amurka ya bayyana cewa Gal ta yi niyyar kawar da duk wani ambaton Miklos Horthy, shugaban ƙasar Hungary wanda ya haɗa kai da Hungary da Jamus ta Nazi . An zargi Gal da musanta hannun ƙasar Hungary a cikin kisan kiyashin Holocaust, inda ta ɗora alhakin lalata Yahudawan Hungary ga Jamus. Yahudawan Hungary da yawa da Yad Vashem sun nuna wannan damuwa. Wannan ya haifar da kukan ƙasashen duniya, bayan haka aka kori Gal. == Manazarta == 91eo7vbltwn1c9xtyew0sb1plzeph09 0 132283 969029 771740 2026-10-18T12:41:26Z Salma Raddah 45959 969029 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Trees for Life''' wata kungiya ce mai rijista da ke aiki don sake farfado da tsaunukan [[Scotland]] . [[Fayil:Scots_Pine_-_Glen_Affric_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5397539.jpg|thumb|Pine na Scotland]] [[Fayil:Red_Squirrel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2683997.jpg|thumb|Kurege ja]] == Ofishin Jakadanci == Itace for Life ta bayyana cewa shirinta na dogon lokaci shine ganin Dundreggan ya dawo da yanayin daji mai cike da gandun daji daban-daban, tare da dawo da namun daji na asali. Sake ginawa yana tallafawa yanayi, yanayi da mutane ta hanyar haɓaka bambancin halittu, ƙirƙirar ayyukan yi, da kuma tallafawa sake gina mutane. == Tarihi == An kafa Trees for Life a shekarar 1986 ta hannun Alan Watson Featherstone, a matsayin wani aiki a ƙarƙashin Gidauniyar Findhorn . An fara aikin a shekarar 1989, kuma an gudanar da makon farko na masu aikin sa kai a shekarar 1991. An yi rijistar Trees for Life a matsayin wata ƙungiyar agaji mai zaman kanta a shekarar 1993. Trees for Life suna aiki don dawo da dajin Caledonian, musamman a Glen Affric inda ɗaya daga cikin muhimman guntu na dajin Caledonian ya tsira. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2008, Trees for Life ta sayi kadada 10,000 na Dundreggan Estate a Glenmoriston, a cikin tsaunukan Scotland - ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankuna a Burtaniya da za a saya don gyara dazuzzuka . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, gaggafa masu launin zinare sun dawo suna hayayyafa a karon farko cikin shekaru 40. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyar agaji ta kafa Cibiyar Rewilding ta Dundreggan, wacce ita ce ta farko a duniya, wacce aka buɗe a watan Afrilun 2023 a Dundreggan Estate. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Tree_nursery_at_Trees_for_Life,_Dundreggan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4640165.jpg|thumb|Gidan renon bishiyoyi na Dundreggan]] An fara aikin a Glen Cannich . TFL ta kuma tallafawa ƙirƙirar dazuzzuka a Glen Affric, inda suke aiki tare da [[Forestry and Land Scotland]] da [[Amincewa ta Kasa ga Scotland|National Trust for Scotland]] . Aikin ya faɗaɗa zuwa wasu glens na kusa, kamar Glenmoriston, a kudancin Glen Affric, a Achnashellach, da kuma a Corrimony, inda suka yi haɗin gwiwa da Royal Society for the Protection of Tsuntsaye. Affric Highlands shiri ne na haɗin gwiwa na shekaru 30 daga Trees for Life da [[Rewilding Europe]] waɗanda ke aiki don dawo da wuraren zama na daji, peat da kuma yankunan koguna a tsaunukan Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2022, gwamnatocin Scotland da Burtaniya sun ba da shawarar Affric Highlands a matsayin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Corrimony_Capercaillie_Country_-_young_Scots_Pines_and_heather.jpg|thumb|An dasa bishiyoyin matasa na Scots a ƙarƙashin bishiyoyin Trees for Life a kan tsaunukan heather a Corrimony]] == Duba kuma == * Rewilding Britain - wata kungiya da aka kafa a shekarar 2015 wadda ke da nufin inganta sake fasalin Birtaniya. * [[Rewilding Europe]] - wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 2011 wadda ta sadaukar da kanta don ƙirƙirar yanayin da ya sake zama mai ban sha'awa a duk faɗin Turai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] l7ty0tm4pt2uo1w6ohejnb583258fvf 969031 969029 2026-10-18T12:43:10Z Salma Raddah 45959 969031 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Trees for Life''' wata kungiya ce mai rijista da ke aiki don sake farfado da tsaunukan [[Scotland]] . [[Fayil:Scots_Pine_-_Glen_Affric_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5397539.jpg|thumb|Pine na Scotland]] [[Fayil:Red_Squirrel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2683997.jpg|thumb|Kurege ja]] == Ofishin Jakadanci == Itace for Life ta bayyana cewa shirinta na dogon lokaci shine ganin Dundreggan ya dawo da yanayin daji mai cike da gandun daji daban-daban, tare da dawo da namun daji na asali. Sake ginawa yana tallafawa yanayi, yanayi da mutane ta hanyar haɓaka bambancin halittu, ƙirƙirar ayyukan yi, da kuma tallafawa sake gina mutane. == Tarihi == An kafa Trees for Life a shekarar 1986 ta hannun Alan Watson Featherstone, a matsayin wani aiki a ƙarƙashin Gidauniyar Findhorn . An fara aikin a shekarar 1989, kuma an gudanar da makon farko na masu aikin sa kai a shekarar 1991. An yi rijistar Trees for Life a matsayin wata ƙungiyar agaji mai zaman kanta a shekarar 1993. Trees for Life suna aiki don dawo da dajin Caledonian, musamman a Glen Affric inda ɗaya daga cikin muhimman guntu na dajin Caledonian ya tsira. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2008, Trees for Life ta sayi kadada 10,000 na Dundreggan Estate a Glenmoriston, a cikin tsaunukan Scotland - ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankuna a Burtaniya da za a saya don gyara dazuzzuka .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, gaggafa masu launin zinare sun dawo suna hayayyafa a karon farko cikin shekaru 40. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyar agaji ta kafa Cibiyar Rewilding ta Dundreggan, wacce ita ce ta farko a duniya, wacce aka buɗe a watan Afrilun 2023 a Dundreggan Estate. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Tree_nursery_at_Trees_for_Life,_Dundreggan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4640165.jpg|thumb|Gidan renon bishiyoyi na Dundreggan]] An fara aikin a Glen Cannich . TFL ta kuma tallafawa ƙirƙirar dazuzzuka a Glen Affric, inda suke aiki tare da [[Forestry and Land Scotland]] da [[Amincewa ta Kasa ga Scotland|National Trust for Scotland]] . Aikin ya faɗaɗa zuwa wasu glens na kusa, kamar Glenmoriston, a kudancin Glen Affric, a Achnashellach, da kuma a Corrimony, inda suka yi haɗin gwiwa da Royal Society for the Protection of Tsuntsaye. Affric Highlands shiri ne na haɗin gwiwa na shekaru 30 daga Trees for Life da [[Rewilding Europe]] waɗanda ke aiki don dawo da wuraren zama na daji, peat da kuma yankunan koguna a tsaunukan Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2022, gwamnatocin Scotland da Burtaniya sun ba da shawarar Affric Highlands a matsayin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Corrimony_Capercaillie_Country_-_young_Scots_Pines_and_heather.jpg|thumb|An dasa bishiyoyin matasa na Scots a ƙarƙashin bishiyoyin Trees for Life a kan tsaunukan heather a Corrimony]] == Duba kuma == * Rewilding Britain - wata kungiya da aka kafa a shekarar 2015 wadda ke da nufin inganta sake fasalin Birtaniya. * [[Rewilding Europe]] - wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 2011 wadda ta sadaukar da kanta don ƙirƙirar yanayin da ya sake zama mai ban sha'awa a duk faɗin Turai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] m42w1bwlmwuzmmqsizryksghvzhwkq3 969032 969031 2026-10-18T12:43:57Z Salma Raddah 45959 969032 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Trees for Life''' wata kungiya ce mai rijista da ke aiki don sake farfado da tsaunukan [[Scotland]] . [[Fayil:Scots_Pine_-_Glen_Affric_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5397539.jpg|thumb|Pine na Scotland]] [[Fayil:Red_Squirrel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2683997.jpg|thumb|Kurege ja]] == Ofishin Jakadanci == Itace for Life ta bayyana cewa shirinta na dogon lokaci shine ganin Dundreggan ya dawo da yanayin daji mai cike da gandun daji daban-daban, tare da dawo da namun daji na asali. Sake ginawa yana tallafawa yanayi, yanayi da mutane ta hanyar haɓaka bambancin halittu, ƙirƙirar ayyukan yi, da kuma tallafawa sake gina mutane. == Tarihi == An kafa Trees for Life a shekarar 1986 ta hannun Alan Watson Featherstone, a matsayin wani aiki a ƙarƙashin Gidauniyar Findhorn . An fara aikin a shekarar 1989, kuma an gudanar da makon farko na masu aikin sa kai a shekarar 1991. An yi rijistar Trees for Life a matsayin wata ƙungiyar agaji mai zaman kanta a shekarar 1993. Trees for Life suna aiki don dawo da dajin Caledonian, musamman a Glen Affric inda ɗaya daga cikin muhimman guntu na dajin Caledonian ya tsira. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2008, Trees for Life ta sayi kadada 10,000 na Dundreggan Estate a Glenmoriston, a cikin tsaunukan Scotland - ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankuna a Burtaniya da za a saya don gyara dazuzzuka .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, gaggafa masu launin zinare sun dawo suna hayayyafa a karon farko cikin shekaru 40.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyar agaji ta kafa Cibiyar Rewilding ta Dundreggan, wacce ita ce ta farko a duniya, wacce aka buɗe a watan Afrilun 2023 a Dundreggan Estate. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Tree_nursery_at_Trees_for_Life,_Dundreggan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4640165.jpg|thumb|Gidan renon bishiyoyi na Dundreggan]] An fara aikin a Glen Cannich . TFL ta kuma tallafawa ƙirƙirar dazuzzuka a Glen Affric, inda suke aiki tare da [[Forestry and Land Scotland]] da [[Amincewa ta Kasa ga Scotland|National Trust for Scotland]] . Aikin ya faɗaɗa zuwa wasu glens na kusa, kamar Glenmoriston, a kudancin Glen Affric, a Achnashellach, da kuma a Corrimony, inda suka yi haɗin gwiwa da Royal Society for the Protection of Tsuntsaye. Affric Highlands shiri ne na haɗin gwiwa na shekaru 30 daga Trees for Life da [[Rewilding Europe]] waɗanda ke aiki don dawo da wuraren zama na daji, peat da kuma yankunan koguna a tsaunukan Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2022, gwamnatocin Scotland da Burtaniya sun ba da shawarar Affric Highlands a matsayin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Corrimony_Capercaillie_Country_-_young_Scots_Pines_and_heather.jpg|thumb|An dasa bishiyoyin matasa na Scots a ƙarƙashin bishiyoyin Trees for Life a kan tsaunukan heather a Corrimony]] == Duba kuma == * Rewilding Britain - wata kungiya da aka kafa a shekarar 2015 wadda ke da nufin inganta sake fasalin Birtaniya. * [[Rewilding Europe]] - wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 2011 wadda ta sadaukar da kanta don ƙirƙirar yanayin da ya sake zama mai ban sha'awa a duk faɗin Turai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] q0luu2xmqjhdxd49m692mjswnvgrnnj 969034 969032 2026-10-18T12:45:23Z Salma Raddah 45959 969034 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Trees for Life''' wata kungiya ce mai rijista da ke aiki don sake farfado da tsaunukan [[Scotland]] . [[Fayil:Scots_Pine_-_Glen_Affric_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5397539.jpg|thumb|Pine na Scotland]] [[Fayil:Red_Squirrel_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2683997.jpg|thumb|Kurege ja]] == Ofishin Jakadanci == Itace for Life ta bayyana cewa shirinta na dogon lokaci shine ganin Dundreggan ya dawo da yanayin daji mai cike da gandun daji daban-daban, tare da dawo da namun daji na asali. Sake ginawa yana tallafawa yanayi, yanayi da mutane ta hanyar haɓaka bambancin halittu, ƙirƙirar ayyukan yi, da kuma tallafawa sake gina mutane. == Tarihi == An kafa Trees for Life a shekarar 1986 ta hannun Alan Watson Featherstone, a matsayin wani aiki a ƙarƙashin Gidauniyar Findhorn . An fara aikin a shekarar 1989, kuma an gudanar da makon farko na masu aikin sa kai a shekarar 1991. An yi rijistar Trees for Life a matsayin wata ƙungiyar agaji mai zaman kanta a shekarar 1993. Trees for Life suna aiki don dawo da dajin Caledonian, musamman a Glen Affric inda ɗaya daga cikin muhimman guntu na dajin Caledonian ya tsira. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2008, Trees for Life ta sayi kadada 10,000 na Dundreggan Estate a Glenmoriston, a cikin tsaunukan Scotland - ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankuna a Burtaniya da za a saya don gyara dazuzzuka .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, gaggafa masu launin zinare sun dawo suna hayayyafa a karon farko cikin shekaru 40.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyar agaji ta kafa Cibiyar Rewilding ta Dundreggan, wacce ita ce ta farko a duniya, wacce aka buɗe a watan Afrilun 2023 a Dundreggan Estate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Tree_nursery_at_Trees_for_Life,_Dundreggan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4640165.jpg|thumb|Gidan renon bishiyoyi na Dundreggan]] An fara aikin a Glen Cannich . TFL ta kuma tallafawa ƙirƙirar dazuzzuka a Glen Affric, inda suke aiki tare da [[Forestry and Land Scotland]] da [[Amincewa ta Kasa ga Scotland|National Trust for Scotland]] . Aikin ya faɗaɗa zuwa wasu glens na kusa, kamar Glenmoriston, a kudancin Glen Affric, a Achnashellach, da kuma a Corrimony, inda suka yi haɗin gwiwa da Royal Society for the Protection of Tsuntsaye. Affric Highlands shiri ne na haɗin gwiwa na shekaru 30 daga Trees for Life da [[Rewilding Europe]] waɗanda ke aiki don dawo da wuraren zama na daji, peat da kuma yankunan koguna a tsaunukan Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2022, gwamnatocin Scotland da Burtaniya sun ba da shawarar Affric Highlands a matsayin babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Webster |first=Helen |title=Trees for Life buy estate in Glenmoriston |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/news/trees-for-life-buy-estate-in-glenmoriston/ |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Walkhighlands |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Corrimony_Capercaillie_Country_-_young_Scots_Pines_and_heather.jpg|thumb|An dasa bishiyoyin matasa na Scots a ƙarƙashin bishiyoyin Trees for Life a kan tsaunukan heather a Corrimony]] == Duba kuma == * Rewilding Britain - wata kungiya da aka kafa a shekarar 2015 wadda ke da nufin inganta sake fasalin Birtaniya. * [[Rewilding Europe]] - wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 2011 wadda ta sadaukar da kanta don ƙirƙirar yanayin da ya sake zama mai ban sha'awa a duk faɗin Turai. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] nk7qlamzps6qwm8268dqb2iz1uu8940 0 134129 969144 789503 2026-10-18T16:28:23Z Salma Raddah 45959 969144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mando Adamandia Dalianis-Karambatzaki (Μαντώ Νταλιάνη-Καραμπατζάκη; 1920-1996) likitan Girka ne, masanin ilimin kwakwalwa kuma mai bincike. == Tarihin rayuwa == === Shekaru na farko === An haifi Mando Dalianis a Asiya Ƙananan a [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] a ƙauyen Palladari (Παλλαδάρι), a waje da garin Prussa, Bursa na yau, a cikin abin da ke yammacin Turkiyya a yau. Ta gudu a matsayin yarinya mai shekaru biyu a lokacin Bala'in Ƙananan Asiya a 1922 tare da iyayenta zuwa Thessaloniki da Girka, inda ta girma. Ta kasance daliba ce mai himma sosai a makarantar firamare da makarantar sakandare. Mando yana so ya yi karatun likitanci kuma ya yi amfani da shi a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya a Athens, wanda shine kawai wuri a Girka wanda ke da magani a wannan lokacin. An shigar da Dalianis a makarantar a 1938, amma saboda haka mahaifiyarta ta yi rashin lafiya kuma dole ne ta kula da ita kuma saboda mamayar Jamus ta 1941-1944 an jinkirta karatunta kuma ta kammala karatunta a fannin kiwon lafiya a 1947 kuma ta zama likita. A watan Satumbar 1945, ta auri Dimitris Dalianis (Δημήτρης Νταλιάνης) , kuma likita ce, wacce ta sadu da ita yayin karatunta na likita a asibitin Sotiria da ke Athens. === Kurkuku === Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kuma a lokacin yakin basasar Girka da ya biyo baya a 1946-1949 an zarge ta da ayyukan hagu ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma an kama ta kuma a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1949 an sanya ta a kurkukun Averoff (Φυλακές Αβέρωφ, an rushe ta a 1971) a Athens. Kurkukun Averoff kurkukun mata ne inda aka ba mata damar kawo 'ya'yansu idan sun kasa da shekaru biyu. Tun da yake Mando likita ce an sanya ta kula da lafiyar mata da kuma lafiyar yara a kurkuku. An sake ta bayan watanni 21 ba tare da wani tuhuma ba. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] === Aiki a matsayin likitan kwakwalwa da bincike === A shekara ta 1955 Mando ta koma tare da iyalinta zuwa Ingila kuma a shekara ta 1960 zuwa Sweden. Ta yi aiki a matsayin likitan kwakwalwa a PBU (Psykiatriska Barn- och Ungdomsvården), (Psychiatric Child and Youth Clinics) a Södertälje sannan a Märsta, Sweden kuma a ƙarshe a 1980 tare da dimokuradiyya da ta fara a Girka ta iya gano fursunoni da iyalansu kuma ta yi musu tambayoyi game da rayuwarsu a matsayin iyayen da aka ɗaure. Mando A. Dalianis ya yi hira da uwaye sama da 143 da iyalansu, ma'aurata, yara, jikoki, duk tare kusan mutane 1,000. A shekara ta 1994 ta kare takardar ta tare da taken Children in Turmoil a lokacin yakin basasar Girka 1946-49: manya na yau: binciken da aka tsare tare da mahaifiyarsu a kurkuku <ref>[http://vimeo.com/9800580 Video: Τις δυσκολίες που βρήκε η Μ. Νταλιάνη για να μπορέσει να συναντήσει τις συγκρατούμενές της από τις φυλακές Αβέρωφ περιγράφει ο σύζυγός της, Δ. Νταλιάνης.]</ref> a Cibiyar Karolinska, Stockholm, [[Sweden]]. Ba da daɗewa ba a cikin 1996 Mando ya mutu kuma littafin da ke da taken ''Bayan Yaƙin ya ƙare: Sake gina Iyali, Al'umma, da Jiha a Girka'' wanda Mark Mazower ya shirya an buga shi wanda ya ƙunshi taƙaitaccen rubutun Mando Dalianis a cikin hangen nesa na tarihi. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j0q95bzvk8lhre1ru71v3gqvain0qzq 969145 969144 2026-10-18T16:29:09Z Salma Raddah 45959 969145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mando Adamandia Dalianis-Karambatzaki (Μαντώ Νταλιάνη-Καραμπατζάκη; 1920-1996) likitan Girka ne, masanin ilimin kwakwalwa kuma mai bincike. == Tarihin rayuwa == === Shekaru na farko === An haifi Mando Dalianis a Asiya Ƙananan a [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] a ƙauyen Palladari (Παλλαδάρι), a waje da garin Prussa, Bursa na yau, a cikin abin da ke yammacin Turkiyya a yau. Ta gudu a matsayin yarinya mai shekaru biyu a lokacin Bala'in Ƙananan Asiya a 1922 tare da iyayenta zuwa Thessaloniki da Girka, inda ta girma. Ta kasance daliba ce mai himma sosai a makarantar firamare da makarantar sakandare. Mando yana so ya yi karatun likitanci kuma ya yi amfani da shi a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya a Athens, wanda shine kawai wuri a Girka wanda ke da magani a wannan lokacin. An shigar da Dalianis a makarantar a 1938, amma saboda haka mahaifiyarta ta yi rashin lafiya kuma dole ne ta kula da ita kuma saboda mamayar Jamus ta 1941-1944 an jinkirta karatunta kuma ta kammala karatunta a fannin kiwon lafiya a 1947 kuma ta zama likita. A watan Satumbar 1945, ta auri Dimitris Dalianis (Δημήτρης Νταλιάνης), kuma likita ce, wacce ta sadu da ita yayin karatunta na likita a asibitin Sotiria da ke Athens. === Kurkuku === Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kuma a lokacin yakin basasar Girka da ya biyo baya a 1946-1949 an zarge ta da ayyukan hagu ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma an kama ta kuma a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1949 an sanya ta a kurkukun Averoff (Φυλακές Αβέρωφ, an rushe ta a 1971) a Athens. Kurkukun Averoff kurkukun mata ne inda aka ba mata damar kawo 'ya'yansu idan sun kasa da shekaru biyu. Tun da yake Mando likita ce an sanya ta kula da lafiyar mata da kuma lafiyar yara a kurkuku. An sake ta bayan watanni 21 ba tare da wani tuhuma ba. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed] === Aiki a matsayin likitan kwakwalwa da bincike === A shekara ta 1955 Mando ta koma tare da iyalinta zuwa Ingila kuma a shekara ta 1960 zuwa Sweden. Ta yi aiki a matsayin likitan kwakwalwa a PBU (Psykiatriska Barn- och Ungdomsvården), (Psychiatric Child and Youth Clinics) a Södertälje sannan a Märsta, Sweden kuma a ƙarshe a 1980 tare da dimokuradiyya da ta fara a Girka ta iya gano fursunoni da iyalansu kuma ta yi musu tambayoyi game da rayuwarsu a matsayin iyayen da aka ɗaure. Mando A. Dalianis ya yi hira da uwaye sama da 143 da iyalansu, ma'aurata, yara, jikoki, duk tare kusan mutane 1,000. A shekara ta 1994 ta kare takardar ta tare da taken Children in Turmoil a lokacin yakin basasar Girka 1946-49: manya na yau: binciken da aka tsare tare da mahaifiyarsu a kurkuku <ref>[http://vimeo.com/9800580 Video: Τις δυσκολίες που βρήκε η Μ. Νταλιάνη για να μπορέσει να συναντήσει τις συγκρατούμενές της από τις φυλακές Αβέρωφ περιγράφει ο σύζυγός της, Δ. Νταλιάνης.]</ref> a Cibiyar Karolinska, Stockholm, [[Sweden]]. Ba da daɗewa ba a cikin 1996 Mando ya mutu kuma littafin da ke da taken ''Bayan Yaƙin ya ƙare: Sake gina Iyali, Al'umma, da Jiha a Girka'' wanda Mark Mazower ya shirya an buga shi wanda ya ƙunshi taƙaitaccen rubutun Mando Dalianis a cikin hangen nesa na tarihi. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k9amk9lt6wtwsyi5kvdjb67gkw3sljo 0 135592 969403 778135 2026-10-19T07:13:23Z Salma Raddah 45959 969403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Michael R. Eisenson''' babban darakta ne kuma shugaban kamfanin Charlesbank Capital Partners, LLC, wani kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa da ke [[Boston]] da [[New York (jiha)|New York]] . Eisenson ya kafa kamfanin tare a shekarar 1998 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in gudanarwa har zuwa shekarar 2017. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Charlesbank ya tara asusun ajiyarsa na baya-bayan nan, Asusun Equity na Charlesbank IX, a cikin 2017, tare da dala biliyan 2.75 na alkawuran masu zuba jari. == Rayuwa ta farko == Eisenson ya sami digirin BA a ''fannin'' tattalin arziki daga Kwalejin Williams, inda yanzu yake aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin amintattu, da kuma digirin JD/MBA (1981) daga Jami'ar Yale . <ref>''[https://www.pehub.com/2017/10/charlesbank-racks-up-2-75-bln-for-ninth-fund/ Charlesbank racks up $2.75 bln for ninth fund]'', pehub.com, 24 October 2017</ref> == Sana'a == Eisenson ya taɓa sarrafa wasu kadarorin Kamfanin Gudanarwa na Harvard, inda ya yi aiki daga 1986 har zuwa kafa Charlesbank, daga ƙarshe ya zama babban darakta. Daga 1986 zuwa 1988, Eisenson ya yi aiki da wani reshe na Kamfanin Gudanarwa na Harvard, Harvard Private Capital Group, Inc., wanda ke kula da harkokin saka hannun jari na Jami'ar Harvard kawai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Profile Michael Richard Eisenson J.D. |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=85583&privcapId=19601 |access-date=6 January 2015 |website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> Kafin ya yi aiki a Kamfanin Gudanarwa na Harvard, Eisenson yana tare da kamfanin ba da shawara kan harkokin gudanarwa, Boston Consulting Group . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael R. Eisenson - Berklee College of Music |url=http://www.berklee.edu/people/michael-r-eisenson |access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Harvard Management Company, Eisenson shine wakilin Harvard a Hukumar Harken Energy lokacin da Harken ya sayi Spectrum VII, kamfanin mai wanda George W. Bush ya kafa. Harvard a ƙarshe ya sami ƙaramin riba akan cinikin. Kamfanin hannun jari mai zaman kansa, Charlesbank, ya mayar da hankali kan siyan hannun jari da aka yi amfani da su wanda ya shafi kamfanonin tsakiyar kasuwa, kamfanoni masu darajar kasuwanci tsakanin dala miliyan 150 zuwa dala biliyan 1.5. Kamfanin yana da jimillar kadarori sama da dala biliyan 5. Charlesbank yana zuba jari ne a madadin asusun fansho, gidauniya, da kuma tallafin kuɗi. Eisenson ya ce ya san ba koyaushe yake zuba jari a cikin masana'antu mafi kyau ba, amma ya ce, "Abin da muke nema kasuwanci ne da wasu mutane ba su kimanta ba. Fatanmu shine mu sami kuɗin dala 20 wanda yayi kama da dala 5 ga wasu mutane." Eisenson ya kuma ce ba zai sami kuɗi ba "daga wahala da talakawa," ta hanyar saka hannun jari a cikin abubuwa kamar hukumomin tattara kuɗi . Sunan kamfanin, Charlesbank, yana nufin Kogin Charles da ke ratsa [[Boston]] da kuma tarihin kamfanin da kuma alaƙarsa da [[Jami'ar Harvard]], wadda take kan titin Charles. Lokacin da kamfanin yake Harvard Management Company, ƙungiyar tana gudanar da fayil ɗin Harvard ne kawai. A yau, kamfanin yana da ofisoshi a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] da kuma Boston. <ref>''[https://www.pehub.com/2017/10/charlesbank-racks-up-2-75-bln-for-ninth-fund/ Charlesbank racks up $2.75 bln for ninth fund]'', pehub.com, 24 October 2017</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Eisenson yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Penske Auto Group da StoneCastle Partners . A shekarar 2017, ya sami kyautar Myra H. Kraft don Jagoranci Marasa Riba daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Daraktocin Kamfanoni. A shekarar 2011, ƙungiyar Manajan Daraktoci ta Fitattu ta karrama shi saboda gagarumin gudummawar da ya bayar a ɗakin taro. <ref>''[https://www.pehub.com/2017/10/charlesbank-racks-up-2-75-bln-for-ninth-fund/ Charlesbank racks up $2.75 bln for ninth fund]'', pehub.com, 24 October 2017</ref> Eisenson amintaccen gidauniyar Boston ne, shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Kwalejin Williams, amintaccen Cibiyar Ciwon Dana-Farber kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Kwalejin Kiɗa na Berklee . Shi ne darektan kafa Horizons for Homeless Children kuma shi ne wanda ya karɓi kyautar James J. Pallotta a shekarar 2013, wadda Big Brothers Big Sisters of Massachusetts Bay ta bayar domin girmama muhimmiyar gudummawar da ya bayar wajen taimaka wa yara masu haɗari. Eisenson da matarsa Barbara suna zaune a [[Boston]] kuma suna da manyan yara huɗu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Dead link tagged August 2025">madaidaitan hanyar haɗi</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</span></sup> Eisenson [[Yahudawa|Bayahude]] ne kuma ya yi alƙawarin tallafawa Gidauniyar Iyali ta Ruderman, wacce ke mai da hankali kan saka hannun jari a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa da damar ilimi a Babban Boston . <ref>''[https://www.pehub.com/2017/10/charlesbank-racks-up-2-75-bln-for-ninth-fund/ Charlesbank racks up $2.75 bln for ninth fund]'', pehub.com, 24 October 2017</ref> Eisenson ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin siyasa na [[Barack Obama]], Martha Coakley, [[John Kerry]], da Mitt Romney, da sauransu. Yana jin daɗin wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara, tafiye-tafiye, wasan tennis, da kiɗa. == Manay == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3mvlw21i0px1bc1c6lzsuc3a7bochlr 0 137160 969181 899395 2026-10-18T17:01:02Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 969181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Attalia 32''', ko kuma kawai '''Attalia''', jirgin ruwa ne na Faransa wanda kamfanin kera na [[Joubert-Nivelt]] ya kera <ref name="Official">{{Cite web |last=Jeanneau |author-link=Jeanneau |title=Attalia |url=https://www.jeanneau.com/en/boats/sailboat/36-autres-modeles-voile/547-attalia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017181323/https://www.jeanneau.com/en/boats/sailboat/36-autres-modeles-voile/547-attalia/ |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=jeanneauamerica.com}}</ref> <ref name="Data">{{Cite web |last=McArthur |first=Bruce |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 (Jeanneau) sailboat |url=https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-jeanneau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145352/https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-jeanneau |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboatdata.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sea Time Tech, LLC |year=2022 |title=Joubert-Nivelt |url=https://sailboat.guide/joubert-nivelt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220928155512/https://sailboat.guide/joubert-nivelt |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=sailboat.guide}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=McArthur |first=Bruce |year=2022 |title=Joubert-Nivelt |url=https://sailboatdata.com/designer/joubert-nivelt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201219161507/https://sailboatdata.com/designer/joubert-nivelt |archive-date=19 December 2020 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=sailboatdata.com}}</ref> <ref name="DataSK">{{Cite web |last=McArthur |first=Bruce |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Swing Keel (Jeanneau) sailboat |url=https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-swing-keel-jeanneau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145507/https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-swing-keel-jeanneau |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboatdata.com}}</ref> <ref name="GuideSK">{{Cite web |last=Sea Time Tech, LLC |year=2022 |title=Jeanneau Attalia 32 Swing Keel |url=https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32-swing-keel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145558/https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32-swing-keel |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboat.guide}}</ref> <ref name="Guide">{{Cite web |last=Sea Time Tech, LLC |year=2022 |title=Jeanneau Attalia 32 |url=https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145411/https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboat.guide}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Joubert Nivelt Design Sailboat designer |url=https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/designers/joubert-nivelt-design |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201218155419/https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/designers/joubert-nivelt-design |archive-date=18 December 2020 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Boat-Specs.com}}</ref> <ref name="Specs">{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Deep draft Sailboat specifications |url=https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-deep-draft |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145722/https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-deep-draft |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Boat-Specs.com}}</ref> <ref name="SpecsSK">{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Keel and centerboard Sailboat specifications |url=https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-keel-and-centerboard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145840/https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-keel-and-centerboard |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Boat-Specs.com}}</ref> Jirgin ya dogara ne a shekarar 1981 International Offshore Rule Half Ton zakara na duniya, mai suna ''Air Bigouden'' . <ref name="Kretschmer">{{Cite web |last=Kretschmer |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=Jeanneau Attalia 32 |url=https://sailingmagazine.net/article-559-jeanneau-attalia-32.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017184945/https://sailingmagazine.net/article-559-jeanneau-attalia-32.html |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Sailing Magazine}}</ref> == Production == Jeanneau ne ya gina wannan zane a Faransa, daga shekarar 1982 zuwa 1988 tare da kammala jiragen ruwa 871, to amma yanzu ya daina kera. <ref name="Data">{{Cite web |last=McArthur |first=Bruce |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 (Jeanneau) sailboat |url=https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-jeanneau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145352/https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-jeanneau |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboatdata.com}}</ref> <ref name="DataSK">{{Cite web |last=McArthur |first=Bruce |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Swing Keel (Jeanneau) sailboat |url=https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-swing-keel-jeanneau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145507/https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-swing-keel-jeanneau |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboatdata.com}}</ref> <ref name="Guide">{{Cite web |last=Sea Time Tech, LLC |year=2022 |title=Jeanneau Attalia 32 |url=https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145411/https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboat.guide}}</ref> <ref name="GuideSK">{{Cite web |last=Sea Time Tech, LLC |year=2022 |title=Jeanneau Attalia 32 Swing Keel |url=https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32-swing-keel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145558/https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32-swing-keel |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboat.guide}}</ref> [ <ref name="Specs">{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Deep draft Sailboat specifications |url=https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-deep-draft |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145722/https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-deep-draft |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Boat-Specs.com}}</ref> <ref name="Official">{{Cite web |last=Jeanneau |author-link=Jeanneau |title=Attalia |url=https://www.jeanneau.com/en/boats/sailboat/36-autres-modeles-voile/547-attalia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017181323/https://www.jeanneau.com/en/boats/sailboat/36-autres-modeles-voile/547-attalia/ |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=jeanneauamerica.com}}</ref> <ref name="SpecsSK">{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Keel and centerboard Sailboat specifications |url=https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-keel-and-centerboard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145840/https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-keel-and-centerboard |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Boat-Specs.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sea Time Tech, LLC |year=2022 |title=Joubert-Nivelt |url=https://sailboat.guide/joubert-nivelt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220928155512/https://sailboat.guide/joubert-nivelt |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=sailboat.guide}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=McArthur |first=Bruce |year=2022 |title=Joubert-Nivelt |url=https://sailboatdata.com/designer/joubert-nivelt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201219161507/https://sailboatdata.com/designer/joubert-nivelt |archive-date=19 December 2020 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=sailboatdata.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Joubert Nivelt Design Sailboat designer |url=https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/designers/joubert-nivelt-design |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201218155419/https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/designers/joubert-nivelt-design |archive-date=18 December 2020 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Boat-Specs.com}}</ref> == Zane == Attalia 32 keelboat ne na nishaɗi, wanda aka gina galibi da ingantaccen fiberglass polyester tare da bene na balsa da datsa itacen [[Tak|teak]] . Yana da masthead sloop rig, tare da mast-taka-tsaki, saiti guda ɗaya na shimfidawa mara kyau da spars na aluminum tare da ci gaba da rigin bakin karfe . Rumbun yana da guntun [[rake]], juzu'i mai juyi, skeg -saka da rudder wanda aka sarrafa ta tiller da kafaffen keel ɗin fin, ko stub keel da haɗin keel na zaɓi na zaɓi. <ref name="Data">{{Cite web |last=McArthur |first=Bruce |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 (Jeanneau) sailboat |url=https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-jeanneau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145352/https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-jeanneau |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboatdata.com}}</ref> <ref name="DataSK">{{Cite web |last=McArthur |first=Bruce |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Swing Keel (Jeanneau) sailboat |url=https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-swing-keel-jeanneau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145507/https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-swing-keel-jeanneau |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboatdata.com}}</ref> <ref name="Guide">{{Cite web |last=Sea Time Tech, LLC |year=2022 |title=Jeanneau Attalia 32 |url=https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145411/https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboat.guide}}</ref> <ref name="GuideSK">{{Cite web |last=Sea Time Tech, LLC |year=2022 |title=Jeanneau Attalia 32 Swing Keel |url=https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32-swing-keel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145558/https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32-swing-keel |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboat.guide}}</ref> [ <ref name="Specs">{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Deep draft Sailboat specifications |url=https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-deep-draft |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145722/https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-deep-draft |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Boat-Specs.com}}</ref> <ref name="SpecsSK">{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Keel and centerboard Sailboat specifications |url=https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-keel-and-centerboard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145840/https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-keel-and-centerboard |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Boat-Specs.com}}</ref> <ref name="Official">{{Cite web |last=Jeanneau |author-link=Jeanneau |title=Attalia |url=https://www.jeanneau.com/en/boats/sailboat/36-autres-modeles-voile/547-attalia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017181323/https://www.jeanneau.com/en/boats/sailboat/36-autres-modeles-voile/547-attalia/ |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=jeanneauamerica.com}}</ref> <ref name="Kretschmer">{{Cite web |last=Kretschmer |first=John |date=October 2002 |title=Jeanneau Attalia 32 |url=https://sailingmagazine.net/article-559-jeanneau-attalia-32.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017184945/https://sailingmagazine.net/article-559-jeanneau-attalia-32.html |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Sailing Magazine}}</ref> Sigar ƙayyadaddun keel ya maye gurbin {{Convert|7496|lb|kg|0}} kuma yana ɗaukar {{Convert|2723|lb|kg|0}} na simintin ƙarfe ballast, yayin da juzu'in keel ya maye gurbin {{Convert|7749|lb|kg|0}} kuma yana ɗaukar {{Convert|2976|lb|kg|0}} na simintin ƙarfe na waje ballast, tare da wani karfe lilo keel. <ref name="Data">{{Cite web |last=McArthur |first=Bruce |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 (Jeanneau) sailboat |url=https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-jeanneau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145352/https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-jeanneau |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboatdata.com}}</ref> <ref name="DataSK">{{Cite web |last=McArthur |first=Bruce |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Swing Keel (Jeanneau) sailboat |url=https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-swing-keel-jeanneau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145507/https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-swing-keel-jeanneau |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboatdata.com}}</ref> <ref name="Guide">{{Cite web |last=Sea Time Tech, LLC |year=2022 |title=Jeanneau Attalia 32 |url=https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145411/https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboat.guide}}</ref> <ref name="GuideSK">{{Cite web |last=Sea Time Tech, LLC |year=2022 |title=Jeanneau Attalia 32 Swing Keel |url=https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32-swing-keel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145558/https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32-swing-keel |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboat.guide}}</ref> <ref name="Specs">{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Deep draft Sailboat specifications |url=https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-deep-draft |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145722/https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-deep-draft |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Boat-Specs.com}}</ref> <ref name="SpecsSK">{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Keel and centerboard Sailboat specifications |url=https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-keel-and-centerboard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145840/https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-keel-and-centerboard |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Boat-Specs.com}}</ref> <ref name="Official">{{Cite web |last=Jeanneau |author-link=Jeanneau |title=Attalia |url=https://www.jeanneau.com/en/boats/sailboat/36-autres-modeles-voile/547-attalia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017181323/https://www.jeanneau.com/en/boats/sailboat/36-autres-modeles-voile/547-attalia/ |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=jeanneauamerica.com}}</ref> Tsayayyen nau'in keel na jirgin ruwan yana da daftarin {{Convert|5.70|ft|m}}, yayin da sigar kayan aiki na lilo tana da daftarin {{Convert|6.54|ft|m}} tare da keel mika da {{Convert|3.62|ft|m}} tare da retracted, kyale aiki a cikin m ruwa. <ref name="Data">{{Cite web |last=McArthur |first=Bruce |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 (Jeanneau) sailboat |url=https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-jeanneau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145352/https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-jeanneau |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboatdata.com}}</ref> <ref name="DataSK">{{Cite web |last=McArthur |first=Bruce |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Swing Keel (Jeanneau) sailboat |url=https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-swing-keel-jeanneau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145507/https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-swing-keel-jeanneau |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboatdata.com}}</ref> <ref name="Guide">{{Cite web |last=Sea Time Tech, LLC |year=2022 |title=Jeanneau Attalia 32 |url=https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145411/https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboat.guide}}</ref> <ref name="GuideSK">{{Cite web |last=Sea Time Tech, LLC |year=2022 |title=Jeanneau Attalia 32 Swing Keel |url=https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32-swing-keel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145558/https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32-swing-keel |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboat.guide}}</ref> <ref name="Specs">{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Deep draft Sailboat specifications |url=https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-deep-draft |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145722/https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-deep-draft |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Boat-Specs.com}}</ref> <ref name="SpecsSK">{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Keel and centerboard Sailboat specifications |url=https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-keel-and-centerboard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145840/https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-keel-and-centerboard |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Boat-Specs.com}}</ref> Jirgin na ɗauke da injin dizal na Volvo Penta na kasar [[Sweden]] mai {{Convert|7|hp|kW|0}} don docking da maneuvering. Tankin mai yana ɗaukar {{Convert|12|u.s.gal}} kuma tankin ruwa mai dadi yana da karfin {{Convert|24|u.s.gal}} . <ref name="Data">{{Cite web |last=McArthur |first=Bruce |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 (Jeanneau) sailboat |url=https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-jeanneau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145352/https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-jeanneau |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboatdata.com}}</ref> <ref name="DataSK">{{Cite web |last=McArthur |first=Bruce |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Swing Keel (Jeanneau) sailboat |url=https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-swing-keel-jeanneau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145507/https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/attalia-32-swing-keel-jeanneau |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboatdata.com}}</ref> <ref name="Guide">{{Cite web |last=Sea Time Tech, LLC |year=2022 |title=Jeanneau Attalia 32 |url=https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145411/https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32 |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboat.guide}}</ref> <ref name="GuideSK">{{Cite web |last=Sea Time Tech, LLC |year=2022 |title=Jeanneau Attalia 32 Swing Keel |url=https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32-swing-keel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145558/https://sailboat.guide/jeanneau/attalia-32-swing-keel |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=sailboat.guide}}</ref> <ref name="Specs">{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Deep draft Sailboat specifications |url=https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-deep-draft |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145722/https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-deep-draft |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Boat-Specs.com}}</ref> <ref name="SpecsSK">{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Keel and centerboard Sailboat specifications |url=https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-keel-and-centerboard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145840/https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-keel-and-centerboard |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Boat-Specs.com}}</ref> Zane yana da wurin kwana ga mutane shida, tare da "V" sau biyu a cikin gidan baka, wani saiti mai siffar L da madaidaiciya a cikin babban ɗakin da ɗakin aft tare da gado biyu a gefen tashar jiragen ruwa. Filin jirgin yana gefen tashar tashar jiragen ruwa kusa da tsani na abokin tafiya . Talo mai siffar L kuma an sanye shi da murhu mai konewa biyu, 26.4 U.S. gallons (100 L; 22.0 imp gal) akwatin kankara da nutse biyu. Tashar kewayawa tana fuskantar titin jirgin, a gefen tauraro. Shugaban yana kusa da tashar kewayawa a gefen tauraro kuma ya haɗa da shawa. Gidan gidan yana da 76 inches (193 cm) . [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Don tafiya ƙasa da ƙasa ƙila ƙila a sanye da ƙira mai simmetrical spinnaker na {{Convert|778|sqft|m2}} . <ref name="Specs">{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Deep draft Sailboat specifications |url=https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-deep-draft |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145722/https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-deep-draft |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Boat-Specs.com}}</ref> <ref name="SpecsSK">{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Attalia 32 Keel and centerboard Sailboat specifications |url=https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-keel-and-centerboard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221017145840/https://www.boat-specs.com/sailing/sailboats/jeanneau/attalia-32-keel-and-centerboard |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Boat-Specs.com}}</ref> == Masu baddah tarihi == c5vbjg4x53ggwg60uuud7fpbgr9q4d9 0 139890 969039 909240 2026-10-18T13:13:36Z Nura Bello 24854 969039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mkunde Chachage''' (An haife ta ne a ranar 2 ga [[Yuni]], 1984) malamar makaranta ce kuma mai bincike a fannin ilimin rigakafi a Kwalejin Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Mbeya [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam|ta Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]] (UDSM – MCHAS). <ref>name="udsm">{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/colleges/mchas/staff/professionalD/Mkunde%20/337 |website=University of Dar es Salaam |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2023-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726113737/https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/colleges/mchas/staff/professionalD/Mkunde%20/337 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita kuma mai bincike ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Ƙasa da ke cibiyar binciken lafiya ta Mbeya (NIMR - MMRC). <ref>name="nimr">{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=http://www.mmrp.org/projects/43-team/mmrc-based-team/144-mkunde |website=National Institute for Medical Research Tanzania |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411153755/http://www.mmrp.org/projects/43-team/mmrc-based-team/144-mkunde |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |website=FAIS Legacy Project |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2025-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015180055/https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tana gudanar da bincike a fannin ilimin rigakafi na asibiti da kuma cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa na mutane, ciki har da [[Tarin fuka|tarin fuka (TB)]], HIV da cututtukan helminths. <ref>name="tbs">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Mkunde Chachage |url=https://www.tbsequel.org/personnel/dr-mkunde-chachage/ |website=TBSequel |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101090751/https://www.tbsequel.org/personnel/dr-mkunde-chachage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Chachage ta fito ne daga dangin malamai da masu fafutuka. An haife ta a [[Dar es Salaam]] ga marigayi Farfesa [[Chachage Seithy Loth Chachage]] da Demere Kitunga a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya 4. Mahaifinta masanin ilimi ne, mai sharhi kan siyasa kuma marubuci. <ref> name="africanbookscol">{{Cite web |title=Chachage Seithy L. Chachage |url=https://www.africanbookscollective.com/authors-editors/chachage-seithy-l-chachage |website=African Books Collective}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta mai fafutuka ce, marubuciya mai rajin kare hakkin mata <ref> name="afrfem">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2016 |title=Demere Kitunga African Feminist |url=http://www.africanfeministforum.com/demere-kitunga/ |website=African Feminist Forum}}</ref> <ref> name="thecitizen">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Leading Feminist and Literacy advocate |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/woman/-a-leading-feminist-s-juggling-act-as-she-advocates-literacy-3340886 |website=The Citizen Newspaper}}</ref>, mai fafutukar kare rubutu da rubutu, edita kuma mai wallafa littattafai a Tanzania. <ref name="baran">{{Cite web |title=Demere Kitunga |url=http://www.barrancapress.com/demere-kitunga |website=Barranca Press}}</ref> <ref>name="dailynews">{{Cite web |title=Feminism column |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/news/2019-10-045d975790d3579 |website=Daily News, the National Newspaper |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414174546/https://dailynews.co.tz/news/2019-10-045d975790d3579 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 'Yan uwanta biyu suma malamai ne, [[Chambi Chachage]], <ref name="glasgowtheses" /> ƙwararriya ce a fannin nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Princeton kuma mai sharhi kan siyasa, <ref name="sidint">{{Cite web |title=Africa: Rethinking in action! |url=https://www.sidint.net/content/africa-rethinking-action-interview-chambi-chachage |website=Society for International Development |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415185507/https://www.sidint.net/content/africa-rethinking-action-interview-chambi-chachage |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Rehema Chachage, mai zane-zane kuma mai ilimi a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Fasaha ta Vienna, [[Austriya|Austria]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |website=FAIS Legacy Project |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2025-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015180055/https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="urbafricans">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2019 |title=Rehema Chachage: The intimacy and harshness of African women's rituals |url=http://www.urbanafricans.com/rehema-chachage/ |website=Urban Africans}}</ref> Chachage ta yi yarinta a Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, inda ta kuma sami karatun firamare a makarantun firamare na Mlimani da na Dar es Salaam masu zaman kansu kafin ta kammala karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Aga Khan Mzizima. Tana da aure da Keremba Brian Warioba, wanda suka kafa wani kamfani na zamantakewa tare, kuma ma'auratan suna da ɗa ɗaya. [cn] == Ilimi == Chachage tana da digirin PhD a fannin Lafiya ta Duniya - Immunology daga Jami'ar Ludwig Maximilian ta Munich, Jamus, wacce ta samu a shekarar 2013. Takardar digirin PhD ɗinta ta binciki canje-canjen da aka samu a tsarin garkuwar jikin ɗan adam sakamakon kamuwa da cutar helminths da kuma tasirin da ke tattare da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV ko yuwuwar hanzarta ci gaban cutar HIV ga mutanen da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV <ref name="cihlmu">{{Cite web |title=CIH - LMU alumna |url=http://www.klinikum.uni-muenchen.de/Abteilung-fuer-Infektions-und-Tropenmedizin/en/50_Research/Working_groups/AG_Infection-and-Immunity/Alumni/index.html |website=Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |website=FAIS Legacy Project |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2025-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015180055/https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kafin wannan, ta sami digirin farko a fannin Kimiyyar Halittu da Kwayoyin Halitta daga [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] a shekarar 2007, sannan ta sami digirin girmamawa a shekara mai zuwa daga wannan cibiyar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Sana'a == Chachage ta shiga NIMR - MMRC a shekarar 2009 a matsayin ƙaramar mai bincike. <ref name="aas">{{Cite web |title=Chachage Mkunde &#124; The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/affiliate/chachage-mkunde |website=www.aasciences.africa |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2022-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921000332/https://www.aasciences.africa/affiliate/chachage-mkunde |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta koma cibiyar bincike jim kaɗan bayan ta sami digirin digirgir, inda ta jagoranci dakin gwaje-gwajen rigakafi wanda ke mai da hankali kan bincike da ya shafi ganewar cututtuka da kuma rigakafin cutar tarin fuka, hulɗar HIV da HIV-HPV. <ref name="tbs">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Mkunde Chachage |url=https://www.tbsequel.org/personnel/dr-mkunde-chachage/ |website=TBSequel |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101090751/https://www.tbsequel.org/personnel/dr-mkunde-chachage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chachage ta kasance memba a cikin ƙungiyar ta uku ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka (AAS) tsakanin 2018-2022. <ref name="aas"/> Ta yi karatun digiri da yawa a baya, ciki har da karatun digiri na uku a Cibiyar Burnet, [[Melbourne]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], tsakanin 2015-2016, <ref name="tbs"/> da kuma karatun digiri na Afirka-Ox (AfOx) ga masu binciken Afirka a 2020, wanda ya ba ta damar yin aiki tare da masu bincike a Oxford a wani bincike na ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name="afox">{{Cite web |title=AfOx Fellows 2020 |url=http://www.afox.ox.ac.uk/previous-fellows/ |website=Africa-Oxford fellowship |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411151712/http://www.afox.ox.ac.uk/previous-fellows/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chachage kuma abokiyar ƙungiyar AIDS ta Duniya (IAS) ce inda take aiki tare da sauran masana kimiyya kan bincike da fasahar zamani don magance cutar HIV. <ref name="ias">{{Cite web |title=AIS fellow Mkunde Chachage |url=https://www.iasociety.org/HIV-Programmes/Towards-an-HIV-Cure-Global-Fellows-Research-Academy/Fellows-Chachage |website=International AIDS Society |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411151707/https://www.iasociety.org/HIV-Programmes/Towards-an-HIV-Cure-Global-Fellows-Research-Academy/Fellows-Chachage |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="iasfellows">{{Cite web |title=AIS global fellows |url=https://www.iasociety.org/HIV-Programmes/Towards-an-HIV-Cure-Global-Fellows-Research-Academy |website=International AIDS Society |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412142144/https://www.iasociety.org/HIV-Programmes/Towards-an-HIV-Cure-Global-Fellows-Research-Academy |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga aikin bincike, ta koyar da wani kwas kan ilimin rigakafi na cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa a Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Afirka ta Nelson Mandela (NM-AIST), da ke [[Arusha]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . <ref name="tbs"/> A watan Janairun 2019 ta shiga Jami'ar Dar es Salaam a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimi tana koyarwa da gudanar da bincike kan fannoni masu alaƙa da ilimin rigakafi. <ref name="udsm">{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/colleges/mchas/staff/professionalD/Mkunde%20/337 |website=University of Dar es Salaam |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2023-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726113737/https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/colleges/mchas/staff/professionalD/Mkunde%20/337 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chachage kuma ɗan kasuwa ne wanda ya kafa wani kamfani na zamantakewa wanda ke taimaka wa manoman kofi na gida a Tanzaniya su sami kasuwannin girbinsu. <ref name="fvs">{{Cite web |title=Communal shamba |url=https://www.fivesenses.com.au/blog/get-to-know-communal-shamba/ |website=Five Senses}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * An ba da kyautar mafi kyawun masanin kimiyya a NIMR ta Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Ƙasa (NIMR) (2018) <ref name="fvs"/> * Mafi kyawun Masanin Kimiyyar Bincike a cibiyar bincike ta NIMR – Mbeya wanda Cibiyar Bincike ta Kasa (NIMR) ta bayar don karrama aikin bincike a cikin maganin HIV & tarin fuka (2018) <ref name="fvs" /> * Kyautar Dakta Maria Kamm Mafi Kyawun Matan Kimiyyar Mata ta Matasa da Cibiyar Bincike ta Kasa (NIMR) ta bayar (2012) <ref name="udadisi">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2022 |title=Dr. Maria Kamm Best Woman Scientist Award |url=http://www.udadisi.org/2012/04/mshindi-tuzo-ya-sayansi-ya-mama-kamm.html?m=1 |website=UDADISI |access-date=7 February 2026 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412140724/http://www.udadisi.org/2012/04/mshindi-tuzo-ya-sayansi-ya-mama-kamm.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pyri4pmrinncshudtd3dtu017w76o5k 969040 969039 2026-10-18T13:19:14Z Nura Bello 24854 969040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mkunde Chachage''' (An haife ta ne a ranar 2 ga watan [[Yuni]], 1984) malamar makaranta ce kuma mai bincike a fannin ilimin rigakafi a Kwalejin Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Mbeya [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam|ta Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]] (UDSM – MCHAS). <ref>name="udsm">{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/colleges/mchas/staff/professionalD/Mkunde%20/337 |website=University of Dar es Salaam |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2023-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726113737/https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/colleges/mchas/staff/professionalD/Mkunde%20/337 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita kuma mai bincike ce a Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Ƙasa da ke cibiyar binciken lafiya ta Mbeya (NIMR - MMRC). <ref>name="nimr">{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=http://www.mmrp.org/projects/43-team/mmrc-based-team/144-mkunde |website=National Institute for Medical Research Tanzania |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411153755/http://www.mmrp.org/projects/43-team/mmrc-based-team/144-mkunde |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |website=FAIS Legacy Project |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2025-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015180055/https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tana gudanar da bincike a fannin ilimin rigakafi na asibiti da kuma cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa na mutane, ciki har da [[Tarin fuka|tarin fuka (TB)]], HIV da cututtukan helminths. <ref>name="tbs">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Mkunde Chachage |url=https://www.tbsequel.org/personnel/dr-mkunde-chachage/ |website=TBSequel |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101090751/https://www.tbsequel.org/personnel/dr-mkunde-chachage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Chachage ta fito ne daga dangin malamai da masu fafutuka. An haife ta a [[Dar es Salaam]] ga marigayi Farfesa [[Chachage Seithy Loth Chachage]] da Demere Kitunga a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya 4. Mahaifinta masanin ilimi ne, mai sharhi kan siyasa kuma marubuci. <ref> name="africanbookscol">{{Cite web |title=Chachage Seithy L. Chachage |url=https://www.africanbookscollective.com/authors-editors/chachage-seithy-l-chachage |website=African Books Collective}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta mai fafutuka ce, marubuciya mai rajin kare hakkin mata <ref> name="afrfem">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2016 |title=Demere Kitunga African Feminist |url=http://www.africanfeministforum.com/demere-kitunga/ |website=African Feminist Forum}}</ref> <ref> name="thecitizen">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2021 |title=Leading Feminist and Literacy advocate |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/woman/-a-leading-feminist-s-juggling-act-as-she-advocates-literacy-3340886 |website=The Citizen Newspaper}}</ref>, mai fafutukar kare rubutu da rubutu, edita kuma mai wallafa littattafai a Tanzania. <ref name="baran">{{Cite web |title=Demere Kitunga |url=http://www.barrancapress.com/demere-kitunga |website=Barranca Press}}</ref> <ref>name="dailynews">{{Cite web |title=Feminism column |url=https://dailynews.co.tz/news/2019-10-045d975790d3579 |website=Daily News, the National Newspaper |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414174546/https://dailynews.co.tz/news/2019-10-045d975790d3579 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 'Yan uwanta biyu suma malamai ne, [[Chambi Chachage]], <ref name="glasgowtheses" /> ƙwararriya ce a fannin nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Princeton kuma mai sharhi kan siyasa, <ref name="sidint">{{Cite web |title=Africa: Rethinking in action! |url=https://www.sidint.net/content/africa-rethinking-action-interview-chambi-chachage |website=Society for International Development |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415185507/https://www.sidint.net/content/africa-rethinking-action-interview-chambi-chachage |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Rehema Chachage, mai zane-zane kuma mai ilimi a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Fasaha ta Vienna, [[Austriya|Austria]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |website=FAIS Legacy Project |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2025-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015180055/https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="urbafricans">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2019 |title=Rehema Chachage: The intimacy and harshness of African women's rituals |url=http://www.urbanafricans.com/rehema-chachage/ |website=Urban Africans}}</ref> Chachage ta yi yarinta a Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, inda ta kuma sami karatun firamare a makarantun firamare na Mlimani da na Dar es Salaam masu zaman kansu kafin ta kammala karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Aga Khan Mzizima. Tana da aure da Keremba Brian Warioba, wanda suka kafa wani kamfani na zamantakewa tare, kuma ma'auratan suna da ɗa ɗaya. [cn] == Ilimi == Chachage tana da digirin PhD a fannin Lafiya ta Duniya - Immunology daga Jami'ar Ludwig Maximilian ta Munich, Jamus, wacce ta samu a shekarar 2013. Takardar digirin PhD ɗinta ta binciki canje-canjen da aka samu a tsarin garkuwar jikin ɗan adam sakamakon kamuwa da cutar helminths da kuma tasirin da ke tattare da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar HIV ko yuwuwar hanzarta ci gaban cutar HIV ga mutanen da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV <ref name="cihlmu">{{Cite web |title=CIH - LMU alumna |url=http://www.klinikum.uni-muenchen.de/Abteilung-fuer-Infektions-und-Tropenmedizin/en/50_Research/Working_groups/AG_Infection-and-Immunity/Alumni/index.html |website=Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |website=FAIS Legacy Project |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2025-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015180055/https://faislegacyproject.com/portfolio/mkunde-chachage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kafin wannan, ta sami digirin farko a fannin Kimiyyar Halittu da Kwayoyin Halitta daga [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] a shekarar 2007, sannan ta sami digirin girmamawa a shekara mai zuwa daga wannan cibiyar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Sana'a == Chachage ta shiga NIMR - MMRC a shekarar 2009 a matsayin ƙaramar mai bincike. <ref name="aas">{{Cite web |title=Chachage Mkunde &#124; The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/affiliate/chachage-mkunde |website=www.aasciences.africa |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2022-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921000332/https://www.aasciences.africa/affiliate/chachage-mkunde |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta koma cibiyar bincike jim kaɗan bayan ta sami digirin digirgir, inda ta jagoranci dakin gwaje-gwajen rigakafi wanda ke mai da hankali kan bincike da ya shafi ganewar cututtuka da kuma rigakafin cutar tarin fuka, hulɗar HIV da HIV-HPV. <ref name="tbs">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Mkunde Chachage |url=https://www.tbsequel.org/personnel/dr-mkunde-chachage/ |website=TBSequel |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101090751/https://www.tbsequel.org/personnel/dr-mkunde-chachage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chachage ta kasance memba a cikin ƙungiyar ta uku ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka (AAS) tsakanin 2018-2022. <ref name="aas"/> Ta yi karatun digiri da yawa a baya, ciki har da karatun digiri na uku a Cibiyar Burnet, [[Melbourne]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], tsakanin 2015-2016, <ref name="tbs"/> da kuma karatun digiri na Afirka-Ox (AfOx) ga masu binciken Afirka a 2020, wanda ya ba ta damar yin aiki tare da masu bincike a Oxford a wani bincike na ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name="afox">{{Cite web |title=AfOx Fellows 2020 |url=http://www.afox.ox.ac.uk/previous-fellows/ |website=Africa-Oxford fellowship |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411151712/http://www.afox.ox.ac.uk/previous-fellows/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chachage kuma abokiyar ƙungiyar AIDS ta Duniya (IAS) ce inda take aiki tare da sauran masana kimiyya kan bincike da fasahar zamani don magance cutar HIV. <ref name="ias">{{Cite web |title=AIS fellow Mkunde Chachage |url=https://www.iasociety.org/HIV-Programmes/Towards-an-HIV-Cure-Global-Fellows-Research-Academy/Fellows-Chachage |website=International AIDS Society |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411151707/https://www.iasociety.org/HIV-Programmes/Towards-an-HIV-Cure-Global-Fellows-Research-Academy/Fellows-Chachage |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="iasfellows">{{Cite web |title=AIS global fellows |url=https://www.iasociety.org/HIV-Programmes/Towards-an-HIV-Cure-Global-Fellows-Research-Academy |website=International AIDS Society |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2021-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412142144/https://www.iasociety.org/HIV-Programmes/Towards-an-HIV-Cure-Global-Fellows-Research-Academy |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga aikin bincike, ta koyar da wani kwas kan ilimin rigakafi na cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa a Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Afirka ta Nelson Mandela (NM-AIST), da ke [[Arusha]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . <ref name="tbs"/> A watan Janairun 2019 ta shiga Jami'ar Dar es Salaam a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimi tana koyarwa da gudanar da bincike kan fannoni masu alaƙa da ilimin rigakafi. <ref name="udsm">{{Cite web |title=Mkunde Chachage |url=https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/colleges/mchas/staff/professionalD/Mkunde%20/337 |website=University of Dar es Salaam |access-date=2026-02-07 |archive-date=2023-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726113737/https://www.udsm.ac.tz/web/index.php/colleges/mchas/staff/professionalD/Mkunde%20/337 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chachage kuma ɗan kasuwa ne wanda ya kafa wani kamfani na zamantakewa wanda ke taimaka wa manoman kofi na gida a Tanzaniya su sami kasuwannin girbinsu. <ref name="fvs">{{Cite web |title=Communal shamba |url=https://www.fivesenses.com.au/blog/get-to-know-communal-shamba/ |website=Five Senses}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * An ba da kyautar mafi kyawun masanin kimiyya a NIMR ta Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Ƙasa (NIMR) (2018) <ref name="fvs"/> * Mafi kyawun Masanin Kimiyyar Bincike a cibiyar bincike ta NIMR – Mbeya wanda Cibiyar Bincike ta Kasa (NIMR) ta bayar don karrama aikin bincike a cikin maganin HIV & tarin fuka (2018) <ref name="fvs" /> * Kyautar Dakta Maria Kamm Mafi Kyawun Matan Kimiyyar Mata ta Matasa da Cibiyar Bincike ta Kasa (NIMR) ta bayar (2012) <ref name="udadisi">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2022 |title=Dr. Maria Kamm Best Woman Scientist Award |url=http://www.udadisi.org/2012/04/mshindi-tuzo-ya-sayansi-ya-mama-kamm.html?m=1 |website=UDADISI |access-date=7 February 2026 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412140724/http://www.udadisi.org/2012/04/mshindi-tuzo-ya-sayansi-ya-mama-kamm.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] i5l0erd8w9herinh2hqvqorkbgev986 0 143019 969349 908961 2026-10-19T04:40:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Antoinette Monsio Sayeh''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, 1958 a [[Monrovia|Monrovia, Liberia]]) ƙwararriyar masaniyar tattalin arziki ce [[Laberiya|a ƙasar Liberia]]. Ta kasance Mataimakiyar Darakta ta Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) har zuwa shekara ta 2024. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=IMF Deputy Managing Director Antoinette Sayeh to Retire from the Fund |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2024/07/17/pr-24277-imf-deputy-managing-director-antoinette-sayeh-to-retire-from-the-fund |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> Sayeh ta yi aiki a matsayin darektar Sashen Afirka a IMF daga ranar 14 ga watan Yuli, 2008, zuwa ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=FPA Staff |date=2016-09-20 |title=Dr. Antoinette Sayeh Retires From International Monetary Fund |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/2016news/dr-antoinette-sayeh-retires-from-international-monetary-fund/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=FrontPageAfrica |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta kuma kasance fitacciyar mai ziyara a Cibiyar Ci Gaban Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva Proposes the Appointment of Antoinette Sayeh as Deputy Managing Director |url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/02/25/pr2066-imf-md-kristina-georgieva-proposes-the-appointment-of-antoinette-sayeh-as-dmd |access-date=2020-03-08 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Sayeh ta kammala karatun digiri a Kwalejin Swarthmore da Makarantar Shari'a da Diflomasiyya ta Fletcher, inda ta sami digirin digirgir na biyu da na uku a fannin Hulɗa da Tattalin Arziki na Ƙasa da Ƙasa. Sayeh ta kuma yi aiki a Bankin Duniya a matsayin darektar ƙasa a [[Benin]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], da [[Togo]] kuma ta yi aiki a kan kula da harkokin kuɗi na gwamnati da kuma gyaran ayyukan gwamnati a [[Pakistan]]. A cewar [[BBC]], Sayeh ya "yi wa cibiyoyin kuɗi na duniya daɗi" a matsayin Ministar Kuɗi na Liberia. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Antoinette Monsio Sayeh |url=https://www.imf.org/en/About/senior-officials/Bios/antoinette-monsio-sayeh |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> Kafin wa'adinta a IMF, ta yi aiki daga shekarun 2006 zuwa 2008 a matsayin Ministar Kuɗi a majalisar ministocin shugabar Liberia [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]]. Sayeh ita ce mace ta biyu a tarihin Liberia da ta riƙe wannan matsayi, ta farko ita ce Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Ta ce manyan ayyukanta su ne rage yawan basussukan ƙasa, tsara tsarin bankuna da harkokin kuɗi na gwamnati, da kuma yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa. Tun daga shekarar 2007, Sayeh ta kasance memba a Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Babban Matakin Ƙungiyar Bankin Duniya kan Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arzikin Mata, wadda Danny Leipziger da Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul suka jagoranta. A lokacin majalisar dokoki, Antoinette Sayeh ta koma shugabancin Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF) a matsayin Darakta a Sashen Afirka a watan Yulin 2008; a wannan matsayin, yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan siyasar Afirka mafi tasiri a duniya. <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=100Women {{!}} Avance Media {{!}} Antoinette Sayeh |url=https://100women.avancemedia.org/antoinettesayeh/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260213104132/https://100women.avancemedia.org/antoinettesayeh/ |archive-date=2026-02-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2018, an naɗa ta memba a Hukumar Manaja ta Kwalejin Swartmore. Ta taɓa yin aiki a matsayin Majalisar Tsoffin Ɗalibai. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Swarthmore Welcomes New Members to College's Board of Managers :: News & Events :: Swarthmore College |url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/news-events/swarthmore-welcomes-new-members-to-colleges-board-managers-4 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=www.swarthmore.edu |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga watan Maris 2020, Darakta Kristalina Georgieva ta naɗa Sayeh a matsayin Mataimakiyar Darakta ta IMF. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-25 |title=Georgieva backs Antoinette Sayeh as IMF deputy managing director - Central Banking |url=https://www.centralbanking.com/central-banks/governance/people/4741006/georgieva-backs-antoinette-sayeh-as-imf-deputy-managing-director |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=www.centralbanking.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwachukwu |first=Onyinye |date=2020-02-25 |title=IMF Managing Director Appoints Sayeh, a Liberian as Deputy Managing Director |url=https://businessday.ng/world/article/imf-managing-director-appoints-sayeh-a-liberian-as-deputy-managing-director/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Satumba 2024, Sayeh ta yi ritaya. <ref name=":2"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=IMF Deputy Managing Director Antoinette Sayeh Retires |url=https://www.miragenews.com/imf-deputy-managing-director-antoinette-sayeh-1277552/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Mirage News |language=en-AU}}</ref> == Girmamawa == * Kwalejin Swarthmore ta ba da kyautar ''Lucretia Mott'' don adabin kwatantawa * Gwamnatin Nijar ta nuna godiyarta ga wannan tallafi ta hanyar wani biki a watan Afrilun 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-09 |title=African Success : Biography of Antoinette SAYEH |url=http://africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=847&lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209171426/http://africansuccess.org/visuFiche.php?id=847&lang=en |archive-date=2010-12-09 |access-date=2024-11-05}}</ref> * Kyautar Tunawa da Fletcher daga Makarantar Fletcher da ke Jami'ar Tuffs da ke Massachusetts a watan Satumba na shekarar 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=FPA Staff |date=2020-09-04 |title=Liberia: Former Finance Minister, IMF Deputy Md, Dr. Sayeh To Receive Fletcher Memorial Award |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-former-finance-minister-imf-deputy-md-dr-sayeh-to-receive-fletcher-memorial-award/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=FrontPageAfrica |language=en |archive-date=2021-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822114742/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-former-finance-minister-imf-deputy-md-dr-sayeh-to-receive-fletcher-memorial-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * An sanya sunanta a cikin jerin matan Afirka mafi tasiri a shekarar 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=100Women {{!}} Avance Media {{!}} Antoinette Sayeh |url=https://100women.avancemedia.org/antoinettesayeh/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260213104132/https://100women.avancemedia.org/antoinettesayeh/ |archive-date=2026-02-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Adabi == * Antoinette Monsio Sayeh: ''Dogaro da kuɗi, rashin daidaiton biyan kuɗi, da manufofin kuɗi a cikin ƙaramin tattalin arziki mai buɗewa, mai ƙarancin kuɗi: gwaje-gwaje tare da tsarin haɗin gwiwa na Laberiya''. Edita: Makarantar Shari'a da Diflomasiyya ta Fletcher. Boston 1985, shafi na 383 (Turanci, takardar gyaran hali). * NN: ''Hira da Ministan Kuɗi na Liberia Antoinette M. Sayeh: "Ka yi la'akari da ƙa'idodi"''. A cikin: Ci gaba da Haɗin gwiwa. Juzu'i na 7/8, 2008, [[ISSN]] [https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220723-6980%22&key=cql 0723-6980], shafi na 276–278 (Turanci). == Rayuwa ta sirri == Antoinette Sayeh tana da ɗa. <ref name=":3"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] 5mjmljobjp8mg20fnk1xlpyuuzn9y8u 0 144727 969382 807603 2026-10-19T06:47:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aster Mamo''' jami'ar diflomasiyyar Habasha ce wacce ita ce jakadiyar [[Itofiya|Habasha]] a [[Kanada]] tun a watan Janairun 2018. == Aiki == A da, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mai tsawatar wa gwamnatin Habasha daga shekarun 2014 zuwa 2015<ref>{{cite news | title =Ethiopia: Junedin Saddo Faces new Sanctions | newspaper =O Pride | date =6 October 2012 | url =http://www.opride.com/oromsis/news/horn-of-africa/3624-ethiopia-junedin-saddo-faces-new-sanctions | access-date =29 May 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130201084428/http://www.opride.com/oromsis/news/horn-of-africa/3624-ethiopia-junedin-saddo-faces-new-sanctions | archive-date =1 February 2013 | url-status =dead}}</ref> da kuma memba a Kwamitin Tsakiya na Ƙungiyar Dimokuraɗiyya ta Jama'ar Oromo (OPDO) har zuwa shekara ta 2016.<ref>{{cite news | title =The Questionable Presence Of Aster mamo At EPRDF's Executive Committee Meeting | newspaper =Awramba Times | date =5 September 2012 | url =http://www.awrambatimes.com/?p=3073 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140514192527/http://www.awrambatimes.com/?p=3073 | url-status =usurped | archive-date =May 14, 2014 | access-date = 29 May 2013}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Ministar Matasa da Wasanni na Habasha daga shekarun 2005 zuwa 2014.<ref>{{cite news | last =Tekle | first =Tesfa-alem | title =Ethiopia's Prime Minister Discusses Youth Concerns | newspaper =Sudan Tribune | date =10 February 2009 | url =http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-193378505.html | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140629065350/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-193378505.html | url-status =dead | archive-date =29 June 2014 | access-date = 29 May 2013}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Afrilu, 2014 aka naɗa ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Firayim Minista ta biyu kuma Ministar Ma'aikatan Gwamnati, inda ta maye gurbin Muktar Kedir a wannan matsayin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aster Mamo Becomes Deputy PM, Civil Service Minister |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201404080450.html |access-date=15 April 2014 |publisher=The Reporter}}</ref> A watan Oktoba a shekarar 2016, an soke muƙamanta na Mataimakiyar Firayim Minista ta biyu da kuma ministar Ma'aikatan Gwamnati, kuma ta bar muƙamanta bayan ta yi murabus a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Tsakiya na OPDO. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-20 |title=Deputy Prime Minister Aster Mamo and Oromia region president Muktar Kedir Resigned |url=https://www.borkena.com/2016/09/20/ethiopia-deputy-prime-minister-aster-mamo-and-oromia-region-president-muktar-kedir-resigned/ |access-date=2018-04-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-07 |title=PM reshuffles cabinet |url=http://capitalethiopia.com/2016/11/07/pm-reshuffles-cabinet/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228151549/http://capitalethiopia.com/2016/11/07/pm-reshuffles-cabinet/ |archive-date=28 December 2018 |access-date=2018-04-04 |publisher=Capital Ethiopia}}</ref> A halin yanzu tana matsayin jakadiyar Kanada tun daga ranar 17 ga watan Janairun 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ethioembassycanada.org/news/news-3/974-h-e-aster-mamo-presented-copy-of-her-credential-at-the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-trade-and-development-of-canada|title=H.E. Aster Mamo presented copy of her credential at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development of Canada|access-date=2018-04-04|publisher=Embassy of Ethiopia to Canada|archive-date=2018-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404201935/http://ethioembassycanada.org/news/news-3/974-h-e-aster-mamo-presented-copy-of-her-credential-at-the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-trade-and-development-of-canada|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] a8m45pkulaur9dynkfa2q046d5q49qi 0 146379 969212 899613 2026-10-18T17:36:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abiku''' kalma ce [[Yarbanci|ta Yarbanci]] da za a iya fassara ta da "an haife ta don mutuwa" kuma tana nufin ruhin yaro wanda ya mutu yana ƙarami. An samo ta ne daga (abi) "abin da aka haifa" da (iku) "mutuwa". == Ma'anar == Ba wai kawai Abiku ba ne ruhin yaro wanda ya mutu yana ƙarami (wanda galibi ana la'akari da shi kafin balaga ko kuma yana da shekaru 12), imani shine cewa ruhin zai iya komawa ga uwa ɗaya sau da yawa, wanda ke haifar da yara da yawa waɗanda ba su daɗe ba, ko kuma a canza shi ga wasu uwaye. Imani ne cewa ruhin ba ya shirin "zama a cikin rai" don haka "ba shi da damuwa da halin da mahaifiyarsa ke ciki da baƙin cikinta." Idan ba sa zaune a cikin mutum, ana kyautata zaton ruhohin suna rayuwa a cikin bishiyoyi, musamman nau'in iroko, baobab da siliki-auduga. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Mobolade |first=Timothy |date=September 1, 1973 |title=The Concept of Abiku |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_autumn-1973_7_1/page/62 |journal=African Arts |publisher=UCLA James S. Coleman African Studies Center |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=62–64 |doi=10.2307/3334754 |jstor=3334754}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abiku - mythical creature |url=http://mythicalcreatureslist.com/mythical-creature/Abiku |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025181104/http://mythicalcreatureslist.com/mythical-creature/Abiku |archive-date=October 25, 2016 |access-date=October 25, 2016 |website=mythicalcreatureslist.com}}</ref> Ana ganinsu a matsayin masu haɗari, masu iya kisan kai, kuma musamman ma suna iya kai hari ga yara a ranar haihuwarsu ta goma sha uku. Ana kuma tsammanin wani lokacin (kodayake ba kasafai ake samun su ba) daga ƙarshe su kai ga girma. <ref name=":02" /> Idan aka duba ta hanyar amfani da maganin zamani, abin da ya faru na Abiku zai iya zama wata hanya ta fahimtar yadda ake ɗaukar [[Ƙwayoyin Cutar Sikila|cutar sikila]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Oghenechovwe Donald Ekpeki}}</ref> == Adabi == "Littafin [[Ben Okri]] mai suna ''The Famished Road'' ya dogara ne akan abiku. Littafin [[Debo Kotun|Debo Kotun mai suna]] ''[[Abiku (novel)|Abiku]]'', wani ba'a na siyasa na sojojin Najeriya, ya dogara ne akan abiku. Littafin Gerald Brom mai zane, ''The Plucker'', ya nuna kayan wasan yara suna yaƙi da abiku," kamar yadda Pulse ya bayyana. Dawowar An Abiku Child kuma ta faru ne a cikin rubutun Marubuci Gabriela Babnik na ƙasar Slovenia, a cikin littafinta [[Koža iz bombaža|mai suna Koža iz bombaža]] . Mun kuma ga waƙar [[Wole Soyinka]] 'Abiku' ta dogara sosai akan wannan abin da ya faru. Littafin [[Ayobami Adebayo|Ayọ́bámi Adébáyọ̀]] [https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/32969150-stay-with-me?from_search=true&from_srp=true&qid=tMnYrZtCjM&rank=1 yana] da ma'aurata waɗanda 'ya'yansu suka mutu tun suna ƙanana. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mounira |first=Soliman |date=January 1, 2004 |title=From Past to Present and Future: The Regenerative Spirit of the Abiku |url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-126387266/from-past-to-present-and-future-the-regenerative |journal=Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics |issue=24 |issn=1110-8673 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001105759/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-126387266/from-past-to-present-and-future-the-regenerative |archive-date=October 1, 2015 |access-date=March 23, 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Wole Soyinka's Protracted Struggle With Àbíkú, the Metaphor of the Nigerian State |url=http://www.theluminafoundation.org/writers-contributors/18-aderonke-adesola-adesanya/61-wole-soyinka-s-protracted-struggle-with-abiku-the-metaphor-of-the-nigerian-state |access-date=October 25, 2016 |website=www.theluminafoundation.org |publisher=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-03 |title=Of Stay With Me |url=https://becomingthemuse.net/2020/05/03/of-stay-with-me/ |access-date=2020-05-03 |website=Becoming The Muse |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kuma abiku shine babban halin a cikin ɗan gajeren labarin [[Tobi Ogundiran]] mai suna "The Many Lives of an Abiku". == Bincike == Sharhin tarihin baki game da ''Abiku'' ya lura cewa: "Irin waɗannan labaran (wani lokacin ma'anoni ne kawai na gaggawa) sau da yawa suna haɗa gaskiya game da ''abíkú'' da gaskiya game da ''ògbánje'' ; suna wakiltar abíkú a matsayin abu ɗaya a cikin lokaci da sarari; sun kasa bambance tsakanin jawabai na shahara da ƙwararru, na hukuma da na bidi'a, na asali da na waje na abíkú; suna ɗauka cewa imani da abíkú yana da asali na tunani maimakon na ontological; kuma da sauri ya dace da abíkú don zama alama ga ra'ayoyi da damuwa na yau da kullun na birni." <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Histories of Errancy Oral Yoruba Àbíkú Texts and Soyinka's "Abiku" |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/29669 |access-date=October 16, 2016 |website= |publisher=}}</ref> * Ogbanje == Nassoshi == ezv9xyo4hmc6n51v0peqqfrxghz2nlx 0 147647 969174 818956 2026-10-18T16:54:34Z Smshika 14840 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1380729095|Giuliano Simeone]]" 969174 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Giuliano Simeone Baldini''' ({{IPA|it|dʒuˈljaːno simeˈoːne|lang}} ; an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2002) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Argentina wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ko kuma ɗan wasan gefe a ƙungiyar La Liga [[Atlético Madrid|ta Atlético Madrid]] da kuma [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Argentina|ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Argentina]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a [[Rum|Roma]] lokacin da mahaifinsa, Diego Simeone, ke wasa a [[SS Lazio|Lazio]], Simeone ya koma Argentina don ya zauna tare da mahaifiyarsa yana da shekaru hudu, <ref name="Goal">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2021 |title=Giuliano Simeone: Can Cholo's teenage son be a success at Atletico Madrid? |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/giuliano-simeone-cholo-teenage-son-success-atletico-madrid/z9js5diuim2j12rzwxajj2mnu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121161750/https://www.goal.com/en/news/giuliano-simeone-cholo-teenage-son-success-atletico-madrid/z9js5diuim2j12rzwxajj2mnu |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref> kuma ya fara aikinsa tare da River Plate. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2022 |title=Quién es Giuliano Simeone, el hijo que el Cholo se llevó de River a Atlético de Madrid |trans-title=Who is Giuliano Simeone, the son that ''Cholo'' took from River to Atlético de Madrid |url=https://www.tycsports.com/river-plate/river-quien-es-giuliano-simeone-el-hijo-que-el-cholo-se-llevo-al-atletico-de-madrid-id402462.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713084217/https://www.tycsports.com/river-plate/river-quien-es-giuliano-simeone-el-hijo-que-el-cholo-se-llevo-al-atletico-de-madrid-id402462.html |archive-date=13 July 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=[[TyC Sports]] |language=es}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2019, ya koma rukunin matasa na [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]]; saboda bai sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwararru ba tare da River, kulob din bai iya riƙe shi ba, kuma [[FIFA]] ta amince da matakin daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2019 |title=Giuliano Simeone quits River Plate "without permission" to join Atlético de Madrid's youth team |url=https://en.as.com/en/2019/09/11/soccer/1568196001_199869.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121162350/https://en.as.com/en/2019/09/11/soccer/1568196001_199869.html |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=[[Diario AS]]}}</ref><ref name="Marca">{{Cite web |date=12 September 2019 |title=FIFA approve Giuliano Simeone's move to Atletico Madrid |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/spanish-football/2019/09/12/5d7a6a56268e3e0c238b45db.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121162349/https://www.marca.com/en/football/spanish-football/2019/09/12/5d7a6a56268e3e0c238b45db.html |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]}}</ref> Daga nan sai ya shiga tawagar ''Matasa'' a wannan shekarar. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Atletico Madrid B === Simeone ya fara buga wasan farko tare da Kungiyar B ta ''Atleti'' a ranar 17 ga watan Janairun 2021, ya fara kuma ya zira kwallaye a wasan 1-1 na Segunda División B da UD Poblense. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2021 |title=Giuliano Simeone, debut y gol con el filial del Atlético |trans-title=Giuliano Simeone, debut and goal with Atlético's reserves |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/futbol/giuliano-simeone-debut-gol-filial-11461189 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210210102/https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/futbol/giuliano-simeone-debut-gol-filial-11461189 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=[[Sport (Spanish newspaper)|Sport]] |language=es}}</ref> Ya ci kwallaye uku a kakar, amma tawagarsa ta sha wahala. Bayan ya kwashe kakar wasa ta 2021 tare da tawagar farko, <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2021 |title=Giuliano y Javi Serrano sacan con nota la prueba de Simeone |trans-title=Giuliano and Javi Serrano successfully pass through Simeone's trial |url=https://as.com/futbol/2021/08/09/primera/1628540866_511091.html |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=Diario AS |language=es}}</ref> Simeone ya koma B yanzu a Tercera División RFEF, inda ya zira kwallaye takwas a wasanni 11 tsakanin watanni na Nuwamba da Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2021 |title=Giuliano llama a la puerta |trans-title=Giuliano knocks on the door |url=https://as.com/futbol/2021/12/26/primera/1640549447_901916.html |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=Diario AS |language=es}}</ref> Ya fara wasa tare da babbar [[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] a wasan 0-0 La Liga tare da Granada a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2022, yana zuwa a matsayin dan wasa a minti na 91. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Robbie |date=20 April 2022 |title=Giuliano Simeone, Diego's son, makes debut for Atlético Madrid |url=https://www.intothecalderon.com/2022/4/20/23034263/giuliano-diego-simeone-atletico-madrid-granada-laliga-debut |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518063012/https://www.intothecalderon.com/2022/4/20/23034263/giuliano-diego-simeone-atletico-madrid-granada-laliga-debut |archive-date=18 May 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=Into the Calderon}}</ref> === Kudin rance ga Real Zaragoza da Alavés === A ranar 4 ga watan Yulin 2022, an ba da rancen Simeone ga Real Zaragoza na Segunda División don kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2022 |title=Acuerdo con el Atlético de Madrid para la cesión de Giuliano Simeone |trans-title=Agreement with Atlético de Madrid for the loan of Giuliano Simeone |url=https://www.realzaragoza.com/noticias/acuerdo-con-el-atl-tico-de-madrid-para-la-cesi-n-de-giuliano-simeone |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318173711/https://www.realzaragoza.com/noticias/acuerdo-con-el-atl-tico-de-madrid-para-la-cesi-n-de-giuliano-simeone |archive-date=18 March 2023 |access-date=11 July 2022 |publisher=Real Zaragoza |language=es}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko na kwararru watanni biyu bayan haka, inda ya bude wasan a wasan da aka yi da CD Lugo 2-1 a gida. A ranar 21 ga watan Yulin 2023, Simeone ya sabunta kwangilarsa tare da ''Atleti'' har zuwa 2028, sannan ya koma aro zuwa Deportivo Alavés a saman matakin, na shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2023 |title=Acuerdo con el Alavés para la cesión de Giuliano Simeone, quien renueva hasta 2028 |trans-title=Agreement for the loan of Giuliano Simeone, who renews until 2028 |url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/acuerdo-con-el-alaves-para-la-cesion-de-giuliano-simeone-quien-renueva-hasta-2028 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416093121/https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/acuerdo-con-el-alaves-para-la-cesion-de-giuliano-simeone-quien-renueva-hasta-2028 |archive-date=16 April 2026 |access-date=21 July 2023 |publisher=Atlético Madrid |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, a lokacin wasan sada zumunci da ya yi da Burgos CF, ya karya fibula kuma ya sami rauni a idonsa bayan da José Joaquín Matos ya yi nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=Se confirmó la grave lesión que sufrió Giuliano Simeone en un amistoso de Alavés |trans-title=The serious injury that Giuliano Simeone suffered in a friendly of Alavés was confirmed |url=https://espndeportes.espn.com/futbol/espana/nota/_/id/12406560/alaves-giuliano-simeone-grave-lesion-amistoso-burgos |access-date=11 August 2023 |publisher=[[ESPN Deportes]] |language=es}}</ref> === Komawa zuwa Atletico Madrid === [[File:Giuliano_Simeone,_FC_Salzburg_vs._Atletico_Madrid_(2025-01-29_UEFA_Championsleague)_53_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|275x275px|Simeone tare da Atlético Madrid a cikin 2025]] A watan Yulin 2024, Simeone ya koma kulob din iyayensa, Atlético Madrid, a gaban kakar 2024-25. A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din a nasarar 2-0 a kan Las Palmas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2024 |title=Simeone's son Giuliano scores in Atletico's 2-0 win over Las Palmas |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/simeones-son-giuliano-scores-atleticos-2-0-win-over-las-palmas-2024-11-03/ |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun 2025, ya zira kwallaye na farko na Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA kuma ya ba da taimako a nasarar da ya samu 4-1 a kan RB Salzburg.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2025 |title=Salzburg 1-4 Atletico Madrid: Griezmann brace leads visitors to top eight finish |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/uefa-champions-league/articles/salzburg-1-4-atletico-madrid-griezmann-brace-leads-visitors-to-top-eight-finish-2025-01-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323103550/https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/uefa-champions-league/articles/salzburg-1-4-atletico-madrid-griezmann-brace-leads-visitors-to-top-eight-finish-2025-01-29 |archive-date=23 March 2025 |access-date=6 February 2025 |publisher=beIN SPORTS}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 2026, Simeone ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Atlético Madrid har zuwa 30 ga watan Yunin 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2026 |title=Giuliano signs contract extension until 2030 |url=https://en.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/giuliano-signs-contract-extension-until-2030 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115154025/https://en.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/giuliano-signs-contract-extension-until-2030 |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=16 January 2026 |publisher=[[Atlético Madrid]] |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == [[File:Giuliano_Simeone_Argentina_v_Egypt_7_July_2026-043.jpg|thumb|Simeone tare da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Argentina|Argentina]] a cikin 2026]] Simeone ta fafata a Argentina a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SIMEONE Giuliano |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/giuliano-simeone_3556435 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730140445/https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/giuliano-simeone_3556435 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |website=[[Paris 2024 Olympics]]}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2024, Simeone ya fara buga wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Argentina|Argentina]] wasa da Peru a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026. <ref name="eldesmarque">{{Cite web |last=Páez de Roque |first=Diego |date=20 November 2024 |title=El idilio de la familia Simeone con la Selección Argentina tras el debut de Giuliano |url=https://www.eldesmarque.com/futbol/internacional/20241120/idilio-simeone-seleccion-argentina-debut-giuliano_300507251.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120094008/https://www.eldesmarque.com/futbol/internacional/20241120/idilio-simeone-seleccion-argentina-debut-giuliano_300507251.html |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=eldesmarque.com |language=es}}</ref> Ta yin haka, ya zama ɗan na biyu na Diego Simeone da ya buga wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Argentina|Argentina]] wasa bayan Giovanni Simeone . <ref name="eldesmarque" /> A ranar 25 ga Maris 2025, Simeone ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Argentina a nasarar 4-1 a wannan gasar da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta Brazil|Brazil]]. A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2026, an zabi Simeone a cikin tawagar mutum 26 don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 ta hanyar kocin [[Lionel Scaloni]] . Ya fara wasan farko na gasar cin kofin duniya a cikin nasarar rukuni 3-1 a kan Jordan wata daya bayan haka a ranar 27 ga Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2026 |title=Jordan 1–3 Argentina (Jun 27, 2026) Final Score |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/760483/argentina-jordan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260718192948/https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/760483/argentina-jordan |archive-date=18 July 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Simeone shi ne ɗan kocinsa na yanzu a Atlético Madrid, Diego . <ref name="Goal" /> 'Yan uwansa Giovanni da Gianluca su ma 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne, tare da tsohon ya buga wa Argentina wasa a duniya, kuma na ƙarshe ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2025.<ref name="Marca" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2018 |title=Giovanni Simeone scores on Argentina debut |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12010/11493025/giovanni-simeone-scores-on-argentina-debut-against-guatemala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260718191950/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12010/11493025/giovanni-simeone-scores-on-argentina-debut-against-guatemala |archive-date=18 July 2026 |website=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Sarki ! colspan="2" |[[UEFA|Turai]] ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Atletico Madrid B |2020–21 |Sashe na Biyu na B |15 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |4 |- |2021–22 |Sashe na Uku na RFEF |36 |25 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |36 |25 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !51 !29 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !51 !29 |- | rowspan="5" |[[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] |2021–22 |[[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |2024–25 |Ƙungiyar |33 |2 |5 |2 |9{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |1 |3{{Efn|Appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}} |0 |50 |5 |- |2025–26 |Ƙungiyar |31 |4 |6 |1 |15[a] |2 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Supercopa de España]]}} |0 |53 |7 |- |2026–27 |Ƙungiyar |9 |2 |0 |0 |2[a] |0 |0 |0 |11 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !74 !8 !11 !3 !26 !3 !4 !0 !115 !14 |- |Zaragoza (rashin kuɗi) |2022–23 |Sashe na Biyu |36 |9 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |37 |9 |- |Alavés (rashin kuɗi) |2023–24 |Ƙungiyar |14 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !175 !45 !14 !3 !26 !3 !4 !0 !219 !51 |} {{Notelist}} === Kasashen Duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Argentina|Argentina]] |2024 |1 |0 |- |2025 |8 |1 |- |2026 |8 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !17 !3 |} {| class="wikitable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Giuliano Simeone ya zira !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Cap !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- | align="center" |1 |25 Maris 2025 |[[Buenos Aires]])">Filin wasa na Monumental, Buenos Aires, Argentina | align="center" |3 |{{Fb|BRA}} | align="center" |4–1 | align="center" |4–1 |2026 cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA |- | align="center" |2 |6 Yuni 2026 |Kyle Field, Jami'ar Kwalejin, Amurka | align="center" |12 |{{Fb|HON}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Abokantaka |- | align="center" |3 |3 ga Oktoba 2026 |Filin wasa na Monumental, Buenos Aires, Argentina | align="center" |17 |{{Fb|BFA}} | align="center" |7–0 | align="center" |7–0 |Abokantaka |} == Daraja == * Kofin Sarki na biyu: 2025-26 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Atletico Madrid 2-2 Real Sociedad (3-4 on pens): Sociedad triumph to win fourth Copa del Rey title |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cy0130ned7yt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260825115733/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cy0130ned7yt |archive-date=25 August 2026 |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Wanda ya ci gaba a gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya na FIFA]]: [[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]] == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f0hhwx1dan4drqj1pce3hk1nj7i3w8a 969175 969174 2026-10-18T16:55:03Z Smshika 14840 969175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Giuliano Simeone Baldini''' ({{IPA|it|dʒuˈljaːno simeˈoːne|lang}} ; an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2002) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Argentina wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ko kuma ɗan wasan gefe a ƙungiyar La Liga [[Atlético Madrid|ta Atlético Madrid]] da kuma [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Argentina|ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Argentina]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a [[Rum|Roma]] lokacin da mahaifinsa, Diego Simeone, ke wasa a [[SS Lazio|Lazio]], Simeone ya koma Argentina don ya zauna tare da mahaifiyarsa yana da shekaru hudu, <ref name="Goal">{{Cite web |date=5 October 2021 |title=Giuliano Simeone: Can Cholo's teenage son be a success at Atletico Madrid? |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/giuliano-simeone-cholo-teenage-son-success-atletico-madrid/z9js5diuim2j12rzwxajj2mnu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121161750/https://www.goal.com/en/news/giuliano-simeone-cholo-teenage-son-success-atletico-madrid/z9js5diuim2j12rzwxajj2mnu |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref> kuma ya fara aikinsa tare da River Plate. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2022 |title=Quién es Giuliano Simeone, el hijo que el Cholo se llevó de River a Atlético de Madrid |trans-title=Who is Giuliano Simeone, the son that ''Cholo'' took from River to Atlético de Madrid |url=https://www.tycsports.com/river-plate/river-quien-es-giuliano-simeone-el-hijo-que-el-cholo-se-llevo-al-atletico-de-madrid-id402462.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713084217/https://www.tycsports.com/river-plate/river-quien-es-giuliano-simeone-el-hijo-que-el-cholo-se-llevo-al-atletico-de-madrid-id402462.html |archive-date=13 July 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=[[TyC Sports]] |language=es}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2019, ya koma rukunin matasa na [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]]; saboda bai sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwararru ba tare da River, kulob din bai iya riƙe shi ba, kuma [[FIFA]] ta amince da matakin daga baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2019 |title=Giuliano Simeone quits River Plate "without permission" to join Atlético de Madrid's youth team |url=https://en.as.com/en/2019/09/11/soccer/1568196001_199869.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121162350/https://en.as.com/en/2019/09/11/soccer/1568196001_199869.html |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=[[Diario AS]]}}</ref><ref name="Marca">{{Cite web |date=12 September 2019 |title=FIFA approve Giuliano Simeone's move to Atletico Madrid |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/spanish-football/2019/09/12/5d7a6a56268e3e0c238b45db.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121162349/https://www.marca.com/en/football/spanish-football/2019/09/12/5d7a6a56268e3e0c238b45db.html |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]}}</ref> Daga nan sai ya shiga tawagar ''Matasa'' a wannan shekarar. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Atletico Madrid B === Simeone ya fara buga wasan farko tare da Kungiyar B ta ''Atleti'' a ranar 17 ga watan Janairun 2021, ya fara kuma ya zira kwallaye a wasan 1-1 na Segunda División B da UD Poblense. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2021 |title=Giuliano Simeone, debut y gol con el filial del Atlético |trans-title=Giuliano Simeone, debut and goal with Atlético's reserves |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/futbol/giuliano-simeone-debut-gol-filial-11461189 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210210102/https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/futbol/giuliano-simeone-debut-gol-filial-11461189 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=[[Sport (Spanish newspaper)|Sport]] |language=es}}</ref> Ya ci kwallaye uku a kakar, amma tawagarsa ta sha wahala. Bayan ya kwashe kakar wasa ta 2021 tare da tawagar farko, <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2021 |title=Giuliano y Javi Serrano sacan con nota la prueba de Simeone |trans-title=Giuliano and Javi Serrano successfully pass through Simeone's trial |url=https://as.com/futbol/2021/08/09/primera/1628540866_511091.html |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=Diario AS |language=es}}</ref> Simeone ya koma B yanzu a Tercera División RFEF, inda ya zira kwallaye takwas a wasanni 11 tsakanin watanni na Nuwamba da Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2021 |title=Giuliano llama a la puerta |trans-title=Giuliano knocks on the door |url=https://as.com/futbol/2021/12/26/primera/1640549447_901916.html |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=Diario AS |language=es}}</ref> Ya fara wasa tare da babbar [[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] a wasan 0-0 La Liga tare da Granada a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2022, yana zuwa a matsayin dan wasa a minti na 91. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Robbie |date=20 April 2022 |title=Giuliano Simeone, Diego's son, makes debut for Atlético Madrid |url=https://www.intothecalderon.com/2022/4/20/23034263/giuliano-diego-simeone-atletico-madrid-granada-laliga-debut |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518063012/https://www.intothecalderon.com/2022/4/20/23034263/giuliano-diego-simeone-atletico-madrid-granada-laliga-debut |archive-date=18 May 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=Into the Calderon}}</ref> === Kudin rance ga Real Zaragoza da Alavés === A ranar 4 ga watan Yulin 2022, an ba da rancen Simeone ga Real Zaragoza na Segunda División don kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2022 |title=Acuerdo con el Atlético de Madrid para la cesión de Giuliano Simeone |trans-title=Agreement with Atlético de Madrid for the loan of Giuliano Simeone |url=https://www.realzaragoza.com/noticias/acuerdo-con-el-atl-tico-de-madrid-para-la-cesi-n-de-giuliano-simeone |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318173711/https://www.realzaragoza.com/noticias/acuerdo-con-el-atl-tico-de-madrid-para-la-cesi-n-de-giuliano-simeone |archive-date=18 March 2023 |access-date=11 July 2022 |publisher=Real Zaragoza |language=es}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko na kwararru watanni biyu bayan haka, inda ya bude wasan a wasan da aka yi da CD Lugo 2-1 a gida. A ranar 21 ga watan Yulin 2023, Simeone ya sabunta kwangilarsa tare da ''Atleti'' har zuwa 2028, sannan ya koma aro zuwa Deportivo Alavés a saman matakin, na shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2023 |title=Acuerdo con el Alavés para la cesión de Giuliano Simeone, quien renueva hasta 2028 |trans-title=Agreement for the loan of Giuliano Simeone, who renews until 2028 |url=https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/acuerdo-con-el-alaves-para-la-cesion-de-giuliano-simeone-quien-renueva-hasta-2028 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416093121/https://www.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/acuerdo-con-el-alaves-para-la-cesion-de-giuliano-simeone-quien-renueva-hasta-2028 |archive-date=16 April 2026 |access-date=21 July 2023 |publisher=Atlético Madrid |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, a lokacin wasan sada zumunci da ya yi da Burgos CF, ya karya fibula kuma ya sami rauni a idonsa bayan da José Joaquín Matos ya yi nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=Se confirmó la grave lesión que sufrió Giuliano Simeone en un amistoso de Alavés |trans-title=The serious injury that Giuliano Simeone suffered in a friendly of Alavés was confirmed |url=https://espndeportes.espn.com/futbol/espana/nota/_/id/12406560/alaves-giuliano-simeone-grave-lesion-amistoso-burgos |access-date=11 August 2023 |publisher=[[ESPN Deportes]] |language=es}}</ref> === Komawa zuwa Atletico Madrid === [[File:Giuliano_Simeone,_FC_Salzburg_vs._Atletico_Madrid_(2025-01-29_UEFA_Championsleague)_53_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|275x275px|Simeone tare da Atlético Madrid a cikin 2025]] A watan Yulin 2024, Simeone ya koma kulob din iyayensa, Atlético Madrid, a gaban kakar 2024-25. A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din a nasarar 2-0 a kan Las Palmas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2024 |title=Simeone's son Giuliano scores in Atletico's 2-0 win over Las Palmas |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/simeones-son-giuliano-scores-atleticos-2-0-win-over-las-palmas-2024-11-03/ |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun 2025, ya zira kwallaye na farko na Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA kuma ya ba da taimako a nasarar da ya samu 4-1 a kan RB Salzburg.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2025 |title=Salzburg 1-4 Atletico Madrid: Griezmann brace leads visitors to top eight finish |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/uefa-champions-league/articles/salzburg-1-4-atletico-madrid-griezmann-brace-leads-visitors-to-top-eight-finish-2025-01-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323103550/https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/uefa-champions-league/articles/salzburg-1-4-atletico-madrid-griezmann-brace-leads-visitors-to-top-eight-finish-2025-01-29 |archive-date=23 March 2025 |access-date=6 February 2025 |publisher=beIN SPORTS}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 2026, Simeone ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Atlético Madrid har zuwa 30 ga watan Yunin 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2026 |title=Giuliano signs contract extension until 2030 |url=https://en.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/giuliano-signs-contract-extension-until-2030 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115154025/https://en.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/giuliano-signs-contract-extension-until-2030 |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=16 January 2026 |publisher=[[Atlético Madrid]] |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == [[File:Giuliano_Simeone_Argentina_v_Egypt_7_July_2026-043.jpg|thumb|Simeone tare da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Argentina|Argentina]] a cikin 2026]] Simeone ta fafata a Argentina a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SIMEONE Giuliano |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/giuliano-simeone_3556435 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730140445/https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/giuliano-simeone_3556435 |archive-date=30 July 2024 |website=[[Paris 2024 Olympics]]}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2024, Simeone ya fara buga wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Argentina|Argentina]] wasa da Peru a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026. <ref name="eldesmarque">{{Cite web |last=Páez de Roque |first=Diego |date=20 November 2024 |title=El idilio de la familia Simeone con la Selección Argentina tras el debut de Giuliano |url=https://www.eldesmarque.com/futbol/internacional/20241120/idilio-simeone-seleccion-argentina-debut-giuliano_300507251.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120094008/https://www.eldesmarque.com/futbol/internacional/20241120/idilio-simeone-seleccion-argentina-debut-giuliano_300507251.html |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=eldesmarque.com |language=es}}</ref> Ta yin haka, ya zama ɗan na biyu na Diego Simeone da ya buga wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Argentina|Argentina]] wasa bayan Giovanni Simeone . <ref name="eldesmarque" /> A ranar 25 ga Maris 2025, Simeone ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Argentina a nasarar 4-1 a wannan gasar da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta Brazil|Brazil]]. A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2026, an zabi Simeone a cikin tawagar mutum 26 don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 ta hanyar kocin [[Lionel Scaloni]] . Ya fara wasan farko na gasar cin kofin duniya a cikin nasarar rukuni 3-1 a kan Jordan wata daya bayan haka a ranar 27 ga Yuni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2026 |title=Jordan 1–3 Argentina (Jun 27, 2026) Final Score |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/760483/argentina-jordan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260718192948/https://www.espn.com/soccer/match/_/gameId/760483/argentina-jordan |archive-date=18 July 2026 |website=ESPN}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Simeone shi ne ɗan kocinsa na yanzu a Atlético Madrid, Diego . <ref name="Goal" /> 'Yan uwansa Giovanni da Gianluca su ma 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne, tare da tsohon ya buga wa Argentina wasa a duniya, kuma na ƙarshe ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2025.<ref name="Marca" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2018 |title=Giovanni Simeone scores on Argentina debut |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12010/11493025/giovanni-simeone-scores-on-argentina-debut-against-guatemala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260718191950/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12010/11493025/giovanni-simeone-scores-on-argentina-debut-against-guatemala |archive-date=18 July 2026 |website=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Sarki ! colspan="2" |[[UEFA|Turai]] ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Atletico Madrid B |2020–21 |Sashe na Biyu na B |15 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |4 |- |2021–22 |Sashe na Uku na RFEF |36 |25 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |36 |25 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !51 !29 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !51 !29 |- | rowspan="5" |[[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] |2021–22 |[[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |2024–25 |Ƙungiyar |33 |2 |5 |2 |9{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |1 |3{{Efn|Appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}} |0 |50 |5 |- |2025–26 |Ƙungiyar |31 |4 |6 |1 |15[a] |2 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Supercopa de España]]}} |0 |53 |7 |- |2026–27 |Ƙungiyar |9 |2 |0 |0 |2[a] |0 |0 |0 |11 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !74 !8 !11 !3 !26 !3 !4 !0 !115 !14 |- |Zaragoza (rashin kuɗi) |2022–23 |Sashe na Biyu |36 |9 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |37 |9 |- |Alavés (rashin kuɗi) |2023–24 |Ƙungiyar |14 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !175 !45 !14 !3 !26 !3 !4 !0 !219 !51 |} {{Notelist}} === Kasashen Duniya === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin ta ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |[[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Argentina|Argentina]] |2024 |1 |0 |- |2025 |8 |1 |- |2026 |8 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !17 !3 |} {| class="wikitable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Giuliano Simeone ya zira !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Cap !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- | align="center" |1 |25 Maris 2025 |[[Buenos Aires]])">Filin wasa na Monumental, Buenos Aires, Argentina | align="center" |3 |{{Fb|BRA}} | align="center" |4–1 | align="center" |4–1 |2026 cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA |- | align="center" |2 |6 Yuni 2026 |Kyle Field, Jami'ar Kwalejin, Amurka | align="center" |12 |{{Fb|HON}} | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Abokantaka |- | align="center" |3 |3 ga Oktoba 2026 |Filin wasa na Monumental, Buenos Aires, Argentina | align="center" |17 |{{Fb|BFA}} | align="center" |7–0 | align="center" |7–0 |Abokantaka |} == Daraja == * Kofin Sarki na biyu: 2025-26 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Atletico Madrid 2-2 Real Sociedad (3-4 on pens): Sociedad triumph to win fourth Copa del Rey title |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cy0130ned7yt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260825115733/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cy0130ned7yt |archive-date=25 August 2026 |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Wanda ya ci gaba a gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya na FIFA]]: [[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026]] == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 98t6s7as2upzm9pg5k6q8nnwkeyel3n 0 147725 969185 887053 2026-10-18T17:02:52Z Hauwa'u lawal ardo 27936 969185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kamfanin Transmission Company of Nigeria ('''TCN'''), kamfani ne na wutar lantarki mallakar gwamnatin tarayya a Najeriya wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarar 2005. Tana da hedkwata a [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Babban Birnin Tarayya]] a [[Abuja|Abuja.]]<ref>FG to partner Japan agency on power transmission". Blueprint. Abuja, Nigeria. 2022-02-09. Retrieved 2022-08-02.</ref> Yana daga cikin ƴancin wutar lantarki na Yammacin Afirka, wata hukuma da ta himmatu ga inganta kwararar makamashi a faɗin jihohin membobin [[Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma|ECOWAS]] ta hanyar hada-hadar kuɗaɗen tsakanin ƙasashe membobin don ingantaccen ayyukan wutar lantarki a cikin yankin. Yana ci gaba da wannan manufar haɗin gwiwa cewa TCN yana ba da samar da wutar lantarki ga [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Nijar]], [[Benin|Jamhuriyar Benin]] da [[Togo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=TCN Canvasses Timely Contributions wapp |url=https://punchng.com/tcn-canvasses-timely-contributions-to-sustain-wafrican-power-projects/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The Punch Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-05 |title=Power WAPP Set to Complete North Core Transmission Line |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/power-wapp-sets-to-complete-north-core-transmission-line-linking-nigeria-three-other-countries-by-2023/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Vanguard Media Limited |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-05 |title=WAPP Commits to Linking Nigeria to Three Countries |url=https://independent.ng/electricity-wapp-commits-to-linking-3-countries-with-transmission-line-by-2023/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Independent Nigeria News |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == TCN na daga cikin kamfanoni goma sha takwas da aka raba daga PHCN a lokacin shugabancin [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] a shekara ta 2005 wanda Dokar Gyara Sashin Wutar Lantarki (EPSR Act) ta goyi bayan ciki har da kamfanoni shida na ƙarni (GenCos) da kamfanoni gomashen rarrabawa (DisCos). An kafa shi a shekara ta 2005 kuma [[Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Najeriya]] ta ba shi lasisi a cikin shekara ta 2006. Gwamnati ce ta kafa kamfanin a ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ingantaccen daidaitawar watsa wutar lantarki a cikin ƙasar; yayin da ake samar da wutar lantarki, watsawa sannan a rarraba shi ga mabuƙaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Transmission Company of Nigeria |url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/transmission-company-of-nigeria-tcn-122242 |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Devex |language=en}}</ref> Kamfanin watsawa yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hukumomi wajen isar da wutar lantarki ga mai amfani na ƙarshe, mai amfani da wutar lantarki a Najeriya da maƙwabtanta. Kuma Najeriya a tsawon shekaru ta nemi warware rikitarwa a cikin sarkar isar da wutar lantarki ta haka ne ke haifar da matakai daban-daban na sarkar da aka ba kamfanoni masu zaman kansu wato; tsara, watsawa da rarrabawa. Kamfanin watsa shirye-shirye na Najeriya ya zama an kafa shi a shekara ta 2005 kuma babban hukumar kula da wutar lantarki, (NERC) ta ba shi lasisin aiki. Ayyukan lasisi na TCN sun haɗa da watsa wutar lantarki, aiki na tsarin da kasuwancin wutar lantarki. Yana da alhakin fitar da wutar lantarki da kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarki (GenCos) suka samar da kuma tura shi ga kamfanonin rarrabawa (DisCos). Yana samar da muhimman kayan aikin watsawa tsakanin GenCos da DisCos" Feeder Sub-stations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Izuaka |first=Mary |date=2021-05-21 |title=BPE Proposes Privatization of Transmission Company of Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/464264-bpe-proposes-privatisation-of-transmission-company-of-nigeria.html |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Premium Times |language=en}}</ref> An ba da lasisin da aka amince da shi don matakai biyu waɗanda suka kasance samar da sabis na watsawa da aiki mai zaman kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akpan |first=Udeme |date=2020-07-10 |title=NERC Unbundles TCN into Transmission, Operations |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/Nerc-unbundles-tcn-into-transmission-operations |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Vanguard Media Limited |language=en}}</ref> == Aiki == A ƙarƙashin lasisin da aka bayar don watsawa, kamfanin yana kula da ci gaba da kiyaye kayan aikin watsawa na Najeriya kamar igiyoyin lantarki, hasumiyoyi da masu canzawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Facilitating Energy Transition Greenfield Terminal Project |url=https://www.global-energy-storage.com/facilitating-energy-transition-greenfield-terminal-project |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Global Energy Storage |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeremiah |first=Kingsley |date=2019-09-24 |title=Again Discos at Loggerheads with TCN Over Transmission Infrastructure |url=https://www.guardian.ng/business-services/again-discos-at-loggerheads-with-tcn-over-transmission-infrastructure |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=The Guardian Newspaper Limited |language=en}}</ref> A ƙoƙarin tabbatar da bangaren wutar lantarki na Najeriya ya zama mai yiwuwa da haɓaka saka hannun jari kai tsaye na ƙasashen waje da masana'antu na cikin gida, an tsara takardar umarni da manufofin TCN don mayar da hankali kan aiwatar da amfani da sabuwar fasaha, saurin aiwatar da aikin da inganta ingancin aiki. Najeriya a tsawon shekaru ta danganta jinkirin ci gabanta ga rashin samar da wutar lantarki tun lokacin da aka fara shi a cikin shekarar 1896 lokacin da aka samar da wutar lantarki a Legas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayanruoh |first=Felix |date=26 February 2013 |title=The Challenges of the Nigeria Electric Power Sector Reform |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/02/the-challenges-of-the-nigerian-electric-power-sector-reform-1/ |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |publisher=Vanguard Media Limited |language=en}}</ref> Umurnin da ya kasance don fitar da matakin ci gaba a cikin amfani da iyawa, maye gurbin kayan aikin fasaha na zamani da kuma hanzarta aikin kulawa don ingantaccen aiki ya dogara ne akan babban shirin gwamnati don tabbatar da ci gaba da ingantawa a cikin ikonsa don isar da nauyinsa ga kamfanoni masu samarwa da kamfanonin rarrabawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tena |first=Nomvuyo |date=6 June 2022 |title=Nigeria TCN to Use Transmission Expansion Masterplan |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/industry-sectors/transmission-and-distribution/newly-inaugurated-tcn-board-challenged-to-deliver-on-power-mandate/ |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=ESI Africa |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2021, an gabatar da mai gudanar da tsarin mai zaman kansa.<ref name="Business" /> ISO yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke samar da kamfanin watsawa na Najeriya. Yana da alhakin tabbatar da cewa layin layin watsawa abin dogaro ne kuma kula da kwanciyar hankali na fasaha na layin ta hanyar ayyukanta na tsarawa, aikawa, da sarrafa wutar lantarki a kan layin.<ref name="Business" /> Dokar Gyaran Sashin Wutar Lantarki (EPSR) a karkashin sashi na 26 (7) ta tsara ayyukan ISO a cikin sharuɗɗa da yanayin da NERC ta tsara tare da iko da matsayin mai aiki da tsarin.<ref name="Business">{{Cite web |last=Ogaji |first=Joy |date=2021-03-01 |title=Exploring the Dynamics in the Current Ailing Power Sector |url=https://businessday.ng/energy/power/article/independent-system-operator-exploring-its-dynamics-in-the-current-ailing-power-sector-i/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Business Day Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> == Jagorancin TCN == Kamfanin watsa shirye-shirye na Najeriya yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin kwamitin daraktoci wanda ya ƙunshi shugaban, manajan darektan da sauran mambobi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunday |first=Simon |date=2022-06-03 |title=Buni and 13 others make TCN board after 7 years |url=https://dailytrust.com/buni-13-others-make-tcn-board-after-7-years/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Media Trust Limited |language=en}}</ref> Manajan darektan da shugaban zartarwa suna kula da ma'aikatan gudanarwa da ayyukan yau da kullun na kamfanin. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Sule Abdulaziz shine manajan darakta kuma babban jami'in zartarwa da aka naɗa tun daga shekarar 2022 kuma yana jagorantar kamfanin har zuwa yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tajudeen |first=Jamiu |date=2022-04-14 |title=Buhari Confirms Sule Abdulaziz as TCN MD |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/buhari-confirms-sule-ahmed-abdulaziz-as-new-md-of-tcn/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Media Trust Limited |language=en}}</ref> == Hanyoyin watsawa == NETAP shine ɓangaren Najeriya na aikin watsawa na arewa wanda zai haɗa Najeriya, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Benin]] da [[Burkina Faso]] a kan layin 330kV DC. Yana tallafawa samarwa da shigarwa na Kulawa da Tsarin Samun Bayanai / Gudanar da Makamashi (SCADA / EMS) da kuma shawarwari waɗanda za su tallafa wa ayyukan PPP a TCN a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Nigeria To Invest 27 Billion Loan in Power Infrastructure |url=https://guardian.ng/energy/nigeria-to-invest-2-7-billion-loan-in-power-infrastructure |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Guardian Newspaper |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-11 |title=TCN Votes On 756 Billion on Bilateral Multilateral Projects |url=https://www.thenationonlineng.net/tcn-votes-99-756-billion-0n-bilateral-multilateral-projects-next-year |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=The Nation Online |language=en}}</ref> === Legas / Shirin samar da kayayyakin sadarwa === Jihar Legas ita ce birni na kasuwanci na Najeriya kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin biranen da suka fi yawan jama'a a Afirka suna buƙatar ikon kasancewa a kan karuwa saboda haɓaka ayyukan masana'antu da ƙaura. TCN ta dauki mataki don tsara wannan aikin don samar da karin wutar lantarki ga Legas da yankunan da ke kusa da shi a [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]]. An yi niyya ne don haɓaka ƙarfin watsa ƙasa ta hanyar megawatts 1,487 don haka haɓaka watsawa ta 7,000MW.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-08 |title=Federal Government to Ram Up Power Infrastructure |url=https://www.vanguard.ng/fg-hopes-to-ramp-up-power-infrastructure-with-$4bn-funding |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Vanguard Media Limited |language=en |archive-date=2024-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216054217/https://www.vanguard.ng/fg-hopes-to-ramp-up-power-infrastructure-with-$4bn-funding |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tsarin zobe na watsa Abuja === [[Abuja]], babban birnin tarayya na Najeriya yana daya daga cikin biranen da ke girma da sauri a Afirka kuma cibiyar kasar inda gwamnatin tarayya take. A tabbatar da karuwar watsa wutar lantarki a cikin FCT da jihohin makwabta, TCN ta dakatar da wannan makircin a cikin birni tare da hada wasu shafuka biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Uko |first=Anthony |title=TCN Plans to Raise Abuja Transmission Network by 624MW |url=https://www.leadership.ng/As-TCN-Plans-To-Raise-Abuja-Transmission-Network-By-624MW |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Leadership Nigeria Newspaper |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TCN Builds 5 Substations in Abuja to Boost Power Supply |url=https://www.nipc.gov.ng/2020/07/17/tcn-builds-5-substations-in-abuja-to-boost-power-supply/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=NIPC |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801114335/https://www.nipc.gov.ng/2020/07/17/tcn-builds-5-substations-in-abuja-to-boost-power-supply/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-02 |title=Power Wobbles Despite Over One Billion Dollar Investment |url=https://guardian.ng/news/power-wobbles-despite-1-6-billion-investments/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Guardian Nigeria Newspaper |language=en}}</ref> === Aikin watsawa na arewa === Hanyar arewacin Najeriya, wanda ya hada da Arewa maso Gabas, Arewa maso Yamma da Arewa maso Tsakiya, ba a bar shi daga cikin fitarwa ba don inganta damar watsawa don bunkasa grid na kasa. TCN a matsayin kamfani na watsawa kawai ya fara wannan aikin don manufar sake gina ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin Shiroro-Kaduna biyu da iyakance layin 330kV SC zuwa layin huɗu kuma ya gina da farko tashoshin 330kV guda huɗu a [[Sokoto (Birni)|Sokoto]], [[Daura]], Jogana-Kano da Kaura Namoda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-31 |title=French Agency Approves 245 Million Dollars for Transmission Projects in Northern Nigeria |url=https://guardian.ng/news/french-agency-approves-245m-for-transmission-projects-in-northern-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Guardian Nigeria Newspaper |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-31 |title=French Agency Approves $245m For Transmission Projects in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.newsexpressngr.com/news/67065-French-agency-approves-245m-for-transmission-projects-in-northern-Nigeria--46 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=News Express Agency |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tashoshin da ke cikin gida == A cikin ci gaba da ƙoƙari na ci gaba da inganta watsa wutar lantarki zuwa cibiyoyin rarraba kaya a duk faɗin ƙasar, Kamfanin watsa wutar lantarki na Najeriya (TCN) yana gina sabbin wuraren watsa wutar lantarki da kuma gyara tsofaffi a duk faɗakarwa a ƙasar. Wadannan tashoshin da ke aiki a matsayin rassan watsawa na kamfanin a duk faɗin ƙasar suna cikin jihohi da yankuna daban-daban ciki har da wasu daga cikin wadannan da aka jera a ƙasa: * Benin ta kudu * Alimosho * Ajah * Ejigbo * Tattalin Arziki * Zaria * Kogin Oji * Mayo Bewa * FCT Kukwaba * Abinda ake kira * Hadejia Jigawa * Keffi * Katampe * Uyo * Umuahia * Aba * Apo * Gombe * Bauchi * Bida * Jos * Suleija * Tsohon Abeokuta * Sabon Kano * Umurni * Zaria * Kakuri * Edo * Ado-Ekiti * Ejigbo na II * Akure * Wudil (Kano) * Okpella * Papalanto * Damaturu * Ayede * Kastina * Daura * Janar na auduga Onitsha * Benin-Agbor * Dan Agundi <ref>{{Cite web |title=TCN Offices in Nigeria |url=https://nigerianfinder.com/tcn-offices-in-nigeria-contact-details/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Nigerian Finder |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Existing Transmission Company of Nigeria Line System Source |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Existing-Transmission-Company-of-Nigeria-TCN-Transmission-Line-System-Source_fig3_319449206 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Research Gate |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-22 |title=Recent Project Activities of Transmission Company of Nigeria |url=https://www.financialnigeria.com/recent-project-activities-of-transmission-company-of-nigeria-sustainable-photovideo-details-1511.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Financial Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-18 |title=TCN Completes Ajah Transmission Tower |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/03/electricity-tcn-completes-ajah-transmission-tower-increases-capacity-to-1200mw/ |access-date= |website=Vanguard Media Limited |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-18 |title=TCN Completes Akure Substation |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/tcn-completes-work-on-330kv-akure-substation/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Blueprint Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-05 |title=New Lafia Substation to Become Nigeria’s Transmission Hub |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/new-lafia-substation-to-become-nigerias-transmission-hub-ndphc-boss/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Tribune Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Power Transmission Stations in Nigeria |url=https://www.dailytipsfinder.com/list-of-power-transmission-stations-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Daily Tips Finder |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801122014/https://www.dailytipsfinder.com/list-of-power-transmission-stations-in-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kudin == Kamfanin galibi ana tallafawa ta hanyar tashoshi daban-daban ciki har da kudaden shiga daga biyan kuɗi don sabis zuwa kamfanoni masu samarwa, kamfanonin rarrabawa na duniya da abokan ciniki da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye. Har ila yau daga kasafin kuɗi don ayyukan babban birnin da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi da irin waɗannan tallafi da rance daga manyan hukumomin duniya kamar Bankin Duniya, [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka]], Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta Duniya ta Japan, Hukumar Francais de Development da [[Tarayyar Turai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-28 |title=FG Hopes to Ramp Up Power Infrastructure |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/fg-hopes-to-ramp-up-power-infrastructure-with-4bn-funding/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Vanguard Media Limited |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=TCN 15 Transformers To Improve |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/tcns-15-new-procured-transformers-set-to-improve-transmission-capacity-with-1487mw/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=ICIR Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-23 |title=FG Partners Japan on Transmission Expansion Programme |url=https://punchng.com/fg-partners-japan-on-200m-power-transmission-expansion-programme/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The Punch Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-09 |title=FG to partner Japan agency on power transmission |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/fg-to-partner-japan-agency-on-power-transmission/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Blueprint Media Limited}}</ref> A cikin 2018, yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin shugaban kasar [[Muhammadu Buhari]] da Shugaban Jamusanci, [[Angela Merkel]] ta haifi shirin ikon shugaban kasa. Ana sa ran aikin zai ba da gudummawa sosai wajen tayar da kalubalen ikon kasar. TCN ta kasance a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin Shirin Kula da Harkokin Kasuwancin Shugaban kasa na Najeriya wanda Siemens ya fara, kuma a matsayin yarjejeniyar gwamnati da gwamnati tsakanin Najeriya da Jamus wajen warware kalubalen da ke akwai a bangaren wutar lantarki ta kasar ta haka ne fadada ikon watsawa da rarraba hanyar sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title=Understanding Nigeria’s Presidential Power Initiative |url=https://www.businessday.ng/understanding-nigeria’s-presidential-power-initiative |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Businessday Newspaper |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-31 |title=Understanding Nigeria’s Presidential Power Initiative |url=https://www.punchng.com/understanding-nigeria’s-presidential-power-initiative |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=Punch Nigeria Newspaper |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ƙalubalen == Tun lokacin da aka mallaki samar da wutar lantarki da rarraba sassan Najeriya, watsa wutar lantarki ya kasance babban batu da mahimmin al'amari.<ref name="CSE">{{Cite web |title=Challenges and Interventions Needs in the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry |url=https://cseaafrica.org/challenges-and-interventions-needs-in-the-nigerian-electricity-supply-industry-nesi/ |access-date=22 August 2022 |website=Choice Social Change Africa |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822093507/https://cseaafrica.org/challenges-and-interventions-needs-in-the-nigerian-electricity-supply-industry-nesi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin kalubalen da kamfanin watsa shirye-shiryen Najeriya ke fuskanta sune: * Matsalolin ababen more rayuwa; * Rashin layin watsawa da kayan aiki; * Rashin madadin gas a cikin tashoshin watsa wutar lantarki; * Ayyukan tonowa da ba bisa ka'ida ba a kusa da layin watsawa. Waɗannan sun ba da gudummawa ga sake fashewar wutar lantarki da rushewar grid na kasa.<ref name="CSE"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Opaoluwani |first=Akintayo |title=Why Nigeria Gas to Power Challenges May Worsen |url=https://punchng.com/why-nigerias-gas-to-power-challenges-may-worsen/ |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=The Punch Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=As Power Sector Falters TCN Trudges |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/03/20/as-power-sector-falters-tcn-trudges-on-2/ |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=Thisday Newspaper |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * [http://www.tcn.org.ng/ Shafin hukuma] * [http://www.nipc.gov.ng/ Hukumar Tallafa Jari ta Najeriya] * [http://www.global-energy-storage.org/ Adana Makamashi na Duniya]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Rukuni:Tarihin Arewacin Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Najeriya a 1960]] [[Rukuni:Hanyoyin Sadarwa]] [[Rukuni:Yanar Gizo]] [[Rukuni:Rediyoyin Nijeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rediyoyi]] [[Rukuni:Labarin ƙasa]] r7cyy89ad5rj4ffyhfgdkpe5x2j8yt5 0 148276 969091 967731 2026-10-18T15:35:24Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374126495|Union Bank Building (Lagos)]]" 969091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building|name=Union Bank Building|image=|location=36 Marina, [[Lagos Island]], [[Lagos]], [[Lagos State]], Nigeria}}Ginin Bankin Union wani gini ne mai tsawo a Legas . [1] Ginin mai hawa 28 yana aiki a matsayin hedkwatar Bankin Tarayyar Najeriya. == Dubi kuma == * Tsarin gine-gine da gini * Jerin gine-gine mafi tsawo a Afirka == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 86jfrv9aw0a2d2a2jxhukvlenjmng7b 969093 969091 2026-10-18T15:36:28Z Salma Raddah 45959 969093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building|name=Union Bank Building|image=|location=36 Marina, [[Lagos Island]], [[Lagos]], [[Lagos State]], Nigeria}}{{Databox}} Ginin Bankin Union wani gini ne mai tsawo a Legas . [1] Ginin mai hawa 28 yana aiki a matsayin hedkwatar Bankin Tarayyar Najeriya. == Dubi kuma == * Tsarin gine-gine da gini * Jerin gine-gine mafi tsawo a Afirka == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 54vzo4gv1ph8jzrpyr03whc5v0jpjb8 969094 969093 2026-10-18T15:38:02Z Salma Raddah 45959 969094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building|name=Union Bank Building|image=|location=36 Marina, [[Lagos Island]], [[Lagos]], [[Lagos State]], Nigeria}}{{Databox}}{{Databox}} Ginin Bankin Union wani gini ne mai tsawo a Legas . [1] Ginin mai hawa 28 yana aiki a matsayin hedkwatar Bankin Tarayyar Najeriya. == Dubi kuma == * Tsarin gine-gine da gini * Jerin gine-gine mafi tsawo a Afirka == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} nxcamkr4gmc1assgqy8vuhspgfbntdw 969098 969094 2026-10-18T15:48:52Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374126495|Union Bank Building (Lagos)]]" 969098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building|name=Union Bank Building|image=|location=36 Marina, [[Lagos Island]], [[Lagos]], [[Lagos State]], Nigeria}}{{Reflist}}Ginin Bankin Union wani gini ne mai tsawo a Legas . [1] Ginin mai hawa 28 yana aiki a matsayin hedkwatar Bankin Tarayyar Najeriya. == Dubi kuma == * Tsarin gine-gine da gini * Jerin gine-gine mafi tsawo a Afirka == Manazarta == 23pbn115am6y6gaadqff3exvccnrp16 969099 969098 2026-10-18T15:49:28Z Salma Raddah 45959 969099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building|name=Union Bank Building|image=|location=36 Marina, [[Lagos Island]], [[Lagos]], [[Lagos State]], Nigeria}}{{Reflist}}{{Databox}} Ginin Bankin Union wani gini ne mai tsawo a Legas . [1] Ginin mai hawa 28 yana aiki a matsayin hedkwatar Bankin Tarayyar Najeriya. == Dubi kuma == * Tsarin gine-gine da gini * Jerin gine-gine mafi tsawo a Afirka == Manazarta == n8e8fki5ha5wv7fpwm6tf60qxa17yac 969221 969099 2026-10-18T17:55:29Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374126495|Union Bank Building (Lagos)]]" 969221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building|name=Union Bank Building|image=|location=36 Marina, [[Lagos Island]], [[Lagos]], [[Lagos State]], Nigeria}}Ginin Bankin Union wani gini ne mai tsawo a Legas . [1] Ginin mai hawa 28 yana aiki a matsayin hedkwatar Bankin Tarayyar Najeriya. == Dubi kuma == * Tsarin gine-gine da gini * Jerin gine-gine mafi tsawo a Afirka == Manazarta == leb002oik9zsjlpe62hlvn306o32qz0 969222 969221 2026-10-18T17:56:15Z Salma Raddah 45959 969222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building|name=Union Bank Building|image=|location=36 Marina, [[Lagos Island]], [[Lagos]], [[Lagos State]], Nigeria}}{{Databox}} Ginin Bankin Union wani gini ne mai tsawo a Legas . [1] Ginin mai hawa 28 yana aiki a matsayin hedkwatar Bankin Tarayyar Najeriya. == Dubi kuma == * Tsarin gine-gine da gini * Jerin gine-gine mafi tsawo a Afirka == Manazarta == cngunicelvcv8mfkpa44gvd6jyvq9as 0 149870 969383 832299 2026-10-19T06:48:40Z Salma Raddah 45959 969383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tom Boere''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1992) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Lokeren ta Belgian Challenger Pro League . == Aikin kulob == === Shekarun farko === An haifi Tom Boere a Breda, Netherlands, kuma ya girma a Terneuzen <ref>[https://www.pzc.nl/amateurvoetbal/zeeuwse-spits-tom-boere-is-al-250-duels-prof-hij-kiest-zijn-drie-mooiste-wedstrijden~aa61b1e7/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F Zeeuwse spits Tom Boere is al 250 duels prof; hij kiest zijn drie mooiste wedstrijden] - PZC {{In lang|nl}}</ref> kuma ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Ghent, Belgium, yana wasa a ƙungiyoyin matasa na KAA Gent a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba, kafin Ajax ta ɗauke shi aiki don ya shiga ƙungiyar matasansu. Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Jong Ajax, Boere ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar farko kuma ya buga wasa ɗaya tilo a ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasa ta Ajax a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, a wasan sada zumunci da Go Ahead Eagles daga Deventer a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2011. Ya zura ƙwallo ta ƙarshe a wasan da suka ci gida 3-1 bayan ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Dmitri Bulykin a minti na 70. Bai buga wasa a kakar wasa ta yau da kullun ko wasan kofi ga manyan 'yan wasa ba, sannan daga baya ya koma Gent a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa kyauta a lokacin canja wurin hunturu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2011 |title=Tom Boere profile |url=http://www.ajaxinside.nl/spelers/profiel/64/Tom-Boere |publisher=insideajax.nl |language=Dutch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajax verslaat Go Ahead Eagles in oefenduel |url=http://www.nu.nl/sport/2665769/ajax-verslaat-go-ahead-eagles-in-oefenduel.html |access-date=11 November 2011 |publisher=NU.nl}}</ref> Boere ya koma Gent, inda ya shafe mafi yawan shekarunsa na ƙuruciya, a lokacin bazara na kakar wasa ta 2011–12 a kan canja wuri kyauta daga Ajax. Ya fara buga wasa a babban matsayi a Belgium a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Rafinha a minti na 86 a wasan gida da Zulte Waregem a ranar 21 ga Janairu 2012, inda aka tashi kunnen doki 0–0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Results & Matches on: Sat, 21 Jan 2012 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/matches/results.sd?date=2012-01-21 |access-date=11 March 2012 |publisher=Soccerbase.com}}</ref> A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2013–14, ya buga wasa a matsayin aro ga Hoogstraten a gasar rukuni na biyu ta Belgium . === Eindhoven da Oss === A watan Yunin 2014, Boere ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie ta ƙasar Holland FC Eindhoven . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aanvaller Tom Boere (21) tekent driejarig contract |url=http://www.fc-eindhoven.nl/nieuws/6309/aanvaller-tom-boere-21-tekent-driejarig-contract |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140620162631/http://www.fc-eindhoven.nl/nieuws/6309/aanvaller-tom-boere-21-tekent-driejarig-contract |archive-date=20 June 2014 |access-date=27 June 2014 |publisher=[[FC Eindhoven]]}}</ref> Ya koma FC Oss a lokacin bazara na 2016. <ref>[http://www.omroepbrabant.nl/?news/250365842/Spits+Tom+Boere+verhuist+van+FC+Eindhoven+naar+FC+Oss.aspx Spits Tom Boere verhuist van FC Eindhoven naar FC Oss] - Omroep Brabant {{In lang|nl}}</ref> Ya sami nasarar zira kwallaye 33 a wasanni 38 da ya buga wa ƙungiyar, inda ya lashe kyautar Golden Boot ta shekarar 2016–17 . === Twente === A watan Yunin 2017, Boere ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da Twente, wanda ya kare a gasar Eredivisie a shekarar da ta gabata. An shirya zai maye gurbin Enes Ünal, wanda ya tafi bayan karewar yarjejeniyar aronsa. === Türkgücü === A ranar 27 ga Yulin 2020, Boere ya koma Türkgücü München . [1] Kocinsa Alexander Schmidt ya fara amfani da shi kusa da Petar Slišković mai hazaka a tsakiyar harin. Bayan kwallaye uku a wasanni bakwai, an tura Sercan Sararer gaba na ɗan lokaci daga tsakiyar harin kafin Mounir Bouziane, wani sabon shiga, ya cire ɗan Holland ɗin gaba ɗaya daga ganin filin. === SV Meppen === Bayan da mai zuba jari a Türkgücü Munich, Hasan Kivran, ya sanar da janyewarsa daga buga wasa a ƙarshen Disamba 2020, don haka ya bar makomar ƙungiyar cikin rashin tabbas, Boere mai shekaru 28 ya koma ƙungiyar SV Meppen mai hamayya da ita a gasar a farkon Janairu 2021 - ƙungiyar da ta zira kwallaye shida mafi ƙanƙanta a gasar a lokacin. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangila har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemper |first=Thomas |date=6 January 2021 |title=Stürmer Tom Boere verstärkt SVM |url=https://www.svmeppen.de/post/st%C3%BCrmer-tom-boere-verst%C3%A4rkt-svm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106161841/https://www.svmeppen.de/post/st%C3%BCrmer-tom-boere-verst%C3%A4rkt-svm |archive-date=6 January 2021 |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=svmeppen.de |publisher=[[SV Meppen]] |language=de}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 9 ga Janairu a wasan da suka doke FC Saarbrücken da ci 1-0, inda ya buga dukkan wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SV Meppen - 1. FC Saarbrücken 1:0 (3. Liga 2020/2021, 18. Round) |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma9123044/lineup/ |access-date=12 April 2021 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, Boere ya zira ƙwallonsa ta farko ga ƙungiyar wadda ta tabbatar da nasarar da ta samu a kan Hallescher FC da ci 2-1 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SV Meppen - Hallescher FC 2:1 (3. Liga 2020/2021, 25. Round) |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma9122957/lineup/ |access-date=12 April 2021 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en}}</ref> A farkon wasan, ya taimaka wa Hassan Amin . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] slgr0pfltgeny8bprpmodaspc4mbcve 969384 969383 2026-10-19T06:49:19Z Salma Raddah 45959 969384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tom Boere''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1992) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Lokeren ta Belgian Challenger Pro League . == Aikin kulob == === Shekarun farko === An haifi Tom Boere a Breda, Netherlands, kuma ya girma a Terneuzen <ref>[https://www.pzc.nl/amateurvoetbal/zeeuwse-spits-tom-boere-is-al-250-duels-prof-hij-kiest-zijn-drie-mooiste-wedstrijden~aa61b1e7/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F Zeeuwse spits Tom Boere is al 250 duels prof; hij kiest zijn drie mooiste wedstrijden] - PZC {{In lang|nl}}</ref> kuma ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Ghent, Belgium, yana wasa a ƙungiyoyin matasa na KAA Gent a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba, kafin Ajax ta ɗauke shi aiki don ya shiga ƙungiyar matasansu. Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Jong Ajax, Boere ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar farko kuma ya buga wasa ɗaya tilo a ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasa ta Ajax a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, a wasan sada zumunci da Go Ahead Eagles daga Deventer a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2011. Ya zura ƙwallo ta ƙarshe a wasan da suka ci gida 3-1 bayan ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Dmitri Bulykin a minti na 70. Bai buga wasa a kakar wasa ta yau da kullun ko wasan kofi ga manyan 'yan wasa ba, sannan daga baya ya koma Gent a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa kyauta a lokacin canja wurin hunturu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2011 |title=Tom Boere profile |url=http://www.ajaxinside.nl/spelers/profiel/64/Tom-Boere |publisher=insideajax.nl |language=Dutch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajax verslaat Go Ahead Eagles in oefenduel |url=http://www.nu.nl/sport/2665769/ajax-verslaat-go-ahead-eagles-in-oefenduel.html |access-date=11 November 2011 |publisher=NU.nl}}</ref> Boere ya koma Gent, inda ya shafe mafi yawan shekarunsa na ƙuruciya, a lokacin bazara na kakar wasa ta 2011–12 a kan canja wuri kyauta daga Ajax. Ya fara buga wasa a babban matsayi a Belgium a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Rafinha a minti na 86 a wasan gida da Zulte Waregem a ranar 21 ga Janairu 2012, inda aka tashi kunnen doki 0–0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Results & Matches on: Sat, 21 Jan 2012 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/matches/results.sd?date=2012-01-21 |access-date=11 March 2012 |publisher=Soccerbase.com}}</ref> A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2013–14, ya buga wasa a matsayin aro ga Hoogstraten a gasar rukuni na biyu ta Belgium . === Eindhoven da Oss === A watan Yunin 2014, Boere ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie ta ƙasar Holland FC Eindhoven .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aanvaller Tom Boere (21) tekent driejarig contract |url=http://www.fc-eindhoven.nl/nieuws/6309/aanvaller-tom-boere-21-tekent-driejarig-contract |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140620162631/http://www.fc-eindhoven.nl/nieuws/6309/aanvaller-tom-boere-21-tekent-driejarig-contract |archive-date=20 June 2014 |access-date=27 June 2014 |publisher=[[FC Eindhoven]]}}</ref> Ya koma FC Oss a lokacin bazara na 2016.<ref>[http://www.omroepbrabant.nl/?news/250365842/Spits+Tom+Boere+verhuist+van+FC+Eindhoven+naar+FC+Oss.aspx Spits Tom Boere verhuist van FC Eindhoven naar FC Oss] - Omroep Brabant {{In lang|nl}}</ref> Ya sami nasarar zira kwallaye 33 a wasanni 38 da ya buga wa ƙungiyar, inda ya lashe kyautar Golden Boot ta shekarar 2016–17 . === Twente === A watan Yunin 2017, Boere ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da Twente, wanda ya kare a gasar Eredivisie a shekarar da ta gabata. An shirya zai maye gurbin Enes Ünal, wanda ya tafi bayan karewar yarjejeniyar aronsa. === Türkgücü === A ranar 27 ga Yulin 2020, Boere ya koma Türkgücü München . [1] Kocinsa Alexander Schmidt ya fara amfani da shi kusa da Petar Slišković mai hazaka a tsakiyar harin. Bayan kwallaye uku a wasanni bakwai, an tura Sercan Sararer gaba na ɗan lokaci daga tsakiyar harin kafin Mounir Bouziane, wani sabon shiga, ya cire ɗan Holland ɗin gaba ɗaya daga ganin filin. === SV Meppen === Bayan da mai zuba jari a Türkgücü Munich, Hasan Kivran, ya sanar da janyewarsa daga buga wasa a ƙarshen Disamba 2020, don haka ya bar makomar ƙungiyar cikin rashin tabbas, Boere mai shekaru 28 ya koma ƙungiyar SV Meppen mai hamayya da ita a gasar a farkon Janairu 2021 - ƙungiyar da ta zira kwallaye shida mafi ƙanƙanta a gasar a lokacin. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangila har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemper |first=Thomas |date=6 January 2021 |title=Stürmer Tom Boere verstärkt SVM |url=https://www.svmeppen.de/post/st%C3%BCrmer-tom-boere-verst%C3%A4rkt-svm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106161841/https://www.svmeppen.de/post/st%C3%BCrmer-tom-boere-verst%C3%A4rkt-svm |archive-date=6 January 2021 |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=svmeppen.de |publisher=[[SV Meppen]] |language=de}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 9 ga Janairu a wasan da suka doke FC Saarbrücken da ci 1-0, inda ya buga dukkan wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SV Meppen - 1. FC Saarbrücken 1:0 (3. Liga 2020/2021, 18. Round) |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma9123044/lineup/ |access-date=12 April 2021 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, Boere ya zira ƙwallonsa ta farko ga ƙungiyar wadda ta tabbatar da nasarar da ta samu a kan Hallescher FC da ci 2-1 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SV Meppen - Hallescher FC 2:1 (3. Liga 2020/2021, 25. Round) |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma9122957/lineup/ |access-date=12 April 2021 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en}}</ref> A farkon wasan, ya taimaka wa Hassan Amin . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] l2pg6rk2r1r8nltfsi04lrjr1qm5mq2 969385 969384 2026-10-19T06:50:28Z Salma Raddah 45959 969385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tom Boere''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1992) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Lokeren ta Belgian Challenger Pro League . == Aikin kulob == === Shekarun farko === An haifi Tom Boere a Breda, Netherlands, kuma ya girma a Terneuzen. <ref>[https://www.pzc.nl/amateurvoetbal/zeeuwse-spits-tom-boere-is-al-250-duels-prof-hij-kiest-zijn-drie-mooiste-wedstrijden~aa61b1e7/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F Zeeuwse spits Tom Boere is al 250 duels prof; hij kiest zijn drie mooiste wedstrijden] - PZC {{In lang|nl}}</ref> kuma ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Ghent, Belgium, yana wasa a ƙungiyoyin matasa na KAA Gent a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba, kafin Ajax ta ɗauke shi aiki don ya shiga ƙungiyar matasansu. Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Jong Ajax, Boere ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar farko kuma ya buga wasa ɗaya tilo a ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasa ta Ajax a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, a wasan sada zumunci da Go Ahead Eagles daga Deventer a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2011. Ya zura ƙwallo ta ƙarshe a wasan da suka ci gida 3-1 bayan ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Dmitri Bulykin a minti na 70. Bai buga wasa a kakar wasa ta yau da kullun ko wasan kofi ga manyan 'yan wasa ba, sannan daga baya ya koma Gent a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa kyauta a lokacin canja wurin hunturu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2011 |title=Tom Boere profile |url=http://www.ajaxinside.nl/spelers/profiel/64/Tom-Boere |publisher=insideajax.nl |language=Dutch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajax verslaat Go Ahead Eagles in oefenduel |url=http://www.nu.nl/sport/2665769/ajax-verslaat-go-ahead-eagles-in-oefenduel.html |access-date=11 November 2011 |publisher=NU.nl}}</ref> Boere ya koma Gent, inda ya shafe mafi yawan shekarunsa na ƙuruciya, a lokacin bazara na kakar wasa ta 2011–12 a kan canja wuri kyauta daga Ajax. Ya fara buga wasa a babban matsayi a Belgium a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Rafinha a minti na 86 a wasan gida da Zulte Waregem a ranar 21 ga Janairu 2012, inda aka tashi kunnen doki 0–0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Results & Matches on: Sat, 21 Jan 2012 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/matches/results.sd?date=2012-01-21 |access-date=11 March 2012 |publisher=Soccerbase.com}}</ref> A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2013–14, ya buga wasa a matsayin aro ga Hoogstraten a gasar rukuni na biyu ta Belgium . === Eindhoven da Oss === A watan Yunin 2014, Boere ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie ta ƙasar Holland FC Eindhoven .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aanvaller Tom Boere (21) tekent driejarig contract |url=http://www.fc-eindhoven.nl/nieuws/6309/aanvaller-tom-boere-21-tekent-driejarig-contract |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140620162631/http://www.fc-eindhoven.nl/nieuws/6309/aanvaller-tom-boere-21-tekent-driejarig-contract |archive-date=20 June 2014 |access-date=27 June 2014 |publisher=[[FC Eindhoven]]}}</ref> Ya koma FC Oss a lokacin bazara na 2016.<ref>[http://www.omroepbrabant.nl/?news/250365842/Spits+Tom+Boere+verhuist+van+FC+Eindhoven+naar+FC+Oss.aspx Spits Tom Boere verhuist van FC Eindhoven naar FC Oss] - Omroep Brabant {{In lang|nl}}</ref> Ya sami nasarar zira kwallaye 33 a wasanni 38 da ya buga wa ƙungiyar, inda ya lashe kyautar Golden Boot ta shekarar 2016–17 . === Twente === A watan Yunin 2017, Boere ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da Twente, wanda ya kare a gasar Eredivisie a shekarar da ta gabata. An shirya zai maye gurbin Enes Ünal, wanda ya tafi bayan karewar yarjejeniyar aronsa. === Türkgücü === A ranar 27 ga Yulin 2020, Boere ya koma Türkgücü München . [1] Kocinsa Alexander Schmidt ya fara amfani da shi kusa da Petar Slišković mai hazaka a tsakiyar harin. Bayan kwallaye uku a wasanni bakwai, an tura Sercan Sararer gaba na ɗan lokaci daga tsakiyar harin kafin Mounir Bouziane, wani sabon shiga, ya cire ɗan Holland ɗin gaba ɗaya daga ganin filin. === SV Meppen === Bayan da mai zuba jari a Türkgücü Munich, Hasan Kivran, ya sanar da janyewarsa daga buga wasa a ƙarshen Disamba 2020, don haka ya bar makomar ƙungiyar cikin rashin tabbas, Boere mai shekaru 28 ya koma ƙungiyar SV Meppen mai hamayya da ita a gasar a farkon Janairu 2021 - ƙungiyar da ta zira kwallaye shida mafi ƙanƙanta a gasar a lokacin. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangila har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemper |first=Thomas |date=6 January 2021 |title=Stürmer Tom Boere verstärkt SVM |url=https://www.svmeppen.de/post/st%C3%BCrmer-tom-boere-verst%C3%A4rkt-svm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106161841/https://www.svmeppen.de/post/st%C3%BCrmer-tom-boere-verst%C3%A4rkt-svm |archive-date=6 January 2021 |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=svmeppen.de |publisher=[[SV Meppen]] |language=de}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 9 ga Janairu a wasan da suka doke FC Saarbrücken da ci 1-0, inda ya buga dukkan wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SV Meppen - 1. FC Saarbrücken 1:0 (3. Liga 2020/2021, 18. Round) |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma9123044/lineup/ |access-date=12 April 2021 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, Boere ya zira ƙwallonsa ta farko ga ƙungiyar wadda ta tabbatar da nasarar da ta samu a kan Hallescher FC da ci 2-1 a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SV Meppen - Hallescher FC 2:1 (3. Liga 2020/2021, 25. Round) |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma9122957/lineup/ |access-date=12 April 2021 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en}}</ref> A farkon wasan, ya taimaka wa Hassan Amin . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] lglmxdf6yxorylsd8wxpwnfqx3kd2ar 969386 969385 2026-10-19T06:52:28Z Salma Raddah 45959 969386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tom Boere''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1992) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Lokeren ta Belgian Challenger Pro League . == Aikin kulob == === Shekarun farko === An haifi Tom Boere a Breda, Netherlands, kuma ya girma a Terneuzen. <ref>[https://www.pzc.nl/amateurvoetbal/zeeuwse-spits-tom-boere-is-al-250-duels-prof-hij-kiest-zijn-drie-mooiste-wedstrijden~aa61b1e7/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F Zeeuwse spits Tom Boere is al 250 duels prof; hij kiest zijn drie mooiste wedstrijden] - PZC {{In lang|nl}}</ref> kuma ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a Ghent, Belgium, yana wasa a ƙungiyoyin matasa na KAA Gent a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba, kafin Ajax ta ɗauke shi aiki don ya shiga ƙungiyar matasansu. Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Jong Ajax, Boere ya fara bugawa ƙungiyar farko kuma ya buga wasa ɗaya tilo a ƙungiyar manyan 'yan wasa ta Ajax a kakar wasa ta 2011-12, a wasan sada zumunci da Go Ahead Eagles daga Deventer a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2011. Ya zura ƙwallo ta ƙarshe a wasan da suka ci gida 3-1 bayan ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Dmitri Bulykin a minti na 70. Bai buga wasa a kakar wasa ta yau da kullun ko wasan kofi ga manyan 'yan wasa ba, sannan daga baya ya koma Gent a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa kyauta a lokacin canja wurin hunturu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2011 |title=Tom Boere profile |url=http://www.ajaxinside.nl/spelers/profiel/64/Tom-Boere |publisher=insideajax.nl |language=Dutch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajax verslaat Go Ahead Eagles in oefenduel |url=http://www.nu.nl/sport/2665769/ajax-verslaat-go-ahead-eagles-in-oefenduel.html |access-date=11 November 2011 |publisher=NU.nl}}</ref> Boere ya koma Gent, inda ya shafe mafi yawan shekarunsa na ƙuruciya, a lokacin bazara na kakar wasa ta 2011–12 a kan canja wuri kyauta daga Ajax. Ya fara buga wasa a babban matsayi a Belgium a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Rafinha a minti na 86 a wasan gida da Zulte Waregem a ranar 21 ga Janairu 2012, inda aka tashi kunnen doki 0–0.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results & Matches on: Sat, 21 Jan 2012 |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/matches/results.sd?date=2012-01-21 |access-date=11 March 2012 |publisher=Soccerbase.com}}</ref> A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2013–14, ya buga wasa a matsayin aro ga Hoogstraten a gasar rukuni na biyu ta Belgium . === Eindhoven da Oss === A watan Yunin 2014, Boere ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da ƙungiyar Eerste Divisie ta ƙasar Holland FC Eindhoven .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aanvaller Tom Boere (21) tekent driejarig contract |url=http://www.fc-eindhoven.nl/nieuws/6309/aanvaller-tom-boere-21-tekent-driejarig-contract |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140620162631/http://www.fc-eindhoven.nl/nieuws/6309/aanvaller-tom-boere-21-tekent-driejarig-contract |archive-date=20 June 2014 |access-date=27 June 2014 |publisher=[[FC Eindhoven]]}}</ref> Ya koma FC Oss a lokacin bazara na 2016.<ref>[http://www.omroepbrabant.nl/?news/250365842/Spits+Tom+Boere+verhuist+van+FC+Eindhoven+naar+FC+Oss.aspx Spits Tom Boere verhuist van FC Eindhoven naar FC Oss] - Omroep Brabant {{In lang|nl}}</ref> Ya sami nasarar zira kwallaye 33 a wasanni 38 da ya buga wa ƙungiyar, inda ya lashe kyautar Golden Boot ta shekarar 2016–17 . === Twente === A watan Yunin 2017, Boere ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da Twente, wanda ya kare a gasar Eredivisie a shekarar da ta gabata. An shirya zai maye gurbin Enes Ünal, wanda ya tafi bayan karewar yarjejeniyar aronsa. === Türkgücü === A ranar 27 ga Yulin 2020, Boere ya koma Türkgücü München . [1] Kocinsa Alexander Schmidt ya fara amfani da shi kusa da Petar Slišković mai hazaka a tsakiyar harin. Bayan kwallaye uku a wasanni bakwai, an tura Sercan Sararer gaba na ɗan lokaci daga tsakiyar harin kafin Mounir Bouziane, wani sabon shiga, ya cire ɗan Holland ɗin gaba ɗaya daga ganin filin. === SV Meppen === Bayan da mai zuba jari a Türkgücü Munich, Hasan Kivran, ya sanar da janyewarsa daga buga wasa a ƙarshen Disamba 2020, don haka ya bar makomar ƙungiyar cikin rashin tabbas, Boere mai shekaru 28 ya koma ƙungiyar SV Meppen mai hamayya da ita a gasar a farkon Janairu 2021 - ƙungiyar da ta zira kwallaye shida mafi ƙanƙanta a gasar a lokacin. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangila har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kemper |first=Thomas |date=6 January 2021 |title=Stürmer Tom Boere verstärkt SVM |url=https://www.svmeppen.de/post/st%C3%BCrmer-tom-boere-verst%C3%A4rkt-svm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106161841/https://www.svmeppen.de/post/st%C3%BCrmer-tom-boere-verst%C3%A4rkt-svm |archive-date=6 January 2021 |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=svmeppen.de |publisher=[[SV Meppen]] |language=de}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a ranar 9 ga Janairu a wasan da suka doke FC Saarbrücken da ci 1-0, inda ya buga dukkan wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SV Meppen - 1. FC Saarbrücken 1:0 (3. Liga 2020/2021, 18. Round) |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma9123044/lineup/ |access-date=12 April 2021 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, Boere ya zira ƙwallonsa ta farko ga ƙungiyar wadda ta tabbatar da nasarar da ta samu a kan Hallescher FC da ci 2-1 a gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SV Meppen - Hallescher FC 2:1 (3. Liga 2020/2021, 25. Round) |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma9122957/lineup/ |access-date=12 April 2021 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en}}</ref> A farkon wasan, ya taimaka wa Hassan Amin . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] em0na89p7zk3oq6xy1mfgrlwzlle3po 0 151731 969210 906844 2026-10-18T17:33:42Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 969210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hannah Enakole Elaigwu''' alkalin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce daga ƙasar Najeriya wadda ke cikin jerin alkalan wasan da [[FIFA]] ta amince da su domin gudanar da wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ta shahara wajen jagorantar wasannin mata da kuma wasu manyan wasannin cikin gida a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sports247.ng/fifa-releases-nigerias-2026-international-referees-list-as-30-officials-earn-global-approval/ |title=FIFA Releases Nigeria’s 2026 International Referees List As 30 Officials Earn Global Approval |publisher=Sports247 Nigeria |date=1 January 2026 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Hannah Elaigwu a garin [[Zariya]] da ke jihar Kaduna, Najeriya. Ta yi makarantar firamare a Oki Primary School da ke Lagos kafin daga bisani ta koma Zariya domin ci gaba da karatun sakandare a Inter Chapel College. Daga baya ta samu National Diploma a fannin Accounting daga Interlink Polytechnic, Lagos sannan ta kammala digiri a fannin Accounting daga Jami'ar [[Abuja]] a shekarar 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newspathfinder.com/2025/05/21/discipline-meets-passion-the-story-of-fifa-referee-hannah-elaigwu/ |title=Discipline Meets Passion: The Story Of FIFA Referee Hannah Elaigwu |publisher=News Pathfinder |date=21 May 2025 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin alkalanci == Elaigwu ta fara harkar alkalancin ƙwallon ƙafa a shekarar 2006 bayan samun ƙarfafawa daga tsohon mai horaswa Peter Emeteole. Ta samu horo daga manyan alkalai irin su marigayi Mr. Olowo da Dr. Omeiza wanda daga baya ya zama sakataren kungiyar alkalan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newspathfinder.com/2025/05/21/discipline-meets-passion-the-story-of-fifa-referee-hannah-elaigwu/ |title=Discipline Meets Passion: The Story Of FIFA Referee Hannah Elaigwu |publisher=News Pathfinder |date=21 May 2025 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Najeriya (NFF) ta zaɓe ta cikin alkalai da mataimakan alkalai da za su jagoranci gasar NPFL Super 4, inda ta kasance mace kaɗai cikin jerin alkalan wasan da aka zaɓa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/elaigwu-quadri-lead-referees-to-npfl-super4/ |title=Elaigwu, Quadri lead referees to NPFL Super4 |publisher=The Guardian Nigeria |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Ta samu lambar FIFA a matsayin alkalin wasa tun daga shekarar 2017, lamarin da ya ba ta damar jagorantar wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa ƙarƙashin FIFA da CAF.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://businessday.ng/sports/article/nff-to-decorate-30-referees-with-fifa-badges-for-2025/ |title=NFF to decorate 30 referees with FIFA badges for 2025 |publisher=BusinessDay Nigeria |date=26 February 2025 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> Elaigwu ta jagoranci manyan wasannin cikin gida da suka haɗa da wasannin mata na Federation Cup da sauran muhimman wasannin Najeriya. Ana yaba mata saboda tsauri, gaskiya da kuma iya sarrafa wasa cikin natsuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dailytrust.com/the-rise-of-female-referees-in-nigerian-football/ |title=The Rise Of Female Referees In Nigerian Football |publisher=Daily Trust |date=2026 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Sauran ayyuka == Baya ga aikin alkalancin wasa, Hannah Elaigwu jami'a ce a hukumar '''Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC)''', inda take aiki a ƙarƙashin rundunar [[Benue (jiha)|jihar Benue]]. Ta bayyana cewa aikin tsaro ya taimaka mata wajen samun ƙwarewa a shugabanci da yanke hukunci cikin adalci a filin wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newspathfinder.com/2025/05/21/discipline-meets-passion-the-story-of-fifa-referee-hannah-elaigwu/ |title=Discipline Meets Passion: The Story Of FIFA Referee Hannah Elaigwu |publisher=News Pathfinder |date=21 May 2025 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Karramawa da tasiri == Ana kallon Hannah Elaigwu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mata alkalan wasa a Najeriya. Nasarorin da ta samu sun ƙarfafa gwiwar mata masu sha'awar shiga harkar alkalancin ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya da nahiyar Afirka baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sportingtribune.com/nigerias-most-recognised-football-referees/ |title=Nigeria’s most recognised football referees |publisher=Sporting Tribune |date=30 October 2025 |access-date=19 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Alkalan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Mata 'yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu aikin FIFA]] gc48eq08ilyuni748yv9qvtuxi8mj3q 0 152132 969043 844509 2026-10-18T13:30:25Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378745117|Login]]" 969043 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Log_in.tif|thumb|Hoton allo na allon shiga na Wikipedia ta Turanci a cikin yanayin hannu]] A cikin [[Cyber security|Tsaro na kwamfuta]], shiga (ko shiga, sanya hannu, ko sanya hannu) shine tsari wanda mutum ke samun dama shiga [[Komfuta|tsarin kwamfuta]] ko shirin ta hanyar ganewa da tabbatarwa da kansu. Yawanci, takaddun shaida na mai amfani sun ƙunshi sunan mai amfani da kalmar sirri.<ref> {{Cite web |title=Login Definition |url=http://www.linfo.org/login_def.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225010620/http://www.linfo.org/login_def.html |archive-date=25 December 2019 |access-date=28 June 2026 |website=The Linux Information Project |publisher=Bellevue Linux Users Group}}</ref> W''a'' takardun shaida da kansu wani lokacin ana kiransu da '''Shigarwa'''.<ref> {{Cite web |title=login |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/login |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113214647/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/login |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=28 June 2026 |website=[[Dictionary.com]]}}.</ref> Tsarin tsaro na zamani sau da yawa yana buƙatar Tabbatar da abubuwa da yawa, kamar [[Email|imel]] ko tabbatar da SMS don ƙarin tsaro. Shigar da jama'a yana bawa mai amfani damar amfani da lambar wayar salula ta yanzu ko takardun shaida na mai amfani daga wani imel ko sabis na sadarwar jama'a don shiga ko ƙirƙirar asusun a sabon shafin yanar gizon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Require Multifactor Authentication {{!}} CISA |url=https://www.cisa.gov/audiences/small-and-medium-businesses/secure-your-business/require-multifactor-authentication |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=www.cisa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin da ba a buƙatar samun dama ba, mai amfani zai iya shiga, shiga, shiga ko shiga. == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[File:Fingerprint_scanner_identification.jpg|left|thumb|Shigar da yatsan hannu, aikace-aikacen tsaro na banki]] Ana amfani da shigarwa don shigar da takamaiman shafi, shafin yanar gizo, dandamali ko aikace-aikace, wanda masu wucewa ba za su iya gani ba. Da zarar mai amfani ya shiga, ana iya amfani da alamar shiga don bin diddigin ayyukan da mai amfani ya ɗauka yayin da aka haɗa shi da shafin. Ana iya yin rajista lokacin da mai amfani ya ɗauki mataki, kamar shigar da umurni mai dacewa ko danna hanyar haɗi ta waje. Hakanan ana iya yin sa a bayyane, kamar ta hanyar mai amfani yana kashe tashar aikinsu, rufe taga na burauzar yanar gizo, barin shafin yanar gizon, ko kuma ba ya sabunta shafin yanar gizon a cikin wani lokaci. Shafin shiga na iya samun siginar dawowar URL, wanda ke ƙayyade inda za a sake komawa baya bayan shiga ko fita. Misali, shi ne <code>returnto=</code> a kan wannan shafin. Game da shafukan yanar gizo da ke amfani da kukis don bin diddigin zaman, lokacin da mai amfani ya fita, kukis kawai na zaman daga wannan shafin za a share su daga kwamfutar mai amfani. Bugu da ƙari, uwar garken ya soke duk wata alaƙa da zaman, don haka ya sa duk wani zaman a cikin kantin kukis na mai amfani ya zama mara amfani. Wannan fasalin ya zo da amfani idan mai amfani yana amfani da kwamfutar jama'a ko kwamfutar da ke amfani da haɗin mara waya na jama'a. A matsayin kariya ta tsaro, bai kamata mutum ya dogara da hanyoyin da ba a bayyana ba na shiga cikin tsarin, musamman ba a kan kwamfutar jama'a ba; maimakon haka, ya kamata mutum ya fita a bayyane kuma ya jira tabbatar da cewa wannan buƙatar ta faru. Gudun daga kwamfuta, lokacin da aka bar shi aikin tsaro ne na yau da kullun wanda ke hana masu amfani da ba su da izini daga lalata shi. Wasu mutane sun zaɓi samun mai kare kalmar sirri don kunnawa bayan wani lokaci na rashin aiki, don haka yana buƙatar mai amfani ya sake shigar da takardun shiga don buɗe mai karewa kuma ya sami damar shiga tsarin. '''Hanyoyin Kashewa''' Sun hada da: * Sanar da hoton * Binciken yatsunsu * Binciken ido * Binciken fuska * kalmomin shiga (ƙarshe ko rubutu) == Tarihi da asalin == [[File:IBM_AIX_4_Login_Prompt.jpeg|thumb|IBM AIX Version 4 na'urar shiga cikin sauri]] The terms "login" and "logon" became common with the time sharing systems of the 1960s and Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) in the 1970s.[1] Kwamfutocin gida na farko da kwamfutocin mutum ba sa buƙatar su har sai Windows NT, OS/2 da Linux a cikin 1990s. Kalmar shiga ta fito ne daga aikatau (zuwa) shiga ciki kuma ta hanyar kwatanci tare da aikatau ''zuwa agogo a cikin''. Tsarin kwamfuta yana riƙe da rikodin damar masu amfani ga tsarin. Kalmar "log" ta fito ne daga rajistar guntu wanda aka yi amfani da shi a tarihi don yin rikodin nisan da aka yi tafiya a teku kuma an rubuta shi a cikin rajistar jirgin ruwa ko littafin rajista.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Log |url=https://britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/346081/log |access-date=17 August 2026 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Yin sa hannu yana nufin wannan ra'ayi amma ya dogara ne akan kwatancin sanya hannu da hannu a littafin katako ko [[Littafin baƙi|Littafin baƙo]]. Duk da yake babu wani bambanci da aka amince da shi ''a cikin'' ma'anar tsakanin kalmomin shiga, shiga da shiga, al'ummomin fasaha daban-daban sun fi son ɗaya akan juna - Unix, Novell, Linux, da Apple yawanci suna amfani da shiga, kuma jagorar salon Apple ta ce "Masu amfani da shiga cikin uwar garken fayil (ba shiga cikin)... " <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2013 |title=Apple Style Guide |url=https://help.apple.com/asg/mac/2013/ASG_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217214323/https://help.apple.com/asg/mac/2013/ASG_2013.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2015 |access-date=17 May 2015 |website=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |page=96 & 97}}</ref> Sabanin haka, jagororin salon Microsoft a al'ada sun ba da shawarar akasin haka kuma sun ba da umarni ''a kan'' da kuma rajista. A baya, Microsoft ta ajiye shiga don samun damar Intanet,<ref name="ms">"Use log on or log on to... Do not use log in, login", 2004, ''Manual of Style for Technical Publications'', 3rd edition, p. 295, Microsoft.com.</ref> amma daga Windows 8 zuwa gaba ya koma kalmar shiga don tabbatar da gida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sign in to or out of Windows |url=http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/sign-in-out-of-windows |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028180739/http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/sign-in-out-of-windows |archive-date=28 October 2012 |access-date=28 October 2012 |website=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Cyber security|Tsaro na kwamfuta]] * Bayanan shaidar * Lokaci na Login * Yin amfani da shi * OpenID * Kalmomin shiga * Manufofin kalmar sirri * Lambar tantancewa ta mutum * /var/log/wtmp <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6ui9ct8bbd41wi3dkczpntv1lhicxw2 969046 969043 2026-10-18T13:32:20Z Saad Nuhu 43323 969046 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Log_in.tif|thumb|Hoton allo na allon shiga na Wikipedia ta Turanci a cikin yanayin hannu]] A cikin [[Cyber security|Tsaro na kwamfuta]], shiga (ko shiga, sanya hannu, ko sanya hannu) shine tsari wanda mutum ke samun dama shiga [[Komfuta|tsarin kwamfuta]] ko shirin ta hanyar ganewa da tabbatarwa da kansu. Yawanci, takaddun shaida na mai amfani sun ƙunshi sunan mai amfani da kalmar sirri.<ref> {{Cite web |title=Login Definition |url=http://www.linfo.org/login_def.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225010620/http://www.linfo.org/login_def.html |archive-date=25 December 2019 |access-date=28 June 2026 |website=The Linux Information Project |publisher=Bellevue Linux Users Group}}</ref> W''a'' takardun shaida da kansu wani lokacin ana kiransu da '''Shigarwa'''.<ref> {{Cite web |title=login |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/login |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113214647/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/login |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=28 June 2026 |website=[[Dictionary.com]]}}.</ref> Tsarin tsaro na zamani sau da yawa yana buƙatar Tabbatar da abubuwa da yawa, kamar [[Email|imel]] ko tabbatar da SMS don ƙarin tsaro. Shigar da jama'a yana bawa mai amfani damar amfani da lambar wayar salula ta yanzu ko takardun shaida na mai amfani daga wani imel ko sabis na sadarwar jama'a don shiga ko ƙirƙirar asusun a sabon shafin yanar gizon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Require Multifactor Authentication {{!}} CISA |url=https://www.cisa.gov/audiences/small-and-medium-businesses/secure-your-business/require-multifactor-authentication |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=www.cisa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin da ba a buƙatar samun dama ba, mai amfani zai iya shiga, shiga, shiga ko shiga. == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[File:Fingerprint_scanner_identification.jpg|left|thumb|Shigar da yatsan hannu, aikace-aikacen tsaro na banki]] Ana amfani da shigarwa don shigar da takamaiman shafi, shafin yanar gizo, dandamali ko aikace-aikace, wanda masu wucewa ba za su iya gani ba. Da zarar mai amfani ya shiga, ana iya amfani da alamar shiga don bin diddigin ayyukan da mai amfani ya ɗauka yayin da aka haɗa shi da shafin. Ana iya yin rajista lokacin da mai amfani ya ɗauki mataki, kamar shigar da umurni mai dacewa ko danna hanyar haɗi ta waje. Hakanan ana iya yin sa a bayyane, kamar ta hanyar mai amfani yana kashe tashar aikinsu, rufe taga na burauzar yanar gizo, barin shafin yanar gizon, ko kuma ba ya sabunta shafin yanar gizon a cikin wani lokaci. Shafin shiga na iya samun siginar dawowar URL, wanda ke ƙayyade inda za a sake komawa baya bayan shiga ko fita. Misali, shi ne <code>returnto=</code> a kan wannan shafin. Game da shafukan yanar gizo da ke amfani da kukis don bin diddigin zaman, lokacin da mai amfani ya fita, kukis kawai na zaman daga wannan shafin za a share su daga kwamfutar mai amfani. Bugu da ƙari, uwar garken ya soke duk wata alaƙa da zaman, don haka ya sa duk wani zaman a cikin kantin kukis na mai amfani ya zama mara amfani. Wannan fasalin ya zo da amfani idan mai amfani yana amfani da kwamfutar jama'a ko kwamfutar da ke amfani da haɗin mara waya na jama'a. A matsayin kariya ta tsaro, bai kamata mutum ya dogara da hanyoyin da ba a bayyana ba na shiga cikin tsarin, musamman ba a kan kwamfutar jama'a ba; maimakon haka, ya kamata mutum ya fita a bayyane kuma ya jira tabbatar da cewa wannan buƙatar ta faru. Gudun daga kwamfuta, lokacin da aka bar shi aikin tsaro ne na yau da kullun wanda ke hana masu amfani da ba su da izini daga lalata shi. Wasu mutane sun zaɓi samun mai kare kalmar sirri don kunnawa bayan wani lokaci na rashin aiki, don haka yana buƙatar mai amfani ya sake shigar da takardun shiga don buɗe mai karewa kuma ya sami damar shiga tsarin. '''Hanyoyin Kashewa''' Sun hada da: * Sanar da hoton * Binciken yatsunsu * Binciken ido * Binciken fuska * kalmomin shiga (ƙarshe ko rubutu) == Tarihi da asalin == [[File:IBM_AIX_4_Login_Prompt.jpeg|thumb|IBM AIX Version 4 na'urar shiga cikin sauri]] Kwamfutocin gida na farko da kwamfutocin mutum ba sa buƙatar su har sai Windows NT, OS/2 da Linux a cikin 1990s. Kalmar shiga ta fito ne daga aikatau (zuwa) shiga ciki kuma ta hanyar kwatanci tare da aikatau ''zuwa agogo a cikin''. Tsarin kwamfuta yana riƙe da rikodin damar masu amfani ga tsarin. Kalmar "log" ta fito ne daga rajistar guntu wanda aka yi amfani da shi a tarihi don yin rikodin nisan da aka yi tafiya a teku kuma an rubuta shi a cikin rajistar jirgin ruwa ko littafin rajista.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Log |url=https://britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/346081/log |access-date=17 August 2026 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Yin sa hannu yana nufin wannan ra'ayi amma ya dogara ne akan kwatancin sanya hannu da hannu a littafin katako ko [[Littafin baƙi|Littafin baƙo]]. Duk da yake babu wani bambanci da aka amince da shi ''a cikin'' ma'anar tsakanin kalmomin shiga, shiga da shiga, al'ummomin fasaha daban-daban sun fi son ɗaya akan juna - Unix, Novell, Linux, da Apple yawanci suna amfani da shiga, kuma jagorar salon Apple ta ce "Masu amfani da shiga cikin uwar garken fayil (ba shiga cikin)... " <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2013 |title=Apple Style Guide |url=https://help.apple.com/asg/mac/2013/ASG_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217214323/https://help.apple.com/asg/mac/2013/ASG_2013.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2015 |access-date=17 May 2015 |website=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |page=96 & 97}}</ref> Sabanin haka, jagororin salon Microsoft a al'ada sun ba da shawarar akasin haka kuma sun ba da umarni ''a kan'' da kuma rajista. A baya, Microsoft ta ajiye shiga don samun damar Intanet,<ref name="ms">"Use log on or log on to... Do not use log in, login", 2004, ''Manual of Style for Technical Publications'', 3rd edition, p. 295, Microsoft.com.</ref> amma daga Windows 8 zuwa gaba ya koma kalmar shiga don tabbatar da gida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sign in to or out of Windows |url=http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/sign-in-out-of-windows |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028180739/http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/sign-in-out-of-windows |archive-date=28 October 2012 |access-date=28 October 2012 |website=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Cyber security|Tsaro na kwamfuta]] * Bayanan shaidar * Lokaci na Login * Yin amfani da shi * OpenID * Kalmomin shiga * Manufofin kalmar sirri * Lambar tantancewa ta mutum * /var/log/wtmp == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0fa5ayoe81s5xvjl093jou0cjerpzv6 969048 969046 2026-10-18T13:33:26Z Saad Nuhu 43323 969048 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Log_in.tif|thumb|Hoton allo na allon shiga na Wikipedia ta Turanci a cikin yanayin hannu]] A cikin [[Cyber security|Tsaro na kwamfuta]], shiga (ko shiga, sanya hannu, ko sanya hannu) shine tsari wanda mutum ke samun dama shiga [[Komfuta|tsarin kwamfuta]] ko shirin ta hanyar ganewa da tabbatarwa da kansu. Yawanci, takaddun shaida na mai amfani sun ƙunshi sunan mai amfani da kalmar sirri.<ref> {{Cite web |title=Login Definition |url=http://www.linfo.org/login_def.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225010620/http://www.linfo.org/login_def.html |archive-date=25 December 2019 |access-date=28 June 2026 |website=The Linux Information Project |publisher=Bellevue Linux Users Group}}</ref> W''a'' takardun shaida da kansu wani lokacin ana kiransu da '''Shigarwa'''.<ref> {{Cite web |title=login |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/login |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113214647/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/login |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=28 June 2026 |website=[[Dictionary.com]]}}.</ref> Tsarin tsaro na zamani sau da yawa yana buƙatar Tabbatar da abubuwa da yawa, kamar [[Email|imel]] ko tabbatar da SMS don ƙarin tsaro. Shigar da jama'a yana bawa mai amfani damar amfani da lambar wayar salula ta yanzu ko takardun shaida na mai amfani daga wani imel ko sabis na sadarwar jama'a don shiga ko ƙirƙirar asusun a sabon shafin yanar gizon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Require Multifactor Authentication {{!}} CISA |url=https://www.cisa.gov/audiences/small-and-medium-businesses/secure-your-business/require-multifactor-authentication |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=www.cisa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin da ba a buƙatar samun dama ba, mai amfani zai iya shiga, shiga, shiga ko shiga. == Hanyar da ake ciki == [[File:Fingerprint_scanner_identification.jpg|left|thumb|Shigar da yatsan hannu, aikace-aikacen tsaro na banki]] Ana amfani da shigarwa don shigar da takamaiman shafi, shafin yanar gizo, dandamali ko aikace-aikace, wanda masu wucewa ba za su iya gani ba. Da zarar mai amfani ya shiga, ana iya amfani da alamar shiga don bin diddigin ayyukan da mai amfani ya ɗauka yayin da aka haɗa shi da shafin. Ana iya yin rajista lokacin da mai amfani ya ɗauki mataki, kamar shigar da umurni mai dacewa ko danna hanyar haɗi ta waje. Hakanan ana iya yin sa a bayyane, kamar ta hanyar mai amfani yana kashe tashar aikinsu, rufe taga na burauzar yanar gizo, barin shafin yanar gizon, ko kuma ba ya sabunta shafin yanar gizon a cikin wani lokaci. Shafin shiga na iya samun siginar dawowar URL, wanda ke ƙayyade inda za a sake komawa baya bayan shiga ko fita. Misali, shi ne <code>returnto=</code> a kan wannan shafin. Game da shafukan yanar gizo da ke amfani da kukis don bin diddigin zaman, lokacin da mai amfani ya fita, kukis kawai na zaman daga wannan shafin za a share su daga kwamfutar mai amfani. Bugu da ƙari, uwar garken ya soke duk wata alaƙa da zaman, don haka ya sa duk wani zaman a cikin kantin kukis na mai amfani ya zama mara amfani. Wannan fasalin ya zo da amfani idan mai amfani yana amfani da kwamfutar jama'a ko kwamfutar da ke amfani da haɗin mara waya na jama'a. A matsayin kariya ta tsaro, bai kamata mutum ya dogara da hanyoyin da ba a bayyana ba na shiga cikin tsarin, musamman ba a kan kwamfutar jama'a ba; maimakon haka, ya kamata mutum ya fita a bayyane kuma ya jira tabbatar da cewa wannan buƙatar ta faru. Gudun daga kwamfuta, lokacin da aka bar shi aikin tsaro ne na yau da kullun wanda ke hana masu amfani da ba su da izini daga lalata shi. Wasu mutane sun zaɓi samun mai kare kalmar sirri don kunnawa bayan wani lokaci na rashin aiki, don haka yana buƙatar mai amfani ya sake shigar da takardun shiga don buɗe mai karewa kuma ya sami damar shiga tsarin. '''Hanyoyin Kashewa''' Sun hada da: * Sanar da hoton * Binciken yatsunsu * Binciken ido * Binciken fuska * kalmomin shiga (ƙarshe ko rubutu) == Tarihi da asalin == [[File:IBM_AIX_4_Login_Prompt.jpeg|thumb|IBM AIX Version 4 na'urar shiga cikin sauri]] Kwamfutocin gida na farko da kwamfutocin mutum ba sa buƙatar su har sai Windows NT, OS/2 da Linux a cikin 1990s. Kalmar shiga ta fito ne daga aikatau (zuwa) shiga ciki kuma ta hanyar kwatanci tare da aikatau ''zuwa agogo a cikin''. Tsarin kwamfuta yana riƙe da rikodin damar masu amfani ga tsarin. Kalmar "log" ta fito ne daga rajistar guntu wanda aka yi amfani da shi a tarihi don yin rikodin nisan da aka yi tafiya a teku kuma an rubuta shi a cikin rajistar jirgin ruwa ko littafin rajista.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Log |url=https://britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/346081/log |access-date=17 August 2026 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Yin sa hannu yana nufin wannan ra'ayi amma ya dogara ne akan kwatancin sanya hannu da hannu a littafin katako ko [[Littafin baƙi|Littafin baƙo]]. Duk da yake babu wani bambanci da aka amince da shi ''a cikin'' ma'anar tsakanin kalmomin shiga, shiga da shiga, al'ummomin fasaha daban-daban sun fi son ɗaya akan juna - Unix, Novell, Linux, da Apple yawanci suna amfani da shiga, kuma jagorar salon Apple ta ce "Masu amfani da shiga cikin uwar garken fayil (ba shiga cikin)... " <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2013 |title=Apple Style Guide |url=https://help.apple.com/asg/mac/2013/ASG_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217214323/https://help.apple.com/asg/mac/2013/ASG_2013.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2015 |access-date=17 May 2015 |website=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |page=96 & 97}}</ref> Sabanin haka, jagororin salon Microsoft a al'ada sun ba da shawarar akasin haka kuma sun ba da umarni ''a kan'' da kuma rajista. A baya, Microsoft ta ajiye shiga don samun damar Intanet,<ref name="ms">"Use log on or log on to... Do not use log in, login", 2004, ''Manual of Style for Technical Publications'', 3rd edition, p. 295, Microsoft.com.</ref> amma daga Windows 8 zuwa gaba ya koma kalmar shiga don tabbatar da gida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sign in to or out of Windows |url=http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/sign-in-out-of-windows |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028180739/http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-8/sign-in-out-of-windows |archive-date=28 October 2012 |access-date=28 October 2012 |website=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Cyber security|Tsaro na kwamfuta]] * Bayanan shaidar * Lokaci na Login * Yin amfani da shi * OpenID * Kalmomin shiga * Manufofin kalmar sirri * Lambar tantancewa ta mutum * /var/log/wtmp == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] abiy2yit0jawxv22lai5n4y097v2g6o 0 154372 969428 893267 2026-10-19T10:31:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 969428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Kogi]] ne na '''Muvumba''' a arewa maso gabashin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da kudu maso yammacin [[Uganda]] . Yana cikin manyan kogunan kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Tsawonsa kilomita 170, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kogunan Ruwanda a girma da kuma muhimmancin tattalin arziki. Babban kogunan yana samar da ruwa ga gonakin shayi a tsaunukan arewacin Rwanda da kudu maso yammacin Uganda. Ƙananan kogunan yana samar da ruwa ga busassun yankunan [[Gundumar Nyagatare|Nyagatare]], yana sauƙaƙa ban ruwa ga gonakin shinkafa da sauran amfanin gona, tare da samar da ruwa ga shanu a wannan yanki don noman shanu. == Kwas ɗin == Kogin ya samo asali ne daga Rukomo da ke gundumar Gicumbi kusa da garin [[Byumba]] a tsaunuka masu tsayi na arewacin Rwanda. A wurin, ana kiransa Kogin Mulindi . Wannan rafin yana da matukar muhimmanci ga tattalin arziki domin kwarinsa da kwarurukan magudanar ruwansa suna da albarka kuma suna dauke da manyan gonakin shayi. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana'antun shayi a Rwanda, Masana'antar Mulindi tana kan wannan kogin. Mulindi yana kwarara arewa na tsawon kilomita 28 sannan ya shiga Uganda. Bayan shiga Uganda, kogin ya canza sunansa daga Kogin Mulindi zuwa kogin Rwabakazi . Rwabakazi ya ci gaba zuwa arewa, sa'an nan da isa birnin Kabale, kogin ya canza hanya da kuma gudana a gaba ɗaya kudu maso gabas zuwa Rwanda. Wannan sashe na kogin Muvumba a Uganda (Rwabakazi River) yana da tsawon kilomita 55. Kogin ya sake shiga Rwanda a gundumar Nyagatare kuma ya dauki sunan kogin Muvumba. Daga nan sai ta bi ta arewa maso gabas mai nisan kilomita 87 kuma ta fantsama cikin [[Kogin Kagera|kogin Akagera]] da ke Kagitumba, madaidaicin maki uku tsakanin Rwanda, Uganda da Tanzania. A tsawon kilomita 30 na karshe na tafiyarsa, kogin ya yi iyaka tsakanin Rwanda da Uganda. == Tattalin Arziki == Kwarin Kogin Muvumba yana da gonaki masu yawa. Babban kogin da ke tsaunukan Lardin Arewa a Rwanda da kuma gundumar Kabale a Uganda yana da ƙananan kwaruruka waɗanda galibi ake amfani da su azaman gonakin shayi. Kogin yana samar da ruwa ga magudanan ruwa marasa adadi waɗanda ke ba da ruwa ga gonakin. Sakamakon haka, an rufe kogin a wurare da yawa don daidaita matakan ruwa da kuma tabbatar da samuwar ruwa ko da a lokacin rani. A yankunan da babu gonakin shayi, ana amfani da kwarin don noman rayuwa. Bayan sake shiga Rwanda, kogin yana gudana a yankunan tuddai masu laushi da kuma ƙasan tsayi. Duk hanyar kwarin kogin Muvumba tana fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa saboda ruwan sama mai yawa da ke sauka a tsaunukan da ke sama. An san waɗannan suna kawo ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa har ma a ƙananan sassan kogin waɗanda yawanci ba sa samun ruwan sama sosai. Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa na iya gurgunta ƙananan kogin, suna rufe hanyoyi da gadoji yayin da kuma ke haifar da mummunar illa ga amfanin gona. == Fauna da Flora == Bayan noma mai yawa, ƙananan wuraren da ke ƙarƙashin kogin suna da babban dajin gallery. Wannan ƙaramin dajin na iya zama mai kauri kuma kusan ba za a iya shiga ba, kuma yana ɗauke da nau'ikan bishiyoyin savanna da yawa. Ana samun nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa a wannan yanki, waɗanda suka fi yawa sune herons da egrets. Ana iya samun ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa da dabbobi masu rarrafe. Ana iya samun manyan dabbobin ruwa kamar hippopotamuses da kada na Nil a yankunan da ke kusa da haɗuwa da babban Kogin Akagera. An san waɗannan dabbobin suna tafiya sama da kogin, musamman a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa wanda ke haifar da asarar rayuka ga mutanen da ba a sani ba waɗanda ba su saba da waɗannan dabbobin ba kasancewar suna da nisa sosai. == Manazarta == qvzty5tp3xehhg2a7nexdn3dujh7vq4 969431 969428 2026-10-19T10:34:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 969431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Kogi]] ne na '''Muvumba''' a arewa maso gabashin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da kudu maso yammacin [[Uganda]] . Yana cikin manyan kogunan kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] . Tsawonsa kilomita 170, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kogunan Ruwanda a girma da kuma muhimmancin tattalin arziki. Babban kogunan yana samar da ruwa ga gonakin shayi a tsaunukan arewacin Rwanda da kudu maso yammacin Uganda. Ƙananan kogunan yana samar da ruwa ga busassun yankunan [[Gundumar Nyagatare|Nyagatare]], yana sauƙaƙa ban ruwa ga gonakin shinkafa da sauran amfanin gona, tare da samar da ruwa ga shanu a wannan yanki don noman shanu.<ref>Water Resources Information Bulletin No 06 for December 2012" (PDF). Retrieved May 27, 2017</ref> == Kwas ɗin == Kogin ya samo asali ne daga Rukomo da ke gundumar Gicumbi kusa da garin [[Byumba]] a tsaunuka masu tsayi na arewacin Rwanda. A wurin, ana kiransa Kogin Mulindi . Wannan rafin yana da matukar muhimmanci ga tattalin arziki domin kwarinsa da kwarurukan magudanar ruwansa suna da albarka kuma suna dauke da manyan gonakin shayi. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana'antun shayi a Rwanda, Masana'antar Mulindi tana kan wannan kogin. Mulindi yana kwarara arewa na tsawon kilomita 28 sannan ya shiga Uganda. Bayan shiga Uganda, kogin ya canza sunansa daga Kogin Mulindi zuwa kogin Rwabakazi . Rwabakazi ya ci gaba zuwa arewa, sa'an nan da isa birnin Kabale, kogin ya canza hanya da kuma gudana a gaba ɗaya kudu maso gabas zuwa Rwanda. Wannan sashe na kogin Muvumba a Uganda (Rwabakazi River) yana da tsawon kilomita 55. Kogin ya sake shiga Rwanda a gundumar Nyagatare kuma ya dauki sunan kogin Muvumba. Daga nan sai ta bi ta arewa maso gabas mai nisan kilomita 87 kuma ta fantsama cikin [[Kogin Kagera|kogin Akagera]] da ke Kagitumba, madaidaicin maki uku tsakanin Rwanda, Uganda da Tanzania. A tsawon kilomita 30 na karshe na tafiyarsa, kogin ya yi iyaka tsakanin Rwanda da Uganda. == Tattalin Arziki == Kwarin Kogin Muvumba yana da gonaki masu yawa. Babban kogin da ke tsaunukan Lardin Arewa a Rwanda da kuma gundumar Kabale a Uganda yana da ƙananan kwaruruka waɗanda galibi ake amfani da su azaman gonakin shayi. Kogin yana samar da ruwa ga magudanan ruwa marasa adadi waɗanda ke ba da ruwa ga gonakin. Sakamakon haka, an rufe kogin a wurare da yawa don daidaita matakan ruwa da kuma tabbatar da samuwar ruwa ko da a lokacin rani. A yankunan da babu gonakin shayi, ana amfani da kwarin don noman rayuwa. Bayan sake shiga Rwanda, kogin yana gudana a yankunan tuddai masu laushi da kuma ƙasan tsayi. Duk hanyar kwarin kogin Muvumba tana fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa saboda ruwan sama mai yawa da ke sauka a tsaunukan da ke sama. An san waɗannan suna kawo ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa har ma a ƙananan sassan kogin waɗanda yawanci ba sa samun ruwan sama sosai. Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa sau da yawa na iya gurgunta ƙananan kogin, suna rufe hanyoyi da gadoji yayin da kuma ke haifar da mummunar illa ga amfanin gona. == Fauna da Flora == Bayan noma mai yawa, ƙananan wuraren da ke ƙarƙashin kogin suna da babban dajin gallery. Wannan ƙaramin dajin na iya zama mai kauri kuma kusan ba za a iya shiga ba, kuma yana ɗauke da nau'ikan bishiyoyin savanna da yawa. Ana samun nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa a wannan yanki, waɗanda suka fi yawa sune herons da egrets. Ana iya samun ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa da dabbobi masu rarrafe. Ana iya samun manyan dabbobin ruwa kamar hippopotamuses da kada na Nil a yankunan da ke kusa da haɗuwa da babban Kogin Akagera. An san waɗannan dabbobin suna tafiya sama da kogin, musamman a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa wanda ke haifar da asarar rayuka ga mutanen da ba a sani ba waɗanda ba su saba da waɗannan dabbobin ba kasancewar suna da nisa sosai. == Manazarta == dendcot1ixbj9m0co48acoewovh1c2h 0 155469 969335 954499 2026-10-19T00:20:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalara''' / / ˈkɒlərə / ) kamuwa ce ta ƙaramin hanji ta wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|na]] ''Vibrio cholerae'' . <ref name="CDC2015Pro" /> Alamomin na iya bambanta daga babu, zuwa mai sauƙi, zuwa mai tsanani. <ref name="CDC2015Pro">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2015 |title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320052724/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html |archive-date=20 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> Alamar da aka saba gani ita ce yawan [[Gudawa/Zawo|gudawa]] mai ruwa-ruwa wanda ke ɗaukar kwanaki kaɗan. <ref name="WHO2010">{{Cite journal |date=March 2010 |title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper |url=https://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf |journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record |volume=85 |issue=13 |pages=117–28 |pmid=20349546 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020218/http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> [[Amai]] da ciwon tsoka suma na iya faruwa. <ref name="CDC2015Pro" /> Gudawa na iya zama mai tsanani har ya kai ga rashin ruwa mai yawa da rashin daidaiton electrolyte cikin awanni. <ref name="WHO2010" /> Wannan na iya haifar da faɗuwar idanu, sanyi ko cyanotic fata, raguwar laushin fata, kurkura hannuwa da ƙafafu, kuma, a cikin mawuyacin hali, mutuwa. <ref name="Lancet2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Qadri F, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB |date=June 2012 |title=Cholera |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=379 |issue=9835 |pages=2466–2476 |bibcode=2012Lanc..379.2466H |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x |pmc=3761070 |pmid=22748592}}</ref> Alamomin suna farawa awanni biyu zuwa kwana biyar bayan kamuwa da cutar. <ref name="CDC2015Pro" /> Kwalara tana faruwa ne sakamakon nau'ikan ''Vibrio cholerae'' da dama, wasu nau'ikan kuma suna haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani fiye da wasu. <ref name="WHO2010" /> Ana yaɗa ta galibi ta hanyar [[Cutar da ke faruwa a cikin ruwa|ruwa mara kyau]] da abinci mara kyau wanda aka gurbata da [[Kashin mutum|najasar ɗan adam]] mai ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name="WHO2010" /> Kifin da ba a dafa shi yadda ya kamata ba abu ne da aka saba gani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2014 |title=Sources of Infection & Risk Factors |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312223337/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html |archive-date=12 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> Mutane ne kawai aka sani suna ɗauke da [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] . <ref name="WHO2010" /> Abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar sun haɗa da rashin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsafta]], rashin isasshen ruwan sha mai tsafta, da [[talauci]] . <ref name="WHO2010" /> Ana iya gano cutar kwalara ta hanyar gwajin bayan gida, <ref name="WHO2010"/> ko gwajin dipstick mai sauri, kodayake gwajin dipstick bai yi daidai ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2026 |title=Diagnosis and Detection |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html |url-status=live |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> Hanyoyin rigakafi kan cutar kwalara sun haɗa da inganta tsafta da kuma samun ruwa mai tsafta . <ref name="Lancet2012"/> [[Alurar rigakafin kwalara|Allurar rigakafin kwalara]] da ake bayarwa ta baki tana ba da kariya mai kyau na tsawon watanni shida, kuma tana ba da ƙarin fa'ida na kariya daga wani nau'in gudawa da ''E.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwuw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>coli'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clemens |first=John D. |last2=Sack |first2=David A. |last3=Harris |first3=Jeffrey R. |last4=Chakraborty |first4=J. |last5=Neogy |first5=P. K. |last6=Stanton |first6=B. |last7=Huda |first7=N. |last8=Khan |first8=M. U. |last9=Kay |first9=Bradford A. |last10=Khan |first10=M. R. |last11=Ansaruzzaman |first11=M. |last12=Yunus |first12=M. |last13=Raghava Rao |first13=M. |last14=Svennerholm |first14=Ann-Mari |last15=Holmgren |first15=Jan |date=1 August 1988 |title=Cross-Protection by B Subunit-Whole Cell Cholera Vaccine Against Diarrhea Associated with Heat-Labile Toxin-Producing Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: Results of a Large-Scale Field Trial |url=https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/158/2/372/810193 |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=372–377 |doi=10.1093/infdis/158.2.372 |issn=0022-1899 |pmid=3042876 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xian |first=Tew Hui |last2=Parasuraman |first2=Subramani |last3=Ravichandran |first3=Manickam |last4=Prabhakaran |first4=Guruswamy |date=16 December 2022 |title=Dual-Use Vaccine for Diarrhoeal Diseases: Cross-Protective Immunogenicity of a Cold-Chain-Free, Live-Attenuated, Oral Cholera Vaccine against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Challenge in BALB/c Mice |journal=Vaccines |language=en |volume=10 |issue=12 |page=2161 |doi=10.3390/vaccines10122161 |pmc=9787504 |pmid=36560571 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka]] (FDA) ta amince da allurar rigakafin cutar kwalara mai rai da aka sha sau ɗaya, wacce ake kira [[Alurar rigakafin kwalara|Vaxchora]] ga manya 'yan shekara 18-64 waɗanda ke tafiya zuwa yankin da cutar kwalara ke yaduwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Cholera Fact Sheet |url=https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/cholera/fact_sheet.htm |access-date=26 May 2020 |website=www.health.ny.gov}}</ref> Tana ba da kariya mai iyaka ga yara ƙanana. Mutanen da suka tsira daga cutar kwalara suna da garkuwar jiki mai ɗorewa na tsawon shekaru akalla uku (lokacin da aka gwada). <ref name="immunity">{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Jason B |date=15 November 2018 |title=Cholera: Immunity and Prospects in Vaccine Development |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=218 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=S141–S146 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiy414 |pmc=6188552 |pmid=30184117}}</ref> Babban maganin da ake bayarwa ga mutanen da abin ya shafa shine gishirin sake shakar ruwa ta baki (ORS), maye gurbin ruwa da electrolytes ta hanyar amfani da ruwan 'ya'yan itace masu zaki da gishiri. Ana fifita ruwan 'ya'yan itace da aka yi da shinkafa. A cikin yara, an gano cewa ƙarin zinc yana inganta sakamako. A cikin mawuyacin hali, ana iya buƙatar ruwan jijiya, kamar Ringer's lactate, kuma maganin rigakafi na iya zama da amfani. Zaɓar maganin rigakafi yana taimakawa ta hanyar gwajin jin daɗin maganin rigakafi . Kwalara ta ci gaba da shafar kimanin mutane 3-5&nbsp;mutane miliyan daya a duk duniya kuma yana haifar da 28,800–130,000&nbsp;mace-mace a shekara. <ref name="WHO2010"/> <ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Haidong |last2=Naghavi |first2=Mohsen |last3=Allen |first3=Christine |last4=Barber |first4=Ryan M. |last5=Bhutta |first5=Zulfiqar A. |last6=Carter |first6=Austin |last7=Casey |first7=Daniel C. |last8=Charlson |first8=Fiona J. |last9=Chen |first9=Alan Zian |last10=Coates |first10=Matthew M. |last11=Coggeshall |first11=Megan |last12=Dandona |first12=Lalit |last13=Dicker |first13=Daniel J. |last14=Erskine |first14=Holly E. |last15=Ferrari |first15=Alize J. |date=October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281}}</ref> Zuwa yanzu, annoba guda bakwai na kwalara sun faru, inda aka fara kwanan nan a shekarar 1961, kuma har yanzu yana ci gaba. Cutar ba kasafai take faruwa a ƙasashe masu kuɗi mai yawa ba, kuma tana shafar yara sosai. <ref name="WHO2010" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2014 |title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031930/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html |archive-date=17 March 2015 |access-date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> Kwalara tana faruwa ne a lokacin barkewar cutar da kuma a wasu yankuna . <ref name="WHO2010" /> Yankunan da ke da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta sun haɗa da [[Afirka]] da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya . <ref name="WHO2010" /> Haɗarin mutuwa tsakanin waɗanda abin ya shafa yawanci ƙasa da 5% ne, idan aka yi la'akari da ingantaccen magani, amma yana iya kaiwa 50% ba tare da samun irin wannan damar samun magani ba. <ref name="WHO2010" /> Ana samun bayanin kwalara tun farkon ƙarni na 5 KZ a cikin adabin Sanskrit . <ref name="Lancet2012"/> A Turai, kwalara kalma ce da aka fara amfani da ita don bayyana kowace irin cutar gastroenteritis, kuma ba a yi amfani da ita don wannan cutar ba har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 19. Binciken cutar kwalara a Ingila da [[John Snow]] ya yi tsakanin 1849 da 1854 ya haifar da ci gaba mai yawa a fannin ilimin cututtuka saboda fahimtarsa game da yaduwar cutar ta hanyar [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|gurbataccen ruwa]], kuma taswirar irin wannan ita ce ta farko da aka rubuta ta hanyar bin diddigin cututtuka. <ref name="Lancet2012" /> [[Fayil:En.MD.Video-Cholera.webm|thumb|Takaitaccen bayani game da bidiyo tare da VideoWiki ( [[mdwiki:Video:Cholera|rubutu]] )]] == Alamomi da Siffofin == [[File:Cholera feces.jpg|thumb|Gudawar cholera da ke kama da "ruwan shinkafa"]] Babban alamomin cholera su ne yawan gudawa da amai na ruwa mai tsabta.<ref name="Lancet2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK | title = Cholera | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2004-01-17_363_9404/page/223 | journal = Lancet | volume = 363 | issue = 9404 | pages = 223–33 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14738797 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7 | s2cid = 208793200 }}</ref> Wadannan alamomi yawanci suna fara ne kwatsam, daga rabin rana zuwa kwanaki biyar bayan shigar kwayar cutar.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Azman AS, Rudolph KE, Cummings DA, Lessler J | title = The incubation period of cholera: a systematic review | journal = The Journal of Infection | volume = 66 | issue = 5 | pages = 432–8 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23201968 | pmc = 3677557 | doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.11.013 }}</ref> Gudawar ana yawan bayyana ta da "ruwan shinkafa" kuma tana iya yin wari kamar kifi.<ref name=Lancet2004 /> Mutum da ba a yi wa magani ba na iya fitar da gudawa lita 10 zuwa 20 a rana.<ref name=Lancet2004 /> Cholera mai tsanani, ba tare da magani ba, tana kashe kusan rabin wadanda abin ya shafa.<ref name=Lancet2004 /> Idan ba a yi wa gudawa mai tsanani magani ba, tana iya haifar da rashin ruwa mai tsanani da rashin daidaiton sinadarai a jiki.<ref name=Lancet2004 /> Kimantawa na nuna cewa daga kowane mutum 3 zuwa 100 na iya kamuwa ba tare da alamomi ba.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = King AA, Ionides EL, Pascual M, Bouma MJ | title = Inapparent infections and cholera dynamics | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2008-08-14_454_7206/page/877 | journal = Nature | volume = 454 | issue = 7206 | pages = 877–80 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18704085 | doi = 10.1038/nature07084 | s2cid = 4408759 | bibcode = 2008Natur.454..877K | hdl = 2027.42/62519 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Cholera ta samu lakabi da "mutuwar shuɗi"<ref name="Greenough">{{cite journal|last1=Greenough|first1=William B. |title=The blue death Disease, disaster, and the water we drink|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-investigation_2008-01_118_1/page/4|pmc=2171164|journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=118|issue=1|page=4|doi=10.1172/JCI34394|date=2 January 2008}}</ref> saboda fata na iya zama shuɗi-ashen daga asarar ruwa mai tsanani.<ref name=McE2009>{{cite book|author1=McElroy, Ann |author2=Townsend, Patricia K. |title=Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel_718 |url-access=limited |location=Boulder, CO|publisher= Westview|year= 2009|page= [https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel_718/page/n395 375]|isbn=978-0-8133-4384-6}}</ref> Zazzabi ba kasafai yake faruwa ba, kuma idan ya bayyana yana iya nuna wata cuta ta biyu. Marasa lafiya na iya zama masu kasala kuma suna iya samun idanu da suka nutse, baki bushe, fata mai sanyi da zufa, ko hannaye da ƙafafu masu runtsi. Kussmaul breathing, numfashi mai zurfi da wahala, na iya faruwa saboda acidosis daga asarar bicarbonate a cikin bayan gida da kuma lactic acidosis da ke da alaƙa da rashin isar jini. Matsin jini yana raguwa saboda rashin ruwa, bugun jini na gefe yana sauri kuma ba shi da ƙarfi, kuma fitar fitsari yana raguwa da lokaci. Tsokoki na iya yin kakkarwa da rauni, hankalin mutum na iya rikicewa, kamuwa da farfaɗiya, ko ma suma saboda rashin daidaiton sinadarai a jiki, musamman ga yara.<ref name=Lancet2004 /> == Musabbabi == [[File:Cholera bacteria SEM.jpg|thumb|Hoton ''Vibrio cholerae'' da aka ɗauka ta na'urar hangen nesa ta lantarki (Scanning Electron Microscope)]] [[File:Vibrio cholerae.jpg|thumb|''Vibrio cholerae'', ƙwayar cutar da ke haddasa kwalara]] === Yaɗuwa === Yaɗuwar cutar yawanci tana faruwa ne ta hanyar cin abinci ko shan ruwa da ya gurɓace da bayan gida saboda rashin tsafta.<ref name="WHO2010" /> Yawancin lokutan kwalara a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba sakamakon abinci ne, yayin da a ƙasashe masu tasowa ruwa ne mafi yawan hanyar yaɗuwar cutar.<ref name="Lancet2004" /> An gano ƙwayoyin kwalara a cikin dabbobin teku masu harsashi da kuma plankton.<ref name="Lancet2004" /> Yaɗuwar cutar ta hanyar abinci na iya faruwa idan mutane sun kama abincin teku kamar oysters daga ruwan da najasa ta gurɓata, domin ''Vibrio cholerae'' tana taruwa a cikin ƙananan halittun ruwa na crustaceans da ke rayuwa tare da plankton, sannan oysters suna cin zooplankton.<ref name="bakerinstitute.org">{{cite AV media|url=http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/|title=Oceans, Climate, and Health: Cholera as a Model of Infectious Diseases in a Changing Environment|publisher=James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy|people=[[Rita Colwell]]|access-date=23 October 2013|location=Rice University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026030733/http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/|archive-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> Barkewar kwalara na ƙaruwa wajen yawaita faruwa, bazuwa da tsanani sakamakon sauyin yanayi.<ref name=":162">Cissé, G., R. McLeman, H. Adams, P. Aldunce, K. Bowen, D. Campbell-Lendrum, S. Clayton, K.L. Ebi, J. Hess, C. Huang, Q. Liu, G. McGregor, J. Semenza, and M.C. Tirado, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter07.pdf Chapter 7: Health, Wellbeing, and the Changing Structure of Communities]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1041–1170, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.009.</ref>{{rp|1107}}<ref name="(Walker, 2018)22">{{cite journal |vauthors=Walker JT |date=September 2018 |title=The influence of climate change on waterborne disease and Legionella: a review |journal=Perspectives in Public Health |volume=138 |issue=5 |pages=282–286 |doi=10.1177/1757913918791198 |pmid=30156484 |s2cid=52115812}}</ref><ref name=":92">{{Cite journal |last1=Bekele |first1=Bezawit Kassahun |last2=Uwishema |first2=Olivier |last3=Bisetegn |first3=Lydia Daniel |last4=Moubarak |first4=Antonia |last5=Charline |first5=Mugeniwayesu |last6=Sibomana |first6=Pacifique |last7=Onyeaka |first7=Chinyere Vivian Patrick |date=2025-04-30 |title=Cholera in Africa: A Climate Change Crisis |journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s44197-025-00386-x |issn=2210-6014 |pmc=12043531 |pmid=40304931 |article-number=68}}</ref> Mutanen da suka kamu da kwalara sukan yi gudawa sosai, kuma yaɗuwar cutar na iya faruwa idan wannan bayan gida mai ruwa ƙwarai, wanda ake kira "ruwan shinkafa", ya gurɓata ruwan da wasu mutane ke amfani da shi.<ref name="Sherris">{{cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0|edition=4th|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3/page/376 376]–7|editor1=Ryan KJ |editor2=Ray CG}}</ref> Sau ɗaya kacal mutum ya yi irin wannan gudawa na iya ƙara yawan ''V. cholerae'' a muhalli har sau miliyan ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/cholera-biology-and-genetics|title=Cholera Biology and Genetics {{!}} NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|website=www.niaid.nih.gov|date=7 February 2011 |language=en|access-date=5 December 2017}}</ref> Asalin gurɓatar yawanci daga wasu masu fama da kwalara ne idan ba a kula da bayan gidansu yadda ya kamata ba kuma ya shiga koguna, ruwan ƙasa ko hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha. Shan gurɓataccen ruwa ko cin abincin da aka wanke da irin wannan ruwa, da kuma dabbobin teku masu harsashi da ke rayuwa a wuraren da ruwa ya gurɓata, na iya sa mutum ya kamu da cutar. Kwalara ba kasafai take yaɗuwa kai tsaye daga mutum zuwa mutum ba.<ref name="CDC 2020">{{cite web | title=General Information – Cholera | website=CDC | date=5 August 2020 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html#three | access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref><ref group="note">A cewar CDC, "Ba a cika samun yaɗuwar cutar kai tsaye daga mutum zuwa mutum ba; saboda haka hulɗa ta yau da kullum da mai cutar ba babban haɗari ba ne wajen kamuwa da ita."</ref> ''V. cholerae'' tana rayuwa a wajen jikin ɗan Adam a cikin hanyoyin ruwa na halitta, ko dai ita kaɗai ko kuma ta hanyar hulɗa da phytoplankton, zooplankton, ragowar halittu masu rai da marasa rai.<ref name="NEJOct2009review">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nelson EJ, Harris JB, Morris JG, Calderwood SB, Camilli A | title = Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 7 | issue = 10 | pages = 693–702 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19756008 | pmc = 3842031 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2204 }}</ref> Shan irin wannan ruwa na iya haddasa cutar ko da ba a sami gurɓataccen bayan gida ba. Sai dai akwai matsin zaɓin muhalli a cikin ruwa wanda kan rage ƙarfin cutarwa na ''V. cholerae''.<ref name="NEJOct2009review" /> Musamman, binciken dabbobi ya nuna cewa tsarin karanta ƙwayoyin halittar ƙwayar cutar yana canzawa yayin da take shirin shiga muhalli na ruwa.<ref name="NEJOct2009review" /> Wannan canjin yana rage ikon ''V. cholerae'' na girma a cikin kafofin gwaji na yau da kullum, abin da ake kira "mai rai amma ba za a iya noma shi a dakin gwaje-gwaje ba" (VBNC), ko kuma "mai aiki amma ba za a iya noma shi ba" (ABNC).<ref name="NEJOct2009review" /> Wani bincike ya nuna cewa ikon girman ''V. cholerae'' yana raguwa da kashi 90% cikin sa'o'i 24 bayan shiga ruwa, kuma wannan raguwar tana da alaƙa da raguwar ƙarfin haddasa cuta.<ref name="NEJOct2009review" /><ref name="NEJOct2008plos">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nelson EJ, Chowdhury A, Flynn J, Schild S, Bourassa L, Shao Y, LaRocque RC, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Camilli A | title = Transmission of Vibrio cholerae is antagonized by lytic phage and entry into the aquatic environment | journal = PLOS Pathogens | volume = 4 | issue = 10 | article-number = e1000187 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18949027 | pmc = 2563029 | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000187 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Akwai nau'ikan ƙwayoyin da ke da guba da kuma waɗanda ba su da guba. Waɗanda ba su da guba na iya samun ikon haddasa cuta ta hanyar wani bacteriophage mai matsakaicin yanayin rayuwa.<ref name="Archivist_1997">{{cite journal |title=Cholera phage discovery |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |date=1 March 1997 |volume=76 |issue=3 |page=274 |doi=10.1136/adc.76.3.274 |pmc=1717096 |last1=Archivist }}</ref> === Sauƙin kamuwa === Yawanci ana buƙatar mutum ya haɗiye kusan ƙwayoyin cuta miliyan 100 kafin kwalara ta kama lafiyayyen baligi.<ref name=Lancet2004 /> Amma wannan adadin yana raguwa ga mutanen da acid ɗin cikinsu ya yi ƙasa, kamar masu amfani da proton pump inhibitors.<ref name=Lancet2004 /> Yara ma sun fi saurin kamuwa, musamman masu shekaru biyu zuwa huɗu.<ref name=Lancet2004 /> Hakanan nau'in jinin mutum yana tasiri wajen yiwuwar kamuwa da kwalara, inda masu jinin nau'in O suka fi saurin kamuwa.<ref name=Lancet2004 /> Mutanen da garkuwar jikinsu ta yi rauni, kamar masu AIDS ko yara masu fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, sun fi yiwuwar kamuwa da mummunar kwalara idan suka kamu da cutar.<ref name=WHOpreventionandcontrolofoutbreaks>[http://www.emro.who.int/csr/Media/PDF/cholera_whopolicy.pdf Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122092541/http://www.emro.who.int/csr/Media/PDF/cholera_whopolicy.pdf |date=22 November 2011 }}, World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, undated but citing sources from '07, '04, '03, '04, and '05.</ref> Kowanne mutum, har ma da lafiyayyen baligi mai matsakaicin shekaru, na iya fuskantar mummunar cutar, kuma ya kamata a tantance kowanne hali bisa yawan ruwan da aka rasa daga jiki, tare da shawarar ƙwararren ma'aikacin lafiya idan zai yiwu.{{medical citation needed|date=December 2013}} Canjin gado da ake kira delta-F508 wanda ke da alaƙa da cutar cystic fibrosis a cikin mutane, an ce yana ba masu ɗauke da kwafin guda ɗaya na wannan canji kariya daga kamuwa da ''V. cholerae''.<ref name="Bertranpetit_1996">{{cite book |doi=10.1002/9780470514887.ch6 |chapter=Genetic and Geographical Variability in Cystic Fibrosis: Evolutionary Considerations |title=Ciba Foundation Symposium 197 – Variation in the Human Genome |series=Novartis Foundation Symposia |year=2007 |last1=Bertranpetit |first1=Jaume |last2=Calafell |first2=Francesc |volume=197 |pages=97–118 |pmid=8827370 |isbn=978-0-470-51488-7}}</ref> A wannan samfurin, raunin da ke cikin sunadaran tashar cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator yana hana ƙwayoyin cutar manne wa rufin hanji, wanda hakan ke rage tasirin kamuwa da cutar. == Tsarin Aiki == [[File:Cholera role of biofilm in intestinal colonization.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Rawar biofilm a mamayar hanji da ''Vibrio cholerae'' ke yi]] Lokacin da aka haɗiye ƙwayoyin cutar, yawancinsu ba sa rayuwa saboda yanayin acid mai ƙarfi na cikin ɗan adam.<ref name="BliskaAlmagro-Moreno2015" /> Ƙalilan da suka tsira suna adana ƙarfinsu da abubuwan gina jiki da suka tara yayin wucewa cikin ciki ta hanyar dakatar da samar da sunadarai (protein). Lokacin da waɗannan ƙwayoyin da suka tsira suka fita daga ciki suka isa ƙaramin hanji, dole ne su yi amfani da motsinsu wajen ratsawa ta cikin kaurin majinar da ke rufe ƙaramin hanji domin isa bangon hanjin inda za su manne kuma su rayu cikin nasara.<ref name="BliskaAlmagro-Moreno2015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Almagro-Moreno S, Pruss K, Taylor RK |title=Intestinal Colonization Dynamics of Vibrio cholerae |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=11 |issue=5 |article-number=e1004787 |date=May 2015 |pmid=25996593 |pmc=4440752 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004787 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Da zarar ƙwayoyin cutar kwalara sun isa bangon hanji, ba sa buƙatar flagella domin motsi. Ƙwayoyin cutar suna daina samar da sunadarin flagellin domin adana kuzari da abubuwan gina jiki ta hanyar canza irin sunadaran da suke samarwa sakamakon sabon yanayin sinadarai da suka samu. Bayan sun isa bangon hanji, ''V. cholerae'' na fara samar da sunadarai masu guba (toxins) waɗanda ke haifar da gudawa mai ruwa ga wanda ya kamu da cutar. Wannan gudawar tana fitar da sababbin ƙwayoyin ''V. cholerae'' masu yawaita zuwa ruwan sha na wanda zai kamu na gaba idan ba a samar da ingantaccen tsafta ba.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wolfe |first1=Marlene |last2=Kaur |first2=Mehar |last3=Yates |first3=Travis |last4=Woodin |first4=Mark |last5=Lantagne |first5=Daniele |title=A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Exposures and Cholera in Case–Control Studies |journal=American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=2 August 2018 |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=534–545 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0897 |pmid=29968551 |pmc=6090371}}</ref> Gubar kwalara (CTX ko CT) wani hadadden tsarin sunadarai ne da ya ƙunshi ƙananan sassa shida na sunadari: kwafi ɗaya na sashin A (part A) da kwafi biyar na sashin B (part B), waɗanda ke haɗe da juna ta hanyar disulfide bond. Sassan B guda biyar suna samar da zobe mai sassa biyar wanda ke manne wa gangliosides na GM1 da ke saman ƙwayoyin epithelium na hanji. Sashin A1 na sashin A wani enzyme ne da ke yin ADP-ribosylation ga G proteins, yayin da sarkar A2 ke shiga tsakiyar ramin zoben sashin B. Bayan manne wa ƙwayar halitta, hadadden tsarin yana shiga cikin ƙwayar ta hanyar receptor-mediated endocytosis. Da zarar ya shiga cikin ƙwayar, ana karya disulfide bond ɗin, kuma sashin A1 yana 'yantuwa domin haɗuwa da wani sunadarin ɗan adam mai suna ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6).<ref name=O>{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Neal CJ, Jobling MG, Holmes RK, Hol WG |title=Structural basis for the activation of cholera toxin by human ARF6-GTP |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-08-12_309_5737/page/1093 |journal=Science |volume=309 |issue=5737 |pages=1093–1096 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16099990 |doi=10.1126/science.1113398 |s2cid = 8669389 |bibcode=2005Sci...309.1093O}}</ref> Wannan haɗuwar tana bayyana wurin aikinsa, wanda ke ba shi damar yin ribosylation na dindindin ga Gs alpha subunit na heterotrimeric G protein. Wannan yana haifar da ci gaba da samar da cAMP, wanda ke sa ruwa, sodium, potassium da bicarbonate su rika zubowa cikin lumen na ƙaramin hanji, lamarin da ke haddasa saurin rashin ruwa a jiki. An shigar da kwayar halittar da ke ɗauke da umarnin samar da gubar kwalara cikin ''V. cholerae'' ta hanyar horizontal gene transfer. Nau'ikan ''V. cholerae'' masu tsanani suna ɗauke da wani nau'in bacteriophage mai suna CTXφ. Masana ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta sun yi nazarin hanyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da ''V. cholerae'' ke amfani da su wajen kashe samar da wasu sunadarai da kuma kunna samar da wasu yayin da take amsa yanayin sinadarai daban-daban da take fuskanta yayin wucewa cikin ciki, ta cikin majinar ƙaramin hanji da kuma zuwa bangon hanji.<ref name="DiRita">{{cite journal |vauthors=DiRita VJ, Parsot C, Jander G, Mekalanos JJ |title=Regulatory cascade controls virulence in Vibrio cholerae |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1991-06-15_88_12/page/5403 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=88 |issue=12 |pages=5403–5407 |date=June 1991 |pmid=2052618 |pmc=51881 |doi=10.1073/pnas.88.12.5403 |bibcode=1991PNAS...88.5403D |doi-access=free}}</ref> Musamman, an mayar da hankali kan hanyoyin ƙwayoyin halittar da ke kunna samar da gubobi waɗanda ke mu'amala da tsarin ƙwayoyin jikin mai masaukin cutar domin tura ions na chloride zuwa cikin ƙaramin hanji. Wannan yana haifar da matsin lamba na ions wanda ke hana ions na sodium shiga cikin ƙwayar. Ions na chloride da sodium suna samar da yanayin ruwa mai gishiri a cikin ƙaramin hanji wanda ta hanyar osmosis zai iya jawo har zuwa lita shida na ruwa a rana su ratsa cikin ƙwayoyin hanji, lamarin da ke haifar da matsananciyar gudawa. Mai kamuwa da cutar na iya rasa ruwa cikin sauri idan ba a yi masa magani yadda ya kamata ba.<ref name="who.int">"Cholera Fact Sheet", World Health Organization. [https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index.html who.int] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505185900/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index.html |date=5 May 2012 }}. Retrieved 5 November 2013.</ref> Ta hanyar saka sassa daban-daban na DNA na ''V. cholerae'' cikin DNA na wasu ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ''E. coli'', waɗanda ba sa samar da waɗannan gubobi a dabi'ance, masu bincike sun yi nazarin yadda ''V. cholerae'' ke amsawa ga canjin yanayin sinadarai na ciki, majinar hanji da bangon hanji. Masu bincike sun gano cewa wani hadadden tsarin sunadarai masu sarrafawa ne ke kula da bayyanar halayen tsananin cutar (virulence determinants) na ''V. cholerae''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Kenneth M |last2=Gellings |first2=Patrick S |title=Multiple intraintestinal signals coordinate the regulation of Vibrio cholerae virulence determinants |journal=Pathogens and Disease |date=1 February 2018 |volume=76 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/femspd/ftx126 |pmid=29315383 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A lokacin amsawa ga yanayin sinadarai da ke bangon hanji, ƙwayoyin ''V. cholerae'' suna samar da sunadaran TcpP/TcpH, waɗanda tare da sunadaran ToxR/ToxS ke kunna samar da sunadarin sarrafawa na ToxT. Daga nan ToxT kai tsaye yana kunna bayyanar kwayoyin halittar virulence waɗanda ke samar da gubobi, suna haddasa gudawa ga wanda ya kamu da cutar kuma suna ba ƙwayoyin damar mamaye hanji.<ref name="DiRita" /> Bincike na yanzu{{when|date=August 2017}} yana neman gano "siginar da ke sa ƙwayoyin kwalara su daina iyo kuma su fara mamaye (wato manne wa ƙwayoyin) ƙaramin hanji".<ref name="DiRita" /> === Tsarin Kwayoyin Halitta === Binciken DNA ta hanyar Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) na nau'ikan ''V. cholerae'' da suka haddasa annoba ya nuna bambance-bambance a tsarin kwayoyin halittarsu. An gano rukuni biyu: Rukuni na I da Rukuni na II. A mafi yawan lokuta, Rukuni na I ya ƙunshi nau'ikan shekarun 1960 da 1970, yayin da Rukuni na II ya fi ƙunsar nau'ikan shekarun 1980 da 1990, bisa sauye-sauyen tsarin clone. Wannan rarrabuwa ta fi bayyana a cikin nau'ikan da aka samu daga nahiyar Afirka.<ref>{{Unreliable medical source|date=December 2013}} {{cite journal |vauthors=Lan R, Reeves PR |title=Pandemic spread of cholera: genetic diversity and relationships within the seventh pandemic clone of Vibrio cholerae determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=172–181 |date=January 2002 |pmid=11773113 |pmc=120103 |doi=10.1128/JCM.40.1.172-181.2002}}</ref> === Juriya ga Magungunan Rigakafin Ƙwayoyin Cuta === A yankuna da dama na duniya, juriya ga magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙaruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin kwalara. A Bangladesh, alal misali, mafi yawan lokuta suna nuna juriya ga tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole da erythromycin.<ref name="NEJM2006" /> Akwai hanyoyin gwaji masu sauri domin gano lokutan da ke da juriya ga magunguna da dama.<ref name="Mackay">{{cite book|title=Real-Time PCR in microbiology: From diagnosis to characterization|publisher=Caister Academic Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1-904455-18-9|editor=Mackay IM}}{{page?|date=June 2024}}</ref> An kuma gano sabbin magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka nuna inganci a kan ƙwayoyin kwalara a gwaje-gwajen dakin bincike (''in vitro'').<ref name="Ramamurthy">{{cite book |title=Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and molecular biology |publisher=Caister Academic Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-904455-33-2 |chapter=Antibiotic resistance in ''Vibrio cholerae'' |last=Ramamurthy |first=T. |chapter-url=https://www.caister.com/hsp/abstracts/vib/12.html |page=195}}</ref> == Ganewar Asibiti == Ana samun gwajin dipstick mai sauri don gano kasancewar V. cholerae.<ref name="NEJM2006" /> Idan sakamakon ya nuna akwai cutar, ya kamata a yi ƙarin gwaje-gwaje don gano juriya ga maganin rigakafi.<ref name="NEJM2006" /> A lokacin annoba, ana iya yin ganewar asibiti ta hanyar tarihin marar lafiya da bincike mai sauƙi. Ana iya fara magani ta hanyar shayar da ruwa da magungunan ruwa na kasuwa kafin ko ba tare da tabbatarwa daga dakin gwaje-gwaje ba, musamman inda kwalara ta zama matsala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cholera - Diagnosis and treatment |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355293 |access-date=4 September 2022 |website=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> Samfurin bayan gida da swab da aka tattara a lokacin farkon cutar, kafin a fara maganin rigakafi, su ne mafi amfani wajen gano cutar. Idan ana zargin annoba ta kwalara, mafi yawan sanadin cutar shi ne V. cholerae O1. Idan ba a gano O1 ba, sai a binciki V. cholerae O139. Idan babu ɗayansu, dole ne a aika samfurin bayan gida zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje na musamman.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} Cutar da V. cholerae O139 ke haifarwa ya kamata a bayar da rahoto da kuma kula da ita kamar yadda ake yi da V. cholerae O1. Ciwon gudawa da ke da alaƙa da ita ya kamata a kira da kwalara kuma dole ne a bayar da rahoto a Amurka.<ref name="CDC_Diag">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/Laboratory-Methods-for-the-Diagnosis-of-Epidemic-Dysentery-and-Cholera.pdf|title=Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Epidemic Dysentery and Cholera|year=1999|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=30 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623024004/https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/laboratory-methods-for-the-diagnosis-of-epidemic-dysentery-and-cholera.pdf|archive-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> == Rigakafi == [[File:It doesn't hurt, but it tickles. A U.S. Navy hospital corpsman, member of a USAID military health team, inoculates a flo - NARA - 541855.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Allurar rigakafin kwalara a shekarar 1966]] Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana ba da shawarar mayar da hankali kan rigakafi, shiri, da martani domin yaƙar yaɗuwar kwalara.<ref name="who.int" /> Haka kuma tana jaddada muhimmancin ingantaccen tsarin sa ido da bibiyar cuta.<ref name="who.int" /> Gwamnatoci na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a duk waɗannan fannoni. === Ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki === {{Further|WASH#Health aspects}} Ko da yake kwalara na iya zama cuta mai barazana ga rayuwa, rigakafinta yawanci abu ne mai sauƙi idan ana bin ƙa'idodin tsafta yadda ya kamata. A ƙasashe masu ci gaba, saboda kusan kowa na samun ingantaccen tsarin kula da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kwalara ba ta cika faruwa ba. Alal misali, annobar kwalara ta ƙarshe mai girma a Amurka ta faru ne tsakanin shekarun 1910 zuwa 1911.<ref name="moltke1">{{cite news |title=CHOLERA KILLS BOY; EIGHTH DEATH HERE; All Other Suspected Cases Now in Quarantine and Show No Alarming Symptoms. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/18/archives/cholera-kills-boy-eighth-death-here-all-other-suspected-cases-now.html |work=The New York Times |date=18 July 1911}}</ref><ref name="moltke2">{{cite news |title=More Cholera in Port |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412:250061412&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=OCT+10%2C+1910&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&pqatl=google |quote=A case of cholera developed today in the steerage of the Hamburg-American liner Moltke, which has been detained at quarantine as a possible cholera carrier since Monday last. Dr. A.H. Doty, health officer of the port, reported the case tonight with the additional information that another cholera patient from the Moltke is under treatment at Swinburne Island. |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=10 October 1910 |access-date=11 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216072507/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412%3A250061412&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&date=OCT+10%2C+1910&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&pqatl=google |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> Kwalara ta fi zama barazana a ƙasashe masu tasowa, musamman a wuraren da har yanzu hanyoyin samar da ruwa mai tsafta, tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki (WASH) ba su wadatar ba. Ingantattun hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli, idan an aiwatar da su kuma aka bi su a kan lokaci, yawanci suna isa su dakatar da annoba. Akwai wurare da dama a cikin hanyar yaɗuwar kwalara inda za a iya dakatar da yaɗuwarta:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cholera|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera|access-date=20 August 2020|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> * '''Kashe ƙwayoyin cuta (Sterilization):''' Zubarwa da kula da duk wani abu da ya taɓa bayan-gidan mutanen da suka kamu da kwalara (misali tufafi, shimfiɗa da makamantansu) yadda ya kamata yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. Ya kamata a tsabtace su ta hanyar wanke su da ruwan zafi, tare da amfani da sinadarin chlorine bleach idan akwai. Hannayen da suka taɓa marasa lafiya ko tufafinsu da kayan kwanciyarsu ya kamata a wanke su sosai kuma a kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da ruwan chlorine ko wasu sinadarai masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta. * '''Gudanar da najasa da datti na bayan-gida:''' A yankunan da kwalara ta shafa, dole ne a kula da najasa da datti na bayan-gida yadda ya kamata domin hana yaɗuwar cutar ta hanyar bayan-gidan ɗan adam. Samar da tsaftar muhalli da tsaftar jiki muhimmiyar hanyar rigakafi ce.<ref name="who.int" /> Dole ne a hana yin bayan-gida a fili, sakin najasa ba tare da magani ba, ko zubar da datti daga rijiyoyin bayan-gida ko tankunan septic cikin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGQVBeNM_80C&pg=PA5 |title=Urban Water Security: Managing Risks: UNESCO-IHP |last1=Cisneros |first1=Blanca Jimenez |last2=Rose |first2=Joan B. |date=24 March 2009 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-203-88162-0 |language=en}}</ref> A yawancin yankunan da kwalara ta fi yawaita, matakin kula da najasa yana da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rd3zCAAAQBAJ&pg=GBS.PA24 |title=Cholera and the Ecology of Vibrio cholerae |vauthors=Drasar BS, Forrest DB |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-009-1515-2 |page=24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dAT9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 |title=A Companion to the Anthropology of Environmental Health |last=Singer |first=Merrill |date=31 May 2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-78699-4 |page=219}}</ref> Saboda haka, amfani da busassun bayan-gida (dry toilets) waɗanda ba sa gurɓata ruwa na iya zama wata hanya mai amfani maimakon bayan-gidan ruwa (flush toilets).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gili |first1=Enrique |date=9 June 2015 |title=Starting a poop to compost movement |url=https://www.dw.com/en/global-ideas-haiti-poop-compost-toilets/a-18504469 |work=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> * '''Tushen ruwa:''' Ya kamata a sanya gargadi a wuraren ruwan da ake zargin sun gurɓace da kwalara tare da bayanin yadda za a tsarkake ruwan (ta hanyar tafasa shi, amfani da chlorine da sauransu) kafin amfani. * '''Tsarkake ruwa:''' Duk ruwan da za a sha, a yi amfani da shi wajen dafa abinci ko wanke-wanke ya kamata a tsarkake shi ta hanyar tafasawa, chlorination, amfani da ozone, hasken ultraviolet (misali ta hanyar tsarkake ruwa da hasken rana), ko tacewa da na'urorin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a duk yankin da ake zargin akwai kwalara. Chlorination da tafasawa su ne hanyoyin da suka fi sauƙi da rahusa wajen dakatar da yaɗuwar cutar. Tace ruwa da zane ko sari filtration, duk da kasancewarsu hanyoyi masu sauƙi, sun rage yawan kamuwa da kwalara sosai a ƙauyukan Bangladesh da ke amfani da ruwan sama ko na saman ƙasa ba tare da magani ba.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} Ingantattun matatun ruwa masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta su ne mafi inganci. Wayar da kan jama'a kan lafiyar jama'a da bin ƙa'idodin tsafta suna da muhimmanci wajen hana da sarrafa yaɗuwar kwalara da sauran cututtuka. WHO Afrika tana kuma ba da shawarar wanke hannu da sabulu ko toka bayan amfani da bayan-gida da kuma kafin sarrafa abinci ko cin abinci domin rigakafin kwalara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cholera and food safety |url=http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=20 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821044840/http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2017}}</ref> <gallery class="center" widths="225px" heights="200px"> File:Unsafe disposal of faecal sludge or sewage in Haiti (6458176073).jpg|Ana zargin zubar da najasa ko datti daga sansanin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya cikin wani tafki a kusa da Port-au-Prince ya taimaka wajen yaɗuwar annobar kwalara ta Haiti ta shekarar 2010 bayan girgizar ƙasa, wadda ta kashe dubban mutane. File:A SOIL EkoLakay toilet customer. (15921409131).jpg|Misalin busasshen bayan-gida mai raba fitsari a yankin Haiti da kwalara ta shafa. Irin wannan bayan-gida yana dakatar da yaɗuwar cuta ta hanyar gurɓatar ruwa da bayan-gida. File:Cholera hospital in Dhaka.jpg|Asibitin kwalara a Dhaka, yana nuna irin gadajen da ake amfani da su ga marasa lafiya na kwalara. </gallery> === Sa Ido da Bibiyar Cuta === [[File:Using Precipitation Data to Assess Risk of Cholera Outbreaks.webm|thumb|upright=1.3|Amfani da bayanan tauraron ɗan adam wajen ƙirƙirar taswirar haɗarin barkewar kwalara a yankuna daban-daban na duniya.]] Sa ido da bayar da rahoton cuta cikin gaggawa na taimakawa wajen dakile annobar kwalara cikin sauri. A ƙasashe da dama da cutar ke yawaita, kwalara cuta ce mai bin yanayi kuma tana faruwa duk shekara musamman a lokacin damina. Tsarin sa ido na iya ba da gargadin farko game da barkewar cuta, wanda zai taimaka wajen tsara martani cikin haɗin gwiwa da kuma shirye-shiryen tunkarar annoba. Ingantaccen tsarin sa ido yana kuma taimakawa wajen tantance haɗarin barkewar kwalara a nan gaba.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html |title=Cholera: prevention and control |publisher=WHO |work=Health topics |year=2008 |access-date=8 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214042133/http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html |archive-date=14 December 2008}}</ref> Domin rigakafi ya yi tasiri, yana da muhimmanci a rika kai rahoton dukkan lokutan kamuwa da cutar ga hukumomin lafiya na ƙasa.<ref name=Lancet2004 /> === Rigakafin Allura === [[File:Euvichol-plus.jpg|thumb|Allurar rigakafin kwalara ta baki Euvichol-plus]] Likitan Spain Jaume Ferran i Clua ne ya samar da allurar rigakafin kwalara ta farko mai nasara a shekarar 1885, wanda ya zama mutum na farko da ya yi rigakafin wata cutar ƙwayoyin cuta ga mutane.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211100824/http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others|url-status=deviated|title=Others — Timelines — History of Vaccines|archive-date=11 February 2015}}</ref> Duk da cewa allurarsa ta fuskanci suka da ƙin amincewa daga takwarorinsa da kwamitocin bincike, daga baya ta tabbatar da ingancinta kuma aka amince da ita. Daga cikin mutane 30,000 da ya yi wa rigakafi, mutum 54 kacal suka mutu.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Bornside |first1=George H. |title=Waldemar Haffkine's Cholera Vaccines and the Ferran-Haffkine Priority Dispute |journal=Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences |date=1982 |volume=XXXVII |issue=4 |pages=399–422 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/xxxvii.4.399 |pmid=6759570}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Bornside |first1=George H. |title=Jaime Ferran and Preventive Inoculation Against Cholera |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_winter-1981_55_4/page/516 |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |date=1981 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=516–532 |jstor=44441415 |pmid=7039738 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Hawgood |first1=Barbara J |title=Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India |journal=Journal of Medical Biography |date=February 2007 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=9–19 |doi=10.1258/j.jmb.2007.05-59 |pmid=17356724 |s2cid=42075270}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Anna Lena |last2=Gonzales |first2=Maria Liza Antoinette |last3=Aldaba |first3=Josephine G. |last4=Nair |first4=G. Balakrish |date=September 2014 |title=Killed oral cholera vaccines: history, development and implementation challenges |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=123–136 |doi=10.1177/2051013614537819 |issn=2051-0136 |pmc=4144262 |pmid=25177492}}</ref> Masanin ƙwayoyin cuta ɗan asalin Rasha da Faransa, Waldemar Haffkine, shi ma ya samar da allurar rigakafin kwalara ga mutane a watan Yulin 1892.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>[http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm haffkineinstitute.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024552/http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm|date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Ya gudanar da babban shirin yin rigakafi a Birtaniyyar Indiya.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2020 |title=Waldemar Haffkine: The vaccine pioneer the world forgot |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55050012 |access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref> Mutanen da suka tsira daga kamuwa da kwalara suna samun kariya mai ɗorewa daga sake kamuwa da cutar na aƙalla shekaru uku (gwargwadon lokacin da aka gwada).<ref name="immunity"/> Akwai alluran rigakafin kwalara da dama na baki waɗanda suke da aminci kuma suna da tasiri.<ref name="pmid21412922">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sinclair D, Abba K, Zaman K, Qadri F, Graves PM |title=Oral vaccines for preventing cholera |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=3 |article-number=CD008603 |date=March 2011 |volume=2011 |pmid=21412922 |pmc=6532691 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008603.pub2 |editor=Sinclair D}}</ref> Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta amince da alluran kwalara na baki guda uku: Dukoral, Sanchol da Euvichol. Dukoral, wanda allura ce ta baki mai ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da aka kashe (whole-cell vaccine), tana da tasiri kusan kashi 52% a shekara ta farko bayan karɓa, da kuma kashi 62% a shekara ta biyu, tare da ƙarancin illa.<ref name="pmid21412922" /> Ana samun ta a ƙasashe sama da 60. Sai dai a halin yanzu{{when|date=August 2017}} Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC) ba ta ba da shawarar amfani da ita ga mafi yawan matafiya daga Amurka zuwa ƙasashen da kwalara ta yawaita ba.<ref name="CDC_Vacc">{{cite web |title=Is a vaccine available to prevent cholera? |work=Centers for Disease Control |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine |date=22 October 2010 |access-date=24 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026085158/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine |archive-date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Allurar da Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ke ba da shawara ita ce Vaxchora, wata allurar baki mai rai amma raunana (oral attenuated live vaccine), wadda take da tasiri ga manya masu shekaru 18 zuwa 64 idan aka ba su kashi guda ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.immunize.org/fda/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415125256/http://www.immunize.org/fda/ |title=FDA Product Approval: View All |archive-date=15 April 2017}}</ref> An gano wata allurar da ake yi ta allura a jiki tana da tasiri har tsawon shekaru biyu zuwa uku. Tasirin kariyarta ya ragu da kashi 28% a cikin yara masu ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Graves PM, Deeks JJ, Demicheli V, Jefferson T |title=Vaccines for preventing cholera: killed whole cell or other subunit vaccines (injected) |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=8 |article-number=CD000974 |date=August 2010 |volume=2019 |pmid=20687062 |pmc=6532721 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000974.pub2 |editor=Graves PM}}</ref> Duk da haka, {{as of|2010|lc=y}}, samun wannan allurar yana da iyaka.<ref name=WHO2010 /> Ana ci gaba da bincike kan rawar da yin rigakafi ga jama'a gaba ɗaya zai taka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html |title=Cholera vaccines |publisher=WHO |work=Health topics |year=2008 |access-date=1 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216224558/http://who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html |archive-date=16 February 2010}}</ref> WHO tana ba da shawarar yi wa ƙungiyoyin da ke cikin haɗari, kamar yara da mutanen da ke ɗauke da HIV, rigakafi a ƙasashen da cutar ke yawaita.<ref name=WHO2010 /> Idan aka yi wa jama'a da yawa rigakafi, kariyar garke (herd immunity) na samuwa, wanda ke rage yawan gurɓata muhalli da ƙwayoyin cutar.<ref name=NEJM2006 /> WHO tana ba da shawarar a yi la'akari da amfani da allurar kwalara ta baki a yankunan da cutar ke yawaita (musamman a lokutan da take ƙaruwa bisa yanayi), a matsayin wani ɓangare na martani ga barkewar cuta, ko kuma a lokacin rikicin jin kai inda haɗarin kwalara ya yi yawa.<ref>{{cite journal |title=News from the World Health Organization: Epidemiological Methods for Environmental Health Initiatives in WHO |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-epidemiology_1993-10_22_5/page/961 |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |date=1993 |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=961–962 |doi=10.1093/ije/22.5.961 }}</ref> An amince da allurar kwalara ta baki (OCV) a matsayin wata ƙarin hanya ta rigakafi da sarrafa kwalara. WHO ta amince da alluran kwalara guda uku masu kare nau'ikan O1 da O139: Dukoral (na kamfanin SBL Vaccines), wanda ke ɗauke da wani sashi mara guba na gubar kwalara (B-subunit), da kuma ShanChol (Shantha Biotec) da Euvichol (EuBiologics Co.) waɗanda aka ƙera ta amfani da fasaha iri ɗaya.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ryan ET |date=January 2011 |title=The cholera pandemic, still with us after half a century: time to rethink |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=e1003 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001003 |pmc=3026764 |pmid=21283611 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da allurar kwalara ta baki a yanayi daban-daban, daga yankunan da cutar ke yawaita zuwa wuraren rikicin jin kai, amma har yanzu babu cikakkiyar matsaya kan yadda ya kamata a rika amfani da ita a kowane yanayi.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Deen J, von Seidlein L, Luquero FJ, Troeger C, Reyburn R, Lopez AL, Debes A, Sack DA |date=January 2016 |title=The scenario approach for countries considering the addition of oral cholera vaccination in cholera preparedness and control plans |journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=125–129 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00298-4 |pmid=26494426 |doi-access=}}</ref> === Tace Ruwa da Sari === [[Image:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|Women at a village pond in Matlab, Bangladesh, washing utensils and vegetables. The woman on the right is putting a sari filter onto a water-collecting pot (or kalash) to filter water for drinking.|thumb|240px]] An ƙirƙiri hanyar "tace ruwa da sari" domin amfani a Bangladesh. Wannan hanya ce mai sauƙi kuma mai arha ta fasahar da ta dace (appropriate technology) domin rage gurɓacewar ruwan sha. Ana fi son amfani da tsohuwar ƙyallen sari, amma ana iya amfani da wasu tsofaffin yadudduka ma, duk da cewa ingancinsu zai bambanta. Tsohon yadi ya fi sabo tasiri saboda yawan wankewa yana rage tazarar da ke tsakanin zarurrukan yadin. Ruwan da aka tace ta wannan hanya yana da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta sosai, ko da yake ba lallai ne ya zama cikakken tsarkakakke ba. Duk da haka, wannan babban ci gaba ne ga talakawa masu ƙarancin zaɓuɓɓuka.<ref name=Ram2010>{{cite book |author=Ramamurthy T |title=Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects on Cholera |year=2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-60327-265-0 |page=330 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&pg=PA330 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107134836/https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&pg=PA330 |archive-date=7 November 2015}}</ref> A Bangladesh, an gano cewa wannan hanya ta rage yawan kamuwa da kwalara da kusan rabin adadin da ake samu a baya.<ref name=Merr2010>{{cite book |author=Merrill RM |title=Introduction to epidemiology. |year=2010 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, MA |isbn=978-0-7637-6622-1 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&pg=PA43 |edition=5th |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106194307/https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&pg=PA43 |archive-date=6 November 2015}}</ref> Hanyar tana buƙatar a naɗe sari sau huɗu zuwa takwas kafin a yi amfani da ita wajen tace ruwa.<ref name=Ram2010 /> Bayan amfani, ya kamata a wanke yadin da ruwa mai tsabta sannan a busar da shi a rana domin kashe duk wata ƙwayar cuta da za ta iya kasancewa a jikinsa.<ref>{{cite book |author=Starr C |title=Biology: Today and Tomorrow with Physiology |year=2007 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-111-79701-0 |page=563 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bsFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA563|edition=2|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107022134/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bsFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA563 |archive-date=7 November 2015}}</ref> An kuma gano cewa yadin nailan (nylon) yana aiki kusan daidai da sari, amma ba shi da sauƙin samu ko araha kamar sari.<ref name=Merr2010 /> == Magani == [[File:Cholera rehydration nurses.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Ana kula da mara lafiyar kwalara ta hanyar maganin mayar da ruwa ta baki (oral rehydration therapy) a shekarar 1992]] Ci gaba da cin abinci yana taimakawa wajen saurin dawo da aikin hanji yadda ya kamata. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana ba da wannan shawara ga mafi yawan lokutan gudawa ba tare da la’akari da abin da ya haddasa su ba.<ref name=WHOTreatmentOfDiarrhoea2005 /> Littafin horo na CDC da aka tanada musamman don kwalara ya bayyana cewa: "A ci gaba da shayar da jariri nono idan yana fama da gudawa mai ruwa, ko da kuwa ana kan hanyar zuwa neman magani. Manya da yara masu girma su ma su ci gaba da cin abinci akai-akai."<ref name=CDCCommunityHealthWorkerTrainingManual>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/chw-trainingmaterials-haiti-specific-508c.pdf |title=Community Health Worker Training Materials for Cholera Prevention and Control |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702064520/https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/chw-trainingmaterials-haiti-specific-508c.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2017}}</ref> === Ruwa da Mayar da Ruwa a Jiki === Kuskuren da aka fi yi wajen kula da marasa lafiya masu kwalara shi ne raina saurin da kuma yawan ruwan da ake buƙatar ba su.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://globalhealthcenter.umn.edu/documents/Cholera-Lancet-July2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010620/http://globalhealthcenter.umn.edu/documents/Cholera-Lancet-July2012.pdf |title=globalhealthcenter.umn.edu |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> A mafi yawan lokuta, ana iya samun nasarar magance kwalara ta amfani da maganin mayar da ruwa ta baki (ORT), wanda yake da tasiri sosai, mai aminci, kuma mai sauƙin amfani.<ref name=NEJM2006 /> Ana fifita magungunan da aka yi da shinkafa maimakon waɗanda aka yi da glucose saboda sun fi tasiri.<ref name=NEJM2006 /> A lokutan da rashin ruwa ya yi tsanani sosai, ana iya buƙatar mayar da ruwa ta hanyar allurar jijiya (intravenous rehydration). Ringer's lactate shi ne ruwan da aka fi so a yi amfani da shi, sau da yawa tare da ƙarin potassium.<ref name=Lancet2004 /><ref name=WHOTreatmentOfDiarrhoea2005>{{cite book |title=The treatment of diarrhoea: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers |date=2005 |publisher=World Health Organization |pages=10, 16–17 |isbn=978-92-4-159318-2 |hdl=10665/43209 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya buƙatar ba da ruwa mai yawa da ci gaba da maye gurbinsa har sai gudawar ta tsaya.<ref name=Lancet2004 /> Wani lokaci ana iya buƙatar ba mutum ruwa da ya kai kashi 10% na nauyin jikinsa cikin awanni biyu zuwa huɗu na farko.<ref name=Lancet2004 /> An fara gwada wannan hanya a babban mataki a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Bangladesh, kuma an samu nasara sosai.<ref>[https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/21/the_civil_war_that_killed_cholera The Civil War That Killed Cholera] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220165056/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/21/the_civil_war_that_killed_cholera |date=20 December 2013 }}, foreignpolicy.com.</ref> Duk da abin da mutane da yawa ke zato, ruwan 'ya'yan itatuwa da abubuwan sha masu sukari kamar kola ba su dace wajen mayar da ruwa ga mutanen da ke fama da mummunan ciwon hanji ba, kuma yawan sukarinsu na iya ma hana jiki shan ruwa yadda ya kamata.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sugary drinks 'worsen vomit bug' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8010346.stm |work=BBC News |date=22 April 2009 }}</ref> Idan magungunan ORS da aka ƙera a masana'anta suna da tsada ko kuma suna da wahalar samu, ana iya yin su a gida. Wata hanyar haɗawa ita ce: lita ɗaya na ruwan da aka tafasa, rabin ƙaramin cokali na gishiri, cokali shida na sukari, tare da ƙara ayaba da aka murƙushe domin samar da potassium da kuma inganta ɗanɗano.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rehydrate.org/solutions/homemade.htm|title=Oral Rehydration Solutions: Made at Home|year=2010|access-date=29 October 2010|publisher=The Mother and Child Health and Education Trust|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124130823/http://rehydrate.org/solutions/homemade.htm|archive-date=24 November 2010}}</ref> === Sinadaran Jiki (Electrolytes) === Saboda yawan lokuta na farko suna tare da acidosis, matakin potassium na iya kasancewa daidai duk da cewa an rasa mai yawa daga jiki.<ref name=Lancet2004 /> Yayin da ake gyara rashin ruwa, matakin potassium na iya sauka da sauri, saboda haka ana buƙatar maye gurbinsa.<ref name=Lancet2004 /> Hanya mafi dacewa ita ce ta amfani da maganin ORS.<ref name=choleraoutbreaksteps /> === Magungunan Rigakafin Ƙwayoyin Cuta === Amfani da magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta (antibiotics) na tsawon rana ɗaya zuwa uku yana rage tsawon lokacin cutar kuma yana rage tsanantar alamominta.<ref name=Lancet2004 /> Haka kuma yana rage yawan ruwan da ake buƙatar bai wa mara lafiya.<ref>{{cite report|date=28 November 2011|title=Cholera Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311042338/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|archive-date=11 March 2015}}</ref> Duk da haka, marasa lafiya galibi suna murmurewa gaba ɗaya ba tare da amfani da maganin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta ba muddin an kula da mayar da ruwa yadda ya kamata.<ref name=NEJM2006 /> WHO tana ba da shawarar amfani da antibiotics ne kawai ga mutanen da ke fama da tsananin rashin ruwa.<ref name=choleraoutbreaksteps>{{cite web|title=First steps for managing an outbreak of acute diarrhea|url=https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/publications/en/first_steps.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization Global Task Force on Cholera Control|access-date=23 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805150434/http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/publications/en/first_steps.pdf|archive-date=5 August 2014}}</ref> Doxycycline shi ne maganin da aka fi amfani da shi da farko, ko da yake wasu nau'ikan ''V. cholerae'' sun nuna juriya ga shi.<ref name=Lancet2004 /> Gwajin juriya a lokacin annoba na taimakawa wajen zaɓar magungunan da suka fi dacewa a nan gaba.<ref name=Lancet2004 /> Sauran magungunan da aka tabbatar suna da tasiri sun haɗa da cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol da furazolidone.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106021041/http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/tropmed/disease/chol/treatment.htm|archive-date=6 November 2012|url=http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/tropmed/disease/chol/treatment.htm |title=Cholera treatment|publisher=Molson Medical Informatics |year=2007 |access-date=3 January 2008}}</ref> Fluoroquinolones kamar ciprofloxacin ma ana iya amfani da su, amma an ruwaito juriya ga su.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Krishna BV, Patil AB, Chandrasekhar MR | title = Fluoroquinolone-resistant Vibrio cholerae isolated during a cholera outbreak in India | journal = Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | volume = 100 | issue = 3 | pages = 224–6 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16246383 | doi = 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.07.007 }}</ref> Magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta suna inganta sakamako ga mutanen da ke fama da tsanani ko marar tsanani na rashin ruwa.<ref name="Lei2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leibovici-Weissman Y, Neuberger A, Bitterman R, Sinclair D, Salam MA, Paul M | title = Antimicrobial drugs for treating cholera | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 6 | article-number = CD008625 | date = June 2014 | volume = 2014 | pmid = 24944120 | pmc = 4468928 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008625.pub2 }}</ref> Azithromycin da tetracycline na iya yin aiki fiye da doxycycline ko ciprofloxacin.<ref name="Lei2014" /> === Ƙarin Zinc === A Bangladesh, ƙarin zinc ya rage tsawon lokaci da tsananin gudawa a yara masu kwalara lokacin da aka ba su tare da antibiotics da kuma maganin mayar da ruwa idan ya zama dole. Ya rage tsawon lokacin cutar da awanni takwas kuma ya rage yawan bayan-gidan gudawa da kashi 10%.<ref name=CDC2013>{{cite report|date=28 November 2011|title=Cholera-Zinc Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/zinc-treatment.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203084037/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/zinc-treatment.html|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> Ƙarin zinc yana kuma da alama yana da tasiri wajen magani da rigakafin gudawa mai kamuwa da cuta daga wasu dalilai daban-daban a tsakanin yara a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name=CDC2013 /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Telmesani AM | title = Oral rehydration salts, zinc supplement and rota virus vaccine in the management of childhood acute diarrhea | journal = Journal of Family & Community Medicine | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 79–82 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 21359029 | pmc = 3045093 | doi = 10.4103/1319-1683.71988 | doi-access = free }}</ref> == Hasashen Lafiya == Idan aka yi wa mutanen da suka kamu da kwalara magani cikin gaggawa da kuma yadda ya dace, yawan mace-mace bai fi kashi 1% ba; duk da haka, idan ba a yi magani ba, yawan mace-mace na iya kaiwa kashi 50–60%.<ref name="Lancet2004" /><ref name=textbook>{{cite web|url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html|title=Vibrio cholerae and Asiatic Cholera|publisher=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology|author=Todar K|access-date=20 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228115128/http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html|archive-date=28 December 2010}}</ref> Ga wasu nau’ikan kwayar cutar kwalara na musamman, kamar wanda ya bayyana a lokacin annobar Haiti ta shekarar 2010 da kuma barkewar cutar a Indiya a shekarar 2004, mutuwa na iya faruwa cikin awanni biyu bayan kamuwa da cutar.<ref name="Knox2010">{{cite news |last1=Knox |first1=Richard |title=Toward A New Strategy For Fighting Cholera In Haiti |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2010/12/10/131972272/toward-a-new-strategy-for-fighting-cholera-in-haiti |work=NPR |date=10 December 2010 }}</ref> == Kimiyyar Yaduwar Cututtuka (Epidemiology) == Kwalara tana shafar kimanin mutane miliyan 2.8 a daukacin duniya, kuma tana sanadiyar mutuwar kusan mutane 95,000 a shekara (mizanin rashin tabbas: 21,000–143,000) {{as of|2015|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Mohammad |last2=Nelson |first2=Allyson R. |last3=Lopez |first3=Anna Lena |last4=Sack |first4=David A. |title=Updated Global Burden of Cholera in Endemic Countries |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=4 June 2015 |volume=9 |issue=6 |article-number=e0003832 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003832 |pmid=26043000 |pmc=4455997 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Loz2012">{{cite journal |last1=Lozano |first1=Rafael |last2=Naghavi |first2=Mohsen |last3=Foreman |first3=Kyle |last4=Lim |first4=Stephen |last5=Shibuya |first5=Kenji |last6=Aboyans |first6=Victor |last7=Abraham |first7=Jerry |last8=Adair |first8=Timothy |last9=Aggarwal |first9=Rakesh |last10=Ahn |first10=Stephanie Y |last11=AlMazroa |first11=Mohammad A |last12=Alvarado |first12=Miriam |last13=Anderson |first13=H Ross |last14=Anderson |first14=Laurie M |last15=Andrews |first15=Kathryn G |last16=Atkinson |first16=Charles |last17=Baddour |first17=Larry M |last18=Barker-Collo |first18=Suzanne |last19=Bartels |first19=David H |last20=Bell |first20=Michelle L |last21=Benjamin |first21=Emelia J |last22=Bennett |first22=Derrick |last23=Bhalla |first23=Kavi |last24=Bikbov |first24=Boris |last25=Abdulhak |first25=Aref Bin |last26=Birbeck |first26=Gretchen |last27=Blyth |first27=Fiona |last28=Bolliger |first28=Ian |last29=Boufous |first29=Soufiane |last30=Bucello |first30=Chiara |last31=Burch |first31=Michael |last32=Burney |first32=Peter |last33=Carapetis |first33=Jonathan |last34=Chen |first34=Honglei |last35=Chou |first35=David |last36=Chugh |first36=Sumeet S |last37=Coffeng |first37=Luc E |last38=Colan |first38=Steven D |last39=Colquhoun |first39=Samantha |last40=Colson |first40=K Ellicott |last41=Condon |first41=John |last42=Connor |first42=Myles D |last43=Cooper |first43=Leslie T |last44=Corriere |first44=Matthew |last45=Cortinovis |first45=Monica |last46=de Vaccaro |first46=Karen Courville |last47=Couser |first47=William |last48=Cowie |first48=Benjamin C |last49=Criqui |first49=Michael H |last50=Cross |first50=Marita |last51=Dabhadkar |first51=Kaustubh C |last52=Dahodwala |first52=Nabila |last53=De Leo |first53=Diego |last54=Degenhardt |first54=Louisa |last55=Delossantos |first55=Allyne |last56=Denenberg |first56=Julie |last57=Des Jarlais |first57=Don C |last58=Dharmaratne |first58=Samath D |last59=Dorsey |first59=E Ray |last60=Driscoll |first60=Tim |last61=Duber |first61=Herbert |last62=Ebel |first62=Beth |last63=Erwin |first63=Patricia J |last64=Espindola |first64=Patricia |last65=Ezzati |first65=Majid |last66=Feigin |first66=Valery |last67=Flaxman |first67=Abraham D |last68=Forouzanfar |first68=Mohammad H |last69=Fowkes |first69=Francis Gerry R |last70=Franklin |first70=Richard |last71=Fransen |first71=Marlene |last72=Freeman |first72=Michael K |last73=Gabriel |first73=Sherine E |last74=Gakidou |first74=Emmanuela |last75=Gaspari |first75=Flavio |last76=Gillum |first76=Richard F |last77=Gonzalez-Medina |first77=Diego |last78=Halasa |first78=Yara A |last79=Haring |first79=Diana |last80=Harrison |first80=James E |last81=Havmoeller |first81=Rasmus |last82=Hay |first82=Roderick J |last83=Hoen |first83=Bruno |last84=Hotez |first84=Peter J |last85=Hoy |first85=Damian |last86=Jacobsen |first86=Kathryn H |last87=James |first87=Spencer L |last88=Jasrasaria |first88=Rashmi |last89=Jayaraman |first89=Sudha |last90=Johns |first90=Nicole |last91=Karthikeyan |first91=Ganesan |last92=Kassebaum |first92=Nicholas |last93=Keren |first93=Andre |last94=Khoo |first94=Jon-Paul |last95=Knowlton |first95=Lisa Marie |last96=Kobusingye |first96=Olive |last97=Koranteng |first97=Adofo |last98=Krishnamurthi |first98=Rita |last99=Lipnick |first99=Michael |display-authors=1 |last100=Lipshultz |first100=Steven E |last101=Ohno |first101=Summer Lockett |last102=Mabweijano |first102=Jacqueline |last103=MacIntyre |first103=Michael F |last104=Mallinger |first104=Leslie |last105=March |first105=Lyn |last106=Marks |first106=Guy B |last107=Marks |first107=Robin |last108=Matsumori |first108=Akira |last109=Matzopoulos |first109=Richard |last110=Mayosi |first110=Bongani M |last111=McAnulty |first111=John H |last112=McDermott |first112=Mary M |last113=McGrath |first113=John |last114=Memish |first114=Ziad A |last115=Mensah |first115=George A |last116=Merriman |first116=Tony R |last117=Michaud |first117=Catherine |last118=Miller |first118=Matthew |last119=Miller |first119=Ted R |last120=Mock |first120=Charles |last121=Mocumbi |first121=Ana Olga |last122=Mokdad |first122=Ali A |last123=Moran |first123=Andrew |last124=Mulholland |first124=Kim |last125=Nair |first125=M Nathan |last126=Naldi |first126=Luigi |last127=Narayan |first127=K M Venkat |last128=Nasseri |first128=Kiumarss |last129=Norman |first129=Paul |last130=O'Donnell |first130=Martin |last131=Omer |first131=Saad B |last132=Ortblad |first132=Katrina |last133=Osborne |first133=Richard |last134=Ozgediz |first134=Doruk |last135=Pahari |first135=Bishnu |last136=Pandian |first136=Jeyaraj Durai |last137=Rivero |first137=Andrea Panozo |last138=Padilla |first138=Rogelio Perez |last139=Perez-Ruiz |first139=Fernando |last140=Perico |first140=Norberto |last141=Phillips |first141=David |last142=Pierce |first142=Kelsey |last143=Pope |first143=C Arden |last144=Porrini |first144=Esteban |last145=Pourmalek |first145=Farshad |last146=Raju |first146=Murugesan |last147=Ranganathan |first147=Dharani |last148=Rehm |first148=Jürgen T |last149=Rein |first149=David B |last150=Remuzzi |first150=Giuseppe |last151=Rivara |first151=Frederick P |last152=Roberts |first152=Thomas |last153=De León |first153=Felipe Rodriguez |last154=Rosenfeld |first154=Lisa C |last155=Rushton |first156=Lesley |last156=Sacco |first156=Ralph L |last157=Salomon |first157=Joshua A |last158=Sampson |first158=Uchechukwu |last159=Sanman |first159=Ella |last160=Schwebel |first160=David C |last161=Segui-Gomez |first161=Maria |last162=Shepard |first162=Donald S |last163=Singh |first163=David |last164=Singleton |first164=Jessica |last165=Sliwa |first165=Karen |last166=Smith |first166=Emma |last167=Steer |first167=Andrew |last168=Taylor |first168=Jennifer A |last169=Thomas |first169=Bernadette |last170=Tleyjeh |first170=Imad M |last171=Towbin |first171=Jeffrey A |last172=Truelsen |first172=Thomas |last173=Undurraga |first173=Eduardo A |last174=Venketasubramanian |first174=N |last175=Vijayakumar |first175=Lakshmi |last176=Vos |first176=Theo |last177=Wagner |first177=Gregory R |last178=Wang |first178=Mengru |last179=Wang |first179=Wenzhi |last180=Watt |first180=Kerrianne |last181=Weinstock |first181=Martin A |last182=Weintraub |first182=Robert |last183=Wilkinson |first183=James D |last184=Woolf |first184=Anthony D |last185=Wulf |first185=Sarah |last186=Yeh |first186=Pon-Hsiu |last187=Yip |first187=Paul |last188=Zabetian |first188=Azadeh |last189=Zheng |first189=Zhi-Jie |last190=Lopez |first190=Alan D |last191=Murray |first191=Christopher JL |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=The Lancet |date=December 2010 |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–2128 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |pmid=23245604 |pmc=10790329 |s2cid=1541253 |hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30050819 |url=https://repozitorij.upr.si/Dokument.php?id=7123&dn= |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Mafi yawa wannan yana faruwa ne a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reidl |first1=Joachim |last2=Klose |first2=Karl E. |title=Vibrio cholerae and cholera: out of the water and into the host |journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews |date=June 2002 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00605.x |pmid=12069878 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A farkon shekarun 1980, an yi amon cewa yawan mace-mace ya ma fi miliyan uku a shekara.<ref name="Lancet2004" /> Yana da wahala a lissafta ainihin adadin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar, duba da cewa ba a bayar da rahoton da yawa daga cikinsu ba saboda fargabar cewa bullar cutar na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga fannin yawon bude ido na kasa.<ref name="NEJM2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sack DA, Sack RB, Chaignat CL | title = Getting serious about cholera | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2006-08-17_355_7/page/649 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 355 | issue = 7 | pages = 649–51 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16914700 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp068144 | s2cid = 23145226 }}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, kwalara ta kasance annoba (epidemic) kuma cuta mai dorewa (endemic) a yankuna da dama na duniya.<ref name="Lancet2004" /> Babban bazuwar cutar na baya-bayan nan sun hada da barkewar kwalara a Haiti a shekarun 2010 da kuma barkewar kwalara a Yemen ta shekarun 2016–2022. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2016, an sami barkewar kwalara a kasar Yemen da yaki ya daidaita.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-40369804 |title=The horrors of Yemen's spiralling cholera crisis |publisher=BBC |author=Johannes Bruwer |date=25 June 2017}}</ref> Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kira ta da "mafi munin barkewar kwalara a duniya".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dwyer|first1=Colin |title=Yemen Now Faces 'The Worst Cholera Outbreak In The World,' U.N. Says|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/24/534236954/yemen-now-faces-the-worst-cholera-outbreak-in-the-world-u-n-says|access-date=25 June 2017|work=National Public Radio}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, kashi 93% na mutane 923,037 da aka ruwaito sun kamu da kwalara sun fito ne daga kasar Yemen (tare da mutuwar mutane 1911 da aka ruwaito).<ref name="who_report2020" /> Tsakanin watan Satumba 2019 da Satumba 2020, an ruwaito jimillar mutane fiye da 450,000 da suka kamu da cutar da kuma mace-mace sama da 900 a duniya; sai dai, ingancin wadannan alkaluma yana fuskantar matsalar karin gishiri daga kasashen da ke ba da rahoton mutanen da ake zargi kawai (kuma ba wadanda dakin gwaje-gwaje ya tabbatar ba), da kuma karancin rahoto daga kasashen da ba sa bayar da alkaluma na hukuma (kamar Bangladesh, Indiya da Philippines).<ref name="who_report2020" /> Kodayake an san abubuwa da yawa game da hanyoyin da kwalara ke bi wajen yaduwa, masu bincike har yanzu ba su da cikakken fahimta kan abin da ke sa kwalara ke barkewa a wasu wurare amma ba a wasu ba. Karancin amintacciyar hanya ta zubar da najasar dan adam da rashin isasshen tacewa ko kula da ruwan sha yana taimakawa kwarai da gaske wajen yaduwarta. An gano cewa guraren tara ruwa suna zama matsayin mazaunin kwayoyin cutar, kuma abincin teku (seafood) da ake jigila zuwa wurare masu nisa na iya yada cutar.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} Adadin kamuwa da kwalara ya fi yawa a lokutan ambaliyar ruwa da kuma na fari fiye da lokutan da babu ko guda daga cikin wadannan abubuwa guda biyu.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Exploring Droughts and Floods and Their Association with Cholera Outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Register-Based Ecological Study from 1990 to 2010 |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=5 March 2018 |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=1269–1274 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0778 |pmid=29512484|pmc=5953376 }}</ref> Kwalara ta bace daga yankin Amurka (Americas) a mafi yawancin karni na 20, amma ta sake bayyana a karshen wancan karnin, inda ta fara da mummunar barkewa a kasar Peru.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Blake PA | title = Epidemiology of cholera in the Americas | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology-clinics-of-north-america_1993-09_22_3/page/639 | journal = Gastroenterology Clinics of North America | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 639–60 | date = September 1993 | doi = 10.1016/S0889-8553(21)00094-7 | pmid = 7691740 }}</ref> Wannan kuma ya samo asali ne sanadiyar barkewar kwalara a Haiti a shekarun 2010<ref name="ecdc_cholera">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/cholera/surveillance-and-disease-data/cholera-monthly|title=Cholera worldwide overview|date=30 May 2023|website=www.ecdc.europa.eu}}</ref> da kuma wata barkewar kwalara a Haiti a lokacin rikicin Haiti na shekarun 2018–2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cholera - Haiti |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON427 |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Agusta 2021, cutar tana da dorewa (endemic) a Afirka da wasu yankuna na gabashi da yammacin Asiya (Bangladesh, Indiya da Yemen).<ref name="ecdc_cholera" /> Kwalara ba cuta ce mai dorewa ba a Turai; dukkan mutanen da aka ruwaito sun kamu suna da tarihin tafiya zuwa yankunan da cutar ke da dorewa.<ref name="ecdc_cholera" /> === Tarihin barkewar cutar === [[File:Il cholera di Palermo del 1835.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Zubar da gawa a lokacin annobar kwalara a Palermo a shekarar 1835]] [[File:Africa cholera2008b.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Taswirar barkewar kwalara ta 2008–2009 a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na Afirka (sub-Saharan Africa) yana nuna kididdigar kamar yaddda take a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2009]] Kalmar kwalara ta fito ne daga harshen karkashin Helenanci (Greek) wato {{langx|el|χολέρα}} ''kholera'' daga χολή ''kholē'' ma'ana "bile" (ruwan daci na madaciya). Kwalara tana da tushe ne tun can asali daga yankin yankin Indiya (Indian subcontinent) kamar yaddda ya tabbata sakamakon dorewarta a yankin na tsawon daruruwan shekaru.<ref name="Lancet2004" /> Bayanai game da kwalara sun bayyana a cikin adabin Turai tun a shekarar 1642, daga bayanin likitan kasar Holland mai suna Jakob de Bondt a cikin littafinsa De Medicina Indorum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyofmedicine.com/author/d/jacob-de-jacobus-bontius-bondt|title=All Entries by BONDT, Jacob de, Jacobus Bontius: HistoryofMedicine.com|website=www.historyofmedicine.com|language=en-us|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> (Kalmar "Indorum" a cikin sunan tana nufin Gabashin Indiya. Ya kuma bayar da bayanai na farko na Turai game da sauran cututtuka.) Amma a wancan lokacin, likitocin Turai sun saba amfani da kalmar "kwalara" don yin nuni ga kowace irin matsala ta ciki da ke kawo gudawa mai launin rawaya. Don haka de Bondt ya yi amfani da kalmar da aka riga aka saba amfani da ita don bayyana sabuwar cutar. Wannan ya kasance tsohuwar dabi'a ce ta wancan lokacin. Ba a sauya sunan gudawa mai tsanani ta launin rawaya a cikin harshen Turanci daga "cholera" zuwa "cholera morbus" ba sai a shekarun 1830 domin bambanta ta da abin da aka sani a lokacin da "Asiatic cholera" (Kwalara ta Asiya), ko kuma wadda ke da alaka da asali daga Indiya da Gabas.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} An yi imanin cewa farkon barkewar cutar a yankin Indiya ya kasance ne sakamakon cunkoso da munanan yanayin rayuwa, gami da kasancewar gungun ruwa maras gudu (stagnant water), wadanda duka biyun ke samar da kyakkyawan yanayi don kwalara ta yadu.<ref name="Rosenberg" /> Cutar ta fara yaduwa ne ta hannun matafiya ta hanyoyin kasuwanci (na kasa da na teku) zuwa kasar Rasha a shekarar 1817, daga baya zuwa sauran sassan Turai, kuma daga Turai zuwa Arewacin Amurka da sauran sassan duniya,<ref name="Lancet2004" /> (wannan ne ya kawo sunan "Asiatic cholera"<ref name="textbook" />). Annobar kwalara guda bakwai (seven pandemics) sun faru tun farkon karni na 19; ta farko ba ta isa yankun Amurka ba. Annoba ta bakwai ta samo asali ne daga kasar Indonesiya a shekarar 1961.<ref>"[http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504 Cholera's seven pandemics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302113041/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504 |date=2016-03-02 }}". CBC News. 22 October 2010.</ref> Annobar kwalara ta farko ta faru ne a yankin Bengal na kasar Indiya, kusa da Calcutta tun daga shekarar 1817 zuwa 1824. Cutar ta bazu daga Indiya zuwa Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Gabas Ta Tsakiya, Turai, da Gabashin Afirka.<ref name="Hays">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GyE8Qt-kS1kC|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History| vauthors = Hays JN |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2005|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|page=193}}</ref> An yi imanin cewa zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa na Sojojin Biritaniya da na ruwa gami da ma'aikata sun taimaka wajen bazuwar annobar, tun da jiragen sun dauki mutane masu dauke da cutar zuwa gabar tekun fadin Tekun Indiya, daga Afirka zuwa Indonesiya, da kuma arewa zuwa China da Japan.<ref>{{Citation|last=McNeill|first=William H |title=Plagues and People|page=268}}.</ref> Annoba ta biyu ta kasance daga shekarar 1826 zuwa 1837 kuma ta shafi Arewacin Amurka da Turai musamman. Ci gaba a fannin sufuri da kasuwancin duniya, da karuwar kaura ta mutane, hadda sojoji, ya sanya mutane da yawa dauke da cutar zuwa wurare masu nisa.<ref>{{cite book|title=Something New Under The Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century World (The Global Century Series).|year=2017|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9787508672526|author=McNeil J}}</ref> Annoba ta uku ta barke ne a shekarar 1846, ta ci gaba har zuwa 1860, ta bazu zuwa Arewacin Afirka, kuma ta isa Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka. An shigar da ita Arewacin Amurka ne a Quebec, kasar Kanada, ta hannun bakin haure na kasar Ireland daga babban yunwa (Great Famine). A cikin wannan annobar ne kasar Brazil ta fuskanci cutar a karon farko. Annoba ta hudu ta kasance daga shekarar 1863 zuwa 1875, inda ta bazu daga Indiya zuwa Naples da Spain, kuma ta isa Amurka a New Orleans, Louisiana a shekarar 1873. Ta bazu cikin daukacin tsarin Kogin Mississippi a yankin. Annoba ta biyar ta kasance daga shekarar 1881 zuwa 1896. Ta fara ne a Indiya ta bazu zuwa Turai, Asiya, da Kudancin Amurka. Annoba ta shida kuma ta kasance daga shekarar 1899 zuwa 1923. Wadannan annobobi sun sami karancin mace-mace saboda likitoci da masu bincike sun sami kyakkyawar fahimta game da kwayoyin cutar kwalara (cholera bacteria). Kasashen Masar, yankin Larabawa, Persia, Indiya, da Philippines ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale a lokacin wadannan annobobi. Sauran yankuna, kamar Jamus a shekarar 1892 (musamman birnin Hamburg, inda mutane sama da 8,600 suka mutu)<ref>Richard Evans: ''Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years, 1830–1910.'' London 1987</ref> da Naples daga shekarar 1910 zuwa 1911, su ma sun sami mummunar barkewa. Annoba ta bakwai ta samo asali ne a shekarar 1961 a kasar Indonesiya kuma an santa ne sanadiyar bayyanar wani sabon nau'i na cutar, wanda aka yi masa lakabi da ''El Tor'', wanda har yanzu yana nan ({{as of|2018|lc=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection {{!}} Cholera {{!}} CDC|date=16 May 2017|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>) a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/plaguesworldhist00aber|url-access=limited|title=Plagues in World History|last=Aberth|first=John|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7425-5705-5|location=Lanham, MD|page=[https://archive.org/details/plaguesworldhist00aber/page/n114 102]}}</ref> Wannan annoba ta fara raguwa a kusa da shekarar 1975 kuma an yi tunanin ta kare, amma kamar yadda aka sani, ta dore. An sami karuwar mace-mace a shekarun 1990 da kuma bayan haka. Kwalara ta bazu sosai a karni na 19.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huber |first1=Valeska |title=Pandemics and the politics of difference: rewriting the history of internationalism through nineteenth-century cholera |journal=Journal of Global History |date=November 2020 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=394–407 |doi=10.1017/S1740022820000236 |s2cid=228940685 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Tun daga lokacin ta kashe dubun-dubatar miliyoyin mutane.<ref>[[Kelley Lee]] (2003) ''Health impacts of globalization: towards global governance''. Palgrave Macmillan. p.131. {{ISBN|0-333-80254-3}}</ref> A Daular Rasha (Russian Empire) kadai, tsakanin shekarar 1847 da 1851, mutane sama da miliyan daya ne suka mutu sanadiyar cutar.<ref>Geoffrey A. Hosking (2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oh-5AAmboMUC&pg=PA9 Russia and the Russians: a history]' === Bincike === [[File:Robert Koch (Deutsche Cholera-Expedition in Ägypten 1884).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Robert Koch (na uku daga dama) a kan balaguron binciken cutar kwalara a ƙasar Masar a shekara ta 1884, shekara guda bayan ya gano ''V. cholerae'']] [[File:How to avoid the Cholera 1848.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''Yadda ake guje wa kwalara'' takarda; Aberystwyth; Agusta 1849]] Daya daga cikin manyan gudummawar da aka bayar wajen yaƙin kwalara ta kasance daga likita kuma majagaba a kimiyyar likitanci John Snow (1813–1858), wanda a shekara ta 1854 ya gano alaƙa tsakanin cutar kwalara da ruwan sha mai ƙazanta.<ref name="Rosenberg">{{cite book |author=Rosenberg, Charles E. |title=The cholera years: the United States in 1832, 1849 and 1866 |url=https://archive.org/details/cholerayearsunit0000rose |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-226-72677-9}}</ref> Dr. Snow ya ba da shawarar asalin ƙwayoyin cuta na annobar kwalara a shekara ta 1849. A cikin babban bitar "halin da ake ciki" na shekara ta 1855, ya gabatar da tsari mai cikakken tsari kuma daidai na musabbabin cutar. A cikin biyu na farko na binciken cututtuka na fannin epidemiology, ya sami damar nuna cewa gurɓatar da najasa na ɗan adam shine mafi yuwuwar hanyar watsa cutar a cikin manyan annoba biyu a Landan a shekara ta 1854.<ref>John Snow, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-N0_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 ''The mode of communication of cholera''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106215135/https://books.google.com/books?id=-N0_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 |date=6 November 2015 }}, 2nd ed. (London, England: John Churchill, 1855).</ref> Tsarinsa bai samu karɓuwa kai tsaye ba, amma an ƙara ganinsa a matsayin mai yuwuwa yayin da ilimin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na likitanci ya ci gaba a cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa. Saboda aikinsa kan kwalara, John Snow ana ɗaukansa a matsayin "Uban Epidemiology". <ref>{{Cite web|date=14 March 2017|title=John Snow: A Legacy of Disease Detectives|url=https://blogs.cdc.gov/publichealthmatters/2017/03/a-legacy-of-disease-detectives/|access-date=20 January 2021|website=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122131733/https://blogs.cdc.gov/publichealthmatters/2017/03/a-legacy-of-disease-detectives/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Father of Modern Epidemiology|url=https://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/fatherofepidemiology.html|access-date=20 January 2021|website=www.ph.ucla.edu|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428171349/http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/fatherofepidemiology.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=John Snow|url=https://www.historyofvaccines.org/index.php/content/john-snow|access-date=20 January 2021|website=History of Vaccines|language=en|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128091350/https://www.historyofvaccines.org/index.php/content/john-snow}}</ref> Ƙwayar cutar an ware ta a shekara ta 1854 ta hanyar masanin jiki na Italiya Filippo Pacini,<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Fillipo |last1=Pacini |year=1854 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdtQAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA397 |title=Osservazioni microscopiche e deduzioni patologiche sul cholera asiatico |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118081405/https://books.google.com/books?id=xdtQAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA397 |archive-date=18 November 2015 |trans-title=Microscopic observations and pathological deductions on Asiatic cholera |language=it |journal=Gazzetta Medica Italiana |volume=4 |issue=50 |pages=397–401; 405–412 }} Reprinted as: {{cite book |last1=Pacini |first1=Filippo |title=Osservazioni microscopiche e deduzioni patologiche sul cholera asiatico |date=1854 |publisher=Federigo Bencini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9s_AAAAcAAJ |language=it }}</ref> amma ainihin yanayinta da sakamakonsa ba a san su sosai ba. A cikin wannan shekara, ɗan Catalonia Joaquim Balcells i Pascual ya gano ƙwayar cutar.<ref name="Real Academia de la Historia 2018">{{cite web|year=2018|editor=Real Academia de la Historia|title=Joaquín Balcells y Pasqual|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/18541/joaquin-balcells-y-pasqual|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708211444/http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/18541/joaquin-balcells-y-pasqual|archive-date=8 July 2019|access-date=1 August 2020|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=2015|editor=Col·legi Oficial de Metges de Barcelona|title=Joaquim Balcells i Pascual|url=http://www.galeriametges.cat/galeria-fitxa.php?icod=EGMM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801110910/http://www.galeriametges.cat/galeria-fitxa.php?icod=EGMM|archive-date=1 August 2020|access-date=1 August 2020|language=ca}}</ref> A shekara ta 1856 António Augusto da Costa Simões da José Ferreira de Macedo Pinto, masu bincike biyu na Portugal, ana kyakkyawan zaton sun yi haka.<ref name="Real Academia de la Historia 2018" /><ref>{{cite book|author1=da Costa Simões, António Augusto|url=http://webopac.sib.uc.pt|title=Relatório da Direcção do Hospital de Cholericos de N.S. da Conceição em Coimbra|author2=de Macedo Pinto, José Ferreira|publisher=Imprensa da Universidade. The link leads to a library catalogue where the book can be found|year=1856|location=Coimbra|language=pt}}</ref> Tsakanin tsakiyar shekarun 1850 zuwa 1900, birane a ƙasashe masu ci gaba sun yi babban saka hannun jari a samar da ruwa mai tsabta da kuma tsarin kula da najasa da aka raba sosai. Wannan ya kawar da barazanar annobar kwalara daga manyan biranen duniya masu ci gaba. A shekara ta 1883, Robert Koch ya gano ''V. cholerae'' tare da na'urar microscope a matsayin ƙwayar cutar da ke haifar da cutar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aberth |first1=John |title=Plagues in World History |url=https://archive.org/details/plaguesinworldhi0000aber |date=2011 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-4422-0796-7 |page=101 }}</ref> Hemendra Nath Chatterjee, masanin kimiyya na Bengal, shine na farko wanda ya tsara kuma ya nuna tasirin oral rehydration salt (ORS) don magance zawo. A cikin takardarsa ta 1953, da aka buga a ''The Lancet'', ya bayyana cewa promethazine na iya dakatar da amai yayin kwalara sannan kuma maye gurbin ruwa ta baki zai yiwu. Tsarin maganin maye gurbin ruwa shine 4g na sodium chloride, 25g na glucose da 1000ml na ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruxin JN | title = Magic bullet: the history of oral rehydration therapy | journal = Medical History | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 363–97 | date = October 1994 | pmid = 7808099 | pmc = 1036912 | doi = 10.1017/s0025727300036905 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chatterjee HN | title = Control of vomiting in cholera and oral replacement of fluid | journal = Lancet | volume = 265 | issue = 6795 | page = 1063 | date = November 1953 | pmid = 13110052 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(53)90668-0 }}</ref> [[File:Medical Scientist Prof. Sambhu Nath De.png|thumb|Prof. Sambhu Nath De, wanda ya gano toxin na kwalara kuma ya nuna nasarar watsa cutar kwalara ta hanyar ''bacterial enteric toxin'']] Masanin likitanci na Indiya Sambhu Nath De ya gano toxin na kwalara, samfurin dabbobi na kwalara, kuma ya nuna nasarar hanyar watsa cutar kwalara ''Vibrio cholerae''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inmemoryglobal.com/remembrance/sambhu-nath-de/|title=Sambhu Nath De|website=Inmemory|language=en-US|access-date=5 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205035801/https://inmemoryglobal.com/remembrance/sambhu-nath-de/|archive-date=5 December 2019|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Robert Allan Phillips, yana aiki a US Naval Medical Research Unit Two a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, ya tantance yanayin cutar ta amfani da fasahar kimiyyar labarato ta zamani. Ya ƙirƙiri tsari don maye gurbin ruwa. Bincikensa ya sa Lasker Foundation ta ba shi kyautar ta a shekara ta 1967.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/treatment-of-cholera/ |title= Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award |publisher= Lasker Foundation |access-date= 30 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170901014519/http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/treatment-of-cholera/ |archive-date= 1 September 2017 }}</ref> A baya-bayan nan, a shekara ta 2002, Alam, ''et al.'', sun yi nazarin samfuran najasa daga marasa lafiya a Cibiyar Binciken Cututtukan Zawo ta Duniya a Dhaka, Bangladesh. Daga cikin gwaje-gwajen da suka yi, masu binciken sun gano alaƙa tsakanin wucewar ''V. cholerae'' ta cikin tsarin narkewar abinci na ɗan adam da kuma halin ƙara yaduwa. Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken sun gano cewa ƙwayar cutar tana haifar da halin ƙwayar cuta mai yawa inda kwayoyin halitta da ke sarrafa haɓakar amino acid, tsarin ɗaukar ƙarfe, da samuwar rukunin nitrate reductase a cikin periplasmic sun haɓaka kafin a yi bayan gida. Waɗannan halayen da aka haɓaka suna ba da damar ƙwayoyin vibrio na kwalara su tsira a cikin najasar "ruwan shinkafa", yanayi mai ƙarancin iska da ƙarfe, na marasa lafiya da ke da cutar kwalara.<ref name="Merrell2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Merrell DS, Butler SM, Qadri F, Dolganov NA, Alam A, Cohen MB, Calderwood SB, Schoolnik GK, Camilli A | title = Host-induced epidemic spread of the cholera bacterium | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2002-06-06_417_6889/page/642 | journal = Nature | volume = 417 | issue = 6889 | pages = 642–5 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12050664 | pmc = 2776822 | doi = 10.1038/nature00778 | bibcode = 2002Natur.417..642M }}</ref> === Dabarar Duniya === A shekarar 2017, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ƙaddamar da dabarar “Ending Cholera: a global roadmap to 2030” wacce ke da nufin rage mace-macen kwalara da kashi 90% kafin shekarar 2030.<ref name="who_fact">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera|title = Cholera}}</ref> Wannan dabarar ta samo asali ne daga Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) wanda ke tsara tsare-tsaren ƙasashe da kuma bibiyar ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gtfcc.org/|title=Global Task Force on Cholera Control|website=www.gtfcc.org}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hanyoyin cimma wannan buri sun haɗa da sa ido, tsaftar ruwa, maganin sake shakar ruwa da amfani da allurar rigakafi ta baki.<ref name="who_fact" /> Babban ginshiƙin dabarar ya ƙunshi matakai uku: i) gano da wuri da kuma amsa wa barkewar cuta don takaita ta, ii) dakatar da yaɗuwar kwalara ta hanyar tsafta da allurar rigakafi a wuraren da cutar ta fi kamari, iii) kafa tsarin duniya na kula da kwalara ta hannun GTFCC.<ref name="who_fact" /> WHO da GTFCC ba su ɗauki kawar da kwalara gaba ɗaya a duniya a matsayin buri mai yiwuwa ba.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Ending Cholera a Global Roadmap to 2030|publisher=Global Task Force on Cholera Control |date=2017 |url=https://www.who.int/cholera/publications/global-roadmap.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018143604/http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/global-roadmap.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2017 |url-status=live |page=18}}</ref> Ko da yake ɗan adam ne kaɗai ke zama mai ɗaukar kwalara, ƙwayar cutar na iya ci gaba da rayuwa a muhalli ba tare da ɗan adam ba.<ref name="Sack">{{cite journal |last1=Sack |first1=D. A. |title=A new era in the history of cholera: the road to elimination |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |date=1 December 2013 |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1537–1540 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyt229 |pmid=24415587 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Duk da cewa kawar da ita gaba ɗaya ba zai yiwu ba, kawar da yaɗuwar cutar daga mutum zuwa mutum na iya yiwuwa.<ref name="Sack" /> Hakan ma na iya yiwuwa a matakin ƙasa, kamar yadda aka yi a Haiti a lokacin barkewar kwalara na shekarun 2010. Haiti ta sa burin samun takardar shaidar kawar da cutar nan da shekarar 2022.<ref>{{cite book |title=National Plan for the Elimination of Cholera in Haiti 2013-2022 |date=February 2013 |publisher=Republic of Haiti, Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Directorate for Water Supply and Sanitation |url=https://www.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2013/cholera-haiti-nat-plan-elim-2013-2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629005315/https://www.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2013/cholera-haiti-nat-plan-elim-2013-2022.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> GTFCC na mai da hankali ga ƙasashe 47, inda ƙasashe 13 suka riga suka kafa kamfen ɗin rigakafi.<ref name="who_report2020">{{cite book |title=International Coordinating Group (ICG) on Vaccine Provision for Cholera, Meningitis, and Yellow Fever |date=September 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-002916-3 |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240029163 }}</ref> == Al'umma da Al'adu == [[File:S3 V0010000 V0010485 (cropped).jpg|thumb|290px|Wani budurwa 'yar Vienna da ta mutu sakamakon cutar kwalara, an nuna ta lokacin tana lafiya da kuma sa'o'i huɗu kafin mutuwa, Janairu 1831]] === Manufofin Lafiya === A yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa, har yanzu kwalara tana kaiwa waɗanda abin ya shafa ta hanyar gurɓataccen ruwa, kuma ƙasashe da ba su da ingantattun hanyoyin kula da tsabtace ruwa suna fama da cutar sosai.<ref>"Cholera vaccines. A brief summary of the March 2010 position paper" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 19 September 2013.</ref> Gwamnatoci na iya taka rawa a wannan. A shekara ta 2008, alal misali, annobar kwalara ta Zimbabwe ta kasance wani bangare sakamakon rawar da gwamnati ta taka, bisa ga rahoton [[James Baker Institute]].<ref name="bakerinstitute.org" /> Rashin iya samar da ruwan sha mai tsabta na gwamnatin Haiti bayan girgizar ƙasa ta 2010 ya haifar da karuwar cutar kwalara.<ref name="pmid21142690">{{cite journal | vauthors = Walton DA, Ivers LC | title = Responding to cholera in post-earthquake Haiti | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2011-01-06_364_1/page/n28 | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 364 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–5 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21142690 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp1012997 | s2cid = 41672119 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Hakazalika, annobar kwalara ta Afirka ta Kudu ta tsananta sakamakon manufar gwamnati ta sayar da shirye-shiryen ruwa. Masu hannu da shuni a ƙasar sun iya sayen ruwa mai tsabta yayin da sauran suka yi amfani da ruwa daga koguna masu cutar kwalara.<ref name="pmid14758861">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pauw J | title = The politics of underdevelopment: metered to death-how a water experiment caused riots and a cholera epidemic | journal = International Journal of Health Services | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 819–30 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14758861 | doi = 10.2190/kf8j-5nqd-xcyu-u8q7 | s2cid = 24270235 }}</ref> Bisa ga ra'ayin Rita R. Colwell na James Baker Institute, idan kwalara ta fara yaduwa, shirye-shiryen gwamnati yana da muhimmanci. Iya kawar da cutar ta gwamnati kafin ta faɗo zuwa wasu wurare na iya hana yawan mace-mace da haɓakar annoba ko ma annobar duniya. Sa ido mai inganci kan cututtuka na iya tabbatar da cewa an gano annobar kwalara da wuri kuma a magance ta yadda ya kamata. Sau da yawa, wannan zai ba da damar shirye-shiryen lafiyar jama'a su gano da kuma sarrafa musabbabin lamuran, ko ruwa mara tsabta ne ko kuma abincin teku da ya taru da ƙwayoyin Vibrio cholerae.<ref name="bakerinstitute.org" /> Samun shirin sa ido mai inganci yana taimakawa gwamnati wajen hana yaduwar kwalara. A shekara ta 2000 a jihar Kerala a Indiya, an tabbatar da gundumar Kottayam a matsayin "mai fama da kwalara"; wannan sanarwa ta haifar da ƙungiyoyin aiki waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan ilimantar da 'yan ƙasa tare da tarurruka 13,670 game da lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref name="John, T. Jacob 2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = John TJ, Rajappan K, Arjunan KK | title = Communicable diseases monitored by disease surveillance in Kottayam district, Kerala state, India | journal = The Indian Journal of Medical Research | volume = 120 | issue = 2 | pages = 86–93 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15347857 |citeseerx=10.1.1.477.3795 }}</ref> Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin aiki sun inganta tafasa ruwa don samun ruwa mai tsabta, kuma sun samar da chlorine da gishirin maye gurbin ruwa na baki.<ref name="John, T. Jacob 2004" /> A ƙarshe, wannan ya taimaka wajen shawo kan yaduwar cutar zuwa wasu wurare da rage mace-mace. A gefe guda kuma, masu bincike sun nuna cewa yawancin 'yan ƙasar da suka kamu da cutar a lokacin annobar kwalara ta Bangladesh a 1991 suna zaune a yankunan karkara, kuma ba a gane su ba a shirin sa ido na gwamnati. Wannan ya hana likitoci gano lamuran kwalara da wuri.<ref name="pmid1500643">{{cite journal |last1=Siddique |first1=AK |last2=Zaman |first2=K |last3=Baqui |first3=AH |last4=Akram |first4=K |last5=Mutsuddy |first5=P |last6=Eusof |first6=A |last7=Haider |first7=K |last8=Islam |first8=S |last9=Sack |first9=RB |title=Cholera Epidemics in Bangladesh: 1985-1991 |journal=Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research |date=1992 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=79–86 |jstor=23498147 |pmid=1500643 |url=http://dspace.icddrb.org/jspui/handle/123456789/262 |access-date=23 August 2021 |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823220145/http://dspace.icddrb.org/jspui/handle/123456789/262 }}</ref> Bisa ga Colwell, inganci da haɗaɗɗiyar tsarin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa yana shafar shawo kan kwalara, kamar yadda ya faru a annobar kwalara ta Zimbabwe.<ref name="bakerinstitute.org" /> Duk da yake ayyukan tsabtace ruwa suna da muhimmanci, idan gwamnatoci suka mayar da martani da sauri kuma suna da allurai masu sauƙin samu, ƙasar za ta sami ƙarancin mace-mace sakamakon kwalara. Sauƙin sayan allurai na iya zama matsala; idan gwamnatoci ba su samar da allurai ba, masu hannu da shuni kawai za su iya saya kuma za a sami babban nauyi a kan matalauta na ƙasar.<ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{cite journal | vauthors = DeRoeck D, Clemens JD, Nyamete A, Mahoney RT | title = Policymakers' views regarding the introduction of new-generation vaccines against typhoid fever, shigellosis and cholera in Asia | journal = Vaccine | volume = 23 | issue = 21 | pages = 2762–74 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15780724 | doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.11.044 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choe |first1=Chongwoo |last2=Raschky |first2=Paul A. |title=Media, institutions, and government action: Prevention vs. palliation in the time of cholera |journal=European Journal of Political Economy |date=January 2016 |volume=41 |pages=75–93 |doi=10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.11.001 }}</ref> Saurin da shugabannin gwamnati ke mayar da martani ga annobar kwalara yana da muhimmanci.<ref>{{cite web|author= Pruyt, Eric |title= Cholera in Zimbabwe |url= http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2009/proceed/papers/P1357.pdf |date= 26 July 2009 |publisher= Delft University of Technology |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131020151002/http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2009/proceed/papers/P1357.pdf |archive-date= 20 October 2013 }}</ref> Baya ga taimakawa wajen ingantaccen tsarin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da maganin tsabtace ruwa, gwamnati na iya yin tasiri a fannin shawo kan kwalara da tasirin martani ga cutar.<ref name="Kapp, Clare 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Kapp |first1=Clare |title=Zimbabwe's humanitarian crisis worsens |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_february-7-13-2009_373_9662/page/447 |journal=The Lancet |date=February 2009 |volume=373 |issue=9662 |page=447 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60151-3 |pmid=19205080 |s2cid=5267332 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Gwamnatin ƙasa na iya yin tasiri ga iya hana cututtuka da sarrafa yaduwar su. Saurin martani na gwamnati tare da cikakken tsarin kiwon lafiya da albarkatun kuɗi na iya hana yaduwar kwalara. Wannan yana takaita yawan mace-mace na kwalara, ko aƙalla raguwar ilimi, yayin da ake barin yara a gida don rage haɗarin kamuwa.<ref name="Kapp, Clare 2009" /> Akasin haka, rashin kyakkyawan martani na gwamnati na iya haifar da tashin hankali da [[cholera riots]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ghlWQu4P1ofFBBy7jGwvtexoj6dw|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206095008/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ghlWQu4P1ofFBBy7jGwvtexoj6dw|archive-date=2008-12-06|title=AFP: Riot police break up Zimbabwe protests as cholera deaths mount|agency=AFP|access-date=25 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === Sanannun Lamura === {{Further|History of cholera}} [[File:James Polk restored & cropped.jpg|thumb|Shugaban Amurka James K. Polk ya kasance sanannen wanda cutar kwalara ta addabi.]] * Mutuwar Tchaikovsky ana danganta ta da kwalara a al'adance, wanda ya yiwu ya kamu da ita ta hanyar shan gurɓataccen ruwa kwanaki da suka wuce.<ref>Brown, ''Man and Music'', 430–32; Holden, 371; Warrack, ''Tchaikovsky'', 269–270.</ref> Mahaifiyar Tchaikovsky ta mutu sakamakon kwalara,<ref>David Brown, ''Early Years'', 46.</ref> kuma mahaifinsa ya kamu da cutar a wannan lokaci amma ya warke sosai.<ref>Holden, 23.</ref> Wasu masana, duk da haka, ciki har da masanin kiɗa na Ingila kuma masanin Tchaikovsky David Brown da marubucin tarihin Anthony Holden, sun yi hasashen cewa mutuwarsa ta kasance kashe kansa.<ref>Brown, ''Man and Music'', 431–35; Holden, 373–400.</ref> * Annobar kwalara ta Haiti a shekarun 2010. Watanni goma bayan girgizar ƙasa ta 2010, annoba ta mamaye Haiti, an samo asali daga sansanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na sojojin sulhu daga Nepal.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Orata FD, Keim PS, Boucher Y | title = The 2010 cholera outbreak in Haiti: how science solved a controversy | journal = PLOS Pathogens | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | article-number = e1003967 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24699938 | pmc = 3974815 | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003967 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Wannan ita ce mafi munin annobar kwalara a tarihi na baya-bayan nan, kuma mafi kyawun rubutaccen tarihi na annobar kwalara a kiwon lafiyar jama'a na zamani. * Adam Mickiewicz, mawaƙin Poland kuma marubuci, ana kyakkyawan zaton ya mutu sakamakon kwalara a Istanbul a shekara ta 1855. * Sadi Carnot, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, majagaba a fannin thermodynamics (mutu 1832)<ref>Asimov, Isaac (1982), Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (2nd rev. ed.), Doubleday</ref> * Charles X, Sarkin Faransa (mutu 1836)<ref>Susan Nagel, ''Marie Thérèse: Child of Terror'', p. 349–350.</ref> * James K. Polk, shugaban Amurka na goma sha ɗaya (mutu 1849)<ref>{{cite book |author=Haynes SW |title=James K. Polk and the Expansionist Impulse |publisher=Longman |location=New York |page=191 |isbn=978-0-673-99001-3 |year=1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/jameskpolkexpans00hayn/page/191 }}</ref> * Carl von Clausewitz, soja na Prussia kuma masanin ka'idar yaƙi na Jamus (mutu 1831)<ref>Smith, Rupert, ''The Utility of Force'', Penguin Books, 2006, page 57</ref> * Elliot Bovill, Babban Alkali na Straits Settlements (1893)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.org/details/selangor-journal-1893v1/page/225?q=%22sir+elliot+bovill%22 |newspaper=Selangor Journal |title=Notes and News |date=7 April 1893 |page=1}}</ref> * Nikola Tesla, ɗan Amurka mai asalin Serbia, mai ƙirƙira, injiniyoyi kuma mai hangen nesa da aka sani da gudummawar sa ga tsarin wutar lantarki na zamani (AC), ya kamu da kwalara a shekara ta 1873 yana da shekara 17. Ya kwanta a gado har tsawon watanni tara, kuma ya kusan mutuwa sau da yawa, amma ya tsira kuma ya warke sosai. === A cikin Shahararrun Al'adu === Baya ga cutar tarin fuka ("consumption") wadda a cikin wallafe-wallafe da fasaha galibi ana yin ta da kyakkyawan gani a matsayin cutar mazaunan ƙarƙashin duniya ko waɗanda ke da yanayin fasaha,<ref>[[Susan Sontag|Sontag Susan]] (1977) ''[[Illness as Metaphor]] / [[AIDS and Its Metaphors]]''. New York: Picador. {{isbn|0-312-42013-7}}</ref> kwalara cuta ce da kusan gaba ɗaya tana shafar matalauta da ke zaune a wurare marasa tsabta. Wannan, da kuma yadda cutar ke faruwa – wanda ya ƙunshi zawo mai yawa na "ruwan shinkafa", zubar da ruwa daga baki, da kuma ƙarfi na tsokoki wanda ke ci gaba ko bayan mutuwa – ya hana cutar yin ta da kyakkyawan gani, ko ma a bayyana ta a zahiri a cikin shahararrun al'adu.<ref name="snowden" /> * Littafin 1889 ''Mastro-don Gesualdo'' na Giovanni Verga ya nuna yaduwar annobar kwalara a tsibirin Sicily, amma bai nuna wahalar waɗanda abin ya shafa ba.<ref name="snowden" /> * Kwalara babban abin da ya faru a cikin littafin The Painted Veil, littafi na 1925 na W. Somerset Maugham. Labarin ya shafi masanin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta mai kunya wanda ya gano matarsa kyakkyawa tana yin zina. Likitan ya ɗauki fansa a kan matarsa ta hanyar tilasta mata tafiya tare da shi zuwa babban ƙasar Sin wacce ke fama da mummunar annobar kwalara. An bayyana yadda cutar ke lalata a cikin littafin. * A cikin littafin novella na Thomas Mann ''Death in Venice'', wanda aka fara buga a 1912 a matsayin Der Tod in Venedig, Mann "ya gabatar da cutar a matsayin alamar ƙarshen 'ƙasƙancin dabbobi' na marubucin da ya keta ƙa'ida na jima'i Gustav von Aschenbach." Sabanin gaskiyar yadda kwalara ke kashe da ƙarfi, Mann ya sa jaririnsa ya mutu cikin nutsuwa a bakin teku a kan kujera. Fim ɗin Luchino Visconti na 1971 kuma ya ɓoye daga masu kallo ainihin yanayin cutar.<ref name="snowden" /> An kuma sanya littafin novella na Mann a matsayin wasan opera na Benjamin Britten a 1973, na ƙarshe, da kuma ballet na John Neumeier ga ƙungiyar Hamburg Ballet a Disamba 2003.* * The Horseman on the Roof (asali Faransanci Le Hussard sur le toit) littafi ne na kasada na 1951 wanda Jean Giono ya rubuta. Yana ba da labarin Angelo Pardi, matashin Italiyanin carbonaro kyaftin na sojojin dawakai, wanda ya shiga cikin annobar kwalara ta 1832 a Provence. A 1995, an sanya shi fim mai suna The Horseman on the Roof wanda Jean-Paul Rappeneau ya jagoranta.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Holden |first1=Stephen |title=Film Review – The Horseman on the Roof |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/filmarchive/horseman_on_the_roof.html |work=The New York Times |date=17 May 1996}}</ref> * A cikin littafin Gabriel Garcia Márquez na 1985 ''Love in the Time of Cholera'', kwalara "ta kasance babban abin da ke bayan fage maimakon babban jigo da ke buƙatar mugun bayani."<ref name="snowden">{{cite book | last = Snowden |first = Frank M. | title = Epidemics and Society: From the Black Death to the Present | url = https://archive.org/details/epidemicssociety0000snow | place = New Haven, Connecticut | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2019 | isbn = 978-0-300-19221-6| pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicssociety0000snow/page/239 239]–240}}</ref> An daidaita littafin a 2007 don fim mai suna Love in the Time of Cholera wanda Mike Newell ya jagoranta. * A cikin littafin The Secret Garden, iyayen Mary Lennox sun mutu sakamakon kwalara. == Misalai na Ƙasashe == === Zambia === A [[Zambia]], annobar kwalara ta yadu tun shekara ta 1977, galibi a babban birnin ƙasar Lusaka.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Mwaba J, Debes AK, Shea P, Mukonka V, Chewe O, Chisenga C, Simuyandi M, Kwenda G, Sack D, Chilengi R, Ali M|date=April 2020|title=Identification of cholera hotspots in Zambia: A spatiotemporal analysis of cholera data from 2008 to 2017|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|volume=14|issue=4|article-number=e0008227|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008227|pmc=7159183|pmid=32294084 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A shekara ta 2017, an ayyana annobar kwalara a Zambia bayan tabbatar da ''Vibrio cholerae'' O1, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa, daga samfuran najasa na marasa lafiya biyu da ke fama da zawo mai ruwa. An sami saurin karuwar adadin marasa lafiya daga ɗaruruwan lokuta a farkon Disamba 2017 zuwa kimanin 2,000 a farkon Janairu 2018.<ref name="Sinyange et al 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Sinyange |first1=Nyambe |last2=Brunkard |first2=Joan M. |last3=Kapata |first3=Nathan |last4=Mazaba |first4=Mazyanga Lucy |last5=Musonda |first5=Kunda G. |last6=Hamoonga |first6=Raymond |last7=Kapina |first7=Muzala |last8=Kapaya |first8=Fred |last9=Mutale |first9=Lwito |last10=Kateule |first10=Ernest |last11=Nanzaluka |first11=Francis |last12=Zulu |first12=James |last13=Musyani |first13=Chileshe Lukwesa |last14=Winstead |first14=Alison V. |last15=Davis |first15=William W. |last16=N'cho |first16=Hammad S. |last17=Mulambya |first17=Nelia L. |last18=Sakubita |first18=Patrick |last19=Chewe |first19=Orbie |last20=Nyimbili |first20=Sulani |last21=Onwuekwe |first21=Ezinne V.C. |last22=Adrien |first22=Nedghie |last23=Blackstock |first23=Anna J. |last24=Brown |first24=Travis W. |last25=Derado |first25=Gordana |last26=Garrett |first26=Nancy |last27=Kim |first27=Sunkyung |last28=Hubbard |first28=Sydney |last29=Kahler |first29=Amy M. |last30=Malambo |first30=Warren |last31=Mintz |first31=Eric |last32=Murphy |first32=Jennifer |last33=Narra |first33=Rupa |last34=Rao |first34=Gouthami G. |last35=Riggs |first35=Margaret A. |last36=Weber |first36=Nicole |last37=Yard |first37=Ellen |last38=Zyambo |first38=Khozya D. |last39=Bakyaita |first39=Nathan |last40=Monze |first40=Namani |last41=Malama |first41=Kennedy |last42=Mulwanda |first42=Jabbin |last43=Mukonka |first43=Victor M. |title=Cholera Epidemic — Lusaka, Zambia, October 2017–May 2018 |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |date=18 May 2018 |volume=67 |issue=19 |pages=556–559 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6719a5 |pmid=29771877 |pmc=6048949 }}</ref> Tare da ƙaruwar ruwan sama, sabbin lamura sun ƙaru kullum suna kaiwa kololuwa a makon farko na Janairu 2018 tare da fiye da lamura 700 da aka ruwaito.<ref>{{Cite report |date=1 October 2020 |title=Emergency Plan of Action Final Report Zambia: Cholera Outbreak Lusaka |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRZM011dfr.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420022015/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRZM011dfr.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2021 |url-status=live |via=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies |id=EP-2017-000178-ZMB}}</ref> A haɗin gwiwa tare da abokan aiki, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Zambia (MoH) ta ƙaddamar da martani na kiwon lafiyar jama'a mai fannoni da yawa wanda ya haɗa da ƙara sinadarin chlorine a cikin ruwan birni na Lusaka, samar da ruwa na gaggawa, sa ido kan ingancin ruwa da gwaji, ƙarfafa sa ido, binciken cututtuka, yaƙin allurar kwalara, kulawar marasa lafiya da horo ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, da gwajin samfuran asibiti a dakin gwaje-gwaje.<ref name="Sinyange et al 2018"/> Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Zambia ta aiwatar da yaƙin rigakafin allurar kwalara ta baki (OCV) na kashi ɗaya a Afrilu 2016 a unguwannin Lusaka guda uku, sannan kuma wani zagaye na biyu na rigakafi a Disamba.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Heyerdahl LW, Pugliese-Garcia M, Nkwemu S, Tembo T, Mwamba C, Demolis R, Chilengi R, Gessner BD, Guillermet E, Sharma A|date=May 2019|title="It depends how one understands it:" a qualitative study on differential uptake of oral cholera vaccine in three compounds in Lusaka, Zambia|url= |journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=1|article-number=421|doi=10.1186/s12879-019-4072-6|pmc=6518637|pmid=31088376 |doi-access=free }}</ref> === Nigeria === A watan Yuni 2024, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Najeriya (NCDC) ta sanar da jimlar shari'o'i 1,141 da ake zargi da kuma tabbatattun shari'o'i 65 na kwalara tare da mutuwar mutane 30 daga ƙananan hukumomi (LGAs) 96 a jihohi 30 na ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ileyemi |first=Mariam |date=18 June 2024 |title=As cholera ravages Lagos, other Nigerian states, here is what you need to know |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/704795-as-cholera-ravages-lagos-other-nigerian-states-here-is-what-you-need-to-know.html |access-date=20 June 2024 |newspaper=Premium Times|language=en}}</ref> NCDC, a cikin shawarwarin lafiyar jama'a, ta ce Abia, Bayelsa, Bauchi, Cross River, Delta, Imo, Katsina, Lagos, Nasarawa da Zamfara sune jihohi 10 da suka ba da kashi 90 na nauyin kwalara a ƙasar a wancan lokacin.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NCDC: 30 Deaths in 30 States as Cholera Outbreak Hits Nigeria|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/14/ncdc-30-deaths-in-30-states-as-cholera-outbreak-hits-nigeria/ |access-date=22 June 2024 |newspaper=This Day|date=14 June 2024 }}</ref> === India === [[File:Kolkata City skyline from Hoogly bridge.jpg|thumb|Birnin Kolkata na fama da annobar kwalara akai-akai.]] Birnin Kolkata, a Indiya, a jihar West Bengal a yankin kwarin Ganges, an bayyana shi a matsayin "mahaifar kwalara", tare da annoba akai-akai da bayyanar yanayi. A Indiya, inda cutar ta zama na yau da kullum, annobar kwalara na faruwa kowace shekara tsakanin lokacin rani da lokacin ruwan sama. Indiya kuma tana da yawan jama'a, ruwan sha mara tsabta, magudanan ruwa a fili, da rashin tsabta, waɗanda ke ba da wurin da ya dace don tsira, rayuwa, da yaduwar Vibrio cholerae.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Mandal S|date=July 2011|title=Cholera epidemic in and around Kolkata, India: endemicity and management|journal=Oman Medical Journal|volume=26|issue=4|pages=288–9|doi=10.5001/omj.2011.71|pmc=3191718|pmid=22043439}}</ref> === Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo === A Goma a Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo, kwalara ta bar alama mai dorewa a tarihin ɗan adam da likitanci. Annobar kwalara a ƙarni na 19 da 20 ta haifar da haɓakar ilimin cututtuka a matsayin kimiyya kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ta ci gaba da inganta fahimtar ilimin yanayin cututtuka, ilimin ƙwayoyin halitta na asali, da siginar transmembrane da kuma amfani da bayanan kimiyya da ƙirar magani.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lacey |first1=S. W. |title=Cholera: Calamitous Past, Ominous Future |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_1995-05_20_5/page/1409 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=1 May 1995 |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=1409–1419 |doi=10.1093/clinids/20.5.1409 |pmid=7620035 |jstor=4458566 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} pm5oh9eaoz1ojmzb4zr8iyknlern9r3 0 157017 969239 968755 2026-10-18T18:36:17Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340025585|It's Her Day]]" 969239 wikitext text/x-wiki It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == p2y2evakwsr3p8pu903eh5jy0u3fbyd 969240 969239 2026-10-18T18:36:53Z Salma Raddah 45959 969240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == 66w7jdk0m8zbqzzrof0lbxoddaad6f1 969260 969240 2026-10-18T20:41:46Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 969260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == 4g0rgpqjl3y2vtgpkqq4ydkh59jns0z 969261 969260 2026-10-18T20:42:20Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 969261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi masa ba'a. Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == py4s38zu61jjltzch98i1ad1ssqlcnm 969262 969261 2026-10-18T20:42:50Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 969262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == ppekf8kn5bmjucp5skjf3qwnhcve6oa 969365 969262 2026-10-19T06:28:11Z Salma Raddah 45959 969365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=</nowiki>http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == nei4n5i3mr0k6m0rwln03ddboozr3mo 0 158929 969142 862264 2026-10-18T16:25:36Z Salma Raddah 45959 969142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MV ''[[Mwanza]]''''' jirgin ruwa ne na [[Tafkin Victoria]] wanda ke aiki a Tafkin Victoria a kasar[[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Jirgin ruwa jirgin ruwa ne na Ro-Pax wanda ke aiki tsakanin ƙauyukan Kigongo da Busisi a kudancin garin ''Mwanza'' a fadin Gulf na Mwanza a gabas zuwa yamma. MV Mwanza ba ita kadai ce jirgin ruwa a kan hanya ba (akwai wasu jiragen ruwa guda uku) wanda ke nuna muhimmancin sabis na jirgin ruwa.<ref>VESSEL REVIEW: Mwanza – Tanzanian-built Ro-Pax for Lake Victoria". WORK BOAT WORLD. Baird Maritime. 27 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.</ref> Jirgin, yanzu mafi girman jirgin ruwa na Ro-Pax a kan Tafkin Victoria, yana da bene biyu don motoci da kayayyaki (babban bene da jirgin ruwa) da kuma bene na fasinja na cikin gida tare da kujeru. Kamfanin gine-ginen Tanzaniya ne ya gina shi a Mwanza, Songoro Marine Transport . == Manazarta == 002koi2egy375fnwyyzjponpo03de7j 969143 969142 2026-10-18T16:26:20Z Salma Raddah 45959 969143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MV ''[[Mwanza]]''''' jirgin ruwa ne na [[Tafkin Victoria]] wanda ke aiki a Tafkin Victoria a kasar [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Jirgin ruwa jirgin ruwa ne na Ro-Pax wanda ke aiki tsakanin ƙauyukan Kigongo da Busisi a kudancin garin ''Mwanza'' a fadin Gulf na Mwanza a gabas zuwa yamma. MV Mwanza ba ita kadai ce jirgin ruwa a kan hanya ba (akwai wasu jiragen ruwa guda uku) wanda ke nuna muhimmancin sabis na jirgin ruwa.<ref>VESSEL REVIEW: Mwanza – Tanzanian-built Ro-Pax for Lake Victoria". WORK BOAT WORLD. Baird Maritime. 27 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2018.</ref> Jirgin, yanzu mafi girman jirgin ruwa na Ro-Pax a kan Tafkin Victoria, yana da bene biyu don motoci da kayayyaki (babban bene da jirgin ruwa) da kuma bene na fasinja na cikin gida tare da kujeru. Kamfanin gine-ginen Tanzaniya ne ya gina shi a Mwanza, Songoro Marine Transport . == Manazarta == 1ggr7a4qqtae0fw6tahwh43akpta6j8 0 159231 969088 890564 2026-10-18T14:57:59Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing Sewri.jpg with [[File:Frederick_William_Stevens's_grave_in_Sewri_Christian_Cemetery,_Mumbai.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name)) 969088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frederick William Stevens''' (11 ga Nuwamba 1847 - 5 ga Maris 1900) masanin injiniya ne na Ingila wanda ya yi aiki ga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya a [[Indiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=George J. |title=Indo Saracenic Architecture in Chennai |url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/Indo_Saracenic_Architecture_in_Chennai.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725063408/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/Indo_Saracenic_Architecture_in_Chennai.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2021 |access-date=30 October 2011 |publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Area}}</ref> Mafi shahararren zane na Stevens shine tashar jirgin kasa ta Victoria Terminus a Bombay (a cikin 1996, an sake masa suna Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus a [[Mumbai]]). <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 1997 |title=Frederick William Stevens |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/persons/fw-stevens.html |access-date=12 September 2009 |publisher=Mumbai/Bombay Pages}}</ref> Stevens kuma ya tsara Ginin Kamfanin Municipal, Mumbai Gidan Royal Alfred Sailor, Ginin Sojoji da Sojan Ruwa a Kala Ghoda, Ofishin Jakadancin a Apollo Bunder, manyan ofisoshin BB&amp;amp;CI Railway a Churchgate, da Ofisoshin Tabbatar da Rayuwa na Gabas a Flora Fountain . Ya kuma tsara Fadar Rajmahal a Mehsana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aklekar |first=Rajendra B. |date=22 April 2017 |title=A Sentimental Visit to Mumbai to See Her Great Grandfather's Magnificent Buildings |url=https://thewire.in/history/victoria-terminus-chatrapati-shivaji-terminus-mumbai-f-w-stevens |access-date=6 November 2020 |website=The Wire |language=en |quote=Stevens also designed and supervised buildings in Calcutta, Kanpur, Agra, Benaras, markets at Patan and court houses at Mehsana for the Gaekwads of Baroda.}}</ref> ==Mutuwa== Ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Maris 1900 bayan [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] kuma an binne shi a Kabari na Kirista na Sewri . [[Fayil:Frederick William Stevens's grave in Sewri Christian Cemetery, Mumbai.jpg|thumb]] Ana iya ganin sunansa da mutum-mutumi a cikin fim din 2006 Slumdog Millionaire . == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pq7qf64vn06uysoroomabuoxiyxeflc 0 159399 969359 864827 2026-10-19T05:47:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Arzah ana kuma an rubuta Arze ko Arzeh ; wanda aka fi sani da al-Arzah al-Dabaa ƙauyen [[Siriya]] ne wanda ke cikin Gundumar Hama a cikin Gwamnatin Hama . A cewar [[Babban Ofishin Kididdiga (Siriya)|Babban Ofishin Kididdiga na Siriya]] (CBS), Arzah tana da yawan mutane 1,280 a cikin ƙidayar shekara ta 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |title=General Census of Population 2004. |url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/syr_pop_2004_sycensus_0.xls}}</ref> Mazaunanta galibi [[Alawites]] ne. An kashe mazauna ƙauyen Arzah 10-12 a cikin kisan kiyashi a watan Fabrairun 2025 da Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah.<ref name="isw14feb2">{{Cite web |last=Ganzeveld |first=Annika |last2=Reddy |first2=Ria |last3=Campa |first3=Kelly |last4=Moore |first4=Johanna |last5=Moorman |first5=Carolyn |last6=Rezaei |first6=Ben |last7=Braverman |first7=Alexandra |last8=Borens |first8=Avery |last9=Carter |first9=Brian |date=14 February 2025 |title=Iran Update, February 14, 2025 |url=https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-14-2025 |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Institute for the Study of War]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320213220/https://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-february-14-2025 |archive-date=20 March 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2025 |title=Gunmen kill 10 in Syria village ‘massacre’: Monitor |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2025/02/01/gunmen-kill-10-in-alawite-village-in-syria-monitor |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=[[Al Arabiya]] |language=en}}</ref> An sake kashe ƙauyen a watan Maris na shekara ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2025 |title=‘They killed him in cold blood’: the cycle of revenge in north-west Syria |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/15/revenge-attacks-alawite-arza-latakia-syria |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> A sakamakon wannan kisan kiyashi, an kori 'yan asalin Alawite na ƙauyen, kuma yanzu Sunni ne suka zauna daga garin Khattab da ke kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Tamimi |first=Aymenn Jawad |date=18 July 2025 |title=Photo Essay: The Former Alawite Village of Arza in Hama Countryside |url=https://www.aymennaltamimi.com/p/photo-essay-the-former-alawite-village |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=www.aymennaltamimi.com |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == mp1gase6pckz4k9spcu8ldrvk52gp9j 0 161341 969009 964723 2026-10-18T12:10:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar namun daji ta Kanada''' ('''CWF''') ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Kanada da ta sadaukar da kanta ga kiyaye namun daji. == Tarihi da manufa == An kafa Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada (CWF) a shekarar 1961 kuma an ba ta hayar ta a shekarar 1962.<ref name="Canadian Encyclopaedia">{{Cite web |last=Mycio |first=L. |date=2011 |title=The Canadian Encyclopaedia |url=http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-wildlife-federation/ |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |publisher=The Canadian Wildlife Federation |archive-date=October 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007101038/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-wildlife-federation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada ta himmatu wajen koyar da wasu su yaba wa duniyar halitta don tabbatar da gadon namun daji masu lafiya da kuma mazauninsu na dindindin.<ref name="Mission">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Mission |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/about-cwf/about-us/mission.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823221808/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/about-cwf/about-us/mission.html |archive-date=2011-08-23 |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org}}</ref> Domin cimma waɗannan manufofi, Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada: * Yana sanar da sauran 'yan ƙasar Kanada game da namun daji da kuma wuraren zama na halitta; * Yana haɓaka ayyukan ɗan adam masu alhaki da kiyayewa; da kuma * Yana wakiltar namun daji a kan batutuwan kiyayewa.<ref name="Mission"/> Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada tana da nufin sanar da 'yan ƙasar Kanada, ilmantar da su, da kuma jan hankalin su game da namun daji ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ta hanyar yin haka, CWF tana fatan zaburar da sauran 'yan ƙasar Kanada su bayar da gudummawa da kuma tallafawa ƙungiyar domin gudanar da shirye-shiryen da ke koyar da 'yan ƙasar Kanada game da namun daji. A ƙarshe, CWF tana da nufin ilmantar da kuma ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalolin da suka shafi namun daji na Kanada da kuma yadda 'yan ƙasar Kanada za su iya taimakawa wajen kiyaye muhallin halitta. == Ilimi == Sashen Ilimi na Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada ya mayar da hankali kan haɗa 'yan ƙasar Kanada da namun daji ta hanyar ci gaba da motsa mahalarta daga wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan namun daji zuwa inda mutane ke ɗaukar alhakin al'ummominsu don zama jakadu na nau'ikan halittu da muhalli. Tun daga shekarar 2014, shirye-shiryen ilimi na CWF sun kai ga mutane sama da 1,500,000 a shirye-shiryen kai tsaye, fuska da fuska. A watan Oktoba na 2025, ƙungiyar da abokan hulɗa a fannin kiyayewa sun ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Ilimi ta Kanada (CCNbE), wani shiri na ƙasa da aka tsara don faɗaɗa ilmantarwa ta hanyar amfani da yanayi a faɗin Kanada. Cibiyar ta mayar da hankali kan tallafawa masu ilimi, ƙarfafa ilimin muhalli, da inganta samun daidaito ga ilimin da ya dogara da yanayi ga 'yan asalin ƙasar, karkara, birane, da sauran al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=CWF and partners launch Canadian Centre for Nature-based Education |url=https://www.thespec.com/globenewswire/cwf-and-partners-launch-canadian-centre-for-nature-based-education/article_fd8187d9-767b-5df9-a1c6-3bc27e21b561.html |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=The Hamilton Spectator via GlobeNewswire |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shirye-shiryen ilimi na CWF sun haɗa da: === Wuraren Daji === Shirin aikin lambu ga makarantu, wanda ke koyarwa game da ƙirƙirar muhalli ta hanyar aikin lambu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-02 |title=WILD spaces: Connecting urban youth to nature through habitat stewardship in pollinator gardens |url=https://panorama.solutions/en/solution/wild-spaces-connecting-urban-youth-nature-through-habitat-stewardship-pollinator-gardens |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=panorama.solutions |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928162329/https://panorama.solutions/en/solution/wild-spaces-connecting-urban-youth-nature-through-habitat-stewardship-pollinator-gardens |archive-date=2021-09-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Ilimin Daji === Shirin haɓaka ƙwarewar malamai, wanda ya haɗa da Project WILD, WILD About Sports (shirin da Damian Foxall ya ƙirƙira don haɗa mahalarta wasanni da duniyar halitta da ɗabi'ar kiyayewa.),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Programs - Canadian Wildlife Federation |url=http://cwf-fcf.org/en/explore-our-work/education/programs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217201308/http://cwf-fcf.org/en/explore-our-work/education/programs/ |archive-date=2015-02-17 |access-date=2015-02-17}}</ref> da kuma ƙasa da sifili (wanda ya mayar da hankali kan kiyaye hunturu).<ref>{{Cite web |title=WILD Education |url=https://cwf-fcf.org/en/explore/wild-education/?src=menu |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=cwf-fcf.org |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128084948/https://cwf-fcf.org/en/explore/wild-education/?src=menu |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Lambu don Namun Daji === Wanda ya haɗa da shirin bayar da takardar shaidar lambu da ilimi don taimaka wa mutane su koyi game da ayyukan lambun da suka dace da namun daji. === DAJI A Waje === Shirin koyon hidima ga yara 'yan shekara 15 zuwa 18 wanda ke ba su damar haɗuwa da duniyar halitta da kuma kawo canji. A shekarar 2021, wannan shirin ya kasance na ƙarshe a gasar Alberta Emerald Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=WILD Outside Youth Leadership Program with CWF {{!}} Alberta Emerald Foundation |url=https://emeraldfoundation.ca/aef_awards/wild-outside-youth-leadership-program-with-cwf/ |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=emeraldfoundation.ca}}</ref> da kuma Nature Inspiration Awards <ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Finalists: Nature Inspiration Awards |url=https://nature.ca/en/about-us/museum-corporation/nature-inspiration-awards/2021-finalists |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928162329/https://nature.ca/en/about-us/museum-corporation/nature-inspiration-awards/2021-finalists |archive-date=2021-09-28 |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=Canadian Museum of Nature |language=en}}</ref> kuma ya lashe kyautar Calgary Award for Environmental Achievement<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office |first=City Clerk's |title=2020 Calgary Awards recipients |url=https://www.calgary.ca/content/www/en/home/ca/city-clerks/citizen-recognition-protocol/calgary-awards/2020-awards-recipients-bios.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928162319/https://www.calgary.ca/content/www/en/home/ca/city-clerks/citizen-recognition-protocol/calgary-awards/2020-awards-recipients-bios.html |archive-date=2021-09-28 |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=www.calgary.ca |language=en}}</ref> da kuma kyautar Saskatchewan Award for the Environmental. <ref>{{Cite web |title=RCE Saskatchewan Recognition Event |url=https://www.rceskrecognitionevent.com/ |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=RCE Saskatchewan Recognition Event}}</ref> === Hukumar Kare Hakkin Jama'a ta Kanada === Shirin koyon hidima ga yara 'yan shekara 18-30 wanda ya haɗa koyon hidima a fagen aiki da tafiye-tafiyen balaguro na tsawon watanni 8 da matakai uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 24, 2020 |title=Canadian Wildlife Federation expanding programs to engage youth |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-cwf-expanding-programs-jan-2020-1.5439405 |access-date= |website=CBC}}</ref> == Nau'i da Mazauni == Sashen Nau'o'i da Habitat na Ƙungiyar Namun Daji ta Kanada ya fi mai da hankali kan kiyaye dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa da na ƙasa a duk faɗin Kanada. Manyan wuraren da CWF ke sha'awa sune: Kula da Habitat, Kula da Ruwa Mai Daɗi, [[Kiyaye ruwa|Kula da Ruwa]], Nau'o'in da ke Fuskantar Barazana, da Sauyin Yanayi.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation About Us">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=About Us |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/about-cwf/about-us/difference.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823213921/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/about-cwf/about-us/difference.html |archive-date=2011-08-23 |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org}}</ref> === Kula da muhalli === Shirin kula da muhalli ya fi mayar da hankali kan ƙirƙirar muhalli da gyara shi a yankunan karkara da birane, tare da ƙarfafa kula da masu filaye masu zaman kansu.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Stewardship">{{Cite web |title=Habitat Stewardship |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/habitat-stewardship/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811230355/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/habitat-stewardship/ |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2011-07-28 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org}}</ref> === Kiyaye ruwan sha mai tsafta === Kanada tana da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar, ciki har da tafkuna da koguna, waɗanda ke da alhakin kusan kashi 9% na samar da makamashin ruwa mai sabuntawa a duniya. <ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Endangered">{{Cite web |title=Endangered Species |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/endangered-species/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050425/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/endangered-species/ |archive-date=July 26, 2011 |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org}}</ref> Wannan yalwar ruwan ruwan kuma yana ɗauke da nau'ikan kifaye da yawa, tsuntsaye, tsuntsayen ruwa, kwari da sauran nau'ikan namun daji. Bincike da wayar da kan jama'a ya mayar da hankali kan manyan fannoni guda huɗu: * Kariya da Gyaran Mahalli; * Nau'in Ruwa Masu Mamayewa; * Kiyaye Yawan Namun Daji na Ruwa Mai Tsami; da kuma * Rage Tasirin Gurɓatar Ruwa ga Namun Daji.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Endangered"/> === Kiyaye ruwa === Kamar yadda Kanada ke da babban bakin teku (234,000)km), wacce ke da iyaka da tekuna uku, ƙungiyar tana aiki tuƙuru don kiyaye lafiyar halittun ruwa. Manyan fannoni da aka mayar da hankali a kansu sun hada da: * Rage tasirin Kamun Kifi akan Namun Dajin Ruwa; * Gurɓatar Ruwa; da kuma * Yankunan da ke Kare Ruwa.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Marine">{{Cite web |title=Marine conservation |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/marine/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050508/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/marine/ |archive-date=July 26, 2011 |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org}}</ref> Kamun kifi fiye da kima babban abu ne mai muhimmanci domin yana da matukar muhimmanci a kiyaye isasshen abinci ga halittun ruwa waɗanda suka dogara da waɗannan wurare don hunturu ko kuma su haifi 'ya'yansu. === Nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari === Ƙungiyar Namun Daji ta Kanada ta aiwatar da wani Shirin Nau'in Da Ke Fuskantar Barazana don taimakawa wajen kiyaye nau'ikan halittu da ke fuskantar barazana a duk faɗin Kanada. An gudanar da bincike mai zurfi don gano dalilin raguwar yawan namun daji, da kuma hanyar da ta fi dacewa don tabbatar da cewa yawan jama'a zai ƙaru. Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ƙasa da CWF (tare da sauran ƙungiyoyi) sun haɗa iliminsu don samun hanyoyin kiyayewa iri ɗaya tsakanin ƙungiyoyi. Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da sake dawo da nau'ikan da ke fuskantar barazana zuwa mazauninsu na halitta don ƙara yawan jama'a. CWF kuma tana da niyyar yin tasiri ga ƙa'idodin gwamnati game da nau'ikan da ke fuskantar barazanar Barazana don haɓaka tsawon rai na nau'in.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Endangered" /> === Sauyin yanayi === [[Canjin yanayi|Sauyin yanayi]] batu ne na duniya da masu bincike ke ganin zai haifar da mummunan sakamako a nan gaba, amma tasirinsa a yanzu ga namun daji a bayyane yake. Sauye-sauyen da nau'ikan halittu da yawa suka fuskanta don daidaitawa da yanayin da ke canzawa sun haɗa da canza yanayin ƙaura, ƙaura da wuri ko kuma daga baya fiye da yadda aka saba, da kuma canza yanayin lokacin hutu.<ref name="Nature">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=C. D. |last2=Cameron |first2=A. |last3=Green |first3=R. E. |last4=Bakkenes |first4=M. |last5=Beaumont |first5=L. J. |last6=Collingham |first6=Y. C. |last7=Erasmus |first7=B. F. |last8=De Siqueira |first8=M. F. |last9=Grainger |first9=A. |last10=Hannah |first10=L. |last11=Hughes |first11=L. |last12=Huntley |first12=B. |last13=Van Jaarsveld |first13=A. S. |last14=Midgley |first14=G. F. |last15=Miles |first15=L. |year=2004 |title=Nature (2011). Extinction Risk From Climate Change. Retrieved July 19, 2011. |url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/733227/Thomas&Cameron_Extinctions_Cover&Article_Nature_2004.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=427 |issue=6970 |pages=145–148 |doi=10.1038/nature02121 |pmid=14712274 |s2cid=969382}}</ref> CWF ta mayar da hankali kan fannoni uku na sauyin yanayi: * Amfani da Gyara da Kiyaye Mahalli don Ajiye Carbon; * Tsarin Daidaita Namun Daji da Sauyin Yanayi; da kuma * Shawarwari don Ƙwararren Manufofin Rage Haɗakar Carbon ga Kanada.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Climate">{{Cite web |title=Canadian Wildlife Federation (2011). Climate Change. Retrieved July 19, 2011. |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/climate-change/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050420/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/climate-change/ |archive-date=July 26, 2011}}</ref> == Littattafai == Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada ta buga '''''Checkerspot''''', wata mujallar [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] da ake bugawa sau biyu a shekara. Mujalla ce mai kyauta, wacce aka fara bugawa a watan Mayu na 2007; ta daina samarwa a shekarar 2009 saboda koma bayan tattalin arziki na wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Checkerspot stops production |url=http://www.checkerspotmagazine.ca/EN/about_us/subscribe/subscribe.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406030953/http://www.checkerspotmagazine.ca/EN/about_us/subscribe/subscribe.asp |archive-date=6 April 2009 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=www.checkerspotmagazine.ca}}</ref> An sanya mata suna bayan wani [[Malam buɗe littafi|malam buɗe ido]] wanda aka yi imanin cewa yana da nau'ikan halittu. don ya canza sakamakon [[Canjin yanayi|ɗumamar yanayi]], ''Checkerspot'' ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita jarida ce [[Fitar da sifili|mai ra'ayin mazan jiya game da yanayi]] . CWF ta yi amfani da ''Checkerspot'' don haɓaka fafutuka da haɓaka tattaunawa game da sauyin yanayi. == Masu haɗin gwiwa da abokan hulɗa == Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada tana aiki tare da dukkan matakan Gwamnatin Kanada ban da kasuwanci don cimma burinsu, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da jin daɗin namun daji a Kanada.<ref name="Partners">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=CWF Education Partners |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/educate/partners/ |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org |publisher=Canadian Wildlife Federation |archive-date=August 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804200717/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/educate/partners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> CWF tana aiki tare da gwamnatocin larduna da yankuna, hukumomin tarayya, ƙungiyoyi da [[Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada|Muhalli na Kanada]].<ref name="Partners" /> Wasu abokan hulɗa na ƙasa sun haɗa da: [[Ofishin Kula da namun daji na Kanada|Sabis na Kula da Namun Daji na Kanada]], [[Gidajen shakatawa na Kanada|Parks Canada]], [[Royal Botanical Gardens (Ontario)]] da Atlas na Kanada.<ref name="Partners" /> Abokan hulɗa da yawa na CWF suna ba da tallafin kuɗi da taimako da albarkatu don taimakawa kare namun daji. Tallafin kuɗi da albarkatun da waɗannan abokan hulɗa ke bayarwa suna taimakawa wajen ƙara wayar da kan jama'a da kula da kiyaye namun daji a Kanada. A shekarar 2010, Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada ta shirya "Tafiya don Namun Daji" ta farko ta shekara-shekara.<ref name="WFW">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Walk for Wildlife |url=http://donate.cwf-fcf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=nww11_home |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002331/http://donate.cwf-fcf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=nww11_home |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-07-28}}</ref> Wannan tafiya tana gudana ne a lokacin '''Makon Namun Daji na Ƙasa''' (10-16 ga Afrilu). Manufar wannan tafiya ita ce wayar da kan jama'a game da kula da dazuzzuka mai ɗorewa da kiyaye muhalli ga namun daji na Kanada. Tafiya tana yawo a faɗin Kanada, inda al'ummomi ke karɓar bakuncin tarukan gida. Duk wannan za a iya cimma shi saboda yawan abokan hulɗa da masu tallafawa CWF. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lpj5de5tond4ei673qozu6b74k4nc7a 0 162467 969402 889013 2026-10-19T07:12:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Audrey Jean Good Backeberg''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Audrey Jean Good Backeberg – The Charley Project |url=https://charleyproject.org/case/audrey-jean-good-backeberg |access-date=2026-06-10 |language=en}}</ref> mace ce ta Amurka da ta ɓace a baya wacce ta ɓace tana da shekaru 20 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-04 |title=Woman missing since 1962 found 'alive and well' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgpjgwxlxwo |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> a 1966 a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 1962, kuma ta sake fitowa a 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebrahimji |first=Alisha |date=2025-05-05 |title=Woman missing for more than 60 years has been found alive |url=https://www.abc12.com/news/national/woman-missing-for-more-than-60-years-has-been-found-alive/article_995bc492-24aa-56cf-9d3f-174e60d0f132.html |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=ABC 12 WJRT-TV |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260610024349/https://www.abc12.com/news/national/woman-missing-for-more-than-60-years-has-been-found-alive/article_995bc492-24aa-56cf-9d3f-174e60d0f132.html |archive-date=2026-06-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi da bacewar == Audrey Backeberg ta zauna a Reedsburg, Wisconsin, amma ta ɓace a tashar bas a Indianapolis, Indiana, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Heren |first=Kit |date=2025-05-04 |title=Woman who vanished from home 63 years ago 'found alive and well' - and 'has no regrets' |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/article/woman-vanished-63-years-ago-audrey-backeberg-5Hjd6Hd_2/ |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=LBC |language=en}}</ref> kwanaki kadan bayan an ba da rahoto ga [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|'yan sanda]] na yankin cewa mijinta yana cin zarafin ta har ya yi barazana ga rayuwarta. Backeberg yana tare da wani wanda ya ce dukansu suna tafiya a kan mota inda suka kama inda suka hau bas din Greyhound.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=Missing Wisconsin woman found alive more than 60 years after disappearance |url=https://6abc.com/post/audrey-jean-backeberg-cold-case-woman-missing-more-60-years-reedsburg-wisconsin-was-found-alive/16330819/ |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=6abc Philadelphia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebrahimji |first=Alisha |date=2025-05-05 |title=A Wisconsin woman missing for more than 60 years has been found alive |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/05/us/audrey-backeberg-missing-found-alive |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> == Sake bayyana == Backeberg ta kasance ta ɓace har zuwa 2025, lokacin da masu bincike suka same ta da rai kuma a cikin wata jiha ta amfani da bayanan da aka cire daga bayanan 'yar'uwarta Ancestry.com.[1] Ta zaɓi kada ta bayyana bayanai da yawa, amma masu bincike sun ce mijin da aka ambata a sama na iya ko kuma ba shine dalilin da ya sa ta ɓace ba tare da wata alama ba. Ta kuma zaɓi kada ta ba da wurin da take yanzu, kuma tun lokacin da ta sake yin aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya biyu, [2] [3] ta kuma zaɓi kada a ba da sunanta na yanzu. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin shari'o'in mutanen da suka ɓace (1950-1969) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dk5ca913slsg1d8my7pdi25fyqbffms 0 163026 969341 950363 2026-10-19T02:11:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anahita Razmi''' (b.1981; [[Farisawa|Persian]] : آناهیتا رزمی) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta zamani wacce aka haifa a Jamus, asalin Iran da Jamus. Tana aiki da shigarwa, sassaka, zane-zanen bidiyo, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo. <ref name="creativetime">{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi |url=https://creativetime.org/reports/author/anahita-razmi/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Creative Time Reports |language=en-US}}</ref> Aikin Razmi ya yi amfani da hanyoyin fasaha na tsarawa, inda ake canza ma'anar hotuna da ke akwai ta hanyar sanya su a cikin wani yanayi na lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2018 |title=Razmi Anahita |url=https://iniva.org/library/digital-archive/people/r/anahita-razmi |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=[[Iniva]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719145019/https://iniva.org/library/digital-archive/people/r/anahita-razmi/ |archive-date=2022-07-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyukanta galibi suna magana ne game da batutuwan siyasa da zamantakewa, waɗanda galibi suna da alaƙa da [[Iran]], mahaifar mahaifin Razmi. <ref name="Gregori">{{Cite web |last=Gregori |first=Daniela |date=February 11, 2013 |editor-last=Gropp |editor-first=Lewis |title=Portrait of the Artist Anahita Razmi: Attempts at Cultural Transfer |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/portrait-of-the-artist-anahita-razmi-attempts-at-cultural-transfer |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=[[Qantara.de]] |language=en}}</ref> Tana zaune a Berlin, da London. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Anahita Razmi a shekarar 1981 a [[Hamburg|Hamburg, Jamus]] . <ref name="Gregori"/> <ref name="Philomena">{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi |url=https://philomena.plus/programme/anahita-razmi/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Philomena.plus |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="Schwäbische">{{Cite web |date=9 February 2015 |title=Anahita Razmi erhält den Werkstattpreis |url=https://www.schwaebische.de/regional/tuttlingen/tuttlingenFALSCH/anahita-razmi-erhaelt-den-werkstattpreis-717099 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Schwäbische |language=de}} [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Mahaifiyarta Bajamushe ce, mahaifinta kuma Ba'amurke ne. <ref name="Gregori" /> Ta yi karatun fasahar watsa labarai a Jami'ar Bauhaus, Weimar ; daga baya ta yi azuzuwa a Cibiyar Pratt da ke birnin New York; sannan ta ci gaba da karatunta a fannin zane-zane da sassaka a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jiha ta Stuttgart . <ref name="Gregori"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi |url=https://loom.allianceofacademies.eu/artist/anahita-razmi/ |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Loom, European Alliance of Academies |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="Schwäbische"/> == Sana'a == [[Fayil:Darookhaneh_Apotheke_Pharmacy.jpg|alt=Darookhaneh Apotheke Pharmacy (2022), a project by Anahita Razmi and Sohrab Kashani in Berlin, Germany|thumb| Darookhaneh Apotheke Pharmacy (2022), aikin Anahita Razmi da Sohrab Kashani a Berlin, Jamus]] An nuna ayyukan Razmi a cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, kamar Venice Biennale na 55 (2013), Venice; <ref name="Schwäbische"/> Halle 14 (2019), Leipzig; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Resch |first=Christopher |date=August 2, 2019 |title=Global History of Ideas, Contemporary Muslim Art: Enlightenment Rediscovered |url=https://en.qantara.de/content/global-history-of-ideas-contemporary-muslim-art-enlightenment-rediscovered |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=[[Qantara.de]] |language=en}}</ref> Zachęta National Gallery of Art (2016-2017), Warsaw; <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=November 2016 |title=Social Calligraphies |url=https://zacheta.art.pl/en/wystawy/kaligrafie-spoleczne?filters=eyJkYXRlX2Zyb20iOnsidmFsdWUiOiIxOTUwLTAxLTAxIiwib3BlcmF0b3IiOiI+PSJ9LCJkYXRlX3RvIjp7InZhbHVlIjoiMjAyMi0wNy0yNSIsIm9wZXJhdG9yIjoiPD0ifSwib2tyZXMiOnsidHlwZSI6ImN1c3RvbSIsImpvaW4iOiIiLCJ2YWx1ZSI6WyJkYXRlX3RvPFwiMjAyMi0wNy0yNVwiICYmICBkYXRlX2Zyb20hPVwiMDAwMC0wMC0wMFwiICYmIGRhdGVfdG8hPVwiMDAwMC0wMC0wMFwiIl19LCJhY3RpdmUiOjEsIm9yZGVyIjoiZGF0ZV9mcm9tIERFU0MifQ== |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Zachęta Narodowa Galeria Sztuki |language=en}}</ref> Museo Jumex, Birnin Mexico; Kunstraum Innsbruck (2018), Innsbruck, Austria; <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=May 5th – June 16th Anahita Razmi Spoilers |url=https://www.kunstraum-innsbruck.at/en/archives/exhibitions/anahita_razmi |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Kunstraum Innsbruck |archive-date=2022-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725114108/https://www.kunstraum-innsbruck.at/en/archives/exhibitions/anahita_razmi |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sazmanab Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, Tehran; Kunsthalle Baden-Baden, and Kunstmuseum Stuttgart (2013). <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2012 |title=Frischzelle_17: Anahita Razmi |url=https://www.kunstmuseum-stuttgart.de/ausstellungen/frischzelle17-anahita-razmi |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Kunstmuseum Stuttgart |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="StuttgarterNachrichten">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 6, 2013 |title=Kunstmuseum: Ihre Heimat und seine Heimat |url=https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.kunstmuseum-ihre-heimat-und-seine-heimat.70be4054-ba4c-45b6-a3d7-423ac8aaa780.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=[[Stuttgarter Nachrichten]] |language=de |archive-date=2025-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226033551/https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.kunstmuseum-ihre-heimat-und-seine-heimat.70be4054-ba4c-45b6-a3d7-423ac8aaa780.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin [[Satumba shekara ta 2022 'Yan ƙasar Iran sukayi zanga- zanga|zanga-zangar Mahsa Amini]], Razmi yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mawakan da suka fitar da fosta na zanga-zangar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Waddoups |first=Ryan |date=2023-09-20 |title=A Year After Mahsa Amini's Death, Artists Have Even More to Say |url=https://www.surfacemag.com/articles/iran-artists-woman-life-freedom/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[Surface (magazine)|Surface]] |language=en-US |issn=1091-806X}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Garth |date=2023-09-15 |title=One year on from Mahsa Amini's death, protest art marks the streets |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/09/15/one-year-on-from-mahsa-aminis-death-protest-art-paris-edinburgh-dublin |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[The Art Newspaper]] |issn=0960-6556}}</ref> Razmi ta sami tallafin karatu na Kwalejin Al'adu ta Tarabya, Istanbul (2020), <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Anahita Razmi |url=http://kulturakademie-tarabya.de/en/resident/16338 |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Kulturakademie Tarabya |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725114111/http://kulturakademie-tarabya.de/en/resident/16338/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> zama a Goethe a LUX, London (2018), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Anahita Razmi |url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/en/kul/res/vergangene-residenzen/lux/anahita-razmi/int.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Goethe-Institut United Kingdom}}</ref> zama a Villa Kamogawa Residency, Kyoto (2015). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi, Bildende Kunst |url=https://www.goethe.de/ins/jp/de/sta/kyo/res/sti/s15/ara.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Goethe-Institut Japan}}</ref> An ba ta kyautar Erich Hauser Art Foundation (2015), <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2015 |title=Anahita Razmi to receive 2015 Erich Hauser (Werkstattpreis) Award |url=https://artreview.com/news-9-feb-2015-anahita-razmi-erich-hauser-werkstattpreis-award/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[Art Review]] |language=en |issn=1745-9303}}</ref> <ref name="Schwäbische"/> tallafin karatu na MAK–Schindler, Los Angeles (2013), <ref name="creativetime"/> da kuma kyautar Emdash, Frieze Foundation, London (2011). <ref name="creativetime" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi receives Emdash Award 2011 |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/35550/anahita-razmi-receives-emdash-award-2011/ |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickiewicz |first=Maksymilian Fus |date=2011-08-24 |title=Frieze: Anahita Razmi |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/10600/1/frieze-anahita-razmi |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, Razmi ta ƙi amincewa da tallafin fasaha daga Stiftung Kunstfonds, tana sukar tsarin ginin gidauniyar da rashin bambancin ra'ayi a cikin alkalanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2022 |title=Open Letter by the Artist Anahita Razmi: On the Rejection of the NeustartPlus Grant of the Stiftung Kunstfonds |url=https://www.bbk-berlin.de/en/news/13122022-open-letter-artist-anahita-razmi-rejection-neustartplus-grant-stiftung-kunstfonds |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=BBK Berlin}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=15 December 2022 |title=Kritik am Kunstfonds - Unlautere Vergabeverfahren und Lobbyismus? |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/kritik-an-neustart-stipendien-vergabe-des-kunstfonds-100.html |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=Deutschlandfunk Kultur |language=de}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun haɗa da tarin zane-zane na jama'a da dama, kamar Bundeskunstsammlung a Jamus; Kunstmuseum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Jamus; Museo del Novecento, Florence; da kuma Davis Museum a Wellesley College, Massachusetts, Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi |url=https://davis.emuseum.com/people/4554/anahita-razmi |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Davis Museum at Wellesley College |language=en}}</ref> == Nunin kai kaɗai == * ''Jihar Swing'' (2013), ta yi tafiya zuwa Kunstverein Hannover, [[Hanover|Hanover, Jamus]], da Stadtgalerie Saarbrücken (City Gallery Saarbrücken), Saarbrücken, Jamus ; nunin solo dinta na farko <ref name="StuttgarterNachrichten"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anahita Razmi – Swing State, Stadtgalerie Saarbrücken, bis 1. September 2013 |url=https://www.portalkunstgeschichte.de/meldung/Anahita-Razmi-Swing-State-Stadtgalerie-Saarbruecken-bis-1-September-2013-5784.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Portal Kunstgeschichte |language=de}}</ref> * ''Do Fard – Tufafi Tehran Berlin'' (2015, 2016), ya yi tafiya zuwa Schwedenstr. 16, Berlin, Jamus; da kuma Jihar Tsarin Athens, Athens, Girka <ref>{{Cite web |title=DO FARD / Underwear Tehran - Berlin |url=https://www.visibleproject.org/blog/project/do-fard-underwear-tehran-berlin-berlin-germany/ |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=visibleproject |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427105646/https://www.visibleproject.org/blog/project/do-fard-underwear-tehran-berlin-berlin-germany/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Jihar Nan Gaba - wani shiri na farko'' (2018), LUX London, London, Ingila <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2018 |title=Art Guide: The Future State, a preliminary |url=https://artguide.artforum.com/artguide/lux-15936/the-future-state-a-preliminary-157960 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[Artforum]] |language=en-US |issn=0004-3532 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * ''Anahita Razmi Masu fashi'' (2018), Kunstraum Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Stephanie |date=2019-03-01 |title=Anahita Razmi, Carbon 12 |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/anahita-razmi-243826/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=[[Artforum]] |language=en-US |issn=0004-3532}}</ref> * ''Darookhaneh Apotheke Pharmacy'' (2022), haɗin gwiwa tare da Sohrab Kashani ; tafiya zuwa Philomena a Berlin, Jamus, <ref name="Philomena"/> da Uqbar a Vienna, Austria <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Arts of the Working Class |url=http://artsoftheworkingclass.org/exhibition/darookhaneh-apotheke-pharmacy |website=ArtsoftheWorkingClass.org |access-date=2026-08-10 |archive-date=2026-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260520171242/https://artsoftheworkingclass.org/exhibition/darookhaneh-apotheke-pharmacy |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Neustart für Bildende Künstlerinnen und Künstler |url=https://www.innovative-kunstprojekte.de/projekte/details/projektedarookhaneh-apotheke-pharmacy-64 |website=Innovative-Kunstprojekte.de}}</ref> * ''The Riff'' (2022), Carbon12 Gallery, Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-18 |title=Reflexionen über Repräsentation |url=https://www.gallerytalk.net/anahita-razmi-carbon-12-dubai/ |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=gallerytalk.net |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] q0742o6ghzl08pa20rjaxqvjy2mmfmh 0 163324 969019 895655 2026-10-18T12:31:55Z Salma Raddah 45959 969019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Katharina Thiersch''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1938 - 10 ga Oktoba 2021) ma'aikaciyar kiyaye kayan tarihi ce ta Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Katharina Thiersch {{!}} Trauer.HNA.de |url=https://trauer.hna.de/traueranzeige/katharina-thiersch |access-date=27 October 2021 |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Thiersch a Marburg, 'yar mai kula da birnin [[Wiesbaden]] . Da farko ta kammala aikin horo a wani wurin aikin kafinta, sannan ta karanci gine-gine a RWTH Aachen daga shekarar 1959, wanda ta kammala da takardar shaidar injiniya a shekarar 1967. Daga nan ta yi karatun digiri na tsawon shekaru biyu a Bibliotheca Hertziana da ke Rome. == Sana'a == Daga nan ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Tarihin Gine-gine da Rikodin Gine-gine a Jami'ar Stuttgart kuma daga 1973 a matsayin mai kula da kiyaye muhalli a [[Hesse State Office for the Preservation of Monuments|Ofishin Jihar Hesse don Kare Monuments]] da ofishin reshensa da ke Marburg, inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 2003. Kwanan nan, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mai kula da kayan kida. Thiersch ya himmatu wajen [[Monument conservation|kiyaye abubuwan tarihi]] a arewacin Hesse. Manyan ayyukan da ta kula da su sun haɗa da [[Haydau Monastery]] da ke Morschen, [[Church of the Dead (Treysa)|Cocin Matattu]] da ke Schwalmstadt-Treeysa ko kuma Cathedral na St Peter da ke Fritzlar . Ya kafa sabbin ƙa'idoji wajen kiyaye abubuwan tarihi, a cikin binciken farko, aiwatarwa da kuma tattara bayanai. 2] Tsare-tsare na birni Ta raka sake fasalin tsarin birane a Fritzlar, Melsungen, Spangenberg da Schwalmstadt . Bugu da ƙari, Katharina Thiersch tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka jagoranci kafa "Cibiyar Sana'o'i ta Jamus da Kare Monuments - Propstei Johannesberg" (a yau: [[Propstei Johannesberg gGmbH]] ) a [[Propstei Johannesberg]] da ke Fulda a matsayin cibiyar horarwa don koyar da dabarun fasaha na tarihi, amfani da kayan aiki na yanki da fasahar gini. Ta kuma yi aiki a can a matsayin lakcara. Ta kuma shiga cikin ''Kwalejin Bincike da Tsare-tsare ta Hessian a yankunan karkara'' . Ta riƙe muƙaman koyarwa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Giessen|Gießen]] da Kassel . Da jajircewarta, har ma ta shiga cikin faretin bikin karramawa. Lokacin da ta yi ritaya, an ba ta ''lambar girmamawa ta birnin Fritzlar'' saboda ayyukanta na gyaran tsohon garin. Saboda nasarorin da ta samu na musamman, shugaban tarayya [[Horst Köhler]] ya karrama ta a shekarar 2004, inda ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Federal Cross of Merit First Class . A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, Katharina Thiersch ta kasance mai himma a matakin ƙungiya har zuwa jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta kuma ta kasance mai baƙon malami kuma mai jawabi. == Adabi == === A Katharina Thiersch === * [[Gerd Weiß]] : ''Denkmalpflege yaki "ihre Sache" - Zum Tod von Katharina Thiersch'' . A cikin: Denkmal Hessen 2021/2, p. 70f . === Littattafai (zaɓi) === * Rainer Humbach: ''Der Fritzlarer Dom'' . Tare da ƙarin bayani daga Burghard Preusler, Katharina Thiersch da Ulrich Knapp. M. Imhoff, Petersberg 2005, <nowiki>ISBN 3-932526-53-8</nowiki> * tare da Reinhard Gross (ed.): ''Kloster, Schloss und Domäne Heydau: Baugeschichte - Sanierungskonzept - Wiederherstellung'' = Arbeitshefte des Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege Hessen 1. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2002. <nowiki>ISBN 3-8062-1629-0</nowiki> * tare da Karin Kraus: ''Modellhafte Untersuchung zur Auswirkung von Schadstoffen auf Mörtel sowie beispielhafter Einsatz von Hinterspritz- und Putzergänzungsmörteln am Kloster Heydau'' . Cibiyar Kare Dutse, Mainz, 2001. * Franz Graf Wolff Metternich: ''Die Erbauung der Peterskirche zu Rom im 16.'' ''Jahrhundert'' . Tare da haɗin gwiwar Hildegard Giess, Hanna Homa da Katharina Thiersch. Schroll, Munich da Vienna 1972. <nowiki>ISBN 3-7031-0296-9</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] sv2o7bdaeh79bck3qawn3aw3u5vtz2w 969020 969019 2026-10-18T12:32:46Z Salma Raddah 45959 969020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Katharina Thiersch''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1938 - 10 ga Oktoba 2021) ma'aikaciyar kiyaye kayan tarihi ce ta [[Jamus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Katharina Thiersch {{!}} Trauer.HNA.de |url=https://trauer.hna.de/traueranzeige/katharina-thiersch |access-date=27 October 2021 |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Thiersch a Marburg, 'yar mai kula da birnin [[Wiesbaden]] . Da farko ta kammala aikin horo a wani wurin aikin kafinta, sannan ta karanci gine-gine a RWTH Aachen daga shekarar 1959, wanda ta kammala da takardar shaidar injiniya a shekarar 1967. Daga nan ta yi karatun digiri na tsawon shekaru biyu a Bibliotheca Hertziana da ke Rome. == Sana'a == Daga nan ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Tarihin Gine-gine da Rikodin Gine-gine a Jami'ar Stuttgart kuma daga 1973 a matsayin mai kula da kiyaye muhalli a [[Hesse State Office for the Preservation of Monuments|Ofishin Jihar Hesse don Kare Monuments]] da ofishin reshensa da ke Marburg, inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 2003. Kwanan nan, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mai kula da kayan kida. Thiersch ya himmatu wajen [[Monument conservation|kiyaye abubuwan tarihi]] a arewacin Hesse. Manyan ayyukan da ta kula da su sun haɗa da [[Haydau Monastery]] da ke Morschen, [[Church of the Dead (Treysa)|Cocin Matattu]] da ke Schwalmstadt-Treeysa ko kuma Cathedral na St Peter da ke Fritzlar . Ya kafa sabbin ƙa'idoji wajen kiyaye abubuwan tarihi, a cikin binciken farko, aiwatarwa da kuma tattara bayanai. 2] Tsare-tsare na birni Ta raka sake fasalin tsarin birane a Fritzlar, Melsungen, Spangenberg da Schwalmstadt . Bugu da ƙari, Katharina Thiersch tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka jagoranci kafa "Cibiyar Sana'o'i ta Jamus da Kare Monuments - Propstei Johannesberg" (a yau: [[Propstei Johannesberg gGmbH]] ) a [[Propstei Johannesberg]] da ke Fulda a matsayin cibiyar horarwa don koyar da dabarun fasaha na tarihi, amfani da kayan aiki na yanki da fasahar gini. Ta kuma yi aiki a can a matsayin lakcara. Ta kuma shiga cikin ''Kwalejin Bincike da Tsare-tsare ta Hessian a yankunan karkara'' . Ta riƙe muƙaman koyarwa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Giessen|Gießen]] da Kassel . Da jajircewarta, har ma ta shiga cikin faretin bikin karramawa. Lokacin da ta yi ritaya, an ba ta ''lambar girmamawa ta birnin Fritzlar'' saboda ayyukanta na gyaran tsohon garin. Saboda nasarorin da ta samu na musamman, shugaban tarayya [[Horst Köhler]] ya karrama ta a shekarar 2004, inda ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Federal Cross of Merit First Class . A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, Katharina Thiersch ta kasance mai himma a matakin ƙungiya har zuwa jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta kuma ta kasance mai baƙon malami kuma mai jawabi. == Adabi == === A Katharina Thiersch === * [[Gerd Weiß]] : ''Denkmalpflege yaki "ihre Sache" - Zum Tod von Katharina Thiersch'' . A cikin: Denkmal Hessen 2021/2, p. 70f . === Littattafai (zaɓi) === * Rainer Humbach: ''Der Fritzlarer Dom'' . Tare da ƙarin bayani daga Burghard Preusler, Katharina Thiersch da Ulrich Knapp. M. Imhoff, Petersberg 2005, <nowiki>ISBN 3-932526-53-8</nowiki> * tare da Reinhard Gross (ed.): ''Kloster, Schloss und Domäne Heydau: Baugeschichte - Sanierungskonzept - Wiederherstellung'' = Arbeitshefte des Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege Hessen 1. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2002. <nowiki>ISBN 3-8062-1629-0</nowiki> * tare da Karin Kraus: ''Modellhafte Untersuchung zur Auswirkung von Schadstoffen auf Mörtel sowie beispielhafter Einsatz von Hinterspritz- und Putzergänzungsmörteln am Kloster Heydau'' . Cibiyar Kare Dutse, Mainz, 2001. * Franz Graf Wolff Metternich: ''Die Erbauung der Peterskirche zu Rom im 16.'' ''Jahrhundert'' . Tare da haɗin gwiwar Hildegard Giess, Hanna Homa da Katharina Thiersch. Schroll, Munich da Vienna 1972. <nowiki>ISBN 3-7031-0296-9</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] aeplhrsqmquaj11sp37eyodmdwtw0ik 969021 969020 2026-10-18T12:33:38Z Salma Raddah 45959 969021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Katharina Thiersch''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1938 - 10 ga Oktoba 2021) ma'aikaciyar kiyaye kayan tarihi ce ta [[Jamus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Katharina Thiersch {{!}} Trauer.HNA.de |url=https://trauer.hna.de/traueranzeige/katharina-thiersch |access-date=27 October 2021 |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Thiersch a Marburg, 'yar mai kula da birnin [[Wiesbaden]] . Da farko ta kammala aikin horo a wani wurin aikin kafinta, sannan ta karanci gine-gine a RWTH Aachen daga shekarar 1959, wanda ta kammala da takardar shaidar injiniya a shekarar 1967. Daga nan ta yi karatun digiri na tsawon shekaru biyu a Bibliotheca Hertziana da ke Rome. == Sana'a == Daga nan ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Tarihin Gine-gine da Rikodin Gine-gine a Jami'ar Stuttgart kuma daga 1973 a matsayin mai kula da kiyaye muhalli a Ofishin Jihar Hesse don Kare Monuments da ofishin reshensa da ke Marburg, inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 2003. Kwanan nan, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mai kula da kayan kida. Thiersch ya himmatu wajen [[Monument conservation|kiyaye abubuwan tarihi]] a arewacin Hesse. Manyan ayyukan da ta kula da su sun haɗa da [[Haydau Monastery]] da ke Morschen, [[Church of the Dead (Treysa)|Cocin Matattu]] da ke Schwalmstadt-Treeysa ko kuma Cathedral na St Peter da ke Fritzlar . Ya kafa sabbin ƙa'idoji wajen kiyaye abubuwan tarihi, a cikin binciken farko, aiwatarwa da kuma tattara bayanai. 2] Tsare-tsare na birni Ta raka sake fasalin tsarin birane a Fritzlar, Melsungen, Spangenberg da Schwalmstadt . Bugu da ƙari, Katharina Thiersch tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka jagoranci kafa "Cibiyar Sana'o'i ta Jamus da Kare Monuments - Propstei Johannesberg" (a yau: [[Propstei Johannesberg gGmbH]] ) a [[Propstei Johannesberg]] da ke Fulda a matsayin cibiyar horarwa don koyar da dabarun fasaha na tarihi, amfani da kayan aiki na yanki da fasahar gini. Ta kuma yi aiki a can a matsayin lakcara. Ta kuma shiga cikin ''Kwalejin Bincike da Tsare-tsare ta Hessian a yankunan karkara'' . Ta riƙe muƙaman koyarwa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Giessen|Gießen]] da Kassel . Da jajircewarta, har ma ta shiga cikin faretin bikin karramawa. Lokacin da ta yi ritaya, an ba ta ''lambar girmamawa ta birnin Fritzlar'' saboda ayyukanta na gyaran tsohon garin. Saboda nasarorin da ta samu na musamman, shugaban tarayya [[Horst Köhler]] ya karrama ta a shekarar 2004, inda ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Federal Cross of Merit First Class . A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, Katharina Thiersch ta kasance mai himma a matakin ƙungiya har zuwa jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta kuma ta kasance mai baƙon malami kuma mai jawabi. == Adabi == === A Katharina Thiersch === * [[Gerd Weiß]] : ''Denkmalpflege yaki "ihre Sache" - Zum Tod von Katharina Thiersch'' . A cikin: Denkmal Hessen 2021/2, p. 70f . === Littattafai (zaɓi) === * Rainer Humbach: ''Der Fritzlarer Dom'' . Tare da ƙarin bayani daga Burghard Preusler, Katharina Thiersch da Ulrich Knapp. M. Imhoff, Petersberg 2005, <nowiki>ISBN 3-932526-53-8</nowiki> * tare da Reinhard Gross (ed.): ''Kloster, Schloss und Domäne Heydau: Baugeschichte - Sanierungskonzept - Wiederherstellung'' = Arbeitshefte des Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege Hessen 1. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2002. <nowiki>ISBN 3-8062-1629-0</nowiki> * tare da Karin Kraus: ''Modellhafte Untersuchung zur Auswirkung von Schadstoffen auf Mörtel sowie beispielhafter Einsatz von Hinterspritz- und Putzergänzungsmörteln am Kloster Heydau'' . Cibiyar Kare Dutse, Mainz, 2001. * Franz Graf Wolff Metternich: ''Die Erbauung der Peterskirche zu Rom im 16.'' ''Jahrhundert'' . Tare da haɗin gwiwar Hildegard Giess, Hanna Homa da Katharina Thiersch. Schroll, Munich da Vienna 1972. <nowiki>ISBN 3-7031-0296-9</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] 272g1qvz7q7xmo0zcjyzp2ljtzi62i9 969022 969021 2026-10-18T12:33:54Z Salma Raddah 45959 969022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Katharina Thiersch''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1938 - 10 ga Oktoba 2021) ma'aikaciyar kiyaye kayan tarihi ce ta [[Jamus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Katharina Thiersch {{!}} Trauer.HNA.de |url=https://trauer.hna.de/traueranzeige/katharina-thiersch |access-date=27 October 2021 |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Thiersch a Marburg, 'yar mai kula da birnin [[Wiesbaden]] . Da farko ta kammala aikin horo a wani wurin aikin kafinta, sannan ta karanci gine-gine a RWTH Aachen daga shekarar 1959, wanda ta kammala da takardar shaidar injiniya a shekarar 1967. Daga nan ta yi karatun digiri na tsawon shekaru biyu a Bibliotheca Hertziana da ke Rome. == Sana'a == Daga nan ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Tarihin Gine-gine da Rikodin Gine-gine a Jami'ar Stuttgart kuma daga 1973 a matsayin mai kula da kiyaye muhalli a Ofishin Jihar Hesse don Kare Monuments da ofishin reshensa da ke Marburg, inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 2003. Kwanan nan, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mai kula da kayan kida. Thiersch ya himmatu wajen kiyaye abubuwan tarihi a arewacin Hesse. Manyan ayyukan da ta kula da su sun haɗa da [[Haydau Monastery]] da ke Morschen, [[Church of the Dead (Treysa)|Cocin Matattu]] da ke Schwalmstadt-Treeysa ko kuma Cathedral na St Peter da ke Fritzlar . Ya kafa sabbin ƙa'idoji wajen kiyaye abubuwan tarihi, a cikin binciken farko, aiwatarwa da kuma tattara bayanai. 2] Tsare-tsare na birni Ta raka sake fasalin tsarin birane a Fritzlar, Melsungen, Spangenberg da Schwalmstadt . Bugu da ƙari, Katharina Thiersch tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka jagoranci kafa "Cibiyar Sana'o'i ta Jamus da Kare Monuments - Propstei Johannesberg" (a yau: [[Propstei Johannesberg gGmbH]] ) a [[Propstei Johannesberg]] da ke Fulda a matsayin cibiyar horarwa don koyar da dabarun fasaha na tarihi, amfani da kayan aiki na yanki da fasahar gini. Ta kuma yi aiki a can a matsayin lakcara. Ta kuma shiga cikin ''Kwalejin Bincike da Tsare-tsare ta Hessian a yankunan karkara'' . Ta riƙe muƙaman koyarwa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Giessen|Gießen]] da Kassel . Da jajircewarta, har ma ta shiga cikin faretin bikin karramawa. Lokacin da ta yi ritaya, an ba ta ''lambar girmamawa ta birnin Fritzlar'' saboda ayyukanta na gyaran tsohon garin. Saboda nasarorin da ta samu na musamman, shugaban tarayya [[Horst Köhler]] ya karrama ta a shekarar 2004, inda ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Federal Cross of Merit First Class . A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, Katharina Thiersch ta kasance mai himma a matakin ƙungiya har zuwa jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta kuma ta kasance mai baƙon malami kuma mai jawabi. == Adabi == === A Katharina Thiersch === * [[Gerd Weiß]] : ''Denkmalpflege yaki "ihre Sache" - Zum Tod von Katharina Thiersch'' . A cikin: Denkmal Hessen 2021/2, p. 70f . === Littattafai (zaɓi) === * Rainer Humbach: ''Der Fritzlarer Dom'' . Tare da ƙarin bayani daga Burghard Preusler, Katharina Thiersch da Ulrich Knapp. M. Imhoff, Petersberg 2005, <nowiki>ISBN 3-932526-53-8</nowiki> * tare da Reinhard Gross (ed.): ''Kloster, Schloss und Domäne Heydau: Baugeschichte - Sanierungskonzept - Wiederherstellung'' = Arbeitshefte des Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege Hessen 1. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2002. <nowiki>ISBN 3-8062-1629-0</nowiki> * tare da Karin Kraus: ''Modellhafte Untersuchung zur Auswirkung von Schadstoffen auf Mörtel sowie beispielhafter Einsatz von Hinterspritz- und Putzergänzungsmörteln am Kloster Heydau'' . Cibiyar Kare Dutse, Mainz, 2001. * Franz Graf Wolff Metternich: ''Die Erbauung der Peterskirche zu Rom im 16.'' ''Jahrhundert'' . Tare da haɗin gwiwar Hildegard Giess, Hanna Homa da Katharina Thiersch. Schroll, Munich da Vienna 1972. <nowiki>ISBN 3-7031-0296-9</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] m5sigyd5o3udlgf0v8sy2iksbvruner 969023 969022 2026-10-18T12:34:17Z Salma Raddah 45959 969023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Katharina Thiersch''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1938 - 10 ga Oktoba 2021) ma'aikaciyar kiyaye kayan tarihi ce ta [[Jamus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Katharina Thiersch {{!}} Trauer.HNA.de |url=https://trauer.hna.de/traueranzeige/katharina-thiersch |access-date=27 October 2021 |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Thiersch a Marburg, 'yar mai kula da birnin [[Wiesbaden]] . Da farko ta kammala aikin horo a wani wurin aikin kafinta, sannan ta karanci gine-gine a RWTH Aachen daga shekarar 1959, wanda ta kammala da takardar shaidar injiniya a shekarar 1967. Daga nan ta yi karatun digiri na tsawon shekaru biyu a Bibliotheca Hertziana da ke Rome. == Sana'a == Daga nan ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Tarihin Gine-gine da Rikodin Gine-gine a Jami'ar Stuttgart kuma daga 1973 a matsayin mai kula da kiyaye muhalli a Ofishin Jihar Hesse don Kare Monuments da ofishin reshensa da ke Marburg, inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 2003. Kwanan nan, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mai kula da kayan kida. Thiersch ya himmatu wajen kiyaye abubuwan tarihi a arewacin Hesse. Manyan ayyukan da ta kula da su sun haɗa da [[Haydau Monastery]] da ke Morschen, Cocin Matattu da ke Schwalmstadt-Treeysa ko kuma Cathedral na St Peter da ke Fritzlar . Ya kafa sabbin ƙa'idoji wajen kiyaye abubuwan tarihi, a cikin binciken farko, aiwatarwa da kuma tattara bayanai. 2] Tsare-tsare na birni Ta raka sake fasalin tsarin birane a Fritzlar, Melsungen, Spangenberg da Schwalmstadt . Bugu da ƙari, Katharina Thiersch tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka jagoranci kafa "Cibiyar Sana'o'i ta Jamus da Kare Monuments - Propstei Johannesberg" (a yau: [[Propstei Johannesberg gGmbH]] ) a [[Propstei Johannesberg]] da ke Fulda a matsayin cibiyar horarwa don koyar da dabarun fasaha na tarihi, amfani da kayan aiki na yanki da fasahar gini. Ta kuma yi aiki a can a matsayin lakcara. Ta kuma shiga cikin ''Kwalejin Bincike da Tsare-tsare ta Hessian a yankunan karkara'' . Ta riƙe muƙaman koyarwa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Giessen|Gießen]] da Kassel . Da jajircewarta, har ma ta shiga cikin faretin bikin karramawa. Lokacin da ta yi ritaya, an ba ta ''lambar girmamawa ta birnin Fritzlar'' saboda ayyukanta na gyaran tsohon garin. Saboda nasarorin da ta samu na musamman, shugaban tarayya [[Horst Köhler]] ya karrama ta a shekarar 2004, inda ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Federal Cross of Merit First Class . A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, Katharina Thiersch ta kasance mai himma a matakin ƙungiya har zuwa jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta kuma ta kasance mai baƙon malami kuma mai jawabi. == Adabi == === A Katharina Thiersch === * [[Gerd Weiß]] : ''Denkmalpflege yaki "ihre Sache" - Zum Tod von Katharina Thiersch'' . A cikin: Denkmal Hessen 2021/2, p. 70f . === Littattafai (zaɓi) === * Rainer Humbach: ''Der Fritzlarer Dom'' . Tare da ƙarin bayani daga Burghard Preusler, Katharina Thiersch da Ulrich Knapp. M. Imhoff, Petersberg 2005, <nowiki>ISBN 3-932526-53-8</nowiki> * tare da Reinhard Gross (ed.): ''Kloster, Schloss und Domäne Heydau: Baugeschichte - Sanierungskonzept - Wiederherstellung'' = Arbeitshefte des Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege Hessen 1. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2002. <nowiki>ISBN 3-8062-1629-0</nowiki> * tare da Karin Kraus: ''Modellhafte Untersuchung zur Auswirkung von Schadstoffen auf Mörtel sowie beispielhafter Einsatz von Hinterspritz- und Putzergänzungsmörteln am Kloster Heydau'' . Cibiyar Kare Dutse, Mainz, 2001. * Franz Graf Wolff Metternich: ''Die Erbauung der Peterskirche zu Rom im 16.'' ''Jahrhundert'' . Tare da haɗin gwiwar Hildegard Giess, Hanna Homa da Katharina Thiersch. Schroll, Munich da Vienna 1972. <nowiki>ISBN 3-7031-0296-9</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] l5v4qppna0vgjp67v5vfe8or2avmhr9 969024 969023 2026-10-18T12:36:07Z Salma Raddah 45959 969024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Katharina Thiersch''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1938 - 10 ga Oktoba 2021) ma'aikaciyar kiyaye kayan tarihi ce ta [[Jamus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Katharina Thiersch {{!}} Trauer.HNA.de |url=https://trauer.hna.de/traueranzeige/katharina-thiersch |access-date=27 October 2021 |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Thiersch a Marburg, 'yar mai kula da birnin [[Wiesbaden]] . Da farko ta kammala aikin horo a wani wurin aikin kafinta, sannan ta karanci gine-gine a RWTH Aachen daga shekarar 1959, wanda ta kammala da takardar shaidar injiniya a shekarar 1967. Daga nan ta yi karatun digiri na tsawon shekaru biyu a Bibliotheca Hertziana da ke Rome. == Sana'a == Daga nan ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Tarihin Gine-gine da Rikodin Gine-gine a Jami'ar Stuttgart kuma daga 1973 a matsayin mai kula da kiyaye muhalli a Ofishin Jihar Hesse don Kare Monuments da ofishin reshensa da ke Marburg, inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 2003. Kwanan nan, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mai kula da kayan kida. Thiersch ya himmatu wajen kiyaye abubuwan tarihi a arewacin Hesse. Manyan ayyukan da ta kula da su sun haɗa da Haydau Monastery da ke Morschen, Cocin Matattu da ke Schwalmstadt-Treeysa ko kuma Cathedral na St Peter da ke Fritzlar . Ya kafa sabbin ƙa'idoji wajen kiyaye abubuwan tarihi, a cikin binciken farko, aiwatarwa da kuma tattara bayanai. 2] Tsare-tsare na birni Ta raka sake fasalin tsarin birane a Fritzlar, Melsungen, Spangenberg da Schwalmstadt . Bugu da ƙari, Katharina Thiersch tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka jagoranci kafa "Cibiyar Sana'o'i ta Jamus da Kare Monuments - Propstei Johannesberg" (a yau: [[Propstei Johannesberg gGmbH]] ) a [[Propstei Johannesberg]] da ke Fulda a matsayin cibiyar horarwa don koyar da dabarun fasaha na tarihi, amfani da kayan aiki na yanki da fasahar gini. Ta kuma yi aiki a can a matsayin lakcara. Ta kuma shiga cikin ''Kwalejin Bincike da Tsare-tsare ta Hessian a yankunan karkara'' . Ta riƙe muƙaman koyarwa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Giessen|Gießen]] da Kassel . Da jajircewarta, har ma ta shiga cikin faretin bikin karramawa. Lokacin da ta yi ritaya, an ba ta ''lambar girmamawa ta birnin Fritzlar'' saboda ayyukanta na gyaran tsohon garin. Saboda nasarorin da ta samu na musamman, shugaban tarayya [[Horst Köhler]] ya karrama ta a shekarar 2004, inda ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Federal Cross of Merit First Class . A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, Katharina Thiersch ta kasance mai himma a matakin ƙungiya har zuwa jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta kuma ta kasance mai baƙon malami kuma mai jawabi. == Adabi == === A Katharina Thiersch === * [[Gerd Weiß]] : ''Denkmalpflege yaki "ihre Sache" - Zum Tod von Katharina Thiersch'' . A cikin: Denkmal Hessen 2021/2, p. 70f . === Littattafai (zaɓi) === * Rainer Humbach: ''Der Fritzlarer Dom'' . Tare da ƙarin bayani daga Burghard Preusler, Katharina Thiersch da Ulrich Knapp. M. Imhoff, Petersberg 2005, <nowiki>ISBN 3-932526-53-8</nowiki> * tare da Reinhard Gross (ed.): ''Kloster, Schloss und Domäne Heydau: Baugeschichte - Sanierungskonzept - Wiederherstellung'' = Arbeitshefte des Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege Hessen 1. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2002. <nowiki>ISBN 3-8062-1629-0</nowiki> * tare da Karin Kraus: ''Modellhafte Untersuchung zur Auswirkung von Schadstoffen auf Mörtel sowie beispielhafter Einsatz von Hinterspritz- und Putzergänzungsmörteln am Kloster Heydau'' . Cibiyar Kare Dutse, Mainz, 2001. * Franz Graf Wolff Metternich: ''Die Erbauung der Peterskirche zu Rom im 16.'' ''Jahrhundert'' . Tare da haɗin gwiwar Hildegard Giess, Hanna Homa da Katharina Thiersch. Schroll, Munich da Vienna 1972. <nowiki>ISBN 3-7031-0296-9</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] fb19yzglgq8yhr7w3y36jph9q3t3r7n 969025 969024 2026-10-18T12:36:26Z Salma Raddah 45959 969025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Katharina Thiersch''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1938 - 10 ga Oktoba 2021) ma'aikaciyar kiyaye kayan tarihi ce ta [[Jamus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Katharina Thiersch {{!}} Trauer.HNA.de |url=https://trauer.hna.de/traueranzeige/katharina-thiersch |access-date=27 October 2021 |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Thiersch a Marburg, 'yar mai kula da birnin [[Wiesbaden]] . Da farko ta kammala aikin horo a wani wurin aikin kafinta, sannan ta karanci gine-gine a RWTH Aachen daga shekarar 1959, wanda ta kammala da takardar shaidar injiniya a shekarar 1967. Daga nan ta yi karatun digiri na tsawon shekaru biyu a Bibliotheca Hertziana da ke Rome. == Sana'a == Daga nan ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Tarihin Gine-gine da Rikodin Gine-gine a Jami'ar Stuttgart kuma daga 1973 a matsayin mai kula da kiyaye muhalli a Ofishin Jihar Hesse don Kare Monuments da ofishin reshensa da ke Marburg, inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 2003. Kwanan nan, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mai kula da kayan kida. Thiersch ya himmatu wajen kiyaye abubuwan tarihi a arewacin Hesse. Manyan ayyukan da ta kula da su sun haɗa da Haydau Monastery da ke Morschen, Cocin Matattu da ke Schwalmstadt-Treeysa ko kuma Cathedral na St Peter da ke Fritzlar . Ya kafa sabbin ƙa'idoji wajen kiyaye abubuwan tarihi, a cikin binciken farko, aiwatarwa da kuma tattara bayanai. 2] Tsare-tsare na birni Ta raka sake fasalin tsarin birane a Fritzlar, Melsungen, Spangenberg da Schwalmstadt . Bugu da ƙari, Katharina Thiersch tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka jagoranci kafa "Cibiyar Sana'o'i ta Jamus da Kare Monuments - Propstei Johannesberg" (a yau: Propstei Johannesberg gGmbH ) a [[Propstei Johannesberg]] da ke Fulda a matsayin cibiyar horarwa don koyar da dabarun fasaha na tarihi, amfani da kayan aiki na yanki da fasahar gini. Ta kuma yi aiki a can a matsayin lakcara. Ta kuma shiga cikin ''Kwalejin Bincike da Tsare-tsare ta Hessian a yankunan karkara'' . Ta riƙe muƙaman koyarwa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Giessen|Gießen]] da Kassel . Da jajircewarta, har ma ta shiga cikin faretin bikin karramawa. Lokacin da ta yi ritaya, an ba ta ''lambar girmamawa ta birnin Fritzlar'' saboda ayyukanta na gyaran tsohon garin. Saboda nasarorin da ta samu na musamman, shugaban tarayya [[Horst Köhler]] ya karrama ta a shekarar 2004, inda ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Federal Cross of Merit First Class . A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, Katharina Thiersch ta kasance mai himma a matakin ƙungiya har zuwa jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta kuma ta kasance mai baƙon malami kuma mai jawabi. == Adabi == === A Katharina Thiersch === * [[Gerd Weiß]] : ''Denkmalpflege yaki "ihre Sache" - Zum Tod von Katharina Thiersch'' . A cikin: Denkmal Hessen 2021/2, p. 70f . === Littattafai (zaɓi) === * Rainer Humbach: ''Der Fritzlarer Dom'' . Tare da ƙarin bayani daga Burghard Preusler, Katharina Thiersch da Ulrich Knapp. M. Imhoff, Petersberg 2005, <nowiki>ISBN 3-932526-53-8</nowiki> * tare da Reinhard Gross (ed.): ''Kloster, Schloss und Domäne Heydau: Baugeschichte - Sanierungskonzept - Wiederherstellung'' = Arbeitshefte des Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege Hessen 1. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2002. <nowiki>ISBN 3-8062-1629-0</nowiki> * tare da Karin Kraus: ''Modellhafte Untersuchung zur Auswirkung von Schadstoffen auf Mörtel sowie beispielhafter Einsatz von Hinterspritz- und Putzergänzungsmörteln am Kloster Heydau'' . Cibiyar Kare Dutse, Mainz, 2001. * Franz Graf Wolff Metternich: ''Die Erbauung der Peterskirche zu Rom im 16.'' ''Jahrhundert'' . Tare da haɗin gwiwar Hildegard Giess, Hanna Homa da Katharina Thiersch. Schroll, Munich da Vienna 1972. <nowiki>ISBN 3-7031-0296-9</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] igpriomdw6yultx4xfqujs7763rsogv 969026 969025 2026-10-18T12:36:53Z Salma Raddah 45959 969026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Katharina Thiersch''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1938 - 10 ga Oktoba 2021) ma'aikaciyar kiyaye kayan tarihi ce ta [[Jamus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Katharina Thiersch {{!}} Trauer.HNA.de |url=https://trauer.hna.de/traueranzeige/katharina-thiersch |access-date=27 October 2021 |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Thiersch a Marburg, 'yar mai kula da birnin [[Wiesbaden]] . Da farko ta kammala aikin horo a wani wurin aikin kafinta, sannan ta karanci gine-gine a RWTH Aachen daga shekarar 1959, wanda ta kammala da takardar shaidar injiniya a shekarar 1967. Daga nan ta yi karatun digiri na tsawon shekaru biyu a Bibliotheca Hertziana da ke Rome. == Sana'a == Daga nan ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Tarihin Gine-gine da Rikodin Gine-gine a Jami'ar Stuttgart kuma daga 1973 a matsayin mai kula da kiyaye muhalli a Ofishin Jihar Hesse don Kare Monuments da ofishin reshensa da ke Marburg, inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 2003. Kwanan nan, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mai kula da kayan kida. Thiersch ya himmatu wajen kiyaye abubuwan tarihi a arewacin Hesse. Manyan ayyukan da ta kula da su sun haɗa da Haydau Monastery da ke Morschen, Cocin Matattu da ke Schwalmstadt-Treeysa ko kuma Cathedral na St Peter da ke Fritzlar . Ya kafa sabbin ƙa'idoji wajen kiyaye abubuwan tarihi, a cikin binciken farko, aiwatarwa da kuma tattara bayanai. 2] Tsare-tsare na birni Ta raka sake fasalin tsarin birane a Fritzlar, Melsungen, Spangenberg da Schwalmstadt . Bugu da ƙari, Katharina Thiersch tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka jagoranci kafa "Cibiyar Sana'o'i ta Jamus da Kare Monuments - Propstei Johannesberg" (a yau: Propstei Johannesberg gGmbH ) a Propstei Johannesberg da ke Fulda a matsayin cibiyar horarwa don koyar da dabarun fasaha na tarihi, amfani da kayan aiki na yanki da fasahar gini. Ta kuma yi aiki a can a matsayin lakcara. Ta kuma shiga cikin ''Kwalejin Bincike da Tsare-tsare ta Hessian a yankunan karkara'' . Ta riƙe muƙaman koyarwa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Giessen|Gießen]] da Kassel . Da jajircewarta, har ma ta shiga cikin faretin bikin karramawa. Lokacin da ta yi ritaya, an ba ta ''lambar girmamawa ta birnin Fritzlar'' saboda ayyukanta na gyaran tsohon garin. Saboda nasarorin da ta samu na musamman, shugaban tarayya [[Horst Köhler]] ya karrama ta a shekarar 2004, inda ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Federal Cross of Merit First Class . A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, Katharina Thiersch ta kasance mai himma a matakin ƙungiya har zuwa jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta kuma ta kasance mai baƙon malami kuma mai jawabi. == Adabi == === A Katharina Thiersch === * [[Gerd Weiß]] : ''Denkmalpflege yaki "ihre Sache" - Zum Tod von Katharina Thiersch'' . A cikin: Denkmal Hessen 2021/2, p. 70f . === Littattafai (zaɓi) === * Rainer Humbach: ''Der Fritzlarer Dom'' . Tare da ƙarin bayani daga Burghard Preusler, Katharina Thiersch da Ulrich Knapp. M. Imhoff, Petersberg 2005, <nowiki>ISBN 3-932526-53-8</nowiki> * tare da Reinhard Gross (ed.): ''Kloster, Schloss und Domäne Heydau: Baugeschichte - Sanierungskonzept - Wiederherstellung'' = Arbeitshefte des Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege Hessen 1. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2002. <nowiki>ISBN 3-8062-1629-0</nowiki> * tare da Karin Kraus: ''Modellhafte Untersuchung zur Auswirkung von Schadstoffen auf Mörtel sowie beispielhafter Einsatz von Hinterspritz- und Putzergänzungsmörteln am Kloster Heydau'' . Cibiyar Kare Dutse, Mainz, 2001. * Franz Graf Wolff Metternich: ''Die Erbauung der Peterskirche zu Rom im 16.'' ''Jahrhundert'' . Tare da haɗin gwiwar Hildegard Giess, Hanna Homa da Katharina Thiersch. Schroll, Munich da Vienna 1972. <nowiki>ISBN 3-7031-0296-9</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] mn2ohpwpmttornuwkr1434wjuskiy2e 969027 969026 2026-10-18T12:37:42Z Salma Raddah 45959 969027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Katharina Thiersch''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1938 - 10 ga Oktoba 2021) ma'aikaciyar kiyaye kayan tarihi ce ta [[Jamus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Katharina Thiersch {{!}} Trauer.HNA.de |url=https://trauer.hna.de/traueranzeige/katharina-thiersch |access-date=27 October 2021 |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Thiersch a Marburg, 'yar mai kula da birnin [[Wiesbaden]] . Da farko ta kammala aikin horo a wani wurin aikin kafinta, sannan ta karanci gine-gine a RWTH Aachen daga shekarar 1959, wanda ta kammala da takardar shaidar injiniya a shekarar 1967. Daga nan ta yi karatun digiri na tsawon shekaru biyu a Bibliotheca Hertziana da ke Rome. == Sana'a == Daga nan ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Tarihin Gine-gine da Rikodin Gine-gine a Jami'ar Stuttgart kuma daga 1973 a matsayin mai kula da kiyaye muhalli a Ofishin Jihar Hesse don Kare Monuments da ofishin reshensa da ke Marburg, inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 2003. Kwanan nan, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mai kula da kayan kida. Thiersch ya himmatu wajen kiyaye abubuwan tarihi a arewacin Hesse. Manyan ayyukan da ta kula da su sun haɗa da Haydau Monastery da ke Morschen, Cocin Matattu da ke Schwalmstadt-Treeysa ko kuma Cathedral na St Peter da ke Fritzlar . Ya kafa sabbin ƙa'idoji wajen kiyaye abubuwan tarihi, a cikin binciken farko, aiwatarwa da kuma tattara bayanai. 2] Tsare-tsare na birni Ta raka sake fasalin tsarin birane a Fritzlar, Melsungen, Spangenberg da Schwalmstadt . Bugu da ƙari, Katharina Thiersch tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka jagoranci kafa "Cibiyar Sana'o'i ta Jamus da Kare Monuments - Propstei Johannesberg" (a yau: Propstei Johannesberg gGmbH ) a Propstei Johannesberg da ke Fulda a matsayin cibiyar horarwa don koyar da dabarun fasaha na tarihi, amfani da kayan aiki na yanki da fasahar gini. Ta kuma yi aiki a can a matsayin lakcara. Ta kuma shiga cikin ''Kwalejin Bincike da Tsare-tsare ta Hessian a yankunan karkara'' . Ta riƙe muƙaman koyarwa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Giessen|Gießen]] da Kassel . Da jajircewarta, har ma ta shiga cikin faretin bikin karramawa. Lokacin da ta yi ritaya, an ba ta ''lambar girmamawa ta birnin Fritzlar'' saboda ayyukanta na gyaran tsohon garin. Saboda nasarorin da ta samu na musamman, shugaban tarayya [[Horst Köhler]] ya karrama ta a shekarar 2004, inda ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Federal Cross of Merit First Class . A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, Katharina Thiersch ta kasance mai himma a matakin ƙungiya har zuwa jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta kuma ta kasance mai baƙon malami kuma mai jawabi. == Adabi == === A Katharina Thiersch === * Gerd Weiß : ''Denkmalpflege yaki "ihre Sache" - Zum Tod von Katharina Thiersch'' . A cikin: Denkmal Hessen 2021/2, p. 70f . === Littattafai (zaɓi) === * Rainer Humbach: ''Der Fritzlarer Dom'' . Tare da ƙarin bayani daga Burghard Preusler, Katharina Thiersch da Ulrich Knapp. M. Imhoff, Petersberg 2005, <nowiki>ISBN 3-932526-53-8</nowiki> * tare da Reinhard Gross (ed.): ''Kloster, Schloss und Domäne Heydau: Baugeschichte - Sanierungskonzept - Wiederherstellung'' = Arbeitshefte des Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege Hessen 1. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2002. <nowiki>ISBN 3-8062-1629-0</nowiki> * tare da Karin Kraus: ''Modellhafte Untersuchung zur Auswirkung von Schadstoffen auf Mörtel sowie beispielhafter Einsatz von Hinterspritz- und Putzergänzungsmörteln am Kloster Heydau'' . Cibiyar Kare Dutse, Mainz, 2001. * Franz Graf Wolff Metternich: ''Die Erbauung der Peterskirche zu Rom im 16.'' ''Jahrhundert'' . Tare da haɗin gwiwar Hildegard Giess, Hanna Homa da Katharina Thiersch. Schroll, Munich da Vienna 1972. <nowiki>ISBN 3-7031-0296-9</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] d9wd5dmkyhptdh2414p6sbq7epuafjt 0 164407 969346 908908 2026-10-19T03:28:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ann Cotten''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1982 a Ames, Iowa) marubuciya ce ta Austriya da aka haifa a Amurka. Gabaɗaya tana rubutu (kuma tana magana) a cikin Jamusanci na Austrian kuma tana gabatar da sababbin harsuna. == Rayuwa da aiki == A lokacin da take da shekaru biyar, Cotten ta koma [[Vienna]] tare da iyayenta, wadanda dukansu masanan kimiyyar halittu ne da suka yi aiki a Vienna. Ta kammala jami'a a can a shekara ta 2006 tare da aiki game da waƙoƙin kankare. A lokaci guda ta fara fitowa a matsayin mawaki a waƙoƙi waka. A cikin shekarar 2007 Cotten, wanda aka buga aikinsa a cikin litattafai da mujallu na shayari, ya sami babban nasara a matsayin marubuciya tare da littafinta na farko, ''Fremdwörterbuchsonnette'', wanda aka wallafa a Suhrkamp . Sauran littattafai tare da Suhrkamp sune ''Florida-Räume'' a cikin shekara ta 2001, Der schaudernde Fächer a cikin shekarar 2013, Verbannt! ''Kalmomin da ke cikin magana! ''Versepos a cikin Shekara ta 2016 Wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin Cotten an fassara su cikin Turanci kuma an buga su a cikin mujallu kamar ƙonewa (Amurka). A shekara ta 2010 ta yi aiki tare da mai zane-zane Kerstin Cmelka a cikin wani littafi mai suna I, Coleoptile <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coleoptile Book Page |url=http://www.brokendimanche.eu/coleoptile_cmelka_cotten |access-date=1 December 2021 |archive-date=7 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207033452/http://www.brokendimanche.eu/coleoptile_cmelka_cotten |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda ke dauke da waƙoƙin Ingilishi na asali da fim, wanda Broken Dimanche Press ya buga. Littafin Lather in Heaven, wanda wannan editan ya buga a cikin 2016, ya tara aikinta a Turanci har zuwa yau, da kuma wasu fassarorin da aka zaɓa daga Jamusanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lather In Heaven |url=https://www.brokendimanche.eu/shop-1/lather-in-heaven |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=Büro BDP |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201093218/https://www.brokendimanche.eu/shop-1/lather-in-heaven |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2016, ''Jikiketsugaki '' . ''Tsurezuregusa'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=JIKIKETSUGAKI |url=https://www.engstler-verlag.de/produkt/jikiketsugaki/ |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> Peter Engstler Verlag ne ya buga shi. Ya ƙunshi zaɓi na waƙoƙin Cotten da rubutu, waɗanda Japan, wallafe-wallafen Jafananci, da kuma semiotics na harshen Jafananci suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. Fast Dumm, Essays von on the road littafi ne mai nunawa game da ziyartar Amurka, gami da waƙoƙi, litattafai, hotuna da fassarorin waƙoƙin wasu mawaƙa, kamar Sergei Yesenin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, [[W. H. Auden|W.H. Auden]], Langston Hughes, Katia Sophia Ditzler .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ann Cotten |url=https://www.starfruit-publications.de/buecher/ann-cotten/ |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=www.starfruit-publications.de}}</ref> Starfruit Publications ne suka buga littafin a cikin shekara ta 2017. Tun daga shekara ta 2020, Cotten ya fara aiki a kan aikin PhD a Peter Szondi Institut für Allgemeine und Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft a Freie Universität Berlin, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter Szondi Institut |url=https://www.geisteswissenschaften.fu-berlin.de/we03/index.html/ |access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref> tare da taken aiki na yanzu "Misuseability. Aesthetic Recycling and Deviance as a Feedback Monitoring System (ko yadda za a so Poems and Essays) ".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ann Cotten IFK |url=https://www.ifk.ac.at/fellows-detail-en/ann-cotten.html/ |access-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610142902/https://ifk.ac.at/fellows-detail-en/ann-cotten.html |archive-date=10 June 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2023, Cotten ya ɗauki haɗin gwiwar (tare da Sandro Huber <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandro Huber |url=https://www.lyrikline.org/de/autoren/sandro-huber/ |access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref> da Gerd Sulzenbacher) na mujallar shekara-shekara "Triëdere" don ka'idar da adabi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Triëdere |url=https://sonderzahl.at/reihe/triedere/ |access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref> Cotten yana zaune a Vienna da [[Berlin]]. Ta bar 'yancin Amurka a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2005 |title=Quarterly Publication of Individuals, Who Have Chosen to Expatriate, as Required by Section 6039G |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2005/02/02/05-1951/quarterly-publication-of-individuals-who-have-chosen-to-expatriate-as-required-by-section-6039g |access-date=24 July 2020 |website=Federal Register}}</ref> == Amfani da harshe ba tare da jinsi ba == Ann Cotten wani lokacin tana amfani da sabon nau'in amfani da harshe ba tare da nuna bambanci ba a cikin Jamusanci na Austriya. Tana amfani da abin da ta kira "Polnisches Gendering" tare da haruffa don duk nau'ikan jinsi a cikin tsari na bazuwar da aka zaba don sauƙin furta. Baya ga tabbatar da yanayin da ba daidai ba ne na siyasa, "Polish Gendering" na Cotten, kuma yana da nuni da Bayanan Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Popp |first=Wolfgang |date=2024 |title=Interview with Ann Cotten [in Austrian German] |url=https://oe1.orf.at/player/20240825/766809/1724594460000 |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=oe1.orf.at}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da "Lehrer" 'malamin namiji' da "Lahrerin" 'malami mace' mai tsaka-tsaki da jinsi "Lehrni". Sai kawai a cikin jam'i "Lehrernnnie" cewa za'a iya samun tunatarwa na "Kochanie" na Poland. Cotten yana amfani da waɗannan siffofin litattafai ba tare da ƙoƙari ba a cikin magana da rubutu, yana guje wa dakatar da magana a cikin "Genderstern", misali "Lehrer*in", da kuma yanzu (a shekara ta 2024) mafi rinjaye ba nau'in jinsi ba na colon, misali "Lahrer:in". Cotten yana riƙe da matsayi mai yawa da kuma saurin aiki a cikin tambayoyin jinsi da harshe kuma sau da yawa yana amfani da "Entgendern nach Phettberg", idan ya dace, wanda ke tsaka-tsaki ga kowa ("Das Lehry", "das Auty"). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 85bt0rn1tijc8wtfrgf7lcwunfywv1a 0 166114 969333 964988 2026-10-19T00:15:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alsana''' (wanda a da ake kira '''Castlewood Treatment Center''' ) wata cibiyar kula da matsalolin cin abinci ce ta Amurka wadda ke ba da shirye-shiryen kula da marasa lafiya, marasa lafiya a asibiti, da kuma [[Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi|gidaje]] . Suna bayar da kulawa ta hanyar intanet, da kuma a wurare huɗu da suke a [[California]] da kuma biyu a [[Alabama]] . Sun rufe wuraren da suke a [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] a shekarar 2024, bayan shari'o'i da dama da kuma sauye-sauye ga dokoki. Mata da miji Mark Schwartz da Lori Galperin ne suka kafa Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Castlewood a shekarar 2002. A shekarar 2008, [[Trinity Hunt Partners]], wani kamfani mai zaman kansa da ke [[Dallas]], ya sayi Castlewood kan dala miliyan 25. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=BERNHARD |first=BLYTHE |date=2011-12-10 |title=Other women come forward in Castlewood center complaint |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_b4e3ed54-b12d-55cf-8218-37b2390505da.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}</ref> Daga nan Trinity Hunt Partners ta sayar da shi ga [[Riverside Co|Kamfanin Riverside Co.]], wani kamfanin hannun jari mai zaman kansa da ke [[New York (jiha)|New York]], a shekarar 2016. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Post-Dispatch |first=Blythe Bernhard {{!}} |date=2018-07-24 |title=Castlewood eating disorder center changes name following malpractice lawsuits |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_0472d487-aaff-54e3-bbcf-09d3fca48f94.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An sauya sunan zuwa Alsana a shekarar 2018, bayan zarge-zarge da koke-koke da dama. A matsayin wani ɓangare na sauya suna, sun cire duk wani ambaton Castlewood daga kayan tallan su. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Post-Dispatch |first=Blythe Bernhard {{!}} |date=2024-12-04 |title=Eating disorder facility near Castlewood State Park shuts down years after malpractice cases |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_d9066b6a-b1bb-11ef-b686-575db7b685c4.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /> Jiyya a Castlewood ta haɗa da maganin Internal Family Systems, kuma wanda ya kafa IFS Richard C. Schwartz ya yi aiki a cibiyar a matsayin mai ba da shawara kuma mai horar da ma'aikata. == Wurare == As of October, 2025, Alsana has six locations: two in Birmingham, Alabama; Monterey, California; Santa Barbara, California; Thousand Oaks, California; and Westlake Village, California.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coward |first=Kyle |date=2021-11-29 |title=Pipeline: Spero Health Opens Clinics in Two States; New Eating Disorder Treatment Offerings from Monte Nido, Alsana |url=https://bhbusiness.com/2021/11/29/pipeline-spero-health-opens-clinics-in-two-states-new-eating-disorder-treatment-offerings-from-monte-nido-alsana/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Behavioral Health Business |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Larson |first=Chris |date=2022-10-06 |title=Why More Behavioral Health Operators Opt to Lease Instead of Own |url=https://bhbusiness.com/2022/10/06/why-more-behavioral-health-operators-are-opting-to-lease-real-estate-instead-of-own/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Behavioral Health Business |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BERNHARD |first=BLYTHE |date=2012-04-05 |title=St. Louis County treatment center chief expanding to California despite lawsuits |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_22d24647-c6d4-51ab-b601-f05ffb12920a.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}</ref> === Tsoffin Wurare === Castlewood/Alsana a da suna da wurare a Gundumar St. Louis, Missouri ; Gundumar Franklin, Missouri ; da [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-02-07 |title=St. Louis County eating disorder treatment facility halting programs due to allegations of inappropriate conduct |url=https://www.firstalert4.com/2022/02/07/st-louis-county-eating-disorder-treatment-facility-halting-programs-due-allegations-inappropriate-conduct/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=First Alert Channel 4 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bryant |first=Bailey |date=2021-07-26 |title=Pipeline: Caravel Deepens ABA Footprint; Alsana Expands to Meet Increased Need for Eating Disorder Treatment |url=https://bhbusiness.com/2021/07/26/pipeline-caravel-deepens-aba-footprint-alsana-expands-to-meet-increased-need-for-eating-disorder-treatment/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Behavioral Health Business |language=en-US}}</ref> == Maganin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da aka dawo da su da kuma ƙararraki == Castlewood ta kasance wurin da aka kai ƙarar da dama. A shekarar 2011, wata mata a Minnesota ta kai ƙarar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Castlewood (wanda yanzu ita ce Alsana) da kuma wanda ya kafa ta kuma darektan asibiti a lokacin Mark Schwartz bisa zargin wanke kwakwalwa. Matar, sanye da ƙarar ta, ta yi iƙirarin cewa a lokacin da take zaman watanni 15 a Castlewood, Schwartz ta dasa tunanin ƙarya a cikin zuciyarta yayin da ake yi mata sihiri, wanda hakan ya sa ta yi tunanin cewa an ci zarafinta ta hanyar jima'i, kuma ta kasance cikin ƙungiyar Shaiɗan . A ƙarshen shekarar 2012, wasu mata uku sun shigar da ƙara, suna yin irin wannan ikirari game da dawo da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ; ɗaya daga cikin matan ta yi zargin a cikin ƙararta cewa ta hanyar maganin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da aka dawo da shi a Castlewood ta yi imani da cewa ta "gano kisan gillar da aka yi wa hadaya", wanda ta ce ba gaskiya ba ne. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Joe |title=Bizarre Claim Against Eating Disorder Clinic |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/bizarre-claim-against-eating-disorder-clinic/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=www.courthousenews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Cara |first=Ed |date=2014-11-03 |title=The Most Dangerous Idea in Mental Health |url=https://psmag.com/social-justice/dangerous-idea-mental-health-93325/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Pacific Standard |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Therapist 'Brainwashed' Woman Into Believing She Was In Satanic Cult, Attorney Says |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/therapist-accused-implanting-satanic-memories/story?id=15043529 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Toler |first=Lindsay |last2= |first2= |date=2012-04-05 |title=Despite Lawsuits, Castlewood Center Expands to California |url=https://patch.com/missouri/ballwin-ellisville/despite-lawsuits-castlewood-center-expands-to-california |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Ballwin-Ellisville, MO Patch |language=en}}</ref> A ƙarshe, mata biyar sun shigar da ƙara da irin wannan ƙara; a cikin wannan rashin jituwa, wanda ya kafa Castlewood, Mark Schwartz, ya bar kamfanin a shekarar 2013 kuma, tare da Hukumar Ilimin Halayyar ɗan adam ta jihar Missouri, sun cimma yarjejeniyar ladabtarwa inda ya "yarda da barin lasisin Missouri ya ƙare." <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Post-Dispatch |first=Blythe Bernhard {{!}} |date=2013-05-29 |title=Castlewood director steps down after accusations of brainwashing |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/business/health-care/article_9c019204-009f-518b-a027-76f23f81428d.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya an yi watsi da ƙarar, inda lauyoyin mai ƙara suka bayyana cewa shari'o'in "sun warware su da kyau ga ɓangarorin biyu." === Wadanda abin ya shafa a Castlewood sun haɗu === A watan Nuwamba na 2012, uba da uwar matar wani tsohon majiyyaci a Castlewood sun fara ƙungiyar tallafi ga marasa lafiya da iyalan marasa lafiya waɗanda suka sha wahala daga ƙoƙarin samun magani daga Castlewood (kuma yanzu Alsana). <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Post-Dispatch |first=Robert Patrick St Louis |date=2022-01-31 |title=Former patient sues St. Louis County eating disorder center |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_a260f8fc-1041-5457-9c7b-551b7cf71d2b.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=False Memory Syndrome Foundation |url=https://www.fmsfonline.org/?news2013update=Castlewood%20Lawsuits%20Dismissed |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.fmsfonline.org}}</ref> Wadanda suka kafa kungiyar sun bayyana cewa yayin da suke jinya a Castlewood, 'yarsu ta gamsu cewa "kusan mutane 100 ne suka yi mata fyade, ciki har da malamai, masu horarwa da jami'an 'yan sanda". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Post-Dispatch |first=Blythe Bernhard {{!}} |date=2013-12-16 |title=Castlewood eating disorder lawsuit to be dismissed |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_28cf3275-a29e-5391-997e-243bdae361c3.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203112844/https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_28cf3275-a29e-5391-997e-243bdae361c3.html |archive-date=2025-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Da 'yarsa ta yi wannan ikirarin, an kai rahoton mahaifin da ya kafa ƙungiyar ga [[Ayyukan kare yara|hukumomin kare yara]] . Daga ƙarshe an wanke shi daga aikata laifi bayan bincike na tsawon watanni 16, inda wani alkali ya bayyana cewa "shaidar 'yarsa ta yi rashin daidaito sosai, ta yi karo da sauran shaidun da aka gabatar, don haka ba za a iya sahihanci ba." <ref name=":2" /> A matsayinta na babba (tun daga shekarar 2025) 'yar ta tsaya tsayin daka kan zarge-zargen da ta fara yi tun tana matashiya. === Shari'o'in 2022 === Wata tsohuwar majiyyaciya, wacce aka bayyana a takardun kotu a matsayin Jane Doe, ta kai karar Alsana a shekarar 2022 tana gabatar da zarge-zarge da dama, ciki har da cewa an ba ta mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali wanda ba shi da lasisi kuma ba shi da gogewa wajen magance matsalolin cin abinci. Karar ta ci gaba da yin zargin cewa mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ya yi maganganu masu tayar da hankali da dama a shafukan sada zumunta, kamar "Na yi tunani kuma na fahimci cewa na cutar da wasu da gangan saboda yana sa ni jin daɗi" da kuma "Wasu kwanaki ina tsana kaina, kuma ina jawo wutar jahannama a rayuwar wasu." Kotun ta kuma yi zargin cewa ba a ba Doe maganin da likitanta ya rubuta mata ba tsawon makonni biyu da ta shiga shirin, kuma an ba ta maganin da aka yi wa sauran marasa lafiya. Alsana ta amsa da wata sanarwa a bainar jama'a cewa lauyan Doe "sanannen mai suka ne ga Alsana da kuma masana'antar maganin matsalar cin abinci gaba ɗaya." <ref name=":4" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arnold |first=Carrie |title=It was hard enough to get treatment for eating disorders. Then private equity took over. |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2022/05/eating-disorder-treatment-centers-private-equity-aca-anorexia/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Mother Jones |language=en-US}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, wata tsohuwar majiyyaciya (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin Carla Doe a takardun kotu) ta shigar da ƙara a kan Alsana tana yin irin wannan zargi kamar Jane Doe game da wannan mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Post-Dispatch |first=Robert Patrick St Louis |date=2022-02-28 |title=Third former patient sues St. Louis County eating disorder center |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_544ab77c-bdab-5978-ad81-8e281c34f1c6.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe an yi watsi da waɗannan ƙarar. == Duba kuma == == Manazarta == 8590ssuitstqump4aglqssvgccm4kfp 0 167415 969425 922389 2026-10-19T09:45:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A yammacin 5 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 2004, akalla ma'aikatan kasar Sin 22 sun nutsar da su ta hanyar ruwa mai shigowa a Morecambe Bay a Lancashire, Arewa maso Yammacin Ingila, yayin da suke girbi ba bisa ka'ida ba daga bakin tekun. Sauran ma'aikata goma sha biyar daga wannan rukuni sun sami nasarar komawa bakin teku lafiya. A lokacin bincike da shari'ar, an gano cewa ma'aikatan sun yi ƙaura ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba su da ƙwarewa, suna magana da ƙananan ko babu Turanci kuma ba su saba da yankin ba. An sami shugaban 'yan bindiga na kasar Sin wanda ya shirya tafiyar da abokansa biyu da laifin kisan kai, karya dokokin shige da fice da sauran laifuka, kuma an yanke musu hukuncin shekaru da yawa a kurkuku. An zartar da Dokar Gangmasters Licensing ta shekarar 2004 a watan Yulin wannan shekarar don tsara ayyukan aiki a cikin masana'antun noma da shellfish, wanda ya haifar da kafa Hukumar Lasisi ta Gangmasters. == Bala'i == David Anthony Eden Sr. da David Anthony Eden Jr., uba da ɗa daga Ingila, an yi zargin sun shirya su biya ƙungiyar ma'aikatan kasar Sin £ 5 da kilo 25 (20p da kilo ko 9p da kilo) na cockles (makonni biyar bayan haka, farashin kasuwa na cockles ya kasance 60p da kilo <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2006 |title=Man Convicted in Shellfish Pickers' Deaths |url=https://apnews.com/article/197447725698a37a2f90ee317fc67151 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808173943/https://apnews.com/article/197447725698a37a2f90ee317fc67151 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=2021-03-28 |website=AP NEWS}}</ref>). &nbsp;An yi fataucin ma'aikatan ta hanyar kwantena zuwa [[Liverpool]], kuma an hayar su ta hanyar jami'an masu aikata laifuka na cikin gida na triads na kasar Sin na kasa da kasa. Kayan da za a tattara sun fi dacewa a lokacin da aka rage ruwa a kan yashi a Warton Sands, kusa da Bankin Hest. Kimanin masu karɓar zakara 30 sun tashi a karfe 4 na yamma.<ref name="thewestmorlandgazette.co.uk" /> Yankin da aka fi so don karɓar cockle yana kusa da layin ruwa mai zurfi kusa da haɗuwar Keer Channel da Kent Channel, kimanin kilomita 3.5 (2.2 arewacin Morecambe. Ma'aikatan kasar Sin ba su saba da yanayin yankin ba, yare, da al'ada. An yanke su ne ta hanyar hawan ruwa da ke shigowa a cikin bay a kusa da karfe 9:30 na yamma. Ma'aikatan duk baƙi ne ba bisa ka'ida ba, galibi daga Fujian, kuma an bayyana su a matsayin marasa horo da rashin ƙwarewa.&nbsp; Ayyukan gaggawa sun kasance masu faɗakarwa ta hanyar kiran wayar hannu da ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan ya yi, wanda ba ya magana da Turanci sosai kuma kawai ya iya cewa "ruwa mai nutsewa" kafin a yanke kiran. An kaddamar da babban aikin bincike da ceto.<ref name="boyle" /> An gano gawarwaki ashirin da daya, na mutanen da ke tsakanin shekaru 18 zuwa 45, daga bayin. Biyu daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa mata ne; sauran galibi samari ne a cikin shekaru 20 da 30, tare da biyu sama da 40 da daya, namiji, kasa da 20.<ref name="ghosts.uk.com">{{Cite web |title=Ghosts&nbsp;— The Morecambe Victims Fund |url=http://www.ghosts.uk.com:80/victims.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207094239/http://www.ghosts.uk.com/victims.html |archive-date=7 February 2012 |access-date=14 February 2009 |website=Ghosts.uk.com}}</ref> Yawancin sun kasance a matsayin manoma a baya, kuma biyu sun kasance masunta.<ref name="ghosts.uk.com" /> Dukkanin gawarwakin an gano su tsakanin yankin da bakin teku, wanda ke nuna cewa mafi yawansu sun yi ƙoƙari su yi iyo amma hypothermia ta shawo kansu. Hudu sun mutu bayan motar da suka yi amfani da ita don isa yankin cockling ta cika da ruwa. An yi imanin cewa wasu biyu sun kasance tare da wadanda suka nitse, tare da ragowar daya da aka samu a cikin shekarar 2010. A lokacin sauraron, an ruwaito cewa 'yan Birtaniya da suka dawo bakin teku a wannan maraice sun yi ƙoƙari su gargadi kungiyar Sinawa ta hanyar buga agogo da ƙoƙarin yin magana da su. Wani wanda ya tsira ya shaida cewa shugaban kungiyar ya yi kuskure game da lokacin raƙuman ruwa. An bayar da rahoton cewa wasu mambobi goma sha huɗu na kungiyar sun isa bakin teku lafiya, inda suka tsira 15 gabaɗaya. == Shari'a == David Anthony Eden Sr. da David Anthony Eden Jr., daga Prenton, Merseyside, waɗanda suka sayi cockles daga ƙungiyar aiki, an wanke su daga taimaka wa ma'aikata karya dokar shige da fice. Gangmaster Lin Liang Ren, na Lemon Street, Kirkdale, an same shi da laifin kisan kai na akalla mutane 21 a lokacin da ake tuhuma, ba a gano gawarwakin wasu 'yan fashi biyu da suka ɓace ba). Lin, budurwarsa Zhao Xiao Qing da dan uwansa Lin Mu Yong suma an same su da laifin karya dokokin shige da fice. An yanke wa Lin Liang Ren hukuncin shekaru goma sha biyu saboda kisan kai, shekaru shida don sauƙaƙe shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba (wanda za a yi masa aiki tare da hukuncin kisan kai), da kuma shekaru biyu don makirci don karkatar da hanyar adalci (wanda za'a yi masa aiki bayan hukuncin kisan). An yanke wa Lin Mu Yong hukuncin shekaru hudu da watanni tara. An yanke wa Zhao Xiao Qing hukuncin shekaru biyu da watanni tara saboda sauƙaƙe shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma karkatar da hanyar adalci.<ref name="convictions" /> An kori Lin Liang Ren a shekarar 2012 bayan ya yi shekaru takwas na wa'adinsa na shekaru goma sha biyu; Lin Mo Yong a shekarar 2008 bayan shekaru uku; da kuma Zhao Xiao Qing a shekarar 2007 bayan ya yi shekara guda. Ba a san ko wani daga cikin uku da aka yi wa hukuncin da aka sake tura su China ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prisoners: China |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2014-05-13c.185326.h |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=TheyWorkForYou |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kafofin watsa labarai == Fim din 2006 ''[[Ghosts (fim na 2006)|Ghosts]]'', wanda Nick Broomfield ya jagoranta, wasan kwaikwayo ne na abubuwan da suka haifar da bala'in. Wani shirin fim na shekarar 2006, Death in the Bay: The Cocklepickers' Story, Channel 4 ta ba da izini a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin shirye-shiryen The Other Side daga mai shirya fina-finai na gida Loren Slater, wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin mutane na farko a wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Death in the Bay Video Recording |url=https://vimeo.com/326845877/7380f49a27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902202206/https://vimeo.com/326845877/7380f49a27 |archive-date=2 September 2020 |access-date=20 July 2020 |website=Vimeo}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, aikin Ed Pien Memento, wanda Cibiyar Fasaha ta kasar Sin ta ba da umarni, an haɓaka shi ne don mayar da martani ga halin da baƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba suke ciki, musamman waɗanda suka mutu a Morecambe Bay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memento |url=https://www.edpien.com/memento |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507153724/https://www.edpien.com/memento |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=Ed Pien}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exhibition: 'Memento', Ed Pien, 24 April - 4 July 2009 |url=http://archive.cfcca.org.uk/index.php/Detail/occurrences/376 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419215617/https://archive.cfcca.org.uk/index.php/Detail/occurrences/376 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=[[Centre for Chinese Contemporary Art]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, mai zane Isaac Julien ya fitar da fim dinsa Ten Thousand Waves game da bala'in. Waƙar gargajiya ta 2007 "On Morecambe Bay" ta mai zane-zane Kevin Littlewood ta ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2007 |title=Bay tragedy is set in song |url=https://www.lancasterguardian.co.uk/lifestyle/bay-tragedy-is-set-in-song-1-1170659 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015023/https://www.lancasterguardian.co.uk/lifestyle/bay-tragedy-is-set-in-song-1-1170659 |archive-date=7 February 2019 |access-date=6 February 2019 |website=Lancaster Guardian}}</ref> Wannan waƙar daga baya ta rufe ta da mawaƙa na gargajiya Christy Moore . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hu7dk64rmr1z57jt2jjhkv2vxccw42y 0 167581 969337 960656 2026-10-19T01:37:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amit Dutta''' ɗan Indiya ne mai shirya fina-finai kuma marubuci, wanda aka haife shi a shekara ta 1977 a Jammu. Ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu shirya fina-finai na gwaji na zamani,[1][2][3] kuma an san shi da salon shirya fina-finansa na musamman, wanda ya samo asali daga bincike a fannin fasaha da kuma alamomi na mutum. Ayyukansa suna samar da hotuna masu arziƙin gani tare da ƙirar sauti mai ƙarfi.[4] Ayyukan Dutta galibi suna mayar da hankali kan batutuwan tarihin fasaha, ilimin ɗan Adam da al'adu, da kuma gadon al'adu, ta hanyar amfani da fim a matsayin hanyar bincike da bayyana ra'ayi. . A shekara ta 2007, mai sukar fim din Jonathan Rosenbaum ya hada da gajeren fim dinsa Kramasha a cikin jerin sunayen fina-finai dubu daya na kowane lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reconsidered Essentials, July 2007 {{!}} Jonathan Rosenbaum |url=https://jonathanrosenbaum.net/2025/03/postscript-reconsidered-essentials-july-2007/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=jonathanrosenbaum.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexis A. Tioseco, R.I.P. {{!}} Jonathan Rosenbaum |url=https://jonathanrosenbaum.net/2024/08/alexis-tioseco-rip/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=jonathanrosenbaum.net}}</ref> A cikin 2024, Richard Brody, yana rubutawa ga Newyorker ya kira fim dinsa na farko ''Nainsukh'' (2010) daga cikin fina-finai mafi kyau da aka taɓa yi.[https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/the-best-bio-pics-ever-made] Amit Dutta ya kammala karatu daga Cibiyar Fim da Talabijin ta Indiya, [[Pune]] a shekara ta 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Dutta |url=http://mubi.com/cast_members/63047 |access-date=28 January 2014 |publisher=Mubi.com}}</ref> Ya koyar a Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa (NID) , Ahmedabad .<ref>{{Cite web |title=BOMB Magazine {{!}} Amit Dutta |url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/amit-dutta/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=BOMB Magazine |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2015, ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba ta Indiya (IIAS), Shimla a matsayin abokin Tagore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buy INVISIBLE WEBS: An art Historical inquiry into the life and death of Jangarh Singh Shyam online - Indian Institute of Advanced Study |url=http://books.iias.org/home/invisible-webs-art-historical-inquiry-into-life-death/p-6246657-1895199200-cat.html |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=books.iias.org |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709094510/http://books.iias.org/home/invisible-webs-art-historical-inquiry-into-life-death/p-6246657-1895199200-cat.html |archive-date=2024-07-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Amit Dutta ya fara aikinsa yana yin gajerun fina-finai na gwaji da yawa waɗanda masu sukar suka bayyana a matsayin "ba tare da wani abin da ya faru ba sai dai mai yiwuwa ga wani abu mai nisa na wasan kwaikwayo na [[Sergei Parajanov|Sergey Parajanov]] tare da tunanin yara, yana mai da darektan mai yiwuwa mafi mahimmanci da kuma idiosyncratic a duniya. "Ana ɗaukar abubuwan da ya yi a matsayin abin mamaki da ido da sha'awar fassara, ana haɗa su da labyrinth mai rikitarwa na alamomi daga abubuwan tunawa na tarihi, tatsuniyoyi, labarun yara, rubutu da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wieczorek |first=Dieter |title=56th International Short Film Festival Oberhausen |url=http://www.kurzfilmtage.de/en/metanavigation/press/press-releases/festival-2010/first-press-reviews.html?print=1&cHash=8d3c67b3d6bfc02b86874186c75fb694 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216015204/http://www.kurzfilmtage.de/en/metanavigation/press/press-releases/festival-2010/first-press-reviews.html?print=1&cHash=8d3c67b3d6bfc02b86874186c75fb694 |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=24 October 2018 |publisher=schnitt.de}}</ref> ==== ''Kramasha'' '' (Don Ci gaba) '' (2007) ==== ''Kramasha'' (To Be Continued), wani ɗan gajeren fim na gwaji da aka yi a shekara ta 2007, ya sami yabo mai yawa daga malaman fina-finai da masu sukar. A shekara ta 2007, mai sukar fim din Jonathan Rosenbaum ya haɗa shi a cikin jerin sunayen fina-finai dubu mafi kyau na kowane lokaci, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reconsidered Essentials, July 2007 {{!}} Jonathan Rosenbaum |url=https://jonathanrosenbaum.net/2025/03/postscript-reconsidered-essentials-july-2007/ |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=jonathanrosenbaum.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexis A. Tioseco, R.I.P. {{!}} Jonathan Rosenbaum |url=https://jonathanrosenbaum.net/2024/08/alexis-tioseco-rip/ |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=jonathanrosenbaum.net}}</ref> yana kwatanta fim din a matsayin "wani abu mai ban sha'awa, mai kyau na mise en scene a cikin 35 millimeters, cike da hotuna masu ban mamaki game da yadda mai ba da labari ya yi tunanin abin da ya gabata na ƙauyensa da iyalinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On KRAMASHA {{!}} Jonathan Rosenbaum |url=https://jonathanrosenbaum.net/2025/05/on-kramasha/ |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=jonathanrosenbaum.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosenbaum |first=Jonathan |year=2009 |title=IITB IDC FILM CLUB Reviews |url=http://iitbidcfilmclub.blogspot.in/2009/09/films-on-september-4-2009_03.html |journal=Chicago Reader}}</ref>An kuma zabe shi a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finai mafi kyau a cikin Senses of Cinema poll a shekara ta 2007. <ref name="2009 World Poll">{{Cite web |date=27 August 2008 |title=2009 World Poll |url=http://sensesofcinema.com/2010/feature-articles/2009-world-poll/ |access-date=9 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214060527/https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2010/feature-articles/2009-world-poll/ |archive-date=14 February 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> FIPRESCI Jury a bikin fina-finai na Oberhausen na 2007 ya ba fim din Kyautar Critic, yana mai cewa, "Yanzu wannan 35 millimeters ya zama tsari wanda ake watsi da jin daɗinsa ko manta da shi, musamman a cikin gajeren fina-fukkuna, jin daɗi na Amit Dutta na minti 22 ''Don Ci gaba'' (''Kramasha'') ya fi daraja..."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Dutta’s Short Film “To Be Continued” The Rapture By Jonathan Rosenbaum |url=https://fipresci.org/report/amit-duttas-short-film-to-be-continued-the-rapture-by-jonathan-rosenbaum/ |access-date=2026-02-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Jury a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Mumbai na 2008 ya ba ''Kramasha'' Golden Conch don fina-ffinai mafi kyau na bikin, yana mai cewa, "A hanyar da kiɗa ke kiyaye ku cikin hankali tare da ma'anar abubuwa ba tare da buƙatar rage kwarewar zuwa ma'anar ma'ana ba, ''Kramasha'' yana ba da duniya na hotuna da sauti wanda ya sa mu ƙanshi da kuma yaɗaɗi na yanayi a cikin abubuwan ban mamaki na hallucinations. Kamar mafarki wanda zai iya kasa fahimta amma wanda Dallgia da ya haɗu da tarihinmu na farko da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nagpal |first=BB |title=India Dominates MIFF, Wins Largest Number of Awards in International Category |url=http://www.stagebuzz.info/2008/February/India%20Dominates%20MIFF.htm |access-date=2026-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202160907/http://www.stagebuzz.info/2008/February/India%20Dominates%20MIFF.htm |archive-date=2024-12-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== ''Aadmi ki Aurat Aur Anya Kahaniyan'' '' (Mace ta Mutum da Sauran Labarai) '' (2009) ==== The Man's Woman and Other Stories, wani triptych na gajerun labarai guda uku, sun sami lambar yabo ta musamman ta Jury na sashin Orizzonti [New Horizons] na bikin fina-finai na Venice na 66, tare da bayanin cewa fim din "ya buɗe taga a kan sabon nau'in yin fim a matakai da yawa". Wani memba na juriya kuma mai zane-zane Bady Minck ya rubuta cewa darektan "ya halicci hotuna waɗanda suke da waƙoƙi kuma ba su da tabbas a lokaci guda. Suna juyawa tsakanin ban mamaki da kankare, tunanin da gaskiyar yau da kullun".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minck |first=Bady |title=badyminck.com |url=http://www.badyminck.com/eng/zeitraum/info_news.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820202210/http://www.badyminck.com/eng/zeitraum/info_news.htm |archive-date=20 August 2011 |access-date=27 August 2013}}</ref> Barbara Wurm, a rubuce a cikin mujallar Senses of Cinema ta bayyana cewa darektan "ya yi bikin fina-finai na neo-expressionist kuma ya nuna ƙwarewa mai ban mamaki wajen haɗakar tempus da yanayin ba da labari, wani makirci mai zurfi da ke yawo daga gaskiya zuwa yiwuwar kuma ya dawo sakamakon: ''Aadmi ki aurat aur anya kahaniya'' (Mace da Sauran Labarai) " <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2013 |title=Vienna International Film Festival Report |url=http://sensesofcinema.com/2010/festival-reports/vienna-international-film-festival/ |access-date=9 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260914051550/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2010/festival-reports/vienna-international-film-festival/ |archive-date=14 September 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin wata kasida don mujallar Film Comment Nicolas Rapold ya yi sharhi, "''Mace ta Mutum da Sauran Labarai'' suna fassara gajerun labaru guda uku tare da irin wannan launi mai daraja da abun da ke ciki da jin daɗi cewa batun su ya ɓace cikin bango".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rapold |first=Nicolas |date=2010-09-08 |title=2010 Jeonju International Film Festival |url=https://www.filmcomment.com/blog/2010-jeonju-international-film-festival/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Film Comment |language=en}}</ref> ==== ''Sonchidi'' (The Golden Bird) (2011) ==== Sonchidi (The Golden Bird) ya shafi neman matafiya biyu don jirgin sama wanda suka yi imanin zai taimaka musu su ƙetare sake zagayowar haihuwa, tare da Bikin Fim na Rotterdam yana bayyana shi a matsayin "wani abu mai ban sha'awa na falsafa wanda ke haifar da tunanin mutane da yawa, yana kalubalantar fassarori daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Golden Bird {{!}} IFFR |url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2012/films/the-golden-bird |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=iffr.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2024 |title=Rotterdam Film profile- Sonchidi |url=http://www.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/en/films/sonchidi/}}</ref> === <small>''Nainsukh'' (2010) </small> === Tun daga shekara ta 2007, Dutta ta yi aiki tare da masanin tarihin fasaha [[Eberhard Fischer (art historian)|Eberhard Fischer]] wajen gudanar da bincike a [[Kangra Valley|Kwarin Kangra]] da ke [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Wannan binciken ne ya sa Dutta ta shirya fim ɗin ''[[Nainsukh (film)|Nainsukh]]'' a shekara ta 2010. Fim ɗin ya dogara ne kan tarihin wani shahararren mai zane na ƙarni na 18 mai suna Nainsukh, wanda ya fito daga yankin. Fim ɗin ya kuma ƙunshi sake fasalin rayuwar Nainsukh ta hanyar abubuwan da aka tsara a cikin rugujewar Fadar Jasrota, inda mai zanen ya taɓa zama. An bayyana salon Dutta da keɓantaccen tsarin fasaha, musamman yadda take guje wa rarrabe nau'ikan fasaha. Wannan ya bayyana a cikin haɗaɗɗun tsarin rubutu da makircin fim, da kuma yadda ta haɓaka nata harshen gani ta hanyar sake fasalta da kuma yin tambayoyi kan tarihin fasahar Indiya da ayyukan ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu zanenta.[1] Saboda ƙarancin tattaunawa a cikin fim ɗin, an bayyana shi a matsayin aikin da ke amfani da hotuna da sautuka wajen ƙirƙirar wata duniyar da ke dawo da tunanin shekarun da suka shuɗe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=moma.org |url=http://www.moma.org/visit/calendar/film_screenings/14565}}</ref> Duk da cewa fim ɗin yana da tushe mai ƙarfi a cikin al'adun Indiya da falsafarta,[1] shahararren mai sukar fina-finai Olaf Möller ya bayyana shi a matsayin "bincike mai zurfafa tunani kan yanayin da yake da sauƙin sauyawa, da kuma yadda ake wakiltar wannan yanayi a cikin zane-zane".[2] George Heymont na ''The Huffington Post'' shi ma ya lura da ƙarancin tattaunawa a cikin fim ɗin, inda ya bayyana shi a matsayin fim mai ban sha'awa da motsa zuciya, wanda ke nuna yadda kyawu zai iya ɗauke numfashin mai kallo. Galina Stoletneya ta ce: "Ta hanyar daidaita kyawawan hotuna da ƙirar sauti mai ban mamaki, mai shirya fim ɗin ya samar da wani aikin fasaha na musamman—wani zane mai rai da kansa—wanda yake tsaye da kansa."[3][4] Max Goldberg na ''San Francisco Film Society'' ya lura cewa fim ɗin ya mai da hankali sosai kan ƙwarewar Nainsukh wajen zane, tare da nuna hotunan Dutta na wasu lokuta na yau da kullum da suka fi dacewa, kamar shan taba da gyaran gemunsa. Goldberg ya ƙara da cewa, "Lokacin da mai shirya fim ɗin ya sake gina wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi rikitarwa a cikin ayyukan Nainsukh—kamar lokacin da yake farautar damisa da ke riƙe da ganimar mutum—salon shirya fim ɗin na ware sassa daban-daban na wani wuri yana haifar da wani yanayi na tunani da gaskiya, wanda ke motsa hotunan mai zanen. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Max |title=Swimming in the Deep End of San Francisco International Film Festival |url=http://www.sf360.org/?pageid=13521 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127225423/http://sf360.org/?pageid=13521 |archive-date=27 January 2012}}</ref> ''Nainsukh'' ya fara ne a bikin fina-finai na Venice na 67; an gabatar da shi a sashen World Cinema Spotlight <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-29 |title=54th San Francisco International Film Festival Presents World Cinema Spotlight: Painting with Light |url=https://sffilm.org/54th-san-francisco-international-film-festival-presents-world-cinema-spotlight-painting-with-light/ |access-date=2020-12-06 |website=SFFILM |language=en-US}}</ref> na bikin fina-fukki na San Francisco; an nuna shi a MoMA, New York; kuma ya yi tafiya sosai zuwa bukukuwan fina-fakka na fina-fukkuna da yawa ciki har da Rotterdam, Beijing da Vancouver da sauransu. Mujallar Film Comment ta ayyana fim din a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finai goma na 67th Venice Film Festival, kuma ƙungiyar masu sukar fina-fakkaatu ta Ferroni Brigade ta zaba shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fina'o'in mafi kyau na wannan bikin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=November-December 2010 |url=https://www.filmcomment.com/issue/november-december-2010/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Film Comment |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2010 |title=The Golden Donkey Venice 2010 |url=http://mubi.com/notebook/posts/the-golden-donkey-venice-2010 |access-date=22 November 2010}}</ref> Masu sukar fina-finai da Senses of Cinema suka yi zabe su sun zabe shi a cikin fina-fukkuna mafi kyau na 2010 da 2017 ), kuma a cikin 2024, a cikin The New Yorker, Richard Brody mai suna ''Nainsukh'' (2010) daga cikin fina-fukki mafi kyau da aka taɓa yi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Various |date=2005-02-08 |title=2010 World Poll – Senses of Cinema |url=https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2011/feature-articles/2010-wold-poll/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226040729/https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2011/feature-articles/2010-wold-poll/ |archive-date=2024-02-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-09-12 |title=World Poll 2017 – Part 1 – Senses of Cinema |url=https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2018/world-poll/world-poll-2017-part-1/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415084444/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2018/world-poll/world-poll-2017-part-1/ |archive-date=2024-04-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Nainsukh'' ya kuma sami godiya mai yawa daga masu sukar fina-finai da masana tarihi na fasaha. Masanin tarihin fasaha na Amurka Milo Beach ya bayyana cewa, "Ina tsammanin wannan zai yi yawa don sha'awar jama'a a zane-zanen Indiya fiye da duk litattafan ilimi da yawa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=AK |first=Arun |date=2020-11-11 |title=The Inimitable Image Of Amit Dutta, On MUBI: Infusing Life Into The Paintings Of Nainsukh And Other Indian Artists |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/amit-dutta-mubi-the-inimitable-image-infusing-life-into-the-paintings-of-nainsukh-and-other-indian-artists-saatvin-sair |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629060846/https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/amit-dutta-mubi-the-inimitable-image-infusing-life-into-the-paintings-of-nainsukh-and-other-indian-artists-saatvin-sair |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref> === Sauran Ayyuka === Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar fina-finai a shekara ta 2004, Dutta ya shafe watanni da yawa yana hira da masu zane-zane daga al'ummar kabilar Gond ta [[Madhya Pradesh]] waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa birnin Bhopal biyo bayan nasarar da mutuwar matashi mai zane-zane na Gond, Jangarh Singh Shyam . Wannan ya haifar da fim din Jangarh Film-One, wanda ke kewaye da rashin gado na Jangarh a cikin aikin fasaha na zamani na danginsa. Dutta ya kuma yi wani fim mai tsawo ''Ramkhind'', wani kallo na tunani game da rayuwar yau da kullun na mutane a ƙauyen Warli, wanda ya samar da wasu daga cikin masu zane-zane na zamani mafi kyau a cikin harshen gargajiya na musamman. Bayan ''Nainsukh'' a cikin shekarar 2010, sha'awar Dutta ta mayar da hankali musamman kan fannonin fasaha da al'adu na kwarin Kangra da kewayenta, tare da mafi yawan ayyukansa na baya-bayan nan a wannan yankin.<ref name="labiennale1">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2017 |title=70 Directors for Venice 70 – AMIT DUTTA |url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/history/directors/dutta.html}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 2011 zuwa shekarar 2012 ya rubuta tattaunawa mai zurfi tare da B.N.Goswamy - wani fitaccen masanin tarihin fasaha na Indiya kuma mai iko a kan Pahari Art - don samar da tarihin ayyukan Goswamy a cikin kundin ashirin. An kirkiro gajerun fina-finai The Museum of Imagination: A Portrait in Absentia - wani hoto na Goswamy - da Field-Trip a lokacin aikin adanawa. An fara nuna Gidan Tarihi na Imagination a bikin fina-finai na Roma sannan daga baya a Rotterdam da Oberhausen Film Festivals. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2024 |title=Museum of imagination |url=http://www.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/en/films/museum-of-imagination}}</ref> Andrea Picard, marubuci na mujallar Cinema Scope kuma Babban Mai Kula da Wavelengths, sashen avant-garde na bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto, ya rubuta game da fim din cewa, "Dutta ya ci gaba da bincikensa na tarihin fasahar Indiya da al'adu... Shirude a cikin fim din - neman fahimtar shiru kamar yadda tattaunawar - yana magana da yawa game da nauyin fasaha da kerawa... Yayinda fim din ya nuna cewa duk abin tunawa da ya sa ya farka a waje, ba mu girmamawa ga hotuna da ba za a cikin binciken da ba za su ba tare da ba su da ita ba tare da ita ba".<ref>{{Cite web |title=slow criticism, Tiger Shorts Competition |url=http://www.filmkrant.nl/slowcriticism_2013/8626 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510135800/http://www.filmkrant.nl/slowcriticism_2013/8626 |archive-date=10 May 2013 |access-date=27 August 2013}}</ref> == Littattafai == * ''Kaljayi Kambakht'' (2016) shine littafinsa na farko a cikin Hindi . An ba Dutta kyautar Krishna Baldev Vaid Fellowship don gudummawa mai ban mamaki ga Littattafan Hindi na gwaji. <ref name="dailyexcelsior.com">{{Cite web |date=1 January 2017 |title=Cultural {{sic|Calen|der|nolink=y}} 2016 |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/cultural-calender-2016/}}</ref> Ya kasance daga cikin littattafai bakwai da aka jera don Kyautar Armoury Square ta 2023 don Littattafan Kudancin Asiya a Fassara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-10 |title=The Armory Square Prize for South Asian Literature in Translation releases its shortlist |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/the-armory-square-prize-for-south-asian-literature-in-translation-releases-its-shortlist-8549301/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Prize Announcement |url=https://www.armorysv.com/2023-prize-announcement |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Armory Square Ventures |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411060930/https://www.armorysv.com/2023-prize-announcement |archive-date=2023-04-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallery 3 |url=https://www.armorysv.com/12-things-to-know-about-the-armory-square-prize-shortlist |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Armory Square Ventures |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411060928/https://www.armorysv.com/12-things-to-know-about-the-armory-square-prize-shortlist |archive-date=2023-04-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Khud Se Kayi Sawal'' (Many Questions to Myself) (2018) wani zaɓi ne daga mujallu nasa a matsayin dalibi na fim, wanda marubucin Geet Chaturvedi ya fassara zuwa Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khud Se Kayi Sawal (Raza Pustak Mala) |url=https://www.rajkamalprakashan.com/index.php/default/khud-se-kayi-sawal |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=rajkamalprakashan.com |archive-date=2020-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010034133/https://www.rajkamalprakashan.com/index.php/default/khud-se-kayi-sawal |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-03 |title=किताबें मिलीं: 'ताजमहल- छ: फिट नीचे', 'कनस्तर में गंगा', 'खुद से कई सवाल' और 'शिक्षा-परीक्षा और प्रधानमंत्री' |url=https://www.jansatta.com/arts-and-literature/jansatta-hindi-books-review/676128/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref> * Invisible Webs: An Art Historical Inquiry Into The Life And Death of Jangarh Singh Shyam (2018) ya binciki tarihin fasaha, rayuwa da kashe kansa na mai zane JangarhSingh Shyam, wanda ya kasance daga kabilar Gond-Pardhan ta Tsakiyar Indiya. Masanin tarihin fasaha [http://parthamitter.com/ Partha Mitter.] ne ya rubuta gabatarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-04 |title=Book Review: Amit Dutta's 'Invisible Webs: An Art Historical Inquiry into the Life and Death of Jangarh Singh Shyam' |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/book-review-amit-duttas-invisible-webs-an-art-historical-inquiry-into-the-life-and-death-of-jangarh-singh-shyam/1371717/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Gyarah Rupay Ka Fountain Pen'' (2021) littafi ne na gajerun labaru ga yara.<ref name="Honours List 2022">{{Cite web |title=Tata Trusts' Parag Initiative Announces Parag Honours List 2022 – Press Releases |url=https://www.tatatrusts.org/media/press-releases/tata-trusts-parag-initiative-announces-parag-honours-list-2022 |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=Tata Trusts |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parag Honour List Books {{!}} Parag |url=https://www.paragreads.in/parag-reads/parag-honour-list-books/ |access-date=2022-02-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2021-12-25 |title=Cultural Round-up 2021 |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/cultural-round-up-2021/ |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=dailyexcelsior.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2022 an haɗa shi a cikin Tata Trusts' Parag Honours List - ƙoƙari na inganta ingantaccen wallafe-wallafen yara a Indiya - a matsayin ɗayan littattafai mafi kyau ga yara.<ref name="Honours List 2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Trusts' Parag Initiative Announces Parag Honours List 2022 |url=https://www.frontlist.in/tata-trusts-parag-initiative-announces-parag-honours-list-2022 |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=frontlist.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Trusts' Parag Children Literature Honour List 2022 announced – Curriculum Magazine |url=https://curriculum-magazine.com/tata-trusts-parag-children-literature-honour-list-2022-announced/ |access-date=2022-02-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Wani littafi game da aikinsa, Modernism By Other Means (2021) na mai sukar fim din Srikanth Srinivasan, yayi nazarin aikin Dutta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-29 |title=The Quiet Filmmaker: Srikanth Srinivasan's "Modernism by Other Means" and the Cinema of Amit Dutta |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-quiet-filmmaker-srikanth-srinivasans-modernism-by-other-means-and-the-cinema-of-amit-dutta |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Los Angeles Review of Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Versteirt |first=Bart |date=2021-02-22 |title=Returning to the Canvas. On Amit Dutta and 'Modernism by Other Means' |url=https://photogenie.be/returning-to-the-canvas-on-amit-dutta-and-modernism-by-other-means/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=photogénie |language=en}}</ref> == Hotuna == An nuna fina-finai na Dutta a gidajen tarihi da bukukuwan fina-fakkaatu, gami da: * Berlin Film festival<ref name="berlinale.de" /> * Venice Film festival<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |title=FTII film wins award in Venice international film festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/asrelated.cms?msid=5020339 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venice film festival |first=Olaf Moller |date=2010 |title=venice Film festival by Olaf Moller |url=https://www.theforgottenspace.net/static/resources/article.pdf}}</ref> * Vienna International Film Festival<ref name="viennale.at" /> * International Film Festival Rotterdam<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Dutta |url=https://iffr.com/en/person/amit-dutta |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=IFFR EN |language=en-GB}}</ref> * International Short Film Festival Oberhausen<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Dutta's Short Film "To Be Continued" The Rapture By Jonathan Rosenbaum |url=https://fipresci.org/report/amit-duttas-short-film-to-be-continued-the-rapture-by-jonathan-rosenbaum/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=gGmbH |first=Internationale Kurzfilmtage Oberhausen |date=2024-05-05 |title=The Awards of the 70th Festival |url=https://www.kurzfilmtage.de/en/press/detail/the-awards-of-the-70th-festival/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Internationale Kurzfilmtage Oberhausen gGmbH |language=en-us}}</ref> * Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF Bell Lightbox)<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2011 |title=Nainsukh I SAVAC |url=https://www.savac.net/nainsukh/}}</ref> * Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival (Japan)<ref>{{Cite web |title=YIDFF: 2023: Double Shadows 3 |url=https://www.yidff.jp/2023/program/23p6-e.html |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=yidff.jp}}</ref> * MAMI Mumbai Film Festival<ref name=":11" /> * Cinéma du Réel (Centre Pompidou, Paris)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Dutta : De l'autre côté du miroir |url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/program/calendar/event/cyX4x8j |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Centre Pompidou |language=en-EN}}</ref> * Museum of Modern Art (MoMA, New York)<ref>{{Cite web |last=MoMA |first=MoMA |date=2022 |title=Nainsukh. 2010. Directed by Amit Dutta Drawn From Dreams. 2019. Directed by Amit Dutta |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/8106}}</ref> * Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (BAMPFA)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-14 |title=Amit Dutta's Cinematic Museum |url=https://bampfa.org/program/amit-dutta-cinematic-museum |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=BAMPFA |language=en}}</ref> * Smithsonian Museum (The Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vick |first=Tom |date=2021-02-19 |title=Amit Dutta's Cinematic Museum |url=https://asia-archive.si.edu/amit-duttas-cinematic-museum/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Dutta's Cinematic Museum |url=https://amitdutta.eventive.org/films/5fd0fcbe2c96760036075eb5 |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=amitdutta.eventive.org}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == Fim din Dutta ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa na kasa da kasa, ciki har da: Golden Conch da Mafi Kyawun Fim na Bikin a Bikin Fim na Duniya na Mumbai (MIFF); <ref>{{Cite web |last=MIFF Awards |first=MIFF Awards |date=2008 |title=MIFF Awards |url=https://miff.in/media/2022/01/AWARD-LIST.pdf}}</ref> Gold Mikaldi a Bilbao (Spain); <ref>{{Cite web |title=Festival Scope |url=https://pro.festivalscope.com/director/amit-dutta |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=pro.festivalscope.com}}</ref> FIPRESCI International Film Critic's Award a Bikin Fimmuka na 53 (Jamus); da John Abraham National Award (Federation of Film Societies of India, Keralam); <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Dutta {{!}} India Foundation for the Arts |url=https://indiaifa.org/grants-projects/amit-dutta.html |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=indiaifa.org}}</ref> babban kyautar Jury na Duniya a bikin Fim na 70th International Short Film Festival, <ref>{{Cite web |title=53rd Oberhausen International Short Film Festival |url=https://fipresci.org/festival/53rd-oberhausen-international-short-film-festival/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref> da kuma Indiya; [3] a lokuta hudu;<ref>{{Cite web |last=gGmbH |first=Internationale Kurzfilmtage Oberhausen |date=2024-05-05 |title=Die Preisträger der 70. Kurzfilmtage |url=https://www.kurzfilmtage.de/de/presse/detail/die-preistraeger-der-70-kurzfilmtage |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=Internationale Kurzfilmtage Oberhausen gGmbH |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FTII Awards List {{!}} PDF {{!}} Film Awards {{!}} Cinema Of India |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/279666717/FTII-Awards-List |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Film Awards For Special Jury Award - National Film Special Mention Award |url=https://www.awardsandshows.com/features/special-jury-award-560.html |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=www.awardsandshows.com}}</ref> Ya sami lambar yabo ta Hubert Bal na bikin fina-finai na Rotterdam International Film Festival don rubutun sa The Invisible One a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2024 |title=HBF Fall 2012 selection |url=http://www.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/professionals/hubert_bals_fund/hbf_history/hbf-fall-2012/}}</ref> Kungiyar masu sukar fina-finai ta Ferroni Brigade ta sanya shi cikin Mafi Kyawun Sabbin Masu Fim na Shekaru Goma a cikin 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2011 |title=The Ferroni's Film Comment Decade List |url=http://mubi.com/notebook/posts/the-ferronis-film-comment-decade-lists}}</ref> A shekara ta 2013 ne bikin fina-finai na Venice ya gayyace shi don yin gajeren fim don bikin cika shekaru 70 a kan taken 'The Future of Cinema'. <ref name="labiennale1" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2013 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Indiya ''Dogra Ratan'' saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fannonin fasaha da al'adu. A shekara ta 2015, ya sami lambar yabo ta CNAP daga Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Kasa a Faransa don aikinsa a Tarihin Chess . <ref>{{Cite web |title=CNAP 2014 |url=http://www.cnap.fr/r%C3%A9sultats-IM-2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210005/http://www.cnap.fr/r%C3%A9sultats-IM-2014 |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref> A wannan shekarar an ba shi kyautar Tagore fellowship a Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba ta Indiya (IIAS), inda ya rubuta littafinsa na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=IIAS |first=IIAS |date=2017 |title=IIAS |url=https://iias.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/list-of-Fellows-2014-2017.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-04 |title=Book Review: Amit Dutta's 'Invisible Webs: An Art Historical Inquiry into the Life and Death of Jangarh Singh Shyam' |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-book-review-amit-duttas-invisible-webs-an-art-historical-inquiry-into-the-life-and-death-of-jangarh-singh-shyam-1371717/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin fina-finai da ya yi a kai a kai an zabe su ne ta hanyar masu sukar fina-fakka a cikin Senses of Cinema world polls a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-29 |title=Search Results for "amit dutta" – Senses of Cinema |url=https://www.sensesofcinema.com/?s=amit+dutta |access-date=2024-07-09 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707171113/https://www.sensesofcinema.com/?s=amit+dutta |archive-date=2025-07-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rhythm Of A Flower - Dutta's 2024 animated biopic bisa ga rayuwar mawaƙin gargajiya na Indiya Kumar Gandharva <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-10-24 |title=‘Rhythm of a Flower’ Takes Top Prize at Mumbai Film Festival, Sundance Winner ‘Girls Will Be Girls’ Gets Three Honors |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/mumbai-film-festival-2024-award-winners-1236189732/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> - ya fara fitowa a duniya a 2024 MAMI Mumbai Film Festival, inda ya fafata a Kudancin Asiya kuma ya lashe Golden Gateway Award . A cikin 2025 gajeren fim dinsa Stream-Story ya sami yabo a cikin Kyautar Al'adun Al'adu a bikin fim na Cinéma du Réel na 47. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Award List • Cinéma du Réel |url=https://www.cinemadureel.org/en/palmares-4/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Cinéma du Réel |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stream-Story • Cinéma du Réel |url=https://www.cinemadureel.org/en/films/stream-story/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Cinéma du Réel |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810102547/https://www.cinemadureel.org/en/films/stream-story/ |archive-date=2025-08-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Bayanan baya == An tattara fina-finai na Dutta kuma an nuna su a matsayin cikakkun abubuwan da suka faru a wurare da yawa a cikin aikinsa. A cikin 2010 bikin gajeren fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 56 Oberhausen ya gabatar da darektan tare da gajerun fina-fallafensa guda bakwai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oberhausen Profiles 2010 |url=http://www.kurzfilmtage.de/en/festival/looking-back/2010/profiles/ |website=kurzfilmtage.de}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014 makarantar kimiyya ta Indiya - Lalit Kala Akademi - ta shirya bikin Cinema da Art a Gidan Tarihi na Gwamnati da Art Gallery a Chandigarh wanda ya nuna zabin gajeren fina-finai da fina-fakka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinema and Art Festival |url=http://www.lalitkalachandigarh.com/events.php?page=13 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, a Cibiyar Pompidou, Paris, Cinéma du Réel ta 37 ta gudanar da babban bita na 14 na siffofin Dutta da gajeren fina-finai mai taken ''Amit Dutta: Ta hanyar Gilashin Dubi'', wanda sanannen mai kula da fim kuma mai sukar fim Marie-Pierre Duhamel Muller ya tsara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2015 |title=37e Cinéma du Réel |url=http://leblogdocumentaire.fr/2015/03/20/cinema-du-reel-2015-entretien-avec-maria-bonsanti |website=leblogdocumentaire.fr |access-date=9 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119060444/http://leblogdocumentaire.fr/2015/03/20/cinema-du-reel-2015-entretien-avec-maria-bonsanti |archive-date=19 January 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An haɗa shi a cikin retrospective wani taron tebur na zagaye wanda aka sadaukar don tattauna matakai daban-daban na fim din Dutta da hanyar fasaha, ta amfani da sassan fina-finai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=37e Cinéma du Réel- Table Ronde |url=http://www.cinemadureel.org/en/the-festival/programme-2015/crossing-views |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815082616/http://www.cinemadureel.org/en/the-festival/programme-2015/crossing-views |archive-date=15 August 2015 |access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref> A cikin gabatarwa ga retrospective, Marie-Pierre Duhamel ta rubuta: "Amit Dutta yana bincika girman fina-finai a matsayin na'ura ta lokaci. Ya gina sararin samaniya ga mai kallo inda bincike ke ciyar da tunanin, inda zane-zane, tarihi da tatsuniyoyi suka zama wani ɓangare na shimfidar wurare da alamomi kuma inda ilimi ke faranta wa gaskiya rai".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duhamel |first=Marie-Pierre |title=37th Cinéma du Réel- Press Dossier |url=http://www.bpi.fr/files/live/sites/SiteInstitutionnel/files/PDF/Espace%20presse/Communiques%20et%20dossiers%20de%20presse/CINEMA%20DU%20REEL%20Dossier%20de%20presse2015.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194328/http://www.bpi.fr/files/live/sites/SiteInstitutionnel/files/PDF/Espace%20presse/Communiques%20et%20dossiers%20de%20presse/CINEMA%20DU%20REEL%20Dossier%20de%20presse2015.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref>Ta kara da cewa aikinsa yana haifar da "girman falsafar hoton".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duhamel |first=Marie |title=Amit Dutta: Through the Looking Glass |url=https://www.academia.edu/10804949 |publisher=Marie-Pierre Duhamel |via=Academia.edu}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2015, bikin 8th International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK), wanda Cibiyar Kwalejin Chalachitra ta Jihar Kerala a Thiruvananthapuram ta shirya, ta nuna hotunan fina-finai goma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=8th IDSFFK 2015 |url=http://www.iffk.in/idsffk/images/2015/dailybulletin_28jun2015.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033103/http://www.iffk.in/idsffk/images/2015/dailybulletin_28jun2015.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=1 September 2015 |website=iffk.in}}</ref> '''Bayanan da aka zaɓa:''' * 2010 - Festival na gajeren fina-finai na kasa da kasa, Oberhausen, Jamus.<ref name="kurzfilmtage.de">{{Cite web |title=Profile – Internationale Kurzfilmtage Oberhausen |url=https://www.kurzfilmtage.de/festival/rueckblick/2010/profile/ |website=kurzfilmtage.de}}</ref> * 2014 - Lalit Kala Akademi, Chandigarh, Indiya.<ref name="lalitkala.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Lalit Kala Akademi |url=http://lalitkala.gov.in/showdetails.php?id=68 |website=lalitkala.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – The Tribune Lifestyle |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140323/ttlife1.htm#2 |website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref> * 2015 - Ta hanyar Gilashin Dubi - Cinéma du Réel, Cibiyar Pompidou, Paris, Faransa . <ref name="cinemadureel.org">{{Cite web |title=Amit Dutta: Through the Looking Glass – Cinéma du Réel |url=http://www.cinemadureel.org/en/archives/programme-2015/amit-dutta-through-the-looking-glass |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021055904/http://www.cinemadureel.org/en/archives/programme-2015/amit-dutta-through-the-looking-glass |archive-date=21 October 2017 |access-date=20 October 2017 |website=cinemadureel.org}}</ref> * 2015 - Bikin Tarihi da gajeren Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Kerala (IFFK), Indiya. <ref name="anandvattamannil.blogspot.in">{{Cite web |date=7 August 2015 |title=Amit Dutta Movies Beckon Movie Buffs to IDSFFK |url=http://anandvattamannil.blogspot.in/2015/08/amit-dutta-movies-beckon-movie-buffs-to.html |website=anandvattamannil.blogspot.in |access-date=9 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021004655/http://anandvattamannil.blogspot.in/2015/08/amit-dutta-movies-beckon-movie-buffs-to.html |archive-date=21 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nyoooz.com">{{Cite web |title=Amit Dutta's Films a Big Draw {{!}} THIRUVANANTHAPURAM NYOOOZ |url=https://www.nyoooz.com/news/thiruvananthapuram/137319/amit-duttas-films-a-big-draw/ |access-date=2026-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524223853/https://www.nyoooz.com/news/thiruvananthapuram/137319/amit-duttas-films-a-big-draw/ |archive-date=2021-05-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2017 - LAC Lugano Fasaha da Al'adu, Lugano, Switzerland <ref name="india.luganolac.ch">{{Cite web |title=LAC Focus India – Eventi – Affinità elettive. India 1947-2017 |url=http://www.india.luganolac.ch/it/1069/le-affinita-elettive |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202516/http://www.india.luganolac.ch/it/1069/le-affinita-elettive |archive-date=14 November 2017 |access-date=14 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="sentieriselvaggi.it">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2017 |title=Affinità elettive. India 1947-2017: cinema e altri linguaggi – SentieriSelvaggi |url=http://www.sentieriselvaggi.it/affinita-elettive-india-1947-2017-il-cinema-e-gli-altri-linguaggi-delle-arti/}}</ref> * 2017 - Gidan Tarihi na Amit Dutta, Gidan Tarihin Berkeley da Tarihin Fim na Pacific (BMPFA), Jami'ar California . <ref name="bampfa.org">{{Cite web |title=Amit Dutta's Cinematic Museum – BAMPFA |url=https://bampfa.org/program/amit-dutta%E2%80%99s-cinematic-museum |website=bampfa.org}}</ref> * 2017 - Modernism By Other Means, Bombay Art Society, Mumbai. * 2018 - Tarihin Fim na Kasa na Indiya (NFAI), Pune <ref name="hindustantimes">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2018 |title="nfai-to-host-a-retrospective-of-experimental-filmmaker-amit-dutta" |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/nfai-to-host-a-retrospective-of-experimental-filmmaker-amit-dutta/story-FpzCCjR9jSmBe8LdAEC26I.html}}</ref> * 2020 - Hoton da ba shi da kyau - wani Amit Dutta retrospective <ref name="MUBI Collection: The Inimitable Image: An Amit Dutta Retrospective">{{Cite web |title=The Inimitable Image: An Amit Dutta Retrospective |url=https://mubi.com/en/in/collections/amit-dutta |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=MUBI |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514175028/https://mubi.com/en/in/collections/amit-dutta |archive-date=2024-05-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ref11">{{Cite web |last=Chabria |first=Suresh |date=2020-08-10 |title=In Amit Dutta's bold and beautiful cinema, an unforgettable exploration of Indian art traditions |url=https://scroll.in/reel/969879/in-amit-duttas-bold-and-beautiful-cinema-an-unforgettable-exploration-of-indian-art-traditions |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> * 2020 - Kyauta ta Musamman - Bikin Fim na Ca' Foscari - Venice, Italiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ca' Foscari Short Film Festival is ready to celebrate its 10th edition, from the 7 to 10 October |url=https://www.filmfestivals.com/blog/shorts_unlimited/the_ca_foscari_short_film_festival_is_ready_to_celebrate_its_10th_edition_from_the_7th_to_the_10th_of}}</ref> * 2021 - Palette na Mawallafi- Bikin fina-finai na Amit Dutta - KNMA (Kiran Nadar Museum of Art) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-27 |title=Kiran Nadar Museum of Art presents 'An Auteur's Palette' – week long online festival of Amit Dutta's films |url=https://theliveindia.co.in/kiran-nadar-museum-of-art-presents-an-auteurs-palette-week-long-online-festival-of-amit-duttas-films/ |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=The Live India |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227083828/https://theliveindia.co.in/kiran-nadar-museum-of-art-presents-an-auteurs-palette-week-long-online-festival-of-amit-duttas-films/ |archive-date=2021-02-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-19 |title=An Auteur's Palette – A Festival of Amit Dutta's Films |url=https://www.knma.in/an_auteurs_palette_amitdutta |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=Kiran Nadar Museum of Art |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221051913/https://www.knma.in/an_auteurs_palette_amitdutta |archive-date=2021-02-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2021 - Gidan Tarihi na Amit Dutta, Freer da Sackler Gallery - Gidan kayan gargajiya na Smithsonian, Washington, DC.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Films |url=https://asia.si.edu/events-overview/films/ |access-date=2021-02-07 |website=Freer Gallery of Art & Arthur M. Sackler Gallery |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Amit Dutta's Cinematic Museum |url=https://amitdutta.eventive.org/welcome |access-date=2021-02-07 |website=amitdutta.eventive.org}}</ref> * 2021 - Yankin da zurfi: Gajerun fina-finai na baya-bayan nan na Amit Dutta - Gidan Tarihi na Berkeley da Tarihin Fim na Pacific (BMPFA), Jami'ar California <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=9 April 2021 |title=Streaming: Surface and Depth: Recent Short Films by Amit Dutta |url=https://bampfa.org/event/streaming-surface-and-depth-recent-short-films-amit-dutta |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=bampfa.org}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=House of Paintings {{!}} Surface and Depth: Recent Short Films by Amit Dutta |url=https://watch.eventive.org/bampfa/play/6070c821fa1edc0030fa0e7f/6070c694a9b9f90062d9231c |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=watch.eventive.org |language=en}}</ref> * 2022 - Fim din Amit Dutta - e-flux (Artist Cinemas) New York.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=The Films of Amit Dutta – e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/video/programs/452979/the-films-of-amit-dutta/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=e-flux.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607060336/https://www.e-flux.com/video/programs/452979/the-films-of-amit-dutta/ |archive-date=2023-06-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=The Films of Amit Dutta – Announcements – e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/445659/the-films-of-amit-dutta/ |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Hudson |first=David |title=One More Day with Amit Dutta |url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/7768-one-more-day-with-amit-dutta |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=The Criterion Collection |language=en}}</ref> * 2023 - Animating The Archive: Short Films By Amit Dutta, (Icons: Kudancin Asiya): MAMI Mumbai Film Festival.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Animating the Archive: Short Films by Amit Dutta {{!}} Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival |url=https://mami.mumbaifilmfestival.com/detail/?UID=336160FD-EF96-406E-A2F3-ECBD18094BD9 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=mami.mumbaifilmfestival.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |2001 |''Ramkhind <small>Minti 90</small>''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amit Dutta : De l'autre côté du miroir |url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/program/calendar/event/cyX4x8j |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=www.centrepompidou.fr |language=en-EN}}</ref> |- |2007 |''Kramasha'' (Don Ci gaba) 22min<ref>{{Cite web |title=On KRAMASHA {{!}} Jonathan Rosenbaum |url=https://jonathanrosenbaum.net/2022/07/on-kramasha/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=jonathanrosenbaum.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709072926/https://jonathanrosenbaum.net/2022/07/on-kramasha/ |archive-date=2024-07-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2008 |Jangarh Film Ek (Jangarh Film One) 20 min |- |2009 |''Aadmi Ki Aurat Aur Anya Kahaniyan'' (Mace ta Mutum da Sauran Labarai) 70 min <ref name="viennale.at">{{Cite web |title=AADMI KI AURAT AUR ANYA KAHANIYA {{!}} Viennale |url=https://www.viennale.at/en/films/aadmi-ki-aurat-aur-anya-kahaniya |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=www.viennale.at |language=en}}</ref> |- |2010 |''Nainsukh'' 75 min |- |2011 |''Sonchidi'' (The Golden Bird) 55min <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Golden Bird |url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2012/films/the-golden-bird |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=IFFR EN |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |2012 |''Gidan Tarihi na Tunanin'' <small>Minti 20</small> |- |2013 |Tafiyar filin 20 min |- |2013 |''Saatvin Sair'' (The Seventh Walk) 75 min <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-21 |title=MoMA Documentary Fortnight 2014 Review: The Seventh Walk (2013) - NP Approved |url=http://nextprojection.com/2014/02/21/moma-documentary-fortnight-2014-review-seventh-walk-2013-np-approved/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Next Projection |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2014 |''Gitagovinda'' 35 min <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gita Govinda • Cinéma du Réel |url=https://www.cinemadureel.org/en/films/gita-govinda-2/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Cinéma du Réel |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709072926/https://www.cinemadureel.org/en/films/gita-govinda-2/ |archive-date=2024-07-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2015 |''Chitrashala'' (Gidan zane-zane) <small>Minti 20</small> <ref name="berlinale.de">{{Cite web |title=Chitrashala {{!}} House of Paintings {{!}} Haus der Bilder |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/2015/programme/201509188.html |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=www.berlinale.de |language=en}}</ref> |- |2015 |''Lal Bhi Udhaas Ho Sakta Hai'' (Ko Red Can Be Sad) 60 min <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-20 |title=Even Red Can Be Sad |url=https://bampfa.org/event/even-red-can-be-sad |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=BAMPFA |language=en}}</ref> |- |2016 |Hotuna daga Sketchbook 21 min <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scenes from a Sketchbook :: 25 FPS |url=https://www.25fps.hr/en/film/scenes-from-a-sketchbook |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=www.25fps.hr}}</ref> |- |2017 |Mai sana'a da ba a sani ba 89 min <ref>{{Cite web |last=CdC |first=Caimán |date=2018-06-12 |title=The Unknown Craftsman - Filmadrid - Caimán Cuadernos de Cine |url=https://www.caimanediciones.es/the-unknown-craftsman-critica/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Caiman Ediciones |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Unknown Craftsman - Film - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/film/457752/the-unknown-craftsman/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> |- |2019 |Bayani akan Guler 55 min <ref>{{Cite web |title=Notes on Guler |url=https://amitdutta.eventive.org/films/5fd10214ab75a20068724fee |access-date=2021-01-03}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Wittgenstein Yana wasa Chess tare da Marcel Duchamp, ko kuma yadda ba za a yi Falsafa ba'' 17 min<small>Minti 17</small> |- |2022 |''Uwar Wanene Zai Yi Weace Yanzu?''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-08 |title=The film programme for Berlin Critics' Week 2024 - Woche der Kritik |url=https://wochederkritik.de/en_US/das-filmprogramm-der-woche-der-kritik-2024-dutta-swon-galibert-laine-charles-kaul-saintagnan-kasi-korkia-zhenming-guo-hirsch-bouzas-vasconcelos-ferraez-winter/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2023 |''Tsarin Injin Nishaɗi''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blueprint of a Pleasure Machine |url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2023/films/blueprint-of-a-pleasure-machine |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=IFFR EN |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Yawancin Mafarki na Mista Hemmady'' |- |2024 |''Rhythm na Fure''<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=MAMI Mumbai Film Festival Announces its 2024 Official Film Selections |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/lists/lists/mami-mumbai-film-festival-announces-its-2024-official-film-selections |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] axxnnh700x6glua4jzompsnyp1gir3o 0 168104 969330 925546 2026-10-18T23:09:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ali Sadiq Nasser Al-Hassan''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Saudi Arabia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na kungiyar Saudi Professional League Al-Fateh da ƙungiyar Saudi Arabia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=علي الحسن - Ali Al Hassan |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=143037 |website=kooora.com |language=ar}}</ref><ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |title=ALI AL HASSAN |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ali-al-hassan/538526/ |website=soccerway.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[Ali Al-Hassan 2021-2032|Ali]] ɗan'uwan ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Saudi Arabiya ne Abbas Al-Hassan, wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=الحسن.. أصغر لاعب يطمح بالسير على خطى شقيقه |url=https://arriyadiyah.com/720674}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Al-Fateh === Al-Hassan ya fara aikinsa a [[Al-Fateh SC|Al-Fateh]], inda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka fito daga tsarin horar da matasa na kulob ɗin. A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2018, Al-Hassan ya fara buga wa Al-Fateh wasa a gasar Pro League da [[Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah)|Al-Ittihad]], inda ya maye gurbin [[Abdelkader Oueslati]].[1] A ranar 6 ga Maris 2018, Al-Hassan ya zura kwallayensa na farko a wa kulob ɗin a wasan da Al-Fateh ta doke [[Al-Batin FC|Al-Batin]] da ci 5–2.[2] A kakar wasansa ta farko da ƙungiyar farko, ya buga wasanni 5 kuma ya zura kwallo guda. A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2018, Al-Hassan ya yi tiyata a Jamus kuma an dakatar da shi na wata daya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=نجاح العملية الجراحية للاعب#النموذجي "علي الحسن" في برلين |trans-title=The success of the surgery for the #exemplary player "Ali Al-Hassan" in Berlin |url=https://twitter.com/FatehClub/status/1064946548994392064 |website=twitter.com |language=ar}}</ref> Ya dawo a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018 a wasan league da Al-Ettifaq. <ref>{{Cite web |title=التبديل الثالث لنادي #الفتح |trans-title=The third substitution for Al-Fateh club |url=https://twitter.com/FatehClub/status/1076146350507597825}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2019, Al-Hassan ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwararru ta shekaru 5 tare da Al-Fateh . <ref>{{Cite web |title=إدارة نادي #الفتح توقع عقدًا احترافيًا مع اللاعب "علي الحسن" لمدة 5 سنوات |trans-title=The management of Al-Fateh Club signs a professional contract with the player "Ali Al-Hassan" for a period of 5 years |url=https://twitter.com/FatehClub/status/1082389879378595842 |website=twitter.com |language=ar}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta biyu a matsayin dan wasan farko, Al-Hassan ya buga wasanni 16 kuma ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya a kan Al-Fayha. === Al-Nassr === A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2020, Al-Hassan ya shiga [[Al-Nassr]] kan kwangilar shekaru biyar don rahoton kuɗin [[Saudi riyal|SAR]] miliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=الصفقة الثامنة المحلية.. بعد منتصف الليل "الحسن" نصراوي |trans-title=The eighth local deal... After midnight, "Al-Hassan" Nasrawi |url=https://sabq.org/jYWs9J |website=sabq.org |language=ar |access-date=2026-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007050227/https://sabq.org/jYWs9J |archive-date=2020-10-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|31 May 2024}}<ref name=soccerway/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Sarki ! colspan="2" |Asiya ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="4" |Al-Fateh |2017–18 |5 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |5 |1 |- |2018–19 |16 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |1 |- |2019–20 |22 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |2 |- !Jimillar !43 !4 !3 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !46 !4 |- | rowspan="5" |[[Al-Nassr]] |2020–21 |26 |0 |4 |0 |6 |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Saudi Super Cup]]}} |0 |37 |0 |- |2021–22 |21 |0 |2 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |26 |0 |- |2022–23 |21 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |24 |0 |- |2023–24 |19 |0 |2 |0 |7 |0 |5{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Arab Club Champions Cup]]}} |0 |33 |0 |- !Jimillar !87 !0 !11 !0 !16 !0 !6 !0 !120 !0 |- ! colspan="2" |Adadin aikinsa !130 !4 !14 !0 !16 !0 !6 !0 !166 !4 |} {{Notelist}} === Kasashen Duniya === : ''Kididdigar da ta dace kamar yadda aka buga wasan 29 Yuni 2025.''<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|83014}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Saudi Arabia |- !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |2021 |4 |1 |- |2022 |10 |0 |- |2025 |4 |0 |- !Jimillar !18 !1 |} === Manufofin kasa da kasa === : ''Sakamakon da sakamakon sun lissafa burin Saudi Arabia na farko.'' {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Manufar !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. |15 Yuni 2021 |Filin wasa na Jami'ar Sarki Saud, [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] |{{Fb|UZB}} | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |3–0 | rowspan="2" |cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |} == Daraja == === Kungiyar === '''Al-Nassr''' * Saudi Pro League: 2025-262025–26 * Kofin Saudiyya: 2020 * Kofin Zakarun Larabawa: 2023 == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|ali-al-hassan/538526}} {{Al-Nassr squad}}{{Navboxes|title=Saudi Arabia squads|bg=#006C35|fg=#FFFFFF|bordercolor=#005429|list1={{Saudi Arabia men's football squad 2020 Summer Olympics}} {{Saudi Arabia squad 2022 FIFA World Cup}} {{Saudi Arabia squad 2025 CONCACAF Gold Cup}}}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] sjwov1nbn7l9fqgrwcxdjnp3f9ou9yz 0 168121 969085 925623 2026-10-18T14:40:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Guguwar Calcutta ta 1737''', wacce aka fi sani da '''guguwar Kogin Hooghly ta 1737''' ko kuma '''guguwar Great Bengal ta 1737''', ita ce guguwar [[Tropical cyclone|super cyclone]] ta farko da aka taba gani a Arewacin [[Tekun Indiya]] kuma ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin bala'o'in halitta mafi muni a tarihin Indiya. Ta afkawa gabar tekun kusa da [[Kolkata]] a safiyar ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1737 kuma an ruwaito cewa ta kashe mutane sama da 300,000 a Calcutta, kuma ta haifar da mummunar barna. Guguwar ta afkawa kan kogin Ganges Delta, kudu maso yammacin Calcutta. Yawancin mace-macen sun faru ne sakamakon guguwar kuma sun faru ne a teku: jiragen ruwa da yawa sun nutse a Tekun Bengal kuma ba a san adadin dabbobi da dabbobin daji da aka kashe ba sakamakon guguwar. An bayyana barnar da "ta yi yawa" amma ba a san kididdigar adadi ba. == Tarihin yanayi == Dangane da abubuwan da aka lura a cikin ƙasa, an ji tasirin guguwar har zuwa {{Cvt|130|km}} cikin ƙasa kudu maso yamma na [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], guguwar ta samo asali ne kusa da gabar tekun [[Myanmar|Burma]], wanda aka samu goyon bayan lura da jiragen ruwa da ke wucewa a yankin. Ana kyautata zaton guguwar ta motsa arewa maso yamma kafin ta juya zuwa arewa, inda ta yi daidai da gabar tekun [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] tsakanin 10 zuwa 11 ga Oktoba. <ref name="imd" /> Daga nan guguwar ta fara raguwa kafin ta juya arewa zuwa arewa maso gabas, ta yi ta sauka a kan kogin Ganges Delta, kudu da Calcutta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=In the Line of Cyclones: Worst Bengal cyclones since 1737 |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/in-the-line-of-cyclones-worst-bengal-cyclones-since-1737 |access-date=2021-05-03 |publisher=Get Bengal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401233136/https://www.getbengal.com/details/in-the-line-of-cyclones-worst-bengal-cyclones-since-1737 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta rage gudu yayin da take ratsa [[Bengal ta Yamma|Yammacin Bengal]], ta shiga [[Bangladesh]] ta zamani a ranar 13 ga Oktoba kafin a yi mata alama ta ƙarshe a wannan rana, nesa da arewacin [[Dhaka|Dacca]] . <ref name="imd" /> === Waƙar === [[Fayil:Track_of_the_1737_Calcutta_cyclone.png|thumb| Waƙar da ake tsammani ta guguwar Calcutta ta 1737 (kamar yadda aka kwatanta ta hanyar [[1864 Guguwar Calcutta|guguwar Calcutta ta 1864]] wadda ta lalata yankuna makamancin haka)]] Masu bincike a Sashen Yanayi na Indiya sun gudanar da wani bincike game da hanyar guguwar, inda suka gano irin wannan guguwar da ta ratsa ko kusa da [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] wadda ta yi barna iri ɗaya da kuma ranar da ta wuce. [[1864 Guguwar Calcutta|Guguwar Calcutta ta shekarar 1864]] misali ne da suka yi amfani da shi, domin guguwar ta kuma haifar da irin wannan barna a yankin kusan shekaru 127 da suka gabata. <ref name="imd" /> An ji cikakken mummunan tasirin guguwar 1864 a Calcutta daga ƙarfe 10:00 na dare zuwa ƙarfe 4:00 na safe ( IST ) a ranakun 4 da 5 ga Oktoba (14:30 na yamma zuwa 20:30 na dare, UTC ). <ref name="imd" /> A halin yanzu, guguwar ta fara mamaye gabar tekun yankin a "daren 11 da 12 ga Oktoba," mai yiwuwa tsakanin lokaci guda da guguwar 1864 amma ta yi amfani da ranar guguwar 1737. <ref name="imd" /> Daga nan masu bincike suka daidaita lokacin saukar guguwar 1737 don daidaita lokacin da mazauna cikin ƙasar suka fuskanci fushin guguwar. <ref name="imd" /> == Tasiri == Ana ɗaukar guguwar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin bala'o'in halitta mafi muni a Indiya tun lokacin da aka fara rubuta ƙididdiga masu inganci. An kiyasta tarin ruwan sama na Ganges ya kai milimita 381 (inci 15) a cikin awanni shida. <ref name="colorado" /> A cikin rahotonsa na hukuma, Thomas Joshua Moore, mai tara haraji na Kamfanin British East India Company, ya ce kusan dukkan gine-ginen da aka yi da baho sun lalace sakamakon guguwa da ambaliyar ruwa. An kiyasta cewa an kashe mutane 3,000 a garin. <ref name="colorado" /> Wani labari na zamani game da guguwar, daga Mujallar Gentleman ta Landan, ya bayyana cewa girgizar ƙasa ta lalata jiragen ruwa kimanin 20,000 a tashar jiragen ruwa kuma ta kashe kimanin mutane 300,000. Ganin cewa yawan mutanen Calcutta ya kai 20,000 a lokacin, adadin 300,000 ko dai kuskure ne ko kuma, wataƙila, adadi ne da ya shafi dukkan Bengal. Ko da yake da alama babu wata shaida da ke nuna adadin mace-mace 300,000 da aka ruwaito, ko kuma girgizar ƙasa kwata-kwata, wannan adadin yana bayyana akai-akai a cikin shahararrun wallafe-wallafe. <ref name="colorado" /> A lokaci guda kuma, adadin mutane 3,000 kimantawa ce kawai ta adadin mace-macen da suka faru a cikin birnin. <ref name="colorado" /> Shanu, damisa, da karkanda da yawa sun nutse a cikin guguwar guguwa mai tsayin mita 10-13 (ko ƙafa 30-40) daga guguwar da "girgizar ƙasa". Kadoji da yawa sun nutsar da su sakamakon kwararar ruwa mai ƙarfi a kogin, kuma iska ta jefa tsuntsaye cikin kogin, ta nutsar da su. <ref name="colorado" /> Manyan raƙuman ruwa sun jefa jiragen ruwa guda biyu masu nauyin tan 500 zuwa wani ƙauye mai yawan jama'a, wanda ya ƙara rugujewa. <ref name="colorado" /> An kashe mutane da shanu da yawa. <ref name="colorado" /> An lalata wasu jiragen ruwa guda biyu masu nauyin tan 60 kuma an same su a kan tuddai, suna lalata manyan bishiyoyi. <ref name="colorado" /> Jiragen ruwa takwas cikin tara sun ɓace a Kogin Ganges kuma yawancin ma'aikatan jirgin sun nutse a cikin teku mai ƙarfi. <ref name="colorado" /> Jiragen ruwa uku daga cikin huɗu na ƙasar Holland sun nutse a kogin Ganges da kuma Tekun Bengal bi da bi. <ref name="colorado" /> Guguwar ta lalata gefen haikalin Govindaram. <ref name="amphan">{{Cite web |last=Mohapatra |first=Samhati |date=2020-05-22 |title=Amphan's fury conjures up memories of 1737 Bengal cyclone |url=https://thefederal.com/states/east/west-bengal/amphans-fury-conjures-up-memories-of-uncanny-cousin-1737-bengal-cyclone/ |access-date=2021-05-03 |website=The Federal |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan guguwar Amphan da ta afkawa [[Kolkata]], mutane da yawa, ciki har da Babban Ministan [[Bengal ta Yamma|Yammacin Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee|Mamata Banerjee,]] sun kwatanta bala'in guguwar da wannan guguwar saboda irin tasirinta da tasirinta. <ref name="amphan" /> == Manazarta == 1gaio2iuf0dd6kdkwgaww4pex0troc9 0 168181 969387 959813 2026-10-19T06:55:32Z Salma Raddah 45959 969387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kungiyar Matasan Falasdinawa don Gudanarwa da Ayyukan Hakki (P'''YALARA'''; Larabci: الهيئة الفلسطينية للإعلام وتفعيل دورباب) kungiya ce ta matasa ta Falasdinawa da ke da alaƙa da sadarwa da kafofin watsa labarai ba na gwamnati ba wanda aka tsara don samar da hanyar kirkirar matasa kasar [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Palasdinawa]] da suka yi takaici da mummunan yanayin rikici tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2022}}. Pyalara tana amfani da tsarin koyarwa na sadarwa mai budewa, hanya biyu maimakon hanyar koyarwa guda daya da yawancin cibiyoyin ilimi ke so don ba da ilimi. Ana koya wa ɗalibansa su bayyana kansu ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce, magana, da sadarwa ta kafofin watsa labarai da aka buga a cikin jaridar kowane wata, The Youth Times da shirin talabijin na mako-mako, ''Alli Sowtak'' (Speak Up). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2022}}. An mayar da hankali kan karfafawa ta hanyar ilmantarwa game da haƙƙin yara da matasa, haƙƙin jama'a da na shari'a a lokacin rikici, gina ƙungiya, haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a, kare muhalli da fafutukar zamantakewa. Dalibai suna shiga aikin jarida, ba da shawara, da kuma bayar da shawarwari don shawo kan warewa da warewa na matasa. Pyalara tana aiki tare da [[UNICEF]], Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Palasdinawa, Ma'aikatan Bayanai, Ma'aikata da Wasanni, jami'o'in Palasdinawa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2022}}. A lokacin annobar COVID-19, kungiyar ta kuma yi aiki tare da [[DW Akademie]] don koyar da "ƙwarewar kafofin watsa labarai da bayanai (MIL) ".<ref>{{Cite web |title="MIL goes viral" – Learn media skills with all your senses |url=https://www.dw.com/de/milgoesviralmit-allen-sinnen-medienkompetenz-erlernen/a-57704528 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> == Manazarta == qnzbnmuvkbtxm24psh7hso6lhan9buy 0 168807 969183 959998 2026-10-18T17:01:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 12 ga Fabrairun 2013, Otayf ya koma Saudi Arabia, inda ya shiga ƙungiyar [[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]]. [1] A ranar 10 ga Afrilun 2018, Otayf ya sabunta kwantiraginsa da Al-Hilal har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2020–21. [2] A ranar 11 ga Disamban 2020, Otayf ya sake sabunta kwantiraginsa da Al-Hilal, inda ya sanya hannu kan ƙarin shekaru biyu.  '''Abdullah Ibrahim Yahya Otayf''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Saudi Arabia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi Arabia - Abdullah Otayf - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/abdullah-otayf/197881/}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == Otayf ya fara aikinsa a Al-Shabab kafin ya shiga kungiyar Louletano ta Portugal a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |title=صقر وعبدالله عطيف يوقعان رسمياً لنادي لوليتيانو البرتغالي |url=https://akhbaar24.argaam.com/article/detail/109815}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Fabrairun 2013, Otayf ya koma Saudi Arabia, inda ya shiga ƙungiyar [[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]]. [1] A ranar 10 ga Afrilun 2018, Otayf ya sabunta kwantiraginsa da Al-Hilal har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2020–21. [2] A ranar 11 ga Disamban 2020, Otayf ya sake sabunta kwantiraginsa da Al-Hilal, inda ya sanya hannu kan ƙarin shekaru biyu. . <ref>{{Cite web |title=الهلال يجدد عقد عبدالله عطيف |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/sport/saudi-sport/2020/12/12/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Maris 2023, Otayf ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kwangila tare da Al-Ahli . <ref>{{Cite web |title=أهلي جدة يتعاقد مع الدولي عبدالله عطيف |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/sport/saudi-sport/2023/03/08/%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81}}</ref> Ya shiga kulob din a hukumance bayan kammala kakar 2022-23. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya wakilci [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 'Yan Ƙasa da Shekaru 20 ta 2011. Ya fara buga wa babbar tawagar ƙasar wasa ne a ranar 9 ga Disamban 2012, a wasan da suka yi da [[Iran national football team|Iran]] a Gasar Zakarun WAFF ta 2012. [1] Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka yi da [[Yemen national football team|Yemen]]. A wannan wasan, ya yi bikin zura ƙwallon ta hanyar sanya rigar [[Sergio Busquets]]. . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemen vs. Saudi Arabia - 12 December 2012 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/12/12/asia/west-asian-federation-championship/yemen/saudi-arabia/1397075/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi player Abdullah Otayf celebrates a beauty against Yemen with a Sergio Busquets t-shirt &#124; 101 Great Goals |url=http://www.101greatgoals.com/blog/saudi-player-abdullah-otayf-celebrates-a-beauty-against-yemen-with-a-sergio-busquets-t-shirt/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025814/http://www.101greatgoals.com/blog/saudi-player-abdullah-otayf-celebrates-a-beauty-against-yemen-with-a-sergio-busquets-t-shirt/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=3 April 2013}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, an ambaci Otayf a cikin tawagar da ke shiga gasar zakarun WAFF ta 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=رياضي / المنتخب السعودي يصل للدوحة للمشاركة في بطولة غرب آسيا |url=https://sp.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=ar&newsid=1181966}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018 an ambaci sunansa a cikin tawagar farko ta Saudi Arabia don gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2018]] a Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Cup 2018: All the confirmed squads for this summer's finals in Russia |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/440833652018}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025}}</ref> An kuma haɗa shi a cikin tawagar karshe. An haɗa Otayf a cikin tawagar Saudi Arabia don gasar cin kofin Asiya ta AFC ta 2019 a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa . <ref name="AFC">{{Cite web |date=27 December 2018 |title=AFC Asian Cup UAE 2019 Complete Squad Lists |url=http://www.the-afc.com/afc/documents/PdfFiles/afc-asian-cup-uae-2019-complete-squad-lists |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228174458/http://www.the-afc.com/afc/documents/PdfFiles/afc-asian-cup-uae-2019-complete-squad-lists |archive-date=28 December 2018 |access-date=28 December 2018 |website=The-AFC.com |publisher=[[Asian Football Confederation]] |format=PDF}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2019, an ambaci sunan Al-Rubaie a cikin tawagar gasar cin kofin Gulf ta Larabawa ta 24. <ref>{{Cite web |title=رينارد يعلن قائمة الأخضر لبطولة كأس الخليج الـ24 |url=https://www.saff.com.sa/news.php?id=138}}</ref> Ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=عبدالله عطيف أفضل لاعب في خليجي 24 |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/sport/saudi-sport/2019/12/08/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84-%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A-24}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2022, an ambaci Otayf a cikin tawagar [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2022 |title=Renard announces the national team list for the World Cup 2022 in Qatar |url=https://www.saff.com.sa/en/news.php?id=1932 |access-date=12 November 2022 |publisher=[[Saudi Arabian Football Federation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112233037/https://www.saff.com.sa/en/news.php?id=1932 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 27 May 2024}}<ref name="SW">{{cite web |title=ABDULLAH OTAYF |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/abdullah-otayf/197881/}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Kasa ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Louletano |2012–13 |Sashe na Biyu |8 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |- | rowspan="11" |[[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] |2013–14 | rowspan="10" |SPL |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- |2014–15 |7 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11 |0 |- |2015–16 |12 |0 |2 |0 |1 |0 |5 |0 |0 |0 |20 |0 |- |2016–17 |12 |0 |5 |0 |0 |0 |10 |0 |0 |0 |27 |0 |- |2017–18 |23 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 | colspan="2" | - |29 |0 |- |2018–19 |17 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |4{{Efn|Three appearances in [[Arab Club Champions Cup]], and one appearance in [[Saudi-Egyptian Super Cup]]}} |0 |28 |0 |- |2019–20 |8 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |3{{Efn|Appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}} |0 |14 |0 |- |2020–21 |17 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |0 |0 |23 |0 |- |2021–22 |6 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |0 |0 |7 |0 |- |2022–23 |10 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |0 |0 |17 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !112 !1 !13 !0 !3 !0 !41 !0 !7 !0 !176 !1 |- |Al-Ahli |2023–24 |SPL |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Adadin aikinsa !121 !1 !13 !0 !3 !0 !41 !0 !7 !0 !185 !1 |} {{Notelist}} === Kasashen Duniya === : ''Kididdigar da ta dace har zuwa wasan da aka buga a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2022.'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |Saudi Arabia |- !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |2012 |4 |1 |- |2013 |2 |0 |- |2014 |0 |0 |- |2015 |0 |0 |- |2016 |0 |0 |- |2017 |5 |0 |- |2018 |15 |0 |- |2019 |11 |0 |- |2021 |5 |0 |- |2022 |3 |0 |- !Jimillar !45 !1 |} === Manufofin kasa da kasa === {| class="wikitable" !# !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. |12 Disamba 2012 |Filin wasa na Ali Al-Salem Al-Sabah, Al Farwaniyah, [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] |{{Fb|YEM}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Gasar WAFF ta 2012 |} == Daraja == '''Al-Hilal''' * Saudi Professional League: 2016-17, 2017-18, 2019-20, 2020-21, 2021-222021–22 * Kofin Sarki: 2015, 2017, 2019-20, 2022-232022–23 * Kofin Yarima na Sarauta: 2015-162015–16 * Kofin Saudiyya: 2015, 2018, 2021 * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta AFC: 2019, 2021 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * MVP na 24 na Kofin Gulf na Larabawa == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|abdullah-otayf/197881}} {{Navboxes|title=Saudi Arabia squads|bg=#006C35|fg=#FFFFFF|bordercolor=#005429|list1={{Saudi Arabia squad 2018 FIFA World Cup}} {{Saudi Arabia squad 2019 AFC Asian Cup}} {{Saudi Arabia squad 2022 FIFA World Cup}}}}  [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pqj9gshi6qgpll2z93pjplvnoxj4xhv 0 169189 969353 965046 2026-10-19T05:00:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Irma Aracely Quispe Neira''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1982; an san ta da Aracely quispe) babbar injiniya ce ta Peruvian-Amurka, masanin kimiyya na NASA, masanin ilimi kuma mai bincike.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-08-29 |title=Así se vivió el Foro Forbes Mujeres Poderosas Perú 2023 |url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/asi-se-vivio-el-foro-forbes-mujeres-poderosas-peru-2023/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Forbes México |language=es-MX}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-09-15 |title=GMS: Supermoon Eclipse 2015 Live Shots Interviews And B-roll |url=https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12000 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=svs.gsfc.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aracely Quispe: de un pueblo sin luz en Perú a comandar 3 misiones en la NASA |url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/video/ingeniera-astronauta-nasa-peru-aracely-quispe-intv-camilo-cnne/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=CNN |language=es}}</ref> An san ta a matsayin mace ta farko ta Latin Amurka don jagorantar manufofi uku na NASA a Amurka: Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), <ref>{{Cite web |title=El cielo es el límite |url=https://www.americatv.com.pe/noticias/actualidad/cielo-limite-n459446 |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=www.americatv.com.pe}}</ref> Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), [4] da James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). [4] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Post |first=Mexico Daily |date=2019-12-14 |title=Aracely Quispe, first Latina woman to command three missions in NASA |url=https://themazatlanpost.com/2019/12/14/aracely-quispe-first-latina-woman-to-command-three-missions-in-nasa/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=The Mazatlan Post |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712124955/https://themazatlanpost.com/2019/12/14/aracely-quispe-first-latina-woman-to-command-three-missions-in-nasa/ |archive-date=2022-07-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-03-08 |title=Día Internacional de la Mujer: 10 icónicas mujeres que marcaron la historia del Perú |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/03/08/10-iconicas-mujeres-que-marcaron-la-historia-del-peru/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-01-06 |title='El éxito no es suerte': líder latinoamericana dentro de la Nasa |url=https://www.eltiempo.com/tecnosfera/novedades-tecnologia/aracely-quispe-habla-de-su-trabajo-como-ingeniera-espacial-de-la-nasa-449366 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=El Tiempo |language=spanish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=NASA y la peruana Aracely Quispe harán historia con el lanzamiento del Telescopio James Webb |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2021/12/23/nasa-y-la-peruana-aracely-quispe-haran-historia-con-el-lanzamiento-del-telescopio-james-webb/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-12-25 |title=Arriba Perú! Científica peruana coordinó exitoso lanzamiento de telescopio de la NASA |url=https://ojo.pe/actualidad/arriba-peru-cientifica-peruana-coordino-exitoso-lanzamiento-de-telescopio-de-la-nasa-web-ojo-print-noticia/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Ojo |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-03 |title=Aracely Quispe, primera mujer latina en comandar tres misiones en la Nasa |url=https://www.rcnradio.com/tecnologia/aracely-quispe-primera-mujer-latina-en-comandar-tres-misiones-en-la-nasa |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=RCN Radio |language=es}}</ref> Quispe ya kasance babban injiniyan ayyukan jirgin sama da tsarin James Webb Space Telescope. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Lettl |first=Dana |date=2022-03-08 |title=From Peru to NASA: A story that inspires |url=https://www.earthday.org/from-peru-to-nasa-a-story-that-inspires/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Earth Day |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce mai magana da yawun hukuma a NASA da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, farfesa a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Capitol, kuma malamin STEM.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Aracely Quispe in conversation with Saúl Pérez Montaño |url=https://www.hayfestival.com/p-16004-aracely-quispe-in-conversation-with-saul-perez-montano.aspx |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Hay Festival |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2023, ta sami matsayin Kwamandan a cikin Order of Merit for Distinguished Services daga Jihar Peruvian. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Irma Aracely Quispe a Marripón, <ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title="No creo en la suerte, uno es el propio arquitecto de su vida" |url=https://aprendemosjuntos.bbva.com/especial/no-creo-en-la-suerte-uno-es-el-propio-arquitecto-de-su-vida-aracely-quispe/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=BBVA Aprendemos Juntos 2030 |language=es-ES}}</ref> wani yanki na karkara a cikin Gundumar Motupe ta [[Peru]]" id="mwXA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lambayeque, Peru">Lambayeque, arewacin Peru, inda babu wutar lantarki. Mahaifiyarta Irma Neira Samame malama ce.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Vivanco |first=Miguel |date=2019-08-22 |title=Ingeniera peruana de la NASA impulsa programa STEM |url=https://elpreg.org/news/comunidad/ingeniera-peruana-de-la-nasa-impulsa-programa-stem |access-date=2026-09-11 |archive-date=2022-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213042026/https://elpreg.org/news/comunidad/ingeniera-peruana-de-la-nasa-impulsa-programa-stem |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last=Imbaquingo |first=Olga |date=2022-10-07 |title=Aracely Quispe Neira y su viaje desde Perú a la NASA |url=https://eltiempolatino.com/2022/10/07/noticias-locales/dc-dmv/aracely-quispe-neira-y-su-viaje-desde-peru-a-la-nasa/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=El Tiempo Latino |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103135459/https://eltiempolatino.com/2022/10/07/noticias-locales/dc-dmv/aracely-quispe-neira-y-su-viaje-desde-peru-a-la-nasa/ |archive-date=2023-11-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Ella es Aracely Quispe, la peruana parte del equipo de la NASA a cargo del telescopio James Webb |url=https://elperuano.pe/noticia/136134-ella-es-aracely-quispe-la-peruana-parte-del-equipo-de-la-nasa-a-cargo-del-telescopio-james-webb |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=elperuano.pe |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-06-23 |title=La inspiradora historia de Aracely Quispe, la ingeniera peruana que triunfa en la NASA |url=https://larepublica.pe/datos-lr/respuestas/2022/06/22/aracely-quispe-la-ingeniera-peruana-que-triunfa-en-la-nasa-que-busca-conservar-ingeniera-astronautica-usa-evat/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=larepublica.pe |language=es}}</ref> Sha'awarta ga sararin samaniya da kimiyya ta fara, lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida kuma ta ga watsa shirye-shiryen [[Apollo 11]] Mission <ref name=":3" /> da Neil Armstrong yana tafiya a kan wata, wanda ya sa ta so ta yi aiki a NASA.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-07-24 |title=Aracely Quispe, ingeniera peruana que triunfa en la NASA, recibe reconocimiento en Estados Unidos |url=https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2022/07/23/aracely-quispe-ingeniera-peruana-que-triunfa-en-la-nasa-recibe-reconocimiento-en-estados-unidos-james-webb-telescopio-espacial/ |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=larepublica.pe |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |title=From Peru to NASA: A young scientist's journey |url=https://www.captechu.edu/news-events/peru-nasa-young-scientists-journey |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=www.captechu.edu |language=en}}</ref> A makarantar sakandare, Quispe ya fara yin karate na shotokan, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ya sami belin baki, <ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Aracely Quispe, la peruana que hizo historia con el telescopio James Webb, que hoy comenzó a mandar imágenes del espacio exterior |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/07/12/aracely-quispe-la-peruana-que-hizo-historia-con-el-telescopio-james-webb-que-hoy-comenzo-a-mandar-imagenes-del-espacio-exterior/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> <ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Aracely Quispe, la peruana que comandó tres misiones importantes de la NASA: "Mis pilares son mi abuelita y mi mamá" |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/07/18/aracely-quispe-la-peruana-que-comando-tres-misiones-importantes-de-la-nasa-mis-pilares-son-mi-abuelita-y-mi-mama/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> yayin da yake matashi. <ref name=":5" /> Ta zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar ƙasa kuma ta fafata a gasa ta yanki da ta duniya, tana tafiya a duk faɗin Kudancin Amurka da Amurka.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-08-01 |title=Aracely Quispe, ingeniera de la NASA: "Nací en el campo y sin tener nada pude avanzar" |url=https://peru21.pe/cultura/aracely-quispe-ingeniera-nasa-naci-campo-pude-avanzar-493651-noticia/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Peru21 |language=es}}</ref> Quispe ta kammala karatu tare da digiri a kan Kimiyya da Injiniyan Kwamfuta <ref name=":2" /> kuma tana da shekaru 21 ta koma Amurka, tana neman zama na dindindin saboda "ƙwarewar ban mamaki". <ref name=":6" /> [[File:Aracely_Quispe_Neira_at_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center.jpg|thumb|Aracely Quispe Neira a Cibiyar Jirgin Sama ta Goddard]] Ta shiga aikin injiniya na sararin samaniya da lantarki a Kwalejin Jama'a ta Prince George a [[Maryland]] . <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Pacheco |first=Andrea |date=2019-12-21 |title=Aracely Quispe, la primera mujer latina en comandar tres misiones espaciales de la NASA |url=https://aztecaamerica.com/2019/12/21/aracely-quispe-la-primera-mujer-latina-en-comandar-tres-misiones-espaciales-de-la-nasa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007124033/https://aztecaamerica.com/2019/12/21/aracely-quispe-la-primera-mujer-latina-en-comandar-tres-misiones-espaciales-de-la-nasa/ |archive-date=2022-10-07 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Azteca America |language=es}}</ref> Wani mai ba da shawara a makaranta ya ba da shawarar cewa don shiga NASA, dole ne ta ci gaba da karatunta a kan Astronautical ko Aerospace Engineering. Quispe ya bi shawarar kuma ya koma Jami'ar Fasaha ta Capitol (CapTechU) don nazarin Astronautics da ƙwarewa a cikin gini, aiki da saka idanu na jirgin sama. <ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> A matsayinta na daya daga cikin dalibai mafi kyau a CapTechU, a cikin 2011 Quispe ta yi aikin horarwa a NASA <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Aracely Quispe: ingeniera que nació en un pueblo sin luz de Lambayeque lanzará telescopio de la NASA |url=https://elpopular.pe/mundo/2021/12/08/aracely-quispe-neira-ingeniera-peruana-nasa-nacio-pueblo-luz-lambayeque-lanzara-telescopio-james-webb-video-99582 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=elpopular.pe |language=es}}</ref> a cikin Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM), ta fara a matsayin Injiniya na Gwaje-gwaje, sannan daga baya ta zama Injiniya ta Tsarin. Bayan kammala aikin horarwa, Aracely ya sami tallafin karatu don yin digiri na biyu tare da rubutun kan narkewar Quelccaya glacier a Cusco, [[Peru]], ta amfani da Hotunan tauraron dan adam na NASA.<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":7" /> Tana da digiri na ilimi guda bakwai, ciki har da digiri na biyu a fannin Injiniya na Jirgin Sama daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Capitol, digiri na girmamawa a fannin Ilimin Geospatial daga Jami'an Maryland da kuma digiri na girmamawar Doctorate na Kimiyya <ref name=":8" /> daga Jami'iyyar Fasaha ta Capitole da aka mayar da hankali kan binciken Tsaro na sadarwa a cikin Satellites na GPS daga hare-hare masu banƙyama. [4]<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Peru-born engineer belongs to team putting NASA's James Webb telescope into orbit |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-peruborn-engineer-belongs-to-team-putting-nasas-james-webb-telescope-into-orbit-874729.aspx |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":20" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rosa Ávalos and Aracely Quispe, Peruvian engineers at NASA |url=https://pe.usembassy.gov/es/rosa-avalos-y-aracely-quispe-ingenieras-peruanas-en-la-nasa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614102638/https://pe.usembassy.gov/es/rosa-avalos-y-aracely-quispe-ingenieras-peruanas-en-la-nasa/ |archive-date=2020-06-14}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Peruana Aracely Quispe, conoce a la primera mujer latina en comandar tres exitosas misiones de la NASA |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2021/12/24/peruana-aracely-quispe-conoce-a-la-primera-mujer-latina-en-comandar-tres-exitosas-misiones-de-la-nasa/ |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] ==manazarta== l25xnyznjqur7yy9vnlxdlckbzus6xm 0 171683 969388 937390 2026-10-19T06:55:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Astragalus tricarinatus.jpg|status=LE|status_system=ESA|genus=Astragalus|species=tricarinatus|authority=[[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]}} '''''Astragalus tricarinatus''''' wani nau'in milkvetch ne mai ban sha'awa wanda aka fi sani da sunan '''Triple-lerib milkvetch''', ko '''sau uku-ribbed milkvetch'''. Wannan shuka ta samo asali ne daga California, inda ake samunta a yankin da tsaunukan San Bernardino suka hadu da hamadar Mojave da kuma hamadar Colorado. Tana girma ne a wuraren da ke da ciyayi da gajerun tsirrai na hamada da kuma wuraren da ke cike da duwatsu, a tsakanin bishiyoyin Joshua. An san wurin da wannan shuka take a wuri guda tak, kuma a shekarar 1998, an kirga tsirrai guda ashirin kacal a wurin, lokacin da gwamnatin tarayya ta sanya ta cikin jerin nau'ukan tsirrai da ke fuskantar barazanar bacewa gaba daya.[1] == Bayyanawa == Wannan itace ne mai tsayi wanda ke girma tarin har zuwa kimanin {{Cvt|25|cm}} in) tsawo. Shafuka suna da tsawon {{Cvt|20|cm}} cm (7.9 in) kuma sun ƙunshi takardun gashi masu launin azurfa da yawa. Inflorescence yana riƙe da furanni masu launin cream 5 zuwa 15 kowannensu game da {{Cvt|2|cm}} in) a tsawon. 'Ya'yan itace ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ne har zuwa kimanin {{Cvt|4|cm}} in) tsawo. Kwayar tana da lankwasawa kuma tana da haƙarƙari guda uku. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3691,3718,3867 Jepson Manual Magani na ''Astragalus tricarinatus''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240713214134/https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentVersionID=16860 Binciken Yanayi na ''Astragalus tricarinatus'' .] * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Astragalus+tricarinatus ''Astragalus tricarinatus'' - Hoton hotuna na UC] {{Clear}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q4811308}} glop0e1p8jpk7v383uo97quw6ykvho9 0 172220 969049 939328 2026-10-18T13:37:29Z Nura Bello 24854 969049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Monument [[Nunatak|nunataks]]''' (72°35′S 162°15′E / 72.583°S 162.250°E / -72.583; 162.250 (Monument Nunatks)) rukuni ne na nunataks a Antarctica waɗanda ke da ƙuƙwalwa da yawa da kuma siffofi masu kama da abubuwan tunawa, waɗanda ke arewacin Sculpture Mountain a saman ɓangaren Rennick Glacier. Jam'iyyar Arewacin New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE) ta 1962-63 ce ta sanya wa kungiyar suna.{{Sfn|Alberts|1995}} == Wurin da yake == [[File:C72193s5_Ant.Map_Freyberg_Mountains.jpg|thumb|Nunataks a kudu maso yamma]] [[File:C72200s1_Ant.Map_Welcome_Mountain.jpg|thumb|Yankin da ke yammacin Monument Nunataks]] Nunataks na Monument suna gefen gabas na saman Rennick Glacier. Duwatsun Freyberg suna gabas, kuma Mesa Range suna kudu.{{Sfn|Freyburg Mountains USGS}}Nunataks na waje suna yamma.{{Sfn|Welcome Mountain USGS}} == Abubuwan da ke ciki == Abubuwan da ke ciki, daga arewa zuwa kudu, sun hada da: === Dutsen Lorius === 72°28′S 162°21′E / 72.467°S 162.350°E / -72.467; 162.350. Dutse, mita 1,690 (5,540 tsawo, tsaye {{Convert|2.5|nmi}} arewacin Dutsen Allison. Taswirar ta [[United States Antarctic Research Program|Shirin Binciken Antarctic na Amurka]] (USARP) Victoria Land Traverse Party, 1959-60. Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Amurka kan Sunayen Antarctic (US-ACAN) ne ya ba da suna ga Claude Lorius, masanin ilimin kankara na Faransa, memba na jam'iyyar.{{Sfn|Alberts|1995}} === Dutsen Allison === 72°31′S 162°22′E / 72.517°S 162.367°E / -72.517; 162.367. Dutsen {{Convert|3|nmi}} km; 3.5 arewa maso gabashin Dutsen Stuart. Taswirar da United States Geological Survey (USGS) ta yi daga binciken da hotuna na jirgin ruwa na Amurka, 1960-64. US-ACAN ta sanya masa suna ga Richard G. Allison, masanin ilimin halitta a McMurdo Station, lokacin rani na 1965-66 da 1967-68. {{Sfn|Alberts|1995}} === Dutsen Stuart === 72°33′S 162°15′E / 72.550°S 162.250°E / -72.550; 162.250. Dutse, mita 1,995 (6,545 tsawo, tsaye {{Convert|5|nmi}} arewacin Dutsen VX-6. US-ACAN ta sanya masa suna ga AW Stuart, masanin ilimin kankara kuma memba na Jam'iyyar ArmyRP Victoria Land Traverse ta Amurka wacce ta bincika wannan yanki a 1959-60. {{Sfn|Alberts|1995}} === Dutsen VX-6 === 72°38′S 162°12′E / 72.633°S 162.200°E / -72.633; 162.200. Wani dutse ne mai kaifi, mai tsayi, mita 2,185 (7,169 , yana tsaye {{Convert|4|nmi}} arewacin Minaret Nunatak. Binciken da aka yi ta USARP Victoria Land Traverse Party, 1959-60. Sun sanya masa suna don Squadron Air Development na Amurka (VX-6) wanda ke tallafawa jam'iyyar da ke cikin filin. A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1969, an sake sanya rukunin a matsayin Squadron Development na Antarctic Six (VXE-6) amma aikinsa ya kasance iri ɗaya.{{Sfn|Alberts|1995}} === Minaret Nunatak === 72°42′S 162°10′E / 72.700°S 162.167°E / -72.700; 162.167. Wani nunatak mai kama da minaret, mita 2,115 (6,939 tsawo, tsaye {{Convert|1|nmi}} km; 1.2 yammacin Burkett Nunatak. Jam'iyyar Arewa ta NZGSAE ce ta ba da suna, 1962-63. {{Sfn|Alberts|1995}} === Burkett Nunatak === 72°42′S 162°14′E / 72.700°S 162.233°E / -72.700; 162.233. Nunatak, mita 2,180 (7,150 tsawo, tsaye {{Convert|1|nmi}} km; 1.2 gabashin Minaret Nunatak. Taswirar USGS daga binciken da hotuna na jirgin ruwa na Amurka, 1960-64. An sanya masa suna ta US-ACAN don Willis A. Burkett, masanin lantarki na jirgin sama na Amurka Navy Squadron VX-6. Burkett ya yi turawa shida tare da tafiye-tafiye na Deep Freeze kuma ya shiga cikin jirage sama da 100 zuwa [[McMurdo Sound]]. {{Sfn|Alberts|1995}} === R4D Nunatak === 72°44′S 162°21′E / 72.733°S 162.350°E / -72.733; 162.350. Nunatak da ke kwance {{Convert|2|nmi}} kudu maso gabashin Burkett Nunatak, a ƙarshen kudu maso gabasan Monument Nunataks. Jam'iyyar Arewa ta NZGSAE ce ta ba da sunan, 1962-63, bayan jirgin saman R4D "Dakota" da Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka suka yi amfani da shi don jigilar Jam'iyyar ta Arewa zuwa wannan yanki, da kuma sake samarwa da dawo da jam'iyyar zuwa Scott Base.{{Sfn|Alberts|1995}} == Abubuwan da ke kusa == === Dutsen da aka zana === 72°51′S 162°05′E / 72.850°S 162.083°E / -72.850; 162.083. Babban dutse mai laushi tsakanin Monument Nunataks da [[Sheehan Mesa]]. Jam'iyyar Arewa ta NZGSAE ce ta ba da sunan, 1962-63, saboda ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa wacce aka ƙera a cikin fasalin.{{Sfn|Alberts|1995}} === Ƙarshen hakora === 72°47′S 162°03′E / 72.783°S 162.050°E / -72.783; 162.050. Wani karamin tudu mai kaifi a arewacin Sculpture Mountain a saman [[Rennick Glacier]]. An sanya masa suna saboda siffar hakora ta Jam'iyyar Arewa ta NZGSAE, 1962-63.{{Sfn|Alberts|1995}} === Dutsen gajere === 72°50′S 162°13′E / 72.833°S 162.217°E / -72.833; 162.217. Dutse, mita 2,110 (6,920 tsawo, tsaye {{Convert|1|nmi}} km; 1.2 gabashin Sculpture Mountain. Taswirar USGS daga binciken da hotuna na jirgin ruwa na Amurka, 1960-64. An sanya masa suna ta US-ACAN don Lieutenant Commander John S. Short, Sojan Ruwa na Amurka, kwamandan jirgin sama na LC-130F a cikin [[Operation Deep Freeze]] 1967 da 1968.{{Sfn|Alberts|1995}} === Cherry Spur === 72°52′S 162°00′E / 72.867°S 162.000°E / -72.867; 162.000. Wani shahararren dutse wanda ya zama yankin kudu maso yammacin Sculpture Mountain a kudancin ƙarshen Monument Nunataks. Jam'iyyun Jami'ar Jihar Ohio ne suka yi nazarin fasalin a cikin lokutan 1981-82 da 1982-83. US-ACAN ce ta sanya masa suna bayan Eric M. Cherry, masanin ilimin ƙasa tare da waɗancan jam'iyyun da suka yi aiki a kan hanyar.{{Sfn|Alberts|1995}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7y4d7ktosx6jc6uch7jfv2frkzv62in 0 173479 969083 943499 2026-10-18T14:36:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Global Rights wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa da ƙasa (NGO) da ke aikin ƙarfafa ƙwarewa da iya aiki a fannin haƙƙin ɗan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brides |first=Girls Not |title=Global Rights |url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/members/global-rights/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024034402/https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/members/global-rights/ |archive-date=2019-10-24 |access-date=2019-06-25 |website=Girls Not Brides |language=en}}</ref> An kafa ƙungiyar a Washington, D.C., a shekara ta 1978 da sunan International Human Rights Law Group. A shekara ta 2003, a lokacin bikin cikar ƙungiyar shekaru 25 da kafuwa, ta sauya sunanta zuwa Global Rights: Partners for Justice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Human Rights Law Group |url=https://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/International+Human+Rights+Law+Group |access-date=2019-06-25 |website=TheFreeDictionary.com}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, ƙungiyar ta rufe hedikwatarta da ke Washington, sannan ta mayar da cibiyar ayyukanta zuwa ofisoshinta na ƙasa a Najeriya da Burundi.[3] Daga waɗannan ofisoshi, ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da aiki tare da masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam na cikin gida a Afirka, domin inganta da kare haƙƙin al'ummomin da aka mayar saniyar ware. Ƙungiyar ta bayar da tallafin fasaha da horo domin taimaka wa abokan aikinta na cikin gida wajen tattara bayanai da bayyana take haƙƙin ɗan Adam, gudanar da ayyukan wayar da kan al'umma da haɗa kan jama'a, neman sauye-sauye a dokoki da manufofi, da kuma samar da ayyukan taimakon shari'a da na mataimakan lauyoyi.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |last=developer |title=About Us |url=http://www.globalrights.org/ngn/about-us/ |access-date=2019-06-25 |website=Global Rights |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615021623/http://www.globalrights.org/ngn/about-us/ |archive-date=2019-06-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Babban Darakta == Gay McDougall ya kasance Babban Darakta na 'Yancin Duniya daga 1994 zuwa 2014. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin kwamishinoni 16 a cikin Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta da ke taimakawa wajen tabbatar da zaɓen adalci bayan faduwar wariyar launin fata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a 1994. A lokacinta 'Yancin Duniya ya yi aiki a Kambodiya yana taimakawa wajen magance rashin ayyukan shari'a tun lokacin da Khmer Rouge ya kashe yawancin lauyoyin kasar. Abiodun Baiyewu ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta na kungiyar tun watan Oktoba 2018. Ta jagoranci shirye-shiryen kungiyar a Najeriya, Ghana, Saliyo, jagorantar shirye-shirye irin su Nigeria Mourns, Rape is A Crime, Yammacin Afirka Mining Host Communities Indaba, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Co-Chairman African Coalition for Corporate Accountability - wani shiri na kungiyar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t1kvosvj2y5u4z8h94c9b28pk6tr3t6 0 174940 969303 947845 2026-10-18T22:08:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sturminster_Marshall,_new_signage_on_the_A350_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1741455.jpg|right|thumb|Fingerposts da sauran alamun hanya a ƙauyen Ingila na Sturminster Marshall, kusa da PooleGidan da aka yi amfani da shi]] [[File:Signpost_on_Warrego_Highway_-Australia-1Aug2009.jpg|right|thumb|Alamar Tabbatar da hanyar a kan Warrego Highway a Queensland, Ostiraliya, tana sanar da masu motoci game da nisan su (a cikin kilomita) daga wuraren da aka jera]] '''Alamun zirga-zirga''' ko '''Alamun hanya''' alamun da aka kafa a gefen ko sama da [[Titi|Hanyoyi]] don ba da umarni ko samar da bayanai ga masu amfani da hanya. Alamun farko sune katako ko dutse masu sauƙi. Daga baya, an gabatar da alamomi tare da makamai masu jagora, misali yatsunsu hannu a Ƙasar Ingila da takwarorinsu na katako a Saxony. Tare da ƙaruwar zirga-zirga tun daga shekarun 1930, ƙasashe da yawa sun karɓi alamun hoto ko kuma an sauƙaƙe su kuma an daidaita alamun su don shawo kan shingen harshe, da haɓaka amincin zirga-zane. Irin waɗannan alamun hoto suna amfani da alamomi (sau da yawa silhouettes) a maimakon kalmomi kuma yawanci suna dogara ne akan ka'idojin kasa da kasa. Irin waɗannan alamun an fara kirkirar su ne a Turai, kuma yawancin ƙasashe sun karɓa zuwa matakai daban-daban. [[File:Road_sign_in_Åland.jpg|right|thumb|Alamar hanya don [[Åland Islands Highway 2|2]]" href="./Roundabout" id="mwJA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Roundabout">zagaye da ke kaiwa ga manyan hanyoyi 1, 2 da 3 a Mariehamn, Åland]] [[File:Remote_areas_ahead.jpg|right|thumb|Alamar a Ostiraliya tana tunatar da direbobi su ɗauki isasshen kayayyaki kafin su shiga yankuna masu nisaYankunan da ke nesa]] == Taron kasa da kasa == Taron kasa da kasa irin su Taron Vienna kan Alamun Hanya da Sigina da Traffic na Hanya sun taimaka wajen cimma digiri na daidaito a sanya hannu kan zirga-zirga a kasashe daban-daban. Kasashe ma sun bi wasu kasashe (har zuwa wani mataki) don kauce wa rikicewa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026}} == Matsayi == [[File:Kuh-Warnung.jpg|thumb|Alamar gargadi game da ƙetare shanu a cikin hanyar karkara ta Tsibirin Madeira, Portugal]] Ana iya haɗa alamun zirga-zirga cikin nau'o'i da yawa. Misali, Annexe 1 na Yarjejeniyar Vienna kan Alamun Hanya da Sigina (1968), wanda a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2004 yana da kasashe 52 masu sa hannu, ya bayyana nau'ikan alamomi takwas: * A. Alamun gargadi na haɗari * B. Alamun fifikoAlamun da suka fi muhimmanci * C. Alamun haramtacciya ko ƙuntatawa * D. Alamun tilastawaAlamun da ake bukata * E. Alamun tsari na musamman * F. Bayani, wurare, ko alamun sabis * G. Jagora, matsayi, ko alamun nunawa * H. Ƙarin bangarori [[File:Saskatchewan_highway_663_ends.JPG|thumb|Ana iya nuna alamomi biyar ko fiye a kan wata sanarwa. A nan alamar ƙarshen hanya ta [[Kanada]] ta bayyana tare da alamar filin jirgin sama na karkara.]] [[File:Traffic_sign_in_jordan2.jpg|thumb|Alamar iyakar zirga-zirga a [[Jodan|Jordan]]]] A cikin Amurka, Kanada, Ostiraliya, da New Zealand alamun an rarraba su kamar haka: * Alamun sarrafawa * Alamun gargadi * Alamun jagora ** Alamun sunan titi ** Alamar hanya ** Alamun hanya mai sauri ** Alamun titin babbar hanya ** Alamun maraba ** Alamun Bayani ** Nishaɗi da alamun sha'awar [[Al'ada|al'adu]] * Alamun Gudanar da gaggawa (Tsaron farar hula) * Alamun sarrafa zirga-zirga na wucin gini (ginawa ko yankin aiki) * Alamun Makarantar * Alamun jirgin kasa da alamun jirgin kasa * Alamun keke A cikin Amurka, an bayyana nau'ikan, sanyawa, da ka'idojin hoto don alamun zirga-zirga da alamun hanya a cikin Manual na Hukumar Gudanar da Hanyar Tarayya akan Na'urorin Kula da Hanyar Hanyar Hadin Gizo a matsayin misali. Bambanci na al'ada tsakanin alamun shugabanci shine wanda ke tsakanin alamun jagorancin gaba, alamun musayar, da alamun tabbatarwa. Alamun jagora na gaba sun bayyana a wani nesa daga musayar, suna ba da bayani ga kowane shugabanci. Kasashe da yawa ba sa ba da bayani game da hanyar da ke gaba (wanda ake kira "tushen" alamomi), kuma kawai ga hanyoyin hagu da dama. Alamun jagora na gaba suna bawa direbobi damar yin taka tsantsan don fita (misali, sauya hanyoyi, duba sau biyu ko wannan shine fitowar da ta dace, raguwa). Sau da yawa ba sa bayyana a kan ƙananan hanyoyi, amma galibi ana sanya su a kan manyan hanyoyi da manyan hanyoyi, saboda direbobi za su rasa hanyoyin fita ba tare da su ba. Duk da yake kowace ƙasa tana da tsarin kanta, alamar kusanci ta farko don fita daga babbar hanya galibi ana sanya ta aƙalla mita 1,000 (3,300 daga ainihin musayar. Bayan wannan alamar, ƙarin alamun ci gaba ɗaya ko biyu yawanci suna bi kafin ainihin musayar kanta. == Tarihi == [[File:20140822_kuninkaantien-mailimerkki_ore-e-ref_c_q_xxx_e-1-a_hevoslinja_pho.jpg|thumb|Tsohon alamar [[Finland]])" id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="King's Road (Finland)">Hanyar Sarki tsakanin Perniö da Ekenäs a Finland]] Alamun hanya na farko sune muhimman abubuwa, suna ba da nisa ko jagora; alal misali, Romawa sun gina ginshiƙan dutse a duk fadin daularsu suna ba da nesa zuwa Roma. A cewar Strabo, Maurya ya kafa allon a nesa da matakai 10 don nuna alamun hanyoyin su. A cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, alamun hanyoyi da yawa a tsakiya sun zama ruwan dare, suna ba da jagora ga birane da garuruwa. A shekara ta 1686, Sarki Peter II na Portugal ne ya kafa Dokar Gudanar da Traffic ta farko da aka sani a Turai. Wannan aikin ya ga sanya Alamun fifiko a cikin ƙananan tituna na [[Lisbon]], yana bayyana wane zirga-zirga ya kamata ya koma baya don ba da hanya. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan alamun har yanzu yana nan a titin Salvador, a unguwar Alfama . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Antanho) |first=J. E. Fraga Aurélio (lisboa De |date=2016-02-21 |title=Lisboa de Antigamente: Rua do Salvador |url=https://lisboadeantigamente.blogspot.com/2016/02/rua-do-salvador.html |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Lisboa de Antigamente}}</ref> Alamun hanya na zamani na farko da aka gina a kan sikelin da yawa an tsara su ne don mahayan keke masu tsawo ko "na yau da kullun" a ƙarshen shekarun 1870 da farkon shekarun 1880. Wadannan injunan suna da sauri, shiru kuma yanayin su ya sa su da wuya a sarrafa su, kuma mahayan su sun yi tafiya mai nisa kuma galibi sun fi son yawon shakatawa a kan hanyoyin da ba a sani ba. Ga irin waɗannan mahayan, Kungiyoyin keke keke sun fara kafa alamun da ke gargadi game da haɗari masu yuwuwa a gaba (musamman tsaunuka masu tsawo), maimakon kawai ba da nisa ko jagora ga wurare, don haka ba da gudummawar nau'in alamar da ke bayyana alamun zirga-zirga na "zamani". Ci gaban motoci ya karfafa tsarin alamomi masu rikitarwa ta amfani da sanarwa fiye da kawai rubutun rubutu. Ɗaya daga cikin tsarin alamun hanya na zamani na farko an tsara shi ne ta hanyar Italiyanci Touring Club a cikin 1895. A shekara ta 1900, wani Majalisa na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Yawon Bude Ido ta Duniya a Paris yana la'akari da shawarwari don daidaita alamun hanya. A cikin 1903 gwamnatin Burtaniya ta gabatar da alamomi huɗu na "na kasa" bisa ga siffar, amma an saita ainihin alamu na mafi yawan alamun zirga-zirga a cikin 1909, lokacin da gwamnatocin Turai tara suka amince da amfani da alamomi guda huɗu, suna nuna "bump", "curve", "intersection", da kuma "matakin jirgin kasa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nouvier |first=Jacques |last2=Duhamel-Herz |first2=Marina |last3=Arbaiza |first3=Alberto |last4=Lucas |first4=Antonio |title=The History of Traffic Signing in France and Europe: the Role of International Conventions |url=https://proceedings-paris2007.piarc.org/ressources/files/5/HS028-Nouvier-E.pdf |access-date=2026-07-25}}</ref> Ayyukan da aka yi a kan alamun hanya na kasa da kasa da suka faru tsakanin 1926 da 1949 sun haifar da ci gaban tsarin alamun hanya ta Turai. Dukkanin Burtaniya da Amurka sun haɓaka tsarin alamun hanya, dukansu biyu an karɓa ko an gyara su ta wasu ƙasashe da yawa a cikin yankunansu na tasiri. Ƙasar Ingila ta karɓi sigar alamun hanya ta Turai a cikin 1964 kuma, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, alamun Arewacin Amurka sun fara amfani da wasu alamomi da zane-zane da aka gauraya tare da Turanci. A Amurka, American Automobile Association (AAA) ne suka kafa alamun hanya na farko. Farawa a cikin 1906, kungiyoyin AAA na yanki sun fara biyan kuɗi da shigar da alamun katako don taimakawa masu motoci su sami hanyarsu. A shekara ta 1914, AAA ta fara aikin alamomi na hadin kai, shigar da alamomi sama da 4,000 a cikin wani sashi tsakanin Los Angeles da Kansas City kadai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-18 |title=Where Did the First Road Signs Come From? |url=https://magazine.northeast.aaa.com/daily/life/aaa/where-did-the-first-road-signs-come-from/ |access-date=2020-02-21 |website=Your AAA Network |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekaru, canji ya kasance a hankali. Alamun masana'antu sun kasance dutse ko itace, amma tare da ci gaban hanyar Darby ta narkar da ƙarfe ta amfani da ƙarfe mai laushi ya zama abin sha'awa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da 19. An ci gaba da amfani da baƙin ƙarfe har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20, amma an sannu a hankali an maye gurbinsa da aluminum ko wasu kayan aiki da matakai, kamar su vitreous enamelled da / ko matse baƙin ƙarfe, ko (daga baya) ƙarfe. Tun daga shekara ta 1945 an yi mafi yawan alamomi daga takardar aluminum tare da murfin filastik mai mannewa; waɗannan galibi suna nunawa don dare da kuma hangen nesa. Kafin ci gaban filastik masu nunawa, an samar da haskakawa ta hanyar gilashin da aka saita cikin haruffa da alamomi. Sabbin tsararraki na alamun zirga-zirga bisa ga nuni na lantarki na iya canza rubutun su (ko, a wasu ƙasashe, alamomi) don samar da "tsarin sarrafawa" wanda ke da alaƙa da na'urorin firikwensin zirga-zane na atomatik ko shigarwar hannu mai nisa. A cikin kasashe sama da 20, ana isar da gargadi na ainihi na Tashar Saƙon Saƙoƙi kai tsaye zuwa tsarin kewayawa na motoci ta amfani da siginar da ba a iya ji ta hanyar rediyo na FM, bayanan salula na 3G da watsa shirye-shiryen tauraron dan adam. A ƙarshe, motoci na iya biyan haraji kuma manyan motoci sun wuce binciken tsaro ta amfani da binciken lambar bidiyo, ko RFID transponders a cikin gilashin iska da aka haɗa da antennae a kan hanya, don tallafawa siginar jirgi, tattara haraji, da kuma sa ido kan lokacin tafiya. Duk da haka wani "tsaki" don canja wurin bayanai da ke da alaƙa da alamun bayyane shine RIAS (Remote Infrared Audible Signage) , misali, "alamu masu magana" don masu nakasa (ciki har da makafi / marasa gani / marasa ilimi). Wadannan su ne masu watsawa na infrared da ke aiki da manufa iri ɗaya kamar alamun hoto na yau da kullun lokacin da na'urar da ta dace ta karɓa kamar mai karɓar hannu ko wanda aka gina a cikin wayar salula.<gallery widths="200" heights="200" class="center"> File:Campidoglio_-_il_miliarium.JPG|Roman milestone File:SinalTransitoSalvador.JPG|17th century traffic sign in Salvador street, [[Lisbon]], Portugal stating which traffic should back up to give way:<br />''Year of 1686. His Majesty commands all coaches, carriages and litters coming from Salvador's entrance to back up to the same part'' </gallery> == Rubutun rubutu == Rubutun da aka yi amfani da su a kan alamun zirga-zirga sun bambanta da wuri, tare da wasu rubutun da aka tsara musamman don manufar amfani da su akan alamun zirg-zirga kuma bisa ga halayen da ke taimakawa kallo daga nesa. Ana zaɓar rubutun da aka zaɓa don alamar zirga-zirga bisa ga iya karantawa, wanda ke da mahimmanci don isar da bayanai ga direbobi da sauri da kuma daidai a manyan saurin da nesa. Abubuwa kamar bayyane haruffa, layin kwafi, sarari mai dacewa, da sauƙi suna taimakawa ga karantawa. Ƙarin X-Tsawon X ƙididdigar musamman suna taimakawa tare da bambancin wasika da rage halation, wanda musamman ya shafi tsofaffin direbobi. A lokuta na halation, wasu haruffa na iya ɓoyewa kuma suna kama da wasu, kamar ƙananan "e" da ke bayyana a matsayin "a", "c", ko "o". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffrey D. Miles |last2=Bari Kotwal |last3=Sarah Hammond |last4=Fan Ye |date=April 2014 |title=Evaluation of Guide Sign Fonts |url=https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/research-innovation-system-information/documents/f0017175-final-report-task-2289.pdf |access-date=11 April 2024 |publisher=Minnesota Department of Transportation |via=State of California Department of Transportation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501025636/https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/research-innovation-system-information/documents/f0017175-final-report-task-2289.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Rikici game da daidaitattun rubutun don alamun zirga-zirgar Arewacin Amurka === A cikin 1997, ƙungiyar ƙira a Cibiyar Sufuri ta T.D. Larson ta fara gwada Clearview, rubutun da aka tsara don inganta karatun da halation tare da FHWA Standard Alphabet, wanda aka fi sani da Highway Gothic, wanda shine ma'auni na alamun babbar hanya a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Programs to Compare Performance of existing FHWA Typeface Standards to Clearview designs |url=https://www.clearviewhwy.com/home/research/ |website=ClearviewHWY}}</ref> Amincewa da Clearview don alamun zirga-zirga a kan Highway Gothic ya kasance mai jinkiri tun lokacin da aka fara gabatar da shi. Samun tallafi na kasa ya fuskanci juriya daga gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi da kuma Hukumar Kula da Hanyar Tarayya (FHWA), suna nuna damuwa game da daidaito da tsada, tare da shakku game da binciken da aka yi akan ingantaccen karatun Clearview. Kamar yadda FHWA ta bayyana, "Wannan tsari (na tsara Clearview) bai haifar da ingantaccen tsarin haruffa don sanya hannu a kan hanya ba, amma a maimakon haka wani tsari daban-daban na haruffa tare da karuwar tsawo na haruffaa da kuma bambancin haruffa wanda ba a kwatanta shi da Standard Alphabet. " FHWA ta ba da izinin amfani da Clearview don a amince da shi na wucin gadi kamar yadda ya saba da canjin ƙasa, inda kananan hukumomi za su iya yanke shawarar gabatar da buƙata ga FHWA don amincewa don sabunta alamun su tare da Clearview, amma a cikin 2016 sun soke wannan amincewar, suna so su iyakance rikice-rikice da rashin daidaituwa wanda zai iya fitowa daga cakuda nau'ikan nau'ikan biyu da ake amfani da su. A cikin 2018, sun sake ba da izinin amincewa na wucin gadi na Clearview, tare da Highway Gothic ya kasance misali. == Sanar da alamar zirga-zirga ta atomatik == Motoci suna fara nuna kyamarori tare da gane alamar zirga-zirga ta atomatik, farawa 2008 tare da Opel Insignia. Yafi gane iyakokin saurin da wuraren da ba a wuce gona da iri ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opel Insignia to feature traffic sign recognition system |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/lifestyle/autos/news/article_1415817.php/Opel_Insignia_to_feature_traffic_sign_recognition_system |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026074935/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/lifestyle/autos/news/article_1415817.php/Opel_Insignia_to_feature_traffic_sign_recognition_system |archive-date=2010-10-26}}</ref> Hakanan yana amfani da GPS da bayanan bayanai akan iyakokin saurin, wanda ke da amfani a cikin ƙasashe da yawa waɗanda ke nuna iyakokin sautin birni tare da alamar sunan birni, ba alamar saurin ba. == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery class="center"> File:Vienna_Convention_road_sign_C3m-V3-1-EA.svg|No vehicles carrying explosives File:Nome_Alaska_road_sign.jpg|Sign north of Nome, Alaska, providing warning of the road, unpopulated area beyond File:After_Whiskey_Driving_Risky.jpg|Humorous Himank sign in Lahaul, India File:Urbanistic_life.jpg|Pedestrian crossing sign in Finland File:Vienna_Convention_road_sign_Aa-15b-V1.svg|A sign for wild animals such as [[Dabbar rendiya|deer]] File:Röttingen_an_der_Romantischen_Straße.jpg|''Romantic Road'' sign in southern Germany File:03874jfPasig_City_Boundary_Buting_Bridge_School_Creek_Monument_East_Rembo_Makati_Cityfvf_16.jpg|Pedestrian crossing Slow sign in Buting, Pasig, [[Filipin|Philippines]] File:Turkey_road_sign_B-13a_02.svg|A Turkish motorway mileage sign File:On_the_way_to_Chicanna_-_Sign_on_Highway_186,_Campeche,_Mexico.jpg|Sign close to Chicana on the Mexican Federal Highway 186, Campeche, Mexico File:Taiwan_road_sign_Art025.3.png|The design specifications for a [[Taiwan|Taiwanese]] sign warning of double bends ahead. Translated directly, it means that there are winding roads for the next ten kilometres. File:Southbound_lane_on_Jianguo_Rd_Exit_of_Kaohsuing_IC_on_the_Taiwan_No2_National_Highway.JPG|A group of green-coloured directional signs on the National Highway No. 1 in [[Kaohsiung]], Taiwan File:STOP_sign.jpg|Stop sign in Australia File:2015-01-13_13_35_03_Traffic_signal_ahead_sign_on_South_5th_Street_(Nevada_State_Route_227)_in_Elko,_Nevada.JPG|Traffic signal ahead sign in the United States File:Señalización_ceda_el_paso.jpg|A yield sign in Mexico File:Modřanská,_smyčka_Dvorce.jpg|A sign indicating speed limit enforcement ahead in the Czech Republic File:BG-road-sign-mistake.jpg|Grammar mistake on a road sign in [[Sofiya|Sofia]], Bulgaria. The third word should be spelled '{{Lang|bg|целия}}'. File:Signs-1030786,_Dingle_Peninsula,_Co._Kerry,_Ireland.jpg|Three bilingual Irish-English directional fingerposts File:Keep_Moving_Change_Lanes_Later.jpg|Traffic signs on U.S. Route 17 in Charleston, South Carolina File:Sweeper_truck_on_Naberezhna_in_Dnipro._(36890).jpg|Traffic signs cleaning machine in [[Dnipro]], Ukraine File:Traffic_Camera.svg|Speed camera sign used in many countries </gallery> == Jirgin ƙasa == Jirgin ƙasa yana da bambance-bambance da yawa tsakanin ƙasashe kuma sau da yawa ba ya kama da alamun hanya. Jirgin ƙasa yana da ƙwararrun direbobi waɗanda ke da ilimi mai tsawo fiye da abin da ya saba da lasisin tuki na hanya. Bambance-bambance tsakanin kasashe makwabta suna haifar da matsaloli ga zirga-zirgar kan iyaka kuma suna haifar da buƙatar ƙarin ilimi ga direbobi.   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pvbzmxfwc6tout4jzzm4yzedrj4gj8i 0 174960 969304 950013 2026-10-18T22:10:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Duniya''' (IOC) yana amfani da gumaka, tutoci, da alamomi don wakiltar da kuma inganta [[Gasar Olympic|wasannin Olympics]] . Waɗannan alamomin sun haɗa da waɗanda aka saba amfani da su a lokacin gasar Olympics kamar harshen wuta, shagulgula, da jigo da kuma waɗanda ake amfani da su a lokacin gasar da kuma a waje, kamar tutar Olympics. An ƙirƙiri tutar Olympics a shekarar 1914 ƙarƙashin jagorancin Baron de Coubertin na Faransa. An fara ɗaga shi a [[Alexandria]], Masar, a filin wasa na Old Shatby wanda yanzu yake a [[Al-Ittihad Alexandria Club|Al Ittihad Alexandria Club]], a wasannin Pan-Egyptian na 1914. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Team Egypt |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/all-sports/noc-profile-egypt.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721171248/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/all-sports/noc-profile-egypt.htm |archive-date=21 July 2021}}</ref> Zobba biyar da ke kan tutar suna wakiltar nahiyoyi da ake zaune a cikinsu a duniya ( [[Amurka|Amurkawa]] da ake ɗauka a matsayin nahiyoyi ɗaya). Ya ƙunshi launukan shuɗi, baƙi, ja, rawaya, da kore, waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a tutocin ƙasa a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-07 |title=What is the meaning of the Olympic rings? |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/faq/olympic-symbol-and-identity/what-is-the-meaning-of-the-olympic-rings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304030503/https://olympics.com/ioc/faq/olympic-symbol-and-identity/what-is-the-meaning-of-the-olympic-rings |archive-date=4 March 2022 |access-date=31 August 2021 |website=[[International Olympic Committee]]}}</ref> == Taken da kuma akida == [[Fayil:Citius_altius_fortius.png|thumb| Taken da ke kan lambar yabo ta Olympics ta bazara ta 1948]] Asalin taken Olympics shine hendiatris " {{Lang|la|Citius, Altius, Fortius}} " {{Efn|{{IPA|la-x-classic|ˈkɪ.ti.ʊs ˈaɫ.ti.ʊs ˈfɔr.ti.ʊs}}, Anglicised pronunciation {{IPA|la|ˈsɪtiʌs ˈæltiʌs ˈfɔrtiʌs|}}, {{respell|SIT|ee|us|_|ALT|ee|us|_|FORT|ee|us}}}} [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] don "Mafi sauri, Maɗaukaki, Maɗaukaki" (kuma "Mafi sauri, Maɗaukaki, Maɗaukaki.") <ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=What is the Olympic motto? |url=http://registration.olympic.org/en/faq/detail/id/29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918085634/http://registration.olympic.org/en/faq/detail/id/29 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |access-date=19 September 2014 |publisher=International Olympic Committee}}</ref> Pierre de Coubertin ne ya gabatar da taken bayan ƙirƙirar IOC. Coubertin ya aro shi ne daga abokinsa Henri Didon, wani firist ɗan ƙasar Dominican wanda yake sha'awar wasanni. <ref name="motto">{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Opening Ceremony |url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_268.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905080534/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_268.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2011 |access-date=23 August 2012 |publisher=International Olympic Committee |page=3}}; "Sport athlétique", 14 mars 1891: "[...] dans une éloquente allocution il a souhaité que ce drapeau les conduise 'souvent à la victoire, à la lutte toujours'. Il a dit qu'il leur donnait pour devise ces trois mots qui sont le fondement et la raison d'être des sports athlétiques: citius, altius, fortius, 'plus vite, plus haut, plus fort'", cited in Hoffmane, Simone ''La carrière du père Didon, Dominicain. 1840 - 1900'', Doctoral thesis, Université de Paris IV&nbsp;— Sorbonne man thingy, 1985, p. 926; cf. Michaela Lochmann, ''Les fondements pédagogiques de la devise olympique „citius, altius, fortius“''</ref> Coubertin ya ce "waɗannan kalmomi uku suna wakiltar wani shiri na kyawawan ɗabi'u. Kyawawan wasanni ba za a iya taɓa su ba". <ref name="motto" /> An gabatar da taken a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1924 a birnin Paris. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PARIS 1924 : Games of the VIII Olympiad |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1924 |access-date=22 June 2026 |website=Web.archive.org |archive-date=3 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303133133/http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1924 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> An bayyana manufofin Coubertin na Olympics a cikin akidar Olympics:   Coubertin ya samo wannan rubutun ne daga wani wa'azi da Bishop na Central Pennsylvania Ethelbert Talbot ya yi, a lokacin Wasannin London na 1908. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2013 |title=The Olympic Summer Games |url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/The_Olympic_Summer_Games.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906110401/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/The_Olympic_Summer_Games.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=29 December 2015 |publisher=International Olympic Committee}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, IOC ta amince da ƙara kalmar "tare", bayan an yi amfani da "en dash ", a cikin taken. Yanzu yana karanta " {{Lang|la|Citius, Altius, Fortius – Communiter}} ", Latin don "Mafi Girma, Mafi Girma, Ƙarfafa - Tare" ( French ). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-22 |title="Faster, Higher, Stronger - Together" - IOC Session approves historic change in Olympic motto - Olympic News |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/-faster-higher-stronger-together-ioc-session-approves-historic-change-in-olympic-motto |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722105327/https://olympics.com/ioc/news/-faster-higher-stronger-together-ioc-session-approves-historic-change-in-olympic-motto |archive-date=22 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-23 |website=International Olympic Committee |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Olympic motto |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/olympic-motto |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816221617/https://olympics.com/ioc/olympic-motto |archive-date=16 August 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> A cewar wasu 'yan Latin na Italiya, kamar farfesa Mario De Nonno da farfesa Giorgio Piras, ra'ayin yin aiki tare ba a fassara shi yadda ya kamata ta hanyar {{Lang|la|communis}} ba. kuma ba na {{Lang|la|communiter}} ba . De Nonno ya gabatar da wani karin magana kamar {{Lang|la|Una}} ma'ana "a matsayin ɗaya". <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2021 |title=Tokyo 2020, il professore di latino: 'Vi spiego perché la gaffe del Cio è clamorosa' |url=https://video.repubblica.it/dossier/olimpiadi-tokyo-2020/tokyo-2020-il-professore-di-latino-vi-spiego-perche-la-gaffe-del-cio-e-clamorosa/392436/393149 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122235235/https://video.repubblica.it/dossier/olimpiadi-tokyo-2020/tokyo-2020-il-professore-di-latino-vi-spiego-perche-la-gaffe-del-cio-e-clamorosa/392436/393149 |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olimpiadi, la gaffe del Cio è clamorosa: Sbaglia il latino sul motto di Tokyo2020 |url=https://www.iltempo.it/attualita/2021/07/22/news/motto-latino-olimpiadi-tokyo-2020-giochi-olimpici-communiter-communis-solidarieta-cio-errore-gaffe-28060413/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222182414/https://www.iltempo.it/attualita/2021/07/22/news/motto-latino-olimpiadi-tokyo-2020-giochi-olimpici-communiter-communis-solidarieta-cio-errore-gaffe-28060413/ |archive-date=22 December 2021 |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> == Zoben Olympics ==   Zoben Olympics sun ƙunshi zobe guda biyar masu haɗe-haɗe, shuɗi mai launi, rawaya, baƙi, kore, da ja a kan farar filin wasa. An fara ƙirƙirar alamar a shekarar 1913 ta hannun Coubertin . Ko da yake daga baya an ce launukan zoben wakiltar nahiyoyi daban-daban ne, Coubertin da farko yana nufin adadin zoben da zai "wakilci sassa biyar na duniya da aka kwace yanzu zuwa gasar Olympics." <ref name="KLennartz">{{Cite journal |last=Lennartz |first=Karl |date=2002 |title=The Story of the Rings |url=http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv10n1/JOHv10n1m.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Olympic History |volume=10 |page=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107230741/http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv10n1/JOHv10n1m.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> A cewar Coubertin, launukan zoben, tare da farin bango, sun wakilci launukan kowace tutar ƙasar da ke fafatawa a lokacin. Bayan gabatarwar farko, Coubertin ya faɗi haka a cikin bugun ''Olympique'' na watan Agusta na 1913: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lennartz |first=Karl |date=2002 |title=The Story of the Rings |url=http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv10n1/JOHv10n1m.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Olympic History |volume=10 |page=31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107230741/http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv10n1/JOHv10n1m.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2016 |access-date=7 January 2016 |quote=De plus les six couleurs ainsi combinées reproduisent celles de toutes les nations sans exception. Le bleu et jaune de Suède, le bleu et blanc de Grèce, les tricolores français, anglais, américain, allemand, belge, italien, hongrois, le jaune et rouge d'Espagne voisinent avec les innovations brésilienne ou australienne, avec le vieux Japon et la jeune Chine. Voilà vraiment un emblème international.}}</ref> {{Blockquote|... the six colours [including the flag's white background] combined in this way reproduce the colours of every country without exception. The blue and yellow of Sweden, the blue and white of Greece, the tricolour flags of France, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Belgium, Italy, and Hungary, and the yellow and red of Spain are included, as are the innovative flags of Brazil and Australia, and those of ancient Japan and modern China. This, truly, is an international emblem.|title=}} [[File:Union_des_sociétés_françaises_de_sports_athlétiques_logo.svg|left|thumb| Tambarin USFSA]] [[File:Colección_del_Museo_Olímpico_-_45_-_Cap_of_the_Union_des_sociétés_françaises_de_sports_athlétiques.jpg|left|thumb| Matsakaicin gasa na Union des sociétés françaises de wasanni athlétiques . Zoben biyu masu haɗe-haɗe sun zaburar da zoben Olympics.]] A cikin labarinsa da aka buga a watan Nuwamba na 1992 a cikin mujallar ''Olympic Revue,'' mujallar hukuma ta IOC, masanin tarihin Amurka Robert Barney ya bayyana cewa ra'ayin zoben da aka haɗa ya zo wa Coubertin lokacin da yake jagorantar USFSA . Ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin wasanni biyu na Faransa ce ta kafa wannan ƙungiyar, kuma har zuwa shekarar 1925, ita ce ke da alhakin wakiltar IOC a Faransa. Alamar USFSA ta kasance zobba biyu masu haɗe-haɗe. Barney ya lura cewa likitan tabin hankali na Switzerland Carl Jung ya yi la'akari da da'irori don nuna cikakken ci gaba kuma cewa alaƙarsu tana nuna ci gaba. <ref name="AAFLA">{{Cite journal |last=Robert Knight Barney |date=November 1992 |title=This Great Symbol |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1992/ore301/ORE301p.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Olympic Review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305010456/http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1992/ore301/ORE301p.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2012 |access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref> An dakatar da taron Olympics na 1914 saboda barkewar [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yakin duniya na daya]], don haka an fara nuna alamar da tutar a hukumance a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1920 a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]], Belgium. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Kimberly D.}}</ref> Shaharar wannan alama da kuma amfani da ita ya fara ne tun lokacin da aka fara gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1936 a Berlin. Carl Diem, shugaban kwamitin shirya gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1936, yana son gudanar da bikin masu ɗaukar tocila a filin wasa da ke Delphi, wurin da aka yi bikin ba da labari mai suna inda aka gudanar da wasannin Pythian . Saboda wannan dalili, ya ba da umarnin gina wani muhimmin tarihi tare da sassaka zoben Olympics a gefuna, kuma mai ɗaukar tocila ya ɗauki wutar tare da rakiyar wasu uku daga can zuwa Berlin. An yi bikin, amma ba a taɓa cire dutsen ba. Daga baya, marubutan Amurka Lynn da Gray Poole, lokacin da suka ziyarci Delphi a ƙarshen shekarun 1950, sun ga dutsen kuma sun ba da rahoto a cikin ''Tarihin Wasannin Tsoho'' cewa ƙirar zoben Olympics ta fito ne daga tsohuwar Girka. An san wannan da suna "Dutsen Carl Diem". <ref name="aldaver">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2007 |title=Logos & Mascots |url=http://www.aldaver.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020524061552/http://www.aldaver.com/ |archive-date=24 May 2002 |access-date=18 March 2007}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da tatsuniyar cewa alamar tana da asalin tsohuwar Girka. Ra'ayin IOC a yanzu shi ne cewa alamar "ta ƙarfafa ra'ayin" cewa Ƙungiyar Olympics ta duniya ce kuma tana maraba da dukkan ƙasashen duniya su shiga. <ref name="IOC">{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=The Olympic symbols |url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_672.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316083724/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_672.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2007 |access-date=18 March 2007 |publisher=[[IOC]]}}</ref> Kamar yadda za a iya karantawa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Wasannin Olympics, alamar Olympics tana wakiltar haɗin kan [[Nahiya|nahiyoyi biyar]] na duniya da kuma haɗuwar 'yan wasa daga ko'ina cikin duniya a Gasar Wasannin Olympics. Duk da haka, babu wata nahiya da aka wakilta da wani takamaiman zobe. Bugun {{En dash}} na littafin "Koren Booklet" na IOC ya bayyana cewa kowane launi ya yi daidai da wani nahiya banda [[Antatika|Antarctica]] : "shuɗi ga [[Turai]], rawaya ga [[Asiya]], baƙi ga [[Afirka]], kore ga [[Osheniya|Ostiraliya]], da ja ga [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] . An juya wannan ikirarin a shekarar 1951 saboda babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa Coubertin ya yi niyya: "a mafi yawan lokuta wataƙila ya yarda da hakan daga baya". <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1951 |title=Decision adopted by the Executive Committee |url=https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll1/id/26411/rec/48 |url-status=live |journal=Bulletin du Comité International Olympique (Olympic Review) |location=Lausanne |publisher=IOC |issue=25 |page=32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805184755/https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll1/id/26411/rec/48 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref> Duk da haka, tambarin ƙungiyar kwamitocin wasannin Olympics ta ƙasa {{En dash}} shekarar 2014 ya sanya tambarin kowace ƙungiyar nahiyar guda biyar a cikin zoben launin da ya dace. An ƙara wani emoji na Olympics Rings zuwa [[WhatsApp]] a ranar 24 ga Yuli 2016 a sigar 2.16.7, daga baya aka cire shi a ranar 15 ga Agusta 2016 a sigar 2.16.9. <ref>{{Cite web |title=◯◯◯◯◯ Olympic Rings Emoji |url=https://emojipedia.org/olympic-rings/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303012044/https://emojipedia.org/olympic-rings/ |archive-date=3 March 2022 |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi biyar == Nau'o'in tutoci daban-daban == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Olympic-flag-Victoria.jpg|right|thumb| Tutar Olympics tana tashi a Victoria, British Columbia, Kanada, yayin da lardin ya dauki nauyin gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 2010 da aka gudanar a Vancouver]] Pierre de Coubertin ne ya ƙirƙiro tutar Olympics a shekarar 1913. {{Blockquote|The emblem selected to illustrate and represent the 1914 World Congress which was to place the final seal on the restoration of the Olympics began to appear on various preliminary documents: five rings linked at regular intervals, their various colors – blue, yellow, black, green and red – standing out against the white of the paper. These five rings represent the five parts of the world now won over to Olympism, ready to accept its fruitful rivalries. In addition, the six colours combined in this way reproduce the colours of every country without exception. The blue and yellow of Sweden, the blue and white of Greece, the tricolor flags of France, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Belgium, Italy, and Hungary, and the yellow and red of Spain are included, as are the innovative flags of Brazil and Australia, and those of ancient Japan and modern China. This, truly, is an international emblem. It was made to be turned into a flag, and the look of the flag would be perfect. It is a light, appealing flag, a delight to see fluttering in the wind. Its meaning is largely symbolic. Its success is assured, to the point that after the Congress it can continue to be raised on solemn Olympic occasions.|Pierre de Coubertin (1913)<ref>{{cite book|date=13 March 2017|title=Quotes by Pierre de Coubertin|url=https://library.olympic.org/default/basicfilesdownload.ashx?itemId=83252|publisher=Olympic Study Centre|page=11|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806082058/https://library.olympic.org/default/basicfilesdownload.ashx?itemId=83252|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} === An yi amfani da takamaiman tutoci === Akwai takamaiman tutocin Olympics da biranen da za su dauki nauyin wasannin Olympics na gaba ke nunawa. A duk lokacin bikin rufe gasar Olympics, a cikin abin da aka fi sani da bikin Antwerp ko Oslo, <ref name="OCprotocol2">{{Cite web |date=2 August 2015 |title=Olympic Charter |url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/olympic_charter_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007023126/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/olympic_charter_en.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2009 |access-date=29 December 2015 |publisher=The International Olympic Committee}}</ref> ana miƙa tutar daga magajin garin da ke karɓar baƙi zuwa mai masaukin baki na gaba, inda za a kai ta zuwa sabuwar birnin da ke karɓar baƙi a kuma nuna ta a zauren birnin. Bai kamata a rikita waɗannan tutoci na musamman da manyan tutocin Olympics da aka ƙera musamman don kowane Wasanni ba, waɗanda ake ɗagawa a saman filin wasa a lokacin wasannin sannan a yi ritaya. Ganin cewa babu wata takamaiman tuta da aka yi amfani da ita don wannan dalili, tutocin da aka yi amfani da su a filayen wasa gabaɗaya suna da bambance-bambance masu sauƙi. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙananan bambance-bambancen launi, kuma mafi mahimmanci kasancewar (ko rashin) fararen zane a kusa da kowane zobe.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}} ==== Tutar Antwerp ==== A lokacin bikin buɗe gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1920 a [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]], Belgium, an ɗaga tutar Olympics mai zobba biyar waɗanda ke nuna duniya baki ɗaya a gasar Olympics a karon farko. <ref name="Antwerp1920">{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=Antwerp 1920 |url=https://www.olympic.org/antwerp-1920 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506120907/http://www.olympic.org/antwerp-1920-summer-olympics |archive-date=6 May 2016 |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> A ƙarshen wasannin, ba a sami tutar ba, kuma dole ne a yi sabuwar tutar Olympics don bikin miƙa wa jami'an gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1924 a Paris. Duk da cewa an maye gurbinsa, IOC a hukumance ta kira wannan "Tutar Antwerp" maimakon "Tutar Paris". <ref name="Vancouver2010Symbols">{{Cite web |title=Vancouver 2010: The Olympic Flags the Closing Ceremony of the '''Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Games''', the flag was passed on to the next Olympic Games city, Seoul, and then retired. [emphasis added] |url=http://www.vancouver2010.com/olympic-news/n/news/feature-stories/the-olympic-flags-and-emblem_38344IZ.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228141124/http://www.vancouver2010.com/olympic-news/n/news/feature-stories/the-olympic-flags-and-emblem_38344IZ.html |archive-date=28 February 2010 |access-date=1 March 2010}}</ref> An mika shi ga birnin da za a shirya gasar Olympics ta bazara . An ci gaba da amfani da tutar 1924 a gasar Olympics ta bazara har zuwa gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1988 a [[Seoul]] lokacin da aka yi ritaya aka maye gurbinta da tutar Seoul. A shekarar 1997, a wani liyafa da Kwamitin Olympics na Amurka ya shirya, wani ɗan jarida yana hira da Hal Haig Prieste wanda ya lashe lambar tagulla a fannin nutsewa a dandamali a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar Olympics ta Amurka ta 1920. Wakilin ya ambaci cewa IOC ba ta sami damar gano abin da ya faru da tutar Olympics ta asali ba. "Zan iya taimaka maka da hakan," in ji Prieste, "Yana cikin akwati na." A ƙarshen gasar Olympics ta Antwerp, wanda abokin wasansa Duke Kahanamoku ya ƙarfafa shi, ya hau kan tuta ya sace tutar Olympics. Tsawon shekaru 77 ana ajiye tutar a ƙasan jakarsa. Prieste, wanda a lokacin yana da shekaru 103, ya mayar da tutar ga IOC a wani biki na musamman da aka gudanar a Gasar Wasannin 2000 a Sydney. An sanya tutar da aka ɗaga a bikin buɗe gasar Antwerp a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Olympics da ke Lausanne, [[Switzerland]], tare da wani allo da aka yi wa ado da ke nuna godiya ga Prieste saboda gudummawar da ya bayar. Tutar ta dawo Antwerp a shekara ta 2004 kuma tun daga shekarar 2013, shekarar da Antwerp ta sami taken European Sports Capital, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-21 |title=AWDC partners with Sporting A |url=https://www.awdc.be/en/awdc-partners-sporting |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Antwerp World Diamond Centre |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201051247/https://www.awdc.be/en/awdc-partners-sporting |archive-date=2024-02-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> an nuna tutar a zauren shiga na zauren birnin Antwerp. Amma a shekarar 2017, an ajiye tutar a cikin tarin MAS saboda gyaran zauren garin. Duk da cewa IOC ta amince da tutar, masu suka da masana tarihi sun lura cewa tutar da aka dawo da ita ba ita ce wadda aka yi amfani da ita a bikin bude gasar 1920 ba, domin tutar ta asali ta fi wadda Prieste ya dawo da ita girma sosai. <ref name="KLennartz" /> ==== Tutar Oslo ==== Magajin garin [[Oslo]], Norway, ya gabatar da tutar Oslo ga IOC, a lokacin gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 1952 . Tsakanin 1952 da 2014, an miƙa tutar zuwa birnin da za a shirya gasar Olympics ta hunturu, inda aka bayyana ta a ƙarshe a Sochi a gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 2014 . A gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 2010, an ajiye tutar Oslo a cikin wani akwati na musamman wanda ke ɗauke da allunan tagulla daga dukkan biranen da ke karɓar baƙi a haɗe a cikin murfin da aka yi wa ado mai kyau kuma ana iya kallonsa a zauren birnin Vancouver. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vancouver 2010: The Olympic Flags and Emblem |url=http://www.vancouver2010.com/olympic-news/n/news/feature-stories/the-olympic-flags-and-emblem_38344IZ.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228141124/http://www.vancouver2010.com/olympic-news/n/news/feature-stories/the-olympic-flags-and-emblem_38344IZ.html |archive-date=28 February 2010 |access-date=1 March 2010 |quote=Because it is so precious, and must be preserved for years to come, the Oslo flag is not used during the actual Closing Ceremony. Instead, a replica flag is traditionally used.}}</ref> An maye gurbinsa da tutar Pyeongchang. ==== Tutar Seoul ==== [[File:Skoreaandolympicflag.jpg|thumb| Tutar Koriya ta Kudu tare da tutar Olympics a filin wasa na Olympic, Seoul]] A matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin tutar Antwerp, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vancouver 2010: The Olympic Flags and Emblem |url=http://www.vancouver2010.com/olympic-news/n/news/feature-stories/the-olympic-flags-and-emblem_38344IZ.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228141124/http://www.vancouver2010.com/olympic-news/n/news/feature-stories/the-olympic-flags-and-emblem_38344IZ.html |archive-date=28 February 2010 |access-date=1 March 2010 |quote=The successor to the Antwerp Flag, the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Olympic Games in the Seoul Summer Olympics, South Korea.}}</ref> birnin [[Seoul]], Koriya ta Kudu, ya gabatar da tutar Seoul ga IOC a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1988 . An mika shi ga biranen da za a shirya gasar Olympics ta bazara <ref>{{Cite web |last=III |first=Aloysius M. O’Neill |date=2018-02-08 |title=The 1988 Olympics in Seoul: A Triumph of Sport and Diplomacy - 38 North: Informed Analysis of North Korea |url=https://www.38north.org/2018/02/aoneill020818/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201051756/https://www.38north.org/2018/02/aoneill020818/ |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=38 North |language=en}}</ref> tsakanin 1988 da 2012. Wasan karshe da ta buga ya faru ne a Landan a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2012 . An maye gurbinsa da tutar Rio de Janeiro. ==== Tutar Rio de Janeiro ==== A matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin tutar Seoul, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2016 |title=Olympic Flag arrives in Tokyo ahead of 2020 Games |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1040944/olympic-flag-arrives-in-tokyo-ahead-of-2020-games |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827093346/http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1040944/olympic-flag-arrives-in-tokyo-ahead-of-2020-games |archive-date=27 August 2016 |access-date=11 September 2016 |quote=Rio Mayor Eduardo Paes handed the Flag over to Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike during the Rio 2016 Closing Ceremony at the Maracanã Stadium on Sunday (August 21).}}</ref> birnin [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil, ya gabatar da tutar Rio de Janeiro ga IOC a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 . Tun daga lokacin aka mika shi ga biranen da za a shirya gasar Olympics ta bazara . <ref name="imbo">{{Cite web |last=Imbo |first=Will |title=The tradition of the Olympic flag handover ceremony |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/the-tradition-of-the-olympic-flag-handover-ceremony |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925095929/https://olympics.com/en/news/the-tradition-of-the-olympic-flag-handover-ceremony |archive-date=25 September 2021 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=International Olympic Committee News}}</ref> ==== Tutar Pyeongchang ==== A matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin tutar Oslo, <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2018 |title=Olympic flag arrives at Great Wall of China as Beijing looks ahead to 2022 Winter Games |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1062065/olympic-flag-arrives-at-great-wall-of-china-as-beijing-looks-ahead-to-2022-winter-games |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301005241/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1062065/olympic-flag-arrives-at-great-wall-of-china-as-beijing-looks-ahead-to-2022-winter-games |archive-date=1 March 2018 |access-date=28 February 2018 |quote=IOC President Thomas Bach, centre, takes over the Olympic flag from the Mayor of Pyeongchang, Sim Jae-guk, and hands it to Mayor of Beijing Chen Jining during the Closing Ceremony of the Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympic Games. The flag has now arrived in Beijing.}}</ref> birnin Pyeongchang, Koriya ta Kudu, ya gabatar da tutar Pyeongchang ga IOC a gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 2018 . Tun daga lokacin aka mika shi ga birnin da za a shirya gasar Olympics ta hunturu . <ref name="imbo" /> ==== Tutar Singapore ==== A [[Wasannin Olympics na Matasa|gasar Olympics ta matasa]] ta farko, an ƙirƙiri tutar Olympics don sigar ƙananan wasannin. Tutar tana kama da tutar Olympics, amma tana da birnin da ke karbar bakuncin gasar da kuma shekarar da aka yi a kanta, kuma shugaban IOC Jacques Rogge ne ya fara gabatar da ita ga Singapore. <ref name="singapore">{{Cite web |date=13 August 2010 |title=Singapore 2010 Presented With Special Olympic Flag |url=http://gamesbids.com/eng/youth-olympic-bids/other-youth-olympic-news/singapore-2010-presented-with-special-olympic-flag/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107230741/http://gamesbids.com/eng/youth-olympic-bids/other-youth-olympic-news/singapore-2010-presented-with-special-olympic-flag/ |archive-date=7 January 2016 |access-date=29 December 2015 |publisher=Gamebids.com}}</ref> <ref name="singapore2">{{Cite web |date=13 August 2010 |title=S'pore presented with special Olympic flag |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1075051/1/.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815203322/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1075051/1/.html |archive-date=15 August 2010 |publisher=[[Channel NewsAsia]]}}</ref> A lokacin bikin rufe gasar a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2010, jami'an Singapore sun gabatar da ita ga kwamitin shirya gasar na gaba, wato Nanjing 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2010 |title=Olympic flag handed to mayor of Nanjing |url=http://english.sina.com/sports/2010/0826/336406.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513091427/https://english.sina.com/sports/2010/0826/336406.html |archive-date=13 May 2021 |access-date=30 September 2010 |publisher=[[Sina Corp]]}}</ref> ==== Tutar Innsbruck ==== A lokacin buɗe [[Wasannin Olympics na Matasa|gasar Olympics ta matasa]] ta hunturu, an gabatar da tutar Olympics ga IOC a gasar Olympics ta matasa ta hunturu ta 2012 daga birnin Innsbruck, Austria. Tun daga lokacin aka mika shi ga birnin da za a shirya gasar Olympics ta matasa ta hunturu. <ref name=":0" /> == Wuta da kuma na'urar watsa tocila == [[File:Olympic_flame_at_opening_ceremony.jpg|alt=|thumb| An fara gasar Olympics ta Athens a shekarar 2004 a lokacin bikin bude gasar.]] Al'adar zamani ta tura wutar Olympics ta hanyar tsarin relay daga Girka zuwa wurin Olympics ta fara ne da Wasannin Berlin a shekarar 1936. Masu shirya gasar a Jamus ta Nazi sun yi tunanin amfani da tocilar wasannin Olympics a matsayin kayan aikin farfaganda don haɗa manufofin Girka na dā da na Jamus na zamani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Howell |first=Reet A. |date=1993 |title=Reviewed work: The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games, Allen Guttmann |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43610440 |journal=Journal of Sport History |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=81–83 |jstor=43610440}}</ref> A yau, gasar tseren tana wakiltar zaman lafiya da haɗin kai, inda Kwamitin Olympics na Duniya ke kula da tsarinta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympic Rings - Symbol of the Olympic Movement |url=https://www.olympics.com/ioc/olympic-rings |access-date=2026-06-22 |website=Olympics.com}}</ref> Watanni kafin a gudanar da wasannin, ana kunna wutar Olympics a kan tocila, tare da hasken rana da aka tanada ta hanyar na'urar haskakawa, a wurin da aka yi gasar Olympics ta zamanin da a Olympia, Girka . Daga nan sai a ɗauki tocilan daga Girka, galibi a kai su ko'ina cikin ƙasar ko nahiyar da ake gudanar da wasannin. 'Yan wasa, shugabanni, shahararrun mutane, da kuma talakawa suna ɗaukar fitilar Olympics, kuma a wasu lokutan a cikin yanayi na musamman, kamar a watsa ta hanyar lantarki ta tauraron dan adam zuwa Montreal a 1976, a nutsar da shi cikin ruwa ba tare da an kashe shi ba don Sydney 2000, ko kuma a sararin samaniya da kuma a Arewacin Pole don Sochi 2014 . A ranar ƙarshe ta bikin ba da wutar lantarki, wato ranar bikin buɗe gasar, wutar za ta isa babban filin wasa kuma ana amfani da ita wajen kunna tukunya da ke wani muhimmin ɓangare na wurin don nuna farkon wasannin. == Lambobin yabo da takardun shaida == Ana ba da lambobin yabo da takardun shaida na Olympics ga waɗanda suka fi kowa samun nasara a kowane gasa a Gasar Olympics. An yi lambobin yabo da azurfa mai rufi da zinare (don lambobin zinare ), azurfa, ko tagulla, kuma ana ba da su ga manyan mutane uku da suka kammala a wani taron musamman. Kowace lambar yabo ta Olympics tana da tsari iri ɗaya, wanda masu shirya gasar suka tsara don takamaiman wasannin. Ga lambobin yabo da aka bayar a Wasannin bazara, gefen gaba yana ɗauke da hoton Nike, allahiyar nasara ta Girka, tana riƙe da tafin hannu a hannun hagu da kambin wanda ya yi nasara a hannun dama, da kuma Colosseum da ke Rome a bango. Sabanin haka, a Wasannin hunturu, waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri lambobin yabo suna da cikakken 'yancin zaɓar ƙirarsu. An yi amfani da ƙirar lambar yabo ta asali, wadda Giuseppe Cassioli ya ƙirƙira, tun daga [[Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 1928|Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1928]] zuwa Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2000 . Tsarin ya fuskanci babban sauyi a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2004, lokacin da aka maye gurbin ƙirar Cassioli da ƙirar zamani da ta haɗa da Girka. An canza gefen gefen don yin ƙarin bayani game da allahiya da al'adun Girka. A cikin wannan zane, allahiyar Nike ta tashi zuwa filin wasa na Panathenaic, wanda ke nuna sabunta wasannin. An ƙirƙiro sabon ƙirar ne ta hanyar mai tsara kayan ado na Girka Elena Votsi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Juergen Wagner |date=2 July 2003 |title=Olympic Games Winner Medal 2004 |url=http://olympic-museum.de/w_medals/wmed2004.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111105048/http://olympic-museum.de/w_medals/wmed2004.htm |archive-date=11 January 2011 |access-date=31 December 2010 |publisher=Olympic-museum.de}}</ref> Ga kowace gasar Olympics ta bazara daga 2004 zuwa gaba, an canza ɓangaren baya, da kuma lakabin kowace gasar Olympics, don nuna hotuna masu kyau ko wurare daga birnin da ke karɓar bakuncin gasar. Ana ba wa masu fafatawa da suka zo na huɗu, na biyar, da na shida takardun shaidar shiga gasar Olympics tun daga 1949, da kuma waɗanda suka zo na bakwai da na takwas tun daga 1981. == Waƙoƙi == Ana buga " Waƙar Olympics ", wadda aka fi sani da "Waƙar Olympics", lokacin da aka ɗaga tutar Olympics. Spyridon Samaras ne ya rubuta shi da kalmomi daga wata waƙa ta mawaƙi kuma marubuci ɗan Girka [[Kostis Palamas]] . Demetrius Vikelas, ɗan Girka mai ra'ayin Turai kuma shugaban farko na IOC, shi ne ya zaɓi mawaƙin da kuma mawaƙin. An yi waƙar a karon farko don bikin buɗe gasar wasannin Olympics ta Athens ta 1896 amma IOC ba ta ayyana ta a matsayin waƙar a hukumance ba sai a shekarar 1958. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, kowace wurin karbar bakuncin gasar ta ba da umarnin a rubuta wani takamaiman waƙar Olympics don bugu na Wasannin har zuwa Gasar Olympics ta hunturu ta 1960 a Squaw Valley. Sauran waƙoƙin Olympics masu ban sha'awa da kuma waƙoƙin shagulgula sun haɗa da: [[File:AarreMerikanto1952.jpg|thumb| Mawakin waƙar Olympics ta 1952, Aarre Merikanto, a filin wasa na Olympic na Helsinki a lokacin wasannin.]] * "{{Lang|de|[[Olympische Hymne]]}}": A composition for orchestra and mixed chorus composed by Richard Strauss for the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics. * The "Olympic Fanfare" for the 1952 Helsinki Summer Olympics: this was originally composed by Aarre Merikanto for the 1940 Summer Olympics, which were cancelled. Merikanto's "Olympic Fanfare" won the fanfare contest organized in [[Finland]] in 1939, but the score was lost for over a decade. When rediscovered in 1951, it was decided to use it in 1952. It was recorded in 1953. * "Bugler's Dream": Written in 1958 by Leo Arnaud as part of his ''Charge Suite''. the theme is often thought of by Americans as the "Olympic Theme" due to its usage in television coverage by ABC and NBC, starting with the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo. * The "Olympic March": The theme written by Yūji Koseki for the [[Tokyo]] 1964 Summer Olympics theme song. * "Olympic Fanfare 1972": The winning submission for the [[München|Munich]] 1972 Summer Olympics theme song, used as the TV signature tune of the German Olympic Center (German: Deutsches Olympia-Zentrum) and the prelude to the medal ceremonies, composed by Herbert Rehbein.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1993 |title=Herbert Rehbein |url=http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/bio/C234 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107230741/http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/bio/C234 |archive-date=7 January 2016 |access-date=29 December 2015 |publisher=[[Songwriters Hall of Fame]]}}</ref> It was performed by the Orchestra of the Bavarian Broadcasting Company (German: Orchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks) and members of the Air Force Band Neubiberg, conducted by Willy Mattes.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2012}} * "Olympic Fanfare and Theme": Composed by John Williams for the Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympics. The theme was performed in the opening ceremonies by the United States Army Herald Trumpets conducted by then-Captain David Deitrick. The first recording, performed by an orchestra composed of Los Angeles-area musicians, was released in its entirety on the LP and cassette album ''The Official Music of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles 1984''. There was a concurrent Japan-only CD release. The piece went on to win a Grammy in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The John Williams Web Pages: Olympic Fanfare and Theme |url=http://www.johnwilliams.org/compositions/olympicfanfare.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719064411/http://www.johnwilliams.org/compositions/olympicfanfare.html |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=31 December 2010 |publisher=Johnwilliams.org}}</ref> A slightly different arrangement of the piece was released on the Philips album ''By Request: The Best of John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra''. In 1996, an alternate version of "Olympic Fanfare and Theme" was released on the album ''Summon the Heroes'' for the Atlanta Olympic Games, replacing the first part of the piece with Arnaud's "Bugler's Dream". The theme was used at the closing ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games as the countries' flagbearers entered the BC Place field surrounding the Olympic cauldron, and during the Oslo Ceremony when the Olympic flag was brought into the stadium by Vancouver Mayor Gregor Robertson. * "The Olympic Spirit": The theme written by John Williams for the 1988 Olympics in [[Seoul]] and used in the corresponding NBC broadcasts. * "Summon the Heroes": The theme written by John Williams for the 1996 Summer Olympics in [[Atlanta]]. * "Theme from The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.": The theme song to this television show, composed by Randy Edelman, was first used by NBC for teaser commercials and promo spots in 1996. It was retired following the 2016 Summer Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Music Behind NBC's Sochi Olympic Promos - the Greatest Sports Theme No One Can Name - Alto Riot |url=http://www.altoriot.com/the-music-behind-nbcs-sochi-olympic-promos-the-greatest-sports-theme-no-one-can-name/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813130108/http://www.altoriot.com/the-music-behind-nbcs-sochi-olympic-promos-the-greatest-sports-theme-no-one-can-name/ |archive-date=13 August 2021 |access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref> * "Call of the Champions": The theme written by John Williams for the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympics. Wasu mawaka da dama sun ba da gudummawa ga kiɗan Olympics, ciki har da Henry Mancini, Francis Lai, Marvin Hamlisch, Philip Glass, David Foster, Mikis Theodorakis, [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]], Vangelis, Basil Poledouris, Michael Kamen, da Mark Watters . == Kotinos == kotinos ( Greek ), reshen zaitun ne, wanda asalinsa ya samo asali ne daga itacen zaitun na daji, wanda aka haɗa shi don samar da da'ira ko takalmin doki, wanda Heracles ya gabatar. A cikin wasannin Olympics na da, babu lambobin zinare, azurfa, ko tagulla. A kowane taron, mutum ɗaya ne kawai ya yi nasara, wanda aka yi masa rawani da kambin zaitun da aka yi da ganyen zaitun na daji daga wata bishiya mai tsarki kusa da haikalin Zeus da ke Olympia. An girmama 'yan wasan da suka yi nasara, an yi musu yabo, sannan an yaba musu. An yi shelar ayyukansu kuma an rubuta su domin tsararraki masu zuwa su yaba da nasarorin da suka samu. A cewar masanin tarihin Girka Herodotus, Sarkin Farisa Xerxes yana yi wa wasu Arcadians tambayoyi bayan Yaƙin Thermopylae . Ya tambaya dalilin da yasa babu mutanen Girka da yawa da ke kare Thermopylae. Amsar ita ce "Duk sauran maza suna shiga gasar Olympics". Da aka tambaye shi "Menene kyautar da za a bai wa wanda ya yi nasara?" , an gaya masa "furen zaitun". Tigranes, ɗaya daga cikin janar-janarsa, ya amsa "Aljanna mai kyau! Mardonius, waɗanne irin mutane ne waɗannan da ka kawo mu yaƙi? Mutanen da ba sa fafatawa don mallakar ƙasa, sai don girmamawa." A cikin wasansa na Plutus, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Girka Aristophanes ya ba da shawarar cewa kambin da aka yi da zaitun na daji maimakon zinariya yana nufin cewa Zeus yana tara zinariyarsa don kansa. A zamanin baya, an ba wa 'yan wasa lada mai yawa da kuma kotinos . kotinos An sabunta al'adar musamman don Wasannin Athens na 2004, kodayake a wannan yanayin an ba ta kyautar tare da lambar zinare. Baya ga amfani da shi a bukukuwan bayar da kyaututtuka, kotinos an zaɓe shi a matsayin alamar gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2004 . == Gaisuwar Olympics == [[File:GraRuebAmsterdam.JPG|thumb|upright|''Gaisuwar Olympics'' wadda [[Gra Rueb]] ya sassaka domin [[1928 Summer Olympics]] a Amsterdam]] Gaisuwar Olympics wani salo ne na [[Roman salute|gaisuwar Romawa]], inda ake miƙa hannun dama da tafin hannu zuwa sama, tafin hannun yana kallon waje da ƙasa, kuma yatsu suna taɓa juna. Sai dai, ba kamar gaisuwar Romawa ba, ana ɗaga hannu sama fiye da haka kuma a karkatar da shi zuwa dama daga kafaɗa.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} Ana iya ganin wannan gaisuwa a kan fastocin wasannin [[1924 Summer Olympics|Paris 1924]]<ref name="1924poster">{{cite web|last=Droit|first=Jean|year=1924|title=Paris 1924 - Jeux Olympiques|url=http://olympic-museum.de/poster/poster1924.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829002316/http://olympic-museum.de/poster/poster1924.htm|archive-date=29 August 2010|access-date=15 March 2010|publisher=Olympic Games Museum}}</ref> da [[1936 Summer Olympics|Berlin 1936]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://olympic-museum.de/poster/poster1936.htm|title=Olympic Games 1936 Berlin: Poster|year=1936|publisher=Olympic Games Museum|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114192225/http://www.olympic-museum.de/poster/poster1936.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> An daina amfani da gaisuwar Olympics tun bayan [[World War II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] saboda kamanninta da [[Nazi salute|gaisuwar Nazi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2012/08/the-official-olympic-salute-stopped-being-popularly-used-after-wwii-due-to-strongly-resembling-the-heil-hitler-salute/|title=The Official Olympic Salute Stopped Being Popularly Used After WWII Due to Strongly Resembling the "Heil Hitler" Salute|date=2012-08-08|work=Today I Found Out|access-date=2017-09-14|language=en-US|archive-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910115407/http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2012/08/the-official-olympic-salute-stopped-being-popularly-used-after-wwii-due-to-strongly-resembling-the-heil-hitler-salute|url-status=live}}</ref> Tawagar Faransa ta yi amfani da ita a bikin buɗe [[1948 Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfaFnZ6sEnY&feature=youtu.be&t=795 |title=Full St. Moritz 1948 Official film |website=youtube.com |time=13:15 to 13:20 |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303012044/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfaFnZ6sEnY&feature=youtu.be&t=795 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Alamar wasanni == Tun daga [[1968 Winter Olympics]] da aka gudanar a [[Grenoble]], Faransa, [[Olympic Games]] suna da [[mascot|alamar wasanni]]. Yawanci dabba ce da ta fito daga yankin da ake gudanar da wasannin, ko kuma wani lokaci siffofin mutane da ke wakiltar al'adun yankin. Alamar wasanni ta farko da ta yi fice sosai a wasannin Olympics ita ce [[Misha]] a [[1980 Summer Olympics]] a Moscow. An yi amfani da Misha sosai a bukukuwan buɗewa da rufewa, sannan aka yi wani zanen fim na talabijin mai motsi game da ita, kuma ta bayyana a kan kayayyakin talla da dama. A yau, yawancin kayayyakin talla da ake yi wa matasa suna fi mayar da hankali kan alamomin wasannin maimakon tutar Olympics ko tamburan ƙungiyar. == Haƙƙin mallakar fasaha == Ƙungiyar Olympics tana ba da kariya sosai ga alamominta. Ƙasashe da dama sun bai wa ƙungiyar haƙƙin mallakar alamar kasuwanci na musamman kan duk wani tsari na zoben biyar masu haɗuwa da juna da kuma amfani da kalmar "Olympic". Zoben ba su cancanci kariyar haƙƙin mallaka ba{{where|date=March 2024}}, saboda lokacin da aka ƙirƙire su da kuma saboda da'irori biyar da aka tsara cikin wani salo ba su kai matakin asali [[threshold of originality|da ake buƙata]] domin samun kariyar haƙƙin mallaka ba. Ƙungiyar ta ɗauki mataki kan ƙungiyoyi da dama da ake zargi da keta haƙƙin mallakar alamominta, ciki har da [[Gay Games]]; ƙungiyar kiɗa ta [[The Hopefuls]] da ke [[Minneapolis]], wadda a baya ake kira The Olympic Hopefuls; Redneck Olympics ko [[Redneck Games]]; [[Awana|Awana Clubs International]], wata ƙungiyar kula da matasan Kirista da ta yi amfani da kalmar wajen wasanninta na gasa; [[Wizards of the Coast]], wadda a lokacin ta kasance mawallafin wasan katin ''[[Legend of the Five Rings]]''; da kuma kamfanin sayar da kayan wasanni na Philippines mai suna Olympic Village.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ayalin |first1=Adrian |title=CA affirms ruling vs Filipino company's use of 'Olympic Village' |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/5/6/ca-affirms-ruling-vs-filipino-company-s-use-of-olympic-village-1223 |access-date=11 May 2024 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=6 May 2024 |archive-date=11 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511052758/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/5/6/ca-affirms-ruling-vs-filipino-company-s-use-of-olympic-village-1223 |url-status=live }}</ref> A shekarar 1938, kamfanin giya na Norway Frydenlund ya mallaki haƙƙin mallaka kan wata alama ta root beer wadda ke ɗauke da zoben Olympics guda biyar. A shekarar 1952, lokacin da Norway za ta karɓi bakuncin wasannin Olympics na lokacin sanyi, Kwamitin Olympics ya samu sanarwa daga Ofishin Haƙƙin Mallaka na Norway cewa Frydenlund ne ke da haƙƙin zoben a ƙasar. A yau, kamfanin da ya gaje shi, [[Ringnes|Ringnes AS]], shi ne ke da haƙƙin amfani da zoben biyar da aka mallaka a kan root beer ɗinsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://search.patentstyret.no/Trademark/31784/26743?searchId=472094&caseIndex=9|title=Norwegian Patent Office record of the Frydenlund patent, showing the design|date=1 November 1938|access-date=20 November 2016|archive-date=5 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105223512/https://search.patentstyret.no/Trademark/31784/26743?searchId=472094&caseIndex=9|url-status=dead}} Ringnes is the family name of the company's founders.</ref> Haka kuma, wasu kamfanoni kalilan sun samu damar amfani da sunan Olympic, kamar Olympic Paint, wadda ke da goga mai kama da fitila a matsayin tambarinta, da kuma tsohon kamfanin jigilar fasinjoji na Girka [[Olympic Airlines]]. Sai dai, an tilasta wa kamfanin jirgin ya bambanta tambarinsa da zoben Olympics ta hanyar ƙara zobe na shida.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lennartz |first1=Karl |title=From symbol of idealism to money-spinner |journal=Journal of Olympic History |date=2014 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=5–15 |url=https://library.olympics.com/network/doc/SYRACUSE/2875495/from-symbol-of-idealism-to-money-spinner-by-karl-lennartz?_lg=en-GB |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref> An bai wa wasu ƙungiyoyin wasanni da abubuwan wasanni izinin amfani da kalmar "Olympics" a cikin sunayensu daga IOC, kamar [[Special Olympics]], wani taron wasanni na ƙasa da ƙasa da ake gudanarwa duk bayan shekaru huɗu domin mutanen da ke da nakasar fahimta. IOC tana da cikakken ikon mallaka da sarrafa amfani da alamomin Olympics ta hanyar wata yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma buƙatar IOC na samar da dokoki a wuraren da ake karɓar bakuncin wasannin domin ba da kariya ta musamman ta alamar kasuwanci ga alamomin Olympics. A shekarar 1981, ƙasashe 52 ne suka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Nairobi kan Kare Alamar Olympics, wadda [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contracting Parties. WIPO Lex |url=https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/treaties/ShowResults?search_what=C&treaty_id=22 |access-date=2026-09-15 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en}}</ref> Dukkan ƙasashe 52 da suka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Nairobi sun zama wajiban kare alamomin Olympics daga amfani da su don kasuwanci ba tare da izinin IOC ba. A ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Nairobi, idan IOC ta ba da izinin amfani da wata alama ta Olympics a ƙasar da ke cikin yarjejeniyar, Kwamitin Olympics na ƙasar yana da haƙƙin samun wani kaso daga duk wani kuɗin shiga da aka samu sakamakon izinin amfani da alamar da IOC ta bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Olympic Games |url=https://www.wipo.int/en/web/sports/olympic |access-date=2026-09-15 |website=sports |language=en-US}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar Nairobi ta samar da tsarin kariyar haƙƙin mallakar fasaha na ƙasa da ƙasa game da ba da lasisin amfani da dukkan alamomin Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/nairobi/|title=Nairobi Treaty on the Protection of the Olympic Symbol|access-date=15 November 2020|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303012048/https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/nairobi/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1984 |title=Records of the Nairobi Diplomatic Conference for the Adoption of a Treaty on the Protection of the Olympic Symbol 1981. |url=https://tind.wipo.int/record/28771?ln=en&v=pdf |website=WIPO Knowledge Repository}}</ref> A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kwamitocin shirya wasanni sun kuma nemi a kafa dokoki domin yaƙi da [[ambush marketing|tallan kasuwanci na kwanton bauna]] da masu tallafawa da ba na hukuma ba ke yi a lokacin wasannin. An ga hakan a cikin [[London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006]], wanda ya sanya tsauraran matakai kan amfani da kowace kalma ko hoto da zai iya haifar da alaƙar da ba a ba da izini ba da wasannin, har da ambaton sunan birnin da ke karɓar bakuncin wasannin da shekarar kawai.<ref name=independent-180712>{{cite news|last=Anderson |first=Steve |title=The Debate: Have Olympic sponsorship regulations gone too far? |url=http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2012/07/18/the-debate-have-olympic-sponsorship-regulations-gone-too-far/ |access-date=21 July 2012 |date=18 July 2012 |work=The Debate (blog)(The Independent) |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721030057/http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2012/07/18/the-debate-have-olympic-sponsorship-regulations-gone-too-far/ |archive-date=21 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=atalantic-130712>{{cite news |last=O'Sullivan |first=Feargus |title=The Pettiness of Olympic Branding |url=http://www.theatlanticcities.com/arts-and-lifestyle/2012/06/pettiness-olympic-branding/2256/ |access-date=21 July 2012 |newspaper=[[The Atlantic]] |location=Washington D.C. |date=13 June 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717072535/http://www.theatlanticcities.com/arts-and-lifestyle/2012/06/pettiness-olympic-branding/2256/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Bob Barney]] ya rubuta littafin ''Selling the Five Rings'' (2002) tare da Stephen Wenn da Scott Martyn, inda suka tattauna tarihin tallafin kamfanoni da haƙƙin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na wasannin Olympics.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lectures by Olympic Historians Begin Aug. 30|date=August 19, 2001|newspaper=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]]|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|page=D6|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-salt-lake-tribune-2002-winter-olympi/129778162/|archive-date=14 August 2023|access-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814123823/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-salt-lake-tribune-2002-winter-olympi/129778162/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Arts in the spotlight|last=Romine-Peterson|first=Jessica|agency=|date=October 31, 2001|newspaper=[[Park Record]]|location=Park City, Utah|page=36|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-park-record-olympics-2001/129824070/|archive-date=14 August 2023|access-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814123910/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-park-record-olympics-2001/129824070/|url-status=live}}</ref> Barney ya yi ikirarin cewa an mayar da tokar Olympics wani abu na kasuwanci tun farkon fara amfani da ita a shekarar 1936, kuma masu tallafa wa gudun isar da tokar suna samun fa'idar sanin alamar kasuwancinsu. A gefe guda, bikin ba da lambobin yabo a [[podium]], wanda aka fara a shekarar 1932, bai zama na kasuwanci ba saboda ba a yarda da talla a cikin wuraren wasannin Olympics.<ref>{{cite news|title=Olympic Torch Relay, Commercial to Begin With, Has Become More So, Historian Says|last=Hemphill|first=Lex|date=January 22, 2002|newspaper=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]]|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|page=C4|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-salt-lake-tribune-2002-winter-olympi/129778187/|archive-date=14 August 2023|access-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814123953/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-salt-lake-tribune-2002-winter-olympi/129778187/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ai1pozc8o3vxqwmp7t4j0v9shgwkk5k 0 175001 969424 951374 2026-10-19T09:40:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1986, reactor 4 na Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, wanda ke kusa da [[Pripyat]], Ukraine, ya fashe. Tare da yawancin wadanda suka mutu kai tsaye da dubban matsalolin kiwon lafiya da suka samo asali daga bala'in, yana daya daga cikin hatsarori biyu na nukiliya da aka kiyasta a matsakaicin tsananin a kan Scale na Nukiliya na Duniya, ɗayan kuma shine Hadarin nukiliya na Fukushima na 2011, wanda ya faru a [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale [MOE] |url=https://www.env.go.jp/en/chemi/rhm/basic-info/1st/02-02-01.html |access-date=28 May 2026 |website=Env.go.jp}}</ref> Amsar ta shafi ma'aikata sama da 500,000 kuma ta kai kimanin rubles biliyan 18 (kimanin dala biliyan 85 a cikin 2026). <ref name="OECD02-Ch2">{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Chernobyl: Assessment of Radiological and Health Impact, 2002 update; Chapter II – The release, dispersion and deposition of radionuclides |url=https://www.oecd-nea.org/rp/reports/2003/nea3508-chernobyl.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622010856/https://www.oecd-nea.org/rp/reports/2003/nea3508-chernobyl.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2015 |access-date=3 June 2015 |publisher=OECD-NEA}}</ref> {{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}Ya kasance mafi yawan bala'in nukiliya kuma bala'in da ya fi tsada a tarihi, tare da kimanin dala biliyan 700. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chornobyl Accident |url=https://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/areas-of-work/chernobyl.html |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=[[United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steinhauser |first=Georg |last2=Brandl |first2=Alexander |last3=Johnson |first3=Thomas E. |date=February 2014 |title=Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents: A review of the environmental impacts |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=470-471 |pages=800–817 |bibcode=2014ScTEn.470..800S |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.029 |pmid=24189103}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|last1=Jonathan M. Samet}}</ref> &nbsp;Bala'in ya faru ne yayin gwaji don kwaikwayon sanyaya na reactor a lokacin mummunar hatsari a yanayin duhu. Masu aiki sun gudanar da gwajin bayan faduwar hadari a cikin wutar lantarki. Bayan rufe reactor a cikin irin wannan yanayi, kuskuren ƙira ya haifar da hauhawar wutar lantarki. Abubuwan da ke cikin reactor sun fashe kuma sun rasa mai sanyaya, kuma fashewar tururi da narkewa sun lalata ginin reactor. Wannan ya biyo bayan wuta mai mahimmanci wanda ya yada gurɓataccen rediyo a duk faɗin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] da [[Turai]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCall |first=Chris |date=April 2016 |title=Chernobyl disaster 30 years on: lessons not learned |journal=The Lancet |volume=387 |issue=10029 |pages=1707–1708 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30304-x |pmid=27116266}}</ref> Gwamnatin Soviet ta kafa yankin warewa mai nisan kilomita 10 (6.2 mi) sa'o'i 36 bayan hadarin, da farko ta kwashe kusan mutane 49,000. Daga baya aka fadada wannan zuwa kilomita 30 (19 , wanda ya haifar da kwashe kusan mutane 68,000 da suka fi haka. Gwamnati ba ta amince da bala'in ba har sai kwana biyu bayan fashewar, lokacin da aka gano matakan radiation a [[Sweden]].<ref name="Sveriges">{{Cite web |date=22 April 2011 |title=25 years after Chernobyl, how Sweden found out |url=https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/25-years-after-chernobyl-how-sweden-found-out |access-date=31 August 2026 |website=[[Sveriges Radio]] }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan fashewar, wanda ya kashe injiniyoyi biyu kuma ya ƙone wasu biyu sosai, aikin gaggawa ya fara kashe gobarar kuma ya daidaita reactor. Daga cikin ma'aikata 237 da aka kwantar a asibiti, 134 sun nuna alamun cutar radiation (ARS); 28 daga cikinsu sun mutu cikin watanni uku. A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, wasu ma'aikata 14 (goma daga cikinsu suna da ARS) sun mutu ne saboda dalilai daban-daban galibi ba su da alaƙa da bayyanar radiation. Wannan shi ne kawai misali a cikin tarihin makamashin nukiliya na kasuwanci inda mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da radiation ta faru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2024 |title=Chernobyl Accident 1986 – World Nuclear Association |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/chernobyl-accident |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, mutane 6000 da suka kamu da cutar thyroid a lokacin yara sun faru a cikin mutanen da abin ya shafa (15 daga cikinsu masu mutuwa), "babban bangare" ana danganta su da hadarin.<ref name="WHO2012">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2011 |title=Chernobyl 25th anniversary – Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/chernobyl/20110423_FAQs_Chernobyl.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417011209/http://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/chernobyl/20110423_FAQs_Chernobyl.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2012 |access-date=14 April 2012 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Kimanin mutuwar dogon lokaci ya kasance daga har zuwa 4,000 a [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], da [[Rasha]] (ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]) zuwa 16,000 a duka a duk faɗin Turai.<ref name="World Health Organization report ex">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2006 |title=World Health Organization report explains the health impacts of the world's worst-ever civil nuclear accident |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2006/pr20/en/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404181327/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2006/pr20/en/index.html |archive-date=4 April 2011 |access-date=4 April 2011 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> An watsar da Pripyat kuma an maye gurbinsa da birnin Slavutych da aka gina da manufa. Sarcophagus na Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, wanda aka kammala a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1986, ya rage yaduwar gurɓataccen rediyo kuma ya ba da kariya ta radiological ga ma'aikatan da ba su lalace ba. A cikin 2016-2018, an gina sabon Tsaro na Chernobyl a kusa da tsohuwar sarcophagus don ba da damar cire tarkacewar reactor, kuma an shirya tsaftacewa don kammalawa ta hanyar 2065. == Tsarin hatsari == === Tarihi === A cikin aikin nukiliya, yawancin zafi yana haifar da fission na nukiliya amma sama da 6% ya fito ne daga lalacewar rediyo, wanda ke ci gaba bayan an rufe reactor. Ci gaba da yaduwar sanyaya yana da mahimmanci don hana yawan zafin jiki ko narkewar core.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ragheb |first=M. |date=22 March 2011 |title=Decay Heat Generation in Fission Reactors |url=http://www.ewp.rpi.edu/hartford/~ernesto/F2011/EP/MaterialsforStudents/Petty/Ragheb-Ch8-2011.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514074247/http://www.ewp.rpi.edu/hartford/~ernesto/F2011/EP/MaterialsforStudents/Petty/Ragheb-Ch8-2011.PDF |archive-date=14 May 2013 |access-date=26 January 2013 |website=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}}</ref> RBMK reactors, kamar wadanda ke Chernobyl, suna amfani da ruwa a matsayin mai sanyaya, wanda ke zagayawa ta hanyar famfo na lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 1996 |title=DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Nuclear physics and reactor theory |url=http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/06/f2/h1019v1.pdf#page=85.5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319145623/http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/06/f2/h1019v1.pdf#page=85.5 |archive-date=19 March 2014 |access-date=3 June 2010 |publisher=United States Department of Energy |page=61}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2010 |title=Standard Review Plan for the Review of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants: LWR Edition (NUREG-0800) |url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr0800/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619163526/http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr0800/ |archive-date=19 June 2010 |access-date=2 June 2010 |website=United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}</ref> Reactor na 4 yana da tashoshin man fetur 1,661, wanda ke buƙatar fiye da lita miliyan 45 na mai sanyaya a kowace awa don dukan reactor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Analysis of the Chernobyl Reactor Accident (I). Nuclear and Thermal Hydraulic Characteristics and Foll... |url=https://cms.oecd-nea.org/upload/docs/application/pdf/2020-07/neacrp-a-1987-0825.pdf |access-date=19 June 2026 |website=Cms.oecd-nea.org |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260325224713/https://cms.oecd-nea.org/upload/docs/application/pdf/2020-07/neacrp-a-1987-0825.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [daidaitaccen tabbaci]<span and="" are="" channels="" coolant="" differs="" figures="" flow="" for="" from="" fuel="" h="" here.="" hour="" hour.="" in="" individual="" is="" june="" litres="" mass="" measurement="" million="" no.4="" not="" of="" per="" re-circulation="" reactor="" reflected="" rote="" says="" so="" source="" source.="" stating="" t="" the="" this="" tonnes="" volume="">failed verification</span>&#x5D;<nowiki>","href":"./Template:Failed_verification"},"params":{"date":{"wt":"June 2026"},"reason":{"wt":"Figures for Reactor no.4 stating \"1,661 individual fuel channels\" and \"45 million litres of coolant per hour\" are not reflected in this source. Source says the \"coolant flow\" / \"re-circulation flow rote\" is 42,000 t/h (tonnes per hour). So the mass measurement (tonnes) in source differs from volume measurement (litres) here."}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwkw" typeof="mw:Transclusion"> </nowiki> Idan akwai asarar wutar lantarki, kowane ɗayan Chernobyl yana da Janareto na diesel guda uku, amma sun ɗauki sakan 60 zuwa 75 don isa ga cikakken kaya kuma samar da 5.5 MW da ake buƙata don gudanar da babban famfo ɗaya.<ref name="MedvedevZ">{{Cite book|last3=Zhores A. Medvedev}}</ref>: 15 Ma'auni na musamman a kan kowane famfo ya ba da sanyaya ta hanyar inertiya don rufe rata zuwa farawa na janareta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dmitriev |first=Viktor |date=30 November 2013 |title=Turbogenerator Rundown |url=http://accidont.ru/rotor.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003020646/http://accidont.ru/rotor.html |archive-date=3 October 2021 |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=Причины Чернобыльской аварии известны |publisher=N/A |language=ru |quote=На АЭС с реакторами РБМК-1000 используется выбег главных циркуляционных насосов (ГЦН) как самозащита при внезапном исчезновении электропитания собственных нужд (СН). Пока не включится резервное питание, циркуляция может осуществляться за счет выбега. С этой целью для увеличения продолжительности выбега, на валу электродвигателя –привода ГЦН установлен маховик с достаточно большой маховой массой.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=19 September 2021 |title=Main Circulating Pumps |url=http://reactors.narod.ru/rbmk/08_mcp.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212739/http://reactors.narod.ru/rbmk/08_mcp.htm |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=Справочник "Функционирование АЭС (на примере РБМК-1000)" |publisher=N/A |language=ru |quote=Для увеличения времени выбега на валу электродвигателя установлен маховик.}}</ref> Koyaya, yiwuwar haɗarin aminci ya kasance a yayin da tashar ta ɓace a lokaci guda tare da fashewar bututun mai sanyaya. A cikin wannan yanayin ana buƙatar tsarin sanyaya na gaggawa (ECCS) don yin ƙarin ruwa a cikin core.<ref name="insag7">{{Cite web |date=1992 |title=INSAG-7: The Chernobyl Accident: Updating of INSAG-1 |url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub913e_web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020210817/https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub913e_web.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2018 |access-date=8 November 2018 |website=IAEA}}</ref> An yi la'akari da cewa za'a iya amfani da ƙarfin juyawa na turbine na tururi don samar da wutar lantarki da ake buƙata don aiki da ECCS ta hanyar famfo na ruwa. Saurin turbine zai ragu yayin da aka karɓi makamashi daga gare ta, amma cewa akwai yiwuwar isasshen makamashi don samar da wutar lantarki don gudanar da famfo masu sanyaya na 45 seconds.<ref name="MedvedevZ" />: 16 Wannan ba zai daidaita gibin tsakanin gazawar wutar lantarki ta waje da cikakken wadatar janareto na gaggawa ba, amma zai sauƙaƙa halin da ake ciki.<ref name="NV Karpan: 312–13">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Karpan|2006}}.</ref> ==== Gwajin tsaro ==== Har yanzu ana buƙatar tabbatar da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na turbine ta hanyar gwaji, kuma gwaje-gwaje da suka gabata sun ƙare ba tare da nasara ba. Gwajin farko da aka gudanar a 1982 ya nuna cewa ƙarfin lantarki na Turbine-janareta bai isa ba. An canza tsarin lantarki kuma an sake maimaita gwajin a shekarar 1984, amma kuma ya zama mara nasara. A shekara ta 1985, an gudanar da gwajin a karo na uku, amma kuma ba a samar da sakamako ba saboda matsala tare da kayan rikodin. Za a sake gudanar da tsarin gwajin a cikin 1986 kuma an shirya shi don faruwa a lokacin sarrafa wutar lantarki na reactor na 4, wanda ke shirye-shiryen shirin kiyayewa.<ref name="NV Karpan: 312–13" /><ref name="insag7" />{{Rp|51}} An rubuta hanyar gwaji, amma marubutan ba su san halin RBMK-1000 na yau da kullun ba a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki da aka tsara.<ref name="insag7" />: 52 An dauke shi azaman gwajin lantarki ne kawai na janareta, duk da cewa ya shafi tsarin na'ura mai mahimmanci. Dangane da ka'idojin da ke akwai, irin wannan gwajin bai buƙaci amincewa da ko dai babban ikon ƙira don reactor (NIKIET) ko kuma mai kula da tsaro na nukiliya ba.<ref name="insag7" />: 51-52 Shirin gwajin ya kira don kashe tsarin sanyaya na gaggawa, tsarin sanyaya / mai aiki wanda aka nufa don samar da ruwa ga core a cikin Hadarin asarar sanyaya. An sami amincewa daga babban injiniyan shafin bisa ga ka'idoji.<ref name="insag7" />{{Rp|18}} An yi amfani da hanyar gwajin kamar haka: # Za a rage ƙarfin wutar lantarki zuwa tsakanin 700 MW da 1,000 MW (don ba da izinin isasshen sanyaya, yayin da za a juya turbine a saurin aiki yayin da aka cire shi daga grid din wutar lantarki).&nbsp;&nbsp; # Janareta na tururi zai gudana a saurin aiki na yau da kullun. # Hudu daga cikin manyan famfo takwas za a samar da su tare da wutar lantarki, yayin da sauran hudu za a ba da wutar lantarki ta hanyar turbine. # Lokacin da aka cimma yanayin da ya dace, za a rufe samar da tururi ga janareta na turbine, wanda zai haifar da rufewar reactor ta atomatik a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun. # Za a auna ƙarfin lantarki da turbine na bakin teku ya bayar, tare da ƙarfin lantarki da juyin juya hali a minti daya (RPMs) na manyan famfo huɗu da turbine ke amfani da su. # Lokacin da janareto na gaggawa suka samar da cikakken wutar lantarki, za a ba da damar janareto ya ci gaba da tafiya kyauta. ==== Manazarta ==== [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 9zq7bvsfqbahfijdquf20ha5v9wfxuc 0 175044 969090 964836 2026-10-18T15:33:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969090 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''3-Nitrooxypropanol''' (an taƙaita shi a matsayin '''3-NOP''' ko '''3NOP''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Bovaer''') wani fili ne na roba tare da tsari HOCH₂.<ref name="psu">{{Cite web |date=20 February 2020 |title=Feed supplement for dairy cows cuts their methane emission by about a quarter |url=https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/feed-supplement-dairy-cows-cuts-their-methane-emission-about-quarter |access-date=4 December 2024 |publisher=The Pennsylvania State University}}</ref> Yana da mononitrate ester na 1,3-propanediol kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai hana enzyme wanda ke da niyya musamman methyl coenzyme M reductase (MCR), enzyme wanda yake haɓaka mataki na ƙarshe na methanogenesis a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke zaune a cikin tsarin narkewar ruminants, kamar shanu da tumaki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hristov |first=Alexander N. |year=2015 |title=An inhibitor persistently decreased enteric methane emission from dairy cows with no negative effect on milk production |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.]] |volume=112 |issue=34 |pages=10663–10668 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11210663H |doi=10.1073/pnas.1504124112 |pmc=4553761 |pmid=26229078 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin da aka kara shi ga abincin dabbobi masu shayarwa, yana rage hayakin methane sosai ta hanyar hana aikin MCR ba tare da an haɗa shi cikin madara ko nama ba.<ref name="efsa">{{Cite journal |last=Bampidis |first=Vasileios |last2=Azimonti |first2=Giovanna |last3=Bastos |first3=Maria de Lourdes |last4=Christensen |first4=Henrik |last5=Dusemund |first5=Birgit |last6=Fašmon Durjava |first6=Mojca |last7=Kouba |first7=Maryline |last8=López-Alonso |first8=Marta |last9=López Puente |first9=Secundino |last10=Marcon |first10=Francesca |last11=Mayo |first11=Baltasar |last12=Pechová |first12=Alena |last13=Petkova |first13=Mariana |last14=Ramos |first14=Fernando |last15=Sanz |first15=Yolanda |date=November 2021 |title=Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of 3-nitrooxypropanol (Bovaer® 10) for ruminants for milk production and reproduction (DSM Nutritional Products Ltd) |journal=EFSA Journal |volume=19 |issue=11 |pages=e06905 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6905 |pmc=8603004 |pmid=34824644 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Yana haifar da karuwar karuwa a cikin sauyawar abinci ba tare da ya shafi amfanin gona ba. Bincike ya nuna cewa an rage fitar da methane da kashi 30 cikin dari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Publications |url=https://www.dsm.com/content/dam/dsm/corporate/en_US/documents/bovaer-list-of-peer-reviewed-scientific-studies.pdf |access-date=2026-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260720040935/https://www.dsm.com/content/dam/dsm/corporate/en_US/documents/bovaer-list-of-peer-reviewed-scientific-studies.pdf |archive-date=2026-07-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jenkins, T. C. |display-authors=etal |year=2023 |title=Reducing methane emissions in dairy cows: Efficacy of 3-Nitrooxypropanol |journal=Journal of Animal Science |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=176–182 |doi=10.1093/jas/skw240 |doi-broken-date=15 August 2026}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == DSM ta ba da izini kuma ta sayar da 3-NOP a matsayin mai hana methane don samar da dabbobi a ƙarƙashin sunan alama ''Bovaer'', kayan abinci.<ref name="psu" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.dsm-firmenich.com/en/home.html |website=@dsm-firmenich}}</ref> Tsarin ya kunshi [[silicon dioxide]] (60% w / w), propylene glycol, da 3-nitrooxypropanol (10% w /w). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CVM File: G-150438 |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/178913/download?attachment |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529231000/https://www.fda.gov/media/178913/download?attachment |archive-date=May 29, 2024 |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ci gaban Bovaer ya fara ne a cikin 2010 a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Clean Cow wanda DSM-Firmenich ya fara. Wannan aikin ya yi niyyar magance hayakin methane daga dabbobi, wanda shine babban tushen iskar gas. A cewar Maik Kindermann, shugaban bincike da ci gaba don aikin Bovaer, binciken ya fara ne a cikin 2008 tare da mai da hankali kan fahimtar hanyoyin kwayoyin a bayan samar da methane a cikin ruminants. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na farko da suka ci nasara a cikin 2010 kuma an gudanar da gwajjoji sama da 40 don tabbatar da inganci da aminci a duk faɗin abinci da mahalli daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Clean Cow |url=https://www.dairyherd.com/news/business/project-clean-cow}}</ref> A cikin 2021, Bovaer ya sami amincewarsa ta farko don amfani a [[Brazil]] da [[Chile]], sannan ya biyo bayan izini daga [[Tarayyar Turai]] don shanu a cikin 2022. An amince da samfurin don amfani a [[Kanada]] a farkon 2024 kuma ya sami amincewar [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] don kasuwar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a watan Mayu 2024. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, an ba Elanco haƙƙin lasisi na musamman don haɓaka da kasuwanci Bovaer a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elanco and Royal DSM Announce Strategic Alliance in U.S. for Bovaer® – A Revolutionary, Methane-Reducing Feed Additive for Cattle {{!}} DSM |url=https://www.dsm.com/corporate/news/news-archive/2022/elanco-and-royal-dsm-announce-strategic-alliance-in-us-for-bovaer-27042022.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=@corporate}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2023, Elanco ya nemi shawarwari tare da Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna ta FDA ta Amurka game da matsayin maganin Bovaer don amfani da shi azaman mai hana methane a cikin shanu. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, 2024, FDA ta Amurka ta kammala cewa Bovaer na iya rage samar da methane lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi azaman lakabi kuma yana haifar da ƙananan haɗari ga dabbobi da mutane a ƙarƙashin yanayin sayarwa.<ref name=":0" /> == Tsaro == Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta kammala cewa Bovaer ya cika ka'idojin aminci da inganci don amfani da shi wajen shayar da shanu, yana mai cewa ba ya tasiri ga samar da madara ko inganci.<ref name="elanco.com">{{Cite web |title=Elanco Announces FDA Has Completed Review of Bovaer®, First-in-Class Methane-Reducing Feed Ingredient, for U.S. Dairy Industry |url=https://www.elanco.com/en-us/insights/elanco-announces-fda-has-completed-review-of-bovaer-first-in-class-methane-reducing-feed-ingredient-for-u-s-dairy-industry |website=@Elanco |access-date=2026-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520153400/https://www.elanco.com/en-us/insights/elanco-announces-fda-has-completed-review-of-bovaer-first-in-class-methane-reducing-feed-ingredient-for-u-s-dairy-industry |archive-date=2025-05-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ra'ayi na kimiyya daga Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Turai (EFSA) ya gano cewa Bovaer yana da aminci ga shanu masu samar da madara a matsakaicin matakan da aka ba da shawarar kuma ba ya haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar abinci ko muhalli.<ref name="dairyherd.com" /> 3-NOP na iya zama mai cutarwa idan aka sha shi kuma yana da damuwa ga fata da idanu.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |last=Art |first=Pop Culture & |date=November 28, 2024 |title=Boycott calls grow over Arla's Bovaer feed trial for dairy cows |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2512549/boycott-calls-grow-over-arlas-bovaer-feed-trial-for-dairy-cows |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> Kodayake an nuna damuwa da cewa ba su da karatun dogon lokaci, irin waɗannan binciken guda uku a zahiri sun wanzu tun daga Nuwamba 2021 kuma an yi la'akari da su ta hanyar nazarin tsarin EFSA. <ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2024 |title=Boycott calls grow over Arla's Bovaer feed trial for dairy cows |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2512549/boycott-calls-grow-over-arlas-bovaer-feed-trial-for-dairy-cows}}</ref><ref name="efsa" /> Arla Foods ya yi iƙirarin cewa Bovaer ba zai shafi ingancin madara ko aminci ba, saboda yana cikin madara da nama kawai a cikin adadi mai yawa; wannan ma yana tallafawa ta EFSA. <ref name="tribune.com.pk" /><ref name="efsa" /> 3-NOP yana narkewa da sauri a cikin mahadi waɗanda ke cikin rumen na shanu da mahadi 3-NOPA a cikin adadi mai yawa.<ref name="psu" /> == Karɓar baƙi == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024, Arla Foods ta ba da sanarwar gwaji na hadin gwiwa wanda ya shafi manyan 'yan kasuwa na [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] kamar Morrisons, Tesco da Aldi don gwada Bovaer a kusan gonaki 30 a Burtaniya.<ref name="newfoodmagazine.com">{{Cite web |title=Arla partners with retailers to tackle methane emissions from dairy cows |url=https://www.newfoodmagazine.com/news/246090/arla-partners-with-retailers-to-trial-feed-additive-targeting-methane-emission-reduction/ |website=New Food Magazine}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA" /> Duk da fa'idodi masu yuwuwa, gwajin ya fuskanci mummunar martani daga masu amfani waɗanda suka yi kira ga kauracewa samfuran Arla, musamman man Lurpak. Masu sukar sun nuna damuwa game da aminci da tasirin ɗabi'a na amfani da kayan karawa kamar Bovaer a cikin abincin dabbobi.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="standard.co.uk">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Jordan |date=December 2, 2024 |title=What is the Arla Foods Bovaer animal feed trial? |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/environment/arla-foods-bovaer-trial-bill-gates-animal-feed-methane-b1196654.html |website=The Standard}}</ref> Arla ya kare gwajin, yana mai tabbatar da cewa Bovaer an gwada shi sosai kuma an amince da shi ta hanyar hukumomin da ke kula da shi kamar Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Turai (EFSA) da Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Burtaniya. Kamfanin ya nace cewa ba za a sami mummunar tasiri a kan lafiyar dabbobi ko ingancin madara ba yayin gwaji.<ref name="newfoodmagazine.com" /> === Tasirin muhalli === Bovaer yana da niyyar ba da gudummawa ga rage sauyin yanayi ta hanyar rage hayakin methane daga shanu. Bincike ya nuna cewa ciyar da takalma daya na Bovaer a kowace saniya mai shayarwa a kowace rana na iya haifar da raguwar kusan 30% a cikin hayakin methane, wanda yayi daidai da kimanin tan 1.2 na [[carbon dioxide]] daidai (CO2e) a kowace saniya a kowace shekara.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=FDA Greenlights Bovaer: A Revolutionary Methane-Reducing Supplement for US Dairy Cattle Launching in 2024 |url=https://www.thebullvine.com/news/fda-greenlights-bovaer-a-revolutionary-methane-reducing-supplement-for-us-dairy-cattle-launching-in-2024/}}</ref> Wani cikakken binciken da aka gudanar a cikin [[Holand|Netherlands]] wanda ya shafi gonakin madara 150 da shanu sama da 20,000 ya nuna cewa Bovaer ya fi tasiri a mafi girman sashi kuma lokacin da aka haɗa shi da masara a cikin abincin shanu. Bugu da ƙari, gwaje-gwaje a [[Italiya]] sun ba da rahoton raguwar methane har zuwa 50% lokacin da aka ba da Bovaer kowace rana ga shanun shayarwa.<ref name="dairyherd.com" /> Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Turai (EFSA) ta kammala cewa Bovaer yana da aminci don amfani a cikin shanu, ba tare da wani mummunan sakamako akan samar da madara ba, abun da ke ciki, ko lafiyar dabba da aka lura yayin gwaji.<ref name="auto" /><ref name="elanco.com" /> An kuma amince da samfurin a wasu ƙasashe da yawa, gami da [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], da [[Kanada]].<ref name="dairyherd.com" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cda794kfs115s1ojab7wx2edv97zci6 0 175137 969390 948516 2026-10-19T07:03:05Z Salma Raddah 45959 969390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Ivesia-longibracteata.jpg|status=G1|status_system=TNC|status_ref=<ref name="TNC status 14 may 2022">{{cite web | url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.142904 | title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 }}</ref>|genus=Potentilla|species=longibracteata|authority=(Ertter) Mosyakin & Shiyan|synonyms=* ''Ivesia longibracteata'' <small>Ertter</small>}} '''''Potentilla longibracteata''''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Castle Crags ivesia''' da '''longbract mousetail''', nau'in shuka ne mai fure da ba kasafai ake samunsa a cikin dangin fure ba . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Potentilla longibracteata (Ertter) Mosyakin & Shiyan {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77213215-1 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref> Yana da yawa a gundumar Shasta, California, inda aka san shi ne kawai daga Castle Crags . Yana girma a cikin wurin da ake samun duwatsu a cikin [[Kudancin daji mai laushi|dajin coniferous mai zafi]] . == Bayani == ''Potentilla longibracteata'' wata shuka ce mai dawwama wacce ke samar da ganye mai launin kore wanda ke tsiro daga ramuka a cikin duwatsun granite. Ganyen suna da tsawon santimita 2 zuwa 4 kuma an yi su ne da nau'ikan ganyen lobed da yawa. Inflorescences ɗin yana kama da kan kai na furanni da yawa waɗanda faɗin santimita 1 ko 2 ne. Kowace fure tana da tsawon santimita ɗaya kawai kuma tana da ƙananan furanni masu launin rawaya mai haske. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6677,6772,6786 Jepson Manual Jiyya - ''Ivesia longibracteata''] * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Ivesia+longibracteata ''Ivesia longibracteata'' - Hoto gallery] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q2krq1pjhnraos2khcbm1311go7yt1x 969391 969390 2026-10-19T07:03:27Z Salma Raddah 45959 969391 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Potentilla longibracteata''''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Castle Crags ivesia''' da '''longbract mousetail''', nau'in shuka ne mai fure da ba kasafai ake samunsa a cikin dangin fure ba . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Potentilla longibracteata (Ertter) Mosyakin & Shiyan {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77213215-1 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref> Yana da yawa a gundumar Shasta, California, inda aka san shi ne kawai daga Castle Crags . Yana girma a cikin wurin da ake samun duwatsu a cikin [[Kudancin daji mai laushi|dajin coniferous mai zafi]] . == Bayani == ''Potentilla longibracteata'' wata shuka ce mai dawwama wacce ke samar da ganye mai launin kore wanda ke tsiro daga ramuka a cikin duwatsun granite. Ganyen suna da tsawon santimita 2 zuwa 4 kuma an yi su ne da nau'ikan ganyen lobed da yawa. Inflorescences ɗin yana kama da kan kai na furanni da yawa waɗanda faɗin santimita 1 ko 2 ne. Kowace fure tana da tsawon santimita ɗaya kawai kuma tana da ƙananan furanni masu launin rawaya mai haske. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6677,6772,6786 Jepson Manual Jiyya - ''Ivesia longibracteata''] * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Ivesia+longibracteata ''Ivesia longibracteata'' - Hoto gallery] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3ovot2vz59alqhehtrbbvyu6acryzcf 969393 969391 2026-10-19T07:04:22Z Salma Raddah 45959 969393 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Potentilla longibracteata''''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Castle Crags ivesia''' da '''longbract mousetail''', nau'in shuka ne mai fure da ba kasafai ake samunsa a cikin dangin fure ba .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Potentilla longibracteata (Ertter) Mosyakin & Shiyan {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77213215-1 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref> Yana da yawa a gundumar Shasta, California, inda aka san shi ne kawai daga Castle Crags . Yana girma a cikin wurin da ake samun duwatsu a cikin [[Kudancin daji mai laushi|dajin coniferous mai zafi]] . == Bayani == ''[[Potentilla longibracteata]]'' wata shuka ce mai dawwama wacce ke samar da ganye mai launin kore wanda ke tsiro daga ramuka a cikin duwatsun granite. Ganyen suna da tsawon santimita 2 zuwa 4 kuma an yi su ne da nau'ikan ganyen lobed da yawa. Inflorescences ɗin yana kama da kan kai na furanni da yawa waɗanda faɗin santimita 1 ko 2 ne. Kowace fure tana da tsawon santimita ɗaya kawai kuma tana da ƙananan furanni masu launin rawaya mai haske. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6677,6772,6786 Jepson Manual Jiyya - ''Ivesia longibracteata''] * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Ivesia+longibracteata ''Ivesia longibracteata'' - Hoto gallery] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ktpashob7926ivxc2l6vol6ftjani3c 0 175296 969251 960793 2026-10-18T20:23:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ahmed Atef Mouhran Mohamed''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Maris 1998) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Masar wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Modern Sport . == Aikin kulob == An haife shi a gundumar Sohag, Atef ya fara aikinsa da ƙungiyar Al-Saha ta rukuni na huɗu kafin ya koma makarantar kwararru ta Wadi Degla . <ref name="yk">{{Cite web |date=22 August 2021 |title=غزال دجلة.. من ساحة سوهاج إلى ضربة "الجائحة" لبداية حلمه في اليونان |trans-title=Ghazal Digla.. From Sohag Square to the "Pandemic" Strike to the Beginning of His Dream in Greece |url=https://www.yallakora.com/egyptian-league/2673/news/413081/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=yallakora.com |language=ar}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, bayan an danganta shi da komawa ƙungiyar 'yar uwar Wadi Degla da ke Belgium, Lierse, sai ya koma ɗaya daga cikin sauran ƙungiyoyin 'yar uwar ƙungiyar, ƙungiyar Ergotelis ta Girka. <ref name="yk" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2020 |title=وادى دجلة ينهي إجراءات إعارة لاعبه لنادي إرجوتليس اليونانى |trans-title=Wadi Degla completes loan procedures for its player to the Greek club Ergotelis |url=https://www.elhayahalyoum.com/13297 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=elhayahalyoum.com |language=ar}}</ref> Duk da haka, bayan wasanni biyar kacal a ƙungiyar, ya koma Masar saboda annobar COVID-19 . <ref name="yk" /> A kakar wasa mai zuwa ya fara bugawa Wadi Degla wasa a gasar Premier ta Masar, kuma rawar da ya taka ta jawo hankalin manyan kungiyoyin Masar Al Ahly da Zamalek, inda aka ruwaito cewa kungiyoyin biyu sun yi tayin shiga gasar a hukumance. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2021 |title=أحمد عاطف: تلقيت عرضين من الأهلي والزمالك والقرار في يد إدارة دجلة |trans-title=Ahmed Atef: I received two offers from Al-Ahly and Zamalek, and the decision is in the hands of the Degla administration |url=https://sport.elwatannews.com/ar/1/1/870748/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81-%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=sport.elwatannews.com |language=ar}}</ref> Duk da waɗannan alaƙar, Atef ya koma ƙungiyar da aka haɓaka kwanan nan ta Future a kan yarjejeniyar aro na shekara ɗaya a watan Satumba na 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2021 |title=فيوتشر يخطف صفقة الزمالك |trans-title=Future snatches Zamalek deal |url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/2950850.aspx |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=gate.ahram.org.eg |language=ar}}</ref> Aikinsa tare da Future ya fara da kyau, kuma an yaba masa a kafofin watsa labarai na Masar saboda rawar da ya taka a wasan da suka yi da Al Ahly, wanda ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta yi kunnen doki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2021 |title=قصة صور.. أحمد عاطف مشروع نجم من الصعيد الجوانى |trans-title=Photo story.. Ahmed Atef, a projected star from Upper Egypt |url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2021/12/28/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9-%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89/5595632 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=youm7.com |language=ar}}</ref> Daga baya a kakar wasa, an bayyana cewa Future yana da wani sashe a yarjejeniyar aro na sayen Atef, duk da sha'awar wasu kungiyoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2022 |title=خاص - نكشف مخطط إدارة فيوتشر للصفقات وموقف أحمد عاطف |trans-title=Exclusive - We reveal Future's management plan for deals and Ahmed Atef's position |url=https://www.egygool.com/news/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81/43668 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=egygool.com |language=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906210519/https://www.egygool.com/news/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5-%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7-%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81/43668 |archive-date=6 September 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2022 |title=بعد اهتمام الأهلي.. مصدر بوادي دجلة يوضح لـ"بطولات" مصير أحمد عاطف مع فيوتشر |trans-title=After Al-Ahly's interest.. A source in Wadi Degla explains to "Botolaat" the fate of Ahmed Atef with Future |url=https://www.btolat.com/news/276730 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=btolat.com |language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2022 |title=لا يجوز.. مجدي عبدالغني يكشف قانونية بيع وادي دجلة للمهاجم أحمد عاطف |trans-title=It is not permissible.. Magdy Abdelghany reveals the legality of Wadi Degla selling striker Ahmed Atet |url=https://www.elbalad.news/5189767 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=elbalad.news |language=ar}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2022, an ruwaito cewa Future ta cire zaɓin siyan da ta yi kan kuɗin da aka ruwaito tsakanin [[Fam na Masar|fam miliyan 12 zuwa 18 na Masar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2022 |title=فيوتشر يفعل بند شراء أحمد عاطف من دجلة |trans-title=Future activates the purchase clause of Ahmed Atef from Degla |url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2548410 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=almasryalyoum.com |language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2022 |title=وادى دجلة: 18 مليون جنيه قيمة تفعيل بيع أحمد عاطف لفيوتشر |trans-title=Wadi Degla: 18 million pounds is the value of activating the sale of Ahmed Atef to Future |url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2022/5/16/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89-%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9-18-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87-%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81/5763395 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=youm7.com |language=ar}}</ref> Duk da haka, a watan Mayu na wannan shekarar, Atef ya nemi izinin shiga Al Ahly a lokacin bazara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2022 |title=أحمد عاطف يوقع استمارة رغبة انضمامه للأهلى من الموسم المقبل |trans-title=Ahmed Atef signs a form requesting to join Al-Ahly next season |url=https://www.gomhuriaonline.com/Gomhuria/1043791.html |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=gomhuriaonline.com |language=ar}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Mayu 2022, Future ta tabbatar da cewa sun sayi Atef daga Wadi Degla. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=رئيس فيوتشر: قررنا استمرار أحمد عاطف وعمر كمال مع الفريق |trans-title=Future Chairman: We decided to keep Ahmed Atef and Omar Kamal with the team |url=https://m.sa24.co/article/15311632?news=%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81-%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1-%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=m.sa24.co |language=ar}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2022, an sake danganta shi da barin kulob din, a wannan karon zuwa kungiyar Basel ta Switzerland. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title=مصدر مقرب من اللاعب: بازل السويسري يراقب أحمد عاطف مهاجم فيوتشر |trans-title=A source close to the player: Basel is monitoring Future FC striker Ahmed Atef |url=https://m.sa24.co/article/15493900/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8:-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85-%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1.html |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=m.sa24.co |language=ar}}</ref> Da kwantiraginsa zai kare a watan Janairun 2025, Future - wanda yanzu aka sani da Modern Sport - ya ƙi tayin da ƙungiyoyin ƙasashen waje suka yi masa na ɗaukar Atef a lokacin bazara na 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2024 |title=مودرن سبورت: لم نتلق عروضاً من الأهلي لضم أحمد عاطف بالميركاتو الصيفي |trans-title=Modern Sport: We did not receive any offers from Al-Ahly to sign Ahmed Atef in the summer transfer window |url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2024/9/1/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%86-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%82-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81/6692377 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=youm7.com |language=ar}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An ruwaito cewa Atef ya ja hankalin kocin ƙungiyar ƙasa ta wancan lokacin [[Carlos Queiroz]] a watan Maris na 2022 bayan ya yi wasa da Future. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=من هو " أحمد عاطف " مهاجم فيوتشر الذي خطف انظار كيروش |trans-title=Who is "Ahmed Atef", the Future striker who caught Queiroz's attention? |url=https://alqaednews.com/24175/ |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=alqaednews.com |language=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906210518/https://alqaednews.com/24175/ |archive-date=6 September 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya samu kiran farko a watan Yuni na wannan shekarar, kuma ya fara bugawa a wasan da suka doke Habasha da ci 2-0 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2022 |title=أحمد عاطف: دكة منتخب مصر شرف وسجدت لله بعد انضمامى للقائمة |trans-title=Ahmed Atef: The Egyptian national team bench is an honor and I prostrated to God after joining the list |url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2022/6/2/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81-%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81-%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89/5786445 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=youm7.com |language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2022 |title=أحمد عاطف يسجل مشاركته الدولية الأولى مع منتخب مصر |trans-title=Ahmed Atef makes his first international appearance with the Egyptian national team |url=https://akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/3787071/1/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%81-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B9 |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=akhbarelyom.com |language=ar}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|6 September 2024.}}<ref>{{Soccerway|ahmet-atef/650979|accessdate=27 March 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Wadi Degla |2019–20 | rowspan="2" |Egyptian Premier League |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2020–21 |18 |6 |2{{Efn|Appearances in the [[Egypt Cup]]}} |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |20 |6 |- |2021–22 |Egyptian Second Division |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !18 !6 !2 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !20 !6 |- |Ergotelis (loan) |2019–20 |Super League Greece 2 |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– | colspan="2" |– |0 |0 |5 |0 |- |Future (loan) |2021–22 | rowspan="3" |Egyptian Premier League |25 |9 |0 |0 |2{{Efn|Appearances in the [[Egyptian League Cup]]}} |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |27 |10 |- | rowspan="3" |Modern Sport |2022–23 |19 |4 |1[a] |0 |0 |0 |8{{Efn|Appearances in the [[CAF Confederation Cup]]}} |2 |0 |0 |28 |6 |- |2023–24 |29 |6 |1[a] |0 |2[b] |0 |9[c] |3 |2{{Efn|Appearances in the [[Egyptian Super Cup]]}} |0 |43 |9 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !73 !19 !2 !0 !4 !1 !17 !5 !2 !0 !98 !25 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !5 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !5 !0 |} ; Bayanan kula {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|6 September 2024}}<ref>{{NFT player|pid=87875}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="2" | Misira | 2022 | 2 | 0 |- | 2024 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 3 ! 0 |} == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{UEFA player}} * Ahmed Atef at WorldFootball.net [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] qk9ggt5ifwxs0ft4joeadpko9ncv2o5 0 176213 969243 964884 2026-10-18T19:01:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Adedayo Agarau''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1994) mawaƙin ƙasar Najeriya wanda aikinsa ke bincike kan jigogi na tashin hankali da al'ada, ƙwaƙwalwa, da sihiri na Afirka. Shi ne marubucin tarin waƙoƙi mai tsawo mai suna The Years of Blood (Fordham University Press, 2025), wanda ya lashe Kyautar Edita ta Cibiyar Shari'a ta Waƙoƙi don Marubutan BIPOC . <ref name="fordham2">{{Cite web |title=The Years of Blood |url=https://fordhampress.com/the-years-of-blood-pb-9781531511616.html |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Fordham University Press}}</ref> Agarau shi ne Babban Edita na Mujallar Agbowó, mujallar da aka keɓe ga wallafe-wallafen Afirka da fasaha, kuma yana aiki a matsayin Edita na Poetry Reviews na The Rumpus . <ref name="poetry foundation2">{{Cite web |title=Adedayo Agarau |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/adedayo-agarau |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226180347/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/adedayo-agarau |archive-date=26 February 2026 |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Poetry Foundation}}</ref> A matsayinsa na mawaƙi na ƙasar Najeriya da ke aiki a wurin haɗuwa da al'ada da gogewar zamani, waƙoƙin Agarau sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafen da suka hada da Poetry Magazine, Guernica, World Literature Today, da Iowa Review . <ref name="poetry foundation2" /> Wallace Stegner Fellow a Jami'ar Stanford (2023-2025) da kuma Cave Canem Fellow, yana da MFA daga Iowa Writers' Workshop.<ref name="stanford2">{{Cite web |title=Adedayo Agarau |url=https://creativewriting.stanford.edu/people/adedayo-agarau |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Stanford University Creative Writing Program}}</ref> A shekara ta 2024, ya lashe kyautar C.P. Cavafy Poetry Prize don wata waƙa mai taken "Halloween, Iowa".<ref name="cavafy2">{{Cite web |date=November 2025 |title=Adedayo Agarau Wins 2024 C.P. Cavafy Poetry Prize worth $1,000 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2025/11/adedayo-agarau-wins-2024-c-p-cavafy-poetry-prize-worth-1000/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Brittle Paper}}</ref> Baya ga aikinsa na ƙirƙira, Agarau yana aiki sosai wajen gina wallafe-wallafen al'ummomi a duk faɗin Afirka. Ya kafa lambar yabo ta Arole Agarawu International Poetry Prize for African Writers kuma ya kafa Poetry Sango-Ota, dandalin jagoranci ga mawaƙa na ƙasar Najeriya.<ref name="rumpus2">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2025 |title=A Poem Invites You, Warns You, and Then Confounds You: A Conversation with Adedayo Agarau |url=https://therumpus.net/2025/11/20/a-poem-invites-you-warns-you-and-then-confounds-you-a-conversation-with-adedayo-agarau/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=The Rumpus}}</ref> Ya tsara Memento: Anthology of Contemporary Nigerian Poetry (2020), tarihi wanda ke nuna aikin mawaƙa na ƙasar Najeriya, kuma memba ne na UnSerious Collective . <ref name="unserious2">{{Cite web |title=Adedayo Agarau |url=https://unseriouscollective.com/adedayo-agarau/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Unserious Collective}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Agarau a garin Ibadan, dake ƙasar Najeriya a shekarar 1994.<ref name="about2">{{Cite web |date=5 March 2025 |title=About |url=https://adedayoagarau.com/about/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Adedayo Agarau}}</ref> Ya sami Digiri na Ƙasa mafi girma a cikin Abinci na Ɗan Adam da Dietetics daga Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo a cikin shekarar 2019. <ref name="about2" /> Ya sami MFA a cikin Waƙoƙi daga Cibiyar Nazarin Marubutan Iowa a Jami'ar Iowa a cikin shekarar 2023, inda aka san shi da tallafin karatu da yawa ciki har da Kyautar Stanley don Binciken Duniya.<ref name="chireview2">{{Cite web |date=3 September 2025 |title=The Unsettling Hand of Grief: An Interview with Adedayo Agarau About "The Years of Blood" |url=https://chireviewofbooks.com/2025/09/02/the-unsettling-hand-of-grief-an-interview-with-adedayo-agarau-about-the-years-of-blood/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902103739/https://chireviewofbooks.com/2025/09/02/the-unsettling-hand-of-grief-an-interview-with-adedayo-agarau-about-the-years-of-blood/ |archive-date=2 September 2025 |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Chicago Review of Books}}</ref> Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Wallace Stegner Fellow a Jami'ar Stanford daga shekarar 2023 zuwa shekarar 2025. <ref name="stanford2" /> == Ayyukan wallafe-wallafen == === Waƙoƙi da wallafe-wallafe === Farkon waƙar Agarau na farko, The Years of Blood, an buga shi ne ta hanyar Fordham University Press a watan Satumbar shekarar 2025. waƙar tana magana ne game da kisan kiyashi da satar yara a ƙasar Najeriya, musamman a yankin Ibadan, yana mai da hankali kan ilimin sararin samaniya da al'adun Yorubawa. Aikin ya lashe lambar yabo ta Edita ta Cibiyar Shari'a ta shekarar 2023-24 ga Marubutan BIPOC kuma an jera shi a cikin shayari da aka fi tsammani na shekarar 2025 ta Isele Magazine, The Modaculture, da Open Country Magazine.<ref name="fordham2" /> Kafin wallafar sa ta farko, Agarau ya buga litattafai guda uku waɗanda suka kafa sunansa a matsayin jagora a cikin waƙoƙin Afirka na zamani: For Boys Who Went (2016), The Origin of Name (African Poetry Book Fund, 2020), da The Arrival of Rain (Vegetarian Alcoholic Press, 2020). <ref name="unserious2" /> Mawallafa Kwame Dawes da [[Chris Abani]] ne suka zaɓi ''Asalin Sunan'' don akwatin littafin Sabon Ƙwararrun Afirka, wanda ya nuna muryoyin da ke fitowa a cikin shayari na Afirka.<ref name="wlt2">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2022 |title=The State of the African Poetry Book Fund: A Conversation with Chris Abani and Kwame Dawes |url=https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2022/march/state-african-poetry-book-fund-conversation-chris-abani-and-kwame-dawes-erik-gleibermann |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=World Literature Today}}</ref> Waƙoƙinsa sun bayyana a cikin mujallu da yawa ciki har da Poetry Magazine, [https://www.guernicamag.com/author/adedayo-agarau/ Guernica], World Literature Today, Iowa Review, Poet Lore, da Poetary Society of America . <ref name="poetry foundation2" /> An nuna aikinsa a cikin nune-nunen a Wellcome Collections of Medicine a London da kuma Paris Photo Exhibition, yana nuna girman gani da kuma rikice-rikice na shayensa.<ref name="about2" /> === Ayyukan edita da jagorancin wallafe-wallafen === Agarau yana aiki a matsayin Babban Edita na [https://agbowo.org/ Mujallar Agbowó], ɗaya daga cikin manyan mujallu da aka keɓe ga wallafe-wallafen Afirka da fasaha.<ref name="poetry foundation2" /> A cikin wannan rawar, ya kasance kayan aiki wajen tsara marubutan Afirka da inganta muryoyin wallafe-wallafen Afirka na zamani. Har ila yau, shi ne Editan Binciken Waƙoƙi a The Rumpus, inda yake ba da gudummawa ga maganganu masu mahimmanci game da shayari.<ref name="poetry foundation2" /> Ya kasance editan da ya kafa a IceFloe Press, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin editan New International Voices da kuma manajan African Chapbook Acquisition, yana mai da hankali kan buga ayyukan mawaƙa na Afirka da faɗaɗa damar yin amfani da shayari na Afirka a faɗin duniya.<ref name="icefloe2">{{Cite web |title=IceFloe Press |url=https://icefloepress.net/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=IceFloe Press}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2020, Agarau ya tsara kuma ya gyara Memento: Anthology of Contemporary Nigerian Poetry, wani muhimmin tarin da ke tattare da muryoyi da salon mawaƙa na Najeriya na zamani ciki har da [[Dami Ajayi]], JK Anowe, Pelumi Salako, Jide Badmus, Patrick Nome, da sauransu da yawa. An gane tarihin a matsayin muhimmiyar gudummawa ga ƙwarewar wallafe-wallafen Najeriya da Afirka. === Gine-gine da jagoranci na al'umma === Agarau memba ne na UnSerious Collective, shirin zumunci wanda ke tallafawa marubutan Najeriya masu tasowa. <ref name="unserious2" /> Ya kafa Poetry Sango-Ota, wani dandamali da aka keɓe don jagorantar mawaƙa na ƙasar Najeriya ta hanyar bita da shirye-shiryen wallafe-wallafen. Ya kafa lambar yabo ta Arole Agarawu International Poetry Prize for African Writers, wani shiri da nufin ganewa da tallafawa mawaƙa na Afirka. An ba da kyautar ne bayan kakansa, Alhaji Arole Agarawu, marubucin waƙoƙin Afirka ta Yamma da ba a san shi ba, wanda ke haɗa aikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka na zamani tare da al'adun kiɗa da na baki.<ref name="rumpus2" /> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Agarau ya sami kyaututtuka da girmamawa da yawa don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga shayari da wallafe-wallafen Afirka, su ne kamar haka: * Wanda ya lashe kyautar The Future Awards ta Afirka don wallafe-wallafen (2025) * Wanda ya lashe, C.P. Cavafy Poetry Prize (2024) don "Halloween, Iowa" <ref name="cavafy2" /> * Wanda ya ci nasara, Kyautar Edita ta Cibiyar Shari'a ta Waƙoƙi don Marubutan BIPOC (2023-24) don ''Shekaru na Jinin'' <ref name="fordham2" /> * Wanda ya kammala, Ruth Lilly-Rosenberg Fellowship (2024) <ref name="jaylit2">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2025 |title=Adedayo Agarau Named to 2025 Poets & Writers Get the Word Out Poetry Cohort |url=https://jaylit.com/adedayo-agarau-named-to-2025-poets-writers-get-the-word-out-poetry-cohort/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=JAY Lit}}</ref> * An lissafa shi, Kyautar Waƙoƙi ta Duniya ta Wales (2024) <ref name="poetry foundation2" /> * Finalist, Sillerman Littafin Farko na Mawallafin Afirka (2021, 2023) <ref name="sillerman2">{{Cite web |title=Shenoda wins Sillerman First Book Prize for African Poets |url=https://news.unl.edu/newsrooms/today/article/shenoda-wins-sillerman-first-book-prize-for-african-poets/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=University of Nebraska-Lincoln}}</ref> * An lissafa shi, Brunel African Poetry Prize (2022) <ref name="iowa honors2">{{Cite web |date=14 September 2022 |title=Iowa Writers' Workshop 2021 – 2022 Honors |url=https://writinguniversity.uiowa.edu/news-archive/2022/09/iowa-writers-workshop-2021-2022-honors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222233949/https://writinguniversity.uiowa.edu/news-archive/2022/09/iowa-writers-workshop-2021-2022-honors |archive-date=22 December 2025 |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=The Writing University - The University of Iowa}}</ref> * Kyautar Stanley don Binciken Duniya, Jami'ar Iowa (2022) <ref name="stanley2">{{Cite web |title=Meet the recipients of the 2022 Stanley Award for International Research |url=https://international.uiowa.edu/news/2022/04/meet-recipients-2022-stanley-award-international-research |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=International Programs - The University of Iowa}}</ref> * Robert Hayden Fellowship (2022) <ref name="hayden2">{{Cite web |title=Writers' Conference Scholarships |url=https://wintergetaway.com/registration/writers-conference-scholarships/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218141944/https://wintergetaway.com/registration/writers-conference-scholarships/ |archive-date=18 February 2026 |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Winter Poetry & Prose Getaway}}</ref> * Wanda ya ci nasara, Kyautar Masana'antar Waƙoƙi ta Yankin, Matsayi na 3 (2020) <ref name="frontier2">{{Cite web |last=Agarau |first=Adedayo |date=18 November 2020 |title=The 2020 Industry Prize, 3rd Place Winner: Bad Dream With My Grandmother's Stroke by Adedayo Agarau |url=https://www.frontierpoetry.com/2020/11/18/poetry-adedayo-agarau/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Frontier Poetry}}</ref> * Longlist, Emerging Poet Prize, Palette Poetry (2020) <ref name="palette2">{{Cite web |date=10 July 2020 |title=Winners of the 2020 Emerging Poet Prize! |url=https://www.palettepoetry.com/2020/07/10/winners-and-finalists-of-the-2020-emerging-poet-prize/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Palette Poetry}}</ref> * Wanda ya zo na farko, SEVHAGE / Kyautar Waƙoƙin Angya (2019) <ref name="sevhage2">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2019 |title=Winners Of Sevhage Literary Prizes |url=https://mammothspectrummedia.wordpress.com/2019/06/23/winners-of-sevhage-literary-prizes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216034121/https://mammothspectrummedia.wordpress.com/2019/06/23/winners-of-sevhage-literary-prizes/ |archive-date=16 December 2021 |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Mammoth Spectrum Media}}</ref> * An lissafa shi, Kyautar Waƙoƙin Babishai Niwe (2018) <ref name="babishai2">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2018 |title=CONGRATULATIONS: THE #BABISHAI2018 SHORTLIST |url=https://babishainiwe.com/2018/07/19/congratulations-the-babishai2018-shortlist/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216034123/https://babishainiwe.com/2018/07/19/congratulations-the-babishai2018-shortlist/ |archive-date=16 December 2021 |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=BABISHAI NIWE POETRY FOUNDATION}}</ref> * Wanda ya lashe, Kyautar Waƙoƙin Eriata Oribhabor (2017) <ref name="eopp2">{{Cite web |date=12 December 2017 |title=MESIOYE, AGARAU, OGWIJI WIN ERIATA ORIBHABOR POETRY PRIZE 2017 |url=https://www.wrr.ng/news/eopp-2017-mesioye-wins/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124044215/https://www.wrr.ng/news/eopp-2017-mesioye-wins/ |archive-date=24 January 2026 |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=Words Rhymes & Rhythm}}</ref> == Bayanan littattafai == === Cikakken tarin === * ''Shekaru na Jinin'' (Fordham University Press, 2025) {{ISBN|978-1531511616}} === Littattafai === * Don Yara Wadanda suka tafi (An buga su da kansu, 2016) * ''Zuwan Ruwan Sama'' (Vegetarian Alcoholic Press, 2020) * ''Asalin Sunan'' (Asusun Littafin Waƙoƙi na Afirka, 2020) === A matsayin edita === * ''Memento: Tarihin Waƙoƙin Najeriya na zamani'' (2020) == Dubi kuma == * [[Adabin Najeriya|Littattafan Najeriya]] * [[African poetry|Waƙoƙin Afirka]] * Gidauniyar Cave Canem * Nazarin Marubutan Iowa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * [https://adedayoagarau.com/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/adedayo-agarau Adedayo Agarau] a Gidauniyar Waƙoƙi * [https://agbowoart.com/ Mujallar Agbowó] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rowkvng0qnjyyy8afgovlmzgrzrt7q0 0 176231 969342 951885 2026-10-19T02:23:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  Anderson v. City of Hermosa Beach, 621 F. 3d 1051 (2010), wani yanke shawara ne na Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka don Yanki na Tara, wanda ya yanke hukuncin cewa Tattoo, tsarin tattooing, da kasuwancin tattooing ayyuka ne masu tsabta waɗanda ke da cikakkiyar kariya ta hanyar sashi na [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki a Amurka|'yancin magana]] na Kwaskwarimar Farko. Kotun ta yanke shawarar cewa tsarin tattooing ya zama aiki mai tsabta maimakon halin da ya dace da abubuwa na sadarwa. A matsayin aiki mai tsabta, ana iya tsara tsarin tattooing ne kawai ta hanyar lokaci, wuri, da ƙuntatawa ta hanya. Kotun ta gano a cikin Anderson v. Birnin Hermosa Beach cewa Dokar Karamar Hukumar Hermosa ta haramta wuraren tattoo a cikin birni ba lokaci, wuri, da ƙuntatawa ba ne mai ma'ana saboda ba a daidaita ƙa'idar don saduwa da sha'awar gwamnati ba kuma ƙa'idar ba ta bar hanyoyi masu yawa a buɗe don isar da saƙonnin iri ɗaya. == Tarihi == === Tarihin shari'a na tattooing a Amurka === Tattoo alama ce ta gani da aka zana a jikin mutum tare da allura da tawada wanda ke nuna hotuna da kalmomi. [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta yanke hukuncin cewa hotuna da sauran nau'ikan maganganu na alama, sai dai idan an nuna in ba haka ba, an kare su da Kwaskwarimar Farko ta Kundin Tsarin Mulki na ƙasar Amurka. Hotuna, irin su zane-zane da hotuna ana ɗaukar su a matsayin cikakkiyar magana ba tare da la'akari da kafofin watsa labarai ba wanda ake isar da siffofin magana.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Bhagwat |first=Ashutos |year=2015 |title=PRODUCING SPEECH |journal=William & Mary Law Review |volume=56 |pages=1029–1081 |via=LexisNexis}}</ref> Duk da yake saƙonnin da ake nunawa a jikin mutum na iya karewa ta Kwaskwarimar Farko, tsarin tattooing na iya haifar da haɗarin lafiya da aminci. Idan aka yi amfani da shi a cikin yanayin rashin tsabta, tattooing na iya haifar da yaduwar cututtukan da ke yaduwa kamar [[Ciwon Hanta|Hepatitis]]. Gwamnati ta sami damar tsara aikin tattooing saboda gwamnati tana da sha'awar kiyaye jama'a lafiya da lafiya.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Cherep |first=Matthew Alan |year=2011 |title=Comment: Barbie Can Get A Tattoo, Why Can't I?: First Amendment Protection of Tattooing In a Barbie World |url=https://wakeforestlawreview.com/2012/01/comment-barbie-can-get-a-tattoo-why-cant-i-first-amendment-protection-of-tattooing-in-a-barbie-world/ |journal=Wake Forest Law Review |volume=46 |pages=331–357}}</ref> Shari'o'in da suka gabata da suka shafi tattooing da Kwaskwarimar Farko sun yi amfani da gwajin Spence don sanin ko za'a iya la'akari da tsarin tattooing a matsayin yana da wani bangare mai bayyanawa. Gwajin Spence, wanda aka bayyana a cikin Spence v. Washington ya bayyana cewa ana iya ɗaukar halayyar da ke cike da abubuwan sadarwa idan an yi niyyar halayyar don sadarwa kuma ana iya fahimtar halayyar a matsayin mai sadarwa ta masu sauraron da aka nufa. Idan an dauki halin a matsayin sadarwa, kariya ta 'yancin magana na iya amfani. Koyaya, gwamnati tana da 'yanci a cikin tsarin tsari. ii Dokokin dole ne su bi Gwajin O'Brien.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weimar |first=Kelly-Ann |year=2014 |title=A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS: TATTOOS AND TATTOOING UNDER THE FIRST AMENDMENT |journal=Phoenix Law Review |volume=7 |via=LexisNexis}}</ref> Gwajin O'Brien ya bayyana cewa gwamnati na iya tsara halayyar sadarwa idan yana cikin haƙƙin tsarin mulki na gwamnati don yin hakan, ka'idar tana haɓaka muhimmiyar sha'awar gwamnati wacce ba ta da alaƙa da hana magana, kuma ka'idar an tsara ta sosai don hana wani magana fiye da yadda yake da mahimmanci don ci gaba da wannan sha'awa. Ayyuka masu bayyanawa kamar rubuta littafi ko ba da jawabin jama'a ana ɗaukar su Magana mai tsabta kuma ana ba su mafi kariya a ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarimar Farko.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hyde |first=Richard |year=2011 |title=Preserving Access to Tattoos: First Amendment Trumps Municipal Ban in Anderson v. City of Hermosa Beach |journal=Brigham Young University Law Review |via=LexisNexis}}</ref> Dokar da ke tsara ayyukan bayyanawa kawai ta tsarin mulki ne kawai idan an rubuta shi azaman ƙuntataccen lokaci, wuri, da kuma ƙuntatawar hanya. Kotun da ta gabata a cikin ƙasar Amurka sun magance batun ko tsarin tattoo yana karewa ta Kwaskwarimar Farko. A cikin 1980, a cikin Yurkew v. Sinclair kotun ta nuna cewa tsarin tattooing bai isa ba tare da abubuwa na sadarwa. Sabili da haka, tsarin tattooing ba a kare shi da Kwaskwarimar Farko ba. v Hakazalika, a cikin shari'ar 2008 na Hold Fast Tattoo, LLC v. City of North Chicago, kotun ta gano cewa ba a kare tsarin tattooing a karkashin Kwaskwarimar Farko ba. v Duk da yake kotun ta yanke shawarar cewa ana iya ɗaukar tattoo kanta a matsayin magana mai kariya, tsarin jiki na tattooing ya bambanta kuma an cire mataki ɗaya daga samfurin da aka gama.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Strocker |first=Carly |year=2011 |title=These Tats Are Made for Talking: Why Tattoos and Tattooing Are Protected Speech Under the First Amendment |journal=Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review |volume=31 |pages=175–208}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka gabata na tattoo sun nuna cewa kotuna a cikin Amurka sun sami al'ada ta sami tsarin tattoo don fadawa waje da kariya na Kwaskwarimar Farko. === Aikace-aikacen izinin Anderson === Gundumar Los Angeles gabaɗaya tana ba da izinin yin tattoo a cikin ikonta. Koyaya, birnin Hermosa Beach, wanda ke cikin gundumar Los Angeles, ya haramta wuraren tattoo a cikin iyakokin birni. The Hermosa Beach Municipal Code § 17.06.070 ya bayyana cewa: Sai dai kamar yadda aka bayar a cikin wannan taken, ba za a gina wani gini ba, sake gina shi ko kuma a canza shi, kuma ba za a yi amfani da wani gini ko ƙasa don kowane dalili ba sai dai kamar yadda a nan da aka bayar musamman... " <ref name=":0" /> The Code ya karɓi buƙatun izini daga nau'ikan kasuwanci da yawa ciki har da mashaya, gidajen cin abinci, gidan wasan kwaikwayo, gidajen matasa, da shaguna. Koyaya, ba a lissafa shagunan tattoo a cikin tanadin lambar yanki ba. A sakamakon haka, an dakatar da shagunan tattoo a Hermosa Beach. A shekara ta 2006, Johnny Anderson, mai haɗin gwiwa na Yer Cheat'n Heart Tattoo a Gardena, ya nemi fadada kasuwancinsa kuma ya buɗe sabon shagon tattoo a Hermosa Beach. Anderson, wanda ya san haramcin birni a kan shagunan tattoo a cikin Hermosa Beach, ya kai karar birnin. Da farko an yi watsi da aikin ne saboda Anderson bai kashe dukkan albarkatun ba don tantance ko za a ba da izinin shagon tattoo dinsa a cikin birni. Bayan bin hanyoyin gudanarwa na gari, Anderson ya gabatar da buƙata tare da birni yana neman a cire shagonsa daga haramcin birni. Birnin ya ki amincewa da bukatar izini ta musamman a shekara ta 2007.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=CP&DR |title=Anti-Tattoo Zoning Code Violates First Amendment - CP&DR |url=http://www.cp-dr.com/articles/node-2813 |access-date=2017-03-13 |website=www.cp-dr.com |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705115412/https://cp-dr.com/articles/node-2813 |archive-date=2022-07-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Anderson daga nan ya gabatar da 42 USC § 1983 da'awar kare hakkin bil'adama, yana zargin Dokar Municipal ta Hermosa Beach ta keta dokar gyara ta farko da ta goma sha huɗu.<ref name=":2" /> === Rashin shari'a === Kotun Gundumar ƙasar Amurka ta farko ce ta ji ikirarin Anderson na Gundumar Tsakiya ta California. Hukuncin kotun gundumar ya kasance daidai da shari'ar tattoo ta 'yancin magana da ta gabata. Kotun ta bayyana cewa kodayake ana ɗaukar tsarin tattooing a matsayin hali mara magana wanda zai iya bayyana wasu ra'ayoyi, irin wannan furcin ba shi da isasshen abubuwan sadarwa sabili da haka ba zai iya samun kariya ta Kwaskwarimar Farko ba.<ref name=":0" /> Ba a dauki tsarin tattooing a matsayin aiki mai tsabta ko nuna hali ba. Da yake bai kai kowanne daga cikin wadannan matsayi ba, Alkalin Christina Snyder ya sake nazarin dokar yanki ta hanyar amfani da gwajin tushe.<ref name=":2" /> Kotun ta gano cewa haramcin birni a kan wuraren tattoo yana da inganci saboda ka'idar tana da alaƙa da sha'awar birni na kare jama'a daga yiwuwar haɗarin kiwon lafiya da ke tattare da tsarin tattoo.<ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == 7ydsju5rjdh9zphevxt4ms49fd5c9q1 0 176598 969206 954363 2026-10-18T17:28:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Abimbola "Abi" Daré''' marubuciya ce kuma mai magana da jama'a wacce yanzu take zaune a Essex, dake ƙasar Ingila . A shekara ta 2018, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Bath Novel Award, kuma ta kasance ta ƙarshe a cikin Literary Consultancy Pen Factor a shekarar 2018. An buga littafinta na farko The Girl with the Louding Voice a cikin shekarar 2020 zuwa yabo mai mahimmanci. == Tarihin rayuwa == Daré ta girma a jihar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, tana halartar [[Vivian Fowler Memorial College for Girls|Kwalejin Tunawa da Vivian Fowler don 'yan mata]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guest Author – Abimbola Dare: The Small Print |url=http://www.mynewhitmanwrites.com/2012/06/guest-author-abimbola-dare-small-print.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617024812/http://www.mynewhitmanwrites.com/2012/06/guest-author-abimbola-dare-small-print.html |archive-date=2012-06-17 |access-date=2020-07-22}}</ref> kuma ta koma ƙasar Burtaniya don karatun sakandare. Mahaifiyarta Teju Somorin ita ce farfesa mace ta farko ta haraji a Najeriya. Daré tana da digiri a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Wolverhampton, Jagora a cikin Gudanar da Ayyukan Ƙasa da Ƙasa, ta kammala karatu a matsayin ɗalibi mafi kyau daga Jami'an Glasgow Caledonian da Jagora tare da bambanci a rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa daga Birkbeck, Jami'ar London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abi Daré {{!}} Penguin Random House |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/2202870/abi-dare |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617231431/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/2202870/abi-dare |archive-date=2021-06-17 |access-date=2020-07-22 |website=PenguinRandomhouse.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ta ce ta fara rubuta fiction a kan shafin yanar gizo kuma ita ce editan mujallar cocin ta. Daré tana aiki yana kula da ci gaban aikace-aikace don kamfanin wallafe-wallafen. A cikin shekarar 2022, an naɗa Daré a matsayin memba na kwamitin waje a Gidauniyar Kamfanin BiC . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The BiC corporate foundation |url=https://corporate.bic.com/en-US/commitments/bic-foundation |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=[[Bic (company)|BiC]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, Daré ta gabatar da jawabi a taron Social Enterprise a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy da Harvard Business School . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lia Parker-Belfer, Marc Alain Boucicault, Nora Jendoubi & Shivika Bhasin |date=2023-03-21 |title=SECON 2023: Back in person to discuss the power of narratives for social impact |url=https://www.hbs.edu/socialenterprise/blog/secon-2023-back-in-person-to-discuss-the-power-of-narratives-for-social-impact/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=[[Harvard Business School]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430220624/https://www.hbs.edu/socialenterprise/blog/secon-2023-back-in-person-to-discuss-the-power-of-narratives-for-social-impact/ |archive-date=2023-04-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === ''Yarinyar da ke da murya mai ƙarfi'' === Littafin farko na Daré The Girl with the Louding Voice labari ne game da wata yarinya 'yar Najeriya mai suna Adunni, wacce ta zama baiwa kuma tana gwagwarmaya da abubuwa da yawa da ke girma, gami da iyakantaccen ilimi, talauci da ikonta na yin magana da kanta. Littafin ya zama <nowiki><i id="mwXQ">New York Times</i></nowiki> Bestseller kuma tana da zaɓi na Karanta tare da Jenna <ref name="TODAY">{{Cite web |date=27 February 2020 |title=Read with Jenna: ''The Girl with the Louding Voice'' author chats on TODAY |url=https://www.today.com/video/read-with-jenna-the-girl-with-the-louding-voice-author-chats-on-today-79536197514 |access-date=2020-07-22 |website=[[Today.com]] |language=en}}</ref> da kuma littafin BBC Radio 4 a lokacin kwana. <ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – The Girl With The Louding Voice by Abi Daré – Available now |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000ktpj/episodes/player |access-date=2020-07-22 |website=[[BBC Online]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Sceptre ne ya buga shi, alamar Hodder, an sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen da suka lashe Kyautar Desmond Elliott a karon farko.<ref name="PEN">{{Cite web |title=The Girl with the Louding Voice - by Abi Daré |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/621991/the-girl-with-the-louding-voice-by-abi-dare/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123141939/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/621991/the-girl-with-the-louding-voice-by-abi-dare/ |archive-date=2021-01-23 |access-date=13 August 2023 |website=[[Penguin Random House]] |language=en-US}}</ref> An haɗa Daré a cikin jerin ''Mai kallo'' 10 mafi kyawun marubuta na farko na shekarar 2020 . An fassara littafin zuwa harsuna sama da guda 19. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2025}} === ''Don haka na yi kururuwa'' === Littafin Daré na biyu, And So I Roar, an buga shi a cikin shekarar 2024 kuma ya lashe kyautar Fiction na Yanayi ta shekarar 2025. <ref name="climate2025">{{Cite web |title=And So I Roar wins Climate Fiction Prize 2025 |url=https://climatefictionprize.co.uk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828083720/https://climatefictionprize.co.uk/ |archive-date=28 August 2025 |access-date=27 September 2025 |website=The Climate Fiction Prize}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Tabbacin. |- ! rowspan="3" |2020 | rowspan="5" |''Yarinyar da ke da murya mai ƙarfi'' |Kyautar Desmond Elliott | -|| {{sho}} | |- |Kyautar Zaɓin Goodreads |Labari ne|| {{Nom}} | |- |Ba Kyautar Booker ba | -|| {{sho}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |2021 |Kyautar Littafin Burtaniya |Littafin Farko na Shekara|| {{sho}} | |- |RUSA CODES Sauraro Jerin | -|| {{Included|Selection}} | |- !2025 |''Don haka na yi kururuwa'' |Kyautar Labaran Yanayi |Labari ne|{{Won}} |<ref name="climate2025" /> |} == Littattafai == * Yarinyar da ke da Murya mai Girma (2020) * ''Don haka na yi kururuwa'' (2024) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qqc57lwq8vndi24t5elw4tct6ctos1z 0 177156 969439 957516 2026-10-19T10:47:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Barna''' wani gari ne a cikin jihar Australiya ta Kudancin Ostiraliya wanda ke kan tsibirin Eyre kimanin kilomita 266<ref name=climate>{{cite web|title=Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics Kimba (nearest weather station) |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_018040.shtml |publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]|accessdate=24 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=ECSA>{{cite web|title= Giles (Electoral District Profile) |url= https://www.ecsa.sa.gov.au/electoral-districts/electoral-district-profiles?view=article&id=831:giles |publisher=[[Electoral Commission of South Australia]]|accessdate=23 February 2020}}</ref> (165 arewa maso yammacin babban birnin jihar Adelaide kuma kimanin kilomita 23 (14 gabashin kujerar gari a Kimba .<ref name=postcode/><ref name="LMV"/><ref name="LMV">{{cite web|title=Search results for 'Barna, LOCB' with the following datasets selected - 'Suburbs and localities', 'Counties', 'Hundreds', 'Local Government Areas', 'SA Government Regions' and 'Gazetteer'|url= http://location.sa.gov.au/viewer/?map=topographic&x=136.71019&y=-33.17815&z=13&uids=41,19,2,8,11,18,20,105&pinx=136.674700&piny=-33.176290&pinTitle=Location&pinText=Barna,+Locb |website=Location SA Map Viewer|publisher=South Australian Government|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref> An kirkiro iyakokin Barna a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1999 don "sunan da aka kafa na gida" wanda aka samo daga sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Barna .<ref name="SAGG-1999"/><ref name="LMV"/> Yankunan duka yankin da ɗari sun daidaita ban da wasu ƙasashe a kan iyakar kudancin yankin.<ref name="LMV" /><ref name="SAGG-1999">{{cite web |title=GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT 1991 Notice to Assign Names and Boundaries to Places (within the District Council of Kimba) |url=http://www7.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1999/58/2468.pdf |website=[[South Australian Government Gazette]] |publisher=Government of South Australia |access-date=23 February 2020 |page=2468 |date=6 May 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223185952/http://www7.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1999/58/2468.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hanyar Middleback, hanyar da ba a rufe ba, ta ratsa yankin daga Lincoln Highway a gabas zuwa Kimba a yamma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2018 |title=DPTI Maintained Roads (map) |url=https://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/12654/state_dpti_maintained_road.pdf |access-date=25 February 2020 |publisher=Government of South Australia}}</ref><ref name=AEC>{{cite web|title=Profile of the electoral division of Grey (SA) |url= https://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/grey.htm |publisher=[[Australian Electoral Commission]]|accessdate=23 February 2020}}</ref> Amfani da ƙasa a cikin yankin shine "samarwa ta farko". <ref name=postcode>{{cite web|title= Postcode for Barna, South Australia|url= https://postcodes-australia.com/areas/sa/country+south+australia/Barna |publisher=Postcodes Australia|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="DP">{{Cite web |title=Development Plan - Kimba Council, Consolidated – 25 October 2012 |url=http://www.dpti.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/249979/Kimba_Council_Development_Plan.pdf |access-date=24 February 2020 |publisher=Government of South Australia |pages=114 and 147}}</ref><ref name="LMV-landuse">{{Cite web |title=Search results for 'Barna, LOCB' with the following datasets selected – 'Suburbs and localities', 'Gazetteer' and ‘Land Development Plan Zone Categories’ |url=http://location.sa.gov.au/viewer/?map=topographic&x=136.71019&y=-33.17815&z=13&uids=19,105,116&pinx=136.674700&piny=-33.176290&pinTitle=Location&pinText=Barna,+Locb |access-date=24 February 2020 |website=Location SA Map Viewer |publisher=South Australian Government}}</ref> Barna tana cikin sashen tarayya na Gray, gundumar Giles da kuma karamar hukumar Gundumar Kimba .<ref name=AEC/><ref name="LMV"/><ref name= ECSA/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fraa1u9hvisk683cv1ovu6gw9wxl9vw 0 177331 969248 958407 2026-10-18T19:45:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} afshan d'souza-lodhi marubuci ne Musulmi na al'adun Indiya da Pakistan, an haife shi a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]] kuma ya girma a [[Manchester]], Ingila . Da farko tana rubuta waka da wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="Interview">{{Cite journal |last=Rísquez |first=Cristina Alsina |last2=Massana |first2=Elisabeth |date=2020-10-28 |title=Poems as Livable Worlds: A Conversation with Afshan D'souza-Lodhi and Jay Bernard |url=https://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/lectora/article/view/32536 |journal=Lectora: Revista de dones i textualitat |language=en |issue=26 |pages=223–246 |doi=10.1344/Lectora2020.26.24 |issn=2013-9470 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-29 |title=re:desire by afshan d'souza-lodhi |url=https://burningeyebooks.wordpress.com/2020/06/29/new-title-redesire-by-afshan-dsouza-lodhi/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Burning Eye Books |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530130325/https://burningeyebooks.wordpress.com/2020/06/29/new-title-redesire-by-afshan-dsouza-lodhi/ |archive-date=2025-05-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Metro">{{Cite web |last=d'souza-lodhi |first=afshan |date=2019-06-22 |title=As a queer Muslim woman, falling in love is a political act |url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/06/22/queer-muslim-woman-falling-love-political-act-10017332/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Metro |language=en}}</ref> Ta sami lambar yabo ta Peter Shaffer ta Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal National, kuma an zaɓi matukin jirgi na TV bisa ga wasan rediyo "Chop Chop" don #MuslimList . <ref name="ILX 10">{{Cite web |title=Meet the ILX10: afshan d'souza-lodhi |url=https://nationalcentreforwriting.org.uk/writing-hub/ilx10-afshan-dsouza-lodhi/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=National Centre for Writing {{!}} NCW |language=en-US}}</ref> Tarin ta na farko, [re:desi''re]'' (Burning Eye Books, 2020), an jera shi don Kyautar Jhalak . <ref name="Interview" /> Wasanta na 2020 ''Santi & Naz'' (wanda aka rubuta tare da Guleraana Mir) ita ce mai karɓar Asusun Tsaro na Fringe Society kuma ta lashe Asusun Charlie Hartill na 2023.<ref name="MMB">{{Cite web |title='Santi & Naz' by Guleraana Mir & afshan d'souza-lodhi transfers to Soho Theatre |url=https://mmbcreative.com/news/santi-naz-by-guleraana-mir-afshan-dsouza-lodhi-transfers-to-soho-theatre/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=MMB Creative |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == afshan d'souza-lodhi ya yi karatun falsafar, kuma daga baya ya kammala digiri na biyu a cikin wallafe-wallafen da al'adu na mulkin mallaka.<ref name="Voice">{{Cite web |last=Calliste |first=Saskia |date=2020-08-20 |title=An interview with afshan d'ouza-lodhi |url=https://www.voicemag.uk/interview/7770/an-interview-with-afshan-d-souza-lodhi |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Voice Magazine |language=en-gb}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, ta shiga cikin Binciken Bincike, wani makirci ga matasan marubuta Musulmai, a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Exchange . <ref name="MMB" /> A cikin 2012, d'souza-lodhi da mawaki Adam Lowe sun kafa Young Enigma don tallafawa marubutan LGBTQ +. <ref>{{Cite web |title=bio & cv – afshan d'souza-lodhi |url=https://afshandl.com/cv/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta kasance BAFTA BFI Flare mentee kuma an shigar da ita cikin shirin Warner Bros Discovery Writers Access . Ita ce kuma marubuciya ta farko da ke zaune a Bluebird Pictures.<ref name="ILX 10" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=afshan D'Souza-Lodhi selected for WarnerMedia Writers Exchange |url=https://mmbcreative.com/news/afshan-dsouza-lodhi-selected-for-warnermedia-writers-exchange/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=MMB Creative |language=en-GB}}</ref> Tana ɗaya daga cikin marubutan 10 masu tasowa a cikin jerin ILX 10 na Cibiyar Rubuce-rubuce ta Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamieson |first=Patrick |date=2024-06-11 |title=Lynsey May and Marjorie Lotfi among the 10 writers selected for the ILX 10 list |url=https://www.publishingscotland.org/2024/06/lynsey-may-and-marjorie-lotfi-among-the-10-writers-selected-for-the-ilx-10-list/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Publishing Scotland |language=en-GB}}</ref> d'souza-lodhi ya yi zama a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Exchange da Manchester Literature Festival, kuma ya yi aiki tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya Eclipse da Kamfanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tamasha. Ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarnin wani ɗan gajeren fim ("An Act of Terror") don Channel 4 da wasan rediyo ("Chop Chop") don BBC Sounds, wanda daga baya aka daidaita shi a matsayin matukin jirgi na TV kuma aka zaba don #MuslimList . <ref name="ILX 10" /> A cikin 2015, an buga wasan d'souza-lodhi "The Lesborrist Tapes" (wanda aka rubuta a ƙarƙashin sunan Tara Ali Din) a cikin SPOKE: New Queer Voices (Dog Horn Publishing, 2013), wanda Adam Lowe ya shirya. An ƙaddamar da tarihin ne a wani taron tare da Andrew McMillan, Cheddar Gorgeous da Anna Phylactic . <ref>{{Cite web |title=launch of Spoke: New Queer Voices – Commonword |url=https://cultureword.org.uk/launch-of-spoke-new-queer-voices/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123180849/https://cultureword.org.uk/launch-of-spoke-new-queer-voices/ |archive-date=2025-01-23 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=[[Commonword]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Interview" /> Ta kuma yi wasan kwaikwayo a Salon Literary na Paul Burston.<ref name="Big Cartel">{{Cite web |last=Books |first=Burning Eye |title=[re:desire] by afshan d'souza-lodhi |url=https://burningeye.bigcartel.com/product/re-desire-by-afshan-d-souza-lodhi |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Burning Eye Books}}</ref> A cikin 2019, d'souza-lodhi ya rubuta rubutun "Hijabi (R) juyin halitta", wanda aka buga a cikin wani tarihin rubutun mata Musulmai, Ba Game da Burqa ba, wanda Mariam Khan (Picador, 2020) ya shirya. <ref name="Interview" /> <ref name="Voice" /> <ref name="Big Cartel" /> Ta kuma halarci mako na waka na 2019 na Barcelona tare da mawaki Jay Bernard a matsayin wani ɓangare na Speaking Volumes . <ref name="Interview" /> A cikin 2020, d'souza-lodhi ya haɗu da wasu masu fasaha biyar a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Unmute na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Hack . An ba da kuɗin a matsayin wani ɓangare na Asusun Amsa na Gaggawa na Majalisar Fasaha ta Ingila bayan annobar COVID-19, Unmute ya ba da umarni ga masu zane-zane shida don yin fina-finai da ke bincika shingen shiga cikin zane-zane. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin, ta kirkiro gajeren fim din "Are We", wanda ya daidaita waka "I Come From" ta Dean Atta.[1] Ta kuma rubuta wasan Santi & Naz tare da Guleraana Mir . Wasan - game da abokai biyu mafi kyau, yarinyar Sikh da yarinyar Musulmi, nan ba da daɗewa ba za a raba su da Rarraba Indiya - shi ne mai karɓar Asusun Tsaro na Fringe Society da Asusun Charlie Hartill 2023, kuma ya lashe kyautar Vault Festival Origins Award 2020 .[2][3] === Ayyukan al'umma === d'souza-lodhi yana zaune a kan allon bikin wallafe-wallafen Manchester da Pie Radio. Har ila yau, tana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Shirin Kula da 'Yan Sanda na Arewa - wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke kamfen don kawo karshen cin zarafin' yan sanda da tashin hankali.<ref name="Big Cartel" /> === Jigogi === An yi gajeren wasan d'souza-lodhi "The Lesborrist Tapes" a cikin 2013 kuma daga baya aka buga shi a cikin SPOKE: New Queer Writing, wanda Adam Lowe ya shirya (Dog Horn Publishing, 2015), kafin a daidaita shi cikin gajeren fim din Channel 4-commissioned, "An Act of Terror" (2018). Labari ne na satirical na 'yan ta'adda na' yan mata wanda ke kai farmaki ga al'adun Yammacin Turai ta hanyar jima'i da addininta, wanda aka kafa a cikin yanayin yakin da ta'addanci. A cikin 2019, d'souza-lodhi ta ba da gudummawa ga rubutun "[[Hijab|hijabi]] (R) juyin halitta" ga tarihin It's Not About the Burqa (Picador), inda ta bincika muhimmancin hijab da Islama a gare ta a matsayin matashi Musulmi a Burtaniya.<ref name="Interview" /> A cewar d'souza-lodhi, tarin waƙoƙinta na farko na 2020, [re:Desi''re]'', "yana neman bincika marmarin ƙauna, a ƙaunace shi kuma ya kasance" daga hangen nesa na Desi (Kudancin Asiya). <ref name="Voice" /> === Waƙoƙi === * [''[sake:'' so] (Littafin Ido, 2020) === Talabijin === * "Aikin Ta'addanci", wanda True North ya samar (Random Acts North / Channel 4, 2018) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nr22u6uitxnkmqmtksmt1o1d17ouhob 0 177551 969487 967407 2026-10-19T11:32:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[File:Vote_Leave_poster,_Omagh.jpg|alt=Sign reading: We send the EU £50 MILLION EVERY DAY / Let's spend it on our NHS instead / [heartbeat graphic] / Vote Leave on 23 June|thumb| Alamar nasarar yakin neman zaben ficewar Birtaniya a zaben raba gardama na zama memba na Tarayyar Turai na 2016 . An yi la'akari da ikirarin da alamar ta yi a matsayin misali na rashin gaskiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=10 June 2016 |title=Why Vote Leave's £350m weekly EU cost claim is wrong |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/reality-check/2016/may/23/does-the-eu-really-cost-the-uk-350m-a-week |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2016 |title=The UK's EU membership fee |url=https://fullfact.org/europe/our-eu-membership-fee-55-million/ |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=Full Fact}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2016 |title=Reality Check: Would Brexit mean extra £350m a week for NHS? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36040060 |website=BBC News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackrill |first=Robert |date=27 April 2016 |title=Fact Check: how much does the UK actually pay to the EU? |url=https://theconversation.com/fact-check-how-much-does-the-uk-actually-pay-to-the-eu-58120 |website=The Conversation}}</ref>]] Bayanan da ba daidai ba bayanai ne marasa tushe ko kuma marasa tushe. [1] [2] Duk da cewa bayanai marasa tushe na iya wanzuwa tare da ko ba tare da wata manufa ta musamman ta mugunta ba, bayanan ƙarya na yaudara ne da gangan kuma ana yaɗa su da gangan. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Ana yada bayanai marasa tushe ba tare da niyya ba, galibi saboda rashin ilimi, kuskure, ko kuma kawai rashin fahimta, wanda ya bambanta da bayanai marasa tushe. [8] [9] Bayanan da ba daidai ba na iya haɗawa da bayanai marasa inganci, marasa cikawa, marasa gaskiya, ko na ƙarya da kuma zaɓaɓɓu ko rabin gaskiya. An tsara dandamalin kafofin sada zumunta, kamar Facebook, Instagram, X, da sauransu, ta hanyoyin da za su ba da damar a buga bayanai, gami da bayanai marasa tushe, da kuma raba su cikin sauri fiye da ta wasu hanyoyin sadarwa. [10] [11] [12] A watan Janairun 2024, Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya ya gano labaran karya da kuma labaran karya, wadanda masu ruwa da tsaki na ciki da na waje ke yadawa, don "fadada rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin al'umma da siyasa" a matsayin manyan hadurra a duniya a cikin gajeren lokaci. [1] Dalili kuwa shi ne cewa bayanai marasa tushe na iya yin tasiri ga imanin mutane game da al'ummomi, siyasa, magani, da sauransu. [1] [2] Bincike ya nuna cewa abubuwa da dama, ciki har da son zuciya, martanin motsin rai, yanayin zamantakewa, da matakan ilimin kafofin watsa labarai, na iya yin tasiri ga saurin kamuwa da bayanai marasa tushe. [3] [4] [5] Ana iya amfani da manufofi da matakan shari'a da aka ƙirƙiro don magance rashin bayanai da kuma bayanan ƙarya, a wasu yanayi, don takaita aikin jarida da kuma iyakance bayyana ra'ayin siyasa, kamar yadda UNESCO da sauran ƙungiyoyin sa ido suka ruwaito. [1] [2] [3] A wasu ƙasashe, an yi amfani da dokoki da manufofi na hana ba da bayanai marasa tushe don rage 'yancin kafofin watsa labarai, wanda har ma ya haifar da daurin kurkuku ga 'yan jarida da editoci. [4] [5] Kasashen da suka fi fuskantar 'yancin kafofin watsa labarai a shekarar 2025 sune, a wannan tsari, Eritrea, Koriya ta Arewa, China, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Vietnam, Nicaragua, Rasha, Masar, Myanmar, Djibouti, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Cuba, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Falasdinu, Saudiyya, Cambodia, Venezuela, Turkiyya da Pakistan. [6] Kalmar ta samu karbuwa sosai a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 zuwa farkon shekarun 2020, lokacin da aka fara binciken tasirinta kan tasirin akidar jama'a. Duk da haka, kamfen ɗin ɓatanci ya kasance tsawon ɗaruruwan shekaru. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bode |first=Leticia |last2=Vraga |first2=Emily |date=23 June 2015 |title=In Related News, That was Wrong: The Correction of Misinformation Through Related Stories Functionality in Social Media |url=https://academic.oup.com/joc/article/65/4/619-638/4082315 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Communication |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=619–638 |doi=10.1111/jcom.12166 |s2cid=142769329 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112201902/https://academic.oup.com/joc/article/65/4/619-638/4082315 |archive-date=2022-11-12 |access-date=2024-01-31}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Posetti |first=Julie |last2=Matthews |first2=Alice |date=June 23, 2018 |title=A Short Guide to the History of 'Fake News' and Disinformation: A New ICFJ Learning Module |url=https://www.icfj.org/news/short-guide-history-fake-news-and-disinformation-new-icfj-learning-module |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225103100/https://www.icfj.org/news/short-guide-history-fake-news-and-disinformation-new-icfj-learning-module |archive-date=2019-02-25 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=International Center for Journalists}}</ref> == Kalmomi == Masana sun bambanta tsakanin bayanai marasa tushe, bayanai marasa tushe, da kuma bayanai marasa tushe dangane da niyya da tasiri. Bayanan karya bayanai ne na karya ko marasa inganci da aka buga ba tare da wata manufa ta mugunta ba, yayin da aka tsara bayanan karya don ɓatarwa. ''Bata'' bayanai gaskiya ne da aka yi niyya don haifar da lahani, kamar tallata bayanan sirri na ɗan siyasa don tsara ra'ayin jama'a. {{Rp|20–21}} Mutum ko ƙungiya na ƙoƙarin yaudarar masu sauraronsa ne ke ƙirƙira ko yaɗa labaran ƙarya . [1] Baya ga haifar da lahani kai tsaye, bayanan karya na iya haifar da lahani kai tsaye ta hanyar lalata aminci da kuma toshe damar sadarwa da juna yadda ya kamata. [1] Bayanan karya na iya ƙunsar bayanai waɗanda aka ƙirƙira su kaɗan ko gaba ɗaya, waɗanda aka cire daga mahallinsu da gangan, waɗanda aka ƙara gishiri, ko kuma waɗanda suka rasa muhimman bayanai. [2] Bayanan ƙarya na iya bayyana a kowace hanya, ciki har da rubutu, sauti, da hotuna. [2] Bambancin da ke tsakanin bayanai marasa tushe da na ƙarya na iya zama da tabo domin manufar wani ya raba bayanai marasa tushe na iya zama da wahala a gane. Bayanan da ba daidai ba bayanai ne da aka yi zaton gaskiya ne amma daga baya aka gano cewa ba gaskiya ba ne, kuma galibi yana shafar yanayi masu tasowa inda akwai rashin ingantaccen bayani ko kuma canjin fahimtar kimiyya. [1] Misali, jagorar kimiyya game da yanayin barcin jarirai ta samo asali ne a tsawon lokaci, [2] kuma waɗannan canje-canjen na iya zama tushen ruɗani ga sabbin iyaye. Ana iya lura da bayanai marasa tushe yayin da labaran ke ci gaba da bayyana kuma bayanai masu shakku ko marasa tabbas suna cike gibin bayanai. Ko da an janye daga baya, bayanan ƙarya na iya ci gaba da yin tasiri ga ayyuka da ƙwaƙwalwa. [3] ''Jita-jita'' bayanai ne da ba a tabbatar da su ba, ba a danganta su da wani tushe ba, kuma suna iya zama gaskiya ko ƙarya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2023 |title=Definition of RUMOR |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rumor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204010731/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rumor |archive-date=February 4, 2022 |access-date=February 4, 2022 |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref> Ma'anar waɗannan kalmomi na iya bambanta tsakanin mahallin al'adu. <ref name="Zeng-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Jing |last2=Chan |first2=Chung-hong |date=2021-01-01 |title=A cross-national diagnosis of infodemics: comparing the topical and temporal features of misinformation around COVID-19 in China, India, the US, Germany and France |journal=Online Information Review |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=709–728 |doi=10.1108/OIR-09-2020-0417 |issn=1468-4527 |s2cid=234242942}}</ref> == Tarihi == Misalan farko sun haɗa da cin zarafi da batanci da aka yaɗa tsakanin abokan hamayyar siyasa a Italiya ta Imperial da Renaissance a cikin nau'in pasquinades . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-13 |title=The True History of Fake News |url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2017/02/13/the-true-history-of-fake-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205222751/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2017/02/13/the-true-history-of-fake-news/ |archive-date=2019-02-05 |access-date=2019-02-24 |website=The New York Review of Books}}</ref> Waɗannan ayoyi ne marasa suna da kuma wayo da aka sanya wa suna don piazza na Pasquino da kuma mutum-mutumin da ke magana a Roma . A [[Faransa]] kafin juyin juya hali, "canards", ko kuma rubuce-rubuce masu faɗi, wani lokacin suna haɗa da zane don shawo kan masu karatu su ɗauki su da muhimmanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Darnton |first=Robert |date=2007 |title=The Devil in the Holy Water: Political Libel in Eighteenth-Century France |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/entities/publication/73120378-7cca-6bd4-e053-0100007fdf3b |journal=Proceedings of the British Academy |volume=151 |pages=387–422 |via=Harvard University's Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH)}}</ref> A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 1587, nahiyar Turai ta kasance cikin fargabar jiran labarai yayin da rundunar sojojin Spain ke tafiya don yaƙi da Ingila. Shugaban gidan waya na Spain da wakilan Spain a Rome sun gabatar da rahotannin nasarar Spain da fatan shawo kan Paparoma Sixtus na Biyar ya saki sojojin ducat miliyan ɗaya da ya yi alƙawarin yi bayan saukar sojoji. A Faransa, jakadun Spain da Ingila sun yada labaran da suka saba wa juna a cikin jaridu, kuma an yi bikin nasarar Spain ba daidai ba a Paris, Prague, da Venice. Sai a ƙarshen watan Agusta ne rahotanni masu inganci game da shan kayen da Sipaniya ta yi suka isa manyan biranen kuma aka yi imani da su sosai; ragowar jiragen ruwan sun dawo gida a lokacin kaka. [1] A tarihi, ana danganta bayanai marasa tushe da ci gaban fasahar sadarwa. Da juyin juya halin kafofin watsa labarai a ƙarni na 20, talabijin, rediyo, da jaridu su ne manyan hanyoyin samar da ingantattun bayanai da bayanai marasa tushe. [1] Farfagandar lokacin yaƙi, rashin bayanai na siyasa, da ayyukan hulɗa da jama'a na kamfanoni galibi suna tsara fahimtar jama'a, wani lokacin suna karkatar da gaskiya don haɓaka ajandar tattalin arziki ko akida. [2] Da gano talabijin a matsayin wata kafar sadarwa mai shahara, za a iya yada labaran karya cikin sauri ga miliyoyin mutane, wanda hakan ke kara karfafa son zuciya da ake da shi kuma yana sa gyara ya fi wahala. [3] Waɗannan sabbin abubuwan da suka faru sun kafa harsashin fahimtar bayanai na zamani na dijital, wanda yanzu ya fi yaduwa a hanyoyin sadarwa na intanet. [[File:Great-Moon-Hoax-1835-New-York-Sun-lithograph-298px.jpg|thumb| Lithograph daga babban yaduwar bayanai na karya a Amurka, Babban Wata Hoax]] Kamfen na farko da aka yi rikodin babban rikodin bayanai shine Babban Wata Hoax, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1835 a cikin Jaridar The Sun ta New York, inda jerin kasidu suka yi iƙirarin cewa suna bayanin rayuwa a kan Wata, "cikakke tare da zane-zane na halittun jemage masu ɗan adam da kuma unicorn masu launin shuɗi mai gemu". [1] Kalubalen samar da labarai a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na iya haifar da kurakurai da kurakurai na gaskiya. Misali irin wannan shine taken Chicago Tribune ' 1948 mai suna " Dewey Ya Kayar da Truman ", wanda aka buga kafin a tabbatar da kayen da ba a zata na Dewey ba. [2] A watan Nuwamba na 2005, Chris Hansen a Dateline NBC ya yi ikirarin cewa jami'an tsaro sun kiyasta cewa mafarauta 50,000 suna kan layi a kowane lokaci. Bayan haka, to-U. Babban lauyan S. Alberto Gonzales ya maimaita ikirarin. Duk da haka, lambar da Hansen ya yi amfani da ita a cikin rahotonsa ba ta da wani goyon baya. Hansen ya ce ya sami bayanin ne daga kwararre a Dateline Ken Lanning, amma Lanning ya yarda cewa ya ƙirƙiro lambar 50,000 ne saboda babu wani ingantaccen bayani game da lambar. A cewar Lanning, ya yi amfani da 50,000 saboda yana kama da lamba ta gaske, ba ta yi girma sosai ba kuma ba ta yi ƙanƙanta ba, kuma ya kira ta da "lambar Goldilocks ". Mai rahoto Carl Bialik ya ce ana amfani da lambar 50,000 sau da yawa a kafofin watsa labarai don kimanta lambobi lokacin da 'yan jarida ba su da tabbas game da ainihin bayanan. [3] Shafukan sada zumunta suna ba da damar yaɗa labaran ƙarya cikin sauƙi, kuma labaran ƙarya sun kasance babban abin tattaunawa a lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 tare da iƙirarin cewa shafukan sada zumunta sun ba da damar yaɗa " labaran ƙarya ". [1] Binciken da aka gudanar bayan zaɓe a shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa mutane da yawa da ke karɓar bayanai na ƙarya a shafukan sada zumunta suna ganin cewa gaskiya ne. [2] Dalilan da ya sa bayanai marasa tushe ke yaɗuwa cikin sauƙi a shafukan sada zumunta ba a san su ba. Wani bincike da aka yi a Twitter a shekarar 2018 ya gano cewa, idan aka kwatanta da sahihan bayanai, bayanan karya sun bazu cikin sauri, zurfi, da kuma faɗaɗa sosai. [3] Hakazalika, wani bincike da aka yi kan Facebook ya gano cewa bayanai marasa tushe sun fi saurin shiga yanar gizo fiye da bayanai na gaskiya. [[File:Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg|alt=Harry S. Truman gleefully displays a Chicago Tribune headline erroneously stating that his opponent, Thomas E. Dewey, defeated him in the United States presidential election.|thumb| [[Harry S. Truman]] yana nuna kanun labarai marasa inganci ''na Chicago Tribune'', misali na rashin gaskiya]] Bugu da ƙari, zuwan Intanet ya canza hanyoyin gargajiya da bayanai marasa tushe ke yaɗawa. [1] A lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016, abubuwan da aka wallafa daga gidajen yanar gizo da ake ganin ba su da tabbas sun kai kashi 40% na Amurkawa, duk da cewa labaran karya sun kai kashi 6% kacal na jimillar kafofin watsa labarai. [2] An yaɗa labaran ƙarya a lokutan rikice-rikicen lafiya da yawa. [3] [4] Misali, an yaɗa bayanai marasa tushe game da wasu magunguna a lokacin barkewar cutar Ebola a tsakanin 2014-2016. [5] [6] A lokacin annobar COVID-19, yawan bayanai marasa tushe da na ƙarya ya ƙaru sakamakon rashin ilimin lafiya gabaɗaya. [7] Misali, wata ka'ida ta makirci da ke nuna cewa COVID-19 yana da alaƙa da hanyar sadarwa ta 5G ta sami karbuwa sosai a duk duniya bayan ta bayyana a shafukan sada zumunta. [8] === Bayanan karya game da COVID-19 === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>Bayanan karya kuma babbar matsala ce ta lafiyar jama'a, tare da tasiri ga halayen lafiya. A lokacin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]], an yi amfani da kafofin sada zumunta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu yaɗa [[Bayanai na Covid-19|labaran ƙarya]] game da alamu, magunguna, da matsalolin da suka shafi lafiya na dogon lokaci, <ref name="MerriamWebster-Dictionary-2020">{{Cite web |last=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |date=19 August 2020 |title=Misinformation |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/misinformation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225044837/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/misinformation |archive-date=25 February 2019 |access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> kuma ya sa mutane suka yanke shawara marasa aminci, kamar ƙin alluran rigakafi ko yin watsi da jagororin lafiyar jama'a, kamar yadda WHO (2020) ta ruwaito. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Managing the COVID-19 infodemic: Promoting healthy behaviours and mitigating the harm from misinformation and disinformation |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/23-09-2020-managing-the-covid-19-infodemic-promoting-healthy-behaviours-and-mitigating-the-harm-from-misinformation-and-disinformation |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=World Health Organization (WHO)}}</ref> Wannan matsala ta haifar da ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar hanyoyin gano bayanai ta atomatik a dandamalin kafofin sada zumunta. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Burtaniya da Amurka ya gano cewa fallasa ga bayanan karya game da allurar rigakafin COVID-19 kwanan nan ya rage niyyar yin allurar riga-kafi sosai, da maki 6.4 cikin ɗari a Burtaniya da maki 2.4 cikin ɗari a Amurka, musamman tsakanin mutanen da suka fara shirin "yin" allurar riga-kafi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loomba |first=Sahil |last2=de Figueiredo |first2=Alexandre |last3=Piatek |first3=Simon J. |last4=de Graaf |first4=Kristen |last5=Larson |first5=Heidi J. |date=2021 |title=Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-021-01056-1 |journal=Nature Human Behaviour |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=337–348 |doi=10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1 |issn=2397-3374 |pmid=33547453}}</ref> Wanda ya ƙirƙiri Dokar Dakatar da Allurar Rigakafi ta Dole ya sami kuɗi yana wallafa labaran ƙarya game da hana shan barasa a shafukan sada zumunta. Ya wallafa fiye da rubuce-rubuce 150 da aka yi niyya ga mata, inda ya sami jimillar masu kallo miliyan 1.6 kuma ya sami kuɗi a kowane dannawa da rabawa. {{Sfn|Aral|2020}} == Bincike == Bincike mai yawa kan yadda ake gyara kuskuren da ba a yi ba ya mayar da hankali kan duba gaskiya . [1] Duk da haka, wannan na iya zama ƙalubale domin tsarin ƙarancin bayanai ba lallai bane ya shafi imani da bayanai marasa tushe. [2] [3] Masu bincike daban-daban sun kuma yi bincike kan abin da ke sa mutane su ji daɗin bayanai marasa tushe. [3] Mutane na iya yin imani da bayanai marasa tushe saboda suna da alaƙa da abin da suke sauraro ko karantawa. Kafofin sada zumunta sun samar da bayanai cikin sauƙi ga al'umma a kowane lokaci, kuma suna haɗa ɗimbin ƙungiyoyin mutane tare da bayanansu a lokaci guda. [1] Ci gaban da aka samu a fannin fasaha ya yi tasiri ga yadda mutane ke isar da bayanai da kuma yadda ake yaɗa labaran ƙarya. [1] A yau, dandamalin sada zumunta sun shahara a shafukan yanar gizo don amfani da labarai, inda sama da kashi 50% na manya a Amurka ke ba da rahotonsu a matsayin hanya ɗaya ta amfani da labaransu. [4] === Dalilai === Abubuwan da ke taimakawa wajen gaskatawa game da bayanai marasa tushe wani batu ne da ake ci gaba da nazari a kai. [1] A cewar Scheufele da Krause, imani da bayanai marasa tushe ya samo asali ne daga matakin mutum ɗaya, ƙungiya da kuma al'umma. [2] A matakin mutum ɗaya, mutane suna da matakai daban-daban na ƙwarewa wajen gane bayanai marasa kyau ko marasa kyau kuma suna iya fuskantar wasu imani marasa kyau saboda wasu imani na kansu, dalilai, ko motsin rai. [2] Duk da haka, shaidun da ke nuna cewa masu imani da bayanai marasa tushe suna amfani da dabarun fahimta da kuma sarrafa bayanai ba tare da wahala ba sun haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya. [3] [4] [5] A matakin rukuni, son zuciya a cikin rukuni da kuma sha'awar yin mu'amala da mutane masu ra'ayi ɗaya ko makamancin haka na iya haifar da ɗakunan amsa da bayanai waɗanda za su iya ƙirƙira da ƙarfafa imani na rashin gaskiya. [2] [6] A matakin zamantakewa, manyan mutane kamar 'yan siyasa da shahararrun mutane na iya yin tasiri sosai ga ra'ayoyin jama'a, kamar yadda kafafen yada labarai ke iya yi. [7] Bugu da ƙari, yanayin zamantakewa kamar rarrabuwar kawuna a siyasa, rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki, raguwar amincewa da kimiyya, da kuma canza fahimtar hukumomi suna taimakawa wajen tasirin rashin bayanai. [2] Bayanan karya sun bunƙasa kuma sun bunƙasa tsawon shekaru, tare da zuwan dandamali na kan layi, wanda ke sauƙaƙa saurin yaɗuwa. Bincike ya nuna cewa akwai shaidar da ke nuna cewa bayanai marasa tushe suna yaɗuwa da sauri fiye da gaskiya mai inganci, kuma zuwa wani mataki saboda gabatar da ƙaryar cikin motsin rai da kuma ban mamaki. [1] Tsarin kafofin sada zumunta, wanda 'yan siyasa da kafofin watsa labarai suka yi amfani da shi don cimma burin siyasa da tattalin arziki, ya ƙara ta'azzara yawan labaran karya. [2] [3] A tarihi, mutane sun dogara ga 'yan jarida da sauran ƙwararrun bayanai don isar da bayanai. [4] Yayin da adadin da nau'ikan hanyoyin samun bayanai ke ƙaruwa, ya zama ƙalubale ga jama'a su tantance sahihancinsu . [5] Wannan karuwar zaɓin masu amfani idan ana maganar kafofin watsa labarai yana bawa mai amfani damar zaɓar tushen labarai wanda zai iya dacewa da son zuciyarsa, wanda hakan ke ƙara yiwuwar cewa ba su da cikakken bayani. [6] A shekarar 2017, kashi 67% na manya a Amurka sun ba da rahoton samun aƙalla wasu daga cikin labaransu daga kafofin sada zumunta, kodayake mutane da yawa da suka amsa sun kuma ambaci kafofin labarai na gargajiya. [7] Binciken ra'ayoyin jama'a ya nuna cewa Amurkawa suna amincewa da kafofin watsa labarai a farashi mai rahusa, [8] kuma matasan Amurka suna da irin wannan amincewa ga bayanai daga kafofin sada zumunta da kuma daga kungiyoyin labarai na kasa. [9] Saurin da ake yi na watsa labarai na awanni 24 ba koyaushe yake ba da damar yin cikakken bincike kan gaskiya ba, wanda hakan na iya haifar da yaɗuwar labaran karya. [10] Bugu da ƙari, bambancin da ke tsakanin ra'ayi da rahoto na iya zama ba a fayyace shi ba ga masu kallo ko masu karatu. [11] [12] Tushen bayanai marasa tushe na iya bayyana sosai masu gamsarwa kuma suna kama da ingantattun majiyoyi. [13] Misali, an gano cewa bayanan da ba su dace ba da aka ambata tare da hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo suna ƙara wa masu karatu amincewa. Amincewa ta fi girma idan waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo sun shafi mujallun kimiyya, kuma ta fi girma idan masu karatu ba su danna kan majiyoyin don bincika da kansu ba. [14] [15] Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa kasancewar hotuna masu dacewa tare da maganganun da ba daidai ba yana ƙara musu yarda da kuma iya raba su, koda kuwa hotunan ba su bayar da shaida ga maganganun ba. [16] [17] Misali, maganar ƙarya game da goro na macadamia tare da hoton kwano na goro na macadamia ana ɗaukarta a matsayin abin gaskatawa fiye da maganar da ba ta da hoto. [16] Fassara binciken kimiyya zuwa rahotannin da aka fi sani shi ma zai iya haifar da rudani idan ya daidaita wani abu, ya sa binciken ya burge mutane, ko kuma ya fi mai da hankali kan ƙananan matakan shaida . Misali, masu bincike sun gano cewa jaridu sun fi fuskantar yiwuwar rufe nazarin lura da nazari ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi marasa ƙarfi fiye da kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selvaraj |first=Senthil |last2=Borkar |first2=Durga S. |last3=Prasad |first3=Vinay |date=2014-01-17 |title=Media Coverage of Medical Journals: Do the Best Articles Make the News? |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...985355S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0085355 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3894978 |pmid=24465543 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kanun labarai masu ban mamaki na iya jawo hankalin masu karatu, amma ba koyaushe suke nuna sakamakon kimiyya daidai ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How to spot misleading science reporting – QB3 Berkeley |url=https://qb3.berkeley.edu/news/how-to-spot-misleading-science-reporting/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=qb3.berkeley.edu}}</ref> Halayyar fahimtar ɗan adam na iya zama abin da ke taimakawa wajen gaskata bayanai marasa tushe. Wani bincike ya gano cewa tunanin mutum game da abubuwan da suka faru na siyasa zai iya canzawa idan aka gabatar masa da bayanai marasa tushe game da abin da ya faru, koda kuwa an shirya shi don gano alamun gargaɗi na bayanai marasa tushe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Freeze |first=Melanie |last2=Baumgartner |first2=Mary |last3=Bruno |first3=Peter |last4=Gunderson |first4=Jacob R. |last5=Olin |first5=Joshua |last6=Ross |first6=Morgan Quinn |last7=Szafran |first7=Justine |date=2021-12-01 |title=Fake Claims of Fake News: Political Misinformation, Warnings, and the Tainted Truth Effect |journal=Political Behavior |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=1433–1465 |doi=10.1007/s11109-020-09597-3 |issn=1573-6687 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bayanan da ba daidai ba kuma na iya zama abin sha'awa ta hanyar zama kamar baƙon abu ko haɗa ra'ayoyin da ake da su. === Ganowa === An gabatar da dabaru da dama don rage bayanai marasa tushe. Hanya ɗaya ita ce a tantance sahihancin tushe da kuma dalilin tushen, tare da la'akari da sahihancin da'awar. [1] [2] Masu karatu suna bambanta tsakanin bayanan da ba a yi niyya ba da kuma shaidu marasa tabbas daga bayanan da ba a yi niyya ba na siyasa ko na kuɗi. [3] Fahimtar bayanai marasa tushe ya dogara ne da yanayin siyasa, inda masu karatu na ɓangaren dama suka fi damuwa da yunƙurin ɓoye gaskiya. [3] Zai iya zama da wahala a gyara tasirin bayanan da ba su dace ba da zarar mutane sun yarda cewa gaskiya ne. [4] Mutane na iya son cimma wani matsayi, wanda hakan zai sa su karɓi bayanan da ke goyon bayan wannan matakin, kuma za su fi iya riƙewa da raba bayanai idan ya yi musu daidai da motsin rai. [5] Hanyar SIFT, wadda kuma ake kira Huɗu Motsi, hanya ce da aka saba koyarwa ta bambance tsakanin bayanai masu inganci da marasa inganci. [6] Wannan hanyar tana koya wa masu karatu su fara tsayawa su fara tambayar kansu game da abin da suke karantawa ko kallo - shin sun san tushen kuma ko abin dogaro ne? Na biyu, masu karatu ya kamata su binciki tushen labarin. Menene ƙwarewar da majiya ta samu kuma shin suna da ajanda? Na uku, mai karatu ya kamata ya Nemi ingantaccen bayani kuma ya nemi ingantaccen bayani akan ikirarin da ke hannun don fahimtar ko akwai yarjejeniya game da batun. A ƙarshe, mai karatu ya kamata ya bi diddigin da'awa, ambato, ko kafofin watsa labarai zuwa ga ainihin mahallinsu: shin an cire muhimman bayanai, ko kuma asalin tushen abin tambaya ne? Bayanan da ba su dace ba na gani suna gabatar da ƙalubale na musamman, amma akwai wasu dabarun da suka dace don gano su. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cowles |first=Kelsey |last2=Miller |first2=Rebekah |last3=Suppok |first3=Rachel |date=2024-01-02 |title=When Seeing Isn't Believing: Navigating Visual Health Misinformation through Library Instruction |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02763869.2024.2290963 |journal=Medical Reference Services Quarterly |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=44–58 |doi=10.1080/02763869.2024.2290963 |issn=0276-3869 |pmid=38237023}}</ref> Ana iya gano jadawali da jadawali masu kuskure ta hanyar yin nazari sosai kan gabatar da bayanai; misali, gatari da aka yanke ko kuma zaɓin launi mara kyau na iya haifar da rudani. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grootendorst |first=Maarten |date=2021-03-23 |title=Misleading Graphs |url=https://www.maartengrootendorst.com/blog/misleading/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=Maarten Grootendorst}}</ref> Binciken hotuna na baya-bayan nan zai iya bayyana ko an cire hotuna daga ainihin mahallinsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qian |first=Sijia |last2=Shen |first2=Cuihua |last3=Zhang |first3=Jingwen |date=2022-11-04 |title=Fighting cheapfakes: using a digital media literacy intervention to motivate reverse search of out-of-context visual misinformation |journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication |volume=28 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/jcmc/zmac024 |issn=1083-6101 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A halin yanzu akwai wasu hanyoyi masu inganci don gano hotunan da aka samar ta hanyar [[Kirkirar Basira|AI]], <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Groh |first=Matthew |last2=Epstein |first2=Ziv |last3=Firestone |first3=Chaz |last4=Picard |first4=Rosalind |date=2022-01-05 |title=Deepfake detection by human crowds, machines, and machine-informed crowds |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=119 |issue=1 |arxiv=2105.06496 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11910013G |doi=10.1073/pnas.2110013119 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=8740705 |pmid=34969837 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bond |first=Shannon |date=13 June 2023 |title=AI-generated images are everywhere. Here's how to spot them |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/06/07/1180768459/how-to-identify-ai-generated-deepfake-images |access-date=April 12, 2024 |website=[[NPR]]}}</ref> amma yana yiwuwa wannan zai fi wahalar ganowa yayin da fasahar ke ci gaba. Matsayin ilimin mutum a hukumance da kuma [[Karatun jarida|ilimin kafofin watsa labarai]] suna da alaƙa da ikonsa na gane bayanai marasa tushe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=M. Laeeq |last2=Idris |first2=Ika Karlina |date=2 December 2019 |title=Recognise misinformation and verify before sharing: a reasoned action and information literacy perspective |journal=Behaviour & Information Technology |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=1194–1212 |doi=10.1080/0144929x.2019.1578828 |s2cid=86681742}}</ref> <ref name="sfn">{{Cite journal |last=Lazer |first=David M. J. |last2=Baum |first2=Matthew A. |last3=Benkler |first3=Yochai |last4=Berinsky |first4=Adam J. |last5=Greenhill |first5=Kelly M. |last6=Menczer |first6=Filippo |last7=Metzger |first7=Miriam J. |last8=Nyhan |first8=Brendan |last9=Pennycook |first9=Gordon |last10=Rothschild |first10=David |last11=Schudson |first11=Michael |last12=Sloman |first12=Steven A. |last13=Sunstein |first13=Cass R. |last14=Thorson |first14=Emily A. |last15=Watts |first15=Duncan J. |year=2018 |title=The science of fake news |url=https://archive.org/details/science_2018-03-09_359_6380/page/1094 |journal=Science |volume=359 |issue=6380 |pages=1094–1096 |arxiv=2307.07903 |bibcode=2018Sci...359.1094L |doi=10.1126/science.aao2998 |pmid=29590025 |s2cid=4410672}}</ref> Mutanen da suka saba da wani batu, hanyoyin bincike da gabatar da bayanai, ko kuma waɗanda ke da ƙwarewar kimantawa mai zurfi sun fi iya gano bayanai marasa tushe daidai. Duk da haka, waɗannan ba koyaushe dangantaka ce ta kai tsaye ba. Karancin ilimi gaba ɗaya ba koyaushe ke haifar da ingantaccen ikon gano bayanai marasa tushe ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vraga |first=Emily K. |last2=Bode |first2=Leticia |date=December 2017 |title=Leveraging institutions, educators, and networks to correct misinformation: A commentary on Lewandosky, Ecker, and Cook. |journal=Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=382–388 |doi=10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.09.008}}</ref> Alamomin mahallin suma na iya yin tasiri sosai ga ikon mutane na gano bayanai marasa tushe. Martin Libicki, marubucin littafin ''Conquest In Cyberspace: National Security and Information Warfare'', ya lura cewa ya kamata masu karatu su yi niyyar yin shakku amma ba masu shakka ba. Bai kamata masu karatu su zama masu ruɗani ba, suna gaskata duk abin da suka karanta ba tare da wata shakka ba, amma kuma kada su yi fargabar cewa duk abin da suka gani ko suka karanta ƙarya ne. === Taimakawa AI ga matsalar da kuma taimakawa wajen yaƙi da ita === [[File:AI_Overviews_result_for_Joaquin_Correa_brother,_10_August_2025.jpg|alt=In a Google search for "Joaquín Correa brother", Google's AI Overview erroneously states that "Joaquín Correa's brother is named Ángel Correa", and briefly details Ángel Correa's career. It cites the English Wikipedia article on Ángel Correa (which did not support the false relationship claim), alongside another unseen website. A note beneath the overview warns that "AI responses may include mistakes", and provides a hyperlink for further information.|thumb| Sakamakon binciken Google AI a ranar 10 ga Agusta 2025 ya nuna cewa [[Joaquín Correa]] ɗan'uwan [[Ángel Correa]] ne; su biyun ba su da alaƙa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2025 |title=Joaquín Correa fue presentado en Botafogo para jugar el Mundial de Clubes y tuvo un insólito cruce con un periodista: "No es mi hermano" |url=https://www.clarin.com/deportes/joaquin-correa-presentado-botafogo-jugar-mundial-clubes-insolito-cruce-periodista-hermano_0_1HjL2zmnR0.html |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=Clarin}}</ref>]] Bunkasar fasahar kere-kere (AI) ta kuma taimaka wajen samar da sabbin nau'ikan bayanai marasa tushe da kuma bayanan karya. Ana kiran wannan da kafofin watsa labarai na roba a cewar takardar bayanin UNHCR. AI na iya sarrafa bayanai da kuma gyara multimedia. Ana amfani da AI a cikin algorithms a zamanin yau don yaudarar masu sauraro. Kasancewar kafofin watsa labarai na roba na iya ƙara ta'azzara labaran karya kuma yana tallafawa yaɗuwar labaran karya idan aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Kalmomin karya na bogi wani bangare ne na kafofin watsa labarai na roba wadanda suka shahara kwanan nan inda ake maye gurbin fuskokin mutane. Wannan magudi ya jawo hankalin jama'a sosai saboda amfani da su a labaran karya, labaran bogi, zamba da kuma batsa ta ramuwar gayya. Haɗa magana (wani nau'in kafofin watsa labarai na roba) yana ƙara waɗannan zurfafan labaran karya ta hanyar samar da magana ta ɗan adam ta hanyar amfani da kwamfutar magana. Kafofin watsa labarai na roba sun zama abin damuwa ga masana'antu da gwamnatoci wanda hakan ya sa wasu ƙasashe suka riga suka sami martanin ƙasa ko kuma cibiyoyin ƙasa suna aiki don gano da kuma iyakance amfani da shi. [1] Duk da haka, AI tana taimakawa ta hanyar bayar da gudummawa ga yaƙi da bayanai marasa tushe. * Kafofin watsa labarai na wucin gadi da [[Kafofin watsa labarai na roba|na roba]] suna ƙirƙirar shaidu masu gamsarwa na gani, sauti, da rubutu waɗanda ke da wahalar bambancewa da shaidu masu inganci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Westerlund |first=Mika |date=2019-01-01 |title=The Emergence of Deepfake Technology: A Review |journal=Technology Innovation Management Review |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=39–52 |doi=10.22215/timreview/1282 |issn=1927-0321 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Bots na intanet da kuma trolls na intanet na iya haifar da ruɗani cikin sauri. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferrara |first=Emilio |date=2017-07-31 |title=Disinformation and Social Bot Operations in the Run Up to the 2017 French Presidential Election |journal=First Monday |arxiv=1707.00086 |doi=10.5210/fm.v22i8.8005 |issn=1396-0466 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Son zuciya a fannin lissafi (Algorithm) yana taka rawa wajen faɗaɗa abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da kuma masu kawo cece-kuce ba tare da la'akari da gaskiya ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bakshy |first=Eytan |last2=Messing |first2=Solomon |last3=Adamic |first3=Lada A. |date=2015-06-05 |title=Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_science_2015-06-05_348_6239/page/1130 |journal=Science |volume=348 |issue=6239 |pages=1130–1132 |bibcode=2015Sci...348.1130B |doi=10.1126/science.aaa1160 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=25953820}}</ref> ==== Misalan bayanai game da AI ==== ===== Alamar Hollywood ta daji ta LA ===== A shekarar 2025, California ta fuskanci bala'in gobara, tare da tarin bayanai marasa tushe game da fasahar AI, wanda ya haifar da bayanai marasa tushe. Misalin irin wannan kuskuren shine hotunan da aka samar ta hanyar fasahar AI na Hollywood Sign suna cin wuta. Jeff Zarrinnam, shugaban Hollywood Sign, ya ce, "Suna kama da gaske har ban iya tantance ko gaskiya ne ko a'a ba." "Ka sani, idan ban ga Hollywood Sign da kaina ba ... Da na yi imani cewa wuta ce ke ci. " [1] Alamar Hollywood ba ta taɓa kama da wuta ba, amma hakan ya sa mutane da yawa suka tuntuɓi Jeff Zarrinnam suna tambayar ko alamar tana da kyau domin sun yi imanin cewa ta ƙone. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a kan fasahar Microsoft AI for Good Lab ya gudanar da gwaji. Jarabawar, wacce ta ƙunshi mahalarta 12,500 na duniya, ta zaɓi ko hoton "Na gaske ne ko na wucin gadi". [1] Jimilla, mahalarta sun kalli hotuna 287,269; hotuna 93,490 ne kawai suka kasance na gaske. Binciken Microsoft AI for Good Lab ya gano cewa mahalarta sun sami nasarar kashi 62% na nasarar yin hasashen daidai. Gwajin ya nuna yadda yake da wahala a gano hotunan da aka samar ta hanyar AI. [2] ===== Mata da Avianca, Inc., ===== <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>[[ChatGPT]] yana amfani da manyan samfuran harshe (LLMs) don samar da rubutu daga bayanan ɗan adam (littattafai, labarai, kafofin sada zumunta, da sauransu). An san LLMs suna samar da bayanan karya, ko sun samo bayanansu daga wani shafin barkwanci kamar The Onion, mutanen da ke wallafa labaran karya, ko kuma LLMs kawai suna ƙirƙirar bayanai da aka fi sani da mafarki . Misalin irin waɗannan mafarkin LLM shine shari'ar kotu ta Roberto Mata, Mai ƙara, v. Aviance Inc., Wanda ake ƙara, inda lauyoyi biyu da ke kare Mata suka gabatar da ƙarar shari'a da AI ta samar wanda ya haifar da rudani a shari'o'in kotu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=Lawyers blame ChatGPT for tricking them into citing bogus case law |url=https://apnews.com/article/artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-courts-e15023d7e6fdf4f099aa122437dbb59b |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> ===== Girgizar ƙasa ta 8 ga Disamba ===== {{Disinformation}}A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2025, [[Japan]] ta fuskanci bala'in girgizar ƙasa, tare da bidiyo da dama da aka samar ta hanyar fasahar zamani (AI) waɗanda suka bayyana a [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|shafukan sada zumunta]] . Waɗannan bidiyon da AI ta samar sun nuna kuma sun bayyana yadda girgizar ƙasa ta fara, abin da ya faru a lokacin, da kuma sakamakonta. Waɗannan bidiyon da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar fasahar AI sun ɓata wa jama'ar Japan rai, wanda hakan ya haifar da martanin gwamnati game da irin waɗannan bidiyon na bogi. ===== Zelenskyy deepfakes ===== Masu kutse sun yada wani bidiyo mai zurfi na [[Volodymyr Zelensky|Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] yana gaya wa sojojinsa su mika wuya a shekarar 2022. Daga baya Zelenskyy ya karyata wannan karya. ===== Harin Jami'ar Brown ===== {{Authority control}}A ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2025, an yi harbi a Jami'ar Brown, inda ɗan bindigar ya sanya abin rufe fuska. Mutane da yawa a shafukan sada zumunta suna amfani da hotunan da AI ta samar don ƙirƙirar fuska ga yadda ɗan bindigar zai kasance. AI ba zai iya samar da ainihin hoton fuskar ɗan bindigar ba, wanda zai iya haifar da kamawa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba idan aka yi amfani da fuskokin karya da aka samar da AI. <ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=MOLLY LEVINE, NBC 10 |date=2025-12-17 |title=Expert: Sharing unofficial AI-generated images could confuse, hinder Brown investigation |url=https://newschannel20.com/news/nation-world/brown-university-shooting-expert-says-sharing-unofficial-ai-generated-images-could-confuse-hinder-investigation-providence-rhode-island-december-17-2025 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=WICS |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218022052/https://newschannel20.com/news/nation-world/brown-university-shooting-expert-says-sharing-unofficial-ai-generated-images-could-confuse-hinder-investigation-providence-rhode-island-december-17-2025 |archive-date=2025-12-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Matakan hana kai hari == Abubuwan da ke taimakawa wajen ingancin saƙon gyara sun haɗa da tsarin tunanin mutum ko ra'ayin duniya, yawan fallasa ga bayanan da ba su dace ba, lokaci tsakanin bayanan da ba su dace ba da gyara, sahihancin majiyoyi, da kuma daidaito tsakanin bayanan da ba su dace ba da saƙon gyara. Saƙonnin gyara za su fi tasiri idan sun kasance daidai da ra'ayin masu sauraro game da duniya. Ba za su yi tasiri sosai ba idan aka yi imanin cewa bayanan karya sun fito ne daga tushe mai inganci, ko kuma aka maimaita su kafin gyara (ko da maimaitawar ta faru ne a lokacin da ake yin sharhi), da/ko kuma idan akwai jinkiri tsakanin fallasa bayanan karya da saƙon gyara. Bugu da ƙari, saƙonnin gyara da asalin tushen kuskuren ya bayar sun fi tasiri. [1] Duk da haka, binciken bayanai marasa tushe sau da yawa ana sukarsa saboda fifita shi kan inganci (watau, nuna tasirin shiga tsakani a gwaje-gwajen da aka sarrafa) akan inganci (watau, tabbatar da tasirin gaske na waɗannan shiga tsakani). [2] Masu suka suna jayayya cewa duk da cewa yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya nuna sakamako mai kyau, waɗannan ba koyaushe suke fassara zuwa yanayi na yau da kullun ba inda bayanai marasa tushe ke yaɗuwa. [3] An gabatar da ƙalubale da dama wajen aiwatar da hanyoyin magance rashin bayanai: yawan binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje da rashin nazarin fannoni daban-daban, kasancewar tasirin gwaji da ke kawo cikas ga tsawon rai da kuma saurin girma, ƙaramin tasiri ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin masu sauraro masu dacewa, dogaro da ayyukan tantance abubuwa a matsayin manyan matakan inganci, ƙarancin kwafi a Kudancin Duniya da rashin hanyoyin da aka tsara wa masu sauraro, da kuma rashin fahimtar yiwuwar sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba na aiwatar da hanyoyin. [2] === Binciken gaskiya da kuma yin bincike === An ƙirƙiri gidajen yanar gizo don taimaka wa mutane su gane gaskiya daga labaran ƙarya. Misali, shafin FactCheck.org yana da nufin duba gaskiya a kafofin watsa labarai, musamman labaran siyasa da ake yadawa a yanar gizo . Shafin ya kuma ƙunshi wani dandali inda mutane za su iya yin tambayoyi a fili game da bayanan. [1] Irin waɗannan shafuka suna ba mutane damar kwafi da liƙa bayanai marasa tushe a cikin injin bincike kuma shafin zai bincika shi. [2] Akwai wasu shafuka don magance rashin bayanai game da takamaiman batutuwa, kamar bayanan rashin bayanai game da sauyin yanayi. DeSmog, wanda a da ake kira The DeSmogBlog, yana wallafa bayanai masu inganci domin yaƙar kamfen ɗin karya bayanai da aka samu daga masu musanta sauyin yanayi . Ra'ayoyin Kimiyya sun mayar da hankali kan kimanta ikirarin kimiyya, lafiya, yanayi, da makamashi a kafofin watsa labarai da kuma samar da bincike bisa ga shaida game da gaskiyarsu. [3] Yin alama ko kawar da maganganun ƙarya a cikin kafofin watsa labarai ta amfani da na'urorin tantance gaskiyar bayanai na algorithmic yana ƙara zama dabarar yaƙi da labaran ƙarya. Google da dandamali da yawa na sada zumunta sun ƙara shirye-shiryen tantance gaskiya ta atomatik a shafukansu kuma sun ƙirƙiri zaɓi ga masu amfani su yi wa bayanan da suke ganin ba gaskiya ba ne alama. [1] Google yana ba da ƙarin bayani da ke nuna shafukan yanar gizo na bincika gaskiya a cikin sakamakon bincike don batutuwa masu rikitarwa. A Facebook, algorithms na iya gargaɗin masu amfani idan abin da suke shirin rabawa wataƙila ƙarya ne. [2] A wasu lokutan, ƙoƙarin da dandamalin sada zumunta ke yi na dakile yaɗuwar labaran ƙarya ya haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce, wanda hakan ya jawo suka daga mutanen da ke ganin waɗannan ƙoƙarin a matsayin shinge ga 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki. [3] ==== Binciken gaskiya da aka samu daga jama'a ==== A matsayin hanyar da za a iya ƙara yawan matakan da za a ɗauka, wasu dandamali da masu bincike sun gabatar da hanyoyin da za a bi wajen tattara bayanai, waɗanda ke amfani da hukunce-hukuncen mutane marasa imani don gano da kuma sanya wa bayanan da ba su dace ba suna. Wannan hanyar, wacce ita ce samfurin tsarin kamar Wikipedia da X's " Community Notes ," ana ganinta a matsayin mafita mai matakai da yawa wanda zai iya zama da sauri da kuma cikakken bayani fiye da binciken gaskiya na ƙwararru kawai. [1] Bincike ya gano cewa jimillar hukunce-hukuncen da aka yanke na ƙungiyar mutane masu daidaito a siyasance na iya zama daidai kamar yadda ƙwararrun masu duba gaskiya ke yi. [2] An yi nazari musamman kan wannan hanyar a matsayin martani ga bayanan da ba su dace ba na ɓangaren siyasa. Binciken gaskiya na gargajiya sau da yawa ba shi da tasiri sosai ga abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da siyasa, domin ana iya yin watsi da gyare-gyare daga waɗanda ake ganin ba sa cikin ƙungiyoyi, yayin da membobin "cikin rukuni" galibi ba sa son ƙalubalantar ɓangarensu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Pretus |first=Clara |last2=Gil-Buitrago |first2=Helena |last3=Cisma |first3=Irene |last4=Hendricks |first4=Rosamunde C. |last5=Lizarazo-Villarreal |first5=Daniela |date=2024-07-16 |title=Scaling crowdsourcing interventions to combat partisan misinformation |url=https://advances.in/psychology/10.56296/aip00018/ |journal=Advances.in/Psychology |volume=2 |pages=e85592 |doi=10.56296/aip00018 |issn=2976-937X}}</ref> Domin taron jama'a ya yi tasiri, ana ba da shawarar cewa ya zama dole a daidaita abubuwa uku: <ref name=":0" /> # '''Amincewa:''' Dole ne mai amfani ya amince da tushen binciken gaskiya (watau, taron jama'a). # '''Rashin Fahimta:''' Dole ne gyaran ya bambanta da imanin mai amfani a baya don haifar da rashin jituwa da kuma ƙarfafa sabunta imani. # '''Girman Jama'a:''' Ana buƙatar taron jama'a mai yawa da bambancin ra'ayi don daidaito da kuma kafa ƙa'idar zamantakewa. Waɗannan abubuwan galibi suna cikin rikici. Mai amfani zai iya amincewa da ƙungiyar da ke cikinta, amma wannan rukunin ba zai samar da rashin jituwa ta fahimta ba. Ƙungiyar da ba ta da alaƙa da wani zai haifar da rashin jituwa amma ba za a amince da shi ba. Domin magance wannan, an ba da shawarar hanyar sadarwa ta "matakai biyu daga nan". <ref name=":0" /> Wannan tsarin yana ba da shawarar haɗa masu amfani da taron jama'a masu binciken gaskiya daga al'ummomi kusa da ɗakin ra'ayinsu na kai tsaye waɗanda ke da nisa don samar da sabon hangen nesa, amma ba nisa sosai ba har a yi watsi da su gaba ɗaya a matsayin ƙungiyar da ba ta da alaƙa da juna. ==== Gyara ɗaya bayan ɗaya ==== Idan ana maganar mu'amala ta kai tsaye, wasu dabarun karyata bayanai na iya yin tasiri. Kawai isar da gaskiya sau da yawa ba shi da tasiri saboda imani da bayanai marasa tushe ba ya faruwa ne sakamakon karancin ingantattun bayanai, <ref name="Ecker-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Ecker |first=Ullrich K. H. |last2=Lewandowsky |first2=Stephan |last3=Cook |first3=John |last4=Schmid |first4=Philipp |last5=Fazio |first5=Lisa K. |last6=Brashier |first6=Nadia |last7=Kendeou |first7=Panayiota |last8=Vraga |first8=Emily K. |last9=Amazeen |first9=Michelle A. |date=January 2022 |title=The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-021-00006-y |journal=Nature Reviews Psychology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=13–29 |doi=10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y |issn=2731-0574 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> kodayake mutane na iya canza imaninsu dangane da bayanan da wani wanda suke da kusanci da shi ya raba, kamar aboki ko memba na iyali. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pasquetto |first=Irene V. |last2=Jahani |first2=Eaman |last3=Atreja |first3=Shubham |last4=Baum |first4=Matthew |date=2022-04-07 |title=Social Debunking of Misinformation on WhatsApp: The Case for Strong and In-group Ties |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=6 |issue=CSCW1 |pages=117:1–117:35 |doi=10.1145/3512964}}</ref> Sauran dabarun da suka fi tasiri sun fi mayar da hankali kan sanya shakku da kuma ƙarfafa mutane su binciki tushen imaninsu. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, sautin murya na iya taka rawa: bayyana tausayi da fahimta na iya sa hanyoyin sadarwa su buɗe. <ref name="Ecker-2022" /> ==== Gyaran zamantakewa ==== Ana iya yin binciken gaskiya da kuma yin watsi da ita a mu'amalar mutum-mutumi, amma idan hakan ta faru a shafukan sada zumunta, akwai yiwuwar wasu mutane su haɗu su karanta mu'amalar, wataƙila su koyi sabbin bayanai daga gare ta ko kuma su binciki imaninsu. An kira wannan nau'in gyara zamantakewa. [1] Masu bincike sun gano hanyoyi uku don ƙara ingancin waɗannan gyare-gyaren zamantakewa ga masu lura. [1] Da farko, gyare-gyare ya kamata su haɗa da hanyar haɗi zuwa wata majiya mai tushe ta bayanai masu dacewa, kamar ƙungiyar ƙwararru. Na biyu, ya kamata a maimaita bayanin da ya dace, misali a farkon da ƙarshen sharhin ko martanin. Na uku, ya kamata a bayar da wani bayani daban. Gyaran zamantakewa mai inganci don mayar da martani ga wata sanarwa cewa barkonon barkono na iya warkar da COVID-19 na iya kama da wani abu kamar: "Barkono mai zafi a cikin abincinku, kodayake yana da daɗi sosai, ba zai iya hana ko warkar da COVID-19 ba. Hanya mafi kyau don kare kanku daga sabon coronavirus ita ce kiyaye aƙalla mita 1 daga wasu kuma ku wanke hannuwanku akai-akai da kyau. Ƙara barkono a cikin miya ba zai hana ko warkar da COVID-19 ba. Ƙara koyo daga WHO." [2] Abin sha'awa, yayin da sautin gyaran zai iya shafar yadda maƙasudin gyaran zai karɓi saƙon kuma zai iya ƙara hulɗa da saƙo, [3] ba shi da wata alama da zai shafi yadda wasu da ke ganin gyaran za su fahimci sahihancinsa. [4] Duk da cewa gyara zamantakewa yana da damar isa ga masu sauraro da dama da ingantattun bayanai, yana kuma iya faɗaɗa rubutun asali wanda ke ɗauke da bayanai marasa tushe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Health Misinformation — Current Priorities of the U.S. Surgeon General |url=https://www.hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/reports-and-publications/health-misinformation/index.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.hhs.gov}}</ref> === Rigakafin ƴada labaran ƙarya === Bayanan ƙarya yawanci suna yaɗuwa cikin sauƙi fiye da bincika gaskiya. [1] [2] [3] Bugu da ƙari, ko da an gyara kuskuren da ba a fahimta ba, hakan ba yana nufin an manta da shi ko kuma ba ya tasiri ga tunanin mutane ba. [1] Wata hanyar, wacce ake kira prebunking, tana da nufin "yin allurar riga-kafi" daga rashin gaskiya ta hanyar nuna wa mutane misalan rashin gaskiya da kuma yadda yake aiki kafin su haɗu da shi. [4] [5] Duk da cewa yin amfani da kayan kariya kafin a yi amfani da su zai iya ƙunsar gyara bisa ga gaskiya, ya fi mai da hankali kan gano kurakurai na yau da kullun (misali, roƙon motsin rai don sarrafa fahimtar mutane da hukunce-hukuncen su, [6] bambance-bambancen ƙarya, ko ƙaryar ad hominem [7] ) da dabarun da ake amfani da su don yaɗa bayanai marasa tushe da kuma hanyoyin da ba su da tushe. [4] Bincike game da ingancin prebucking ya nuna sakamako mai kyau. [8] === Wani matakin shiga tsakani === Wani rahoto da ƙungiyar Royal Society ta Burtaniya ta fitar ya lissafa ƙarin yuwuwar ko kuma matakan da aka tsara don magance matsalar: * Tsarin ganowa ta atomatik (misali don nuna alama ko ƙara mahallin da albarkatu ga abun ciki) * Fasaha mai inganta asalin (watau taimaka wa mutane su tantance sahihancin da'awa, hoto, ko bidiyo) * APIs don bincike (misali don amfani don gano, fahimta, da kuma ƙin bayar da bayanai marasa tushe) * Masu kallo masu aiki (misali sharhin gyara) * Daidaita al'umma (yawanci na waɗanda ba a biya su ba kuma waɗanda ba a horar da su ba, galibi masu zaman kansu, masu sa kai) * Magungunan hana ƙwayoyin cuta (misali iyakance adadin lokutan da za a iya aika saƙo a cikin tattaunawar sirri da ta shafi sirri) * Bayanan sirri na gama gari (misali Wikipedia inda editoci da yawa ke gyara labaran encyclopedic, da kuma shafukan tambaya da amsa inda wasu masu kama da bita na takwarorinsu ke tantance sakamakon) * [[Karatun jarida|Karatu da ilimin kafofin watsa labarai]] (ƙara wa 'yan ƙasa ikon amfani da fasahar sadarwa ta zamani (ICTs) don nemo, kimantawa, ƙirƙira, da kuma isar da bayanai, wata fasaha mai mahimmanci ga 'yan ƙasa na kowane zamani) ** Ana koyar da ilimin kafofin watsa labarai a makarantun gwamnati [[Istoniya|na Estonia]] - tun daga makarantar renon yara har zuwa makarantar sakandare - tun daga shekarar 2010 kuma "an yarda da cewa yana da mahimmanci kamar [...] rubutu ko karatu" ** [[New Jersey]] ta umarci ɗaliban K-12 su koyi ilimin bayanai <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitrin |first=Carly |date=5 January 2023 |title=New Jersey becomes first state to mandate K-12 students learn information literacy |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/05/new-jersey-is-the-first-state-to-mandate-k-12-students-learn-information-literacy-00076352 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109111755/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/01/05/new-jersey-is-the-first-state-to-mandate-k-12-students-learn-information-literacy-00076352 |archive-date=9 January 2023 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=Politico}}</ref> ** Ana binciken "allurar rigakafi" ta hanyar bidiyon ilimi da aka nuna wa manya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roozenbeek |first=Jon |last2=van der Linden |first2=Sander |last3=Goldberg |first3=Beth |last4=Rathje |first4=Steve |last5=Lewandowsky |first5=Stephan |date=26 August 2022 |title=Psychological inoculation improves resilience against misinformation on social media |journal=Science Advances |volume=8 |issue=34 |bibcode=2022SciA....8O6254R |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abo6254 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=9401631 |pmid=36001675}}</ref> Rahoton, wanda aka yi cikakken bayani a kai, ya ba da shawarar gina juriya ga bayanan kimiyya da kuma kyakkyawan yanayin bayanai na kan layi, ba tare da an cire abubuwan da ba su dace ba. Yana gargadin cewa takunkumi na iya haifar da bayanai marasa tushe da kuma al'ummomi masu alaƙa da shi "zuwa ga wahalar magance matsalolin intanet". [1] Ana iya magance rashin bayanai game da sauyin yanayi ta yanar gizo ta hanyar matakai daban-daban a matakai daban-daban. [1] Kafin a fallasa bayanan da ba su dace ba, ana ba da shawarar ilimi da kuma "yin allurar riga-kafi". Ana ba da shawarar hanyoyin magance matsalolin fasaha, kamar gano bot da wuri da kuma tsarin matsayi da zaɓi a matsayin hanyoyin da ake ci gaba da amfani da su. Ana iya amfani da saƙonnin bayan an yi ba daidai ba, saƙonnin gyara da kuma saƙonnin haɗin gwiwa don magance labaran da ba su dace ba game da sauyin yanayi. An kuma yi nuni da cewa za a ci tara da makamantan hakan. An ƙaddamar da Kwamitin Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Muhalli na Bayanai a shekarar 2023 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa na masana kimiyya sama da 250 waɗanda ke aiki don haɓaka ingantattun matakan magance rashin gaskiya da sauran matsalolin da ƙungiyoyi masu tayar da hankali ke haifarwa a cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke yaɗa bayanai ta Intanet. Akwai kuma bincike da haɓaka hanyoyin rage bayanai marasa tushe da aka gina a cikin dandamali da kuma na'urar bincike (wanda a halin yanzu yake cikin nau'in addons ). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jahanbakhsh |first=Farnaz |last2=Zhang |first2=Amy X. |last3=Karger |first3=David R. |date=11 November 2022 |title=Leveraging Structured Trusted-Peer Assessments to Combat Misinformation |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=6 |issue=CSCW2 |pages=524:1–524:40 |doi=10.1145/3555637 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Elliott |first=Matt |date=31 January 2019 |title=Fake news spotter: How to enable Microsoft Edge's NewsGuard |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/fake-news-spotter-how-to-enable-microsoft-edges-newsguard/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109225348/https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/fake-news-spotter-how-to-enable-microsoft-edges-newsguard/ |archive-date=9 January 2023 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=CNET}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2021 |title=12 Browser Extensions to Help You Detect and Avoid Fake News |url=https://thetrustedweb.org/browser-extensions-to-detect-and-avoid-fake-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109225350/https://thetrustedweb.org/browser-extensions-to-detect-and-avoid-fake-news/ |archive-date=9 January 2023 |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=The Trusted Web}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da kimantawa mai inganci/tsaka-tsaki/aminci ga majiyoyin labarai. Shafin tushen Wikipedia na dindindin ya rarraba manyan kafofin labarai da yawa bisa ga inganci. Masu bincike sun kuma nuna yiwuwar samun maki na ƙarya ga shahararrun mutane da kuma na hukuma ta hanyar samar da irin wannan ga sama da fitattun mutane 800 na zamani a shafin Twitter da kuma sakamakon da ke da alaƙa da hakan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mosleh |first=Mohsen |last2=Rand |first2=David G. |date=21 November 2022 |title=Measuring exposure to misinformation from political elites on Twitter |journal=Nature Communications |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=7144 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.7144M |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-34769-6 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=9681735 |pmid=36414634 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Amincewa da cibiyoyi da tushe yana ƙaruwa idan aka yi la'akari da daidaito ko kamanceceniya a siyasance. [1] Majiyoyin da ke nesa da siyasa suna ƙara juriya ga gaskiyar da aka yarda da ita, yayin da majiyoyin da ke kusa da siyasa ke ƙara saurin kamuwa da bayanai marasa tushe. [1] Dabaru da za su iya zama mafi tasiri don gyara imani na ƙarya sun haɗa da mai da hankali kan masu shiga tsakani (kamar shawo kan masu fafutuka ko 'yan siyasa waɗanda suke da aminci ga mutanen da ke da imani na ƙarya, ko haɓaka masu shiga tsakani waɗanda ke da asali ko ra'ayoyin duniya iri ɗaya kamar yadda ake so), rage alaƙar bayanai marasa tushe da asalin siyasa ko na rukuni (kamar samar da gyare-gyare daga ƙwararru marasa jam'iyya, ko guje wa daidaiton ƙarya bisa ga nuna goyon baya ga kafofin watsa labarai), da kuma jaddada gyare-gyaren da ke da wahalar gujewa ko musantawa (kamar samar da bayanai cewa tattalin arziki yana da ƙarfi ko rauni sosai, ko bayyana ƙaruwar aukuwar mummunan yanayi sakamakon ƙin yarda da sauyin yanayi ). [2] === AI a matsayin kayan aiki don yaƙi da bayanai marasa tushe === * Ana amfani da algorithms na duba gaskiya don duba gaskiya da'awar a ainihin lokaci. * Masu bincike suna haɓaka kayan aikin AI don gano sauti da bidiyo da aka ƙirƙira. * Ana iya amfani da AI don ilimin [[Bayanan bayanai|ilimin bayanai]] da [[Karatun jarida|ilimin rubutu a kafofin watsa labarai]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carroll |first=Alexander J. |last2=Borycz |first2=Joshua |date=July 2024 |title=Integrating large language models and generative artificial intelligence tools into information literacy instruction |journal=The Journal of Academic Librarianship |volume=50 |issue=4 |doi=10.1016/j.acalib.2024.102899 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Iyakoki === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ya kamata a yi la'akari da yiwuwar cewa bayanai marasa tushe za su iya ci gaba da wanzuwa a cikin jama'a ko da bayan an buga gyare-gyare. Dalilan da za a iya samu sun haɗa da wahalar isa ga mutanen da suka dace da kuma gyare-gyaren da ba su da wani tasiri na dogon lokaci. <ref name="Nyhan2021" /> <ref name="Roozenbeek-2024">{{Cite journal |last=Roozenbeek |first=Jon |last2=Remshard |first2=Miriam |last3=Kyrychenko |first3=Yara |date=2024-07-27 |title=Beyond the headlines: On the efficacy and effectiveness of misinformation interventions |url=https://advances.in/psychology/10.56296/aip00019/ |journal=Advances.in/Psychology |volume=2 |pages=e24569 |doi=10.56296/aip00019 |issn=2976-937X}}</ref> Misali, idan ana buga bayanan gyara ne kawai a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da gidajen yanar gizo na binciken gaskiya, ƙila ba zai isa ga mutanen da ke yarda da bayanai marasa tushe ba tunda ba su da sauƙin karanta waɗannan hanyoyin. Bugu da ƙari, gyaran da aka yi nasara ba zai dawwama ba, musamman idan mutane suka sake fallasa bayanan da ba su dace ba a wani lokaci daga baya. <ref name="Nyhan2021" /> An yi nuni da cewa yin katsalandan kai tsaye kan bayanai marasa tushe na iya zama abin da ba shi da amfani, wanda ake kira "tasirin koma-baya", amma a aikace wannan ba kasafai yake faruwa ba. <ref name="Nyhan2021">{{Cite journal |last=Nyhan B |year=2021 |title=Why the backfire effect does not explain the durability of political misperceptions. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=15 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11812440N |doi=10.1073/pnas.1912440117 |pmc=8053951 |pmid=33837144 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="LazicZezelj2021">{{Cite journal |last=Lazić |first=Aleksandra |last2=Žeželj |first2=Iris |date=18 May 2021 |title=A systematic review of narrative interventions: Lessons for countering anti-vaccination conspiracy theories and misinformation |journal=Public Understanding of Science |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=644–670 |doi=10.1177/09636625211011881 |issn=0963-6625 |pmid=34006153}}</ref> <ref name="Swire-Thompson2020" /> Wani bita na wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da aka yi a shekarar 2020 kan tasirin koma-baya ya gano cewa an sami gazawa sosai wajen kwaikwayon wanzuwarsu, koda kuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi da zai dace da ka'idar lura da su. <ref name="Swire-Thompson2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Swire-Thompson B, DeGutis J, Lazer D |year=2020 |title=Searching for the Backfire Effect: Measurement and Design Considerations. |journal=J Appl Res Mem Cogn |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=286–299 |doi=10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.006 |pmc=7462781 |pmid=32905023}}</ref> Saboda rashin iya sake haifuwa, {{As of|2020}} Yawancin masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa tasirin koma-baya ba zai yiwu ba a matakin yawan jama'a, ko kuma yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin takamaiman yanayi, ko kuma ba ya wanzuwa. <ref name="Swire-Thompson2020" /> Brendan Nyhan, ɗaya daga cikin masu binciken da suka fara gabatar da shawarar faruwar tasirin koma-baya, ya rubuta a shekarar 2021 cewa ci gaba da rashin bayanai ya fi faruwa ne saboda wasu dalilai. <ref name="Nyhan2021" /> Ga yawancin mutane, gyare-gyare da duba gaskiya ba su da matuƙar yiwuwa su yi mummunan tasiri, kuma babu wani takamaiman rukuni na mutane da aka lura da tasirin koma-baya akai-akai. <ref name="Swire-Thompson2020" /> A lokuta da yawa, idan kafofin watsa labarai ko masu rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo suka tattauna tasirin koma-baya, an yi amfani da su fiye da kima daga nazarin da aka yi kan takamaiman ƙananan ƙungiyoyi don yanke hukunci ba daidai ba cewa tasirin koma-baya ya shafi dukkan jama'a da kuma duk wani yunƙuri na gyara. <ref name="Nyhan2021" /> <ref name="Swire-Thompson2020" /> Ana ci gaba da muhawara kan ko tsoma bakin bayanai game da bayanai na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na rage yarda da bayanai na karya da na gaskiya, ba tare da la'akari da gaskiyarsu ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guay |first=Brian |last2=Berinsky |first2=Adam J. |last3=Pennycook |first3=Gordon |last4=Rand |first4=David |date=August 2023 |title=How to think about whether misinformation interventions work |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-023-01667-w |journal=Nature Human Behaviour |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=1231–1233 |doi=10.1038/s41562-023-01667-w |issn=2397-3374 |pmid=37563304}}</ref> Misali, wani bincike ya gano cewa allurar riga-kafi da daidaito suna rage ikon masu amfani na bambance ka'idojin makirci da za a iya fahimta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Mahony |first=Cian |last2=Murphy |first2=Gillian |last3=Linehan |first3=Conor |date=2024-11-15 |title=True discernment or blind scepticism? Comparing the effectiveness of four conspiracy belief interventions |url=https://advances.in/psychology/10.56296/aip00030/ |journal=Advances.in/Psychology |volume=2 |pages=e215691 |doi=10.56296/aip00030 |issn=2976-937X}}</ref> Wasu masana sun nuna ta hanyar kwaikwayon cewa ko da tsoma baki ya rage imani da bayanai na ƙarya da na gaskiya, tasirin da ke kan yanayin kafofin watsa labarai na iya zama mai kyau saboda bambancin ƙimar tushe a cikin duka imani. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lawson |first=M. Asher |last2=Kakkar |first2=Hemant |date=2024-12-06 |title=Resolving conflicting findings in misinformation research: A methodological perspective |url=https://advances.in/psychology/10.56296/aip00031/ |journal=Advances.in/Psychology |volume=2 |pages=e235462 |doi=10.56296/aip00031 |issn=2976-937X}}</ref> == Bayanan ƙarya na kan layi == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yawaitar labaran karya a yanar gizo ya jawo hankalin jama'a sosai. <ref name="Acerbi-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Acerbi |first=Alberto |date=2019-02-12 |title=Cognitive attraction and online misinformation |journal=Palgrave Communications |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1057/s41599-019-0224-y |issn=2055-1045 |s2cid=257089832 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Fiye da rabin al'ummar duniya sun sami damar shiga intanet a farkon shekarar 2018. <ref name="Acerbi-2019" /> Kafafen sada zumunta na zamani da na zamantakewa na iya taimakawa wajen yaɗuwar bayanai marasa tushe - misali, lokacin da masu amfani ke raba bayanai ba tare da fara duba sahihancin bayanan da suka samu ba. Mutane sun fi fuskantar bayanai ta intanet bisa ga tsarin algorithms na musamman. Google, Facebook da Yahoo News duk suna samar da labarai bisa ga bayanan da suka sani game da na'urorinmu, wurin da muke, da kuma abubuwan da muke sha'awa a yanar gizo. <ref name="Fernandez-2018" /> Duk da cewa mutane biyu za su iya neman abu ɗaya a lokaci guda, suna da yuwuwar samun sakamako daban-daban bisa ga abin da wannan dandamalin ya ɗauka da ya dace da abubuwan da suke so, ko gaskiya ne ko ƙarya. Kwanan nan an soki wasu dandamali daban-daban na sada zumunta saboda ƙarfafa yaɗa labaran ƙarya, kamar labaran ƙarya, da kuma labaran ƙarya. <ref name="Fernandez-2018" /> Yana da alhakin rinjayar ra'ayoyin mutane da kuma yanke hukunci a lokacin manyan abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar yaɗa labaran ƙarya da aka yarda da su sosai. <ref name="Fernandez-2018" /> Bugu da ƙari, labaran ƙarya na iya faruwa ta hanyoyi da yawa, ciki har da jita-jita, tatsuniyoyi na birane, abubuwan da suka faru a zahiri, da sauransu. Duk da haka, abin da ke ƙarƙashinsa shi ne cewa yana ɗauke da bayanai marasa tushe ko marasa inganci. <ref name="Almaliki-2019" /> Bugu da ƙari, masu amfani da dandamalin sada zumunta na iya fuskantar mummunan yanayi, rudani, da damuwa sakamakon yaɗuwar bayanan karya. A cewar wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan, ɗaya daga cikin goma na Amurkawa ya fuskanci damuwa ta hankali ko ta motsin rai sakamakon bayanan da ba su dace ba da aka buga a intanet. <ref name="Almaliki-2019" /> Yaɗa labaran ƙarya na iya kawo cikas ga amfani da bayanan da ake samu a shafukan sada zumunta yadda ya kamata da kuma inganci. <ref name="Almaliki-2019" /> Wani sabon salo da ke tasowa a yanayin bayanai na intanet shine "canzawa daga tattaunawar jama'a zuwa saƙonni na sirri, na ɗan lokaci", wanda ƙalubale ne na yaƙi da bayanan da ba su dace ba. === A shafukan sada zumunta === Rahoton Pew Research ya bayyana cewa kusan ɗaya cikin huɗu daga cikin manya 'yan Amurka ya yarda ya raba bayanai marasa tushe a shafukan sada zumunta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barthel |first=Michael |last2=Mitchell |first2=Amy |last3=Holcomb |first3=Jesse |date=2016-12-15 |title=Many Americans Believe Fake News Is Sowing Confusion |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2016/12/15/many-americans-believe-fake-news-is-sowing-confusion/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Pew Research Center's Journalism Project}}</ref> A zamanin Bayanai, shafukan sada zumunta sun zama wani sanannen wakili wajen yaɗa labaran ƙarya, [[labaran ƙarya]], da farfaganda. <ref name="sfn" /> Shafukan sada zumunta sun canza tsarin aikinsu don hana yaɗuwar labaran karya amma har yanzu matsalar tana nan. <ref name="Allcott Gentzkow Yu 2019">{{Cite journal |last=Allcott |first=Hunt |last2=Gentzkow |first2=Matthew |last3=Yu |first3=Chuan |date=April 2019 |title=Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media |journal=Research & Politics |volume=6 |issue=2 |page=205316801984855 |arxiv=1809.05901 |doi=10.1177/2053168019848554 |s2cid=52291737 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sakonnin hotuna su ne mafi girman yaduwar labaran karya a shafukan sada zumunta, lamarin da ba a bayyana shi sosai a cikin bincike ba. Wannan yana haifar da "ratanin ilimi mai ban haushi" domin akwai rashin sanin yadda sakonnin da suka dogara da hotuna masu cutarwa suke kama da sauran nau'ikan bayanai marasa tushe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindman |first=Matthew |last2=Davis |first2=Trevor |last3=Yang |first3=Yunkang |date=2023-06-30 |title=Visual misinformation is widespread on Facebook – and often undercounted by researchers |url=http://theconversation.com/visual-misinformation-is-widespread-on-facebook-and-often-undercounted-by-researchers-202913 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125142416/http://theconversation.com/visual-misinformation-is-widespread-on-facebook-and-often-undercounted-by-researchers-202913 |archive-date=2024-01-25 |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=The Conversation}}</ref><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>An zargi Telegram sau da yawa da taimakawa wajen ƙirƙira da yaɗa labaran ƙarya a yanar gizo, wani ɓangare saboda rage ƙa'idojinsa da rashin kayan aikin duba gaskiya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Latschan |first=Thomas |date=28 August 2024 |title=Conspiracy, fake news, crime: Why is Telegram controversial? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/conspiracy-fake-news-crime-why-is-telegram-controversial/a-70074670 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=DW}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Telegram is a proven amplifier of disinformation: Maldita.es Foundation and the University of Granada present recommendations for the EU in an event in Brussels with the participation of Vice President Jourová·Maldita.es |url=https://maldita.es/nosotros/20241008/telegram-disinformation-malditaes-universityofgranada-brussels-vicepresident-jourova/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Maldita.es}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2022 |title=Desinformación en Telegram: cómo se propaga y por qué los desinformantes eligen esta red de mensajería - Chequeado |url=https://chequeado.com/el-explicador/desinformacion-en-telegram-como-se-propaga-y-por-que-los-desinformantes-eligen-esta-red-de-mensajeria/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |language=es}}</ref><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Masana da 'yan jarida daban-daban sun soki wannan ci gaban, suna nuna matsala game da zato na ƙa'ida, ingancin fitarwa daban-daban da rashin tsauraran matakai, da kuma tasirin binciken bayanai marasa tushe da na ƙarya wajen tsara ra'ayoyin jama'a da tsara manufofi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adler-Bell |first=Sam |date=2022-05-20 |title=The Liberal Obsession With 'Disinformation' Is Not Helping |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/05/the-liberal-obsession-with-disinformation-is-not-helping.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930145425/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/05/the-liberal-obsession-with-disinformation-is-not-helping.html |archive-date=2022-09-30 |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=Intelligencer}}</ref> A taƙaice, masana harkokin sadarwa Chico Camargo da Felix Simon sun rubuta a cikin wani kasidar da aka buga a Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review cewa "an zargi nazarin bayanai marasa tushe/marasa tushe da rashin fayyace ma'anoni, fahimtar abin da yake nazari a kai, fifita tasirin kafofin watsa labarai sosai, sakaci da abubuwan da ke haɗuwa, tasirin hukumomin samar da kuɗi da masu tsara manufofi a kan ajandar bincike na fagen, da kuma babban tasirin da fannin ke da shi kan manufofi da tsara manufofi." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Camargo |first=Chico Q. |last2=Simon |first2=Felix M. |date=20 September 2022 |title=Mis- and disinformation studies are too big to fail: Six suggestions for the field's future |journal=Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review |doi=10.37016/mr-2020-106 |s2cid=252423678 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Zarge-zargen tantancewa == <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Columns-list|* [[List of common misconceptions]] * [[List of fact-checking websites]] * [[List of fake news websites]] * [[List of satirical news websites]] * [[Alarmism]] * {{Annotated link|Artificial intelligence and elections}} * [[Big lie]] * [[Character assassination]] ** [[Defamation]] (also known as "slander") * [[Counter Misinformation Team]] * [[COVID-19 misinformation]] * [[Disinformation]] * [[Disinformation attack]] * [[Disinformation research]] * [[Euromyth]] * [[Factoid]] * [[Fallacy]] ** [[List of fallacies]] * [[False balance]] * [[Fear, uncertainty, and doubt]] * [[Flat earth]] * [[Gossip]] * [[Junk science]] * [[Memetic warfare]] * [[Memory conformity]] * [[Misinformation related to abortion]] * [[Misinformation related to 5G technology]] * [[Persuasion]] * [[Post-truth]] * [[Pseudoscience]] * [[Quotation]] * [[Rumor]] * [[Sensationalism]] * Social engineering (in [[Social engineering (political science)|political science]] and [[Social engineering (security)|cybercrime]]) * [[The Disinformation Project]] * [[Truth sandwich]] *[[Underlying theories of misinformation]]|colwidth=20em}}Shafukan sada zumunta kamar Facebook da Twitter sun ga kansu suna kare zargin da ake yi na sanya takunkumi saboda cire sakonnin da suka dauka a matsayin bayanai marasa tushe. Manufofin takunkumin kafofin sada zumunta da suka dogara da jagororin da hukumomin gwamnati suka bayar don tantance ingancin bayanai sun jawo suka cewa irin waɗannan manufofin suna da tasirin da ba a yi niyya ba na hana adawa da sukar ra'ayoyi da manufofin gwamnati. Kwanan nan, kamfanonin sada zumunta sun fuskanci suka kan zargin da ake yi musu na yin katsalandan kan tattaunawar SARS-CoV 2 Lab Leak Hypothesis ba da daɗewa ba. <ref name="The-Wall-Street-Journal" /> Sauran zarge-zargen takunkumi sun samo asali ne daga yunƙurin hana masu amfani da shafukan sada zumunta cutar da kansu ta hanyar amfani da magungunan COVID-19 marasa inganci. Misali, a watan Yulin 2020, wani bidiyo ya bazu a yanar gizo wanda ke nuna Dr. Stella Immanuel tana ikirarin cewa hydroxychloroquine magani ne mai tasiri ga COVID-19. A cikin bidiyon, Immanuel ya ba da shawarar cewa babu buƙatar rufe fuska, rufe makarantu, ko wani nau'in rufe tattalin arziki, yana mai tabbatar da cewa maganin da ake zargin ta yi yana da matuƙar tasiri wajen magance waɗanda suka kamu da cutar. An raba bidiyon sau 600,000 kuma an sami kusan masu kallo miliyan 20 a Facebook kafin a cire shi saboda karya ka'idojin al'umma kan yaɗa labaran ƙarya. An kuma sauke bidiyon a shafin Twitter cikin dare ɗaya, amma ba kafin tsohon shugaban ƙasa [[Donald Trump]] ya wallafa shi a shafinsa ba, inda sama da masu amfani da Twitter miliyan 85 suka biyo baya. Daraktan NIAID, Dr. Anthony Fauci da membobin [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) sun yi watsi da bidiyon cikin sauri, suna ambaton manyan bincike da aka yi kan hydroxychloroquine wanda ke nuna cewa ba magani ne mai tasiri ga COVID-19 ba, kuma [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA)]] ta yi gargaɗi game da amfani da shi don magance marasa lafiya da COVID-19 bayan shaidar matsalolin zuciya da suka taso a cikin marasa lafiya da suka sha maganin. Wani fitaccen misali na kawar da bayanai marasa tushe da wasu suka yi a matsayin misali na takunkumi shi ne rahoton ' ''New York Post'' kan kwamfyutocin tafi-da-gidanka na Hunter Biden kimanin makonni biyu kafin zaben shugaban kasa na 2020, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don tallata ka'idar makircin Biden-Ukraine . Kamfanonin kafofin sada zumunta sun cire wannan rahoton cikin sauri, kuma an dakatar da asusun Twitter na ''Post'' na ɗan lokaci. Jami'an leƙen asiri sama da 50 sun gano cewa bayyana imel ɗin da ake zargin na ɗan [[Joe Biden]] ne ya ƙunshi dukkan "alamomin gargajiya na aikin tattara bayanai na Rasha". <ref name="officials">{{Cite web |last=Bertrand |first=Natasha |author-link=Natasha Bertrand |date=October 19, 2020 |title=Hunter Biden story is Russian disinfo, dozens of former intel officials say |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/10/19/hunter-biden-story-russian-disinfo-430276 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020034222/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/10/19/hunter-biden-story-russian-disinfo-430276 |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |access-date=October 20, 2020 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> Daga baya aka samu shaida cewa aƙalla wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka na gaske ne. <ref name="laptop">{{Cite web |last=Lizza |first=Ryan |author-link=Ryan Lizza |date=September 21, 2021 |title=Politico Playbook: Double Trouble for Biden |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/playbook/2021/09/21/double-trouble-for-biden-494411 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123034707/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/playbook/2021/09/21/double-trouble-for-biden-494411 |archive-date=November 23, 2021 |access-date=September 23, 2021 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Manazarta == === Majiyoyi === * Cook, John, Lewandowsky, Stephan, & Ecker, Ullrich KH (2020). ''Littafin Jagorar Ba da Shawara na 2020'' . An samo daga https://web.archive.org/web/20210423151951/https://www.climatechangecommunication.org/debunking-handbook-2020/ * Flynn, DJ, Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2017). "Yanayin da Asalin Ra'ayoyi marasa Dacewa: Fahimtar Imani na Karya da Mara Goyon Baya Game da Siyasa". ''Ilimin Halayyar Siyasa'', 38(S1), 127–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12394 * Lazer, David MJ, Baum, Matthew A., Benkler, Yochai, Berinsky, Adam J., Greenhill, Kelly M., Menczer, Filippo, Metzger, Miriam J., Nyhan, Brendan, Pennycook, Gordon, Rothschild, David, Schudson, Michael, Sloman, Steven A., Sunstein, Cass R., Thorson, Emily A., Watts, Duncan J., & Zittrain, Jonathan L. (2018). "Kimiyyar Labaran Karya". ''Kimiyya'', 359(6380), 1094–1096. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998 * Lewandowsky, Stephan, Ecker, Ullrich KH, & Cook, John. (2017). "Bayan Bayanan da Ba Su Dace Ba: Fahimta da Juriyar Zamanin 'Bayan Gaskiya'". ''Mujallar Binciken Aiki a Ƙwaƙwalwa da Fahimta'', 6(4), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008 * Tandoc, Edson C., Lim, Zheng Wei, & Ling, Richard. (2018). "Bayyana 'Labaran Karya': Nau'in Ma'anonin Ilimi". ''Aikin Jarida na Dijital'', 6(2), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143 * Wardle, Claire, da Derakhshan, Hossein. (2017). "Rashin Bayanan Bayanai: Zuwa Tsarin Tsarin Ilimi Tsakanin Manufofi don Bincike da Tsarin Manufofi". Rahoton Majalisar Turai. An samo daga https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-researc/168076277c == Ƙarin karatu == *   * {{Cite journal |last=Allcott |first=H. |last2=Gentzkow |first2=M. |year=2017 |title=Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=211–236 |doi=10.1257/jep.31.2.211 |s2cid=32730475 |doi-access=free}} *   * Baillargeon, Normand (4 January 2008). A short course in intellectual self-defense. Seven Stories Press. {{ISBN|978-1-58322-765-7}}. Retrieved 22 June 2011. * {{Cite journal |last=Bakir |first=Vian |last2=McStay |first2=Andrew |date=7 February 2018 |title=Fake News and The Economy of Emotions: Problems, causes, solutions |url=https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/researchoutputs/fake-news-and-the-economy-of-emotions(6f96b5ed-884a-43c1-921f-74ed6f1384f8).html |journal=Digital Journalism |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=154–175 |doi=10.1080/21670811.2017.1345645 |s2cid=157153522}} * Christopher Cerf, and Victor Navasky, ''The Experts Speak: The Definitive Compendium of Authoritative Misinformation'', Pantheon Books, 1984. * {{Cite journal |last=Cook, John |last2=Stephan Lewandowsky |last3=Ullrich K. H. Ecker |date=2017-05-05 |title=Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=12 |issue=5 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1275799C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0175799 |pmc=5419564 |pmid=28475576 |doi-access=free}} * Helfand, David J., ''A Survival Guide to the Misinformation Age: Scientific Habits of Mind''. Columbia University Press, 2016. {{ISBN|978-0231541022}} * Christopher Murphy (2005). Competitive Intelligence: Gathering, Analysing And Putting It to Work. Gower Publishing, Ltd.. pp.&nbsp;186–189. {{ISBN|0-566-08537-2}}. A case study of misinformation arising from simple error *   * O'Connor, Cailin, and James Owen Weatherall, ''The Misinformation Age; How False Beliefs Spread''. Yale University Press, 2019. {{ISBN|978-0300241006}} *   * Persily, Nathaniel, and Joshua A. Tucker, eds. ''Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field and Prospects for Reform''. Cambridge University Press, 2020. {{ISBN|978-1108858779}} * {{Cite journal |last=Southwell |first=Brian G. |last2=Brennen |first2=J. Scott Babwah |last3=Paquin |first3=Ryan |last4=Boudewyns |first4=Vanessa |last5=Zeng |first5=Jing |date=2022 |title=Defining and Measuring Scientific Misinformation |journal=[[The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science]] |volume=700 |issue=1 |pages=98–111 |doi=10.1177/00027162221084709 |doi-access=free}} * Jürg Strässler (1982). Idioms in English: A Pragmatic Analysis. Gunter Narr Verlag. pp.&nbsp;43–44. {{ISBN|3-87808-971-6}}. * {{Cite journal |last=West |first=Jevin D. |last2=Bergstrom |first2=Carl T. |date=2021 |title=Misinformation in and about science |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=15 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11812444W |doi=10.1073/pnas.1912444117 |pmc=8054004 |pmid=33837146 |doi-access=free}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Cite web |last=Connie Hanzhang Jin |last2=Miles Parks |date=April 20, 2020 |title=Comic: Fake News Can Be Deadly. Here's How To Spot It |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/17/837202898/comic-fake-news-can-be-deadly-heres-how-to-spot-it |website=NPR |format=audio tutorial, graphic tutorial}} * {{Cite web |date=23 August 2022 |title=Free Misinformation and Disinformation Training online |url=https://www.msicertified.com/free-training/misinformation-and-disinformation-training/ |website=Management and Strategy Institute |format=free online class}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hctqukrzyvvkn85l06s7tv1y0hiju3f 0 177560 969338 960657 2026-10-19T01:37:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amjed Ullah Khan''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1972) tsohon Corporator ne, 35 Azampura Division (GHMC) kuma Kakakin Majlis Bachao Tehreek (MBT) a [[Hyderabad]] a jihar Telangana ta Indiya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2013 |title=Muslim Mirror » MBT leader Amjed Ullah Khan visits injured at Hyderabad hospital |url=http://muslimmirror.com/eng/mbt-leader-amjed-ullah-khan-visits-injured-at-hyderabad-hospital/ |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=Muslim Mirror |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118143249/http://muslimmirror.com/eng/mbt-leader-amjed-ullah-khan-visits-injured-at-hyderabad-hospital/ |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yana da ce-ce-ku-ce saboda ra'ayoyinsa da kuma a matsayinsa na babban abokin hamayyar All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM). <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2014 |title=MBT offers fig leaf to Owaisi brothers of MIM |url=http://twocircles.net/2014mar10/mbt_offers_fig_leaf_owaisi_brothers_mim.html#.Vi_-aPmrTIU |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=twocircles.net}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=MBT leader Amjed Ullah Khan urges KCR not to give permission for Shobha Yatra on the occasion of Ram Navami 2015 |url=http://www.hyderabadwala.com/news/mbt-leader-amjed-ullah-khan-urges-kcr-not-to-give-permission-for-shobha-yatra-on-the-occasion-of-ram-navami-2015-81.html |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=HyderabadWala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118031850/http://www.hyderabadwala.com/news/mbt-leader-amjed-ullah-khan-urges-kcr-not-to-give-permission-for-shobha-yatra-on-the-occasion-of-ram-navami-2015-81.html |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Bayani == Khan ɗan MLA ne mai suna Amanullah Khan wanda ya taɓa yin aiki sau 5. Ya shahara sosai lokacin da ya shiga tsakani a shari'ar sace wata yarinya [[Musulmi|musulma]] da aka yi a Kwalejin TRR. Satya Prakash Singh ya sace yarinyar kuma ya tsare ta na tsawon watanni 17, a lokacin kuma ya yi mata fyade akai-akai. Lokacin da iyayenta suka kai rahoton laifin, 'yan sandan yankin ba su ɗauki mataki ba saboda ɗan'uwan Singh fitaccen lauya ne. Khan ya jagoranci wani gangamin zanga-zanga a kan 'yan sanda da Singh. Tare da dubban matasa, hakan ya jawo matsin lamba ga 'yan sanda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2013 |title=MBT Represents Student Rape Case to APSHRC |url=http://www.siasat.com/news/mbt-represents-student-rape-case-apshrc-480909/ |website=The Siasat Daily}}</ref> A wani lamari kuma, ya bukaci Firayim Ministan Indiya [[Narendra Modi]] da ya mayar da 'yan Indiya 450 da suka makale a gidan yarin Sumeshi, [[Jeddah|Jeddah, Saudiyya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amjad Ullah Khan urges Centre for early repatriation of 450 Indians trapped in Saudi jail |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/Social-activist-Amjad-ullah-Khan-urges-Centre-for-early-repatriation-of-450-Indians-trapped-in-Saudi-jail/15-09-2020-320877/ |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref> == Prajadarbar == An san shi da hannu a cikin ''Prajadarbar'', wanda ke ba da taimakon kuɗi ga mabukata ba tare da la'akari da ƙabila, addini ko addini ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amjad Ullah Khan ka Praja Darbar... |url=https://www.azadstudio.news/2022/06/amjad-ullah-khan-ka-praja-darbar.html |website=Azad Studio News}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Majlis Bachao Tehreek == Dan siyasa Mohammed Amanullah Khan ne ya kafa MBT bayan rabuwar kai daga AIMIM. Amanullah Khan, wanda amintaccen laftanar ne na Shugaban AIMIM na wancan lokacin Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi, ya kafa MBT (Fassara) : Ceton Ƙungiyar Majlis) a shekarar 1993 bayan dakatar da shi saboda zanga-zangar adawa da raunin matsayin da AIMIM ta ɗauka a lokacin rushe [[Masallacin Babri]]. Daga baya, ya ƙaddamar da wani kamfen kan rushe Masallacin Babri. Sauran muhimman batutuwa da ya gabatar sun hada da rashin dimokuradiyya ta cikin gida a jam'iyya, nuna wariya, goyon bayan siyasa da kuma cin hanci da rashawa a cikin mu'amalar jama'a ta AIMIM.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Today's News Headlines, New Indian Express, Latest News, Updates, and Stories |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/KCR-Encouraging-Fake-Encounters/2015/09/29/article3053095.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930052319/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/KCR-Encouraging-Fake-Encounters/2015/09/29/article3053095.ece |archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=arshad |date=27 August 2015 |title=Women feeling unsafe in Hyderabad: MBT |url=http://www.siasat.com/news/women-feeling-unsafe-hyderabad-mbt-823427/ |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=The Siasat Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2015 |title=All party meet to protest Aler encounter held at Hussaini Alam, Hyderabad |url=http://twocircles.net/2015may28/1432836845.html |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=twocircles.net}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manat == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] o4q4t3zht2oakcsvytrwos8eovf41tv 0 177850 969423 965228 2026-10-19T09:32:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Bage | settlement_type = Registration Area | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Nigeria]] | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = [[Gombe State]] | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = [[Funakaye]] | government_type = Registration Area | parts_type = Ward | parts = Bage | postal_code = | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Bage''' yanki ne na rajista da kuma gundumar zaɓe da ke cikin [[Funakaye]] Local Government Area na [[Gombe State]], [[Nigeria]]. Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC) ta sanya Bage a matsayin Registration Area mai lamba 02 a cikin Funakaye, yayin da lambar yankin ita ce 15/05/02. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bage na daga cikin yankunan rajista guda goma da INEC ta ayyana a cikin Funakaye Local Government Area. A kundin INEC na shekarar 2015, Bage tana da rumfunan zaɓe 30, yayin da bayanan da aka sabunta daga tsarin lambobin rumfunan zaɓe suka nuna cewa adadin ya ƙaru zuwa rumfunan zaɓe 32, sakamakon ƙarin sabbin rumfunan zaɓe biyu. <ref>{{cite web |title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in FUNAKAYE LGA, Gombe State |url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-funakaye-lga-gombe-state/ |website=Eduweb |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin kundin INEC, Bage tana da lambar rajista '''15-05-02''', inda 15 ke wakiltar Gombe State, 05 kuma Funakaye Local Government Area, yayin da 02 ke wakiltar Bage Registration Area. INEC ta kuma bayyana makarantar Bage Primary School a matsayin cibiyar karɓar katunan zaɓe (PVC) ta wannan yankin rajista. <ref>{{cite web |title=GOMBE |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayanan rumfunan zaɓe na Bage sun nuna cewa yankin yana da rumfunan zaɓe 32. Daga cikin wuraren da aka ambata akwai Unguwan Shamaki, Santuraki, Badabti, Bulturi, Feshingo J. Bose, Wuro Yayaru, Fufajamna, Wurodole, Wuro Accama, Manawashi, Hamma Kolori, Wuro Bapparu, Malam Madu da Gube. <ref>{{cite web |title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in FUNAKAYE LGA, Gombe State |url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-funakaye-lga-gombe-state/ |website=Eduweb |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran wuraren da ke cikin tsarin rumfunan zaɓe na Bage sun haɗa da Juggol Borkono, Gongila, Feshingo Yerima, Kafiwol Ardo, Kafiwol, Koyaya, Kerziki, Ashaka Coastain Estate Housing, Darumfa, Bungum, Dindi Jauro Damji, Unguwan Katako da Gardawashi. Wannan jerin ya nuna yadda Registration Area ɗin ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka da ƙananan wuraren zama da dama. <ref>{{cite web |title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in FUNAKAYE LGA, Gombe State |url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-funakaye-lga-gombe-state/ |website=Eduweb |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A tsarin zaɓe na Gombe State, Bage tana ƙarƙashin Funakaye Local Government Area, wadda take da Registration Areas guda goma. Baya ga Bage, sauran yankunan sun haɗa da Ashaka/Magaba, Bajoga West, Bajoga East, Bodor/Tilde, Jillahi, Kupto, Ribadu, Tongo da Wawa/Wakkulutu. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bage kuma tana da muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin gudanar da zaɓe na yankin Funakaye saboda yawan rumfunan zaɓe da ke ƙarƙashinta. Bayanai na yanzu sun nuna cewa Bage tana da rumfunan zaɓe 32, tare da lambar ward '''15/05/02'''. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ward 15-05-02 — Polling Units & Election Results |url=https://nigeria2.com/ward/15-05-02/ |website=Nigeria 2.0 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Bayanan ƙidayar al'ummomin da Hukumar Kula da Hijira ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (IOM) ta tattara a wani zagayen tantance yankuna sun kuma haɗa Bage cikin yankunan da aka tantance a Funakaye Local Government Area na Gombe State. Wannan yana nuna cewa Bage na daga cikin wuraren da ake sa ido kan yanayin al'umma da motsin jama'a a jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=DTM Round 38 List of Assessed Wards |url=https://nigeria.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1856/files/documents/R38%2520LIST%20OF%20WARDS%20ASSESSED.pdf |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A bayanan da suka shafi ƙauyukan Gombe State, an kuma ambaci Bage a matsayin wani yanki da ke da alaƙa da Ashaka a Funakaye. Jerin wuraren ya haɗa Bage da wasu wurare kamar Bulturi, Yayaru da Zadawa. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Funakaye]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Ashaka, Gombe State]] * [[Bajoga]] * [[Gombe State]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} m896gqn8ubg0jefw64kudu0kige0p3p 0 178759 969092 965634 2026-10-18T15:36:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} 6882 Sormano (sunan: 1995 CC1) wani dutse ne mai suna Eunomia asteroid daga tsakiyar yankin na belin asteroid, kimanin kilomita 7 (4.3 miles) a diamita. An gano shi ne a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1995, ta hanyar masu ilimin taurari na Italiya Piero Sicoli da [[Valter Giuliani]] a Sormano Astronomical Observatory a arewacin Italiya. An sanya sunan asteroid din ne don ƙauyen dutsen Italiya na Sormano da kuma wurin bincikensa. == Orbit da rarrabuwa == Sormano memba ne na Iyalin Eunomia, babban rukuni na asteroids na S-type kuma mafi shahararren iyali a cikin babban belin tsakiya. Yana kewaye da Rana a nesa da 2.3-2.8 AU sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 4 da wata 1 (kwana 1,489). &nbsp;Tsarinsa yana da eccentricity na 0.10 da kuma karkatawa na 14 [[Digiri (kwana)|°]] dangane da ecliptic. Binciken binciken asteroid ya fara shekaru 6 kafin gano shi, kamar yadda aka lura da shi a baya a matsayin 1989 OW a Palomar Observatory a shekarar 1989. == Sunayen == An sanya wa wannan ƙaramar duniyar suna don girmama ƙauyen dutsen Italiya na Sormano da kuma binciken da ke kusa. "Gruppo Astrofili Brianza" ne ke ba da kuɗin, aka gina shi kuma ke sarrafa shi, ƙungiyar masu ilimin taurari na Italiya waɗanda suka gano ƙananan taurari da yawa. Cibiyar Minor Planet Center ce ta buga bayanin sunan hukuma a ranar 3 ga Mayu 1996 ({{Small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 27130}}). == Halayen jiki == === Juyawa da siffar === A watan Satumbar 2010, an samo haske mai juyawa na Sormano daga abubuwan lura da aka yi a Palomar Transient Factory a California. Ya ba da Lokacin juyawa na awanni {{Val|3.6901}} tare da bambancin haske mai girma na 0.71, wanda ke nuna siffar da ba ta da siffar (U = 2). Irin wannan lokacin na awanni 3.998 an samo shi ne daga bayanan da aka sake fasalin bayanan Lowell photometric ({{Small|[[LCDB quality code|n.a.]]}}). === Diamita da albedo === Dangane da binciken da NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer ya gudanar tare da aikin NEOWISE na gaba, Sormano ya auna kilomita 7.6 zuwa 8.0 a diamita kuma farfajiya tana da albedo tsakanin 0.269 da 0.300. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link ya ɗauki albedo 0.21 - wanda aka samo daga 15 Eunomia, babban memba na iyali kuma mai suna - kuma ya lissafa diamita na kilomita 6.69 tare da cikakkiyar girman 13.19 . == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [http://&#x3C;i&#x20;id= www.minorplanet.info/PHP/OneAsteroidInfo.php" id="mwAXo" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Tambayar Bayanan Bayanai na Lightcurve] (LCDB), a www.minorplanet.info * [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Kalmomin Ƙananan Sunaye], littattafan Google * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160729213840/http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids da comets juyawa curves, CdR] - Geneva Observatory, [[Raoul Behrend]] * [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs005001.html Yanayin Bincike: Ƙananan Duniyoyi masu lamba (5001) - (10000)] - Ƙananan Duniya Cibiyar * {{AstDys|6882}} * {{JPL small body}} 4emzh47h6xsfuc9larcyseqp69sfi30 0 178794 969411 965817 2026-10-19T07:51:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ayala Zubairu Pilate | nationality = [[Najeriya]] | occupation = [[Ɗan siyasa]] | office = Ɗan Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Gombe | constituency = [[Shongom]] | term_start = 2023 | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] | otherparty = [[Peoples Democratic Party]] (a baya) }} '''Ayala Zubairu Pilate''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda yake wakiltar mazabar Shongom a [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Gombe]]. Ya lashe zaɓen majalisar dokokin jihar na shekarar 2023 a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP).<ref name="Punch2023">{{cite news |title=Gombe lone female lawmaker loses seat |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-lone-female-lawmaker-loses-seat/ |work=Punch |author=Chima Azubuike |date=22 March 2023 |access-date=10 October 2026 }}</ref> == Siyasa == === Zaɓen 2023 === A zaɓen gama-gari na Najeriya na shekarar 2023, Ayala Zubairu Pilate ya tsaya takara a mazabar Shongom ta Jihar Gombe a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar PDP. Ya kayar da Asma’u Ignanus, wadda ita ce wakiliyar mazabar a majalisar kafin zaɓen, inda ya samu kujerar majalisar dokokin jihar.<ref name="Punch2023"/><ref name="INEC2023">{{cite web |title=Report of the 2023 General Election |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/2023-GENERAL-ELECTION-REPORT-1.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |publisher=INEC |access-date=10 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214132338/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/2023-GENERAL-ELECTION-REPORT-1.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2026 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyukansa a majalisa === A watan Yulin 2023, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Gombe ta kafa kwamitoci na musamman da na dindindin. Jaridar Dateline Nigeria ta bayyana cewa an naɗa Ayala Zubairu Pilate a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kwamitin gidaje da bunƙasa birane (Housing and Urban Development Committee).<ref name="Dateline2023">{{cite news |title=Gombe assembly constitutes special, standing committees |url=https://dateline.ng/gombe-assembly-constitutes-special-standing-committees/ |work=Dateline Nigeria |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=10 October 2026 }}</ref> === Sauya sheƙa zuwa APC === A shekarar 2025, Ayala Zubairu Pilate ya sauya sheƙa daga jam’iyyar PDP zuwa [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC). Jaridar Premium Times ta ambaci sauya sheƙarsa a wani rahoto da ta wallafa a watan Janairun 2026, inda ta bayyana cewa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ’yan majalisar Gombe da suka sauya sheƙa zuwa APC.<ref name="PremiumTimes2026">{{cite news |title=Two PDP lawmakers defect to APC in Gombe, lauding Governor Inuwa Yahaya |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/848137-two-pdp-lawmakers-defect-to-apc-in-gombe-lauding-governor-inuwa-yahaya.html |work=Premium Times |date=7 January 2026 |access-date=10 October 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Gombe]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Shongom]] * [[Peoples Democratic Party]] * [[All Progressives Congress]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:’Yan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:’Yan siyasar Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:’Yan Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:’Yan siyasar All Progressives Congress]] [[Category:’Yan siyasar Peoples Democratic Party]] rc364rzovkiy9lnauyzvrusyakxq4uz 0 178855 969344 965996 2026-10-19T03:18:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anil Acharya''' ( [[Yaren Bengali|Bengali]]: ''Ônil Ācāryô'' ) ƙwararren masanin Bengal ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya, mai rubutun makala, marubuci kuma mawaƙi. A shekarar 1966, ya kafa mujallar adabi [[Yaren Bengali|ta Bengali]] kwata-kwata da kuma ƙaramar mujallar ''Anustup'' . <ref name="CalcuttaYellowPages">{{Cite web |title=Anustup website's profile of the editor. Retrieved on 9 September 2013 |url=http://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/adver/108702editors-profile.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919053513/http://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/adver/108702editors-profile.html |archive-date=19 September 2013 |access-date=8 September 2013}}</ref> == Ilimi == Acharya ta kammala karatun digirin girmamawa a fannin adabin Turanci daga Kwalejin Cocin Scotland . Bayan haka ya sami digirin digiri na biyu a fannin adabin Turanci daga Jami'ar Calcutta. == Sana'a == Acharya ya koyar da Turanci a Kwalejin Serampore, daga baya ya zama shugaban sashen kuma ya kafa shirin Turancin Sadarwa na kwalejin.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Ayyukansa sun haɗa da Tarin, Tattarawa, Dijitalization na Rubuce-rubuce da sauran Harsunan Harshe a cikin Corpora don Harshen Bengali ga Babban Sakataren Fasahar Adabi ta Ƙasa Al'adu da Bincike na Ilimi, Kolkata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grants in Aid for Year 2007-08 |url=https://www.ldcil.org/GIA2007-2008.aspx |access-date=9 April 2021 |website=Central Institute of Indian Languages |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421110857/https://ldcil.org/GIA2007-2008.aspx |archive-date=21 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Shi memba ne na ƙungiyar Mawallafa da Masu Sayar da Littattafai, waɗanda suka shirya bikin baje kolin littattafai na Kolkata, wanda shine babban baje kolin littattafai a Asiya kuma shine mafi yawan halarta a duniya.  An zaɓe shi Sakataren Ƙungiyar na tsawon wa'adi uku a jere, tsakanin 1996 da 1998, kuma a yake kan mulki, fitaccen masanin Falsafa ɗan Faransa Jacques Derrida ya buɗe bikin baje kolin littattafai na Kolkata a shekarar 1997. Tun daga shekarar 1986, an rubuta shi kuma an gyara mujallar kwata-kwata, Anustup, , kuma ya kafa wata mujalla ta adabi ta harshen Turanci don gajerun labarai da aka fassara daga Bengali, mai suna ''Harvest'' . A shekarar 1970, ya taimaka wa daraktan Australiya Paul Cox a matsayin mataimakin darakta wajen yin shirin gaskiya game da Calcutta. Shi ne kuma mataimakin furodusa na fim ɗin Paul Cox mai suna "Force of Destiny" wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2014. A halin yanzu yana da alaƙa da Kwalejin Injiniya da Fasaha ta St. Thomas, Kolkata. Tsakanin watan Fabrairun 2013 da Fabrairun 2015, ya rubuta wani rubutu na yau da kullun a jaridar Bengali mai suna 'Ei Somoy', mai suna "Nipaatone Siddho". Ya rubuta ɗimbin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shekaru arba'in a cikin al'adu da siyasa na Bengali, kuma ya tsara Anustup da abin da yake nufi.  Shi ne kuma marubucin littafin Bengali mai suna "Parasmaipadi" wanda tarin labaran da ya zaɓa ne. == Ganewa == A shekarar 2012, Ma'aikatar Al'adu ta Gwamnatin Indiya ta naɗa shi a matsayin ''Malamin Ƙasa na Tagore'' . == Duba kuma == * Ƙaramin motsi na mujallar * Laburare da Cibiyar Bincike ta Mujallar Kolkata Little == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fpdmat7a79a74vldhqjm98wnjnlxnz4 0 178863 969362 966108 2026-10-19T06:19:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969362 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;" |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: var(--color-base); background:#A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Asibitin Mobile City</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: var(--color-base); background:#A8EDEF;">US National Register of Historic Places</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Mobile_City_Hospital.JPG|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Tsohon asibitin Mobile City a cikin 2008.</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<div class="switcher-container"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[File:Location_Map_USA_Alabama_Mobile.png|class=notpageimage noviewer|323x323px|Mobile City Hospital is located in Mobile, Alabama]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:46.217%;left:78.166%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Mobile City Hospital]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Yanayi a cikin Mobile, Alabama</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Taswirar nuna Mobile, Alabama</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[File:USA_Alabama_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|398x398px|Mobile City Hospital is located in Alabama]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:85.071%;left:16.111%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Mobile City Hospital]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Yanayi a cikin Alabama</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Taswirar nunawa ta Alabama</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Mobile City Hospital is located in the United States]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:76.304%;left:64.804%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Mobile City Hospital]]</div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Yanayi a cikin Amurka</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Taswirar nunawa ta Amurka</span></div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |900-950 St. Anthony StreetMobile, Alabama<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |Ma'auni | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mobile_City_Hospital&params=30_41_28.37_N_88_3_20.03_W_type:landmark_region:US-AL <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°41′28.37′′N</span> <span class="longitude">88°3′20.03′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.6912139°N 88.0555639°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.6912139; -88.0555639</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:12}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mobile_City_Hospital&params=30_41_28.37_N_88_3_20.03_W_type:landmark_region:US-AL <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°41′28.37″N</span> <span class="longitude">88°3′20.03″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.6912139°N 88.0555639°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">30.6912139; -88.0555639</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |An gina shi | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |1830 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |Tsarin gine-gine&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |Farfadowar Girka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |NRHP bayanin <abbr title="<nowiki&gt;number</nowiki&gt;">No.</abbr>&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |[https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/70000108 70000108]<ref name="NRIS" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;" |An kara shi zuwa NRHP | class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;" |26 ga Fabrairu, 1970 |} '''Asibitin Mobile City''', wanda aka fi sani da Old Mobile General Hospital, gini ne na asibitin Girka na tarihi a Mobile, Alabama, Amurka. Thomas S. James ne ya gina shi a 1830 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin asibiti ga birnin Mobile daga 1831 har zuwa 1966. Sisters of Charity ne suka gudanar da shi ga birnin a cikin babban bangare na tarihinsa.<ref name="USAARCH">{{Cite web |title=Historic Markers of the City of Mobile: Warren Street to Ann Street |url=http://www.usouthal.edu/archives/html/guide/markers/marker5.htm |access-date=2008-03-07 |website="University of south Alabama Archives" |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121061349/http://www.usouthal.edu/archives/html/guide/markers/marker5.htm |archive-date=2008-11-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Markers in the City of Mobile |url=https://www.southalabama.edu/libraries/mccallarchives/warren_markers_sub_guide.html |access-date=2020-12-15 |website=www.southalabama.edu}}</ref> An kula da mazaunan Mobile a nan a lokacin annobar [[Cutar amai da gudawa|zazzabin rawaya]] da kuma lokacin Yaƙin basasar Amurka. An canza shi zuwa ofishin bayan 1966. An kara shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1970. Ginin yana kusa da tsohuwar Asibitin Marine na Amurka, wanda kuma yana cikin National Register. A shekarar 1966, an buɗe wani asibiti na maye gurbinsa a matsayin Mobile General Hospital. An sayar da shi ga Jami'ar Kudancin Alabama akan dala 1 a shekarar 1970, daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa USA Medical Center. A yau yana nan a matsayin USA Health University Hospital, cibiyar rauni ta mataki na 1 kawai a yankin kuma babban asibitin koyarwa ne ga Kwalejin Magunguna ta Jami'ar Kudancin Alabama. == Bayyanawa == Ginin an yi shi da tubali mai kauri, mai hawa biyu a saman ginshiki mai tsayi. Yana da dogon falon gaba mai kusurwa huɗu tare da baranda mai siffar hexa wanda aka gina a tsakiyarsa da ginshiƙan Doric masu tsayi waɗanda ke ɗauke da cikakken shinge da shinge a gaban ginin.. Gidajen suna buɗewa a kan matakai biyu na tashoshi a bayan ginshiƙi. == Manazarta == 2z8k0bbgfr7dujh1rept046sp7uwy3p 0 179196 969095 967480 2026-10-18T15:39:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969095 wikitext text/x-wiki '''AQSAT School Kumo, Gombe''' makarantar firamare ce mai zaman kanta da ke yankin [[Kumo]], a [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera makarantar cikin jerin makarantun firamare na Jihar Gombe da aka tattara a kundin bayanan makarantun ƙasar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Basic Schools List |url=http://www.fmebasic.intellisys.xyz/index.php/index/37-states/gombe/154-gombe-state-basic-schools-list |access-date=14 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329110624/http://www.fmebasic.intellisys.xyz/index.php/index/37-states/gombe/154-gombe-state-basic-schools-list |archive-date=29 March 2023 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Wuri == Makarantar tana yankin Kumo, a Jihar Gombe. An nuna matsayinta na ƙasa a kusan latitud 10.26078° arewa da longitid 11.17109° gabas.<ref>{{cite web |title=AQSAT SCHOOL KUMO, GOMBE |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120357086 |access-date=14 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fw1tmjwi5h8n3vrd8trvr8d7ks25hoh 0 179309 969392 967962 2026-10-19T07:04:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969392 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Atbara</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">Rashin amfani</span></span></span></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">Birni</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Atbara,british_house.jpg|250x250px]] |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[File:Sudan_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Atbara is located in Sudan]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:37.504%;left:71.432%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Atbara]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Atbara</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin da yake a Sudan</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni:<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atbara&params=17_42_43_N_34_00_02_E_region:SD_type:city(134586) <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°42′43′′N</span> <span class="longitude">34°00′02′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.71194°N 34.00056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.71194; 34.00056</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Sudan]][[File:Flag_of_Sudan.svg|25x25px]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Jiha | class="infobox-data" |Kogin Nilu |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Hawan sama<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> | class="infobox-data" |1,175 ft (358 m) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2008)<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |134,586 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |UTC+02:00 (CAT) |} [[File:Beja_tent_Atbara.jpg|thumb|Alfarwan gargajiya na [[Mutanen Beja|Beja]] tare da gine-gine na zamani]] [[File:Railways_in_Sudan.svg|thumb|Taswirar layin dogo a Sudan, yana nuna wurin Atbara]] [[File:Atbara_railway.jpg|thumb|Tashar jirgin kasa ta Atbara]] [[File:Atbara_railway2.jpg|thumb|Gidan aiki na masana'antar jirgin kasa ta Atbara]] ''''''Atbarah'''''' (wani lokacin Atbarah) (Arabic) birni ne da ke cikin Jihar Nilu a arewa maso gabashin [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]].<ref name="EBatbara2">[http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-40468/Atbarah EB-Atbara "'Atbarah, or Atbara (The Sudan)" (description), ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2007, webpage]</ref> Saboda alakar da take da ita ga masana'antar jirgin kasa, Atbara kuma an san ta da 'Railway City'. An rubuta yawan mutanen Atbara a matsayin 134,586 a lokacin ƙidayar shekara ta 2008. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=5th Population Census |url=http://cbs.gov.sd/Tiedadat/Tiedadat3e.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113151654/http://cbs.gov.sd/Tiedadat/Tiedadat3e.htm |archive-date=13 November 2009 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Central Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> == Tarihi == Haɗuwar [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da iyakar arewacinsa, [[Kogin Atbarah]] (Bahr-el-Aswad, ko Kogin Black) wuri ne mai mahimmanci don ayyukan soja. a cikin shekara ta 1619 sojojin Daular Habasha sun ci Atbara kuma sun kore ta.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeM8AAAAIAAJ|title=A History of the Arbas in the Sudan and Some Account of the People who Preceded Them and of the Tribes Inhabiting Darfur3|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> A [[Yaƙin Atbara]], wanda aka yi a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1898 kusa da Nakheila, a arewacin kogin, sojojin Anglo-Masar Lord Kitchener sun ci sojojin [[Mahdi]], karkashin umarnin Amir Mahmud Ahmad. Matsayin da Kitchener ya ƙarfafa ya haifar da gagarumin nasara a Yaƙin Omdurman a ranar 2 ga Satumba 1898, wanda ya ba [[Birtaniya]] iko a kan Sudan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The River War from Project Gutenberg |url=http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=4943 |access-date=2013-12-10 |publisher=Onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu}}</ref>{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Garin ya kasance cibiyar Masana'antar jirgin kasa ta Sudan. Ana yin jiragen kasa kaɗan a nan yanzu kuma zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa sun ragu sosai. Tashar asali da gidaje masu kama da dome na ma'aikatan jirgin kasa sun kasance. Kungiyar kwadago ta farko a Sudan ta kafa a 1946 tsakanin ma'aikatan jirgin kasa a Atbara. Wataƙila saboda tasirin ƙungiyoyin jirgin ƙasa, mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar Atbara a matsayin gidan kwaminisanci na Sudan. Jaafar Nimeiri, shugaban Sudan daga 1969 zuwa 1985, ya sauya tsakanin kwaminisanci, jari-hujja, da tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama - dangane da wanda yake ƙoƙarin shiga gefensa kuma ya cire kuɗi daga - kuma matakin kwaminisancin yana da ƙarfinsa a kusa da Atbara. Atbara kuma ita ce farkon farawa don tattara mutane a kan gwamnatin a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheikh |first=Tarek |date=28 December 2018 |title=Les espoirs d'une troisième révolution au Soudan |url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/les-espoirs-d-une-troisieme-revolution-au-soudan,2834 |website=Orient XXI |access-date=15 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251103093854/https://orientxxi.info/magazine/les-espoirs-d-une-troisieme-revolution-au-soudan,2834 |archive-date=3 November 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Kogin Atbarah|Atbarha]] tana a wurin haɗuwar [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da Atbarah. Atbara ta ƙunshi gundumomi da yawa ciki har da gundumar Umbukole wacce ta kasance gidan Makarantar Sakandare ta Farko a Atbara. Sauran gundumomi sun hada da gundumar jirgin kasa, Almurabaat, Alsawdana da Almatar . Umbukole shine asalin sunan da aka ba babban birni a cikin jihar arewacin Kurti. Yanzu galibi ana tunawa da shi a matsayin sunan wani karamin gundumar a Atbara. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan gundumomin Atbara shine Al-Dakhla (الداخلة) a cikin Larabci. Wasu har yanzu suna amfani da sunan Al-Dakhla yana nufin Atbara. === Yanayi === Atbara tana da Yanayin hamada mai zafi (Köppen climate classification ''BWh''). Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ya kai sama da 30 ° C (86 ° F) kuma matsakaicin matsakaicin ya wuce 40 ° C (104 ° F) a cikin watanni 7 na shekara. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 60 mm, galibi daga Yuli da Agusta. &nbsp;Atbara tana da rana, matsakaicin sa'o'i 3,545 na hasken rana a kowace shekara ko 81% na yiwuwar hasken rana.{{Weather box}} == Tattalin Arziki == Hanyar mota ta Afirka - Hanyar Alkahira-Cape Town ta wuce ta Atbara. Filin jirgin saman Atbara yana gabashin birnin. Atbara muhimmiyar tashar jirgin kasa ce da cibiyar masana'antar jirgin kasa, kuma mafi yawan aiki a Atbara suna da alaƙa da layin dogo. Hedikwatar Kamfanin Jirgin Kasa na Sudan tana cikin Atbara. Har ila yau, garin yana da ɗayan manyan masana'antun siminti na Sudan, Atbara Cement Corporation. == Yawan jama'a == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Yawan jama'a |- |1956 | style="text-align:right;" |36,300 |- |1973 | style="text-align:right;" |66,116 |- |1983 | style="text-align:right;" |73,009 |- |1993 | style="text-align:right;" |87,878 |- |2007 (Kimanin) | style="text-align:right;" |111,399 |- |2008<ref name=":0" /> | style="text-align:right;" |134,586 |} == Shahararrun mazauna == * Mandour Elmahdi, marubucin A Short History of the Sudan . * Rashid Mahdi, mai daukar hoto == Dubi kuma == * [[Itofiya|Habasha]] - ƙasar iyaka ta [[Blue Nile]]. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] to2lr80garjgwmwiksb1v9hlouzicc1 0 179389 969269 968280 2026-10-18T21:16:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Olu Akengboye''' shi ne Olu na 13 na [[Warri]], wanda ya yi sarauta a kan [[Masarautar Warri]]. Ya gaji mahaifinsa, [[Olu Omagboye (Miguel)]], a matsayin Olu na 13 na Warri. Ya ɗauki sarautar Ogiame Akengboye. Sunansa na Fotigal shi ne Agostinho Sabastiao Octobia. Ɗansa, [[Olu Atogbuwa]], ya gaje shi a kusan shekarar 1734.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugbajoitsekiriusa.org/about|title=About|website=Ugbajo Itsekiri}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thinkafrica.net/the-itsekiri-kingdom-1480-ad-present-the-afro-europeans-of-the-niger-delta/|title=The Itsekiriingdom (1480 AD - Present): the Afro-Europeans of the Niger Delta -|date=6 December 2018|website=thinkafrica.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africalaunchpad.com/olu-of-warri-palace-in-nigeria/|title=Who is Olu of Warri? Kingdom of Warri in Nigeria|date=6 January 2020|access-date=16 October 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821122221/https://africalaunchpad.com/olu-of-warri-palace-in-nigeria/|archive-date=21 August 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ayomike |first=J.O.S. |title=Benin and Warri. Meeting Points in History. |publisher=Mayomi Publishers |year=1967 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sagay |first=J.O. |title=The Warri Kingdom |publisher=Progress Publishers |year=1980 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ayomike |first=J.O.S. |title=A History of Warri |publisher=Ilupeju Press |year=1988 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akengboye}} [[Category:Mutane daga Warri]] [[Category:Ba a san shekarar haihuwa ba]] [[Category:Ba a san shekarar mutuwa ba]] [[Category:Olus na Warri]] [[Category:Mutane daga Masarautar Warri]] {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} nnhbni8di7ita6v6lmx8ioq9dugqp2y 0 179395 969397 968301 2026-10-19T07:08:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olu Atogbuwa''' shi ne Olu na 14 na [[Warri]], wanda ya yi sarauta a [[Kingdom of Warri|Masarautar Warri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugbajoitsekiriusa.org/about|title=About|website=Ugbajo Itsekiri}}</ref> Ya gaji mahaifinsa, [[Olu Akengboye]], a matsayin Olu na 14 na Warri. Ya ɗauki sarautar Ogiame Atogbuwa. Sunansa a yaren Fotigal shi ne Manuel Octobia. Bayan rasuwarsa, [[Olu Erejuwa I]] ya gaje shi a wajen shekara ta 1760.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thinkafrica.net/the-itsekiri-kingdom-1480-ad-present-the-afro-europeans-of-the-niger-delta/|title=The Itsekiri Kingdom (1480 AD - Present): the Afro-Europeans of the Niger Delta|first=Editorial|last=Team|date=6 December 2018|website=Think Africa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africalaunchpad.com/olu-of-warri-palace-in-nigeria/|title=Who is Olu of Warri? Kingdom of Warri in Nigeria|date=6 January 2020|access-date=16 October 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821122221/https://africalaunchpad.com/olu-of-warri-palace-in-nigeria/|archive-date=21 August 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ayomike |first=J.O.S. |title=Benin and Warri. Meeting Points in History. |publisher=Mayomi Publishers |year=1967 }}</ref> ==Nassoshi== <references /> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Atogbuwa}} [[Category:People from Warri]] [[Category:Year of birth unknown]] [[Category:Year of death unknown]] [[Category:Olus of Warri]] {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} 2a5hw4yivwxfs9xrggq8zowfyqo3nwp 0 179397 969399 968304 2026-10-19T07:10:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Olu Atuwatse II''' ya kasance mai riƙe da sarautar gargajiya a Najeriya kuma babban jagoran al'ummar Itsekiri, wanda ya yi sarautar [[Kingdom of Warri|Olu na Warri]] daga shekarar 1987 zuwa 2015. Shi ne Olu na 19 na Masarautar Warri, tare da taken Ogiame Atuwatse II. An haife shi da sunan Godwin Toritseju Emiko. Ya gaji mahaifinsa, [[Erejuwa II]], a matsayin Olu na Warri. Ta fuskar sana'a, lauya ne, kuma ya samu lambar yabo ta [[Order of the Niger|Kwamandan Nijar (CON)]] daga [[Nigerian Government|Gwamnatin Najeriya]]. Ya rasu a shekarar 2015, ɗan'uwansa [[Ikenwoli]] kuma ya gaje shi.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Editorial Board |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/ogiame-atuwatse-ii-1945-2015/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Ogiame Atuwatse II (1945-2015)Opinion — The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News |date= |accessdate=2020-06-06|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugbajoitsekiriusa.org/about|title=About|website=Ugbajo Itsekiri}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thinkafrica.net/the-itsekiri-kingdom-1480-ad-present-the-afro-europeans-of-the-niger-delta/|title=The Itsekiri Kingdom (1480 AD - Present): the Afro-Europeans of the Niger Delta -|date=6 December 2018|website=thinkafrica.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://africalaunchpad.com/olu-of-warri-palace-in-nigeria/|title=Who is Olu of Warri? Kingdom of Warri in Nigeria|date=6 January 2020|access-date=16 October 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821122221/https://africalaunchpad.com/olu-of-warri-palace-in-nigeria/|archive-date=21 August 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ayomike |first=J.O.S. |title=Benin and Warri. Meeting Points in History. |publisher=Mayomi Publishers |year=1967 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sagay |first=J.O. |title=The Warri Kingdom |publisher=Progress Publishers |year=1980 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ayomike |first=J.O.S. |title=A History of Warri |publisher=Ilupeju Press |year=1988 }}</ref> An naɗa Ogiame Atuwatse II sarauta a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1987, a wani gagarumin biki. An bayyana bikin a matsayin aikin hukuma na ƙarshe da fitaccen ɗan siyasa kuma mawallafi, Cif [[Obafemi Awolowo]], ya halarta. Awolowo ya rasu a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1987, mako guda bayan halartar bikin naɗa sarautar a [[Warri]]. Atuwatse II ya rasu a wani asibiti da ke [[Lagos]] a farkon watan Satumba na shekarar 2015, bayan ya yi fama da raunin da ya samu sakamakon haɗarin da ya faru a gida. Yana da shekaru 70 a duniya, kuma yana shirin tafiya ƙasar waje domin samun kulawar likitoci ta musamman kafin yanayinsa ya tsananta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greenbreporters.com/art-entertainment/olu-of-warri-ogiame-atuwatse-ii-passes-on-at-70.html|title=Olu Of Warri, Ogiame Atuwatse II, Passes On At 70|first=Greenbarge|last=Reporters|date=6 September 2015}}</ref> ==Nassoshi== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Atuwatse II}} [[Category:People from Warri]] [[Category:Year of birth unknown]] [[Category:Year of death unknown]] [[Category:Olus of Warri]] {{Nigeria-bio-stub}} 5kj32ty91z5m4twx1rh8rh7w34h4akx 0 179438 969363 968451 2026-10-19T06:21:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:StJohnofGodHospital.Net.jpg|left|thumb|118x118px| Ɗaya daga cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu a Asibitin St John of God]] '''Asibitin Katolika na St. John of God''', wanda aka fi sani da Asibitin Mabessaneh, asibiti ne da ke Mabesseneh, Lunsar, [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] . Ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwa Masu Asibiti ta St. John of God ce ke gudanar da ita, wata ƙungiya [[Cocin katolika|ta Katolika]] ta duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=St John of God Hospital |url=http://www.stjohnofgodhospital.net |access-date=4 March 2012 |publisher=St John of God Hospital |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625015538/http://www.stjohnofgodhospital.net/ |archive-date=25 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> . Asibiti ne wanda ba na addini ba, wanda ke da sassa da dama, wasu daga cikinsu wani bangare ne na kiwon lafiya a Saliyo, kamar sashen kula da marasa lafiya na waje, sashen kula da yara, sashen kula da lafiya da kuma sashen kula da mata masu juna biyu. Wasu kuma, kamar gaggawa, tiyata, kantin magani da kuma ilimin halittu masu rai, ba a cika samun su a lardunan ba, a wajen babban birnin kasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leaflet on St John of God Hospital Sierra Leone |url=http://www.dioceseofmakeni.com/MAKENI%20dvd/diocese%20of%20makeni%20website/HEALTH/SAINT%20JOHN%20OF%20GOD%20CATHOLIC%20HOSPITAL%20LUNSAR.pdf |access-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=St John of God Hospital Sierra Leone}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Calvo A, Cortés J, Yärnoz MC, Oliveras M, Parets M |year=1983 |title=Gynecologic cytology at the Catholic Hospital St. John of God, Lunsar Sierra Leone |journal=Eur J Gynaecol Oncol |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=198–200 |pmid=6401031}}</ref> Asibitin yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin Turai da dama. Ita ce kawai asibitin Saliyo da ke wajen babban birnin [[Freetown]] wanda ke da sashen ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ƙungiyar agaji ta Jamus mai suna GLOBOLAB eV ke gudanarwa. An haɗa shi da Asibitin Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona . <ref name="globlab">{{Cite web |title=Das Projekt Sierra Leone |url=http://www.globolab.org/sierraleone.html |access-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=Globolab |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921091908/http://globolab.org/sierraleone.html |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="isa">{{Cite web |date=October 2009 |title=El hospital Saint John of God de Sierra Leona inicia su camino en el Proyecto iSA |url=http://www.theisaproject.eu/2009/11/el-hospital-saint-john-of-god-de-sierra-leona-inicia-su-camino-en-el-proyecto-isa |access-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=International Support Action: Collaborative Discussions of Complex Clinical Cases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426022228/http://www.theisaproject.eu/2009/11/el-hospital-saint-john-of-god-de-sierra-leona-inicia-su-camino-en-el-proyecto-isa/ |archive-date=April 26, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="DBS">{{Cite web |date=June 2011 |title=Easy Diagnosis of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/6/10-0997_article.htm |access-date=March 8, 2012 |publisher=Centre of Disease Control and Prevention |pages=Letters}}</ref> Asibitin yana da daraktan lafiya da kuma daraktan gudanarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=victor.calderon@creandowp.es |date=2017-03-07 |title=St. John of God Hospital in Sierra Leone celebrates 50 years - Juan Ciudad |url=https://juanciudad.org/en/st-john-of-god-hospital-in-sierra-leone-celebrates-its-50th-anniversary/ |access-date=2026-06-25 |website=John City |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Yaduwar kwayar cutar Ebola a Saliyo|Annobar cutar Ebola ta 2014 a Saliyo]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191309/http://www.stjohnofgod.org/sjog_missions.html Shafin yanar gizo na 'Yan'uwa na St. John of God] {{Authority control}} 9lu871czp5jpz74cbk8m0wv72gbdk5t 0 179451 969416 968526 2026-10-19T08:41:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 969416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|type=Youth Political Advocacy|name=Not Too Young To Run}}Not Too Young To Run wani lissafi ne na gyaran kundin tsarin mulki wanda [[Majalisar Najeriya|majalisa]] dokokin [[Najeriya]] ta zartar, wanda ya rage iyakar shekarun yin takara a ofisoshin zaɓaɓɓu a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=Launching Global Campaign Promoting the Right of Young People To .. |url=https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2016/11/launching-global-campaign-promoting-rights-young-people-run-public-office/ |access-date=7 April 2017 |website=United Nations |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya fara ne don tallafawa takardun kuɗi da shawarwari a [[Majalisar Najeriya|Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya]] wanda [[Tony Nwulu]] a Majalisar Wakilai da [[Abdul-Aziz Nyako|AbdulAziz Nyako]] a Majalisar Dattijai suka tallafawa Kamfen ɗin yanzu ya zama na duniya, wanda aka kwatanta da hashtag #NotTooYoungToRun.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=YIAGA |title=#NotTooYoungToRun Bill |url=http://yiaga.org/nottooyoungtorun/about-us/ |access-date=7 April 2017 |publisher=Youth Initiative for Advocacy Growth & Advancement}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Youth Initiative for Advocacy, Growth & Advancement |first=YIAGA |title=#NotTooYoungToRun Bill |url=http://yiaga.org/nottooyoungtorun/about-us/ |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=www.yiaga.org |publisher=Youth Initiative for Advocacy, Growth & Advancement}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Not Too Young To Run |url=http://www.nottooyoungtorun.org/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716012408/http://www.nottooyoungtorun.org/about/ |archive-date=16 July 2017 |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=Not Too Young To Run |publisher=Not Too Young To Run}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth |title=Launching Global Campaign Promoting Right of Young People To Run for Public Office |url=http://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2016/11/launching-global-campaign-promoting-rights-young-people-run-public-office/ |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=www.un.org |publisher=Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth}}</ref> Shugaba Muhammad Buhari ya amince da lissafin a cikin doka a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Buhari Signs Constitutional Bill Seeking To Reduce Age Qualification Into Elective Offices Into Law – Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre |url=https://placng.org/i/president-buhari-signs-constitutional-bill-seeking-to-reduce-age-qualification-into-elective-offices-into-law/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |first=Web Tv |title=Not Too Young To Run - Youth in Elected Office - Digital Media Zone, ECOSOC Youth Forum 2017 |url=http://webtv.un.org/watch/not-too-young-to-run-youth-in-elected-office-digital-media-zone-ecosoc-youth-forum-2017/5303047790001 |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=webtv.un.org |publisher=United Nations Web Tv}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Bolashodun |first=Oluwatobi |title=We are young but not too young to run - Nigerian youths rally for political inclusion |url=https://www.naij.com/1097547-we-young-young-run-nigerian-youths-rally-political-inclusion-photos.html |access-date=18 July 2017 |website=www.naij.com |publisher=Naija.com}}</ref> == Tarihin Ba Matashi ba ne don Gudanar da lissafi == The Age Reduction Bill, wanda aka fi sani da Not Too Young To Run bill an yi shi ne kuma kungiyoyin farar hula da yawa sun fara tura shi, gami da YIAGA Africa, tun daga watan Mayu 2016. Samson Itodo ne ke jagorantar kungiyar, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam kuma mai fafutuka mai kyau. [[Tony Nwulu]] ne ya dauki nauyin lissafin a Majalisar Wakilai kuma [[Abdul-Aziz Nyako|AbdulAziz Nyako]] ne ya dauki bakuncin Majalisar Dattijai. Kudin yana neman canji a sashe na 65, 106, 131, 177 na Kundin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya|Tsarin Mulki na]] [[Najeriya]], wanda ya rage shekarun yin takara don zaɓaɓɓun mukamai na Majalisar Dokoki da Majalisar Wakilai daga shekaru 30 zuwa shekaru 25, Majalisar Dattijai da Gwamna daga shekaru 35 zuwa shekaru 30 da kuma ofishin shugaban kasa daga 40 zuwa 30 da kuma takarar mai zaman kanta a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=YIAGA |first=Africa |title=Not Too Young To Run |url=http://yiaga.org/nottooyoungtorun/the-bill/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605194807/http://yiaga.org/nottooyoungtorun/the-bill/ |archive-date=5 June 2018 |access-date=2 June 2018 |website=yiaga.org |publisher=YIAGA Africa}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == A ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2018, masu gabatar da lissafin sun yi taro tare da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, [[Yemi Osinbajo]] don ba da shawara ga Shugaban kasa ya amince da lissafin. Bayan amincewa, ƙungiyar ta nemi All Progressives Congress don rage kuɗin fom ɗin gabatarwa, saboda ya kasance N55 miliyan kafin a rage shi zuwa N45 miliyan. Amma ƙungiyar tana son a rage kuɗin don ƙarfafa sa hannun matasa a siyasa. Tun da farko, kimanin jam'iyyun siyasa shida sun yi alkawarin karfafawa ga ƙungiyar Not-Too-Young-To-Run don ƙarfafa shiga matasa 'yan Najeriya cikin siyass.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press |first=Fellow |date=2018-08-08 |title=2019: Six political parties pledge incentives for young aspirants - Fellow Press |url=https://www.fellowpress.com/news/54578/2019-six-political-parties-pledge-incentives-for-young-aspirants/ |access-date=2018-09-07 |work=Fellow Press |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907110429/https://www.fellowpress.com/news/54578/2019-six-political-parties-pledge-incentives-for-young-aspirants/ |archive-date=2018-09-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Shigar da Ba Matashi ba don Gudanar da lissafi a Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya == An fara karanta lissafin ne a Majalisar Wakilai kuma an zartar da kuri'un (86-10) a Majalisar Dattijai a ranar 26 ga Yuli 2017, da 261-23 a Majalisar Wakin, a ranar 27 ga Yuli 2017. Kudin ya wuce karatun farko da na biyu a majalisar dokokin Najeriya kuma an gabatar da shi ga Kwamitin Binciken Tsarin Mulki. Don duk wani gyare-Gyaren kundin tsarin mulki ya zama doka a Najeriya, ana buƙatar gabatar da gyare- gyare-shirye ga Majalisar Dokoki ta jihohi 36 na tarayyar, kuma ba kasa da jihohi 24 (biyu bisa uku) ana sa ran za su jefa kuri'a Ee ga gyare-gyaren. An ruwaito cewa Majalisar Dokoki a [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|Jihohin Najeriya]] 33 sun kada kuri'a a'a, ban da [[Zamfara]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] da [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]]. Majalisar Dokokin [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] ta ki amincewa da lissafin da farko, amma, an juyar da shi bayan kungiyar ta yi sanarwa da ta kaddamar da Majalisar Taraba a cikin Hall of Shame . A ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2018, masu taron sun ba da izinin Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya da shugaban su na kwanaki 30 don kammala hanyoyin wucewa da sanya hannu kan lissafin zuwa doka. == Yarjejeniyar Ba Matashi ba don Gudanar da lissafin Shugaban Najeriya == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]] ta yanke shawarar aiki da dokar Not Too Young To Run ga [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]]. A ranar 21 ga Mayu 2018, kungiyoyi 55 da matasa ke jagoranta sun ba Shugaba Buhari wata yarjejeniya ta kwana 8 don amincewa da lissafin. A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2018, Shugaban Najeriya, Muhammadu [[Muhammadu Buhari|Buhari]], ya sanar a cikin jawabinsa na '[[Ranar Dimokradiyya (Nijeriya)|Ranar dimokuradiyya]]' cewa yana shirin sanya hannu kan lissafin ya zama doka. Daga baya ya sanya hannu kan lissafin a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2018. A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2018, [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya sanya hannu kan dokar Not Too Young To Run a cikin doka. == Rikici na Siyasa == Akwai jayayya cewa an cire dokar Not Too Young To Run daga rahoton bita na kundin tsarin mulki a lokacin taron bita na kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=SURAJU |first1=OLANREWAJU |date=23 July 2017 |title=FACT CHECK: ‘Not Too Young To Run’ Bill Was Never Presented, Considered During Lagos Meeting |url=http://saharareporters.com/2017/07/23/fact-check-%E2%80%98not-too-young-run%E2%80%99-bill-was-never-presented-considered-during-lagos-meeting |accessdate=2 June 2018 |location=New York City, United States |newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == 23yebrvrlq1t88puc9eyd8wxwfy2kpj 0 179520 969030 2026-10-18T12:42:14Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Ayuba Guga | honorific_prefix = Professor | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Malamin jami'a, mai bincike | alma_mater = [[Ahmadu Bello University]] | employer = [[Ahmadu Bello University]] | field = Curriculum and Instruction, Education }} '''Ayuba Guga''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin tsara manhajar karatu da koyarwa (''Curriculum and Instruction''). Ya yi aiki a Ahmadu Bello Universit... 969030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ayuba Guga | honorific_prefix = Professor | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Malamin jami'a, mai bincike | alma_mater = [[Ahmadu Bello University]] | employer = [[Ahmadu Bello University]] | field = Curriculum and Instruction, Education }} '''Ayuba Guga''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin tsara manhajar karatu da koyarwa (''Curriculum and Instruction''). Ya yi aiki a [[Ahmadu Bello University]] (ABU), da ke Zariya, Jihar Kaduna, inda ya kasance malami a Sashen ''Educational Foundations and Curriculum'' na Faculty of Education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System 2021 |url=https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf |website=National Universities Commission / Federal Ministry of Education |year=2021 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aikin jami'a == Bisa ga kundin farfesoshi na jami'o'in Najeriya na shekarar 2021, Guga ya sami digirin digirgir (PhD) daga Ahmadu Bello University a shekarar 2008. An ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin cikakken farfesa a shekarar 2017. Ya kuma taɓa zama mai kula da shirin karatun digiri na gaba a sashen daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System 2021 |url=https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf |website=National Universities Commission / Federal Ministry of Education |year=2021 }}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Agusta, 2026, Guga ya yi ritaya daga aikin jami'a bayan ya kai shekarun ritayar malamai na jami'a. Sashen Educational Foundations and Curriculum na Ahmadu Bello University ya shirya masa taron bankwana a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 2026. Jami'ar ta bayyana shi a matsayin masani wanda ya yi hidima ga jami'ar ta hanyar koyarwa, bincike da jagoranci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABU’s Educational Foundations and Curriculum Dept organises send forth for Prof Ayuba Guga |url=https://abu.edu.ng/abus-educational-foundations-and-curriculum-dept-organises-send-forth-for-prof-ayuba-guga/ |website=Ahmadu Bello University |date=10 September 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken Guga ya shafi aiwatar da manhajar karatu da kimanta hanyoyin koyarwa. Shafinsa na bincike a Academia.edu ya lissafa wasu daga cikin ayyukansa, ciki har da bincike kan tasirin hanyar koyarwa ta ''heuristic'' wajen inganta sakamakon ɗaliban tattalin arziki a makarantun sakandare a Jihar Kano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayuba Guga — Research and publications |url=https://abu.academia.edu/AyubaGuga |website=Academia.edu }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana ilimi]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Ahmadu Bello University]] j6k0qa5n8v6du2du68fgeb6i0xxbs7u 0 179521 969033 2026-10-18T12:44:19Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Charles Zaure Sabe | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Malamin jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Gombe State University]] | field = English Education, Curriculum and Instruction }} '''Charles Zaure Sabe''' malamin jami'a ne kuma mai bincike a Najeriya wanda ya ƙware a fannin ilimin koyar da harshen Ingilishi (''English Education''). Yana aiki a [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], inda... 969033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Charles Zaure Sabe | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Malamin jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Gombe State University]] | field = English Education, Curriculum and Instruction }} '''Charles Zaure Sabe''' malamin jami'a ne kuma mai bincike a Najeriya wanda ya ƙware a fannin ilimin koyar da harshen Ingilishi (''English Education''). Yana aiki a [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], inda yake koyarwa a Sashen Arts and Social Science Education. Shafin jami'ar ya bayyana shi a matsayin mataimakin farfesa a fannin ilimin koyar da Turanci, kuma shugaban sashen tare da riƙe muƙamin Daraktan tabbatar da inganci (''Quality Assurance'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arts and Social Sciences Education |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/arts-and-social-science-education/ |website=Gombe State University |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Bisa ga tarihin da aka wallafa a shafin jami'ar, Sabe ya sami digirin farko na B.Ed a fannin Language Arts daga [[Ahmadu Bello University]], Zariya. Ya kuma sami digirin M.Ed a fannin English daga [[University of Jos]], da digirin PhD a fannin Education/Curriculum English daga [[University of Maiduguri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arts and Social Sciences Education — Head of Department |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/arts-and-social-science-education/ |website=Gombe State University |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2023, wani kundin labarai na Gombe State University ya ambace shi a matsayin Daraktan Quality Assurance na jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gombe State University News Bulletin, February 2023 |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/PDF-BULLETTIN-GSU-feb-2023-1_compressed.pdf |website=Gombe State University |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Sabe ya wallafa bincike a fannin koyar da Turanci da ilimin ɗalibai. A shekarar 2020, ya wallafa takarda mai suna ''A Model for Flipping the Classroom for the Teaching of Pronunciation to Learners of English in Higher Education Institutions''. Takardar ta bayyana yadda ɗalibai za su iya nazarin kayan darasi kafin zuwa aji, domin a yi tattaunawa da ƙarin bayani a lokacin darasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Model for Flipping the Classroom for the Teaching of Pronunciation to Learners of English in Higher Education Institutions |url=https://www.springjournals.net/articles/pdf/331623012020 |website=Global Educational Research Journal |date=January 2020 |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> Wani bincikensa tare da Er Peter Luka, mai taken ''Maladaptive Behaviour of Secondary School Students in Imo State'', ya bayyana a cikin mujallar International Journal of Educational Research a shekarar 2020. Binciken ya shafi halayen ɗaliban makarantun sakandare da ake ganin ba su dace da tsarin makaranta ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Journal of Educational Research, Volume 7, Number 1 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijer/issue/view/18993 |website=African Journals Online |date=2020 |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2023, Sabe da wasu masu bincike sun wallafa bincike kan harsunan asali na Jihar Gombe da ƙalubalen da suke fuskanta wajen ci gaba da rayuwa. Binciken ya yi bayani kan matsayin wasu harsunan yankin da barazanar da suke fuskanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Indigenous Languages of Gombe State and Their Vitality Challenges |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377979562_THE_INDIGENOUS_LANGUAGES_OF_GOMBE_STATE_AND_THEIR_VITALITY_CHALLENGES |website=ResearchGate |date=2023 |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana ilimi]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] [[Rukuni:Masana harshen Ingilishi]] odzzoabys3asrqcetw4x0gzjupldpvd 0 179522 969035 2026-10-18T12:46:24Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Ayuba Guga | honorific_prefix = Professor | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Malamin jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Gombe State University]] | field = Curriculum and Instruction, Education }} '''Ayuba Guga''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin tsara manhajar karatu da koyarwa (''Curriculum and Instruction''). Aikin bincikensa ya shafi aiwatar da manhajar karatu da kimanta tasirin hanyoyin koyarwa... 969035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ayuba Guga | honorific_prefix = Professor | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Malamin jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Gombe State University]] | field = Curriculum and Instruction, Education }} '''Ayuba Guga''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin tsara manhajar karatu da koyarwa (''Curriculum and Instruction''). Aikin bincikensa ya shafi aiwatar da manhajar karatu da kimanta tasirin hanyoyin koyarwa. == Ilimi da aikin jami'a == Bayanan kundin farfesoshi na tsarin jami'o'in Najeriya na shekarar 2021 sun bayyana Ayuba Guga a matsayin farfesa a fannin ''Curriculum and Instruction'' a Faculty of Education na [[Ahmadu Bello University]], Zariya. Kundin ya bayyana cewa ya sami digirin digirgir (PhD) daga wannan jami'a a shekarar 2008, kuma an ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin cikakken farfesa a shekarar 2017. Ya kuma kasance mai kula da shirin karatun digiri na gaba tsakanin shekarar 2011 da 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System |url=https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf |website=Federal Ministry of Education, Nigeria |year=2021 }}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken Guga ya shafi aiwatar da manhajar karatu da kimanta hanyoyin koyarwa. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da bincike kan yadda ake aiwatar da manhajar karatu da inganta koyarwa a makarantu. Kundin farfesoshi na Najeriya ya bayyana cewa ya jagoranci binciken ɗaliban digiri na uku, kuma ya ci gaba da kula da wasu masu neman digirin PhD a lokacin da aka tattara bayanan kundin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System |url=https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/2021-Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System-FINAL.pdf |website=Federal Ministry of Education, Nigeria |year=2021 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana ilimi]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike]] [[Rukuni:Malaman Ahmadu Bello University]] awcga6gxwfo18rqcl49c9z3ajwj9yth 0 179523 969036 2026-10-18T12:52:13Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Hadiza Hussaini | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Gombe State University]] | field = Curriculum Studies, English Education, Reading Education | education = PhD in Curriculum Studies }} '''Hadiza Hussaini''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana aiki a Sashen Arts and Social Science Education na Jami'ar Jihar... 969036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Hadiza Hussaini | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Gombe State University]] | field = Curriculum Studies, English Education, Reading Education | education = PhD in Curriculum Studies }} '''Hadiza Hussaini''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana aiki a Sashen Arts and Social Science Education na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], inda take koyarwa da gudanar da bincike kan ilimin koyarwa, tsara manhajar karatu da koyar da harshen Ingilishi. Shafinta na bincike ya bayyana cewa tana da digirin farko a fannin koyar da harshen Ingilishi, digirin M.Ed da kuma PhD a fannin Curriculum Studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadiza Hussaini — Research profile |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hadiza-Hussaini |website=ResearchGate |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike == Hussaini ta yi bincike kan hanyoyin koyar da karatu da fahimtar rubutu. A shekarar 2023, ta wallafa bincike tare da Suwaiba Mohammed mai taken ''Effect of Think-Pair-Share Strategy on Senior Secondary School Students’ Performance in Reading Comprehension in Gombe State, Nigeria''. Binciken ya nazarci tasirin dabarar koyarwa ta ''think-pair-share'' wajen taimaka wa ɗaliban sakandare su inganta fahimtar abin da suke karantawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Effect of Think-Pair-Share Strategy on Senior Secondary School Students’ Performance in Reading Comprehension in Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hadiza-Hussaini |website=ResearchGate |date=July 2023 }}</ref> A shekarar 2024, ta wallafa bincike tare da Talatu Musa Garba mai taken ''Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge as Correlate of Students’ Performance in Reading Comprehension in Gombe State, Nigeria''. An wallafa binciken a mujallar International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. Ya binciki alaƙar ilimin malamai game da abin da suke koyarwa da dabarun koyarwarsu da kuma sakamakon ɗalibai a fahimtar karatu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge as Correlate of Students’ Performance in Reading Comprehension in Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/teachers-pedagogical-content-knowledge-as-correlate-of-students-performance-in-reading-comprehension-in-gombe-state-nigeria/ |website=International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science |date=30 May 2024 }}</ref> Hussaini ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwa da wasu masu bincike kan rayuwar harsunan asali a Jihar Gombe. Wani binciken da aka wallafa a shekarar 2023 mai taken ''The Indigenous Languages of Gombe State and Their Vitality Challenges'' ya tattauna halin da harsunan yankin suke ciki da ƙalubalen da suke fuskanta wajen ci gaba da amfani da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Indigenous Languages of Gombe State and Their Vitality Challenges |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hadiza-Hussaini |website=ResearchGate |date=2023 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana ilimi]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] lvo1w7wts1cw33z3kq3yyym9x1m5uru 0 179524 969037 2026-10-18T12:56:17Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Mustapha Bala Tsakuwa | honorific_prefix = Mr. | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Malamin jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Gombe State University]] | field = Applied Linguistics, English Language Education | education = PhD in Applied Linguistics/Foreign Language Education }} '''Mustapha Bala Tsakuwa''' malamin jami'a ne kuma mai bincike ɗan Najeriya wanda ya ƙware a fannin ilimin harshe... 969037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mustapha Bala Tsakuwa | honorific_prefix = Mr. | nationality = Nigerian | occupation = Malamin jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Gombe State University]] | field = Applied Linguistics, English Language Education | education = PhD in Applied Linguistics/Foreign Language Education }} '''Mustapha Bala Tsakuwa''' malamin jami'a ne kuma mai bincike ɗan Najeriya wanda ya ƙware a fannin ilimin harshe da koyar da harshen Ingilishi. Yana da alaƙa da Sashen Arts and Social Science Education na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Bincikensa ya shafi ilimin harshe da ake amfani da shi a aikace (''applied linguistics''), koyar da Turanci a matsayin harshe na biyu, ilimin harsuna biyu, da hulɗar harshe da al'adu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mustapha Bala Tsakuwa — Research Profile |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mustapha-Tsakuwa |website=ResearchGate |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aikin jami'a == Bayanan da aka wallafa a shafinsa na bincike sun nuna cewa Tsakuwa ya sami digirin farko a fannin koyar da harshen Ingilishi (B.A. (Ed) English), digirin M.A. (Ed) English, da digirin PhD a fannin Applied Linguistics/Foreign Language Education. Ya kuma yi aikin bincike a Southwest University da ke Chongqing, China, sannan ya yi aiki a fannin koyar da harshe a Gombe State University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mustapha Bala Tsakuwa — Research Profile |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mustapha-Tsakuwa |website=ResearchGate |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Tsakuwa ya wallafa bincike kan ƙalubalen koyon harshen Ingilishi a Najeriya. A shekarar 2019, shi da Wen Xu sun wallafa takarda mai suna ''Nigerian Learners and the Global Language: Impediments in Pursue of English as a Second Language''. Binciken ya tattauna matsalolin da ɗaliban Najeriya ke fuskanta wajen koyon Ingilishi, ciki har da tasirin harshen uwa, cunkoson ɗalibai a aji da ƙarancin kayan koyarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Learners and the Global Language: Impediments in Pursue of English as a Second Language (ESL) |url=https://eajournals.org/ijelt/vol-7-issue-7-october-2019/nigerian-learners-and-the-global-language-impediments-in-pursue-of-english-as-a-second-language-esl/ |website=International Journal of English Language Teaching |date=13 October 2019 }}</ref> A shekarar 2021, ya haɗa kai da wasu masu bincike wajen wallafa bincike mai suna ''Required and Possessed Nigerian University Graduates Employability Quality: Perception of Gombe State Employers of Labour''. Binciken ya nazarci irin ƙwarewar da ma'aikata a Jihar Gombe suke buƙata daga waɗanda suka kammala jami'a, da yadda ƙwarewar waɗanda suka kammala karatu ta dace da waɗannan buƙatu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Required and possessed Nigerian University graduates employability quality: Perception of Gombe State employers of labour |url=https://ojs.abreap.org/index.php/journal/article/view/157 |website=African Journal of Behavioural and Scale Development Research |doi=10.58579/AJB-SDR/3.2.2021.10 |year=2021 }}</ref> Wani bincikensa da Xu Wen da Abdulkadir Adamu suka wallafa a mujallar ''International Journal of Multilingualism'' ya tattauna dangantakar annobar COVID-19 da barazanar gushewar harsuna. An wallafa binciken a shekarar 2024, bayan an fara wallafa shi a yanar gizo a shekarar 2023.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tsakuwa |first1=Mustapha Bala |last2=Wen |first2=Xu |last3=Adamu |first3=Abdulkadir |title=Multilingualism and language endangerment flame via COVID-19-crisis communication |journal=International Journal of Multilingualism |year=2024 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=2006–2028 |doi=10.1080/14790718.2023.2233533 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14790718.2023.2233533 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana harshe]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] lb0bqohcv3i523j610y4l0gw2p7p10z 0 179525 969038 2026-10-18T12:58:20Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Jamila Abubakar Usman | honorific_prefix = Mrs. | occupation = Malamar jami'a | employer = [[Gombe State University]] | nationality = Nigerian }} '''Jamila Abubakar Usman''' malamar jami'a ce a [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An ambaci sunanta a matsayin mai kula da ayyukan bincike na ɗalibai a Sashen Arts and Social Science Education na jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strategies for Improving Low Academic Performance in English Lang... 969038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jamila Abubakar Usman | honorific_prefix = Mrs. | occupation = Malamar jami'a | employer = [[Gombe State University]] | nationality = Nigerian }} '''Jamila Abubakar Usman''' malamar jami'a ce a [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An ambaci sunanta a matsayin mai kula da ayyukan bincike na ɗalibai a Sashen Arts and Social Science Education na jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strategies for Improving Low Academic Performance in English Language in Secondary Schools in Gombe |url=https://www.napid.net/view_student_research?ndn=NDN-PRJ-2093245131773502949 |website=NAPiD |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Aikin ilimi == Aikin da aka wallafa a shafin NAPiD ya nuna cewa Jamila Abubakar Usman ta kasance mai kula da aikin binciken ɗalibar Hauwa Saad, wanda ya nazarci hanyoyin inganta sakamakon ɗaliban makarantun sakandare a fannin harshen Ingilishi a Gombe. Binciken ya yi amfani da Ilimi International College a matsayin misali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strategies for Improving Low Academic Performance in English Language in Secondary Schools in Gombe |url=https://www.napid.net/view_student_research?ndn=NDN-PRJ-2093245131773502949 |website=NAPiD |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> Wani aikin bincike da aka wallafa a shafin ya kuma ambaci Dr. Jamila Usman Abubakar a matsayin mai kula da binciken da ya shafi tasirin aikin gwaje-gwaje a dakin kimiyya ga sakamakon ɗaliban Chemistry a Gombe. Sai dai ana buƙatar ƙarin tabbaci domin tabbatar da cewa sunayen “Jamila Abubakar Usman” da “Jamila Usman Abubakar” suna nufin mutum ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Investigating the Impact of Laboratory Practical on the Academic Performance of Senior Secondary School Chemistry Students |url=https://www.napid.net/view_student_research?ndn=NDN-PRJ-1812475131773215500 |website=NAPiD |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] 1ivbc0a5swpsngupuks6i169updg5sd 0 179526 969050 2026-10-18T13:40:36Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368897889|Command (computing)]]" 969050 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin lissafi, '''umurni''' umarni ne mai girma wanda aka karɓa ta hanyar dubawa ta waje wanda ke jagorantar halayyar shirin kwamfuta. Yawancin lokaci, ana aika umarni zuwa shirin ta hanyar layin umarni, Rubutun, yarjejeniyar cibiyar sadarwa, ko kuma a matsayin taron da aka haifar a cikin mai amfani mai zaneThe terms "login" and "logon" became common with the [[:en:Time_sharing|time sharing]] systems of the 1960s and [[:en:Bulletin_Board_System|Bulletin Board Systems]] (BBS) in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Login |url=https://dailytechnewsshow.com/2024/05/24/about-login/ |access-date=17 August 2026 |website=Daily Tech News Show}}</ref> Dokoki da yawa suna tallafawa muhawara don ƙayyade shigarwa da kuma canza halayyar tsoho. Kalmomin da haɗin kai sun bambanta amma akwai sanannun hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su. Yawanci, wani zaɓi ko '''tutar''' suna ne (ba tare da fararen sarari ba) tare da prefix kamar dash ko slash wanda ke canza halayyar tsoho. Wani zaɓi na iya samun darajar da ake buƙata wanda ke biye da shi. Yawanci, tutar tana nufin wani zaɓi wanda ba shi da darajar da ke biyowa. Wani '''siginar''' wata gardama ce da ke ƙayyade shigarwa ga umarnin kuma ma'anarsa ta dogara ne akan matsayinta a cikin layin umarni dangane da wasu sigogi; gabaɗaya watsi da zaɓuɓɓuka. layi siginar na iya ƙayyade komai, amma sau da yawa yana ƙayyade fayil ta sunan ko hanya.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sobell, Mark G.|title=A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming|year=2014|edition=3rd|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-308504-4}}</ref> Ana amfani da kalmar ''umurni'' a wasu lokuta don umarnin shirin na ciki, amma sau da yawa wasu kalmomi sun fi dacewa kamar sanarwa, magana, aiki, ko Yanayi. Misali, buga saƙo a ''aiki'' Bash ta hanyar ''umurni'' bugawa, yayin da a cikin Python ta hanyar bugawa (). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Built-in Functions - print |url=https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=python.org}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wasu fannoni na fasahar da ke kusa da su suna haɗuwa da umarni. Misali, ƙayyadadden ma'ana a cikin Bash da Python ana kiranta magana da ''maganganu'' a cikin Java. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Conditional expressions |url=https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=python.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bash Conditional expressions |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Bash-Conditional-Expressions.html |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=gnu.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The if-then and if-then-else Statements |url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/if.html |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=oracle.com}}</ref> == Misalan == Wani sanannen mahallin da umarni ke da yawa shine harsashin tsarin aiki. Yawancin lokaci, harsashi yana aika da umarni zuwa shirin da ke da sunan fayil wanda ya dace da siginar farko. A cikin harsashi na Unix (kamar bash da bambance-bambance masu alaƙa da yawa), wasan dole ne ya zama daidai ciki har da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2023 |title=Bash Reference Manual |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html |publisher=Free Software Foundation}}</ref> Umurnin bash mai zuwa yana canza kundin aiki zuwa /home/pete ta hanyar kiran shirin ''CD'':<syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> cd /home/pete </syntaxhighlight>Umurnin bash mai zuwa ya rubuta "Sannu Duniya" ta hanyar shirin echo zuwa daidaitattun fitarwa - yawanci tashar. Kalmomi a kusa da kalmomin biyu sun nuna cewa ana bi da wannan magana a matsayin siginar guda ɗaya.<syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> echo "Hello World" </syntaxhighlight>Abubuwan da ke biyowa suna nuna yadda ake canza halayyar tsoho na umarni tare da sauyawa. Canjin -e yana haifar da umarnin don bi da haruffa da aka riga aka ƙaddara tare da backslash a matsayin halayyar sarrafawa. A wannan yanayin \t yana haifar da halayyar tab.<syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> echo -e "Hello\tWorld" </syntaxhighlight>A cikin harsashi kamar umarni, DOS, da OS/2 wasu umarni an gina su: ba a aiwatar da su a matsayin shirin daban ba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2023 |title=Windows Command Line Reference |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/windows-commands |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> Amma, idan ba a gina umarni ba, to harsashi yana aikawa zuwa shirin da ke da tsawo mai aiwatarwa (kamar ''.exe'') da sunan tushe wanda ya dace da siginar farko da ya yi watsi da shari'ar. Umurnin umarni mai zuwa yana nuna abubuwan da ke cikin fayil readme.txt ta hanyar ''nau'in'' umarni da aka gina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Type - Display a text file - Windows CMD |url=https://ss64.com/nt/type.html |access-date=14 March 2019 |publisher=SS64.com}}</ref><syntaxhighlight lang="batch"> type readme.txt </syntaxhighlight>Umurnin da ya biyo baya ya lissafa abubuwan da ke cikin kundin adireshin yanzu ta hanyar umarni da aka gina. Canjin /Q yana canza halayyar tsoho don haɗawa da bayanin mai shi.[1]<syntaxhighlight lang="batch"> dir /Q </syntaxhighlight> == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == kwymmlsksnhwyvjyhog229npjunhidg 969051 969050 2026-10-18T13:41:11Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368897889|Command (computing)]]" 969051 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin lissafi, '''umurni''' umarni ne mai girma wanda aka karɓa ta hanyar dubawa ta waje wanda ke jagorantar halayyar shirin kwamfuta. Yawancin lokaci, ana aika umarni zuwa shirin ta hanyar layin umarni, Rubutun, yarjejeniyar cibiyar sadarwa, ko kuma a matsayin taron da aka haifar a cikin mai amfani mai zaneThe terms "login" and "logon" became common with the [[:en:Time_sharing|time sharing]] systems of the 1960s and [[:en:Bulletin_Board_System|Bulletin Board Systems]] (BBS) in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Login |url=https://dailytechnewsshow.com/2024/05/24/about-login/ |access-date=17 August 2026 |website=Daily Tech News Show}}</ref> Dokoki da yawa suna tallafawa muhawara don ƙayyade shigarwa da kuma canza halayyar tsoho. Kalmomin da haɗin kai sun bambanta amma akwai sanannun hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su. Yawanci, wani zaɓi ko '''tutar''' suna ne (ba tare da fararen sarari ba) tare da prefix kamar dash ko slash wanda ke canza halayyar tsoho. Wani zaɓi na iya samun darajar da ake buƙata wanda ke biye da shi. Yawanci, tutar tana nufin wani zaɓi wanda ba shi da darajar da ke biyowa. Wani '''siginar''' wata gardama ce da ke ƙayyade shigarwa ga umarnin kuma ma'anarsa ta dogara ne akan matsayinta a cikin layin umarni dangane da wasu sigogi; gabaɗaya watsi da zaɓuɓɓuka. layi siginar na iya ƙayyade komai, amma sau da yawa yana ƙayyade fayil ta sunan ko hanya.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sobell, Mark G.|title=A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming|year=2014|edition=3rd|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-308504-4}}</ref> Ana amfani da kalmar ''umurni'' a wasu lokuta don umarnin shirin na ciki, amma sau da yawa wasu kalmomi sun fi dacewa kamar sanarwa, magana, aiki, ko Yanayi. Misali, buga saƙo a ''aiki'' Bash ta hanyar ''umurni'' bugawa, yayin da a cikin Python ta hanyar bugawa (). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Built-in Functions - print |url=https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=python.org}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wasu fannoni na fasahar da ke kusa da su suna haɗuwa da umarni. Misali, ƙayyadadden ma'ana a cikin Bash da Python ana kiranta magana da ''maganganu'' a cikin Java. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Conditional expressions |url=https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=python.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bash Conditional expressions |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Bash-Conditional-Expressions.html |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=gnu.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The if-then and if-then-else Statements |url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/if.html |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=oracle.com}}</ref> == Misalan == Wani sanannen mahallin da umarni ke da yawa shine harsashin tsarin aiki. Yawancin lokaci, harsashi yana aika da umarni zuwa shirin da ke da sunan fayil wanda ya dace da siginar farko. A cikin harsashi na Unix (kamar bash da bambance-bambance masu alaƙa da yawa), wasan dole ne ya zama daidai ciki har da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2023 |title=Bash Reference Manual |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html |publisher=Free Software Foundation}}</ref> Umurnin bash mai zuwa yana canza kundin aiki zuwa /home/pete ta hanyar kiran shirin ''CD'':<syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> cd /home/pete </syntaxhighlight>Umurnin bash mai zuwa ya rubuta "Sannu Duniya" ta hanyar shirin echo zuwa daidaitattun fitarwa - yawanci tashar. Kalmomi a kusa da kalmomin biyu sun nuna cewa ana bi da wannan magana a matsayin siginar guda ɗaya.<syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> echo "Hello World" </syntaxhighlight>Abubuwan da ke biyowa suna nuna yadda ake canza halayyar tsoho na umarni tare da sauyawa. Canjin -e yana haifar da umarnin don bi da haruffa da aka riga aka ƙaddara tare da backslash a matsayin halayyar sarrafawa. A wannan yanayin \t yana haifar da halayyar tab.<syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> echo -e "Hello\tWorld" </syntaxhighlight>A cikin harsashi kamar umarni, DOS, da OS/2 wasu umarni an gina su: ba a aiwatar da su a matsayin shirin daban ba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2023 |title=Windows Command Line Reference |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/windows-commands |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> Amma, idan ba a gina umarni ba, to harsashi yana aikawa zuwa shirin da ke da tsawo mai aiwatarwa (kamar ''.exe'') da sunan tushe wanda ya dace da siginar farko da ya yi watsi da shari'ar. Umurnin umarni mai zuwa yana nuna abubuwan da ke cikin fayil readme.txt ta hanyar ''nau'in'' umarni da aka gina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Type - Display a text file - Windows CMD |url=https://ss64.com/nt/type.html |access-date=14 March 2019 |publisher=SS64.com}}</ref><syntaxhighlight lang="batch"> type readme.txt </syntaxhighlight>Umurnin da ya biyo baya ya lissafa abubuwan da ke cikin kundin adireshin yanzu ta hanyar umarni da aka gina. Canjin /Q yana canza halayyar tsoho don haɗawa da bayanin mai shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=DIR - list files and folders - Windows CMD |url=https://ss64.com/nt/dir.html |access-date=14 March 2019 |publisher=SS64.com}}</ref><syntaxhighlight lang="batch"> dir /Q </syntaxhighlight> == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == gpox8hvmy8u996twmbk1xjnnzd4was2 969052 969051 2026-10-18T13:43:16Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Karamin gyara 969052 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin lissafi, '''umurni''' umarni ne mai girma wanda aka karɓa ta hanyar dubawa ta waje wanda ke jagorantar halayyar shirin kwamfuta. Yawancin lokaci, ana aika umarni zuwa shirin ta hanyar layin umarni, Rubutun, yarjejeniyar cibiyar sadarwa, ko kuma a matsayin taron da aka haifar a cikin mai amfani mai zaneThe terms "login" and "logon" became common with the [[:en:Time_sharing|time sharing]] systems of the 1960s and [[:en:Bulletin_Board_System|Bulletin Board Systems]] (BBS) in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Login |url=https://dailytechnewsshow.com/2024/05/24/about-login/ |access-date=17 August 2026 |website=Daily Tech News Show}}</ref> Dokoki da yawa suna tallafawa muhawara don ƙayyade shigarwa da kuma canza halayyar tsoho. Kalmomin da haɗin kai sun bambanta amma akwai sanannun hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su. Yawanci, wani zaɓi ko '''tutar''' suna ne (ba tare da fararen sarari ba) tare da prefix kamar dash ko slash wanda ke canza halayyar tsoho. Wani zaɓi na iya samun darajar da ake buƙata wanda ke biye da shi. Yawanci, tutar tana nufin wani zaɓi wanda ba shi da darajar da ke biyowa. Wani '''siginar''' wata gardama ce da ke ƙayyade shigarwa ga umarnin kuma ma'anarsa ta dogara ne akan matsayinta a cikin layin umarni dangane da wasu sigogi; gabaɗaya watsi da zaɓuɓɓuka. layi siginar na iya ƙayyade komai, amma sau da yawa yana ƙayyade fayil ta sunan ko hanya.<ref>{{cite book|author=Sobell, Mark G.|title=A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming|year=2014|edition=3rd|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-308504-4}}</ref> Ana amfani da kalmar ''umurni'' a wasu lokuta don umarnin shirin na ciki, amma sau da yawa wasu kalmomi sun fi dacewa kamar sanarwa, magana, aiki, ko Yanayi. Misali, buga saƙo a ''aiki'' Bash ta hanyar ''umurni'' bugawa, yayin da a cikin Python ta hanyar bugawa (). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Built-in Functions - print |url=https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#print |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=python.org}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wasu fannoni na fasahar da ke kusa da su suna haɗuwa da umarni. Misali, ƙayyadadden ma'ana a cikin Bash da Python ana kiranta magana da ''maganganu'' a cikin Java. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Conditional expressions |url=https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=python.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bash Conditional expressions |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Bash-Conditional-Expressions.html |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=gnu.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The if-then and if-then-else Statements |url=https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/if.html |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=oracle.com}}</ref> == Misalan == Wani sanannen mahallin da umarni ke da yawa shine harsashin tsarin aiki. Yawancin lokaci, harsashi yana aika da umarni zuwa shirin da ke da sunan fayil wanda ya dace da siginar farko. A cikin harsashi na Unix (kamar bash da bambance-bambance masu alaƙa da yawa), wasan dole ne ya zama daidai ciki har da shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2023 |title=Bash Reference Manual |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html |publisher=Free Software Foundation}}</ref> Umurnin bash mai zuwa yana canza kundin aiki zuwa /home/pete ta hanyar kiran shirin ''CD'':<syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> cd /home/pete </syntaxhighlight>Umurnin bash mai zuwa ya rubuta "Sannu Duniya" ta hanyar shirin echo zuwa daidaitattun fitarwa - yawanci tashar. Kalmomi a kusa da kalmomin biyu sun nuna cewa ana bi da wannan magana a matsayin siginar guda ɗaya.<syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> echo "Hello World" </syntaxhighlight>Abubuwan da ke biyowa suna nuna yadda ake canza halayyar tsoho na umarni tare da sauyawa. Canjin -e yana haifar da umarnin don bi da haruffa da aka riga aka ƙaddara tare da backslash a matsayin halayyar sarrafawa. A wannan yanayin \t yana haifar da halayyar tab.<syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> echo -e "Hello\tWorld" </syntaxhighlight>A cikin harsashi kamar umarni, DOS, da OS/2 wasu umarni an gina su: ba a aiwatar da su a matsayin shirin daban ba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2023 |title=Windows Command Line Reference |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/windows-commands |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> Amma, idan ba a gina umarni ba, to harsashi yana aikawa zuwa shirin da ke da tsawo mai aiwatarwa (kamar ''.exe'') da sunan tushe wanda ya dace da siginar farko da ya yi watsi da shari'ar. Umurnin umarni mai zuwa yana nuna abubuwan da ke cikin fayil readme.txt ta hanyar ''nau'in'' umarni da aka gina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Type - Display a text file - Windows CMD |url=https://ss64.com/nt/type.html |access-date=14 March 2019 |publisher=SS64.com}}</ref><syntaxhighlight lang="batch"> type readme.txt </syntaxhighlight>Umurnin da ya biyo baya ya lissafa abubuwan da ke cikin kundin adireshin yanzu ta hanyar umarni da aka gina. Canjin /Q yana canza halayyar tsoho don haɗawa da bayanin mai shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=DIR - list files and folders - Windows CMD |url=https://ss64.com/nt/dir.html |access-date=14 March 2019 |publisher=SS64.com}}</ref><syntaxhighlight lang="batch"> dir /Q </syntaxhighlight> == Manazarta == nuofnib6lzguek0thmegig29xvphyng 0 179527 969057 2026-10-18T13:47:59Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1380378909|User (computing)]]" 969057 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:System-users-3.svg|thumb|A cikin shirin kwamfuta ko gidan yanar gizon, mai amfani sau da yawa ana wakilta shi da alamar mutum.]] [[File:Soulseek_chat_room.png|thumb|500x500px|Jerin masu amfani a cikin ɗakin hira a kan Soulseek, tare da tutar ƙasa don nuna inda kowane mai amfani ya fito]]   '''mai amfani''' shine mutum da ke amfani da [[Komfuta|kwamfuta]] ko sabis na cibiyar sadarwa. Mai amfani yawanci yana da '''asusun mai amfani''' kuma tsarin ya gane shi ta hanyar '''sunan mai amfani'''.{{Efn|Other terms for username include '''login name''', '''screenname''' (or '''screen name'''), '''account name''', '''nickname''' (or '''nick''') '''display name''' and '''handle''', which is derived from the identical [[citizens band radio]] term.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}}} Wasu samfuran [[software]] suna ba da sabis ga wasu tsarin kuma ba su da masu amfani kai tsaye. == Mai amfani na ƙarshe == Masu amfani da ƙarshen su ne manyan masu amfani da ɗan adam (wanda ake kira masu aiki) na samfurin software. Mai amfani na ƙarshe ya bambanta da masu amfani da ke tallafawa ko kula da samfurin kamar sysops, masu gudanar da bayanai da masu fasahar kwamfuta. Ana amfani da kalmar don rarrabewa da rarrabe waɗanda kawai ke amfani da software daga masu haɓaka tsarin, waɗanda ke haɓaka software don masu amfani na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ko |first=Andrew J. |last2=Abraham |first2=Robin |last3=Beckwith |first3=Laura |last4=Blackwell |first4=Alan |last5=Burnett |first5=Margaret |last6=Erwig |first6=Martin |last7=Scaffidi |first7=Chris |last8=Lawrance |first8=Joseph |last9=Lieberman |first9=Henry |last10=Myers |first10=Brad |last11=Rosson |first11=Mary Beth |last12=Rothermel |first12=Gregg |last13=Shaw |first13=Mary |last14=Wiedenbeck |first14=Susan |date=April 2011 |title=The State of the Art in End-User Software Engineering |url=http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Publications/End-User-Software-Engineering.pdf |url-status=live |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=1–44 |doi=10.1145/1922649.1922658 |s2cid=9435548 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401200320/http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Publications/End-User-Software-Engineering.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2011}}</ref> A cikin ƙirar mai amfani, yana kuma rarrabe mai sarrafa software daga abokin ciniki wanda ke biyan kuɗin ci gabanta da sauran Masu ruwa da tsaki waɗanda bazai iya amfani da software kai tsaye ba, amma suna taimakawa wajen kafa bukatun sa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-05-06 |title=Understanding Organizational Stakeholders for Design Success |url=https://boxesandarrows.com/understanding-organizational-stakeholders-for-design-success/ |access-date=2016-08-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayi yana da amfani da farko wajen tsara ƙirar mai amfani, kuma yana nufin wani nau'i mai dacewa na halaye waɗanda yawancin masu amfani da ake tsammani zasu kasance tare. A cikin ƙirar mai amfani, ana halicci mutane don wakiltar nau'ikan masu amfani. Wani lokaci ana ƙayyade shi ga kowane mutum wane nau'in masu amfani da ke da shi (saboda kwarewar da ta gabata ko sauƙin ƙirar), da kuma irin ƙwarewar fasaha da matakin ilimin da yake da shi a cikin takamaiman fannoni ko horo. Lokacin da aka sanya ƙuntatawa kaɗan a kan rukunin mai amfani na ƙarshe, musamman lokacin tsara shirye-shirye don amfani da jama'a gaba ɗaya, al'ada ce a yi tsammanin ƙwarewar fasaha kaɗan ko horo na baya a cikin masu amfani na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1996 |title=What is end user? |url=http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/end_user.html |access-date=November 7, 2010}}</ref> Hanyar ci gaban mai amfani na ƙarshe tana rufe bambancin da ke tsakanin masu amfani da masu haɓakawa. Yana tsara ayyukan ko dabarun da mutanen da ba masu haɓaka ƙwararru ba ne ke ƙirƙirar halayyar atomatik da abubuwa masu rikitarwa na bayanai ba tare da sanannen ilimin harshe na shirye-shirye ba. Tsarin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo shine wani tsarin ko wakilin software ba shi da masu amfani kai tsaye. Asusun mai amfani yana bawa mai amfani damar tabbatar da tsarin kuma mai yiwuwa ya sami izini don samun dama albarkatun da aka bayar ko haɗa da wannan tsarin; duk da haka, tabbatarwa ba ta nuna izini. Don shiga cikin asusun, ana buƙatar mai amfani ya tabbatar da kansa tare da kalmar sirri ko wasu takaddun shaida don dalilai na lissafi, [[Cyber security|tsaro]], shiga, da kuma kula da albarkatu. Da zarar mai amfani ya shiga, tsarin aiki zai yi amfani da mai ganowa kamar adadi don komawa gare su, maimakon sunan mai amfani, ta hanyar tsari da aka sani da daidaitattun ainihi. A cikin tsarin Unix, sunan mai amfani yana da alaƙa da mai gano mai amfani ko ''ID mai amfani''. Tsarin kwamfuta yana aiki a cikin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan biyu bisa ga irin masu amfani da suke da su: * Tsarin mai amfani guda ɗaya ba shi da ra'ayi na asusun mai amfani da yawa. * Tsarin Mai amfani da yawa suna da irin wannan ra'ayi, kuma suna buƙatar masu amfani su gano kansu kafin amfani da tsarin. Kowane asusun mai amfani a kan tsarin mai amfani da yawa yawanci yana da kundin gida, wanda za'a adana fayiloli da suka shafi ayyukan wannan mai amfani, wanda wasu masu amfani ke karewa daga samun dama (ko da yake mai kula da tsarin na iya samun dama). Asusun mai amfani sau da yawa suna ƙunshe da Bayanan mai amfani na jama'a, wanda ke ƙunshe ga bayanan asali da mai asusun ya bayar. Fayilolin da aka adana a cikin kundin adireshin gida (da duk sauran kundin adireshin a cikin tsarin) suna da izinin tsarin fayil wanda tsarin aiki ke bincika don sanin waɗanne masu amfani da aka ba su damar karantawa ko aiwatar da fayil, ko adana sabon fayil a cikin wannan kundin. Duk da yake tsarin suna sa ran yawancin asusun masu amfani suyi amfani da mutum ɗaya kawai, tsarin da yawa suna da asusun na musamman da aka nufa don ba da damar kowa ya yi amfani da tsarin, kamar sunan mai amfani "marasa suna" don FTP mara suna da sunan mai amfani ""baƙo" don asusun baƙo. A kan tsarin Unix, ana adana asusun masu amfani na gida a cikin fayil ɗin /etc / passwd, yayin da za'a iya adana kalmomin shiga na mai amfani a /etc/innuwa a cikin fasalin sa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2021 |title=What is /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files |url=https://alaedine07.github.io/posts/passwd-shadow/}}</ref> On [[Microsoft Windows]], user passwords can be managed within the Credential Manager program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Solved] Where Are Passwords Stored in Windows 10/11 |url=https://www.passfab.com/windows-tips/where-are-passwords-stored-in-windows-10.html}}</ref>  The passwords are located in the Windows profile directory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Password Storage Locations For Popular Windows Applications |url=https://www.nirsoft.net/articles/saved_password_location.html}}</ref> Tsarin aiki na kwamfuta daban-daban da aikace-aikace suna sa ran / tilasta dokoki daban-daban don tsarin. A cikin yanayin [[Microsoft Windows]], alal misali, lura da yiwuwar amfani da: <ref> {{Cite web |title=User Name Formats |url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa380525%28v=vs.85%29.aspx |access-date=2016-01-11 |website=MSDN |series=Developer technologies |publisher=Microsoft |quote=The down-level logon name format is used to specify a [[Windows domain|domain]] and a user account in that domain [...].}} </ref> * Tsarin Babban Mai amfani (UPN) - misali: UserName@Example.com * Tsarin Sunan Rarraba - misali: DOMAIN\UserName Wasu masu sana'a na amfani sun nuna rashin son kalmar "mai amfani" kuma sun ba da shawarar canza shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Don Norman |date=17 November 2008 |title=Words Matter. Talk About People: Not Customers, Not Consumers, Not Users |url=https://jnd.org/words_matter_talk_about_people_not_customers_not_consumers_not_users/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825233932/https://jnd.org/words_matter_talk_about_people_not_customers_not_consumers_not_users/ |archive-date=25 August 2019 |access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref> Don Norman ya bayyana cewa "Daya daga cikin kalmomin ban tsoro da muke amfani da su shine 'masu amfani'. Ina kan yakin basasa don kawar da kalmar 'masu aiki'. Zan fi so in kira su 'mutane'. <ref name="centre-finesthour">{{Cite web |date=February 2010 |title=Don Norman at UX Week 2008 © Adaptive Path |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgJcUHC3qJ8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/WgJcUHC3qJ8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |access-date=8 November 2010 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Kalmar "mai amfani" na iya nuna rashin ƙwarewar fasaha da ake buƙata don fahimtar yadda tsarin kwamfuta da samfuran software ke aiki. Masu amfani da wutar lantarki suna amfani da fasali masu ci gaba na shirye-shirye, kodayake ba lallai bane su iya yin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da Gudanar da tsarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Power Users' Guide |url=https://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70ehp2/helpdata/en/1e/013f420e09b26be10000000a155106/frameset.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627173157/https://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70ehp2/helpdata/en/1e/013f420e09b26be10000000a155106/frameset.htm |archive-date=Jun 27, 2015 |access-date=2015-01-14 |website=SAP Help Portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Raymond |date=Feb 2012 |title=Windows Confidential: Power to the Power User |url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh824683.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404094645/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh824683.aspx |archive-date=Apr 4, 2015 |access-date=2015-01-14 |website=Microsoft}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gu6nsnkpzsjj4ckve5z21s10o5tw04k 969059 969057 2026-10-18T13:48:47Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1380378909|User (computing)]]" 969059 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:System-users-3.svg|thumb|A cikin shirin kwamfuta ko gidan yanar gizon, mai amfani sau da yawa ana wakilta shi da alamar mutum.]] [[File:Soulseek_chat_room.png|thumb|500x500px|Jerin masu amfani a cikin ɗakin hira a kan Soulseek, tare da tutar ƙasa don nuna inda kowane mai amfani ya fito]]   '''mai amfani''' shine mutum da ke amfani da [[Komfuta|kwamfuta]] ko sabis na cibiyar sadarwa. Mai amfani yawanci yana da '''asusun mai amfani''' kuma tsarin ya gane shi ta hanyar '''sunan mai amfani'''.{{Efn|Other terms for username include '''login name''', '''screenname''' (or '''screen name'''), '''account name''', '''nickname''' (or '''nick''') '''display name''' and '''handle''', which is derived from the identical [[citizens band radio]] term.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}}} Wasu samfuran [[software]] suna ba da sabis ga wasu tsarin kuma ba su da masu amfani kai tsaye. == Mai amfani na ƙarshe == Masu amfani da ƙarshen su ne manyan masu amfani da ɗan adam (wanda ake kira masu aiki) na samfurin software. Mai amfani na ƙarshe ya bambanta da masu amfani da ke tallafawa ko kula da samfurin kamar sysops, masu gudanar da bayanai da masu fasahar kwamfuta. Ana amfani da kalmar don rarrabewa da rarrabe waɗanda kawai ke amfani da software daga masu haɓaka tsarin, waɗanda ke haɓaka software don masu amfani na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ko |first=Andrew J. |last2=Abraham |first2=Robin |last3=Beckwith |first3=Laura |last4=Blackwell |first4=Alan |last5=Burnett |first5=Margaret |last6=Erwig |first6=Martin |last7=Scaffidi |first7=Chris |last8=Lawrance |first8=Joseph |last9=Lieberman |first9=Henry |last10=Myers |first10=Brad |last11=Rosson |first11=Mary Beth |last12=Rothermel |first12=Gregg |last13=Shaw |first13=Mary |last14=Wiedenbeck |first14=Susan |date=April 2011 |title=The State of the Art in End-User Software Engineering |url=http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Publications/End-User-Software-Engineering.pdf |url-status=live |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=1–44 |doi=10.1145/1922649.1922658 |s2cid=9435548 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401200320/http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Publications/End-User-Software-Engineering.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2011}}</ref> A cikin ƙirar mai amfani, yana kuma rarrabe mai sarrafa software daga abokin ciniki wanda ke biyan kuɗin ci gabanta da sauran Masu ruwa da tsaki waɗanda bazai iya amfani da software kai tsaye ba, amma suna taimakawa wajen kafa bukatun sa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-05-06 |title=Understanding Organizational Stakeholders for Design Success |url=https://boxesandarrows.com/understanding-organizational-stakeholders-for-design-success/ |access-date=2016-08-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayi yana da amfani da farko wajen tsara ƙirar mai amfani, kuma yana nufin wani nau'i mai dacewa na halaye waɗanda yawancin masu amfani da ake tsammani zasu kasance tare. A cikin ƙirar mai amfani, ana halicci mutane don wakiltar nau'ikan masu amfani. Wani lokaci ana ƙayyade shi ga kowane mutum wane nau'in masu amfani da ke da shi (saboda kwarewar da ta gabata ko sauƙin ƙirar), da kuma irin ƙwarewar fasaha da matakin ilimin da yake da shi a cikin takamaiman fannoni ko horo. Lokacin da aka sanya ƙuntatawa kaɗan a kan rukunin mai amfani na ƙarshe, musamman lokacin tsara shirye-shirye don amfani da jama'a gaba ɗaya, al'ada ce a yi tsammanin ƙwarewar fasaha kaɗan ko horo na baya a cikin masu amfani na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1996 |title=What is end user? |url=http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/end_user.html |access-date=November 7, 2010}}</ref> Hanyar ci gaban mai amfani na ƙarshe tana rufe bambancin da ke tsakanin masu amfani da masu haɓakawa. Yana tsara ayyukan ko dabarun da mutanen da ba masu haɓaka ƙwararru ba ne ke ƙirƙirar halayyar atomatik da abubuwa masu rikitarwa na bayanai ba tare da sanannen ilimin harshe na shirye-shirye ba. Tsarin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo shine wani tsarin ko wakilin software ba shi da masu amfani kai tsaye. Asusun mai amfani yana bawa mai amfani damar tabbatar da tsarin kuma mai yiwuwa ya sami izini don samun dama albarkatun da aka bayar ko haɗa da wannan tsarin; duk da haka, tabbatarwa ba ta nuna izini. Don shiga cikin asusun, ana buƙatar mai amfani ya tabbatar da kansa tare da kalmar sirri ko wasu takaddun shaida don dalilai na lissafi, [[Cyber security|tsaro]], shiga, da kuma kula da albarkatu. Da zarar mai amfani ya shiga, tsarin aiki zai yi amfani da mai ganowa kamar adadi don komawa gare su, maimakon sunan mai amfani, ta hanyar tsari da aka sani da daidaitattun ainihi. A cikin tsarin Unix, sunan mai amfani yana da alaƙa da mai gano mai amfani ko ''ID mai amfani''. Tsarin kwamfuta yana aiki a cikin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan biyu bisa ga irin masu amfani da suke da su: * Tsarin mai amfani guda ɗaya ba shi da ra'ayi na asusun mai amfani da yawa. * Tsarin Mai amfani da yawa suna da irin wannan ra'ayi, kuma suna buƙatar masu amfani su gano kansu kafin amfani da tsarin. Kowane asusun mai amfani a kan tsarin mai amfani da yawa yawanci yana da kundin gida, wanda za'a adana fayiloli da suka shafi ayyukan wannan mai amfani, wanda wasu masu amfani ke karewa daga samun dama (ko da yake mai kula da tsarin na iya samun dama). Asusun mai amfani sau da yawa suna ƙunshe da Bayanan mai amfani na jama'a, wanda ke ƙunshe ga bayanan asali da mai asusun ya bayar. Fayilolin da aka adana a cikin kundin adireshin gida (da duk sauran kundin adireshin a cikin tsarin) suna da izinin tsarin fayil wanda tsarin aiki ke bincika don sanin waɗanne masu amfani da aka ba su damar karantawa ko aiwatar da fayil, ko adana sabon fayil a cikin wannan kundin. Duk da yake tsarin suna sa ran yawancin asusun masu amfani suyi amfani da mutum ɗaya kawai, tsarin da yawa suna da asusun na musamman da aka nufa don ba da damar kowa ya yi amfani da tsarin, kamar sunan mai amfani "marasa suna" don FTP mara suna da sunan mai amfani ""baƙo" don asusun baƙo. A kan tsarin Unix, ana adana asusun masu amfani na gida a cikin fayil ɗin /etc / passwd, yayin da za'a iya adana kalmomin shiga na mai amfani a /etc/innuwa a cikin fasalin sa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2021 |title=What is /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files |url=https://alaedine07.github.io/posts/passwd-shadow/}}</ref> On [[Microsoft Windows]], user passwords can be managed within the Credential Manager program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Solved] Where Are Passwords Stored in Windows 10/11 |url=https://www.passfab.com/windows-tips/where-are-passwords-stored-in-windows-10.html}}</ref>  The passwords are located in the Windows profile directory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Password Storage Locations For Popular Windows Applications |url=https://www.nirsoft.net/articles/saved_password_location.html}}</ref> Tsarin aiki na kwamfuta daban-daban da aikace-aikace suna sa ran / tilasta dokoki daban-daban don tsarin. A cikin yanayin [[Microsoft Windows]], alal misali, lura da yiwuwar amfani da: <ref> {{Cite web |title=User Name Formats |url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa380525%28v=vs.85%29.aspx |access-date=2016-01-11 |website=MSDN |series=Developer technologies |publisher=Microsoft |quote=The down-level logon name format is used to specify a [[Windows domain|domain]] and a user account in that domain [...].}} </ref> * Tsarin Babban Mai amfani (UPN) - misali: UserName@Example.com * Tsarin Sunan Rarraba - misali: DOMAIN\UserName Wasu masu sana'a na amfani sun nuna rashin son kalmar "mai amfani" kuma sun ba da shawarar canza shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Don Norman |date=17 November 2008 |title=Words Matter. Talk About People: Not Customers, Not Consumers, Not Users |url=https://jnd.org/words_matter_talk_about_people_not_customers_not_consumers_not_users/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825233932/https://jnd.org/words_matter_talk_about_people_not_customers_not_consumers_not_users/ |archive-date=25 August 2019 |access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref> Don Norman ya bayyana cewa "Daya daga cikin kalmomin ban tsoro da muke amfani da su shine 'masu amfani'. Ina kan yakin basasa don kawar da kalmar 'masu aiki'. Zan fi so in kira su 'mutane'. <ref name="centre-finesthour">{{Cite web |date=February 2010 |title=Don Norman at UX Week 2008 © Adaptive Path |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgJcUHC3qJ8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/WgJcUHC3qJ8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |access-date=8 November 2010 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Kalmar "mai amfani" na iya nuna rashin ƙwarewar fasaha da ake buƙata don fahimtar yadda tsarin kwamfuta da samfuran software ke aiki. Masu amfani da wutar lantarki suna amfani da fasali masu ci gaba na shirye-shirye, kodayake ba lallai bane su iya yin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da Gudanar da tsarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Power Users' Guide |url=https://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70ehp2/helpdata/en/1e/013f420e09b26be10000000a155106/frameset.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627173157/https://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70ehp2/helpdata/en/1e/013f420e09b26be10000000a155106/frameset.htm |archive-date=Jun 27, 2015 |access-date=2015-01-14 |website=SAP Help Portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Raymond |date=Feb 2012 |title=Windows Confidential: Power to the Power User |url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh824683.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404094645/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh824683.aspx |archive-date=Apr 4, 2015 |access-date=2015-01-14 |website=Microsoft}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Columns-list|*[[1% rule (Internet culture)]] *[[Anonymous post]] *[[Prosumer]] *[[Pseudonym]] *[[End-user computing]], systems in which non-programmers can create working applications. *[[Database#End-user database|End-user database]], a collection of data developed by individual end-users. *[[End-user development]], a technique that allows people who are not professional developers to perform programming tasks, i.e. to create or modify software. *[[End-user license agreement]] (''EULA''), a contract between a supplier of software and its purchaser, granting the right to use it. *[[Luser]] *[[Namechk]] *[[Nickname#Computing|Nickname]] *[[Registered user]] *[[User error]] *[[User agent]] *[[User experience]] *[[User space]]}} == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hoa6al4am1kqk5mtnabcpk3378xbid9 969061 969059 2026-10-18T13:51:33Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Saad Nuhu moved page [[Mai amfani (ƙididdiga)]] to [[User (computing)]] 969059 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:System-users-3.svg|thumb|A cikin shirin kwamfuta ko gidan yanar gizon, mai amfani sau da yawa ana wakilta shi da alamar mutum.]] [[File:Soulseek_chat_room.png|thumb|500x500px|Jerin masu amfani a cikin ɗakin hira a kan Soulseek, tare da tutar ƙasa don nuna inda kowane mai amfani ya fito]]   '''mai amfani''' shine mutum da ke amfani da [[Komfuta|kwamfuta]] ko sabis na cibiyar sadarwa. Mai amfani yawanci yana da '''asusun mai amfani''' kuma tsarin ya gane shi ta hanyar '''sunan mai amfani'''.{{Efn|Other terms for username include '''login name''', '''screenname''' (or '''screen name'''), '''account name''', '''nickname''' (or '''nick''') '''display name''' and '''handle''', which is derived from the identical [[citizens band radio]] term.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}}} Wasu samfuran [[software]] suna ba da sabis ga wasu tsarin kuma ba su da masu amfani kai tsaye. == Mai amfani na ƙarshe == Masu amfani da ƙarshen su ne manyan masu amfani da ɗan adam (wanda ake kira masu aiki) na samfurin software. Mai amfani na ƙarshe ya bambanta da masu amfani da ke tallafawa ko kula da samfurin kamar sysops, masu gudanar da bayanai da masu fasahar kwamfuta. Ana amfani da kalmar don rarrabewa da rarrabe waɗanda kawai ke amfani da software daga masu haɓaka tsarin, waɗanda ke haɓaka software don masu amfani na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ko |first=Andrew J. |last2=Abraham |first2=Robin |last3=Beckwith |first3=Laura |last4=Blackwell |first4=Alan |last5=Burnett |first5=Margaret |last6=Erwig |first6=Martin |last7=Scaffidi |first7=Chris |last8=Lawrance |first8=Joseph |last9=Lieberman |first9=Henry |last10=Myers |first10=Brad |last11=Rosson |first11=Mary Beth |last12=Rothermel |first12=Gregg |last13=Shaw |first13=Mary |last14=Wiedenbeck |first14=Susan |date=April 2011 |title=The State of the Art in End-User Software Engineering |url=http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Publications/End-User-Software-Engineering.pdf |url-status=live |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=1–44 |doi=10.1145/1922649.1922658 |s2cid=9435548 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401200320/http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Publications/End-User-Software-Engineering.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2011}}</ref> A cikin ƙirar mai amfani, yana kuma rarrabe mai sarrafa software daga abokin ciniki wanda ke biyan kuɗin ci gabanta da sauran Masu ruwa da tsaki waɗanda bazai iya amfani da software kai tsaye ba, amma suna taimakawa wajen kafa bukatun sa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-05-06 |title=Understanding Organizational Stakeholders for Design Success |url=https://boxesandarrows.com/understanding-organizational-stakeholders-for-design-success/ |access-date=2016-08-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayi yana da amfani da farko wajen tsara ƙirar mai amfani, kuma yana nufin wani nau'i mai dacewa na halaye waɗanda yawancin masu amfani da ake tsammani zasu kasance tare. A cikin ƙirar mai amfani, ana halicci mutane don wakiltar nau'ikan masu amfani. Wani lokaci ana ƙayyade shi ga kowane mutum wane nau'in masu amfani da ke da shi (saboda kwarewar da ta gabata ko sauƙin ƙirar), da kuma irin ƙwarewar fasaha da matakin ilimin da yake da shi a cikin takamaiman fannoni ko horo. Lokacin da aka sanya ƙuntatawa kaɗan a kan rukunin mai amfani na ƙarshe, musamman lokacin tsara shirye-shirye don amfani da jama'a gaba ɗaya, al'ada ce a yi tsammanin ƙwarewar fasaha kaɗan ko horo na baya a cikin masu amfani na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1996 |title=What is end user? |url=http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/end_user.html |access-date=November 7, 2010}}</ref> Hanyar ci gaban mai amfani na ƙarshe tana rufe bambancin da ke tsakanin masu amfani da masu haɓakawa. Yana tsara ayyukan ko dabarun da mutanen da ba masu haɓaka ƙwararru ba ne ke ƙirƙirar halayyar atomatik da abubuwa masu rikitarwa na bayanai ba tare da sanannen ilimin harshe na shirye-shirye ba. Tsarin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo shine wani tsarin ko wakilin software ba shi da masu amfani kai tsaye. Asusun mai amfani yana bawa mai amfani damar tabbatar da tsarin kuma mai yiwuwa ya sami izini don samun dama albarkatun da aka bayar ko haɗa da wannan tsarin; duk da haka, tabbatarwa ba ta nuna izini. Don shiga cikin asusun, ana buƙatar mai amfani ya tabbatar da kansa tare da kalmar sirri ko wasu takaddun shaida don dalilai na lissafi, [[Cyber security|tsaro]], shiga, da kuma kula da albarkatu. Da zarar mai amfani ya shiga, tsarin aiki zai yi amfani da mai ganowa kamar adadi don komawa gare su, maimakon sunan mai amfani, ta hanyar tsari da aka sani da daidaitattun ainihi. A cikin tsarin Unix, sunan mai amfani yana da alaƙa da mai gano mai amfani ko ''ID mai amfani''. Tsarin kwamfuta yana aiki a cikin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan biyu bisa ga irin masu amfani da suke da su: * Tsarin mai amfani guda ɗaya ba shi da ra'ayi na asusun mai amfani da yawa. * Tsarin Mai amfani da yawa suna da irin wannan ra'ayi, kuma suna buƙatar masu amfani su gano kansu kafin amfani da tsarin. Kowane asusun mai amfani a kan tsarin mai amfani da yawa yawanci yana da kundin gida, wanda za'a adana fayiloli da suka shafi ayyukan wannan mai amfani, wanda wasu masu amfani ke karewa daga samun dama (ko da yake mai kula da tsarin na iya samun dama). Asusun mai amfani sau da yawa suna ƙunshe da Bayanan mai amfani na jama'a, wanda ke ƙunshe ga bayanan asali da mai asusun ya bayar. Fayilolin da aka adana a cikin kundin adireshin gida (da duk sauran kundin adireshin a cikin tsarin) suna da izinin tsarin fayil wanda tsarin aiki ke bincika don sanin waɗanne masu amfani da aka ba su damar karantawa ko aiwatar da fayil, ko adana sabon fayil a cikin wannan kundin. Duk da yake tsarin suna sa ran yawancin asusun masu amfani suyi amfani da mutum ɗaya kawai, tsarin da yawa suna da asusun na musamman da aka nufa don ba da damar kowa ya yi amfani da tsarin, kamar sunan mai amfani "marasa suna" don FTP mara suna da sunan mai amfani ""baƙo" don asusun baƙo. A kan tsarin Unix, ana adana asusun masu amfani na gida a cikin fayil ɗin /etc / passwd, yayin da za'a iya adana kalmomin shiga na mai amfani a /etc/innuwa a cikin fasalin sa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2021 |title=What is /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files |url=https://alaedine07.github.io/posts/passwd-shadow/}}</ref> On [[Microsoft Windows]], user passwords can be managed within the Credential Manager program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Solved] Where Are Passwords Stored in Windows 10/11 |url=https://www.passfab.com/windows-tips/where-are-passwords-stored-in-windows-10.html}}</ref>  The passwords are located in the Windows profile directory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Password Storage Locations For Popular Windows Applications |url=https://www.nirsoft.net/articles/saved_password_location.html}}</ref> Tsarin aiki na kwamfuta daban-daban da aikace-aikace suna sa ran / tilasta dokoki daban-daban don tsarin. A cikin yanayin [[Microsoft Windows]], alal misali, lura da yiwuwar amfani da: <ref> {{Cite web |title=User Name Formats |url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa380525%28v=vs.85%29.aspx |access-date=2016-01-11 |website=MSDN |series=Developer technologies |publisher=Microsoft |quote=The down-level logon name format is used to specify a [[Windows domain|domain]] and a user account in that domain [...].}} </ref> * Tsarin Babban Mai amfani (UPN) - misali: UserName@Example.com * Tsarin Sunan Rarraba - misali: DOMAIN\UserName Wasu masu sana'a na amfani sun nuna rashin son kalmar "mai amfani" kuma sun ba da shawarar canza shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Don Norman |date=17 November 2008 |title=Words Matter. Talk About People: Not Customers, Not Consumers, Not Users |url=https://jnd.org/words_matter_talk_about_people_not_customers_not_consumers_not_users/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825233932/https://jnd.org/words_matter_talk_about_people_not_customers_not_consumers_not_users/ |archive-date=25 August 2019 |access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref> Don Norman ya bayyana cewa "Daya daga cikin kalmomin ban tsoro da muke amfani da su shine 'masu amfani'. Ina kan yakin basasa don kawar da kalmar 'masu aiki'. Zan fi so in kira su 'mutane'. <ref name="centre-finesthour">{{Cite web |date=February 2010 |title=Don Norman at UX Week 2008 © Adaptive Path |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgJcUHC3qJ8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/WgJcUHC3qJ8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |access-date=8 November 2010 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Kalmar "mai amfani" na iya nuna rashin ƙwarewar fasaha da ake buƙata don fahimtar yadda tsarin kwamfuta da samfuran software ke aiki. Masu amfani da wutar lantarki suna amfani da fasali masu ci gaba na shirye-shirye, kodayake ba lallai bane su iya yin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da Gudanar da tsarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Power Users' Guide |url=https://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70ehp2/helpdata/en/1e/013f420e09b26be10000000a155106/frameset.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627173157/https://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70ehp2/helpdata/en/1e/013f420e09b26be10000000a155106/frameset.htm |archive-date=Jun 27, 2015 |access-date=2015-01-14 |website=SAP Help Portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Raymond |date=Feb 2012 |title=Windows Confidential: Power to the Power User |url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh824683.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404094645/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh824683.aspx |archive-date=Apr 4, 2015 |access-date=2015-01-14 |website=Microsoft}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Columns-list|*[[1% rule (Internet culture)]] *[[Anonymous post]] *[[Prosumer]] *[[Pseudonym]] *[[End-user computing]], systems in which non-programmers can create working applications. *[[Database#End-user database|End-user database]], a collection of data developed by individual end-users. *[[End-user development]], a technique that allows people who are not professional developers to perform programming tasks, i.e. to create or modify software. *[[End-user license agreement]] (''EULA''), a contract between a supplier of software and its purchaser, granting the right to use it. *[[Luser]] *[[Namechk]] *[[Nickname#Computing|Nickname]] *[[Registered user]] *[[User error]] *[[User agent]] *[[User experience]] *[[User space]]}} == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hoa6al4am1kqk5mtnabcpk3378xbid9 969065 969061 2026-10-18T13:54:01Z Saad Nuhu 43323 969065 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:System-users-3.svg|thumb|A cikin shirin kwamfuta ko gidan yanar gizon, mai amfani sau da yawa ana wakilta shi da alamar mutum.]] [[File:Soulseek_chat_room.png|thumb|500x500px|Jerin masu amfani a cikin ɗakin hira a kan Soulseek, tare da tutar ƙasa don nuna inda kowane mai amfani ya fito]]   '''mai amfani''' shine mutum da ke amfani da [[Komfuta|kwamfuta]] ko sabis na cibiyar sadarwa. Mai amfani yawanci yana da '''asusun mai amfani''' kuma tsarin ya gane shi ta hanyar '''sunan mai amfani'''.{{Efn|Other terms for username include '''login name''', '''screenname''' (or '''screen name'''), '''account name''', '''nickname''' (or '''nick''') '''display name''' and '''handle''', which is derived from the identical [[citizens band radio]] term.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}}} Wasu samfuran [[software]] suna ba da sabis ga wasu tsarin kuma ba su da masu amfani kai tsaye. == Mai amfani na ƙarshe == Masu amfani da ƙarshen su ne manyan masu amfani da ɗan adam (wanda ake kira masu aiki) na samfurin software. Mai amfani na ƙarshe ya bambanta da masu amfani da ke tallafawa ko kula da samfurin kamar sysops, masu gudanar da bayanai da masu fasahar kwamfuta. Ana amfani da kalmar don rarrabewa da rarrabe waɗanda kawai ke amfani da software daga masu haɓaka tsarin, waɗanda ke haɓaka software don masu amfani na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ko |first=Andrew J. |last2=Abraham |first2=Robin |last3=Beckwith |first3=Laura |last4=Blackwell |first4=Alan |last5=Burnett |first5=Margaret |last6=Erwig |first6=Martin |last7=Scaffidi |first7=Chris |last8=Lawrance |first8=Joseph |last9=Lieberman |first9=Henry |last10=Myers |first10=Brad |last11=Rosson |first11=Mary Beth |last12=Rothermel |first12=Gregg |last13=Shaw |first13=Mary |last14=Wiedenbeck |first14=Susan |date=April 2011 |title=The State of the Art in End-User Software Engineering |url=http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Publications/End-User-Software-Engineering.pdf |url-status=live |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=1–44 |doi=10.1145/1922649.1922658 |s2cid=9435548 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401200320/http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Publications/End-User-Software-Engineering.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2011}}</ref> A cikin ƙirar mai amfani, yana kuma rarrabe mai sarrafa software daga abokin ciniki wanda ke biyan kuɗin ci gabanta da sauran Masu ruwa da tsaki waɗanda bazai iya amfani da software kai tsaye ba, amma suna taimakawa wajen kafa bukatun sa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-05-06 |title=Understanding Organizational Stakeholders for Design Success |url=https://boxesandarrows.com/understanding-organizational-stakeholders-for-design-success/ |access-date=2016-08-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayi yana da amfani da farko wajen tsara ƙirar mai amfani, kuma yana nufin wani nau'i mai dacewa na halaye waɗanda yawancin masu amfani da ake tsammani zasu kasance tare. A cikin ƙirar mai amfani, ana halicci mutane don wakiltar nau'ikan masu amfani. Wani lokaci ana ƙayyade shi ga kowane mutum wane nau'in masu amfani da ke da shi (saboda kwarewar da ta gabata ko sauƙin ƙirar), da kuma irin ƙwarewar fasaha da matakin ilimin da yake da shi a cikin takamaiman fannoni ko horo. Lokacin da aka sanya ƙuntatawa kaɗan a kan rukunin mai amfani na ƙarshe, musamman lokacin tsara shirye-shirye don amfani da jama'a gaba ɗaya, al'ada ce a yi tsammanin ƙwarewar fasaha kaɗan ko horo na baya a cikin masu amfani na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1996 |title=What is end user? |url=http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/end_user.html |access-date=November 7, 2010}}</ref> Hanyar ci gaban mai amfani na ƙarshe tana rufe bambancin da ke tsakanin masu amfani da masu haɓakawa. Yana tsara ayyukan ko dabarun da mutanen da ba masu haɓaka ƙwararru ba ne ke ƙirƙirar halayyar atomatik da abubuwa masu rikitarwa na bayanai ba tare da sanannen ilimin harshe na shirye-shirye ba. Tsarin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo shine wani tsarin ko wakilin software ba shi da masu amfani kai tsaye. Asusun mai amfani yana bawa mai amfani damar tabbatar da tsarin kuma mai yiwuwa ya sami izini don samun dama albarkatun da aka bayar ko haɗa da wannan tsarin; duk da haka, tabbatarwa ba ta nuna izini. Don shiga cikin asusun, ana buƙatar mai amfani ya tabbatar da kansa tare da kalmar sirri ko wasu takaddun shaida don dalilai na lissafi, [[Cyber security|tsaro]], shiga, da kuma kula da albarkatu. Da zarar mai amfani ya shiga, tsarin aiki zai yi amfani da mai ganowa kamar adadi don komawa gare su, maimakon sunan mai amfani, ta hanyar tsari da aka sani da daidaitattun ainihi. A cikin tsarin Unix, sunan mai amfani yana da alaƙa da mai gano mai amfani ko ''ID mai amfani''. Tsarin kwamfuta yana aiki a cikin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan biyu bisa ga irin masu amfani da suke da su: * Tsarin mai amfani guda ɗaya ba shi da ra'ayi na asusun mai amfani da yawa. * Tsarin Mai amfani da yawa suna da irin wannan ra'ayi, kuma suna buƙatar masu amfani su gano kansu kafin amfani da tsarin. Kowane asusun mai amfani a kan tsarin mai amfani da yawa yawanci yana da kundin gida, wanda za'a adana fayiloli da suka shafi ayyukan wannan mai amfani, wanda wasu masu amfani ke karewa daga samun dama (ko da yake mai kula da tsarin na iya samun dama). Asusun mai amfani sau da yawa suna ƙunshe da Bayanan mai amfani na jama'a, wanda ke ƙunshe ga bayanan asali da mai asusun ya bayar. Fayilolin da aka adana a cikin kundin adireshin gida (da duk sauran kundin adireshin a cikin tsarin) suna da izinin tsarin fayil wanda tsarin aiki ke bincika don sanin waɗanne masu amfani da aka ba su damar karantawa ko aiwatar da fayil, ko adana sabon fayil a cikin wannan kundin. Duk da yake tsarin suna sa ran yawancin asusun masu amfani suyi amfani da mutum ɗaya kawai, tsarin da yawa suna da asusun na musamman da aka nufa don ba da damar kowa ya yi amfani da tsarin, kamar sunan mai amfani "marasa suna" don FTP mara suna da sunan mai amfani ""baƙo" don asusun baƙo. A kan tsarin Unix, ana adana asusun masu amfani na gida a cikin fayil ɗin /etc / passwd, yayin da za'a iya adana kalmomin shiga na mai amfani a /etc/innuwa a cikin fasalin sa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2021 |title=What is /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files |url=https://alaedine07.github.io/posts/passwd-shadow/}}</ref> On [[Microsoft Windows]], user passwords can be managed within the Credential Manager program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Solved] Where Are Passwords Stored in Windows 10/11 |url=https://www.passfab.com/windows-tips/where-are-passwords-stored-in-windows-10.html}}</ref>  The passwords are located in the Windows profile directory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Password Storage Locations For Popular Windows Applications |url=https://www.nirsoft.net/articles/saved_password_location.html}}</ref> Tsarin aiki na kwamfuta daban-daban da aikace-aikace suna sa ran / tilasta dokoki daban-daban don tsarin. A cikin yanayin [[Microsoft Windows]], alal misali, lura da yiwuwar amfani da: <ref> {{Cite web |title=User Name Formats |url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa380525%28v=vs.85%29.aspx |access-date=2016-01-11 |website=MSDN |series=Developer technologies |publisher=Microsoft |quote=The down-level logon name format is used to specify a [[Windows domain|domain]] and a user account in that domain [...].}} </ref> * Tsarin Babban Mai amfani (UPN) - misali: UserName@Example.com * Tsarin Sunan Rarraba - misali: DOMAIN\UserName Wasu masu sana'a na amfani sun nuna rashin son kalmar "mai amfani" kuma sun ba da shawarar canza shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Don Norman |date=17 November 2008 |title=Words Matter. Talk About People: Not Customers, Not Consumers, Not Users |url=https://jnd.org/words_matter_talk_about_people_not_customers_not_consumers_not_users/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825233932/https://jnd.org/words_matter_talk_about_people_not_customers_not_consumers_not_users/ |archive-date=25 August 2019 |access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref> Don Norman ya bayyana cewa "Daya daga cikin kalmomin ban tsoro da muke amfani da su shine 'masu amfani'. Ina kan yakin basasa don kawar da kalmar 'masu aiki'. Zan fi so in kira su 'mutane'. <ref name="centre-finesthour">{{Cite web |date=February 2010 |title=Don Norman at UX Week 2008 © Adaptive Path |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgJcUHC3qJ8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/WgJcUHC3qJ8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |access-date=8 November 2010 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Kalmar "mai amfani" na iya nuna rashin ƙwarewar fasaha da ake buƙata don fahimtar yadda tsarin kwamfuta da samfuran software ke aiki. Masu amfani da wutar lantarki suna amfani da fasali masu ci gaba na shirye-shirye, kodayake ba lallai bane su iya yin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da Gudanar da tsarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Power Users' Guide |url=https://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70ehp2/helpdata/en/1e/013f420e09b26be10000000a155106/frameset.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627173157/https://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70ehp2/helpdata/en/1e/013f420e09b26be10000000a155106/frameset.htm |archive-date=Jun 27, 2015 |access-date=2015-01-14 |website=SAP Help Portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Raymond |date=Feb 2012 |title=Windows Confidential: Power to the Power User |url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh824683.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404094645/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh824683.aspx |archive-date=Apr 4, 2015 |access-date=2015-01-14 |website=Microsoft}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Columns-list|*[[1% rule (Internet culture)]] *[[Anonymous post]] *[[Prosumer]] *[[Pseudonym]] *[[End-user computing]], systems in which non-programmers can create working applications. *[[Database#End-user database|End-user database]], a collection of data developed by individual end-users. *[[End-user development]], a technique that allows people who are not professional developers to perform programming tasks, i.e. to create or modify software. *[[End-user license agreement]] (''EULA''), a contract between a supplier of software and its purchaser, granting the right to use it. *[[Luser]] *[[Namechk]] *[[Nickname#Computing|Nickname]] *[[Registered user]] *[[User error]] *[[User agent]] *[[User experience]] *[[User space]]}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h1ch26ptlws74111tx4ym7f3yv1ys15 969068 969065 2026-10-18T13:59:52Z Saad Nuhu 43323 969068 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:System-users-3.svg|thumb|A cikin shirin kwamfuta ko gidan yanar gizon, mai amfani sau da yawa ana wakilta shi da alamar mutum.]] [[File:Soulseek_chat_room.png|thumb|500x500px|Jerin masu amfani a cikin ɗakin hira a kan Soulseek, tare da tutar ƙasa don nuna inda kowane mai amfani ya fito]]   '''mai amfani''' shine mutum da ke amfani da [[Komfuta|kwamfuta]] ko sabis na cibiyar sadarwa. Mai amfani yawanci yana da '''asusun mai amfani''' kuma tsarin ya gane shi ta hanyar '''sunan mai amfani'''.{{Efn|Other terms for username include '''login name''', '''screenname''' (or '''screen name'''), '''account name''', '''nickname''' (or '''nick''') '''display name''' and '''handle''', which is derived from the identical [[citizens band radio]] term.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}}} Wasu samfuran [[software]] suna ba da sabis ga wasu tsarin kuma ba su da masu amfani kai tsaye. == Mai amfani na ƙarshe == Masu amfani da ƙarshen su ne manyan masu amfani da ɗan adam (wanda ake kira masu aiki) na samfurin software. Mai amfani na ƙarshe ya bambanta da masu amfani da ke tallafawa ko kula da samfurin kamar sysops, masu gudanar da bayanai da masu fasahar kwamfuta. Ana amfani da kalmar don rarrabewa da rarrabe waɗanda kawai ke amfani da software daga masu haɓaka tsarin, waɗanda ke haɓaka software don masu amfani na ƙarshe<ref><nowiki>http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Publications/End-User-Software-Engineering.pdf</nowiki></ref>A cikin ƙirar mai amfani, yana kuma rarrabe mai sarrafa software daga abokin ciniki wanda ke biyan kuɗin ci gabanta da sauran Masu ruwa da tsaki waɗanda bazai iya amfani da software kai tsaye ba, amma suna taimakawa wajen kafa bukatun sa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-05-06 |title=Understanding Organizational Stakeholders for Design Success |url=https://boxesandarrows.com/understanding-organizational-stakeholders-for-design-success/ |access-date=2016-08-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayi yana da amfani da farko wajen tsara ƙirar mai amfani, kuma yana nufin wani nau'i mai dacewa na halaye waɗanda yawancin masu amfani da ake tsammani zasu kasance tare. A cikin ƙirar mai amfani, ana halicci mutane don wakiltar nau'ikan masu amfani. Wani lokaci ana ƙayyade shi ga kowane mutum wane nau'in masu amfani da ke da shi (saboda kwarewar da ta gabata ko sauƙin ƙirar), da kuma irin ƙwarewar fasaha da matakin ilimin da yake da shi a cikin takamaiman fannoni ko horo. Lokacin da aka sanya ƙuntatawa kaɗan a kan rukunin mai amfani na ƙarshe, musamman lokacin tsara shirye-shirye don amfani da jama'a gaba ɗaya, al'ada ce a yi tsammanin ƙwarewar fasaha kaɗan ko horo na baya a cikin masu amfani na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1996 |title=What is end user? |url=http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/end_user.html |access-date=November 7, 2010}}</ref> Hanyar ci gaban mai amfani na ƙarshe tana rufe bambancin da ke tsakanin masu amfani da masu haɓakawa. Yana tsara ayyukan ko dabarun da mutanen da ba masu haɓaka ƙwararru ba ne ke ƙirƙirar halayyar atomatik da abubuwa masu rikitarwa na bayanai ba tare da sanannen ilimin harshe na shirye-shirye ba. Tsarin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo shine wani tsarin ko wakilin software ba shi da masu amfani kai tsaye. Asusun mai amfani yana bawa mai amfani damar tabbatar da tsarin kuma mai yiwuwa ya sami izini don samun dama albarkatun da aka bayar ko haɗa da wannan tsarin; duk da haka, tabbatarwa ba ta nuna izini. Don shiga cikin asusun, ana buƙatar mai amfani ya tabbatar da kansa tare da kalmar sirri ko wasu takaddun shaida don dalilai na lissafi, [[Cyber security|tsaro]], shiga, da kuma kula da albarkatu. Da zarar mai amfani ya shiga, tsarin aiki zai yi amfani da mai ganowa kamar adadi don komawa gare su, maimakon sunan mai amfani, ta hanyar tsari da aka sani da daidaitattun ainihi. A cikin tsarin Unix, sunan mai amfani yana da alaƙa da mai gano mai amfani ko ''ID mai amfani''. Tsarin kwamfuta yana aiki a cikin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan biyu bisa ga irin masu amfani da suke da su: * Tsarin mai amfani guda ɗaya ba shi da ra'ayi na asusun mai amfani da yawa. * Tsarin Mai amfani da yawa suna da irin wannan ra'ayi, kuma suna buƙatar masu amfani su gano kansu kafin amfani da tsarin. Kowane asusun mai amfani a kan tsarin mai amfani da yawa yawanci yana da kundin gida, wanda za'a adana fayiloli da suka shafi ayyukan wannan mai amfani, wanda wasu masu amfani ke karewa daga samun dama (ko da yake mai kula da tsarin na iya samun dama). Asusun mai amfani sau da yawa suna ƙunshe da Bayanan mai amfani na jama'a, wanda ke ƙunshe ga bayanan asali da mai asusun ya bayar. Fayilolin da aka adana a cikin kundin adireshin gida (da duk sauran kundin adireshin a cikin tsarin) suna da izinin tsarin fayil wanda tsarin aiki ke bincika don sanin waɗanne masu amfani da aka ba su damar karantawa ko aiwatar da fayil, ko adana sabon fayil a cikin wannan kundin. Duk da yake tsarin suna sa ran yawancin asusun masu amfani suyi amfani da mutum ɗaya kawai, tsarin da yawa suna da asusun na musamman da aka nufa don ba da damar kowa ya yi amfani da tsarin, kamar sunan mai amfani "marasa suna" don FTP mara suna da sunan mai amfani ""baƙo" don asusun baƙo. A kan tsarin Unix, ana adana asusun masu amfani na gida a cikin fayil ɗin /etc / passwd, yayin da za'a iya adana kalmomin shiga na mai amfani a /etc/innuwa a cikin fasalin sa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2021 |title=What is /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files |url=https://alaedine07.github.io/posts/passwd-shadow/}}</ref> On [[Microsoft Windows]], user passwords can be managed within the Credential Manager program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Solved] Where Are Passwords Stored in Windows 10/11 |url=https://www.passfab.com/windows-tips/where-are-passwords-stored-in-windows-10.html}}</ref>  The passwords are located in the Windows profile directory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Password Storage Locations For Popular Windows Applications |url=https://www.nirsoft.net/articles/saved_password_location.html}}</ref> Tsarin aiki na kwamfuta daban-daban da aikace-aikace suna sa ran / tilasta dokoki daban-daban don tsarin. A cikin yanayin [[Microsoft Windows]], alal misali, lura da yiwuwar amfani da: <ref> {{Cite web |title=User Name Formats |url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa380525%28v=vs.85%29.aspx |access-date=2016-01-11 |website=MSDN |series=Developer technologies |publisher=Microsoft |quote=The down-level logon name format is used to specify a [[Windows domain|domain]] and a user account in that domain [...].}} </ref> * Tsarin Babban Mai amfani (UPN) - misali: UserName@Example.com * Tsarin Sunan Rarraba - misali: DOMAIN\UserName Wasu masu sana'a na amfani sun nuna rashin son kalmar "mai amfani" kuma sun ba da shawarar canza shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Don Norman |date=17 November 2008 |title=Words Matter. Talk About People: Not Customers, Not Consumers, Not Users |url=https://jnd.org/words_matter_talk_about_people_not_customers_not_consumers_not_users/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825233932/https://jnd.org/words_matter_talk_about_people_not_customers_not_consumers_not_users/ |archive-date=25 August 2019 |access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref> Don Norman ya bayyana cewa "Daya daga cikin kalmomin ban tsoro da muke amfani da su shine 'masu amfani'. Ina kan yakin basasa don kawar da kalmar 'masu aiki'. Zan fi so in kira su 'mutane'. <ref name="centre-finesthour">{{Cite web |date=February 2010 |title=Don Norman at UX Week 2008 © Adaptive Path |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgJcUHC3qJ8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/WgJcUHC3qJ8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |access-date=8 November 2010 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Kalmar "mai amfani" na iya nuna rashin ƙwarewar fasaha da ake buƙata don fahimtar yadda tsarin kwamfuta da samfuran software ke aiki. Masu amfani da wutar lantarki suna amfani da fasali masu ci gaba na shirye-shirye, kodayake ba lallai bane su iya yin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da Gudanar da tsarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Power Users' Guide |url=https://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70ehp2/helpdata/en/1e/013f420e09b26be10000000a155106/frameset.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627173157/https://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70ehp2/helpdata/en/1e/013f420e09b26be10000000a155106/frameset.htm |archive-date=Jun 27, 2015 |access-date=2015-01-14 |website=SAP Help Portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Raymond |date=Feb 2012 |title=Windows Confidential: Power to the Power User |url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh824683.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404094645/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh824683.aspx |archive-date=Apr 4, 2015 |access-date=2015-01-14 |website=Microsoft}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Columns-list|*[[1% rule (Internet culture)]] *[[Anonymous post]] *[[Prosumer]] *[[Pseudonym]] *[[End-user computing]], systems in which non-programmers can create working applications. *[[Database#End-user database|End-user database]], a collection of data developed by individual end-users. *[[End-user development]], a technique that allows people who are not professional developers to perform programming tasks, i.e. to create or modify software. *[[End-user license agreement]] (''EULA''), a contract between a supplier of software and its purchaser, granting the right to use it. *[[Luser]] *[[Namechk]] *[[Nickname#Computing|Nickname]] *[[Registered user]] *[[User error]] *[[User agent]] *[[User experience]] *[[User space]]}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 96vfed1am9420e0829fbyfjk4qzlxcc 969069 969068 2026-10-18T14:00:35Z Saad Nuhu 43323 969069 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:System-users-3.svg|thumb|A cikin shirin kwamfuta ko gidan yanar gizon, mai amfani sau da yawa ana wakilta shi da alamar mutum.]] [[File:Soulseek_chat_room.png|thumb|500x500px|Jerin masu amfani a cikin ɗakin hira a kan Soulseek, tare da tutar ƙasa don nuna inda kowane mai amfani ya fito]]   '''mai amfani''' shine mutum da ke amfani da [[Komfuta|kwamfuta]] ko sabis na cibiyar sadarwa. Mai amfani yawanci yana da '''asusun mai amfani''' kuma tsarin ya gane shi ta hanyar '''sunan mai amfani'''.{{Efn|Other terms for username include '''login name''', '''screenname''' (or '''screen name'''), '''account name''', '''nickname''' (or '''nick''') '''display name''' and '''handle''', which is derived from the identical [[citizens band radio]] term.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}}} Wasu samfuran [[software]] suna ba da sabis ga wasu tsarin kuma ba su da masu amfani kai tsaye. == Mai amfani na ƙarshe == Masu amfani da ƙarshen su ne manyan masu amfani da ɗan adam (wanda ake kira masu aiki) na samfurin software. Mai amfani na ƙarshe ya bambanta da masu amfani da ke tallafawa ko kula da samfurin kamar sysops, masu gudanar da bayanai da masu fasahar kwamfuta. Ana amfani da kalmar don rarrabewa da rarrabe waɗanda kawai ke amfani da software daga masu haɓaka tsarin, waɗanda ke haɓaka software don masu amfani na ƙarshe<ref><nowiki>http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Publications/End-User-Software-Engineering.pdf</nowiki></ref>A cikin ƙirar mai amfani, yana kuma rarrabe mai sarrafa software daga abokin ciniki wanda ke biyan kuɗin ci gabanta da sauran Masu ruwa da tsaki waɗanda bazai iya amfani da software kai tsaye ba, amma suna taimakawa wajen kafa bukatun sa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-05-06 |title=Understanding Organizational Stakeholders for Design Success |url=https://boxesandarrows.com/understanding-organizational-stakeholders-for-design-success/ |access-date=2016-08-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayi yana da amfani da farko wajen tsara ƙirar mai amfani, kuma yana nufin wani nau'i mai dacewa na halaye waɗanda yawancin masu amfani da ake tsammani zasu kasance tare. A cikin ƙirar mai amfani, ana halicci mutane don wakiltar nau'ikan masu amfani. Wani lokaci ana ƙayyade shi ga kowane mutum wane nau'in masu amfani da ke da shi (saboda kwarewar da ta gabata ko sauƙin ƙirar), da kuma irin ƙwarewar fasaha da matakin ilimin da yake da shi a cikin takamaiman fannoni ko horo. Lokacin da aka sanya ƙuntatawa kaɗan a kan rukunin mai amfani na ƙarshe, musamman lokacin tsara shirye-shirye don amfani da jama'a gaba ɗaya, al'ada ce a yi tsammanin ƙwarewar fasaha kaɗan ko horo na baya a cikin masu amfani na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1996 |title=What is end user? |url=http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/end_user.html |access-date=November 7, 2010}}</ref> Hanyar ci gaban mai amfani na ƙarshe tana rufe bambancin da ke tsakanin masu amfani da masu haɓakawa. Yana tsara ayyukan ko dabarun da mutanen da ba masu haɓaka ƙwararru ba ne ke ƙirƙirar halayyar atomatik da abubuwa masu rikitarwa na bayanai ba tare da sanannen ilimin harshe na shirye-shirye ba. Tsarin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo shine wani tsarin ko wakilin software ba shi da masu amfani kai tsaye. Asusun mai amfani yana bawa mai amfani damar tabbatar da tsarin kuma mai yiwuwa ya sami izini don samun dama albarkatun da aka bayar ko haɗa da wannan tsarin; duk da haka, tabbatarwa ba ta nuna izini. Don shiga cikin asusun, ana buƙatar mai amfani ya tabbatar da kansa tare da kalmar sirri ko wasu takaddun shaida don dalilai na lissafi, [[Cyber security|tsaro]], shiga, da kuma kula da albarkatu. Da zarar mai amfani ya shiga, tsarin aiki zai yi amfani da mai ganowa kamar adadi don komawa gare su, maimakon sunan mai amfani, ta hanyar tsari da aka sani da daidaitattun ainihi. A cikin tsarin Unix, sunan mai amfani yana da alaƙa da mai gano mai amfani ko ''ID mai amfani''. Tsarin kwamfuta yana aiki a cikin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan biyu bisa ga irin masu amfani da suke da su: * Tsarin mai amfani guda ɗaya ba shi da ra'ayi na asusun mai amfani da yawa. * Tsarin Mai amfani da yawa suna da irin wannan ra'ayi, kuma suna buƙatar masu amfani su gano kansu kafin amfani da tsarin. Kowane asusun mai amfani a kan tsarin mai amfani da yawa yawanci yana da kundin gida, wanda za'a adana fayiloli da suka shafi ayyukan wannan mai amfani, wanda wasu masu amfani ke karewa daga samun dama (ko da yake mai kula da tsarin na iya samun dama). Asusun mai amfani sau da yawa suna ƙunshe da Bayanan mai amfani na jama'a, wanda ke ƙunshe ga bayanan asali da mai asusun ya bayar. Fayilolin da aka adana a cikin kundin adireshin gida (da duk sauran kundin adireshin a cikin tsarin) suna da izinin tsarin fayil wanda tsarin aiki ke bincika don sanin waɗanne masu amfani da aka ba su damar karantawa ko aiwatar da fayil, ko adana sabon fayil a cikin wannan kundin. Duk da yake tsarin suna sa ran yawancin asusun masu amfani suyi amfani da mutum ɗaya kawai, tsarin da yawa suna da asusun na musamman da aka nufa don ba da damar kowa ya yi amfani da tsarin, kamar sunan mai amfani "marasa suna" don FTP mara suna da sunan mai amfani ""baƙo" don asusun baƙo. A kan tsarin Unix, ana adana asusun masu amfani na gida a cikin fayil ɗin /etc / passwd, yayin da za'a iya adana kalmomin shiga na mai amfani a /etc/innuwa a cikin fasalin sa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2021 |title=What is /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files |url=https://alaedine07.github.io/posts/passwd-shadow/}}</ref> On [[Microsoft Windows]], user passwords can be managed within the Credential Manager program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Solved] Where Are Passwords Stored in Windows 10/11 |url=https://www.passfab.com/windows-tips/where-are-passwords-stored-in-windows-10.html}}</ref>  The passwords are located in the Windows profile directory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Password Storage Locations For Popular Windows Applications |url=https://www.nirsoft.net/articles/saved_password_location.html}}</ref> Tsarin aiki na kwamfuta daban-daban da aikace-aikace suna sa ran / tilasta dokoki daban-daban don tsarin. A cikin yanayin [[Microsoft Windows]], alal misali, lura da yiwuwar amfani da: <ref> {{Cite web |title=User Name Formats |url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa380525%28v=vs.85%29.aspx |access-date=2016-01-11 |website=MSDN |series=Developer technologies |publisher=Microsoft |quote=The down-level logon name format is used to specify a [[Windows domain|domain]] and a user account in that domain [...].}} </ref> * Tsarin Babban Mai amfani (UPN) - misali: UserName@Example.com * Tsarin Sunan Rarraba - misali: DOMAIN\UserName Wasu masu sana'a na amfani sun nuna rashin son kalmar "mai amfani" kuma sun ba da shawarar canza shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Don Norman |date=17 November 2008 |title=Words Matter. Talk About People: Not Customers, Not Consumers, Not Users |url=https://jnd.org/words_matter_talk_about_people_not_customers_not_consumers_not_users/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825233932/https://jnd.org/words_matter_talk_about_people_not_customers_not_consumers_not_users/ |archive-date=25 August 2019 |access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref> Don Norman ya bayyana cewa "Daya daga cikin kalmomin ban tsoro da muke amfani da su shine 'masu amfani'. Ina kan yakin basasa don kawar da kalmar 'masu aiki'. Zan fi so in kira su 'mutane'. <ref name="centre-finesthour">{{Cite web |date=February 2010 |title=Don Norman at UX Week 2008 © Adaptive Path |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgJcUHC3qJ8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/WgJcUHC3qJ8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |access-date=8 November 2010 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Kalmar "mai amfani" na iya nuna rashin ƙwarewar fasaha da ake buƙata don fahimtar yadda tsarin kwamfuta da samfuran software ke aiki. Masu amfani da wutar lantarki suna amfani da fasali masu ci gaba na shirye-shirye, kodayake ba lallai bane su iya yin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da Gudanar da tsarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Power Users' Guide |url=https://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70ehp2/helpdata/en/1e/013f420e09b26be10000000a155106/frameset.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627173157/https://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70ehp2/helpdata/en/1e/013f420e09b26be10000000a155106/frameset.htm |archive-date=Jun 27, 2015 |access-date=2015-01-14 |website=SAP Help Portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Raymond |date=Feb 2012 |title=Windows Confidential: Power to the Power User |url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh824683.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404094645/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh824683.aspx |archive-date=Apr 4, 2015 |access-date=2015-01-14 |website=Microsoft}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Columns-list|*[[1% rule (Internet culture)]] *[[Anonymous post]] *[[Prosumer]] *[[Pseudonym]] *[[End-user computing]], systems in which non-programmers can create working applications. *[[Database#End-user database|End-user database]], a collection of data developed by individual end-users. *[[End-user development]], a technique that allows people who are not professional developers to perform programming tasks, i.e. to create or modify software. *[[End-user license agreement]] (''EULA''), a contract between a supplier of software and its purchaser, granting the right to use it. *[[Luser]] *[[Namechk]] *[[Nickname#Computing|Nickname]] *[[Registered user]] *[[User error]] *[[User agent]] *[[User experience]] *[[User space]]}} == Manazarta == duz4exti2p1uwnm7u1maokvj5sdffpq 969070 969069 2026-10-18T14:02:09Z Saad Nuhu 43323 969070 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:System-users-3.svg|thumb|A cikin shirin kwamfuta ko gidan yanar gizon, mai amfani sau da yawa ana wakilta shi da alamar mutum.]] [[File:Soulseek_chat_room.png|thumb|500x500px|Jerin masu amfani a cikin ɗakin hira a kan Soulseek, tare da tutar ƙasa don nuna inda kowane mai amfani ya fito]]   '''mai amfani''' shine mutum da ke amfani da [[Komfuta|kwamfuta]] ko sabis na cibiyar sadarwa. Mai amfani yawanci yana da '''asusun mai amfani''' kuma tsarin ya gane shi ta hanyar '''sunan mai amfani.''' Wasu samfuran [[software]] suna ba da sabis ga wasu tsarin kuma ba su da masu amfani kai tsaye. == Mai amfani na ƙarshe == Masu amfani da ƙarshen su ne manyan masu amfani da ɗan adam (wanda ake kira masu aiki) na samfurin software. Mai amfani na ƙarshe ya bambanta da masu amfani da ke tallafawa ko kula da samfurin kamar sysops, masu gudanar da bayanai da masu fasahar kwamfuta. Ana amfani da kalmar don rarrabewa da rarrabe waɗanda kawai ke amfani da software daga masu haɓaka tsarin, waɗanda ke haɓaka software don masu amfani na ƙarshe<ref><nowiki>http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Publications/End-User-Software-Engineering.pdf</nowiki></ref>A cikin ƙirar mai amfani, yana kuma rarrabe mai sarrafa software daga abokin ciniki wanda ke biyan kuɗin ci gabanta da sauran Masu ruwa da tsaki waɗanda bazai iya amfani da software kai tsaye ba, amma suna taimakawa wajen kafa bukatun sa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-05-06 |title=Understanding Organizational Stakeholders for Design Success |url=https://boxesandarrows.com/understanding-organizational-stakeholders-for-design-success/ |access-date=2016-08-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan ra'ayi yana da amfani da farko wajen tsara ƙirar mai amfani, kuma yana nufin wani nau'i mai dacewa na halaye waɗanda yawancin masu amfani da ake tsammani zasu kasance tare. A cikin ƙirar mai amfani, ana halicci mutane don wakiltar nau'ikan masu amfani. Wani lokaci ana ƙayyade shi ga kowane mutum wane nau'in masu amfani da ke da shi (saboda kwarewar da ta gabata ko sauƙin ƙirar), da kuma irin ƙwarewar fasaha da matakin ilimin da yake da shi a cikin takamaiman fannoni ko horo. Lokacin da aka sanya ƙuntatawa kaɗan a kan rukunin mai amfani na ƙarshe, musamman lokacin tsara shirye-shirye don amfani da jama'a gaba ɗaya, al'ada ce a yi tsammanin ƙwarewar fasaha kaɗan ko horo na baya a cikin masu amfani na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1996 |title=What is end user? |url=http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/end_user.html |access-date=November 7, 2010}}</ref> Hanyar ci gaban mai amfani na ƙarshe tana rufe bambancin da ke tsakanin masu amfani da masu haɓakawa. Yana tsara ayyukan ko dabarun da mutanen da ba masu haɓaka ƙwararru ba ne ke ƙirƙirar halayyar atomatik da abubuwa masu rikitarwa na bayanai ba tare da sanannen ilimin harshe na shirye-shirye ba. Tsarin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo shine wani tsarin ko wakilin software ba shi da masu amfani kai tsaye. Asusun mai amfani yana bawa mai amfani damar tabbatar da tsarin kuma mai yiwuwa ya sami izini don samun dama albarkatun da aka bayar ko haɗa da wannan tsarin; duk da haka, tabbatarwa ba ta nuna izini. Don shiga cikin asusun, ana buƙatar mai amfani ya tabbatar da kansa tare da kalmar sirri ko wasu takaddun shaida don dalilai na lissafi, [[Cyber security|tsaro]], shiga, da kuma kula da albarkatu. Da zarar mai amfani ya shiga, tsarin aiki zai yi amfani da mai ganowa kamar adadi don komawa gare su, maimakon sunan mai amfani, ta hanyar tsari da aka sani da daidaitattun ainihi. A cikin tsarin Unix, sunan mai amfani yana da alaƙa da mai gano mai amfani ko ''ID mai amfani''. Tsarin kwamfuta yana aiki a cikin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan biyu bisa ga irin masu amfani da suke da su: * Tsarin mai amfani guda ɗaya ba shi da ra'ayi na asusun mai amfani da yawa. * Tsarin Mai amfani da yawa suna da irin wannan ra'ayi, kuma suna buƙatar masu amfani su gano kansu kafin amfani da tsarin. Kowane asusun mai amfani a kan tsarin mai amfani da yawa yawanci yana da kundin gida, wanda za'a adana fayiloli da suka shafi ayyukan wannan mai amfani, wanda wasu masu amfani ke karewa daga samun dama (ko da yake mai kula da tsarin na iya samun dama). Asusun mai amfani sau da yawa suna ƙunshe da Bayanan mai amfani na jama'a, wanda ke ƙunshe ga bayanan asali da mai asusun ya bayar. Fayilolin da aka adana a cikin kundin adireshin gida (da duk sauran kundin adireshin a cikin tsarin) suna da izinin tsarin fayil wanda tsarin aiki ke bincika don sanin waɗanne masu amfani da aka ba su damar karantawa ko aiwatar da fayil, ko adana sabon fayil a cikin wannan kundin. Duk da yake tsarin suna sa ran yawancin asusun masu amfani suyi amfani da mutum ɗaya kawai, tsarin da yawa suna da asusun na musamman da aka nufa don ba da damar kowa ya yi amfani da tsarin, kamar sunan mai amfani "marasa suna" don FTP mara suna da sunan mai amfani ""baƙo" don asusun baƙo. A kan tsarin Unix, ana adana asusun masu amfani na gida a cikin fayil ɗin /etc / passwd, yayin da za'a iya adana kalmomin shiga na mai amfani a /etc/innuwa a cikin fasalin sa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2021 |title=What is /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files |url=https://alaedine07.github.io/posts/passwd-shadow/}}</ref> On [[Microsoft Windows]], user passwords can be managed within the Credential Manager program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Solved] Where Are Passwords Stored in Windows 10/11 |url=https://www.passfab.com/windows-tips/where-are-passwords-stored-in-windows-10.html}}</ref>  The passwords are located in the Windows profile directory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Password Storage Locations For Popular Windows Applications |url=https://www.nirsoft.net/articles/saved_password_location.html}}</ref> Tsarin aiki na kwamfuta daban-daban da aikace-aikace suna sa ran / tilasta dokoki daban-daban don tsarin. A cikin yanayin [[Microsoft Windows]], alal misali, lura da yiwuwar amfani da: <ref> {{Cite web |title=User Name Formats |url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa380525%28v=vs.85%29.aspx |access-date=2016-01-11 |website=MSDN |series=Developer technologies |publisher=Microsoft |quote=The down-level logon name format is used to specify a [[Windows domain|domain]] and a user account in that domain [...].}} </ref> * Tsarin Babban Mai amfani (UPN) - misali: UserName@Example.com * Tsarin Sunan Rarraba - misali: DOMAIN\UserName Wasu masu sana'a na amfani sun nuna rashin son kalmar "mai amfani" kuma sun ba da shawarar canza shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Don Norman |date=17 November 2008 |title=Words Matter. Talk About People: Not Customers, Not Consumers, Not Users |url=https://jnd.org/words_matter_talk_about_people_not_customers_not_consumers_not_users/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825233932/https://jnd.org/words_matter_talk_about_people_not_customers_not_consumers_not_users/ |archive-date=25 August 2019 |access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref> Don Norman ya bayyana cewa "Daya daga cikin kalmomin ban tsoro da muke amfani da su shine 'masu amfani'. Ina kan yakin basasa don kawar da kalmar 'masu aiki'. Zan fi so in kira su 'mutane'. <ref name="centre-finesthour">{{Cite web |date=February 2010 |title=Don Norman at UX Week 2008 © Adaptive Path |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgJcUHC3qJ8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/WgJcUHC3qJ8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |access-date=8 November 2010 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Kalmar "mai amfani" na iya nuna rashin ƙwarewar fasaha da ake buƙata don fahimtar yadda tsarin kwamfuta da samfuran software ke aiki. Masu amfani da wutar lantarki suna amfani da fasali masu ci gaba na shirye-shirye, kodayake ba lallai bane su iya yin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta da Gudanar da tsarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Power Users' Guide |url=https://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70ehp2/helpdata/en/1e/013f420e09b26be10000000a155106/frameset.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627173157/https://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70ehp2/helpdata/en/1e/013f420e09b26be10000000a155106/frameset.htm |archive-date=Jun 27, 2015 |access-date=2015-01-14 |website=SAP Help Portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Raymond |date=Feb 2012 |title=Windows Confidential: Power to the Power User |url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh824683.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404094645/https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/hh824683.aspx |archive-date=Apr 4, 2015 |access-date=2015-01-14 |website=Microsoft}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == {{Columns-list|*[[1% rule (Internet culture)]] *[[Anonymous post]] *[[Prosumer]] *[[Pseudonym]] *[[End-user computing]], systems in which non-programmers can create working applications. *[[Database#End-user database|End-user database]], a collection of data developed by individual end-users. *[[End-user development]], a technique that allows people who are not professional developers to perform programming tasks, i.e. to create or modify software. *[[End-user license agreement]] (''EULA''), a contract between a supplier of software and its purchaser, granting the right to use it. *[[Luser]] *[[Namechk]] *[[Nickname#Computing|Nickname]] *[[Registered user]] *[[User error]] *[[User agent]] *[[User experience]] *[[User space]]}} == Manazarta == b29vuvlk5ckb9cojkm9c0dlwago7e7e 0 179528 969062 2026-10-18T13:51:33Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Saad Nuhu moved page [[Mai amfani (ƙididdiga)]] to [[User (computing)]] 969062 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User (computing)]] l2v69o96urbzddpu2sut24c4teainem 0 179529 969071 2026-10-18T14:15:24Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378636696|Persona (user experience)]]" 969071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:New_Readers_User_persona_-_Femi_-_Nigeria.png|thumb|A nan, mutumin da ake kira Femi mutum ne da ake amfani da shi a kan layi.]] '''mutum''' (kuma mutum '''mai amfani''', mutum mai amfani), mutum '''abokin ciniki''', mutum '''mai siye''') a cikin ƙirar mai amfani da [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|tallace-tallace]] shine halayyar ɗan ƙarami ko wakiltar ɓangaren abokin ciniki na al'ada <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Syrjälä |first=Henna |last2=Ruiz |first2=Carlos Diaz |last3=Leipämaa-Leskinen |first3=Hanna |last4=Luomala |first4=Harri T. |date=2025-05-01 |title=From consumers to consumption: The socio-technical assemblage of the persona in market segmentation |journal=Journal of Business Research |volume=194 |doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115387 |issn=0148-2963 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ko mai amfani na ƙarshe. Mutane suna taimaka wa masu siyarwa da masu zanen kaya su mayar da hankali ga kokarin su ta hanyar sauya bayanai cikin bayanan da za a iya danganta su. Personas suna daya daga cikin sakamakon rarraba kasuwa, inda masu kasuwa ke amfani da sakamakon nazarin kididdiga da kuma lura da inganci don zana bayanan martaba, suna ba su sunaye da mutane don zana hoton mutum wanda zai iya kasancewa a rayuwa ta ainihi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diaz Ruiz |first=Carlos A. |last2=Kjellberg |first2=Hans |date=2020 |title=Feral segmentation: How cultural intermediaries perform market segmentation in the wild |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1470593120920330 |journal=Marketing Theory |language=en |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=429–457 |doi=10.1177/1470593120920330 |issn=1470-5931 |s2cid=219027435 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana amfani da kalmar mutum a ko'ina a aikace-aikacen kan layi da fasaha da kuma talla, inda za'a iya amfani da wasu kalmomi kamar hotunan alkalami. Mutane suna da amfani wajen la'akari da manufofi, sha'awa, da iyakokin masu siye da masu amfani don taimakawa wajen jagorantar yanke shawara game da sabis, samfurin ko sararin hulɗa kamar fasalulluka, hulɗa, da ƙirar gani na gidan yanar gizon. Ana iya amfani da Personas azaman kayan aiki yayin tsarin ƙirar mai amfani don tsara [[software]]. Za su iya gabatar da ka'idodin ƙirar hulɗa ga abubuwa kamar ƙirar masana'antu da tallan kan layi. Mutumin mai amfani wakilci ne na manufofi da halayyar ƙungiyar masu amfani. A mafi yawan lokuta, ana haɗa mutane daga bayanan da aka tattara daga tambayoyin ko bincike tare da masu amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Humphrey |first=Aaron |year=2017 |title=User Personas and Social Media Profiles |url=https://ojs.deakin.edu.au/index.php/ps/article/view/708 |journal=Persona Studies |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=13–20 |doi=10.21153/ps2017vol3no2art708 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ana kama su a cikin gajerun bayanin shafi waɗanda suka haɗa da alamu na halayyar, burin, ƙwarewa, halayen, tare da wasu bayanan sirri na almara don yin mutum ya zama ainihin hali. Baya ga Hulɗa da Kwamfuta (HCI), ana amfani da mutane sosai a cikin tallace-tallace, tallace-tafiye, tallace'a da ƙirar tsarin.<ref>{{cite conference|title=Personas revisited: Extending the Use of Personas to Enhance Participatory Design|doi=10.1145/3419249.3420135|hdl=10289/13989|hdl-access=free|last1=Bowen|first1=Judy|last2=Petrie|first2=Helen|last3=Hinze|first3=Annika|last4=Samaddar|first4=Sanjit|date=October 2020|conference=11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction}}</ref> Mutane suna ba da halaye na yau da kullun, ra'ayoyi, da yiwuwar ƙin yarda da mutanen da suka dace da mutum. == Tarihi == A cikin ƙirar software, Alan Cooper, sanannen mai haɓaka software, ya ba da shawarar manufar ''mai amfani''. Da farko a shekara ta 1983, ya fara amfani da samfurin abin da mutum zai zama ta amfani da bayanai daga tambayoyin da ba a saba gani ba tare da masu amfani bakwai zuwa takwas.<ref name="Cooper19832">{{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=Kim|title=Designing for the Digital Age|publisher=Wiley Publishing, Inc.|date=2009|isbn=978-0-470-22910-1}}</ref> Daga 1995, ya shiga cikin yadda takamaiman mai amfani maimakon gama gari zai yi amfani da kuma hulɗa tare da software. An shahara da dabarar ga kasuwancin kan layi da al'ummar fasaha a cikin littafinsa na 1999 The Inmates are Running the Asylum . A cikin wannan littafin, Cooper ya tsara halaye na gaba ɗaya, amfani da mafi kyawun ayyuka don ƙirƙirar mutane, yana ba da shawarar cewa a tsara software don masu amfani guda ɗaya.<ref name="Cooper1999">{{Cite book|last3=Alan Cooper (software designer)}}</ref> Ma'anar fahimtar sassan abokan ciniki a matsayin al'ummomi tare da daidaitattun ainihi an haɓaka su ne a cikin 1993-4 ta hanyar Angus Jenkinson <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jenkinson |first=Angus |date=31 March 1994 |title=Beyond segmentation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291796279 |journal=Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=60–72}}</ref> kuma OgilvyOne ta karɓa a duniya tare da abokan ciniki ta amfani da sunan CustomerPrints a matsayin "bayanan yau da kullun". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jenkinson |first=Angus |date=2009 |title=What happened to strategic segmentation? |journal=Journal of Direct, Data, and Digital Marketing Practice |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=124–139 |doi=10.1057/dddmp.2009.27}}</ref> Samar da halayen tunani ko almara don wakiltar waɗannan sassan abokan ciniki ko al'ummomi sun biyo baya. Hanyar Jenkinson ita ce ta bayyana halin tunani a cikin ainihin dubawa, halayyarsu da halayen tare da alama, kuma an fara fahimtar ra'ayin tare da Michael Jacobs a cikin jerin karatu. A cikin 1997 tsarin kula da ilimin duniya na Ogilvy, Truffles, ya bayyana manufar kamar haka: "Kowane alama mai ƙarfi yana da ƙabilar mutanen da ke da alaƙa da dabi'un alama. Wannan sararin samaniya yawanci ya kasu kashi daban-daban wanda akwai halaye iri ɗaya ko iri ɗaya, kuma ana iya fahimtar mutuntakarsu da halaye game da alamar (samfurin ko sabis) dangane da dabi'u na yau da kullun, halaye da zato."<ref>Jenkinson, A (1997) CustomerPrints: Defining the Essentials of the Consumer: The essential guide to what CustomerPrints are, why and how to do them and even how to use them. Truffles. OgilvyOne</ref> == Fa'idodi da siffofi == A cewar Pruitt da Adlin, amfani da mutane yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa a ci gaban samfurin<ref name="pruittadlin2">{{cite book|last1=Pruitt|first1=John|last2=Adlin|first2=Tamara|title=The Persona Lifecycle: Keeping People in Mind Throughout Product Design|publisher=Morgan Kaufmann|date=2006|isbn=0-12-566251-3}}</ref><ref>cf. {{harvnb|Grudin|Pruitt|2002}}; {{harvnb|Cooper|1999}}.</ref>An ce mutane suna da karfin fahimta saboda suna sanya fuskar mutum akan bayanan da ba a fahimta ba game da abokan ciniki. Ta hanyar tunani game da bukatun mutum mai ban mamaki, masu zanen kaya na iya fahimtar abin da mutum na ainihi zai iya buƙata. Irin wannan ƙaddara na iya taimakawa tare da ƙwaƙwalwa, amfani da ƙayyadaddun shari'a, da ma'anar fasalulluka. Pruitt da Adlin suna jayayya cewa mutane suna da sauƙin sadarwa ga ƙungiyoyin injiniyoyi don haka suna ba da damar injiniyoyi, masu haɓakawa, da sauransu su shawo kan bayanan abokin ciniki a cikin tsari mai ɗanɗano. Sun gabatar da misalai da yawa na mutane da aka yi amfani da su don dalilai na sadarwa a cikin ayyukan ci gaba daban-daban.<ref name="pruittadlin">{{Cite book}}</ref> [[File:1-s2.0-S0148296325002103-gr2.jpg|alt=socio-technical personas|thumb|Sassan kasuwa na iya wakiltar mutane na zamantakewa da fasaha, waɗanda ke wakiltar masu amfani da ayyukan amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Syrjälä |first=Henna |last2=Ruiz |first2=Carlos Diaz |last3=Leipämaa-Leskinen |first3=Hanna |last4=Luomala |first4=Harri T. |date=2025-05-01 |title=From consumers to consumption: The socio-technical assemblage of the persona in market segmentation |journal=Journal of Business Research |volume=194 |doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115387 |issn=0148-2963 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref>]] Mutane kuma suna taimakawa wajen hana wasu tarkon ƙira na yau da kullun. Na farko shine tsara abin da Cooper ya kira "The Elastic User", wanda yake nufin cewa yayin da yake yanke shawara na samfurori Masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban na iya bayyana 'mai amfani' bisa ga saukin su. Bayyana mutane yana taimaka wa tawagar ta sami fahimtar masu amfani na ainihi dangane da burinsu, iyawa, da mahallin su. Mutane suna taimakawa wajen hana "tsarin kai" lokacin da mai zanen ko mai haɓakawa na iya tsara samfuran tunanin su ba tare da saninsa ba akan ƙirar samfurin wanda zai iya bambanta da na yawan masu amfani da aka yi niyya. Personas kuma suna ba da binciken gaskiya ta hanyar taimakawa masu zanen su ci gaba da mayar da hankali ga ƙirar a kan shari'o'in da za a iya haɗuwa da su ga masu amfani da aka yi niyya kuma ba a kan shariʼo'in gefen da yawanci ba zai faru ba ga yawan mutanen da aka yi amfani da su. A cewar Cooper, shari'o'in gefen da ya kamata a kula da su yadda ya kamata bai kamata su zama abin da aka tsara ba.<ref name="Cooper1999" /> Ana taƙaita fa'idodin mutum kamar haka: * Raba Fahimtar: Taimaka wa membobin ƙungiyar haɓaka ra'ayi mai daidaituwa game da ƙungiyoyin masu sauraro da aka yi niyya, suna sa bayanai su fi dacewa ta hanyar labarun da suka dace. * Shirye-shiryen Shirye-sauye: Bayar da ƙungiyoyi su ba da fifiko ga siffofi bisa ga yadda suke biyan bukatun takamaiman mutane. * '''Ginin tausayi:''': Samar da fuskar mutum ga bayanai, inganta tausayi ga masu amfani da mutane ke wakilta. * Mai da hankali ga zane: Rigakafin masu zanen kaya daga yin yanke shawara ta hanyar mai da hankali kan bukatun mai amfani. Duk da yake fasalulluka za su bambanta bisa ga bukatun aikin, duk mutane za su kama ainihin mai amfani. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da: * Sunan karya da hoton bayanan * Yawan jama'a na asali (shekaru, launin fata, jinsi, ilimi, matsayin aure, yaren da aka fi so, da dai sauransu) * Tarihin da ke dauke da abubuwan da ke sha'awa, manufofi na sana'a, da duk wani mai tsara bayanai mai dacewa ya kamata ya sani * Bayani na taƙaitawa * Amfani da fasaha * Naƙasassun, buƙatun samun dama, ko ƙalubale * Ra'ayoyi da imani == Rashin amincewa == Rashin amincewa da mutane ya fada cikin manyan rukunoni uku: nazarin ainihin ma'anar, damuwa game da aiwatarwa mai amfani, da [[Shaida ta zahiri|Sakamakon kwarewa]].<ref>cf. {{Harvard citation no brackets|Chapman|Milham|2006}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Rönkkö|2005}}.</ref> Dangane da ma'anar kimiyya, an yi jayayya cewa saboda mutane almara ne, ba su da kyakkyawar alaƙa da ainihin bayanan abokin ciniki sabili da haka ba za a iya la'akari da kimiyya ba.<ref>Köhler, T. (2001). Methoden der Analyse computervermittelter Kommunikation: ein kritischer Überblick; In: Frindte, W., Köhler, T., Marquet, P. & Nissen, E.: IN-TELE 99 - Internet-based teaching and learning 99. Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt am Main.</ref>Chapman da Milham sun bayyana kuskuren da ake tsammani a cikin la'akari da mutane a matsayin hanyar bincike ta kimiyya.<ref name="chapman3">{{citation|last1=Chapman|first1=CN|last2=Milham|first2=R|contribution=The personas' new clothes|title=Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) 2006|location=San Francisco, CA|date=October 2006|url=http://cnchapman.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/chapman-milham-personas-hfes2006-0139-0330.pdf}}</ref> Sun yi jayayya cewa babu wata hanya da za a yi aiki da tabbaci daga bayanan da aka ba su ga takamaiman mutane, don haka irin wannan tsari ba ya ƙarƙashin Hanyar kimiyya na bincike mai maimaitawa. Sauran masu sukar suna jayayya cewa mutane na iya zama masu raguwa ko masu tsinkaye, wanda ke haifar da rashin amincewa da ilimin kungiyar game da masu amfani da ita. Masu sukar kamar Steve Portigal suna jayayya cewa "ƙarar da mutane suka yi ya fito ne daga yaudarar wani nau'i mai tsabta na gaskiya," inda ake ci gaba da rage bayanan abokin ciniki har sai ba komai ba ne face siffar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Portigal |first=Steve |date=2008 |title=Persona Non Grata |url=https://portigal.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/Portigal-Consulting-White-Paper-Persona-Non-Grata.pdf |website=portigal.com}}</ref> Masu sukar suna da'awar cewa halittar mutum tana sanya nauyin masu zanen kaya, masu tallatawa, da masu bincike na masu amfani don kama ra'ayoyin mutane da yawa da ra'ayoyi a cikin ɓangarorin da aka riga aka ƙayyade, wanda zai iya gabatar da son kai a cikin fassarar. Bugu da ƙari, mutane galibi suna nuna bambancin jinsi da launin fata, wanda wasu ke jayayya ba dole ba ne kuma yana jan hankalin masu sauraron mutane daga halayen mabukaci na gaskiya kuma kawai yana inganta ra'ayoyin nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Marguerite |date=23 October 2020 |title=The Trouble with Personas |url=https://insights.simpsonscarborough.com/the-trouble-with-personas |website=Simpson Scarborough}}</ref> A ƙarshe, ya cancanci a yarda cewa proto-mutane da mutane galibi ana amfani da su a matsayin hanya ɗaya, duk da haka, proto-mutumi kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da su don gano tunanin ƙungiyar game da masu amfani da su. Personas, a gefe guda, ya kamata a samo asali a cikin bayanan abokin ciniki da bincike, kuma a yi amfani da su azaman hanyar da za a haɗa fahimta game da wasu sassan. == Binciken kimiyya == A cikin sakamakon da aka samu, bincike har zuwa yau ya ba da ma'auni mai laushi don nasarar mutane, kamar ra'ayoyin labarai daga masu ruwa da tsaki. Rönkkö ya bayyana yadda siyasar kungiya da sauran batutuwan kungiya suka haifar da iyakancewar hanyar mutane a cikin saiti na ayyukan<ref>{{cite conference|last=Rönkkö|first=K|title=An empirical study demonstrating how different design constraints, project organization, and contexts limited the utility of personas|conference=Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) 2005|location=Waikoloa, HI, USA|date=January 2005|doi=10.1109/HICSS.2005.85}}</ref>Chapman, Love, Milham, Elrif, da Alford sun nuna tare da bayanan binciken cewa bayanin da ke da fiye da 'yan halaye (misali, kamar mutum) na iya bayyana kaɗan idan akwai mutane na ainihi. Sun yi jayayya cewa ba za a iya ɗauka cewa mutane suna kwatanta ainihin abokan ciniki ba.<ref name="chapman22">{{cite conference|last1=Chapman|first1=CN|last2=Love|first2=E|last3=Milham|first3=RP|last4=ElRif|first4=P|last5=Alford|first5=JL|title=Quantitative evaluation of personas as information|conference=Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 52nd Annual Meeting|location=New York, NY|date=September 2008|pages=1107–1111|url=https://quantuxbook.com/papers/REPRINT-HFES08-chapman-love-milham-elrif-alford.pdf}}</ref> Binciken da Long ya gudanar (2009) ya tantance tasirin mutane a cikin ilimin ƙira. Binciken ya gano cewa daliban da suka yi amfani da mutane sun samar da kayayyaki tare da halayen amfani mafi kyau kuma sun ba da rahoton ingantaccen sadarwa a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙira.<ref name="long2">{{cite conference|last=Long|first=Frank|title=Real or Imaginary: The Effectiveness of using Personas in Product Design|conference=Proceedings of the Irish Ergonomics Society Annual Conference|date=May 2009|pages=1–10|location=Dublin|url=http://media.loft.io.s3.amazonaws.com/attachments/Long%20(2009)%20Real%20or%20Imaginary.pdf}}</ref>A cikin wani binciken da aka sarrafa, an tambayi ƙungiyar ɗalibai su warware taƙaitaccen ƙira; ƙungiyoyi biyu sun yi amfani da mutane yayin da ƙungiya ɗaya ba ta yi ba. Daliban da suka yi amfani da mutane an ba su lambar yabo ta mafi girma fiye da ƙungiyar da ba ta yi ba. Daliban da suka yi amfani da mutane an tantance su kamar yadda suka samar da kayayyaki tare da halayen amfani mafi kyau fiye da ɗaliban da ba su yi amfani da personas ba. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa yin amfani da mutane na iya inganta sadarwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙira da sauƙaƙe tattaunawar ƙira ta mai amfani. Nazarin yana da iyakoki da yawa: farfesa da dalibai waɗanda ba su makantar da ra'ayi ba sun tantance sakamakon, an sanya ɗalibai zuwa ƙungiyoyi a cikin hanyar da ba ta dace ba, ba a sake maimaita binciken ba, kuma wasu abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ko tasirin tsammanin (misali, Tasirin Hawthorne ko Tasirin Pygmalion) ba a sarrafa su ba. Ayoola et al. (2024) sun gano cewa mutanen da ke amfani da su suna da tasiri a kan fifiko na dorewar zamantakewa ga masu haɓaka software, ta hanyar hana zaɓar ko fifiko na fasalulluka na "mai adawa da zamantakewa".<ref>{{Cite book|title=2025 IEEE/ACM 47th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)|last1=Ayoola|first1=Bimpe|pages=833–845|last2=Kuutila|first2=Mikka|last4=Ralph|first4=Paul|last3=Wehbe|first3=Rina|chapter=User Personas Improve Social Sustainability by Encouraging Software Developers to Deprioritize Antisocial Features|date=2024|arxiv=2412.10672|doi=10.1109/ICSE55347.2025.00135|isbn=979-8-3315-0569-1}}</ref> McGinn da Kotamraju sun ba da shawarar mutane masu sarrafa bayanai (wani lokacin ana kiransu ''mutane masu yawa'').<ref>{{Cite conference|last1=McGinn|first1=Jennifer (Jen)|last2=Kotamraju|first2=Nalini|conference=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|title=Data-driven persona development|date=2008|url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1357054.1357292|language=en|location=Florence, Italy|publisher=ACM Press|pages=1521–1524|doi=10.1145/1357054.1357292|isbn=978-1-60558-011-1|s2cid=26765083|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wadannan mutane ana da'awar su magance gazawar ƙirar mutum mai inganci (duba Criticism). Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar hanyoyi da yawa don ci gaban mutum mai sarrafa bayanai, kamar su tarawa, nazarin abubuwan da suka shafi, nazarin abubuwan ɓoye, da kuma ƙaddamar da matrix ba mara kyau ba. Wadannan hanyoyin gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar bayanan shigarwa na lambobi, rage girmansa, da kuma fitar da ƙididdigar matakin mafi girma (misali, ɗakunan, abubuwan haɗin kai, dalilai) waɗanda ke bayyana alamu a cikin bayanan. Wadannan alamu galibi ana fassara su a matsayin "mutumin kwarangwal", kuma an wadata su da bayanan mutum (misali, sunan, hoton hoto). Hakanan ana iya wadatar da mutane masu yawa tare da fahimtar inganci don samar da mutane masu haɗuwa (wanda ake kira mutane masu haɗari)<ref>{{Cite conference|last1=Pruitt|first1=John|last2=Grudin|first2=Jonathan|conference=Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Designing for user experiences|title=Personas|date=2003|url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=997078.997089|language=en|location=San Francisco, California|publisher=ACM Press|pages=1–15|doi=10.1145/997078.997089|isbn=978-1-58113-728-6|s2cid=2760438|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tbhy2xdqctq97mz5zz1lqy0s9vonycn 969072 969071 2026-10-18T14:16:20Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378636696|Persona (user experience)]]" 969072 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:New_Readers_User_persona_-_Femi_-_Nigeria.png|thumb|A nan, mutumin da ake kira Femi mutum ne da ake amfani da shi a kan layi.]] '''mutum''' (kuma mutum '''mai amfani''', mutum mai amfani), mutum '''abokin ciniki''', mutum '''mai siye''') a cikin ƙirar mai amfani da [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|tallace-tallace]] shine halayyar ɗan ƙarami ko wakiltar ɓangaren abokin ciniki na al'ada <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Syrjälä |first=Henna |last2=Ruiz |first2=Carlos Diaz |last3=Leipämaa-Leskinen |first3=Hanna |last4=Luomala |first4=Harri T. |date=2025-05-01 |title=From consumers to consumption: The socio-technical assemblage of the persona in market segmentation |journal=Journal of Business Research |volume=194 |doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115387 |issn=0148-2963 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ko mai amfani na ƙarshe. Mutane suna taimaka wa masu siyarwa da masu zanen kaya su mayar da hankali ga kokarin su ta hanyar sauya bayanai cikin bayanan da za a iya danganta su. Personas suna daya daga cikin sakamakon rarraba kasuwa, inda masu kasuwa ke amfani da sakamakon nazarin kididdiga da kuma lura da inganci don zana bayanan martaba, suna ba su sunaye da mutane don zana hoton mutum wanda zai iya kasancewa a rayuwa ta ainihi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diaz Ruiz |first=Carlos A. |last2=Kjellberg |first2=Hans |date=2020 |title=Feral segmentation: How cultural intermediaries perform market segmentation in the wild |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1470593120920330 |journal=Marketing Theory |language=en |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=429–457 |doi=10.1177/1470593120920330 |issn=1470-5931 |s2cid=219027435 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana amfani da kalmar mutum a ko'ina a aikace-aikacen kan layi da fasaha da kuma talla, inda za'a iya amfani da wasu kalmomi kamar hotunan alkalami. Mutane suna da amfani wajen la'akari da manufofi, sha'awa, da iyakokin masu siye da masu amfani don taimakawa wajen jagorantar yanke shawara game da sabis, samfurin ko sararin hulɗa kamar fasalulluka, hulɗa, da ƙirar gani na gidan yanar gizon. Ana iya amfani da Personas azaman kayan aiki yayin tsarin ƙirar mai amfani don tsara [[software]]. Za su iya gabatar da ka'idodin ƙirar hulɗa ga abubuwa kamar ƙirar masana'antu da tallan kan layi. Mutumin mai amfani wakilci ne na manufofi da halayyar ƙungiyar masu amfani. A mafi yawan lokuta, ana haɗa mutane daga bayanan da aka tattara daga tambayoyin ko bincike tare da masu amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Humphrey |first=Aaron |year=2017 |title=User Personas and Social Media Profiles |url=https://ojs.deakin.edu.au/index.php/ps/article/view/708 |journal=Persona Studies |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=13–20 |doi=10.21153/ps2017vol3no2art708 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ana kama su a cikin gajerun bayanin shafi waɗanda suka haɗa da alamu na halayyar, burin, ƙwarewa, halayen, tare da wasu bayanan sirri na almara don yin mutum ya zama ainihin hali. Baya ga Hulɗa da Kwamfuta (HCI), ana amfani da mutane sosai a cikin tallace-tallace, tallace-tafiye, tallace'a da ƙirar tsarin.<ref>{{cite conference|title=Personas revisited: Extending the Use of Personas to Enhance Participatory Design|doi=10.1145/3419249.3420135|hdl=10289/13989|hdl-access=free|last1=Bowen|first1=Judy|last2=Petrie|first2=Helen|last3=Hinze|first3=Annika|last4=Samaddar|first4=Sanjit|date=October 2020|conference=11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction}}</ref> Mutane suna ba da halaye na yau da kullun, ra'ayoyi, da yiwuwar ƙin yarda da mutanen da suka dace da mutum. == Tarihi == A cikin ƙirar software, Alan Cooper, sanannen mai haɓaka software, ya ba da shawarar manufar ''mai amfani''. Da farko a shekara ta 1983, ya fara amfani da samfurin abin da mutum zai zama ta amfani da bayanai daga tambayoyin da ba a saba gani ba tare da masu amfani bakwai zuwa takwas.<ref name="Cooper19832">{{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=Kim|title=Designing for the Digital Age|publisher=Wiley Publishing, Inc.|date=2009|isbn=978-0-470-22910-1}}</ref> Daga 1995, ya shiga cikin yadda takamaiman mai amfani maimakon gama gari zai yi amfani da kuma hulɗa tare da software. An shahara da dabarar ga kasuwancin kan layi da al'ummar fasaha a cikin littafinsa na 1999 The Inmates are Running the Asylum . A cikin wannan littafin, Cooper ya tsara halaye na gaba ɗaya, amfani da mafi kyawun ayyuka don ƙirƙirar mutane, yana ba da shawarar cewa a tsara software don masu amfani guda ɗaya.<ref name="Cooper1999">{{Cite book|last3=Alan Cooper (software designer)}}</ref> Ma'anar fahimtar sassan abokan ciniki a matsayin al'ummomi tare da daidaitattun ainihi an haɓaka su ne a cikin 1993-4 ta hanyar Angus Jenkinson <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jenkinson |first=Angus |date=31 March 1994 |title=Beyond segmentation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291796279 |journal=Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=60–72}}</ref> kuma OgilvyOne ta karɓa a duniya tare da abokan ciniki ta amfani da sunan CustomerPrints a matsayin "bayanan yau da kullun". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jenkinson |first=Angus |date=2009 |title=What happened to strategic segmentation? |journal=Journal of Direct, Data, and Digital Marketing Practice |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=124–139 |doi=10.1057/dddmp.2009.27}}</ref> Samar da halayen tunani ko almara don wakiltar waɗannan sassan abokan ciniki ko al'ummomi sun biyo baya. Hanyar Jenkinson ita ce ta bayyana halin tunani a cikin ainihin dubawa, halayyarsu da halayen tare da alama, kuma an fara fahimtar ra'ayin tare da Michael Jacobs a cikin jerin karatu. A cikin 1997 tsarin kula da ilimin duniya na Ogilvy, Truffles, ya bayyana manufar kamar haka: "Kowane alama mai ƙarfi yana da ƙabilar mutanen da ke da alaƙa da dabi'un alama. Wannan sararin samaniya yawanci ya kasu kashi daban-daban wanda akwai halaye iri ɗaya ko iri ɗaya, kuma ana iya fahimtar mutuntakarsu da halaye game da alamar (samfurin ko sabis) dangane da dabi'u na yau da kullun, halaye da zato."<ref>Jenkinson, A (1997) CustomerPrints: Defining the Essentials of the Consumer: The essential guide to what CustomerPrints are, why and how to do them and even how to use them. Truffles. OgilvyOne</ref> == Fa'idodi da siffofi == A cewar Pruitt da Adlin, amfani da mutane yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa a ci gaban samfurin<ref name="pruittadlin2">{{cite book|last1=Pruitt|first1=John|last2=Adlin|first2=Tamara|title=The Persona Lifecycle: Keeping People in Mind Throughout Product Design|publisher=Morgan Kaufmann|date=2006|isbn=0-12-566251-3}}</ref><ref>cf. {{harvnb|Grudin|Pruitt|2002}}; {{harvnb|Cooper|1999}}.</ref>An ce mutane suna da karfin fahimta saboda suna sanya fuskar mutum akan bayanan da ba a fahimta ba game da abokan ciniki. Ta hanyar tunani game da bukatun mutum mai ban mamaki, masu zanen kaya na iya fahimtar abin da mutum na ainihi zai iya buƙata. Irin wannan ƙaddara na iya taimakawa tare da ƙwaƙwalwa, amfani da ƙayyadaddun shari'a, da ma'anar fasalulluka. Pruitt da Adlin suna jayayya cewa mutane suna da sauƙin sadarwa ga ƙungiyoyin injiniyoyi don haka suna ba da damar injiniyoyi, masu haɓakawa, da sauransu su shawo kan bayanan abokin ciniki a cikin tsari mai ɗanɗano. Sun gabatar da misalai da yawa na mutane da aka yi amfani da su don dalilai na sadarwa a cikin ayyukan ci gaba daban-daban.<ref name="pruittadlin">{{Cite book}}</ref> [[File:1-s2.0-S0148296325002103-gr2.jpg|alt=socio-technical personas|thumb|Sassan kasuwa na iya wakiltar mutane na zamantakewa da fasaha, waɗanda ke wakiltar masu amfani da ayyukan amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Syrjälä |first=Henna |last2=Ruiz |first2=Carlos Diaz |last3=Leipämaa-Leskinen |first3=Hanna |last4=Luomala |first4=Harri T. |date=2025-05-01 |title=From consumers to consumption: The socio-technical assemblage of the persona in market segmentation |journal=Journal of Business Research |volume=194 |doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115387 |issn=0148-2963 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref>]] Mutane kuma suna taimakawa wajen hana wasu tarkon ƙira na yau da kullun. Na farko shine tsara abin da Cooper ya kira "The Elastic User", wanda yake nufin cewa yayin da yake yanke shawara na samfurori Masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban na iya bayyana 'mai amfani' bisa ga saukin su. Bayyana mutane yana taimaka wa tawagar ta sami fahimtar masu amfani na ainihi dangane da burinsu, iyawa, da mahallin su. Mutane suna taimakawa wajen hana "tsarin kai" lokacin da mai zanen ko mai haɓakawa na iya tsara samfuran tunanin su ba tare da saninsa ba akan ƙirar samfurin wanda zai iya bambanta da na yawan masu amfani da aka yi niyya. Personas kuma suna ba da binciken gaskiya ta hanyar taimakawa masu zanen su ci gaba da mayar da hankali ga ƙirar a kan shari'o'in da za a iya haɗuwa da su ga masu amfani da aka yi niyya kuma ba a kan shariʼo'in gefen da yawanci ba zai faru ba ga yawan mutanen da aka yi amfani da su. A cewar Cooper, shari'o'in gefen da ya kamata a kula da su yadda ya kamata bai kamata su zama abin da aka tsara ba.<ref name="Cooper1999" /> Ana taƙaita fa'idodin mutum kamar haka: * Raba Fahimtar: Taimaka wa membobin ƙungiyar haɓaka ra'ayi mai daidaituwa game da ƙungiyoyin masu sauraro da aka yi niyya, suna sa bayanai su fi dacewa ta hanyar labarun da suka dace. * Shirye-shiryen Shirye-sauye: Bayar da ƙungiyoyi su ba da fifiko ga siffofi bisa ga yadda suke biyan bukatun takamaiman mutane. * '''Ginin tausayi:''': Samar da fuskar mutum ga bayanai, inganta tausayi ga masu amfani da mutane ke wakilta. * Mai da hankali ga zane: Rigakafin masu zanen kaya daga yin yanke shawara ta hanyar mai da hankali kan bukatun mai amfani. Duk da yake fasalulluka za su bambanta bisa ga bukatun aikin, duk mutane za su kama ainihin mai amfani. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da: * Sunan karya da hoton bayanan * Yawan jama'a na asali (shekaru, launin fata, jinsi, ilimi, matsayin aure, yaren da aka fi so, da dai sauransu) * Tarihin da ke dauke da abubuwan da ke sha'awa, manufofi na sana'a, da duk wani mai tsara bayanai mai dacewa ya kamata ya sani * Bayani na taƙaitawa * Amfani da fasaha * Naƙasassun, buƙatun samun dama, ko ƙalubale * Ra'ayoyi da imani == Rashin amincewa == Rashin amincewa da mutane ya fada cikin manyan rukunoni uku: nazarin ainihin ma'anar, damuwa game da aiwatarwa mai amfani, da [[Shaida ta zahiri|Sakamakon kwarewa]].<ref>cf. {{Harvard citation no brackets|Chapman|Milham|2006}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Rönkkö|2005}}.</ref> Dangane da ma'anar kimiyya, an yi jayayya cewa saboda mutane almara ne, ba su da kyakkyawar alaƙa da ainihin bayanan abokin ciniki sabili da haka ba za a iya la'akari da kimiyya ba.<ref>Köhler, T. (2001). Methoden der Analyse computervermittelter Kommunikation: ein kritischer Überblick; In: Frindte, W., Köhler, T., Marquet, P. & Nissen, E.: IN-TELE 99 - Internet-based teaching and learning 99. Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt am Main.</ref>Chapman da Milham sun bayyana kuskuren da ake tsammani a cikin la'akari da mutane a matsayin hanyar bincike ta kimiyya.<ref name="chapman3">{{citation|last1=Chapman|first1=CN|last2=Milham|first2=R|contribution=The personas' new clothes|title=Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) 2006|location=San Francisco, CA|date=October 2006|url=http://cnchapman.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/chapman-milham-personas-hfes2006-0139-0330.pdf}}</ref> Sun yi jayayya cewa babu wata hanya da za a yi aiki da tabbaci daga bayanan da aka ba su ga takamaiman mutane, don haka irin wannan tsari ba ya ƙarƙashin Hanyar kimiyya na bincike mai maimaitawa. Sauran masu sukar suna jayayya cewa mutane na iya zama masu raguwa ko masu tsinkaye, wanda ke haifar da rashin amincewa da ilimin kungiyar game da masu amfani da ita. Masu sukar kamar Steve Portigal suna jayayya cewa "ƙarar da mutane suka yi ya fito ne daga yaudarar wani nau'i mai tsabta na gaskiya," inda ake ci gaba da rage bayanan abokin ciniki har sai ba komai ba ne face siffar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Portigal |first=Steve |date=2008 |title=Persona Non Grata |url=https://portigal.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/Portigal-Consulting-White-Paper-Persona-Non-Grata.pdf |website=portigal.com}}</ref> Masu sukar suna da'awar cewa halittar mutum tana sanya nauyin masu zanen kaya, masu tallatawa, da masu bincike na masu amfani don kama ra'ayoyin mutane da yawa da ra'ayoyi a cikin ɓangarorin da aka riga aka ƙayyade, wanda zai iya gabatar da son kai a cikin fassarar. Bugu da ƙari, mutane galibi suna nuna bambancin jinsi da launin fata, wanda wasu ke jayayya ba dole ba ne kuma yana jan hankalin masu sauraron mutane daga halayen mabukaci na gaskiya kuma kawai yana inganta ra'ayoyin nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Marguerite |date=23 October 2020 |title=The Trouble with Personas |url=https://insights.simpsonscarborough.com/the-trouble-with-personas |website=Simpson Scarborough}}</ref> A ƙarshe, ya cancanci a yarda cewa proto-mutane da mutane galibi ana amfani da su a matsayin hanya ɗaya, duk da haka, proto-mutumi kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da su don gano tunanin ƙungiyar game da masu amfani da su. Personas, a gefe guda, ya kamata a samo asali a cikin bayanan abokin ciniki da bincike, kuma a yi amfani da su azaman hanyar da za a haɗa fahimta game da wasu sassan. == Binciken kimiyya == A cikin sakamakon da aka samu, bincike har zuwa yau ya ba da ma'auni mai laushi don nasarar mutane, kamar ra'ayoyin labarai daga masu ruwa da tsaki. Rönkkö ya bayyana yadda siyasar kungiya da sauran batutuwan kungiya suka haifar da iyakancewar hanyar mutane a cikin saiti na ayyukan<ref>{{cite conference|last=Rönkkö|first=K|title=An empirical study demonstrating how different design constraints, project organization, and contexts limited the utility of personas|conference=Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) 2005|location=Waikoloa, HI, USA|date=January 2005|doi=10.1109/HICSS.2005.85}}</ref>Chapman, Love, Milham, Elrif, da Alford sun nuna tare da bayanan binciken cewa bayanin da ke da fiye da 'yan halaye (misali, kamar mutum) na iya bayyana kaɗan idan akwai mutane na ainihi. Sun yi jayayya cewa ba za a iya ɗauka cewa mutane suna kwatanta ainihin abokan ciniki ba.<ref name="chapman22">{{cite conference|last1=Chapman|first1=CN|last2=Love|first2=E|last3=Milham|first3=RP|last4=ElRif|first4=P|last5=Alford|first5=JL|title=Quantitative evaluation of personas as information|conference=Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 52nd Annual Meeting|location=New York, NY|date=September 2008|pages=1107–1111|url=https://quantuxbook.com/papers/REPRINT-HFES08-chapman-love-milham-elrif-alford.pdf}}</ref> Binciken da Long ya gudanar (2009) ya tantance tasirin mutane a cikin ilimin ƙira. Binciken ya gano cewa daliban da suka yi amfani da mutane sun samar da kayayyaki tare da halayen amfani mafi kyau kuma sun ba da rahoton ingantaccen sadarwa a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙira.<ref name="long2">{{cite conference|last=Long|first=Frank|title=Real or Imaginary: The Effectiveness of using Personas in Product Design|conference=Proceedings of the Irish Ergonomics Society Annual Conference|date=May 2009|pages=1–10|location=Dublin|url=http://media.loft.io.s3.amazonaws.com/attachments/Long%20(2009)%20Real%20or%20Imaginary.pdf}}</ref>A cikin wani binciken da aka sarrafa, an tambayi ƙungiyar ɗalibai su warware taƙaitaccen ƙira; ƙungiyoyi biyu sun yi amfani da mutane yayin da ƙungiya ɗaya ba ta yi ba. Daliban da suka yi amfani da mutane an ba su lambar yabo ta mafi girma fiye da ƙungiyar da ba ta yi ba. Daliban da suka yi amfani da mutane an tantance su kamar yadda suka samar da kayayyaki tare da halayen amfani mafi kyau fiye da ɗaliban da ba su yi amfani da personas ba. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa yin amfani da mutane na iya inganta sadarwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙira da sauƙaƙe tattaunawar ƙira ta mai amfani. Nazarin yana da iyakoki da yawa: farfesa da dalibai waɗanda ba su makantar da ra'ayi ba sun tantance sakamakon, an sanya ɗalibai zuwa ƙungiyoyi a cikin hanyar da ba ta dace ba, ba a sake maimaita binciken ba, kuma wasu abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ko tasirin tsammanin (misali, Tasirin Hawthorne ko Tasirin Pygmalion) ba a sarrafa su ba. Ayoola et al. (2024) sun gano cewa mutanen da ke amfani da su suna da tasiri a kan fifiko na dorewar zamantakewa ga masu haɓaka software, ta hanyar hana zaɓar ko fifiko na fasalulluka na "mai adawa da zamantakewa".<ref>{{Cite book|title=2025 IEEE/ACM 47th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)|last1=Ayoola|first1=Bimpe|pages=833–845|last2=Kuutila|first2=Mikka|last4=Ralph|first4=Paul|last3=Wehbe|first3=Rina|chapter=User Personas Improve Social Sustainability by Encouraging Software Developers to Deprioritize Antisocial Features|date=2024|arxiv=2412.10672|doi=10.1109/ICSE55347.2025.00135|isbn=979-8-3315-0569-1}}</ref> == Mutanen da ke sarrafa bayanai == McGinn da Kotamraju sun ba da shawarar mutane masu sarrafa bayanai (wani lokacin ana kiransu ''mutane masu yawa'').<ref>{{Cite conference|last1=McGinn|first1=Jennifer (Jen)|last2=Kotamraju|first2=Nalini|conference=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|title=Data-driven persona development|date=2008|url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1357054.1357292|language=en|location=Florence, Italy|publisher=ACM Press|pages=1521–1524|doi=10.1145/1357054.1357292|isbn=978-1-60558-011-1|s2cid=26765083|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wadannan mutane ana da'awar su magance gazawar ƙirar mutum mai inganci (duba Criticism). Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar hanyoyi da yawa don ci gaban mutum mai sarrafa bayanai, kamar su tarawa, nazarin abubuwan da suka shafi, nazarin abubuwan ɓoye, da kuma ƙaddamar da matrix ba mara kyau ba. Wadannan hanyoyin gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar bayanan shigarwa na lambobi, rage girmansa, da kuma fitar da ƙididdigar matakin mafi girma (misali, ɗakunan, abubuwan haɗin kai, dalilai) waɗanda ke bayyana alamu a cikin bayanan. Wadannan alamu galibi ana fassara su a matsayin "mutumin kwarangwal", kuma an wadata su da bayanan mutum (misali, sunan, hoton hoto). Hakanan ana iya wadatar da mutane masu yawa tare da fahimtar inganci don samar da mutane masu haɗuwa (wanda ake kira mutane masu haɗari)<ref>{{Cite conference|last1=Pruitt|first1=John|last2=Grudin|first2=Jonathan|conference=Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Designing for user experiences|title=Personas|date=2003|url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=997078.997089|language=en|location=San Francisco, California|publisher=ACM Press|pages=1–15|doi=10.1145/997078.997089|isbn=978-1-58113-728-6|s2cid=2760438|url-access=subscription}}</ref>   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jevl63gm0dqxe9ncpvxe4ph0sui87w3 969073 969072 2026-10-18T14:17:29Z Saad Nuhu 43323 969073 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:New_Readers_User_persona_-_Femi_-_Nigeria.png|thumb|A nan, mutumin da ake kira Femi mutum ne da ake amfani da shi a kan layi.]] '''mutum''' (kuma mutum '''mai amfani''', mutum mai amfani), mutum '''abokin ciniki''', mutum '''mai siye''') a cikin ƙirar mai amfani da [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|tallace-tallace]] shine halayyar ɗan ƙarami ko wakiltar ɓangaren abokin ciniki na al'ada <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Syrjälä |first=Henna |last2=Ruiz |first2=Carlos Diaz |last3=Leipämaa-Leskinen |first3=Hanna |last4=Luomala |first4=Harri T. |date=2025-05-01 |title=From consumers to consumption: The socio-technical assemblage of the persona in market segmentation |journal=Journal of Business Research |volume=194 |doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115387 |issn=0148-2963 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ko mai amfani na ƙarshe. Mutane suna taimaka wa masu siyarwa da masu zanen kaya su mayar da hankali ga kokarin su ta hanyar sauya bayanai cikin bayanan da za a iya danganta su. Personas suna daya daga cikin sakamakon rarraba kasuwa, inda masu kasuwa ke amfani da sakamakon nazarin kididdiga da kuma lura da inganci don zana bayanan martaba, suna ba su sunaye da mutane don zana hoton mutum wanda zai iya kasancewa a rayuwa ta ainihi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diaz Ruiz |first=Carlos A. |last2=Kjellberg |first2=Hans |date=2020 |title=Feral segmentation: How cultural intermediaries perform market segmentation in the wild |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1470593120920330 |journal=Marketing Theory |language=en |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=429–457 |doi=10.1177/1470593120920330 |issn=1470-5931 |s2cid=219027435 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana amfani da kalmar mutum a ko'ina a aikace-aikacen kan layi da fasaha da kuma talla, inda za'a iya amfani da wasu kalmomi kamar hotunan alkalami. Mutane suna da amfani wajen la'akari da manufofi, sha'awa, da iyakokin masu siye da masu amfani don taimakawa wajen jagorantar yanke shawara game da sabis, samfurin ko sararin hulɗa kamar fasalulluka, hulɗa, da ƙirar gani na gidan yanar gizon. Ana iya amfani da Personas azaman kayan aiki yayin tsarin ƙirar mai amfani don tsara [[software]]. Za su iya gabatar da ka'idodin ƙirar hulɗa ga abubuwa kamar ƙirar masana'antu da tallan kan layi. Mutumin mai amfani wakilci ne na manufofi da halayyar ƙungiyar masu amfani. A mafi yawan lokuta, ana haɗa mutane daga bayanan da aka tattara daga tambayoyin ko bincike tare da masu amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Humphrey |first=Aaron |year=2017 |title=User Personas and Social Media Profiles |url=https://ojs.deakin.edu.au/index.php/ps/article/view/708 |journal=Persona Studies |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=13–20 |doi=10.21153/ps2017vol3no2art708 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ana kama su a cikin gajerun bayanin shafi waɗanda suka haɗa da alamu na halayyar, burin, ƙwarewa, halayen, tare da wasu bayanan sirri na almara don yin mutum ya zama ainihin hali. Baya ga Hulɗa da Kwamfuta (HCI), ana amfani da mutane sosai a cikin tallace-tallace, tallace-tafiye, tallace'a da ƙirar tsarin.<ref>{{cite conference|title=Personas revisited: Extending the Use of Personas to Enhance Participatory Design|doi=10.1145/3419249.3420135|hdl=10289/13989|hdl-access=free|last1=Bowen|first1=Judy|last2=Petrie|first2=Helen|last3=Hinze|first3=Annika|last4=Samaddar|first4=Sanjit|date=October 2020|conference=11th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction}}</ref> Mutane suna ba da halaye na yau da kullun, ra'ayoyi, da yiwuwar ƙin yarda da mutanen da suka dace da mutum. == Tarihi == A cikin ƙirar software, Alan Cooper, sanannen mai haɓaka software, ya ba da shawarar manufar ''mai amfani''. Da farko a shekara ta 1983, ya fara amfani da samfurin abin da mutum zai zama ta amfani da bayanai daga tambayoyin da ba a saba gani ba tare da masu amfani bakwai zuwa takwas.<ref name="Cooper19832">{{cite book|last=Goodwin|first=Kim|title=Designing for the Digital Age|publisher=Wiley Publishing, Inc.|date=2009|isbn=978-0-470-22910-1}}</ref> Daga 1995, ya shiga cikin yadda takamaiman mai amfani maimakon gama gari zai yi amfani da kuma hulɗa tare da software. An shahara da dabarar ga kasuwancin kan layi da al'ummar fasaha a cikin littafinsa na 1999 The Inmates are Running the Asylum . A cikin wannan littafin, Cooper ya tsara halaye na gaba ɗaya, amfani da mafi kyawun ayyuka don ƙirƙirar mutane, yana ba da shawarar cewa a tsara software don masu amfani guda ɗaya.<ref name="Cooper1999">{{Cite book|last3=Alan Cooper (software designer)}}</ref> Ma'anar fahimtar sassan abokan ciniki a matsayin al'ummomi tare da daidaitattun ainihi an haɓaka su ne a cikin 1993-4 ta hanyar Angus Jenkinson <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jenkinson |first=Angus |date=31 March 1994 |title=Beyond segmentation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291796279 |journal=Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=60–72}}</ref> kuma OgilvyOne ta karɓa a duniya tare da abokan ciniki ta amfani da sunan CustomerPrints a matsayin "bayanan yau da kullun". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jenkinson |first=Angus |date=2009 |title=What happened to strategic segmentation? |journal=Journal of Direct, Data, and Digital Marketing Practice |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=124–139 |doi=10.1057/dddmp.2009.27}}</ref> Samar da halayen tunani ko almara don wakiltar waɗannan sassan abokan ciniki ko al'ummomi sun biyo baya. Hanyar Jenkinson ita ce ta bayyana halin tunani a cikin ainihin dubawa, halayyarsu da halayen tare da alama, kuma an fara fahimtar ra'ayin tare da Michael Jacobs a cikin jerin karatu. A cikin 1997 tsarin kula da ilimin duniya na Ogilvy, Truffles, ya bayyana manufar kamar haka: "Kowane alama mai ƙarfi yana da ƙabilar mutanen da ke da alaƙa da dabi'un alama. Wannan sararin samaniya yawanci ya kasu kashi daban-daban wanda akwai halaye iri ɗaya ko iri ɗaya, kuma ana iya fahimtar mutuntakarsu da halaye game da alamar (samfurin ko sabis) dangane da dabi'u na yau da kullun, halaye da zato."<ref>Jenkinson, A (1997) CustomerPrints: Defining the Essentials of the Consumer: The essential guide to what CustomerPrints are, why and how to do them and even how to use them. Truffles. OgilvyOne</ref> == Fa'idodi da siffofi == A cewar Pruitt da Adlin, amfani da mutane yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa a ci gaban samfurin<ref name="pruittadlin2">{{cite book|last1=Pruitt|first1=John|last2=Adlin|first2=Tamara|title=The Persona Lifecycle: Keeping People in Mind Throughout Product Design|publisher=Morgan Kaufmann|date=2006|isbn=0-12-566251-3}}</ref><ref>cf. {{harvnb|Grudin|Pruitt|2002}}; {{harvnb|Cooper|1999}}.</ref>An ce mutane suna da karfin fahimta saboda suna sanya fuskar mutum akan bayanan da ba a fahimta ba game da abokan ciniki. Ta hanyar tunani game da bukatun mutum mai ban mamaki, masu zanen kaya na iya fahimtar abin da mutum na ainihi zai iya buƙata. Irin wannan ƙaddara na iya taimakawa tare da ƙwaƙwalwa, amfani da ƙayyadaddun shari'a, da ma'anar fasalulluka. Pruitt da Adlin suna jayayya cewa mutane suna da sauƙin sadarwa ga ƙungiyoyin injiniyoyi don haka suna ba da damar injiniyoyi, masu haɓakawa, da sauransu su shawo kan bayanan abokin ciniki a cikin tsari mai ɗanɗano. Sun gabatar da misalai da yawa na mutane da aka yi amfani da su don dalilai na sadarwa a cikin ayyukan ci gaba daban-daban. [[File:1-s2.0-S0148296325002103-gr2.jpg|alt=socio-technical personas|thumb|Sassan kasuwa na iya wakiltar mutane na zamantakewa da fasaha, waɗanda ke wakiltar masu amfani da ayyukan amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Syrjälä |first=Henna |last2=Ruiz |first2=Carlos Diaz |last3=Leipämaa-Leskinen |first3=Hanna |last4=Luomala |first4=Harri T. |date=2025-05-01 |title=From consumers to consumption: The socio-technical assemblage of the persona in market segmentation |journal=Journal of Business Research |volume=194 |doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115387 |issn=0148-2963 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref>]] Mutane kuma suna taimakawa wajen hana wasu tarkon ƙira na yau da kullun. Na farko shine tsara abin da Cooper ya kira "The Elastic User", wanda yake nufin cewa yayin da yake yanke shawara na samfurori Masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban na iya bayyana 'mai amfani' bisa ga saukin su. Bayyana mutane yana taimaka wa tawagar ta sami fahimtar masu amfani na ainihi dangane da burinsu, iyawa, da mahallin su. Mutane suna taimakawa wajen hana "tsarin kai" lokacin da mai zanen ko mai haɓakawa na iya tsara samfuran tunanin su ba tare da saninsa ba akan ƙirar samfurin wanda zai iya bambanta da na yawan masu amfani da aka yi niyya. Personas kuma suna ba da binciken gaskiya ta hanyar taimakawa masu zanen su ci gaba da mayar da hankali ga ƙirar a kan shari'o'in da za a iya haɗuwa da su ga masu amfani da aka yi niyya kuma ba a kan shariʼo'in gefen da yawanci ba zai faru ba ga yawan mutanen da aka yi amfani da su. A cewar Cooper, shari'o'in gefen da ya kamata a kula da su yadda ya kamata bai kamata su zama abin da aka tsara ba.<ref name="Cooper1999" /> Ana taƙaita fa'idodin mutum kamar haka: * Raba Fahimtar: Taimaka wa membobin ƙungiyar haɓaka ra'ayi mai daidaituwa game da ƙungiyoyin masu sauraro da aka yi niyya, suna sa bayanai su fi dacewa ta hanyar labarun da suka dace. * Shirye-shiryen Shirye-sauye: Bayar da ƙungiyoyi su ba da fifiko ga siffofi bisa ga yadda suke biyan bukatun takamaiman mutane. * '''Ginin tausayi:''': Samar da fuskar mutum ga bayanai, inganta tausayi ga masu amfani da mutane ke wakilta. * Mai da hankali ga zane: Rigakafin masu zanen kaya daga yin yanke shawara ta hanyar mai da hankali kan bukatun mai amfani. Duk da yake fasalulluka za su bambanta bisa ga bukatun aikin, duk mutane za su kama ainihin mai amfani. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da: * Sunan karya da hoton bayanan * Yawan jama'a na asali (shekaru, launin fata, jinsi, ilimi, matsayin aure, yaren da aka fi so, da dai sauransu) * Tarihin da ke dauke da abubuwan da ke sha'awa, manufofi na sana'a, da duk wani mai tsara bayanai mai dacewa ya kamata ya sani * Bayani na taƙaitawa * Amfani da fasaha * Naƙasassun, buƙatun samun dama, ko ƙalubale * Ra'ayoyi da imani == Rashin amincewa == Rashin amincewa da mutane ya fada cikin manyan rukunoni uku: nazarin ainihin ma'anar, damuwa game da aiwatarwa mai amfani, da [[Shaida ta zahiri|Sakamakon kwarewa]].<ref>cf. {{Harvard citation no brackets|Chapman|Milham|2006}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Rönkkö|2005}}.</ref> Dangane da ma'anar kimiyya, an yi jayayya cewa saboda mutane almara ne, ba su da kyakkyawar alaƙa da ainihin bayanan abokin ciniki sabili da haka ba za a iya la'akari da kimiyya ba.<ref>Köhler, T. (2001). Methoden der Analyse computervermittelter Kommunikation: ein kritischer Überblick; In: Frindte, W., Köhler, T., Marquet, P. & Nissen, E.: IN-TELE 99 - Internet-based teaching and learning 99. Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt am Main.</ref>Chapman da Milham sun bayyana kuskuren da ake tsammani a cikin la'akari da mutane a matsayin hanyar bincike ta kimiyya.<ref name="chapman3">{{citation|last1=Chapman|first1=CN|last2=Milham|first2=R|contribution=The personas' new clothes|title=Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) 2006|location=San Francisco, CA|date=October 2006|url=http://cnchapman.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/chapman-milham-personas-hfes2006-0139-0330.pdf}}</ref> Sun yi jayayya cewa babu wata hanya da za a yi aiki da tabbaci daga bayanan da aka ba su ga takamaiman mutane, don haka irin wannan tsari ba ya ƙarƙashin Hanyar kimiyya na bincike mai maimaitawa. Sauran masu sukar suna jayayya cewa mutane na iya zama masu raguwa ko masu tsinkaye, wanda ke haifar da rashin amincewa da ilimin kungiyar game da masu amfani da ita. Masu sukar kamar Steve Portigal suna jayayya cewa "ƙarar da mutane suka yi ya fito ne daga yaudarar wani nau'i mai tsabta na gaskiya," inda ake ci gaba da rage bayanan abokin ciniki har sai ba komai ba ne face siffar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Portigal |first=Steve |date=2008 |title=Persona Non Grata |url=https://portigal.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/Portigal-Consulting-White-Paper-Persona-Non-Grata.pdf |website=portigal.com}}</ref> Masu sukar suna da'awar cewa halittar mutum tana sanya nauyin masu zanen kaya, masu tallatawa, da masu bincike na masu amfani don kama ra'ayoyin mutane da yawa da ra'ayoyi a cikin ɓangarorin da aka riga aka ƙayyade, wanda zai iya gabatar da son kai a cikin fassarar. Bugu da ƙari, mutane galibi suna nuna bambancin jinsi da launin fata, wanda wasu ke jayayya ba dole ba ne kuma yana jan hankalin masu sauraron mutane daga halayen mabukaci na gaskiya kuma kawai yana inganta ra'ayoyin nuna bambanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Marguerite |date=23 October 2020 |title=The Trouble with Personas |url=https://insights.simpsonscarborough.com/the-trouble-with-personas |website=Simpson Scarborough}}</ref> A ƙarshe, ya cancanci a yarda cewa proto-mutane da mutane galibi ana amfani da su a matsayin hanya ɗaya, duk da haka, proto-mutumi kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da su don gano tunanin ƙungiyar game da masu amfani da su. Personas, a gefe guda, ya kamata a samo asali a cikin bayanan abokin ciniki da bincike, kuma a yi amfani da su azaman hanyar da za a haɗa fahimta game da wasu sassan. == Binciken kimiyya == A cikin sakamakon da aka samu, bincike har zuwa yau ya ba da ma'auni mai laushi don nasarar mutane, kamar ra'ayoyin labarai daga masu ruwa da tsaki. Rönkkö ya bayyana yadda siyasar kungiya da sauran batutuwan kungiya suka haifar da iyakancewar hanyar mutane a cikin saiti na ayyukan<ref>{{cite conference|last=Rönkkö|first=K|title=An empirical study demonstrating how different design constraints, project organization, and contexts limited the utility of personas|conference=Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) 2005|location=Waikoloa, HI, USA|date=January 2005|doi=10.1109/HICSS.2005.85}}</ref>Chapman, Love, Milham, Elrif, da Alford sun nuna tare da bayanan binciken cewa bayanin da ke da fiye da 'yan halaye (misali, kamar mutum) na iya bayyana kaɗan idan akwai mutane na ainihi. Sun yi jayayya cewa ba za a iya ɗauka cewa mutane suna kwatanta ainihin abokan ciniki ba.<ref name="chapman22">{{cite conference|last1=Chapman|first1=CN|last2=Love|first2=E|last3=Milham|first3=RP|last4=ElRif|first4=P|last5=Alford|first5=JL|title=Quantitative evaluation of personas as information|conference=Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 52nd Annual Meeting|location=New York, NY|date=September 2008|pages=1107–1111|url=https://quantuxbook.com/papers/REPRINT-HFES08-chapman-love-milham-elrif-alford.pdf}}</ref> Binciken da Long ya gudanar (2009) ya tantance tasirin mutane a cikin ilimin ƙira. Binciken ya gano cewa daliban da suka yi amfani da mutane sun samar da kayayyaki tare da halayen amfani mafi kyau kuma sun ba da rahoton ingantaccen sadarwa a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙira.<ref name="long2">{{cite conference|last=Long|first=Frank|title=Real or Imaginary: The Effectiveness of using Personas in Product Design|conference=Proceedings of the Irish Ergonomics Society Annual Conference|date=May 2009|pages=1–10|location=Dublin|url=http://media.loft.io.s3.amazonaws.com/attachments/Long%20(2009)%20Real%20or%20Imaginary.pdf}}</ref>A cikin wani binciken da aka sarrafa, an tambayi ƙungiyar ɗalibai su warware taƙaitaccen ƙira; ƙungiyoyi biyu sun yi amfani da mutane yayin da ƙungiya ɗaya ba ta yi ba. Daliban da suka yi amfani da mutane an ba su lambar yabo ta mafi girma fiye da ƙungiyar da ba ta yi ba. Daliban da suka yi amfani da mutane an tantance su kamar yadda suka samar da kayayyaki tare da halayen amfani mafi kyau fiye da ɗaliban da ba su yi amfani da personas ba. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa yin amfani da mutane na iya inganta sadarwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙira da sauƙaƙe tattaunawar ƙira ta mai amfani. Nazarin yana da iyakoki da yawa: farfesa da dalibai waɗanda ba su makantar da ra'ayi ba sun tantance sakamakon, an sanya ɗalibai zuwa ƙungiyoyi a cikin hanyar da ba ta dace ba, ba a sake maimaita binciken ba, kuma wasu abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ko tasirin tsammanin (misali, Tasirin Hawthorne ko Tasirin Pygmalion) ba a sarrafa su ba. Ayoola et al. (2024) sun gano cewa mutanen da ke amfani da su suna da tasiri a kan fifiko na dorewar zamantakewa ga masu haɓaka software, ta hanyar hana zaɓar ko fifiko na fasalulluka na "mai adawa da zamantakewa".<ref>{{Cite book|title=2025 IEEE/ACM 47th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)|last1=Ayoola|first1=Bimpe|pages=833–845|last2=Kuutila|first2=Mikka|last4=Ralph|first4=Paul|last3=Wehbe|first3=Rina|chapter=User Personas Improve Social Sustainability by Encouraging Software Developers to Deprioritize Antisocial Features|date=2024|arxiv=2412.10672|doi=10.1109/ICSE55347.2025.00135|isbn=979-8-3315-0569-1}}</ref> == Mutanen da ke sarrafa bayanai == McGinn da Kotamraju sun ba da shawarar mutane masu sarrafa bayanai (wani lokacin ana kiransu ''mutane masu yawa'').<ref>{{Cite conference|last1=McGinn|first1=Jennifer (Jen)|last2=Kotamraju|first2=Nalini|conference=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems|title=Data-driven persona development|date=2008|url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1357054.1357292|language=en|location=Florence, Italy|publisher=ACM Press|pages=1521–1524|doi=10.1145/1357054.1357292|isbn=978-1-60558-011-1|s2cid=26765083|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wadannan mutane ana da'awar su magance gazawar ƙirar mutum mai inganci (duba Criticism). Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar hanyoyi da yawa don ci gaban mutum mai sarrafa bayanai, kamar su tarawa, nazarin abubuwan da suka shafi, nazarin abubuwan ɓoye, da kuma ƙaddamar da matrix ba mara kyau ba. Wadannan hanyoyin gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar bayanan shigarwa na lambobi, rage girmansa, da kuma fitar da ƙididdigar matakin mafi girma (misali, ɗakunan, abubuwan haɗin kai, dalilai) waɗanda ke bayyana alamu a cikin bayanan. Wadannan alamu galibi ana fassara su a matsayin "mutumin kwarangwal", kuma an wadata su da bayanan mutum (misali, sunan, hoton hoto). Hakanan ana iya wadatar da mutane masu yawa tare da fahimtar inganci don samar da mutane masu haɗuwa (wanda ake kira mutane masu haɗari)<ref>{{Cite conference|last1=Pruitt|first1=John|last2=Grudin|first2=Jonathan|conference=Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Designing for user experiences|title=Personas|date=2003|url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=997078.997089|language=en|location=San Francisco, California|publisher=ACM Press|pages=1–15|doi=10.1145/997078.997089|isbn=978-1-58113-728-6|s2cid=2760438|url-access=subscription}}</ref>   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hf7ij50celm0juopidgf5jtece34v27 0 179530 969076 2026-10-18T14:24:16Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378361587|Discipline]]" 969076 wikitext text/x-wiki Hukunce-hukunce shine kame kai wanda aka samu ta hanyar buƙatar a bi dokoki ko umarni, da kuma ikon ci gaba da aiki a wani abu mai wahala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discipline Definition & Meaning {{!}} Britannica Dictionary |url=https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/discipline |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Masu horar da kai sun yi imanin cewa irin wannan kame kai yana da matukar muhimmanci kuma yana aiwatar da ka'idojin da ke da niyyar bunkasa irin wannan hali. Girma da tilasta horo sun haɗa da ƙarfafawa mai kyau / mara kyau, da kuma al'ada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sege |first=Robert |last2=Siegel |first2=Benjamin |date=2018-12-01 |title=Effective Discipline to Raise Healthy Children |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/142/6/e20183112/37452/Effective-Discipline-to-Raise-Healthy-Children |journal=Pediatrics |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |volume=142 |issue=6 |pages=83–93 |doi=10.1542/peds.2018-3112 |pmid=30397164 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-02-17}}</ref> == Horar da kai == Horar da kai yana nufin ikon mutum na sarrafa halayensa da ayyukansa don cimma burin ko kula da wani matsayi na hali. Yana da ikon yin wasu ayyuka ba tare da la'akari da motsin rai ba kamar gajiyarwa da tsayayya da abubuwan da ya kamata a guje wa. Wannan ya haɗa da sanya ƙarin muhimmanci a kan burin kansu, ko wasu saké.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gleeson |first=Brent |title=Powerful Ways To Cultivate Extreme Self-Discipline |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brentgleeson/2020/08/25/8-powerful-ways-to-cultivate-extreme-self-discipline/?sh=228aad8182d6 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Misali na horo na kai shine gwajin Stanford marshmallow wanda shine binciken kan jinkirin gamsuwa. Wannan binciken ya shafi yara da aka ba su zabi tsakanin marshmallow daya yanzu ko kuma su jira minti 15 sannan su sami marshmallows biyu daga baya. Daga baya, binciken da aka yi ya gano cewa yaran da suka zaɓi jira, suna da kyakkyawan sakamako na rayuwa. Horar da kai shine game da ikon mutum na sarrafa sha'awar su da motsin zuciyarsu don ci gaba da mai da hankali kan abin da ake buƙatar yin don cimma burin.<ref name="Sicinski">{{Cite web |last=Sicinski |first=Adam |date=18 August 2015 |title=The Complete Guide on How to Develop Focused Self-Discipline |url=https://blog.iqmatrix.com/self-discipline |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=blog iqmatrix}}</ref> Yana game da ɗaukar ƙananan matakai na yau da kullun don gina ɗabi'a mai ƙarfi waɗanda ke cika burin ku. Mutum yana horar da kansa don bin ka'idoji da ka'idojin da ke taimakawa wajen tantancewa, haɗuwa, da kuma daidaita tunanin mutum da ayyukansa tare da aikin da ke hannun. Ƙananan ayyuka suna ba da damar mutum ya cimma manyan manufofi. {{R|Sicinski}}Babban bangare na horo na kai shine halin juriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2019 |title=How to Discipline Yourself With 10 Habits |url=https://www.wanderlustworker.com/how-to-discipline-yourself-with-10-habits/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=wanderlustworker}}</ref> Zaɓuɓɓuka na yau da kullun suna tarawa don samar da canje-canje wanda mutum yake so, duk da cikas. Horar da kai, ƙuduri, da murya suna kama da ƙarar. Hukunce-hukunce game da daidaito na ciki da na waje ne. Dole ne mutum ya yanke shawara kan abin da ya dace daga kuskure (tsayayyar ciki) kuma ya bi ka'idojin waje, wanda shine ya bi dokoki (tsayayya ta waje). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=What is the importance of discipline in life? |url=https://www.digitalclassworld.com/blog/importance-of-discipline-in-life/ |access-date=17 September 2021 |website=DigitalClassWorld}}</ref> Ana amfani da horo don "yi amfani da wasu ƙoƙari" don yin wani abu da mutum bai ji ya yi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carpenter |first=Erin |date=26 October 2018 |title=Why Discipline is More Important than Motivation |url=https://thrivecounselingdenver.com/habits/discipline-is-more-important-than-motivation/ |access-date=13 September 2021 |website=thrivecounselingdenver}}</ref> Horarwa wani aiki ne wanda ke kammala, ci gaba, ko ƙarfafa burin, ba kawai tunanin mutum da ji ba. Wani aiki ya dace da darajar. A wasu kalmomi, mutum yana ba da damar dabi'u don ƙayyade zaɓin kansa. Horar da kai na iya hana jinkiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levi |first=Jonathan |title=Rory Vaden on self-discipline procrastination and multiplying your time podcast |url=https://superhumanacademy.com/podcast/rory-vaden-on-self-discipline-procrastination-and-multiplying-your-time-podcast/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=superhumanacademy}}</ref> Mutane sun yi nadamar abubuwan da ba su yi ba idan aka kwatanta da abubuwan da suka yi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roese |first=Neal J. |last2=Summerville |first2=Amy |date=September 2005 |title=What We Regret Most... and Why |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=1273–1285 |doi=10.1177/0146167205274693 |pmc=2394712 |pmid=16055646 |s2cid=19939054 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yeung |first=Siu Kit |last2=Feldman |first2=Gilad |date=2022 |title=Revisiting the Temporal Pattern of Regret in Action Versus Inaction: Replication of Gilovich and Medvec (1994) With Extensions Examining Responsibility |journal=Collabra: Psychology |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1525/collabra.37122 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin da mutum ya jinkirta, suna ciyar da lokaci a kan abubuwan da ke guje wa burin. Rashin kulawar ba koyaushe ba ne saboda ragonci ko shakatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Procrastination |url=https://procrastination.com/what-is-procrastination |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=procrastination}}</ref> Mutum na iya jinkirta saboda gazawar ko rashin iya koyo. Horar da kai muhimmiyar ka'ida ce a cikin tsarin addini da yawa. Misali, a cikin ka'idojin Buddha kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Noble Eightfold Path, an bayyana ra'ayi na dama da tunani na gaskiya a matsayin horo na ɗabi'a. [cikakken ambaton da ake buƙata]  Ga wasu nau'o'in ka'idojin Kirista, kyawawan halaye da Beatitudes suka jagoranta sun riga sun kasance ta hanyar tauhidin ascetic da horo na biyayya. Wannan canjin ya canza mayar da hankali daga Kyaututtuka na Ruhu Mai Tsarki zuwa na iko, wanda, ko da yake yana da albarka, bai ɗauki irin wannan farin ciki kamar yadda ya samo daga bin doka da kiyayewa ba. A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, ruhaniya da ɗabi'a sun haɗu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bouchard |first=Charles E. |title=What Is "Prudential Personalism"? Why Does It Matter? |url=https://www.chausa.org/publications/health-progress/article/march-april-2007/what-is-prudential-personalism-why-does-it-matter- |access-date=18 May 2019 |website=chausa.org |publisher=Catholic Health Association of the United States}}</ref> Beatitudes sun sami shahara a matsayin ka'idar ƙungiya bayan [[Augustine na Hippo|Saint Augustine]] . Koyaya, ka'idodin Kirista a matsayin nau'in horo bai fito ba har zuwa Ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya. Tare da Lutheranism da zamanin bayan Haskakawa, horo na biyayya yana tare. A cewar Catechism na Cocin Katolika, "[ya ki amincewa, niyya, da yanayin sun zama 'tushen' guda uku na ɗabi'ar ayyukan ɗan adam. "[t]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P5T.HTM |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |at=¶1757}}</ref>Ruhu Mai Tsarki yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar "Maganar har abada ta Allah mai rai, [kuma] dole ne... bude (mu) zukatanmu don fahimtar Nassosi. "[and]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__PP.HTM |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |at=par. ¶108}}</ref> Horar da kai shine yadda ake samun kame kai, kuma yadda ake kiyaye bege.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1 Peter 1:16: Christians God-like Men, The duty and discipline of Christian hope |url=https://biblehub.com/sermons/1_peter/1-16.htm |access-date=18 May 2019 |website=biblehub.com |quote=Hope follows desire. The vigour of our hopes is affected by the warmth of our desires. The warmth of our desires towards the future depends largely on the turning away of our desires from the present.}}</ref> == Horar da yara == {{excerpt|Child discipline}} === Hukunce-hukunce mai kyau === {{excerpt|Positive discipline}} == Horar da makaranta == {{excerpt|School discipline}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == McGinn da Kotamraju sun ba da shawarar mutane masu sarrafa bayanai (wani lokacin ana kiransu mutane masu yawa).[1] Wadannan mutane ana da'awar su magance gazawar ƙirar mutum mai inganci (duba Criticism). Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar hanyoyi da yawa don ci gaban mutum mai sarrafa bayanai, kamar su tarawa, nazarin abubuwan da suka shafi, nazarin abubuwan ɓoye, da kuma ƙaddamar da matrix ba mara kyau ba. Wadannan hanyoyin gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar bayanan shigarwa na lambobi, rage girmansa, da kuma fitar da ƙididdigar matakin mafi girma (misali, ɗakunan, abubuwan haɗin kai, dalilai) waɗanda ke bayyana alamu a cikin bayanan. Wadannan alamu galibi ana fassara su a matsayin "mutumin kwarangwal", kuma an wadata su da bayanan mutum (misali, sunan, hoton hoto). Hakanan ana iya wadatar da mutane masu yawa tare da fahimtar inganci don samar da mutane masu haɗuwa (wanda ake kira mutane masu haɗari)[2] n4nsgej1lm8rmag8cpglqoo02bf20f7 969077 969076 2026-10-18T14:25:46Z Saad Nuhu 43323 969077 wikitext text/x-wiki Hukunce-hukunce shine kame kai wanda aka samu ta hanyar buƙatar a bi dokoki ko umarni, da kuma ikon ci gaba da aiki a wani abu mai wahala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discipline Definition & Meaning {{!}} Britannica Dictionary |url=https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/discipline |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Masu horar da kai sun yi imanin cewa irin wannan kame kai yana da matukar muhimmanci kuma yana aiwatar da ka'idojin da ke da niyyar bunkasa irin wannan hali. Girma da tilasta horo sun haɗa da ƙarfafawa mai kyau / mara kyau, da kuma al'ada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sege |first=Robert |last2=Siegel |first2=Benjamin |date=2018-12-01 |title=Effective Discipline to Raise Healthy Children |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/142/6/e20183112/37452/Effective-Discipline-to-Raise-Healthy-Children |journal=Pediatrics |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |volume=142 |issue=6 |pages=83–93 |doi=10.1542/peds.2018-3112 |pmid=30397164 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-02-17}}</ref> == Horar da kai == Horar da kai yana nufin ikon mutum na sarrafa halayensa da ayyukansa don cimma burin ko kula da wani matsayi na hali. Yana da ikon yin wasu ayyuka ba tare da la'akari da motsin rai ba kamar gajiyarwa da tsayayya da abubuwan da ya kamata a guje wa. Wannan ya haɗa da sanya ƙarin muhimmanci a kan burin kansu, ko wasu saké.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gleeson |first=Brent |title=Powerful Ways To Cultivate Extreme Self-Discipline |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brentgleeson/2020/08/25/8-powerful-ways-to-cultivate-extreme-self-discipline/?sh=228aad8182d6 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Misali na horo na kai shine gwajin Stanford marshmallow wanda shine binciken kan jinkirin gamsuwa. Wannan binciken ya shafi yara da aka ba su zabi tsakanin marshmallow daya yanzu ko kuma su jira minti 15 sannan su sami marshmallows biyu daga baya. Daga baya, binciken da aka yi ya gano cewa yaran da suka zaɓi jira, suna da kyakkyawan sakamako na rayuwa. Horar da kai shine game da ikon mutum na sarrafa sha'awar su da motsin zuciyarsu don ci gaba da mai da hankali kan abin da ake buƙatar yin don cimma burin.<ref name="Sicinski">{{Cite web |last=Sicinski |first=Adam |date=18 August 2015 |title=The Complete Guide on How to Develop Focused Self-Discipline |url=https://blog.iqmatrix.com/self-discipline |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=blog iqmatrix}}</ref> Yana game da ɗaukar ƙananan matakai na yau da kullun don gina ɗabi'a mai ƙarfi waɗanda ke cika burin ku. Mutum yana horar da kansa don bin ka'idoji da ka'idojin da ke taimakawa wajen tantancewa, haɗuwa, da kuma daidaita tunanin mutum da ayyukansa tare da aikin da ke hannun. Ƙananan ayyuka suna ba da damar mutum ya cimma manyan manufofi. {{R|Sicinski}}Babban bangare na horo na kai shine halin juriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2019 |title=How to Discipline Yourself With 10 Habits |url=https://www.wanderlustworker.com/how-to-discipline-yourself-with-10-habits/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=wanderlustworker}}</ref> Zaɓuɓɓuka na yau da kullun suna tarawa don samar da canje-canje wanda mutum yake so, duk da cikas. Horar da kai, ƙuduri, da murya suna kama da ƙarar. Hukunce-hukunce game da daidaito na ciki da na waje ne. Dole ne mutum ya yanke shawara kan abin da ya dace daga kuskure (tsayayyar ciki) kuma ya bi ka'idojin waje, wanda shine ya bi dokoki (tsayayya ta waje). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=What is the importance of discipline in life? |url=https://www.digitalclassworld.com/blog/importance-of-discipline-in-life/ |access-date=17 September 2021 |website=DigitalClassWorld}}</ref> Ana amfani da horo don "yi amfani da wasu ƙoƙari" don yin wani abu da mutum bai ji ya yi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carpenter |first=Erin |date=26 October 2018 |title=Why Discipline is More Important than Motivation |url=https://thrivecounselingdenver.com/habits/discipline-is-more-important-than-motivation/ |access-date=13 September 2021 |website=thrivecounselingdenver}}</ref> Horarwa wani aiki ne wanda ke kammala, ci gaba, ko ƙarfafa burin, ba kawai tunanin mutum da ji ba. Wani aiki ya dace da darajar. A wasu kalmomi, mutum yana ba da damar dabi'u don ƙayyade zaɓin kansa. Horar da kai na iya hana jinkiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levi |first=Jonathan |title=Rory Vaden on self-discipline procrastination and multiplying your time podcast |url=https://superhumanacademy.com/podcast/rory-vaden-on-self-discipline-procrastination-and-multiplying-your-time-podcast/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=superhumanacademy}}</ref> Mutane sun yi nadamar abubuwan da ba su yi ba idan aka kwatanta da abubuwan da suka yi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roese |first=Neal J. |last2=Summerville |first2=Amy |date=September 2005 |title=What We Regret Most... and Why |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=1273–1285 |doi=10.1177/0146167205274693 |pmc=2394712 |pmid=16055646 |s2cid=19939054 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yeung |first=Siu Kit |last2=Feldman |first2=Gilad |date=2022 |title=Revisiting the Temporal Pattern of Regret in Action Versus Inaction: Replication of Gilovich and Medvec (1994) With Extensions Examining Responsibility |journal=Collabra: Psychology |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1525/collabra.37122 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin da mutum ya jinkirta, suna ciyar da lokaci a kan abubuwan da ke guje wa burin. Rashin kulawar ba koyaushe ba ne saboda ragonci ko shakatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Procrastination |url=https://procrastination.com/what-is-procrastination |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=procrastination}}</ref> Mutum na iya jinkirta saboda gazawar ko rashin iya koyo. Horar da kai muhimmiyar ka'ida ce a cikin tsarin addini da yawa. Misali, a cikin ka'idojin Buddha kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Noble Eightfold Path, an bayyana ra'ayi na dama da tunani na gaskiya a matsayin horo na ɗabi'a. [cikakken ambaton da ake buƙata]  Ga wasu nau'o'in ka'idojin Kirista, kyawawan halaye da Beatitudes suka jagoranta sun riga sun kasance ta hanyar tauhidin ascetic da horo na biyayya. Wannan canjin ya canza mayar da hankali daga Kyaututtuka na Ruhu Mai Tsarki zuwa na iko, wanda, ko da yake yana da albarka, bai ɗauki irin wannan farin ciki kamar yadda ya samo daga bin doka da kiyayewa ba. A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, ruhaniya da ɗabi'a sun haɗu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bouchard |first=Charles E. |title=What Is "Prudential Personalism"? Why Does It Matter? |url=https://www.chausa.org/publications/health-progress/article/march-april-2007/what-is-prudential-personalism-why-does-it-matter- |access-date=18 May 2019 |website=chausa.org |publisher=Catholic Health Association of the United States}}</ref> Beatitudes sun sami shahara a matsayin ka'idar ƙungiya bayan [[Augustine na Hippo|Saint Augustine]] . Koyaya, ka'idodin Kirista a matsayin nau'in horo bai fito ba har zuwa Ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya. Tare da Lutheranism da zamanin bayan Haskakawa, horo na biyayya yana tare. A cewar Catechism na Cocin Katolika, "[ya ki amincewa, niyya, da yanayin sun zama 'tushen' guda uku na ɗabi'ar ayyukan ɗan adam. "[t]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P5T.HTM |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |at=¶1757}}</ref>Ruhu Mai Tsarki yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar "Maganar har abada ta Allah mai rai, [kuma] dole ne... bude (mu) zukatanmu don fahimtar Nassosi. "[and]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__PP.HTM |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |at=par. ¶108}}</ref> Horar da kai shine yadda ake samun kame kai, kuma yadda ake kiyaye bege.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1 Peter 1:16: Christians God-like Men, The duty and discipline of Christian hope |url=https://biblehub.com/sermons/1_peter/1-16.htm |access-date=18 May 2019 |website=biblehub.com |quote=Hope follows desire. The vigour of our hopes is affected by the warmth of our desires. The warmth of our desires towards the future depends largely on the turning away of our desires from the present.}}</ref> == Manazarta == 8ou706ivn1ttmt5m40uefdgdwxiii52 969078 969077 2026-10-18T14:26:41Z Saad Nuhu 43323 969078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hukunce-hukunce shine kame kai wanda aka samu ta hanyar buƙatar a bi dokoki ko umarni, da kuma ikon ci gaba da aiki a wani abu mai wahala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discipline Definition & Meaning {{!}} Britannica Dictionary |url=https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/discipline |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Masu horar da kai sun yi imanin cewa irin wannan kame kai yana da matukar muhimmanci kuma yana aiwatar da ka'idojin da ke da niyyar bunkasa irin wannan hali. Girma da tilasta horo sun haɗa da ƙarfafawa mai kyau / mara kyau, da kuma al'ada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sege |first=Robert |last2=Siegel |first2=Benjamin |date=2018-12-01 |title=Effective Discipline to Raise Healthy Children |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/142/6/e20183112/37452/Effective-Discipline-to-Raise-Healthy-Children |journal=Pediatrics |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |volume=142 |issue=6 |pages=83–93 |doi=10.1542/peds.2018-3112 |pmid=30397164 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-02-17}}</ref> == Horar da kai == Horar da kai yana nufin ikon mutum na sarrafa halayensa da ayyukansa don cimma burin ko kula da wani matsayi na hali. Yana da ikon yin wasu ayyuka ba tare da la'akari da motsin rai ba kamar gajiyarwa da tsayayya da abubuwan da ya kamata a guje wa. Wannan ya haɗa da sanya ƙarin muhimmanci a kan burin kansu, ko wasu saké.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gleeson |first=Brent |title=Powerful Ways To Cultivate Extreme Self-Discipline |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brentgleeson/2020/08/25/8-powerful-ways-to-cultivate-extreme-self-discipline/?sh=228aad8182d6 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Misali na horo na kai shine gwajin Stanford marshmallow wanda shine binciken kan jinkirin gamsuwa. Wannan binciken ya shafi yara da aka ba su zabi tsakanin marshmallow daya yanzu ko kuma su jira minti 15 sannan su sami marshmallows biyu daga baya. Daga baya, binciken da aka yi ya gano cewa yaran da suka zaɓi jira, suna da kyakkyawan sakamako na rayuwa. Horar da kai shine game da ikon mutum na sarrafa sha'awar su da motsin zuciyarsu don ci gaba da mai da hankali kan abin da ake buƙatar yin don cimma burin.<ref name="Sicinski">{{Cite web |last=Sicinski |first=Adam |date=18 August 2015 |title=The Complete Guide on How to Develop Focused Self-Discipline |url=https://blog.iqmatrix.com/self-discipline |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=blog iqmatrix}}</ref> Yana game da ɗaukar ƙananan matakai na yau da kullun don gina ɗabi'a mai ƙarfi waɗanda ke cika burin ku. Mutum yana horar da kansa don bin ka'idoji da ka'idojin da ke taimakawa wajen tantancewa, haɗuwa, da kuma daidaita tunanin mutum da ayyukansa tare da aikin da ke hannun. Ƙananan ayyuka suna ba da damar mutum ya cimma manyan manufofi. {{R|Sicinski}}Babban bangare na horo na kai shine halin juriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2019 |title=How to Discipline Yourself With 10 Habits |url=https://www.wanderlustworker.com/how-to-discipline-yourself-with-10-habits/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=wanderlustworker}}</ref> Zaɓuɓɓuka na yau da kullun suna tarawa don samar da canje-canje wanda mutum yake so, duk da cikas. Horar da kai, ƙuduri, da murya suna kama da ƙarar. Hukunce-hukunce game da daidaito na ciki da na waje ne. Dole ne mutum ya yanke shawara kan abin da ya dace daga kuskure (tsayayyar ciki) kuma ya bi ka'idojin waje, wanda shine ya bi dokoki (tsayayya ta waje). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=What is the importance of discipline in life? |url=https://www.digitalclassworld.com/blog/importance-of-discipline-in-life/ |access-date=17 September 2021 |website=DigitalClassWorld}}</ref> Ana amfani da horo don "yi amfani da wasu ƙoƙari" don yin wani abu da mutum bai ji ya yi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carpenter |first=Erin |date=26 October 2018 |title=Why Discipline is More Important than Motivation |url=https://thrivecounselingdenver.com/habits/discipline-is-more-important-than-motivation/ |access-date=13 September 2021 |website=thrivecounselingdenver}}</ref> Horarwa wani aiki ne wanda ke kammala, ci gaba, ko ƙarfafa burin, ba kawai tunanin mutum da ji ba. Wani aiki ya dace da darajar. A wasu kalmomi, mutum yana ba da damar dabi'u don ƙayyade zaɓin kansa. Horar da kai na iya hana jinkiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levi |first=Jonathan |title=Rory Vaden on self-discipline procrastination and multiplying your time podcast |url=https://superhumanacademy.com/podcast/rory-vaden-on-self-discipline-procrastination-and-multiplying-your-time-podcast/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=superhumanacademy}}</ref> Mutane sun yi nadamar abubuwan da ba su yi ba idan aka kwatanta da abubuwan da suka yi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roese |first=Neal J. |last2=Summerville |first2=Amy |date=September 2005 |title=What We Regret Most... and Why |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=1273–1285 |doi=10.1177/0146167205274693 |pmc=2394712 |pmid=16055646 |s2cid=19939054 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yeung |first=Siu Kit |last2=Feldman |first2=Gilad |date=2022 |title=Revisiting the Temporal Pattern of Regret in Action Versus Inaction: Replication of Gilovich and Medvec (1994) With Extensions Examining Responsibility |journal=Collabra: Psychology |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1525/collabra.37122 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin da mutum ya jinkirta, suna ciyar da lokaci a kan abubuwan da ke guje wa burin. Rashin kulawar ba koyaushe ba ne saboda ragonci ko shakatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Procrastination |url=https://procrastination.com/what-is-procrastination |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=procrastination}}</ref> Mutum na iya jinkirta saboda gazawar ko rashin iya koyo. Horar da kai muhimmiyar ka'ida ce a cikin tsarin addini da yawa. Misali, a cikin ka'idojin Buddha kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Noble Eightfold Path, an bayyana ra'ayi na dama da tunani na gaskiya a matsayin horo na ɗabi'a. [cikakken ambaton da ake buƙata]  Ga wasu nau'o'in ka'idojin Kirista, kyawawan halaye da Beatitudes suka jagoranta sun riga sun kasance ta hanyar tauhidin ascetic da horo na biyayya. Wannan canjin ya canza mayar da hankali daga Kyaututtuka na Ruhu Mai Tsarki zuwa na iko, wanda, ko da yake yana da albarka, bai ɗauki irin wannan farin ciki kamar yadda ya samo daga bin doka da kiyayewa ba. A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, ruhaniya da ɗabi'a sun haɗu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bouchard |first=Charles E. |title=What Is "Prudential Personalism"? Why Does It Matter? |url=https://www.chausa.org/publications/health-progress/article/march-april-2007/what-is-prudential-personalism-why-does-it-matter- |access-date=18 May 2019 |website=chausa.org |publisher=Catholic Health Association of the United States}}</ref> Beatitudes sun sami shahara a matsayin ka'idar ƙungiya bayan [[Augustine na Hippo|Saint Augustine]] . Koyaya, ka'idodin Kirista a matsayin nau'in horo bai fito ba har zuwa Ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya. Tare da Lutheranism da zamanin bayan Haskakawa, horo na biyayya yana tare. A cewar Catechism na Cocin Katolika, "[ya ki amincewa, niyya, da yanayin sun zama 'tushen' guda uku na ɗabi'ar ayyukan ɗan adam. "[t]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P5T.HTM |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |at=¶1757}}</ref>Ruhu Mai Tsarki yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar "Maganar har abada ta Allah mai rai, [kuma] dole ne... bude (mu) zukatanmu don fahimtar Nassosi. "[and]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__PP.HTM |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |at=par. ¶108}}</ref> Horar da kai shine yadda ake samun kame kai, kuma yadda ake kiyaye bege.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1 Peter 1:16: Christians God-like Men, The duty and discipline of Christian hope |url=https://biblehub.com/sermons/1_peter/1-16.htm |access-date=18 May 2019 |website=biblehub.com |quote=Hope follows desire. The vigour of our hopes is affected by the warmth of our desires. The warmth of our desires towards the future depends largely on the turning away of our desires from the present.}}</ref> == Manazarta == 14qjgbrfa7nnhvj9r13hjk7tvio0qmv 969080 969078 2026-10-18T14:30:46Z Saad Nuhu 43323 969080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hanyar horo ko horas da kai shine kame kai ta hanyar bin dokoki ko umarni, da kuma ikon ci gaba da aiki a wani abu mai wahala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discipline Definition & Meaning {{!}} Britannica Dictionary |url=https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/discipline |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Masu horar da kai sun yi imanin cewa irin wannan kame kai yana da matukar muhimmanci kuma yana aiwatar da ka'idojin da ke da niyyar bunkasa irin wannan hali. Girma da tilasta horo sun haɗa da ƙarfafawa mai kyau / mara kyau, da kuma al'ada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sege |first=Robert |last2=Siegel |first2=Benjamin |date=2018-12-01 |title=Effective Discipline to Raise Healthy Children |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/142/6/e20183112/37452/Effective-Discipline-to-Raise-Healthy-Children |journal=Pediatrics |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |volume=142 |issue=6 |pages=83–93 |doi=10.1542/peds.2018-3112 |pmid=30397164 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-02-17}}</ref> == Horar da kai == Horar da kai yana nufin ikon mutum na sarrafa halayensa da ayyukansa don cimma burin ko kula da wani matsayi na hali. Yana da ikon yin wasu ayyuka ba tare da la'akari da motsin rai ba kamar gajiyarwa da tsayayya da abubuwan da ya kamata a guje wa. Wannan ya haɗa da sanya ƙarin muhimmanci a kan burin kansu, ko wasu saké.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gleeson |first=Brent |title=Powerful Ways To Cultivate Extreme Self-Discipline |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brentgleeson/2020/08/25/8-powerful-ways-to-cultivate-extreme-self-discipline/?sh=228aad8182d6 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Misali na horo na kai shine gwajin Stanford marshmallow wanda shine binciken kan jinkirin gamsuwa. Wannan binciken ya shafi yara da aka ba su zabi tsakanin marshmallow daya yanzu ko kuma su jira minti 15 sannan su sami marshmallows biyu daga baya. Daga baya, binciken da aka yi ya gano cewa yaran da suka zaɓi jira, suna da kyakkyawan sakamako na rayuwa. Horar da kai shine game da ikon mutum na sarrafa sha'awar su da motsin zuciyarsu don ci gaba da mai da hankali kan abin da ake buƙatar yin don cimma burin.<ref name="Sicinski">{{Cite web |last=Sicinski |first=Adam |date=18 August 2015 |title=The Complete Guide on How to Develop Focused Self-Discipline |url=https://blog.iqmatrix.com/self-discipline |access-date=20 September 2021 |website=blog iqmatrix}}</ref> Yana game da ɗaukar ƙananan matakai na yau da kullun don gina ɗabi'a mai ƙarfi waɗanda ke cika burin ku. Mutum yana horar da kansa don bin ka'idoji da ka'idojin da ke taimakawa wajen tantancewa, haɗuwa, da kuma daidaita tunanin mutum da ayyukansa tare da aikin da ke hannun. Ƙananan ayyuka suna ba da damar mutum ya cimma manyan manufofi. {{R|Sicinski}}Babban bangare na horo na kai shine halin juriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2019 |title=How to Discipline Yourself With 10 Habits |url=https://www.wanderlustworker.com/how-to-discipline-yourself-with-10-habits/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=wanderlustworker}}</ref> Zaɓuɓɓuka na yau da kullun suna tarawa don samar da canje-canje wanda mutum yake so, duk da cikas. Horar da kai, ƙuduri, da murya suna kama da ƙarar. Hukunce-hukunce game da daidaito na ciki da na waje ne. Dole ne mutum ya yanke shawara kan abin da ya dace daga kuskure (tsayayyar ciki) kuma ya bi ka'idojin waje, wanda shine ya bi dokoki (tsayayya ta waje). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=What is the importance of discipline in life? |url=https://www.digitalclassworld.com/blog/importance-of-discipline-in-life/ |access-date=17 September 2021 |website=DigitalClassWorld}}</ref> Ana amfani da horo don "yi amfani da wasu ƙoƙari" don yin wani abu da mutum bai ji ya yi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carpenter |first=Erin |date=26 October 2018 |title=Why Discipline is More Important than Motivation |url=https://thrivecounselingdenver.com/habits/discipline-is-more-important-than-motivation/ |access-date=13 September 2021 |website=thrivecounselingdenver}}</ref> Horarwa wani aiki ne wanda ke kammala, ci gaba, ko ƙarfafa burin, ba kawai tunanin mutum da ji ba. Wani aiki ya dace da darajar. A wasu kalmomi, mutum yana ba da damar dabi'u don ƙayyade zaɓin kansa. Horar da kai na iya hana jinkiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levi |first=Jonathan |title=Rory Vaden on self-discipline procrastination and multiplying your time podcast |url=https://superhumanacademy.com/podcast/rory-vaden-on-self-discipline-procrastination-and-multiplying-your-time-podcast/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=superhumanacademy}}</ref> Mutane sun yi nadamar abubuwan da ba su yi ba idan aka kwatanta da abubuwan da suka yi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roese |first=Neal J. |last2=Summerville |first2=Amy |date=September 2005 |title=What We Regret Most... and Why |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=1273–1285 |doi=10.1177/0146167205274693 |pmc=2394712 |pmid=16055646 |s2cid=19939054 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yeung |first=Siu Kit |last2=Feldman |first2=Gilad |date=2022 |title=Revisiting the Temporal Pattern of Regret in Action Versus Inaction: Replication of Gilovich and Medvec (1994) With Extensions Examining Responsibility |journal=Collabra: Psychology |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1525/collabra.37122 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lokacin da mutum ya jinkirta, suna ciyar da lokaci a kan abubuwan da ke guje wa burin. Rashin kulawar ba koyaushe ba ne saboda ragonci ko shakatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Procrastination |url=https://procrastination.com/what-is-procrastination |access-date=15 September 2021 |website=procrastination}}</ref> Mutum na iya jinkirta saboda gazawar ko rashin iya koyo. Horar da kai muhimmiyar ka'ida ce a cikin tsarin addini da yawa. Misali, a cikin ka'idojin Buddha kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Noble Eightfold Path, an bayyana ra'ayi na dama da tunani na gaskiya a matsayin horo na ɗabi'a. [cikakken ambaton da ake buƙata]  Ga wasu nau'o'in ka'idojin Kirista, kyawawan halaye da Beatitudes suka jagoranta sun riga sun kasance ta hanyar tauhidin ascetic da horo na biyayya. Wannan canjin ya canza mayar da hankali daga Kyaututtuka na Ruhu Mai Tsarki zuwa na iko, wanda, ko da yake yana da albarka, bai ɗauki irin wannan farin ciki kamar yadda ya samo daga bin doka da kiyayewa ba. A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, ruhaniya da ɗabi'a sun haɗu sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bouchard |first=Charles E. |title=What Is "Prudential Personalism"? Why Does It Matter? |url=https://www.chausa.org/publications/health-progress/article/march-april-2007/what-is-prudential-personalism-why-does-it-matter- |access-date=18 May 2019 |website=chausa.org |publisher=Catholic Health Association of the United States}}</ref> Beatitudes sun sami shahara a matsayin ka'idar ƙungiya bayan [[Augustine na Hippo|Saint Augustine]] . Koyaya, ka'idodin Kirista a matsayin nau'in horo bai fito ba har zuwa Ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya. Tare da Lutheranism da zamanin bayan Haskakawa, horo na biyayya yana tare. A cewar Catechism na Cocin Katolika, "[ya ki amincewa, niyya, da yanayin sun zama 'tushen' guda uku na ɗabi'ar ayyukan ɗan adam. "[t]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P5T.HTM |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |at=¶1757}}</ref>Ruhu Mai Tsarki yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar "Maganar har abada ta Allah mai rai, [kuma] dole ne... bude (mu) zukatanmu don fahimtar Nassosi. "[and]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__PP.HTM |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |at=par. ¶108}}</ref> Horar da kai shine yadda ake samun kame kai, kuma yadda ake kiyaye bege.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1 Peter 1:16: Christians God-like Men, The duty and discipline of Christian hope |url=https://biblehub.com/sermons/1_peter/1-16.htm |access-date=18 May 2019 |website=biblehub.com |quote=Hope follows desire. The vigour of our hopes is affected by the warmth of our desires. The warmth of our desires towards the future depends largely on the turning away of our desires from the present.}}</ref> == Manazarta == ddfrq9yf8bqvxxks84deyctbkjs3i90 0 179531 969082 2026-10-18T14:33:53Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348816344|Actor (UML)]]" 969082 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Usecase-Parent-Teacher-2_actors_5_usecases.svg|alt=Parent-Teacher and Child - 2 actors, 5 usecases|right|thumb|400x400px|UML yana amfani da zane-zane tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu (Mahaifiyar-Malami da Yara) da kuma shari'o'in amfani 5.]] Wani '''ɗan wasan kwaikwayo'''<ref name="OMG2">{{cite book|chapter=Actor|title=Unified Modeling Language 2.5.1|series=[[Object Management Group |OMG]] Document Number formal/2017-12-05|date=December 2017|publisher=[[Object Management Group]] Standards Development Organization (OMG SDO)|page=647|url=https://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.5.1/PDF}}</ref>a cikin Unified Modeling Language (UML) "ya bayyana rawar da mai amfani ko wani tsarin da ke hulɗa da batun ya taka. "<ref name="OMG">{{Cite book}} </ref> "Wani Actor yayi koyi da wani nau'in rawar da wani bangare ke takawa wanda ke hulɗa da batun (misali, ta hanyar musayar sigina da bayanai), amma wanda yake waje da batun. "<ref name="OMG UML V2.1.2">{{Cite web |title=OMG Unified Modeling Language (OMG UML), Superstructure, V2.1.2, pp. 586–588 |url=http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.1.2/Superstructure/PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923033721/http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.1.2/Superstructure/PDF |archive-date=2010-09-23 |access-date=November 7, 2010}}</ref> "Masu wasan kwaikwayo na iya wakiltar rawar da masu amfani da mutane, kayan aiki na waje, ko wasu batutuwa suka taka. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ba lallai ba ne su wakilci takamaiman bangarori na zahiri amma kawai wasu bangarori (watau, "aiki") na wasu bangarorin da suka dace da ƙayyadaddun shari'o'in amfani da su. Misali ɗaya na zahiri na iya taka rawar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban kuma ana iya buga wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa ta lokuta daban-daban. "<ref name="OMG UML V2.1.2" /> UML 2 ba ta ba da izinin ƙungiyoyi tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="OMG UML V2.1.2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Problems and Deficiencies of UML as a Requirements Specification, s.3.2. |url=http://www.ifi.uzh.ch/rerg/fileadmin/downloads/publications/papers/IWSSD-10.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017015344/http://www.ifi.uzh.ch/rerg/fileadmin/downloads/publications/papers/IWSSD-10.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2010 |access-date=November 7, 2010}}</ref> Amfani da dangantakar generalization / ƙwarewa tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo yana da amfani wajen tsara halayen halayen tsakanin' yan wasan kwaikwayo kuma baya keta wannan ƙuntatawa tunda dangantakar generalización ba wani nau'in haɗin kai ba ne.<ref name="UML Specification">{{Cite web |title=UML 2 Specification |url=http://www.omg.org/spec/ |access-date=July 4, 2012}}</ref> Yan wasan kwaikwayo suna hulɗa tare da shari'o'in amfani. == Manazarta == 56orhuqhldxfdcqnvoq05yxdokemgh0 969084 969082 2026-10-18T14:36:28Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348816344|Actor (UML)]]" 969084 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Usecase-Parent-Teacher-2_actors_5_usecases.svg|alt=Parent-Teacher and Child - 2 actors, 5 usecases|right|thumb|400x400px|UML yana amfani da zane-zane tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu (Mahaifiyar-Malami da Yara) da kuma shari'o'in amfani 5.]] Wani '''ɗan wasan kwaikwayo'''<ref name="OMG2">{{cite book|chapter=Actor|title=Unified Modeling Language 2.5.1|series=[[Object Management Group |OMG]] Document Number formal/2017-12-05|date=December 2017|publisher=[[Object Management Group]] Standards Development Organization (OMG SDO)|page=647|url=https://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.5.1/PDF}}</ref>a cikin Unified Modeling Language (UML) "ya bayyana rawar da mai amfani ko wani tsarin da ke hulɗa da batun ya taka. "Wani Actor yayi koyi da wani nau'in rawar da wani bangare ke takawa wanda ke hulɗa da batun (misali, ta hanyar musayar sigina da bayanai), amma wanda yake waje da batun. "<ref name="OMG UML V2.1.2">{{Cite web |title=OMG Unified Modeling Language (OMG UML), Superstructure, V2.1.2, pp. 586–588 |url=http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.1.2/Superstructure/PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923033721/http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.1.2/Superstructure/PDF |archive-date=2010-09-23 |access-date=November 7, 2010}}</ref> "Masu wasan kwaikwayo na iya wakiltar rawar da masu amfani da mutane, kayan aiki na waje, ko wasu batutuwa suka taka. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ba lallai ba ne su wakilci takamaiman bangarori na zahiri amma kawai wasu bangarori (watau, "aiki") na wasu bangarorin da suka dace da ƙayyadaddun shari'o'in amfani da su. Misali ɗaya na zahiri na iya taka rawar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban kuma ana iya buga wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa ta lokuta daban-daban. "<ref name="OMG UML V2.1.2" /> UML 2 ba ta ba da izinin ƙungiyoyi tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="OMG UML V2.1.2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Problems and Deficiencies of UML as a Requirements Specification, s.3.2. |url=http://www.ifi.uzh.ch/rerg/fileadmin/downloads/publications/papers/IWSSD-10.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017015344/http://www.ifi.uzh.ch/rerg/fileadmin/downloads/publications/papers/IWSSD-10.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2010 |access-date=November 7, 2010}}</ref> Amfani da dangantakar generalization / ƙwarewa tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo yana da amfani wajen tsara halayen halayen tsakanin' yan wasan kwaikwayo kuma baya keta wannan ƙuntatawa tunda dangantakar generalización ba wani nau'in haɗin kai ba ne.<ref name="UML Specification">{{Cite web |title=UML 2 Specification |url=http://www.omg.org/spec/ |access-date=July 4, 2012}}</ref> Yan wasan kwaikwayo suna hulɗa tare da shari'o'in amfani. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://advanceduml.wordpress.com/2008/09/22/release-management Hoton 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a UML] * Bayanan UML na yanzu: "Actor". Unified Modeling Language 2.5.1. OMG Takaddun lamba na al'ada/2017-12-05. Kungiyar Gudanar da Ka'idojin Kayan (OMG SDO). Disamba 2017. shafi na 647.  hgfvvmrzzod122gunyvsz6hcbqyicth 0 179532 969102 2026-10-18T15:58:37Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371542771|Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia]]" 969102 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cin zarafin siyasa na ilimin halayyar dan adam a Rasha''' (Russian: Карательная психиатрия в Российской Федерации, ) yana nuna rashin amfani da ganewar asali na ilimin halayen mutum, tsare-tsare da magani don manufar hana ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam na wasu kungiyoyi da mutane a cikin al'umma.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Voren|2010}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Helmchen|Sartorius|2010}}</ref> A wasu kalmomi, cin zarafin ilimin hauka ciki har da daya don dalilai na siyasa shine aikin da aka yi da gangan na samun takardar shaidar 'yan ƙasa, waɗanda, saboda yanayin hankalinsu, ba sa buƙatar hanawar hauka ko maganin hauka. Likitocin kwakwalwa sun shiga cikin cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam a jihohi a duk faɗin duniya lokacin da aka fadada ma'anar cututtukan kwakwalwa don haɗawa da rashin biyayya na siyasa.{{Sfn|Semple|Smyth|2013}}Kamar yadda masana suka daɗe suna jayayya, cibiyoyin gwamnati da na kiwon lafiya suna barazana ga hukuma a matsayin cututtukan kwakwalwa a lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa.{{Sfn|Metzl|2010}}A zamanin yau, a kasashe da yawa, wasu lokuta ana tsare fursunonin siyasa kuma ana cin zarafinsu a cibiyoyin kwakwalwa.{{Sfn|Noll|2007}}Ana ɗaukar tsarewar kwakwalwa na mutane masu hankali a matsayin wani nau'i mai banƙyama na zalunci.{{Sfn|Bonnie|2002}} A cikin lokacin daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1986, an ba da rahoton cin zarafin ilimin halayyar dan adam don dalilai na siyasa a wasu lokuta a kasashen Gabas kamar Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, da Yugoslavia. An bayar da rahoton cewa an tsara shi ne a Tarayyar Soviet.{{Sfn|Medicine betrayed|1992}} == Tarihi == Robert van Voren na Global Initiative on Psychiatry ya ce fitowar shari'o'in siyasa na cin zarafin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Rasha yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da lalacewar halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma gaskiyar cewa hukumomin da ke wurin suna jin ba su da damuwa fiye da yadda suka yi a baya, kuma suna hulɗa da abubuwan da ba a so a nasu ra'ayi. An mayar da yanayin rashin keta doka ga sarakunan Rasha, kuma mulkin doka ya zama ƙarƙashin makircin siyasa.<ref name="Voren" /> Duk abin da ke nuna gaskiyar cewa Rasha har yanzu tana da tsarin yin amfani da siyasa na ilimin hauka.<ref name="Voren" /> Dukansu siyasa da tattalin arziki suna da iko sosai kuma ba za su daina amfani da hanyoyin da ba bisa ka'ida ba, musamman a yanzu lokacin da siyasa ta shawo kan ikon tattalin arziki daga 'yan Rasha, kuma kasar, a zahiri, tana ƙarƙashin mulkin mutanen da suka zo kai tsaye daga KGB waɗanda ikon su kafa iko ba shi da iyaka.{{Sfn|Voren|2009}}A cewar Eduard Kuznetsov, "Fiye da kashi 50 cikin 100 na manyan mukamai na jihohi sun kasance ne daga tsoffin jami'an KGB. Haka kuma a wasu lokuta yakan faru a kasashe da yawa da Global Initiative on Psychiatry ke sa ido.{{Sfn|Voren|2009}}Ana ɗaukar ilimin halayyar dan adam a matsayin kayan aiki mai amfani don warware rikice-rikice, kuma mutum na iya siyan ganewar asali daga likitan halayyar mutum.{{Sfn|Voren|2009}}A mafi yawan ƙasashe, ilimin halayyar mutum ya canza kadan. Tsayayya mai ƙarfi ga gabatar da ayyukan zamani na ilimin halayyar mutum ba saboda bambance-bambance a makarantu ko ra'ayoyi ba ne, amma gaskiyar cewa sake fasalin tsarin zai nufin ƙarshen cin hanci da rashawa.{{Sfn|Voren|2009}}Masu aikata laifuka suna biyan kurkuku na shekaru da yawa ta hanyar bayyana kansu mahaukaci.{{Sfn|Voren|2009}}Maza masu arziki suna bayyana game da cututtukan kwakwalwa a cikin matansu don kawar da su kuma duk da haka su ci gaba da iko akan yaransu.{{Sfn|Voren|2009}}Yara sun bayyana iyayensu da kakanninsu bisa doka ba su iya sayar da gidajensu ba.{{Sfn|Voren|2009}}Har ma cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun gane marasa lafiya a matsayin mahaukaci don karɓar dukiyarsu.{{Sfn|Voren|2009}}A yau, 'Yan adawar Rasha ba za su iya tsammanin irin taimakon da Yamma suka bayar a zamanin Soviet ba.{{Sfn|Trehub|2013}}Goyon bayan masu adawa da Soviet wani bangare ne na manufofin adawa da Soviets, amma yanzu pragmatism da ka'idojin lissafi daidai.{{Sfn|Trehub|2013}} A cewar likitan kwakwalwa Sofia Dorinskaya, halin da ake ciki koyaushe yana tasowa iri ɗaya - ko dai da maraice ko da dare, ko da sassafe, lokacin da mutum ya yi barci, 'yan sanda sun karya kofa a cikin gidansa ko ɗakinsa, suka ɗaure shi kai tsaye ko ta ofishin' yan sanda zuwa asibitin mahaukaci, inda aka rufe kofar a bayan mutumin.{{Sfn|Agamirov|2007}}Lokacin da aka rufe kofa, kuma kuna zaune fuska da fuska tare da likitan kwakwalwa, to duk abin da likitan ya rubuta zai zama tabbacin hauka ga alƙali a kotu.{{Sfn|Agamirov|2007}}Ko da kawai ka zauna a kan kujera, ka ce komai, ko kuma ka yi magana da kyau, likitan kwakwalwa na iya rubuta cewa ka jefa kanka kan bango kuma ka yi ƙoƙarin cire idanunsa da sauransu.{{Sfn|Agamirov|2007}} Rashin amincewa da 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar kafa ayyukan da ba a yarda da su ba don samun tushe don jarrabawa wata dabara ce da jami'an da masu aiki na jama'a suka ji rauni.{{Sfn|Soloviyova|2008}}'Yan sanda sun kai "marasa lafiya" zuwa asibitin mahaukaci, kuma likita na iya tabbatar da cewa ba za a rage wurinsa ba, kuma, gabaɗaya, da yawa "marasa haƙuri", da ƙarin kuɗi.{{Sfn|Soloviyova|2008}}Ko da an rufe shari'ar aikata laifuka saboda cikakkiyar gazawarta, ba ta la'akari da kantin magani ba, mutumin duk "ba shi da lafiya".{{Sfn|Soloviyova|2008}}A cewar Dokta na Kimiyya na Shari'a Vladimir Ovchinsky, bambance-bambance na yanki a cikin rahotanni na ƙwararrun likitocin kwakwalwa suna da ban mamaki. Misali, a wasu yankuna na Rasha, kashi 8 ko 9 cikin dari na duk masu jarrabawa ana kiransu san; a wasu yankunan har zuwa kashi 75 cikin dari na dukkan masu jarrabawa suna kiransu san. A wasu yankuna kasa da kashi 2 cikin 100 na masu jarrabawa an bayyana su da schizophrenics; a wasu yankuna har zuwa kashi 80 cikin 100 na waɗanda aka jarrabawa an ayyana su da schizoophrenics.{{Sfn|Ovchinsky|2010}}A cewar Vitaly Portnikov, kashi 86 cikin 100 na Rashawa suna goyon bayan manufofin shugaban su, wanda ya sabunta ilimin halayyar mutum, kuma ya amince da bayyana mutanen da ke da lafiya marasa lafiya.{{Sfn|Portnikov|2014}} == Gwaje-gwaje masu yawa == Daga shekara ta 1994, an fara yin amfani da ayyukan ƙwararru, kuma mutane sun ga irin fasahar da ake yi wa Masu adawa da siyasa.{{Sfn|Savenko|2004a}}An yi amfani da irin wannan gimmicks ga masu adawa da addini har zuwa ƙarami.{{Sfn|Savenko|2004a}}A Cibiyar Serbsky, an kirkiro rukuni na musamman don "bincike game da mummunar tasirin kungiyoyin addini" a karkashin jagorancin farfesa Fyodor Kondratyev.{{Sfn|Savenko|2004a}}Kungiyar Kondratyev ta fara kula da gwaje-gwaje da yawa da aka fara a duk faɗin ƙasar.{{Sfn|Savenko|2004b}}Ya zo ga ayyukan shari'a kusan don maita.{{Sfn|Savenko|2004b}}''Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal'' ya rubuta tarihin gwaje-gwaje na addini da yawa, ya nuna cikakkiyar rashin tushe na zargin "babban lahani a kan lafiyar kwakwalwa", kuma ya samo asali daga asalin siyasa da akidarsu.{{Sfn|Savenko|2004a}}Kungiyar Likitocin Zuciya mai zaman kanta ta Rasha ta kama Fyodor Kondratyev, marubucin ka'idar pseudoscientific na sectomania, a cikin yaudara.{{Sfn|Savenko|2009a}}Sashen sa na musamman "don nazarin addinai masu lalacewa," wanda ke cikin Cibiyar Serbsky, ya yi aiki tare da Alexander Dvorkin.{{Sfn|Savenko|2009a}}An san shi da rashin haƙuri da tsattsauran ra'ayi, Dvorkin ba shi da wani abu da ya dace da kimiyya kuma yana da mabiya Nikolai Rerikh da al'ummomin addini na Yakov Krotov da [[Grigori Kochetkov]] a cikin "ƙungiyoyin mulkin kama karya". A cikin kalmomin Yuri Savenko, "lokacin da masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam (Dmitrieva, Sidorov) ko masanin ilimin ilimin halayya na Cibiyar Ilimin Halitta ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha ya dogara da ayyukan Dvorkin da Hassan, waɗanda ba na kimiyya ba ne, alama ce ta ƙasƙantar da hankali. "{{Sfn|Savenko|2009a}} A cikin shekara ta 2014, masana na Cibiyar Serbsky sun karɓi takardun kiwon lafiya game da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa na Alexander Dvorkin daga wani asibiti na psychoneurological, sun yi nazarin su kuma sun kammala cewa yana buƙatar likitan kwakwalwa ya kula da shi koyaushe kuma ya sha magungunan psychotropic. {{Sfn|Savenko|2004a}}{{Sfn|Kotova|2014}} Ƙin yarda da Cibiyar Serbsky game da cin zarafin ilimin halayyar dan adam don dalilai na siyasa a cikin shekarun 1960-1980 da kuma buɗewa na babban darektan wannan sanannen masanin kamfen Georgi Morozov shaida ce kai tsaye game da maido da ilimin halaywar 'yan sanda.{{Sfn|Savenko|2004a}} Akwai misalai na mummunar amfani da ilimin halayyar dan adam ta hukumomin yankin da ke tunatar da cin zarafin Soviet.[1]Yawancin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ciki har da Kungiyar Kula da Lafiya mai zaman kanta ta Rasha sun soki amfani da ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin "deprogramming" membobin "ƙungiyoyin mulkin kama karya".[1]A irin waɗannan lokuta, hukumomi suna amfani da dabarun ruhaniya da na tunanin mutum don "magana" da mutane waɗanda membobin sabbin kungiyoyin addini ne.[1] An tsare masana kimiyya guda shida don gwajin kwakwalwa.[1]A watan Janairun 2000 a St. Petersburg, babban likitan kwakwalwa Larisa Rubina ya caje shugaban Sentuar (rashin yankin na Ikilisiyar Kimiyya) Vladimir Tretyak da haifar da lalacewar tunanin mutum ga 'yan uwansa.[1]A ranar 17 ga Yuni, an tilasta wa mambobi shida na Sentuar - Lyudmila Urzhumtseva, Svetlana Pastuchenkova, Svetlana Kruglova, Irina Shamarina, Igor Zakrayev, da Mikhail Dvorkin - a asibiti kuma an yi musu bincike na makonni 3 a kan umarnin Boris Larionov, lauyan Gundumar Vyborgsky ta St. Petersburg.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] cvcdc3tfyjcoof28ax5hz7bbo1fezu3 969103 969102 2026-10-18T15:58:59Z Sardeeq 39275 969103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cin zarafin siyasa na ilimin halayyar dan adam a Rasha''' (Russian: Карательная психиатрия в Российской Федерации, ) yana nuna rashin amfani da ganewar asali na ilimin halayen mutum, tsare-tsare da magani don manufar hana ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam na wasu kungiyoyi da mutane a cikin al'umma.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Voren|2010}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Helmchen|Sartorius|2010}}</ref> A wasu kalmomi, cin zarafin ilimin hauka ciki har da daya don dalilai na siyasa shine aikin da aka yi da gangan na samun takardar shaidar 'yan ƙasa, waɗanda, saboda yanayin hankalinsu, ba sa buƙatar hanawar hauka ko maganin hauka. Likitocin kwakwalwa sun shiga cikin cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam a jihohi a duk faɗin duniya lokacin da aka fadada ma'anar cututtukan kwakwalwa don haɗawa da rashin biyayya na siyasa.{{Sfn|Semple|Smyth|2013}}Kamar yadda masana suka daɗe suna jayayya, cibiyoyin gwamnati da na kiwon lafiya suna barazana ga hukuma a matsayin cututtukan kwakwalwa a lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa.{{Sfn|Metzl|2010}}A zamanin yau, a kasashe da yawa, wasu lokuta ana tsare fursunonin siyasa kuma ana cin zarafinsu a cibiyoyin kwakwalwa.{{Sfn|Noll|2007}}Ana ɗaukar tsarewar kwakwalwa na mutane masu hankali a matsayin wani nau'i mai banƙyama na zalunci.{{Sfn|Bonnie|2002}} A cikin lokacin daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1986, an ba da rahoton cin zarafin ilimin halayyar dan adam don dalilai na siyasa a wasu lokuta a kasashen Gabas kamar Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, da Yugoslavia. An bayar da rahoton cewa an tsara shi ne a Tarayyar Soviet.{{Sfn|Medicine betrayed|1992}} == Tarihi == Robert van Voren na Global Initiative on Psychiatry ya ce fitowar shari'o'in siyasa na cin zarafin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Rasha yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da lalacewar halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma gaskiyar cewa hukumomin da ke wurin suna jin ba su da damuwa fiye da yadda suka yi a baya, kuma suna hulɗa da abubuwan da ba a so a nasu ra'ayi. An mayar da yanayin rashin keta doka ga sarakunan Rasha, kuma mulkin doka ya zama ƙarƙashin makircin siyasa.<ref name="Voren" /> Duk abin da ke nuna gaskiyar cewa Rasha har yanzu tana da tsarin yin amfani da siyasa na ilimin hauka.<ref name="Voren" /> Dukansu siyasa da tattalin arziki suna da iko sosai kuma ba za su daina amfani da hanyoyin da ba bisa ka'ida ba, musamman a yanzu lokacin da siyasa ta shawo kan ikon tattalin arziki daga 'yan Rasha, kuma kasar, a zahiri, tana ƙarƙashin mulkin mutanen da suka zo kai tsaye daga KGB waɗanda ikon su kafa iko ba shi da iyaka.{{Sfn|Voren|2009}}A cewar Eduard Kuznetsov, "Fiye da kashi 50 cikin 100 na manyan mukamai na jihohi sun kasance ne daga tsoffin jami'an KGB. Haka kuma a wasu lokuta yakan faru a kasashe da yawa da Global Initiative on Psychiatry ke sa ido.{{Sfn|Voren|2009}}Ana ɗaukar ilimin halayyar dan adam a matsayin kayan aiki mai amfani don warware rikice-rikice, kuma mutum na iya siyan ganewar asali daga likitan halayyar mutum.{{Sfn|Voren|2009}}A mafi yawan ƙasashe, ilimin halayyar mutum ya canza kadan. Tsayayya mai ƙarfi ga gabatar da ayyukan zamani na ilimin halayyar mutum ba saboda bambance-bambance a makarantu ko ra'ayoyi ba ne, amma gaskiyar cewa sake fasalin tsarin zai nufin ƙarshen cin hanci da rashawa.{{Sfn|Voren|2009}}Masu aikata laifuka suna biyan kurkuku na shekaru da yawa ta hanyar bayyana kansu mahaukaci.{{Sfn|Voren|2009}}Maza masu arziki suna bayyana game da cututtukan kwakwalwa a cikin matansu don kawar da su kuma duk da haka su ci gaba da iko akan yaransu.{{Sfn|Voren|2009}}Yara sun bayyana iyayensu da kakanninsu bisa doka ba su iya sayar da gidajensu ba.{{Sfn|Voren|2009}}Har ma cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun gane marasa lafiya a matsayin mahaukaci don karɓar dukiyarsu.{{Sfn|Voren|2009}}A yau, 'Yan adawar Rasha ba za su iya tsammanin irin taimakon da Yamma suka bayar a zamanin Soviet ba.{{Sfn|Trehub|2013}}Goyon bayan masu adawa da Soviet wani bangare ne na manufofin adawa da Soviets, amma yanzu pragmatism da ka'idojin lissafi daidai.{{Sfn|Trehub|2013}} A cewar likitan kwakwalwa Sofia Dorinskaya, halin da ake ciki koyaushe yana tasowa iri ɗaya - ko dai da maraice ko da dare, ko da sassafe, lokacin da mutum ya yi barci, 'yan sanda sun karya kofa a cikin gidansa ko ɗakinsa, suka ɗaure shi kai tsaye ko ta ofishin' yan sanda zuwa asibitin mahaukaci, inda aka rufe kofar a bayan mutumin.{{Sfn|Agamirov|2007}}Lokacin da aka rufe kofa, kuma kuna zaune fuska da fuska tare da likitan kwakwalwa, to duk abin da likitan ya rubuta zai zama tabbacin hauka ga alƙali a kotu.{{Sfn|Agamirov|2007}}Ko da kawai ka zauna a kan kujera, ka ce komai, ko kuma ka yi magana da kyau, likitan kwakwalwa na iya rubuta cewa ka jefa kanka kan bango kuma ka yi ƙoƙarin cire idanunsa da sauransu.{{Sfn|Agamirov|2007}} Rashin amincewa da 'yan ƙasa ta hanyar kafa ayyukan da ba a yarda da su ba don samun tushe don jarrabawa wata dabara ce da jami'an da masu aiki na jama'a suka ji rauni.{{Sfn|Soloviyova|2008}}'Yan sanda sun kai "marasa lafiya" zuwa asibitin mahaukaci, kuma likita na iya tabbatar da cewa ba za a rage wurinsa ba, kuma, gabaɗaya, da yawa "marasa haƙuri", da ƙarin kuɗi.{{Sfn|Soloviyova|2008}}Ko da an rufe shari'ar aikata laifuka saboda cikakkiyar gazawarta, ba ta la'akari da kantin magani ba, mutumin duk "ba shi da lafiya".{{Sfn|Soloviyova|2008}}A cewar Dokta na Kimiyya na Shari'a Vladimir Ovchinsky, bambance-bambance na yanki a cikin rahotanni na ƙwararrun likitocin kwakwalwa suna da ban mamaki. Misali, a wasu yankuna na Rasha, kashi 8 ko 9 cikin dari na duk masu jarrabawa ana kiransu san; a wasu yankunan har zuwa kashi 75 cikin dari na dukkan masu jarrabawa suna kiransu san. A wasu yankuna kasa da kashi 2 cikin 100 na masu jarrabawa an bayyana su da schizophrenics; a wasu yankuna har zuwa kashi 80 cikin 100 na waɗanda aka jarrabawa an ayyana su da schizoophrenics.{{Sfn|Ovchinsky|2010}}A cewar Vitaly Portnikov, kashi 86 cikin 100 na Rashawa suna goyon bayan manufofin shugaban su, wanda ya sabunta ilimin halayyar mutum, kuma ya amince da bayyana mutanen da ke da lafiya marasa lafiya.{{Sfn|Portnikov|2014}} == Gwaje-gwaje masu yawa == Daga shekara ta 1994, an fara yin amfani da ayyukan ƙwararru, kuma mutane sun ga irin fasahar da ake yi wa Masu adawa da siyasa.{{Sfn|Savenko|2004a}}An yi amfani da irin wannan gimmicks ga masu adawa da addini har zuwa ƙarami.{{Sfn|Savenko|2004a}}A Cibiyar Serbsky, an kirkiro rukuni na musamman don "bincike game da mummunar tasirin kungiyoyin addini" a karkashin jagorancin farfesa Fyodor Kondratyev.{{Sfn|Savenko|2004a}}Kungiyar Kondratyev ta fara kula da gwaje-gwaje da yawa da aka fara a duk faɗin ƙasar.{{Sfn|Savenko|2004b}}Ya zo ga ayyukan shari'a kusan don maita.{{Sfn|Savenko|2004b}}''Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal'' ya rubuta tarihin gwaje-gwaje na addini da yawa, ya nuna cikakkiyar rashin tushe na zargin "babban lahani a kan lafiyar kwakwalwa", kuma ya samo asali daga asalin siyasa da akidarsu.{{Sfn|Savenko|2004a}}Kungiyar Likitocin Zuciya mai zaman kanta ta Rasha ta kama Fyodor Kondratyev, marubucin ka'idar pseudoscientific na sectomania, a cikin yaudara.{{Sfn|Savenko|2009a}}Sashen sa na musamman "don nazarin addinai masu lalacewa," wanda ke cikin Cibiyar Serbsky, ya yi aiki tare da Alexander Dvorkin.{{Sfn|Savenko|2009a}}An san shi da rashin haƙuri da tsattsauran ra'ayi, Dvorkin ba shi da wani abu da ya dace da kimiyya kuma yana da mabiya Nikolai Rerikh da al'ummomin addini na Yakov Krotov da [[Grigori Kochetkov]] a cikin "ƙungiyoyin mulkin kama karya". A cikin kalmomin Yuri Savenko, "lokacin da masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam (Dmitrieva, Sidorov) ko masanin ilimin ilimin halayya na Cibiyar Ilimin Halitta ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rasha ya dogara da ayyukan Dvorkin da Hassan, waɗanda ba na kimiyya ba ne, alama ce ta ƙasƙantar da hankali. "{{Sfn|Savenko|2009a}} A cikin shekara ta 2014, masana na Cibiyar Serbsky sun karɓi takardun kiwon lafiya game da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa na Alexander Dvorkin daga wani asibiti na psychoneurological, sun yi nazarin su kuma sun kammala cewa yana buƙatar likitan kwakwalwa ya kula da shi koyaushe kuma ya sha magungunan psychotropic. {{Sfn|Savenko|2004a}}{{Sfn|Kotova|2014}} Ƙin yarda da Cibiyar Serbsky game da cin zarafin ilimin halayyar dan adam don dalilai na siyasa a cikin shekarun 1960-1980 da kuma buɗewa na babban darektan wannan sanannen masanin kamfen Georgi Morozov shaida ce kai tsaye game da maido da ilimin halaywar 'yan sanda.{{Sfn|Savenko|2004a}} Akwai misalai na mummunar amfani da ilimin halayyar dan adam ta hukumomin yankin da ke tunatar da cin zarafin Soviet.[1]Yawancin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ciki har da Kungiyar Kula da Lafiya mai zaman kanta ta Rasha sun soki amfani da ilimin halayyar dan adam a cikin "deprogramming" membobin "ƙungiyoyin mulkin kama karya".[1]A irin waɗannan lokuta, hukumomi suna amfani da dabarun ruhaniya da na tunanin mutum don "magana" da mutane waɗanda membobin sabbin kungiyoyin addini ne.[1] An tsare masana kimiyya guda shida don gwajin kwakwalwa.[1]A watan Janairun 2000 a St. Petersburg, babban likitan kwakwalwa Larisa Rubina ya caje shugaban Sentuar (rashin yankin na Ikilisiyar Kimiyya) Vladimir Tretyak da haifar da lalacewar tunanin mutum ga 'yan uwansa.[1]A ranar 17 ga Yuni, an tilasta wa mambobi shida na Sentuar - Lyudmila Urzhumtseva, Svetlana Pastuchenkova, Svetlana Kruglova, Irina Shamarina, Igor Zakrayev, da Mikhail Dvorkin - a asibiti kuma an yi musu bincike na makonni 3 a kan umarnin Boris Larionov, lauyan Gundumar Vyborgsky ta St. Petersburg.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] bf899qmx9yubw1wfnq5j3dihiv3p6zw 0 179533 969104 2026-10-18T15:59:57Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362947765|Classical college]]" 969104 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwalejoji na gargajiya''' ( '''{{Lang|fr|collèges classiques}}''' ) wani nau'in makaranta ne a [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] . Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a ƙarni na 17, har zuwa juyin juya halin shiru na shekarun 1960, kwalejin gargajiya tare da shekaru takwas na horo a fannin gargajiya ita ce hanya mafi mahimmanci ga manyan mutane a Quebec don samun jami'a da sauran sana'o'i. Karatunsu a kwalejojin gargajiya zai kai su ga ''[[:fr:Baccalauréat ès arts (Canada)|kammala karatun fasaha]]'' (wanda bai kamata a rikita shi da digirin farko da [[jami'a]] ke bayarwa ba). Wanda ya fara kafa kwalejin gargajiya a [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] shine [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/college-des-jesuites Kwalejin Jesuit ta Quebec] (Collège des Jésuites de Québec, Kwalejin St. Charles Garnier ta yau) wanda masu wa'azin Jesuit suka kafa a shekarar 1634 a New France a matsayin cibiyar koyarwa ta farko a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Magnuson |first=Roger |date=2006 |title=Collège classique |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/college-classique |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, kwalejin ta karɓi galibin 'ya'yan ma'aikatan gwamnati da jami'an ruwa waɗanda ke mulkin mallaka. A lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai, an tilasta masa rufewa a shekarar 1759. Daga baya, an damƙa ilimin 'yan kasuwa na Faransa 'yan Kanada ga Seminary of Quebec, wanda Bishop François de Laval ya kafa a shekarar 1663, da kuma wasu kwalejoji 39 na gargajiya waɗanda za su bayyana tsakanin 1635 da 1919. Tsakanin 1765 da 1840, an kafa kwalejoji 10. Sai tsakanin 1840 zuwa 1919, jami'a ɗaya ta bayyana duk bayan shekaru uku. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Galarneau |first=Claude |date=1979 |title=Les collèges classiques au Canada Français |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/cdd/1979-n42-cdd0625/1016238ar/ |journal=Les Cahiers des dix |language=fr |issue=42 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.7202/1016238ar |issn=0575-089X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Paparoma Clement na 14 ya danne Ƙungiyar Yesu a ko'ina cikin duniya a shekara ta 1773, kuma ba a sake gina ta ba sai a shekara ta 1814 ta hannun Paparoma Pius na 7 . Daular Jesuits ta koma Kanada a shekara ta 1842, amma an hana ta kwace filayenta. Sun sami Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal a [[Montréal|Montreal]] a 1848. A shekara ta 1849, sun sake komawa aikin koyarwa da nufin horar da malamai da kuma malamai a Karamar Makarantar Sakandare ta Quebec, wadda ta zama ɗaya daga cikin kwalejojin gargajiya na farko a Quebec. Wannan tsarin ya yi wahayi zuwa ga kafa kwalejojin gargajiya a lardin a ƙarni na 19. Tsarin ya kuma taimaka wajen kafa kwalejoji daban-daban a wasu wurare a [[Kanada]] : a Acadie da Manitoba ( Jami'ar Saint-Boniface da sauransu). Har zuwa shekarar 1964, Quebec ba ta da tsarin ilimin jama'a, maimakon haka tana da tsarin ilimi guda biyu, ɗaya cocin Katolika ne ke gudanar da shi, ɗayan kuma cocin Furotesta ne ke gudanar da shi. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, kwalejoji na gargajiya sun bunƙasa a [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] . Sun kasance a ko'ina cikin yankin lardin. Kowace yanki banda Gaspésie tana da kwalejinta. Biranen [[Kebek (birni)|Quebec]] da [[Montréal|Montreal]] suna da ɗaya da uku. Yankunan da suka fi yawan kwalejoji sun fito ne daga Saint-Thérèse-de-Blainville zuwa Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu (kwalejoji 13). <ref name=":0" /> Asalinsu makarantun maza ne, sun fara karɓar 'yan mata ne a shekarar 1908, lokacin da kwalejin gargajiya ta farko ta 'yan mata ta buɗe. Kwalejojin gargajiya sun ɓace a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 ta hanyar haɗaka da cibiyoyin sana'a don zama sabbin CEGEPs da aka ƙirƙira. == Tsarin gini == Kwalejojin gargajiya suna ba da matakin farko na shekaru huɗu na shirin ''sakandare'', da kuma mataki na biyu na shekaru huɗu na shirin ''kwaleji'', jimilla a cikin shekaru 8 na karatu. Bayan kammala waɗannan darussa, ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'i 3 na harshen Faransanci za a ba da kyautar [[:fr:Baccalauréat ès arts (Canada)|''digiri na farko a fannin fasaha'']] ga waɗanda suka kammala karatunsu na kwalejojin gargajiya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da waɗannan jami'o'in. Da zarar sun ci jarrabawar da Faculty of Arts na waɗannan jami'o'in suka yi, za a ba wa wanda ke da digirin BA izinin yin rajista a [[jami'a]] . <ref name=":1" /> An gada su daga tsarin [[Humanism|ɗan adam]] na al'adar Faransa ta ƙarni na 16, darussan da ake bayarwa a kwalejin gargajiya galibi sun dogara ne akan al'adun gargajiya da na Jesuit na farko. <ref name=":1" /> Shekaru takwas na darussa suna ɗauke da waɗannan sunaye: == Masu suka da ɓacewa == A farkon karni na 20, darussan gargajiya suna fuskantar ƙara suka game da rashin dacewa da buƙata da gaskiyar duniyar zamani. Tare da mayar da hankali sosai kan [[Renaissance]], manhajar ta mayar da hankali ne kan nazarin tauhidi, [[falsafa]], litattafan gargajiya, da [[Adabi|haruffa]], ba tare da wata masaniya ga [[lissafi]] da [[Ilmi|kimiyya]] ba. Koyarwa tana ƙarƙashin kulawar malaman [[Cocin katolika|cocin Roman Katolika]] . Duk kwalejojin gargajiya na sirri ne. Adadin waɗanda suka daina zuwa makaranta ya kai kashi 70 cikin ɗari. Halartar kwalejin gargajiya wani gata ne ga ƙalilan a lokacin. Matsayin ilimi ga mazauna Quebecois masu magana da Faransanci shine mafi ƙanƙanta a duk faɗin [[Kanada]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone Société- |date=29 August 2019 |title=Au Canada français, le modèle éducatif des collèges classiques est remis en question |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1171029/college-classique-education-quebec-histoire-archives |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=Radio-Canada.ca |language=fr-ca}}</ref> Bayan gyaran ilimi da Rahoton Iyaye ya fara, shekaru biyar na farko na kwalejin gargajiya sun zama shekaru biyar na makarantar sakandare a [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] . An soke darussa a cikin Girkanci na Gargajiya da Latin . An danne shekarar magana, kuma shekaru biyu na ƙarshe na falsafa ya zama shekaru biyu na shirye-shiryen kafin jami'a a cikin CEGEPs . == Manazarta == iqb5uco9h4pu7m7j7rsocj1ty4abf81 969105 969104 2026-10-18T16:00:21Z Arcdanumma047 38699 969105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejoji na gargajiya''' ( '''{{Lang|fr|collèges classiques}}''' ) wani nau'in makaranta ne a [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] . Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a ƙarni na 17, har zuwa juyin juya halin shiru na shekarun 1960, kwalejin gargajiya tare da shekaru takwas na horo a fannin gargajiya ita ce hanya mafi mahimmanci ga manyan mutane a Quebec don samun jami'a da sauran sana'o'i. Karatunsu a kwalejojin gargajiya zai kai su ga ''[[:fr:Baccalauréat ès arts (Canada)|kammala karatun fasaha]]'' (wanda bai kamata a rikita shi da digirin farko da [[jami'a]] ke bayarwa ba). Wanda ya fara kafa kwalejin gargajiya a [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] shine [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/article/college-des-jesuites Kwalejin Jesuit ta Quebec] (Collège des Jésuites de Québec, Kwalejin St. Charles Garnier ta yau) wanda masu wa'azin Jesuit suka kafa a shekarar 1634 a New France a matsayin cibiyar koyarwa ta farko a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Magnuson |first=Roger |date=2006 |title=Collège classique |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/college-classique |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, kwalejin ta karɓi galibin 'ya'yan ma'aikatan gwamnati da jami'an ruwa waɗanda ke mulkin mallaka. A lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai, an tilasta masa rufewa a shekarar 1759. Daga baya, an damƙa ilimin 'yan kasuwa na Faransa 'yan Kanada ga Seminary of Quebec, wanda Bishop François de Laval ya kafa a shekarar 1663, da kuma wasu kwalejoji 39 na gargajiya waɗanda za su bayyana tsakanin 1635 da 1919. Tsakanin 1765 da 1840, an kafa kwalejoji 10. Sai tsakanin 1840 zuwa 1919, jami'a ɗaya ta bayyana duk bayan shekaru uku. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Galarneau |first=Claude |date=1979 |title=Les collèges classiques au Canada Français |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/cdd/1979-n42-cdd0625/1016238ar/ |journal=Les Cahiers des dix |language=fr |issue=42 |pages=75–87 |doi=10.7202/1016238ar |issn=0575-089X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Paparoma Clement na 14 ya danne Ƙungiyar Yesu a ko'ina cikin duniya a shekara ta 1773, kuma ba a sake gina ta ba sai a shekara ta 1814 ta hannun Paparoma Pius na 7 . Daular Jesuits ta koma Kanada a shekara ta 1842, amma an hana ta kwace filayenta. Sun sami Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal a [[Montréal|Montreal]] a 1848. A shekara ta 1849, sun sake komawa aikin koyarwa da nufin horar da malamai da kuma malamai a Karamar Makarantar Sakandare ta Quebec, wadda ta zama ɗaya daga cikin kwalejojin gargajiya na farko a Quebec. Wannan tsarin ya yi wahayi zuwa ga kafa kwalejojin gargajiya a lardin a ƙarni na 19. Tsarin ya kuma taimaka wajen kafa kwalejoji daban-daban a wasu wurare a [[Kanada]] : a Acadie da Manitoba ( Jami'ar Saint-Boniface da sauransu). Har zuwa shekarar 1964, Quebec ba ta da tsarin ilimin jama'a, maimakon haka tana da tsarin ilimi guda biyu, ɗaya cocin Katolika ne ke gudanar da shi, ɗayan kuma cocin Furotesta ne ke gudanar da shi. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, kwalejoji na gargajiya sun bunƙasa a [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] . Sun kasance a ko'ina cikin yankin lardin. Kowace yanki banda Gaspésie tana da kwalejinta. Biranen [[Kebek (birni)|Quebec]] da [[Montréal|Montreal]] suna da ɗaya da uku. Yankunan da suka fi yawan kwalejoji sun fito ne daga Saint-Thérèse-de-Blainville zuwa Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu (kwalejoji 13). <ref name=":0" /> Asalinsu makarantun maza ne, sun fara karɓar 'yan mata ne a shekarar 1908, lokacin da kwalejin gargajiya ta farko ta 'yan mata ta buɗe. Kwalejojin gargajiya sun ɓace a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 ta hanyar haɗaka da cibiyoyin sana'a don zama sabbin CEGEPs da aka ƙirƙira. == Tsarin gini == Kwalejojin gargajiya suna ba da matakin farko na shekaru huɗu na shirin ''sakandare'', da kuma mataki na biyu na shekaru huɗu na shirin ''kwaleji'', jimilla a cikin shekaru 8 na karatu. Bayan kammala waɗannan darussa, ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'i 3 na harshen Faransanci za a ba da kyautar [[:fr:Baccalauréat ès arts (Canada)|''digiri na farko a fannin fasaha'']] ga waɗanda suka kammala karatunsu na kwalejojin gargajiya waɗanda ke da alaƙa da waɗannan jami'o'in. Da zarar sun ci jarrabawar da Faculty of Arts na waɗannan jami'o'in suka yi, za a ba wa wanda ke da digirin BA izinin yin rajista a [[jami'a]] . <ref name=":1" /> An gada su daga tsarin [[Humanism|ɗan adam]] na al'adar Faransa ta ƙarni na 16, darussan da ake bayarwa a kwalejin gargajiya galibi sun dogara ne akan al'adun gargajiya da na Jesuit na farko. <ref name=":1" /> Shekaru takwas na darussa suna ɗauke da waɗannan sunaye: == Masu suka da ɓacewa == A farkon karni na 20, darussan gargajiya suna fuskantar ƙara suka game da rashin dacewa da buƙata da gaskiyar duniyar zamani. Tare da mayar da hankali sosai kan [[Renaissance]], manhajar ta mayar da hankali ne kan nazarin tauhidi, [[falsafa]], litattafan gargajiya, da [[Adabi|haruffa]], ba tare da wata masaniya ga [[lissafi]] da [[Ilmi|kimiyya]] ba. Koyarwa tana ƙarƙashin kulawar malaman [[Cocin katolika|cocin Roman Katolika]] . Duk kwalejojin gargajiya na sirri ne. Adadin waɗanda suka daina zuwa makaranta ya kai kashi 70 cikin ɗari. Halartar kwalejin gargajiya wani gata ne ga ƙalilan a lokacin. Matsayin ilimi ga mazauna Quebecois masu magana da Faransanci shine mafi ƙanƙanta a duk faɗin [[Kanada]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca |first=Zone Société- |date=29 August 2019 |title=Au Canada français, le modèle éducatif des collèges classiques est remis en question |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1171029/college-classique-education-quebec-histoire-archives |access-date=2020-08-05 |website=Radio-Canada.ca |language=fr-ca}}</ref> Bayan gyaran ilimi da Rahoton Iyaye ya fara, shekaru biyar na farko na kwalejin gargajiya sun zama shekaru biyar na makarantar sakandare a [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]] . An soke darussa a cikin Girkanci na Gargajiya da Latin . An danne shekarar magana, kuma shekaru biyu na ƙarshe na falsafa ya zama shekaru biyu na shirye-shiryen kafin jami'a a cikin CEGEPs . == Manazarta == lcq5fmx71hyayd6epekbcc2wp0s8isx 0 179534 969106 2026-10-18T16:00:25Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301142514|Psychical school]]" 969106 wikitext text/x-wiki Makarantar ilimin halayyar dan adam ko [[makarantar tunani]] ce a cikin karni na sha takwas, goma sha tara da farkon karni na ashirin wanda ya yi la'akari da hauka da ya haifar da rikicewar hankali (kamar yadda ya saba da cutar jiki). Wakilan farko sun hada da likitan Ingilishi Andrew Harper (?-1790), da likitocin kwakwalwa na Jamus Johann Gottfried Langermann (1768-1832), Johann Heinroth (1773-1843) da [[Karl Wilhelm Ideler]] (1795-1860). Harper ya kammala cewa "ainihin hauka ... ba sau da yawa ya fito daga wani tushe sai dai ya fice daga hankali kadai".Langermann ya kira duk rashin lafiya na hankali rikicewar ruhu. Heinroth ya kirkiro "magungunan tauhidi", yana jayayya cewa duk rashin lafiya na hankali saboda gazawar ɗabi'a ne - rauni na niyya - kuma ya ki amincewa da ra'ayin cewa cututtukan jiki na iya taka kowane rawa. Ya tabbatar da cewa "Ba za a lalata rashin laifi zuwa hauka ba; ... amma rai da ke cike da zunubi" zai kasance ..."rashin hankali yana da asalinsa kawai a cikin cin zarafi da rashin amfani da 'yanci".[1]Ideler ya yi jayayya, a cewar Berthold-Bond, cewa duk rashin lafiya na hankali "wani abu ne na tunanin mutum, cuta ce ta rai. "[2][2] == Dubi kuma == * Makarantar Somatic wacce ke jayayya da dalilin cutar kwakwalwa ta jiki * Rashin bayyanar cututtukan jijiyoyi * Cutar kwakwalwa ta kwayoyin halitta, ba a gane ta wannan ka'idar ba == Manazarta == 1ymprm53k9lbdw7fjonpcaiprnp0otv 969108 969106 2026-10-18T16:01:51Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301142514|Psychical school]]" 969108 wikitext text/x-wiki Makarantar ilimin halayyar dan adam ko [[makarantar tunani]] ce a cikin karni na sha takwas, goma sha tara da farkon karni na ashirin wanda ya yi la'akari da hauka da ya haifar da rikicewar hankali (kamar yadda ya saba da cutar jiki). Wakilan farko sun hada da likitan Ingilishi Andrew Harper (?-1790), da likitocin kwakwalwa na Jamus Johann Gottfried Langermann (1768-1832), Johann Heinroth (1773-1843) da [[Karl Wilhelm Ideler]] (1795-1860).<ref>Gliserman Kopans, Dana (2006). The English Malady: Engendering Insanity in the Eighteenth Century. ISBN 9780549758846</ref> Harper ya kammala cewa "ainihin hauka ... ba sau da yawa ya fito daga wani tushe sai dai ya fice daga hankali kadai".Langermann ya kira duk rashin lafiya na hankali rikicewar ruhu. Heinroth ya kirkiro "magungunan tauhidi", yana jayayya cewa duk rashin lafiya na hankali saboda gazawar ɗabi'a ne - rauni na niyya - kuma ya ki amincewa da ra'ayin cewa cututtukan jiki na iya taka kowane rawa. Ya tabbatar da cewa "Ba za a lalata rashin laifi zuwa hauka ba; ... amma rai da ke cike da zunubi" zai kasance ..."rashin hankali yana da asalinsa kawai a cikin cin zarafi da rashin amfani da 'yanci".[1]Ideler ya yi jayayya, a cewar Berthold-Bond, cewa duk rashin lafiya na hankali "wani abu ne na tunanin mutum, cuta ce ta rai. "[2][2] == Dubi kuma == * Makarantar Somatic wacce ke jayayya da dalilin cutar kwakwalwa ta jiki * Rashin bayyanar cututtukan jijiyoyi * Cutar kwakwalwa ta kwayoyin halitta, ba a gane ta wannan ka'idar ba == Manazarta == b4c402wrdxove38vgs5uw15ms4c982n 969109 969108 2026-10-18T16:02:06Z Sardeeq 39275 969109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Makarantar ilimin halayyar dan adam ko [[makarantar tunani]] ce a cikin karni na sha takwas, goma sha tara da farkon karni na ashirin wanda ya yi la'akari da hauka da ya haifar da rikicewar hankali (kamar yadda ya saba da cutar jiki). Wakilan farko sun hada da likitan Ingilishi Andrew Harper (?-1790), da likitocin kwakwalwa na Jamus Johann Gottfried Langermann (1768-1832), Johann Heinroth (1773-1843) da [[Karl Wilhelm Ideler]] (1795-1860).<ref>Gliserman Kopans, Dana (2006). The English Malady: Engendering Insanity in the Eighteenth Century. ISBN 9780549758846</ref> Harper ya kammala cewa "ainihin hauka ... ba sau da yawa ya fito daga wani tushe sai dai ya fice daga hankali kadai".Langermann ya kira duk rashin lafiya na hankali rikicewar ruhu. Heinroth ya kirkiro "magungunan tauhidi", yana jayayya cewa duk rashin lafiya na hankali saboda gazawar ɗabi'a ne - rauni na niyya - kuma ya ki amincewa da ra'ayin cewa cututtukan jiki na iya taka kowane rawa. Ya tabbatar da cewa "Ba za a lalata rashin laifi zuwa hauka ba; ... amma rai da ke cike da zunubi" zai kasance ..."rashin hankali yana da asalinsa kawai a cikin cin zarafi da rashin amfani da 'yanci".[1]Ideler ya yi jayayya, a cewar Berthold-Bond, cewa duk rashin lafiya na hankali "wani abu ne na tunanin mutum, cuta ce ta rai. "[2][2] == Dubi kuma == * Makarantar Somatic wacce ke jayayya da dalilin cutar kwakwalwa ta jiki * Rashin bayyanar cututtukan jijiyoyi * Cutar kwakwalwa ta kwayoyin halitta, ba a gane ta wannan ka'idar ba == Manazarta == 79l02h9lvgdydt03m94n51g5x30e8wp 0 179535 969111 2026-10-18T16:03:45Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1294110889|Psychiatric reform in Italy]]" 969111 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Canjin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Italiya''' shine sake fasalin ilimin halayya wanda ya fara a Italiya bayan wucewar Dokar Basaglia a 1978 kuma ya ƙare tare da ƙarshen tsarin asibitin mahaukaci na jihar Italiya a 1998. <ref name="Burti">{{Cite journal |last=Burti L. |year=2001 |title=Italian psychiatric reform 20 plus years after |journal=[[Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica]] |volume=104 |issue=410 Supplementum |pages=41–46 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.1040s2041.x |pmid=11863050 |s2cid=40910917}}</ref> Daga cikin kasashen Turai, Italiya ita ce ta farko da ta bayyana a fili rashin amincewarta da tsarin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda ya haifar da warewar jama'a da rarrabewa. Har ila yau, sake fasalin ilimin halayyar dan adam ya kasance sakamakon muhawara ta jama'a da shari'ar Giorgio Coda da labarun da aka tattara kuma aka bincika a littafin [[Alberto Papuzzi]] Portami su quello che canta . == Manufofin == An yi gyare-gyaren ne don a hankali a rushe asibitocin kwakwalwa kuma yana buƙatar cikakken, hadin kai da kuma alhakin sabis na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na al'umma.<ref name="Tansella">{{Cite journal |last=Tansella M. |date=November 1986 |title=Community psychiatry without mental hospitals — the Italian experience: a review |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=79 |issue=11 |pages=664–669 |doi=10.1177/014107688607901117 |pmc=1290535 |pmid=3795212}}</ref>:{{Rp|665}} Manufar kula da al'umma ita ce ta juyar da al'adar da aka yarda da ita na ware marasa lafiya a cikin manyan cibiyoyin, don inganta haɗin kansu a cikin al'umma yana ba su yanayin da ke motsawa ga jama'a, yayin da yake guje wa sanya su cikin matsin lamba na zamantakewa.<ref name="Tansella" />{{Rp|664}} == Tsarin Trieste == Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960, likitan Italiya Giorgio Antonucci ya yi tambaya game da tushen kansa na ilimin hauka. Bayan ya yi aiki tare da Edelweiss Cotti a 1968 a Centro di Relazioni Umane a Cividale del Friuli - wani ɗakin da aka kirkira a matsayin madadin asibitin mahaukaci - daga 1973 zuwa 1996 Antonucci ya yi aiki a kan rushe asibitocin mahaukaci ''Osservanza'' da ''Luigi Lolli'' na Imola, da kuma 'yanci - da kuma mayar da rayuwa - na mutanen da ke keɓewa. A watan Agusta, 1971, Franco Basaglia ya zama darektan asibitin kula da kwakwalwa na lardin da ke Trieste.<ref name="Del Giudice">{{Cite web |last=Del Giudice G. |year=1998 |title=Psychiatric Reform in Italy |url=http://www.triestesalutementale.it/english/doc/delgiudice_1998_psychiatric-reform-italy.pdf |access-date=5 Oct 2010 |publisher=Trieste: Mental Health Department}}</ref> Tare da ƙungiyar matasa likitoci waɗanda ba su riga sun rinjayi ilimin halayyar gargajiya ba - da kuma masu ilimin halayya, masu sa kai da ɗalibai - Basaglia sun fara wani aiki mai zurfi don sukar da aka yi game da cibiyar mafaka.<ref name="Del Giudice" /> A wannan lokacin, akwai kimanin marasa lafiya 1,200 a asibitin San Giovanni, mafi yawansu suna ƙarƙashin magani na tilas.<ref name="Del Giudice" /> Daga 1971 zuwa 1974, an ba da shawarar kokarin Franco Basaglia da ƙungiyarsa don canza dokoki da ma'anar da ke jagorantar ma'aikatar, sanya matsayi cikin tambaya, canza dangantakar tsakanin marasa lafiya da masu aiki, ƙirƙirar sabbin dangantaka, dama da sarari, da kuma maido da 'yanci da haƙƙoƙi ga fursunoni.<ref name="Del Giudice" /> A cikin asibitin da aka canza, an maye gurbin kulawa da kulawa, watsi da ma'aikata ta hanyar cikakken ɗaukar alhakin mai haƙuri da yanayinsu, yayin da musantawar mutum ta hanyar manufar rashin lafiya-haɗari ya maye gurbin ta hanyar ba da muhimmancin da darajar ga tarihin rayuwar mutum.[1] Duk wani nau'i na hana jiki da maganin firgici an hana shi, an cire shingen da raga wanda ya rufe unguwanni, an buɗe ƙofofi da ƙofoci, asibiti na tilas ya zama na son rai kuma an soke na ƙarshe, don haka marasa lafiya sun sake samun 'yancin siyasa da na farar hula.[1] == Babban halaye == Michele Tansella ya ƙayyade manyan halaye na kwarewar Italiyanci: <ref name="Tansella" />:{{Rp|668}} == Manazarta == osxoow13glp2o5i3f9tg3d1l5z8xxi6 969113 969111 2026-10-18T16:04:47Z Sardeeq 39275 969113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Canjin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Italiya''' shine sake fasalin ilimin halayya wanda ya fara a Italiya bayan wucewar Dokar Basaglia a 1978 kuma ya ƙare tare da ƙarshen tsarin asibitin mahaukaci na jihar Italiya a 1998. <ref name="Burti">{{Cite journal |last=Burti L. |year=2001 |title=Italian psychiatric reform 20 plus years after |journal=[[Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica]] |volume=104 |issue=410 Supplementum |pages=41–46 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.1040s2041.x |pmid=11863050 |s2cid=40910917}}</ref> Daga cikin kasashen Turai, Italiya ita ce ta farko da ta bayyana a fili rashin amincewarta da tsarin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda ya haifar da warewar jama'a da rarrabewa. Har ila yau, sake fasalin ilimin halayyar dan adam ya kasance sakamakon muhawara ta jama'a da shari'ar Giorgio Coda da labarun da aka tattara kuma aka bincika a littafin [[Alberto Papuzzi]] Portami su quello che canta . == Manufofin == An yi gyare-gyaren ne don a hankali a rushe asibitocin kwakwalwa kuma yana buƙatar cikakken, hadin kai da kuma alhakin sabis na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa na al'umma.<ref name="Tansella">{{Cite journal |last=Tansella M. |date=November 1986 |title=Community psychiatry without mental hospitals — the Italian experience: a review |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |volume=79 |issue=11 |pages=664–669 |doi=10.1177/014107688607901117 |pmc=1290535 |pmid=3795212}}</ref>:{{Rp|665}} Manufar kula da al'umma ita ce ta juyar da al'adar da aka yarda da ita na ware marasa lafiya a cikin manyan cibiyoyin, don inganta haɗin kansu a cikin al'umma yana ba su yanayin da ke motsawa ga jama'a, yayin da yake guje wa sanya su cikin matsin lamba na zamantakewa.<ref name="Tansella" />{{Rp|664}} == Tsarin Trieste == Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960, likitan Italiya Giorgio Antonucci ya yi tambaya game da tushen kansa na ilimin hauka. Bayan ya yi aiki tare da Edelweiss Cotti a 1968 a Centro di Relazioni Umane a Cividale del Friuli - wani ɗakin da aka kirkira a matsayin madadin asibitin mahaukaci - daga 1973 zuwa 1996 Antonucci ya yi aiki a kan rushe asibitocin mahaukaci ''Osservanza'' da ''Luigi Lolli'' na Imola, da kuma 'yanci - da kuma mayar da rayuwa - na mutanen da ke keɓewa. A watan Agusta, 1971, Franco Basaglia ya zama darektan asibitin kula da kwakwalwa na lardin da ke Trieste.<ref name="Del Giudice">{{Cite web |last=Del Giudice G. |year=1998 |title=Psychiatric Reform in Italy |url=http://www.triestesalutementale.it/english/doc/delgiudice_1998_psychiatric-reform-italy.pdf |access-date=5 Oct 2010 |publisher=Trieste: Mental Health Department}}</ref> Tare da ƙungiyar matasa likitoci waɗanda ba su riga sun rinjayi ilimin halayyar gargajiya ba - da kuma masu ilimin halayya, masu sa kai da ɗalibai - Basaglia sun fara wani aiki mai zurfi don sukar da aka yi game da cibiyar mafaka.<ref name="Del Giudice" /> A wannan lokacin, akwai kimanin marasa lafiya 1,200 a asibitin San Giovanni, mafi yawansu suna ƙarƙashin magani na tilas.<ref name="Del Giudice" /> Daga 1971 zuwa 1974, an ba da shawarar kokarin Franco Basaglia da ƙungiyarsa don canza dokoki da ma'anar da ke jagorantar ma'aikatar, sanya matsayi cikin tambaya, canza dangantakar tsakanin marasa lafiya da masu aiki, ƙirƙirar sabbin dangantaka, dama da sarari, da kuma maido da 'yanci da haƙƙoƙi ga fursunoni.<ref name="Del Giudice" /> A cikin asibitin da aka canza, an maye gurbin kulawa da kulawa, watsi da ma'aikata ta hanyar cikakken ɗaukar alhakin mai haƙuri da yanayinsu, yayin da musantawar mutum ta hanyar manufar rashin lafiya-haɗari ya maye gurbin ta hanyar ba da muhimmancin da darajar ga tarihin rayuwar mutum.[1] Duk wani nau'i na hana jiki da maganin firgici an hana shi, an cire shingen da raga wanda ya rufe unguwanni, an buɗe ƙofofi da ƙofoci, asibiti na tilas ya zama na son rai kuma an soke na ƙarshe, don haka marasa lafiya sun sake samun 'yancin siyasa da na farar hula.[1] == Babban halaye == Michele Tansella ya ƙayyade manyan halaye na kwarewar Italiyanci: <ref name="Tansella" />:{{Rp|668}} == Manazarta == imtvh0acl0os0v7lwxcjfi59hhj1yca 0 179536 969112 2026-10-18T16:04:27Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293696643|Hālau]]" 969112 wikitext text/x-wiki Kalmar '''hālau''' kalma ce [[Harshen Hawaiian|ta Hausa]] wadda ke nufin makaranta, makarantar gaba da sakandare, ko ƙungiya. A zahiri, kalmar tana nufin " reshe wanda ganye da yawa ke tsirowa daga gare shi." A yau halau yakan kwatanta makarantar hulba ( hālau hula ). Malamin da ke wurin hālau shine kumu hula, inda kumu ke nufin tushen ilimi, ko kuma kawai malami. Sau da yawa za ku ga cewa akwai matsayi a makarantun hula - farawa da kumu (malami), alaka'i (shugaba), kokua (mataimaka), sannan 'olapa (masu rawa) ko haumana (ɗalibai). An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don dogayen gidaje a buɗe, waɗanda galibi ake ginawa a bakin teku, inda aka yi umarnin. An sake gina wani misali a wurin shakatawa na tarihi na ƙasa na Kaloko-Honokōhau . [[Karin magana|Maganar]] Hausawa gama gari ita ce " ʻ ʻ ohe pau ka ʻ ike i ka hālau ho`okahi,” ma’ana, “Dukkan ilimi ba ya cikin makaranta guda kawai”. == Manazarta == rzxch5apqlkbnaxnn8k3shb5cgwp56r 969114 969112 2026-10-18T16:04:56Z Arcdanumma047 38699 969114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kalmar '''hālau''' kalma ce [[Harshen Hawaiian|ta Hausa]] wadda ke nufin makaranta, makarantar gaba da sakandare, ko ƙungiya. A zahiri, kalmar tana nufin " reshe wanda ganye da yawa ke tsirowa daga gare shi." A yau halau yakan kwatanta makarantar hulba ( hālau hula ). Malamin da ke wurin hālau shine kumu hula, inda kumu ke nufin tushen ilimi, ko kuma kawai malami. Sau da yawa za ku ga cewa akwai matsayi a makarantun hula - farawa da kumu (malami), alaka'i (shugaba), kokua (mataimaka), sannan 'olapa (masu rawa) ko haumana (ɗalibai). An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don dogayen gidaje a buɗe, waɗanda galibi ake ginawa a bakin teku, inda aka yi umarnin. An sake gina wani misali a wurin shakatawa na tarihi na ƙasa na Kaloko-Honokōhau . [[Karin magana|Maganar]] Hausawa gama gari ita ce " ʻ ʻ ohe pau ka ʻ ike i ka hālau ho`okahi,” ma’ana, “Dukkan ilimi ba ya cikin makaranta guda kawai”. == Manazarta == nngukcw2kgryuqpo6bp3pelj8xak5bx 0 179537 969116 2026-10-18T16:05:59Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339596623|Florentino Galang Sr. National High School]]" 969116 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Florentino Galang Sr. National High School''' wata cibiyar koyar da ilimin sakandare ce ta jama'a a garin Kabankalan a lardin Negros Occidental, a cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]] . Makarantar a halin yanzu tana ba da manhajoji daban-daban: Shirin Musamman a Fasahar Kimiyya, Injiniyanci da Lissafi (STEM) don Ajin Kimiyya na Musamman, Manhajar Ilimi ta Asali don Ajin Kullum, Shirin Musamman na Fasaha, da Ajin Musamman a Al'adu. == Tarihi == Florentino Galang Sr. National High School (FGSNHS) is located a Barangay Oringao, Kabankalan City, Negros Occidental. Yana da kimanin {{Cvt|14|km}} nesa da birnin. An kafa ta a watan Yunin 1989 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin makarantun faɗaɗa na Makarantar Sakandare ta Ƙasa ta Binicuil (BNHS) ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mrs. Maria B. Flores, shugabar makarantar. Makarantar ta fara ne a garejin Don Florentino Galang, wanda Brgy ya samar. Kyaftin Rolando Pedrogosa. Ba wai kawai hakan ya faru ba, sai dai saboda sha'awar da jami'an yankin da iyayensu ke da ita a Brgy. Oringao. An fara da ɗalibai 151 tare da malamai huɗu masu aikin sa kai, wato Mrs. Cossette M. Balayo, Mrs. Lanie P. Figueroa, Mrs. Nancy T. Tadlas da Mrs. Aida D. Yanson a matsayin Jami'in Gudanarwa. A shekarar 1991, mai Hda. Galang, Don Florentino Galang Sr. ya bayar da gudummawa mai yawa inda aka gina azuzuwan ta hanyar ƙoƙarin Brgy. Majalisar dokoki tare da taimakon Magajin Gari Isidro P. Zayco da kuma ɗan majalisa Genaro Alvarez. Aikin mutanen da suka yi aiki tukuru ya sami sakamako mai gamsarwa a farkon fara karatun makarantar a shekarar 1993. A ranar 5 ga Maris, 1995, jami'an PTA na makarantar tare da Brgy. Jami'ai sun zartar da wani kuduri da ke neman Hon. Genaro Alvarez ya dauki nauyin kudirin raba BNHS-Oringao Extension daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Binicuil ta Kasa - Main. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1997, RA 8310 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic Act No. 8310 &#124; GOVPH |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1997/06/14/republic-act-no-8310/}}</ref> ta amince da raba makarantar da babbar makarantar kuma aka fi sani da Florentino Galang Sr. High School na Ƙasa. Mista Mario O. Diagmel ya karɓi ragamar makarantar a matsayin Malamin Makaranta bayan nasarar rabuwar. Bayan shekaru biyu, an maye gurbinsa da Mista Theodore P. Covacha a matsayin Shugabar makaranta ta farko sannan sai Mrs. Norma J. Salditos, sannan Mista Theodore P. Covacha ya sake zama Shugabar makaranta har sai da ya yi ritaya. Bayan ya yi ritaya, a lokacin, Mr. Jolly G. Gariando Jr. ne ke jagorantar makarantar, tare da malamai ashirin (29) na yau da kullun/na dindindin, ma'aikatan ilimi biyu tare da ɗalibai ɗari bakwai da goma sha tara (719) da suka yi rajista a babbar makarantar kawai tare da azuzuwa goma sha takwas (18). == Tsawaita Harabar Makarantu == Saboda kwararar ɗalibai don samar da ilimi ga Brgys da ke makwabtaka da su. , an shirya makarantun faɗaɗa. Shekarar Makaranta 2008–2009, Brgy. Camingawan da Brgy. Orong ne ke jagorantar jami'in gudanarwa na su, wato Mrs. Jonalyn A. Dela Cerna da Mrs. Donna T. Banaglorioso. A shekarar makaranta ta 2010–11, an shirya wani karin lokaci a Hinapunan karkashin jagorancin Denrose Entierro. Ci gaba da ci gaba yana ci gaba yayin da ci gaba ke ta yaɗuwa a harabar wannan cibiyar. Kasancewar makarantar sakandare ta manyan makarantu a shekarar 2016–2017, ɗalibai ɗari uku da goma (310) a aji 11 suna ƙarƙashin guraben karatu biyu tare da guraben karatu 8 waɗanda ke da malamai goma sha uku (13). A halin yanzu, makarantar ta miƙa hannunta zuwa wani wuri inda ake da ɗalibai 28 na aji 7 da suka yi rajista. Tsarin fadada ginin a Sitio Colambo wanda Mista Joel Pacheo (malami 1 da malamin karatu 1) ke jagoranta; A wannan shekarar babbar makarantar tana da ɗalibai takwas da saba'in da biyu (872) da malamai talatin da biyu (32); Cibiyar Camingawan Extension tana da ɗalibai ɗari shida da goma (610) da malamai 14; Cibiyar Orong Extension tana da ɗalibai ɗari huɗu da goma sha shida (416) da malamai 9, jimillarsu 1,926 ne ga Makarantar Sakandare ta Ƙarami. Yayin da aji na 11 ke da ɗalibai ɗari uku da saba'in da takwas (378) kuma aji na 12 yana da ɗalibai ɗari biyu da hamsin da uku (253) tare da jimillar malamai ɗari shida da talatin da ɗaya (631) da ashirin da uku (23). Gabaɗaya, Florentino Galang yana da ɗalibai 2,636 da malamai 87 a shekarar makaranta ta 2017–2018. == Manazarta == 0tgj7mfpdnxfrh0neehrfsq8ezul976 969120 969116 2026-10-18T16:08:20Z Arcdanumma047 38699 969120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Florentino Galang Sr. National High School''' wata cibiyar koyar da ilimin sakandare ce ta jama'a a garin Kabankalan a lardin Negros Occidental, a cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]] . Makarantar a halin yanzu tana ba da manhajoji daban-daban: Shirin Musamman a Fasahar Kimiyya, Injiniyanci da Lissafi (STEM) don Ajin Kimiyya na Musamman, Manhajar Ilimi ta Asali don Ajin Kullum, Shirin Musamman na Fasaha, da Ajin Musamman a Al'adu. == Tarihi == Florentino Galang Sr. National High School (FGSNHS) is located a Barangay Oringao, Kabankalan City, Negros Occidental. Yana da kimanin {{Cvt|14|km}} nesa da birnin. An kafa ta a watan Yunin 1989 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin makarantun faɗaɗa na Makarantar Sakandare ta Ƙasa ta Binicuil (BNHS) ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mrs. Maria B. Flores, shugabar makarantar. Makarantar ta fara ne a garejin Don Florentino Galang, wanda Brgy ya samar. Kyaftin Rolando Pedrogosa. Ba wai kawai hakan ya faru ba, sai dai saboda sha'awar da jami'an yankin da iyayensu ke da ita a Brgy. Oringao. An fara da ɗalibai 151 tare da malamai huɗu masu aikin sa kai, wato Mrs. Cossette M. Balayo, Mrs. Lanie P. Figueroa, Mrs. Nancy T. Tadlas da Mrs. Aida D. Yanson a matsayin Jami'in Gudanarwa. A shekarar 1991, mai Hda. Galang, Don Florentino Galang Sr. ya bayar da gudummawa mai yawa inda aka gina azuzuwan ta hanyar ƙoƙarin Brgy. Majalisar dokoki tare da taimakon Magajin Gari Isidro P. Zayco da kuma ɗan majalisa Genaro Alvarez. Aikin mutanen da suka yi aiki tukuru ya sami sakamako mai gamsarwa a farkon fara karatun makarantar a shekarar 1993. A ranar 5 ga Maris, 1995, jami'an PTA na makarantar tare da Brgy. Jami'ai sun zartar da wani kuduri da ke neman Hon. Genaro Alvarez ya dauki nauyin kudirin raba BNHS-Oringao Extension daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Binicuil ta Kasa - Main. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1997, RA 8310 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic Act No. 8310 &#124; GOVPH |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1997/06/14/republic-act-no-8310/}}</ref> ta amince da raba makarantar da babbar makarantar kuma aka fi sani da Florentino Galang Sr. High School na Ƙasa. Mista Mario O. Diagmel ya karɓi ragamar makarantar a matsayin Malamin Makaranta bayan nasarar rabuwar. Bayan shekaru biyu, an maye gurbinsa da Mista Theodore P. Covacha a matsayin Shugabar makaranta ta farko sannan sai Mrs. Norma J. Salditos, sannan Mista Theodore P. Covacha ya sake zama Shugabar makaranta har sai da ya yi ritaya. Bayan ya yi ritaya, a lokacin, Mr. Jolly G. Gariando Jr. ne ke jagorantar makarantar, tare da malamai ashirin (29) na yau da kullun/na dindindin, ma'aikatan ilimi biyu tare da ɗalibai ɗari bakwai da goma sha tara (719) da suka yi rajista a babbar makarantar kawai tare da azuzuwa goma sha takwas (18). == Tsawaita Harabar Makarantu == Saboda kwararar ɗalibai don samar da ilimi ga Brgys da ke makwabtaka da su. , an shirya makarantun faɗaɗa. Shekarar Makaranta 2008–2009, Brgy. Camingawan da Brgy. Orong ne ke jagorantar jami'in gudanarwa na su, wato Mrs. Jonalyn A. Dela Cerna da Mrs. Donna T. Banaglorioso. A shekarar makaranta ta 2010–11, an shirya wani karin lokaci a Hinapunan karkashin jagorancin Denrose Entierro. Ci gaba da ci gaba yana ci gaba yayin da ci gaba ke ta yaɗuwa a harabar wannan cibiyar. Kasancewar makarantar sakandare ta manyan makarantu a shekarar 2016–2017, ɗalibai ɗari uku da goma (310) a aji 11 suna ƙarƙashin guraben karatu biyu tare da guraben karatu 8 waɗanda ke da malamai goma sha uku (13). A halin yanzu, makarantar ta miƙa hannunta zuwa wani wuri inda ake da ɗalibai 28 na aji 7 da suka yi rajista. Tsarin fadada ginin a Sitio Colambo wanda Mista Joel Pacheo (malami 1 da malamin karatu 1) ke jagoranta; A wannan shekarar babbar makarantar tana da ɗalibai takwas da saba'in da biyu (872) da malamai talatin da biyu (32); Cibiyar Camingawan Extension tana da ɗalibai ɗari shida da goma (610) da malamai 14; Cibiyar Orong Extension tana da ɗalibai ɗari huɗu da goma sha shida (416) da malamai 9, jimillarsu 1,926 ne ga Makarantar Sakandare ta Ƙarami. Yayin da aji na 11 ke da ɗalibai ɗari uku da saba'in da takwas (378) kuma aji na 12 yana da ɗalibai ɗari biyu da hamsin da uku (253) tare da jimillar malamai ɗari shida da talatin da ɗaya (631) da ashirin da uku (23). Gabaɗaya, Florentino Galang yana da ɗalibai 2,636 da malamai 87 a shekarar makaranta ta 2017–2018. == Manazarta == rs5zm9r3eghz8ximgdbrgxd0frlksgz 0 179538 969119 2026-10-18T16:08:15Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351655969|Psychiatric hospitals in Switzerland]]" 969119 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asibitocin mahaukaci a Switzerland''' sun ƙunshi cibiyar sadarwa ta cibiyoyin jama'a da masu zaman kansu da aka keɓe don kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, daga sassan mahaukaci masu tsanani zuwa wuraren zama na dogon lokaci. Tsarin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa na Switzerland yana aiki a karkashin tsarin kulawar tarayya da aiwatarwa na cantonal, tare da gagarumin ci gaba a cikin haƙƙin haƙuri da hanyoyin magani da ke faruwa a cikin ƙarni na 20 da 21. == Tsarin yanzu da tsarin shari'a == Tsarin asibitin asibiti na zamani na Switzerland yana aiki a karkashin Dokar Jama'a ta Tarayya da dokar kiwon lafiya ta cantonal. Cibiyoyin kula da kwakwalwa sun haɗa da asibitocin asibiti na gaba ɗaya, asibitoci na musamman, da wuraren kula da zama ga mutanen da ke fama da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa. === Hanyoyin sanyawa === Dokar Switzerland ta samar da asibiti ta asibiti ta hanyar Placement for Assistance Purposes (PAP) (Jamusanci: ; Faransanci: Placement à des fins d'assistance, PAFA; Italiyanci: Ricovero a scopo di ር) a karkashin Mataki na 426 na Dokar Jama'a. Irin waɗannan sanyawa na iya ba da umarni daga likitoci masu izini ko Hukumomin Tsaro na Yara da Matasa (Jamusanci: Kindes- und Erwachsenenschutzbehörde, KESB; Faransanci: autorité de protection de l'enfant et de l'adulte, APEA; Italiyanci: ) lokacin da mutanen da ke da ke da cututtukan hankali, ko mummunan watsi ba za su iya samun kulawa ta hanyar wasu hanyoyi ba.<ref name="humanrights20252">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2025 |title=Les placements forcés en hôpital psychiatrique du point de vue des droits fondamentaux |url=https://www.humanrights.ch/fr/nouvelles/placements-forces-hopital-psychiatrique-point-de-vue-droits-fondamentaux |access-date=11 August 2025 |website=humanrights.ch |publisher=Association Romande Pro Mente Sana}}</ref> PAP tana wakiltar iyakancewar 'yancin mutum wanda aka tabbatar a karkashin Mataki na 10 na Kundin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|Tsarin Mulki]] na Switzerland, yayin da mutane da aka sanya suka rasa haƙƙinsu na zaɓar zama, lokutan cin abinci da abun ciki, kuma ana iya ƙuntata su cikin motsi ko kuma a ƙarƙashin maganin likita ba tare da amincewa ba. Saboda wannan mummunar tasiri a kan 'yancin mutum, ana iya aiwatar da PAP ne kawai a matsayin mafita ta ƙarshe (rashin karshe) lokacin da babu wasu matakan da ba su da iyaka da za su iya cimma manufar kariya.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> Tsarin shari'a ya bambanta tsakanin shigar da son rai da sanyawa ba tare da son rai ba. Matsayi na likita (Mataki 429-430 CC) na iya ɗaukar makonni shida kafin ya buƙaci tabbatarwa ta KESB, yayin da ma'aikatar ke da ikon fitar da marasa lafiya a wannan lokacin. Likitocin da ke ba da umarnin PAP na likita dole ne su bincika mai haƙuri, su gudanar da sauraro, kuma su ba da rubuce-rubuce ga mai haƙuri kuma, idan ya yiwu, ga dangi na kusa. Hukumomin Kare Manya ƙungiyoyi ne masu haɗuwa waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙwararrun lauyoyi da ƙwararru kamar masu ilimin halayyar dan adam, likitocin kwakwalwa, da ma'aikatan zamantakewa. Ga marasa lafiya da aka yarda da su da son rai waɗanda ke ci gaba da cututtukan kwakwalwa, manyan likitoci na iya riƙe su har zuwa kwanaki uku idan sun haifar da haɗari ga kansu ko wasu, bayan haka dole ne a fara hanyoyin PAP na yau da kullun sai dai idan mai haƙuri zai iya barin da son rai.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> === Hakkin mai haƙuri da kariya === Marasa lafiya na Swiss suna da takamaiman hakkoki ciki har da sanya mutum mai aminci don taimakawa yayin zaman su, shiga cikin shirin magani, da kuma samun damar yin amfani da shari'a. Dole ne a kafa shirye-shiryen magani a rubuce tare da shigar da mai haƙuri, kodayake aiwatar da waɗannan buƙatun ya bambanta a tsakanin cibiyoyin.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> Marasa lafiya suna da damar sanya amintaccen mutum da suka zaɓa a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 432 CC don taimakawa yayin zaman su, ziyartar su, shiga cikin ci gaban shirin magani, aiwatar da hanyoyin, da samar da kariya ta shari'a. Koyaya, cibiyoyin galibi suna kasa sanar da marasa lafiya game da wannan haƙƙin, kuma marasa lafiya da yawa ba su da dangantaka ta kusa saboda warewar jama'a daga rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> Magani a lokacin PAP dole ne ya bi wani tsari da aka rubuta wanda aka kafa tare da mai haƙuri da amintaccen mutum bisa ga Mataki na 433 CC. Shari'ar Kotun Tarayyar Switzerland ta bayyana cewa magani ba tare da yardar ba yana faruwa ne kawai a ƙarƙashin tilasta jiki ba har ma lokacin da marasa lafiya suka yarda saboda barazanar tilasta gudanarwa ko bayan tilasta magani na baya. Magani a karkashin barazanar warewa kuma ya zama magani ba tare da amincewa ba.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> Ana ba da izinin magani ba tare da amincewa ba ne kawai ga marasa lafiya da ba su da ikon fahimtar bukatar magani, kuma kawai za a iya ba da magani da aka ƙayyade a cikin shirin magani na hadin gwiwa ba tare da yardar ba. Dokokin gaba ba su da ɗaurewa yayin magani ba tare da amincewa ba amma dole ne a yi la'akari da su don girmama ikon cin gashin kai na haƙuri kamar yadda zai yiwu.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> Matakan hanawa da ke iyakance motsi ga marasa lafiya da ba su da iko an ba da izini a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 438 CC, gami da keɓe ɗaki, sa ido na lantarki, ko hanawa ta jiki. Koyaya, ba za a iya la'akari da maganin ta hanyar magani a matsayin ma'auni na hanawa ba kuma dole ne a bi da shi azaman maganin likita wanda ke buƙatar haɗa shi cikin shirin magani.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> === Daukaka kara da kuma sa ido === Marasa lafiya da wakilan su suna da zaɓuɓɓuka masu yawa na shari'a game da yanke shawara na PAP da matakan magani. Za a iya kiran yanke shawara na PAP na likita zuwa KESB a cikin kwanaki 10 daga mai haƙuri, dangi na kusa, ko amintattun mutane. Idan an ki amincewa da roko, za a iya amfani da shi ba tare da buƙatar rubuce-rubuce ba, tare da hukumomin shari'a da ake buƙata su saurari mai haƙuri da kansu kuma su yanke shawara a cikin kwanaki 5 na aiki.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> Za a iya yin roko game da sanyawa da aka ba da umarnin KESB a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 450 CC ta marasa lafiya, dangi, ko amintattun mutane. Marasa lafiya suna da 'yancin sauraron kansu da wakilcin shari'a ta mutanen da ke da ƙwarewa a cikin taimako da batutuwan shari'a, kodayake doka ba ta buƙatar ƙwararrun lauyoyi.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> Kalubale suna tasowa yayin ƙoƙarin yin hamayya da kammala PAP ko matakan magani, yayin da kotuna ke buƙatar nuna sha'awar shari'a ta yanzu. Marasa lafiya da ke son kalubalanci sanyawa ko jiyya da suka gabata dole ne su bi kotunan farar hula ta hanyar da'awar lalacewa ko ayyukan laifi, tare da lokacin shekaru uku na magani daga sanin lalacewa.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5rz9iqb97ptoqvs0ygnmw36acim75wl 969121 969119 2026-10-18T16:08:41Z Sardeeq 39275 969121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitocin mahaukaci a Switzerland''' sun ƙunshi cibiyar sadarwa ta cibiyoyin jama'a da masu zaman kansu da aka keɓe don kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, daga sassan mahaukaci masu tsanani zuwa wuraren zama na dogon lokaci. Tsarin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa na Switzerland yana aiki a karkashin tsarin kulawar tarayya da aiwatarwa na cantonal, tare da gagarumin ci gaba a cikin haƙƙin haƙuri da hanyoyin magani da ke faruwa a cikin ƙarni na 20 da 21. == Tsarin yanzu da tsarin shari'a == Tsarin asibitin asibiti na zamani na Switzerland yana aiki a karkashin Dokar Jama'a ta Tarayya da dokar kiwon lafiya ta cantonal. Cibiyoyin kula da kwakwalwa sun haɗa da asibitocin asibiti na gaba ɗaya, asibitoci na musamman, da wuraren kula da zama ga mutanen da ke fama da yanayin lafiyar kwakwalwa. === Hanyoyin sanyawa === Dokar Switzerland ta samar da asibiti ta asibiti ta hanyar Placement for Assistance Purposes (PAP) (Jamusanci: ; Faransanci: Placement à des fins d'assistance, PAFA; Italiyanci: Ricovero a scopo di ር) a karkashin Mataki na 426 na Dokar Jama'a. Irin waɗannan sanyawa na iya ba da umarni daga likitoci masu izini ko Hukumomin Tsaro na Yara da Matasa (Jamusanci: Kindes- und Erwachsenenschutzbehörde, KESB; Faransanci: autorité de protection de l'enfant et de l'adulte, APEA; Italiyanci: ) lokacin da mutanen da ke da ke da cututtukan hankali, ko mummunan watsi ba za su iya samun kulawa ta hanyar wasu hanyoyi ba.<ref name="humanrights20252">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2025 |title=Les placements forcés en hôpital psychiatrique du point de vue des droits fondamentaux |url=https://www.humanrights.ch/fr/nouvelles/placements-forces-hopital-psychiatrique-point-de-vue-droits-fondamentaux |access-date=11 August 2025 |website=humanrights.ch |publisher=Association Romande Pro Mente Sana}}</ref> PAP tana wakiltar iyakancewar 'yancin mutum wanda aka tabbatar a karkashin Mataki na 10 na Kundin [[Kundin Tsarin Mulki|Tsarin Mulki]] na Switzerland, yayin da mutane da aka sanya suka rasa haƙƙinsu na zaɓar zama, lokutan cin abinci da abun ciki, kuma ana iya ƙuntata su cikin motsi ko kuma a ƙarƙashin maganin likita ba tare da amincewa ba. Saboda wannan mummunar tasiri a kan 'yancin mutum, ana iya aiwatar da PAP ne kawai a matsayin mafita ta ƙarshe (rashin karshe) lokacin da babu wasu matakan da ba su da iyaka da za su iya cimma manufar kariya.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> Tsarin shari'a ya bambanta tsakanin shigar da son rai da sanyawa ba tare da son rai ba. Matsayi na likita (Mataki 429-430 CC) na iya ɗaukar makonni shida kafin ya buƙaci tabbatarwa ta KESB, yayin da ma'aikatar ke da ikon fitar da marasa lafiya a wannan lokacin. Likitocin da ke ba da umarnin PAP na likita dole ne su bincika mai haƙuri, su gudanar da sauraro, kuma su ba da rubuce-rubuce ga mai haƙuri kuma, idan ya yiwu, ga dangi na kusa. Hukumomin Kare Manya ƙungiyoyi ne masu haɗuwa waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙwararrun lauyoyi da ƙwararru kamar masu ilimin halayyar dan adam, likitocin kwakwalwa, da ma'aikatan zamantakewa. Ga marasa lafiya da aka yarda da su da son rai waɗanda ke ci gaba da cututtukan kwakwalwa, manyan likitoci na iya riƙe su har zuwa kwanaki uku idan sun haifar da haɗari ga kansu ko wasu, bayan haka dole ne a fara hanyoyin PAP na yau da kullun sai dai idan mai haƙuri zai iya barin da son rai.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> === Hakkin mai haƙuri da kariya === Marasa lafiya na Swiss suna da takamaiman hakkoki ciki har da sanya mutum mai aminci don taimakawa yayin zaman su, shiga cikin shirin magani, da kuma samun damar yin amfani da shari'a. Dole ne a kafa shirye-shiryen magani a rubuce tare da shigar da mai haƙuri, kodayake aiwatar da waɗannan buƙatun ya bambanta a tsakanin cibiyoyin.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> Marasa lafiya suna da damar sanya amintaccen mutum da suka zaɓa a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 432 CC don taimakawa yayin zaman su, ziyartar su, shiga cikin ci gaban shirin magani, aiwatar da hanyoyin, da samar da kariya ta shari'a. Koyaya, cibiyoyin galibi suna kasa sanar da marasa lafiya game da wannan haƙƙin, kuma marasa lafiya da yawa ba su da dangantaka ta kusa saboda warewar jama'a daga rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> Magani a lokacin PAP dole ne ya bi wani tsari da aka rubuta wanda aka kafa tare da mai haƙuri da amintaccen mutum bisa ga Mataki na 433 CC. Shari'ar Kotun Tarayyar Switzerland ta bayyana cewa magani ba tare da yardar ba yana faruwa ne kawai a ƙarƙashin tilasta jiki ba har ma lokacin da marasa lafiya suka yarda saboda barazanar tilasta gudanarwa ko bayan tilasta magani na baya. Magani a karkashin barazanar warewa kuma ya zama magani ba tare da amincewa ba.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> Ana ba da izinin magani ba tare da amincewa ba ne kawai ga marasa lafiya da ba su da ikon fahimtar bukatar magani, kuma kawai za a iya ba da magani da aka ƙayyade a cikin shirin magani na hadin gwiwa ba tare da yardar ba. Dokokin gaba ba su da ɗaurewa yayin magani ba tare da amincewa ba amma dole ne a yi la'akari da su don girmama ikon cin gashin kai na haƙuri kamar yadda zai yiwu.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> Matakan hanawa da ke iyakance motsi ga marasa lafiya da ba su da iko an ba da izini a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 438 CC, gami da keɓe ɗaki, sa ido na lantarki, ko hanawa ta jiki. Koyaya, ba za a iya la'akari da maganin ta hanyar magani a matsayin ma'auni na hanawa ba kuma dole ne a bi da shi azaman maganin likita wanda ke buƙatar haɗa shi cikin shirin magani.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> === Daukaka kara da kuma sa ido === Marasa lafiya da wakilan su suna da zaɓuɓɓuka masu yawa na shari'a game da yanke shawara na PAP da matakan magani. Za a iya kiran yanke shawara na PAP na likita zuwa KESB a cikin kwanaki 10 daga mai haƙuri, dangi na kusa, ko amintattun mutane. Idan an ki amincewa da roko, za a iya amfani da shi ba tare da buƙatar rubuce-rubuce ba, tare da hukumomin shari'a da ake buƙata su saurari mai haƙuri da kansu kuma su yanke shawara a cikin kwanaki 5 na aiki.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> Za a iya yin roko game da sanyawa da aka ba da umarnin KESB a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 450 CC ta marasa lafiya, dangi, ko amintattun mutane. Marasa lafiya suna da 'yancin sauraron kansu da wakilcin shari'a ta mutanen da ke da ƙwarewa a cikin taimako da batutuwan shari'a, kodayake doka ba ta buƙatar ƙwararrun lauyoyi.<ref name="humanrights20252" /> Kalubale suna tasowa yayin ƙoƙarin yin hamayya da kammala PAP ko matakan magani, yayin da kotuna ke buƙatar nuna sha'awar shari'a ta yanzu. Marasa lafiya da ke son kalubalanci sanyawa ko jiyya da suka gabata dole ne su bi kotunan farar hula ta hanyar da'awar lalacewa ko ayyukan laifi, tare da lokacin shekaru uku na magani daga sanin lalacewa.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0zszweljdbxw4xelqv9njpz23meko9x 0 179539 969125 2026-10-18T16:11:18Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372183868|Psychedelic therapy]]" 969125 wikitext text/x-wiki Magungunan psychedelic (ko maganin da aka taimaka wa psychedelic) yana nufin amfani da magungunan psychodelic a cikin ayyukan maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name="reiff-et-al-2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reiff CM, Richman EE, Nemeroff CB, Carpenter LL, Widge AS, Rodriguez CI, Kalin NH, McDonald WM |date=May 2020 |title=Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=177 |issue=5 |pages=391–410 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035 |pmid=32098487 |s2cid=211524704}}</ref><ref name="marks-and-cohen-2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marks M, Cohen IG |date=October 2021 |title=Psychedelic therapy: a roadmap for wider acceptance and utilization |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=1669–1671 |doi=10.1038/s41591-021-01530-3 |pmid=34608331 |s2cid=238355863 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magungunan da aka gabatar don magance cututtukan kwakwalwa da inganta lafiyar jiki sun hada da mescaline (peyote), LSD, psilocybin da psilocin (mushrooms), ayahuasca, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, Ibogaine da MDMA.[bayanin kula 1] Ya zuwa 2021, magungunan psychedelic sune abubuwan sarrafawa a mafi yawan ƙasashe kuma maganin psychedelic ba a samuwa a waje da Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti, tare da wasu banbanci.<ref name="marks-and-cohen-2021" /><ref name="pilecki-et-al-2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pilecki B, Luoma JB, Bathje GJ, Rhea J, Narloch VF |date=April 2021 |title=Ethical and legal issues in psychedelic harm reduction and integration therapy |journal=Harm Reduction Journal |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1 |pmc=8028769 |pmid=33827588 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hanyar maganin psychodelic ta bambanta da na maganin da ke amfani da magunguna psychiatric na al'ada. Duk da yake ana shan magunguna na al'ada ba tare da kulawa ba aƙalla sau ɗaya a kowace rana, a cikin maganin psychedelic na zamani ana ba da magani a cikin zaman ɗaya (ko wani lokacin har zuwa zaman uku) a cikin yanayin warkewa.<ref name="nutt-et-al-2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nutt D, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris R |date=April 2020 |title=Psychedelic Psychiatry's Brave New World |journal=Cell |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=24–28 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.020 |pmid=32243793 |s2cid=214753833 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kungiyar warkarwa tana shirya mai haƙuri don kwarewar a gaba kuma tana taimaka musu su haɗa fahimta daga kwarewar magani daga baya.<ref name="johnson-et-al-2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Johnson M, Richards W, Griffiths R |date=August 2008 |title=Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=603–620 |doi=10.1177/0269881108093587 |pmc=3056407 |pmid=18593734}}</ref><ref name="garcia-romeu-richards-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Garcia-Romeu A, Richards WA |date=August 2018 |title=Current perspectives on psychedelic therapy: use of serotonergic hallucinogens in clinical interventions |journal=International Review of Psychiatry |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=291–316 |doi=10.1080/09540261.2018.1486289 |pmid=30422079 |s2cid=53291327}}</ref> Bayan shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, mai haƙuri yawanci yana sanya ido kuma yana sauraron kiɗa don sauƙaƙe mayar da hankali ga Kwarewar psychedelic, tare da ƙungiyar warkarwa ta katse kawai don samar da tabbaci idan mummunan sakamako kamar damuwa ko rikicewa ya taso.<ref name="johnson-et-al-2008" /><ref name="garcia-romeu-richards-2018" /> Ya zuwa 2022, jikin shaidar inganci akan maganin psychedelic ya kasance karami kuma mafi girma, ana buƙatar manyan karatu don nuna inganci da aminci na nau'ikan maganin psychedecal da aikace-aikace daban-daban.<ref name="bender-hellerstein-2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bender D, Hellerstein DJ |date=January 2022 |title=Assessing the risk-benefit profile of classical psychedelics: a clinical review of second-wave psychedelic research |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=239 |issue=6 |pages=1907–1932 |doi=10.1007/s00213-021-06049-6 |pmid=35022823 |s2cid=245906937}}</ref><ref name="smith-et-al-2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith KW, Sicignano DJ, Hernandez AV, White CM |date=April 2022 |title=MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis |journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=463–471 |doi=10.1002/jcph.1995 |pmid=34708874 |s2cid=240072663}}</ref><ref name="reiff-et-al-2020" /> Dangane da sakamako mai kyau na farko, bincike mai gudana yana nazarin hanyoyin da aka gabatar don yanayin da ya haɗa da [[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban matsalar]] baƙin ciki, <ref name="bender-hellerstein-2022" /> <ref name="smith-et-al-2022" /> [[Anxiety|damuwa]] da baƙin ciki da ke da alaƙa da rashin lafiya mai tsanani, da kuma rikicewar damuwa bayan rauni.<ref name="romeo-et-al-2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Romeo B, Karila L, Martelli C, Benyamina A |date=October 2020 |title=Efficacy of psychedelic treatments on depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=1079–1085 |doi=10.1177/0269881120919957 |pmid=32448048 |s2cid=218873949}}</ref><ref name="schimmel-et-al-2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schimmel N, Breeksema JJ, Smith-Apeldoorn SY, Veraart J, van den Brink W, Schoevers RA |date=January 2022 |title=Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness: a systematic review |url=https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/psychedelics-for-the-treatment-of-depression-anxiety-and-existent |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=239 |issue=1 |pages=15–33 |doi=10.1007/s00213-021-06027-y |pmid=34812901 |s2cid=244490236}}</ref><ref name="hoskins-et-al-2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hoskins MD, Sinnerton R, Nakamura A, Underwood JF, Slater A, Lewis C, Roberts NP, Bisson JI, Lee M, Clarke L |date=January 2021 |title=Pharmacological-assisted Psychotherapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=European Journal of Psychotraumatology |volume=12 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/20008198.2020.1853379 |pmc=7874936 |pmid=33680344}}</ref> Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka ta ba da matsayin "magani mai ban sha'awa", wanda ke hanzarta amincewa da magungunan magunguna masu alƙawari, [labani 2] ga magungunan psychedelic ta amfani da psilocybin (don maganin da ke tsayayya da damuwa da babbar matsalar damuwa) <ref name="marks-and-cohen-2021" /> da MDMA (don rikicewar damuwa ta bayan rauni).<ref name="vermetten-yehuda-2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vermetten E, Yehuda R |date=January 2020 |title=MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: A promising novel approach to treatment |journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=231–232 |doi=10.1038/s41386-019-0482-9 |pmc=6879520 |pmid=31455855}}</ref> Abubuwan psychedelic suna da dogon tarihin amfani a cikin ruhaniya da warkewa, daga tsoffin ayyukan shamanic zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20 na Binciken asibiti. Bayan yaduwar gwaji tare da LSD, psilocybin, da sauran magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, takaddamar doka - gami da Dokar Kula da Abubuwa ta Amurka ta 1970 - ya dakatar da binciken kimiyya, kodayake maganin karkashin kasa ya ci gaba. Sha'awar ta sake tashi a farkon shekarun 2000 tare da ci gaba a cikin kimiyyar kwakwalwa da hotuna, wanda ya haifar da sabunta gwaje-gwaje na asibiti. Bincike yana fuskantar iyakokin hanya, damuwa game da ɗabi'a, da batutuwan samun dama ta daidaito. Bugu da ƙari, Kasuwanci, takardar shaidar, da saka hannun jari na Kasuwanci sun tayar da muhawara game da ɗabi'a, cinikin al'adu, da yiwuwar rikice-rikice na sha'awa. Duk da wadannan kalubalen, sha'awar jama'a da shirye-shiryen warkewa na tsari - gami da horar da mai ba da shawara na psilocybin a [[Oregon]] - suna nuna karuwar hadewar masu kula da hankali cikin maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ayyukan lafiya. == Tarihi == === Amfani da abubuwan da ke tattare da tunanin mutum === Mutane sun daɗe suna cinye abubuwa masu banƙyama waɗanda aka samo daga cacti, tsaba, bark, da tushen tsire-tsire da ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guerra-Doce E |date=2 January 2015 |title=Psychoactive Substances in Prehistoric Times: Examining the Archaeological Evidence |journal=Time and Mind |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=91–112 |doi=10.1080/1751696X.2014.993244 |s2cid=161528331}}</ref> Tun zamanin d ̄ a, shamans da likitoci sun yi amfani da magunguna a matsayin hanyar samun damar shiga duniyar ruhu. Kodayake al'adu yammaci galibi suna kallon aikin shamans da mazajen magani a matsayin mafi yawan ruhaniya a cikin yanayi, ana iya karanta abubuwa na aikin psychotherapeutic a cikin [[Al'ada|al'adu]] entheogenic ko shaman na al'adu da yawa. === Tsarin mulki da haramta a ƙarshen karni na 20 === A cikin shekarun 1960s, damuwa da aka tayar game da yaduwar amfani da magungunan psychedelic ba tare da izini ba ta jama'a (kuma, mafi mahimmanci, counterculture) ya haifar da sanya ƙuntatawa mai tsanani akan binciken likita da na kwakwalwa da aka gudanar tare da abubuwan psychedelic.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bonson KR |date=February 2018 |title=Regulation of human research with LSD in the United States (1949-1987) |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=235 |issue=2 |pages=591–604 |doi=10.1007/s00213-017-4777-4 |pmid=29147729 |s2cid=3368639}}</ref> Kasashe da yawa ko dai sun haramta LSD kai tsaye ko kuma sun sanya shi da ƙarancin gaske, kuma, saboda damuwa da gwamnati, Sandoz ya dakatar da samar da LSD a shekarar 1965. A lokacin sauraron majalisa a shekarar 1966, Sanata Robert F. Kennedy ya yi tambaya game da canjin ra'ayi, yana mai cewa, "Wataƙila har zuwa wani matakin mun rasa gaskiyar cewa (LSD) na iya zama mai taimako sosai a cikin al'ummarmu idan an yi amfani da shi yadda ya kamata".A shekara ta 1968, Dahlberg da abokan aikinsa sun buga wata kasida a cikin American Journal of Psychiatry da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da dakarun da suka samu nasarar lalata binciken LSD.<ref name="Dahlberg_1968">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dahlberg CC, Mechaneck R, Feldstein S |date=November 1968 |title=LSD research: the impact of lay publicity |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=125 |issue=5 |pages=685–689 |doi=10.1176/ajp.125.5.685 |pmid=5683460}}</ref> Rubutun ya yi jayayya cewa mutane a cikin gwamnati da masana'antar magunguna sun lalata al'ummar binciken psychedelic ta hanyar soke karatun da ke gudana yayin da suke lakafta masana kimiyya na gaskiya a matsayin masu yaudara.<ref name="Dahlberg_1968" /> Nazarin kan aikace-aikacen magani na magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa ya ƙare gaba ɗaya a Amurka lokacin da aka zartar da Dokar Kula da Magunguna a cikin 1970. LSD da sauran magungunan kwakwalwa da yawa an sanya su cikin mafi ƙuntataccen rukunin "Schedule I" ta Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Amurka. An yi iƙirarin cewa mahadi na Schedule I suna da "babban damar cin zarafi da yiwuwar haifar da mummunan dogaro da hankali da / ko jiki" kuma "babu amfani da magani a halin yanzu", <ref>{{Cite web |title=Drug Scheduling |url=https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/drug-scheduling |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=dea.gov}}</ref> yadda ya kamata ya sa su ba bisa ka'ida ba don amfani a Amurka don kowane dalili. Duk da rashin amincewa daga al'ummar kimiyya, an dakatar da bincike mai izini game da aikace-aikacen warkewa na magungunan psychedelic a duk duniya a cikin shekarun 1980. Duk da haramtacciyar haramtacciya, bincike na psychedelic da zaman warkewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ya ci gaba duk da haka a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Wasu masu warkarwa sun yi amfani da windows na damar da ke gaban tsarawa na wasu magungunan psychedelic. An gudanar da maganin psychedelic na al'ada a ɓoye a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar karkashin kasa wanda ya ƙunshi zaman da aka gudanar ta hanyar masu ba da lasisi da [[Koyar da kai|masu koyar da kansu]] a cikin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Passie T |date=2018-04-11 |title=The early use of MDMA ('Ecstasy') in psychotherapy (1977–1985) |journal=[[Drug Science, Policy and Law]] |volume=4 |page=205032451876744 |doi=10.1177/2050324518767442 |issn=2050-3245 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda yanayin da ba bisa ka'ida ba na maganin psychedelic a wannan lokacin, akwai karancin bayanai game da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su. Mutanen da suka buga bayanai tsakanin 1980 da 2000 game da maganin ƙwaƙwalwa sun haɗa da George Greer, Ann da Alexander Shulgin (''PiHKAL'' da ''TiHKAL''), Myron Stolaroff (The Secret Chief, game da maganin karkashin kasa da Leo Zeff ya yi), da Athanasios Kafkalides. === Maimaitawa a farkon karni na 21 === [[File:Johns_Hopkins_psilocybin_session_room-SessionRm_2176x.jpg|thumb|283x283px|Taron Psilocybin a Johns Hopkins]] A farkon shekarun 2000, sabuntawa na sha'awa game da amfani da magungunan kwakwalwa ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwar binciken asibiti wanda ke da alaƙa da tasirin magungunan tunanin waɗannan magungunan da aikace-aikacen su na gaba. Ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha ya ba masu bincike damar tattara da fassara bayanai masu yawa daga nazarin dabbobi, kuma zuwan sabbin fasahohi kamar PET da MRI scanning ya ba da damar bincika wuraren aikin hallucinogens a cikin kwakwalwa. Bugu da ƙari, an gudanar da nazarin da ya shafi masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a matsayin batutuwa na son rai, yana ba da damar tattara bayanai game da yadda magungunan ƙwaƙwalwar mutum ke shafar kwakwalwar mutum yayin da a lokaci guda ke kauce wa matsalolin bureaucratic da ke da alaƙa da samar da abubuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba ga batutuwa.<ref name="MAPS" /> Sabon karni ya kuma kawo canji mai zurfi a halin siyasa game da maganin psychedelic - musamman a cikin Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna. [[Curtis Wright IV|Curtis Wright]], a lokacin mataimakin darektan sashen FDA na Anesthetic, Critical Care and Addiction Drugs ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa wannan canjin: "an kalubalanci hukumar bisa doka a lokuta da yawa kuma ta fuskanci tsarin introspection, tana tambaya 'Shin ya dace a bi da wannan nau'in miyagun ƙwayoyi daban?'"<ref name="MAPS" /> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, yarjejeniyar duniya da ke lissafa LSD da psilocybin a matsayin abubuwan da ake sarrafawa na "Schedule I" ya ci gaba da hana fahimtar waɗannan magunguna. Yawancin sabuntawar binciken asibiti an gudanar da su tare da psilocybin da MDMA a Amurka tare da izini na musamman da ƙididdigar maganin ci gaba ta [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]], yayin da wasu binciken suka bincika hanyoyin da tasirin ayahuasca da LSD.<ref name="Tupper-2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tupper KW, Wood E, Yensen R, Johnson MW |date=October 2015 |title=Psychedelic medicine: a re-emerging therapeutic paradigm |journal=CMAJ |volume=187 |issue=14 |pages=1054–1059 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.141124 |pmc=4592297 |pmid=26350908}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Amoroso T |date=2015 |title=The Psychopharmacology of ±3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and its Role in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=337–344 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2015.1094156 |pmid=26579955 |s2cid=37980113}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-25 |title=FDA Calls Psychedelic Psilocybin a 'Breakthrough Therapy' for Severe Depression |url=https://www.livescience.com/psilocybin-depression-breakthrough-therapy.html |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}</ref> Ana gudanar da bincike kan maganin ƙwaƙwalwa mai taimakawa MDMA ta hanyar Resilience Therapeutics, wanda aka fi sani da Lykos Therapeuics da MAPS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-28 |title=Pα+ Psychedelic Bulletin #207: Lykos Rebrands to Resilient; Pharma Pushes Back on Norway's Ketamine Reimbursement Decision; AbbVie-Gilgamesh Deal Viewed as Validation |url=https://psychedelicalpha.com/news/p%ce%b1-psychedelic-bulletin-207-lykos-rebrands-to-resilient-pharma-pushes-back-on-norways-ketamine-reimbursement-decision-abbvie-gilgamesh-deal-viewed-as-validation |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Psychedelic Alpha |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, an ƙaddamar da sabbin cibiyoyin bincike na psychedelics da yawa, gami da Cibiyar Binciken Psychedelic a Kwalejin Imperial ta London, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre for Psychedelic Research |url=http://www.imperial.ac.uk/a-z-research/psychedelic-research-centre/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Imperial College London |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-26 |title=Centre for Psychedelic Research |url=https://psychedelicreview.com/organization/psychedelic-research-group-imperial-college-london/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Psychedelic Science Review |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar UC Berkeley don Kimiyya ta Psychedelic, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-14 |title=UC Berkeley launches new center for psychedelic science and education |url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2020/09/14/uc-berkeley-launches-new-center-for-psychedelic-science-and-education/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Berkeley News |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar Bisharar Psychedelic da Consciousness a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Center for Psychedelic & Consciousness Research |url=https://hopkinspsychedelic.org/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Center for Psychedelic & Consciousness Research |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar Bishiyar Transdisclipinary don Bincike a Magunguna ta Psychoactive a Jami'a-Madison, [4] Cibiya ta Macececece-Macececeleta a Jami'antar Maye ta Maye ta Mount Texas a Cibiyar Nazarin Sin, [4] Ciwon Lafiya ta Jihar Sin<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-16 |title=Johns Hopkins Scientists Give Psychedelics the Serious Treatment |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/johns-hopkins-scientists-give-psychedelics-the-serious-treatment/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transdisciplinary Center for Research in Psychoactive Substances |url=https://research.pharmacy.wisc.edu/tcrps/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Transdisciplinary Center for Research in Psychoactive Substances |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-16 |title=Center to Study Psychedelics for Treatment of Depression, Anxiety |url=https://dellmed.utexas.edu/news/dell-med-launches-center-to-study-psychedelics-for-treatment-of-depression-anxiety-ptsd |access-date=2022-01-15 |website=Dell Medical School |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Sinai Health System Launches Center for Psychedelic Research |url=https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2021/mount-sinai-health-system-launches-center-for-psychedelic-research |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Mount Sinai Health System |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-29 |title=$40m psychedelic medicine institute launches in Melbourne |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/40m-psychedelic-medicine-institute-launches-in-melbourne-20210728-p58dlo.html |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=VIU launches collaborative psychedelic research centre |url=https://news.viu.ca/viu-launches-collaborative-psychedelic-research-centre |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=news.viu.ca |publisher=Vancouver Island University |language=en}}</ref> Harvard za ta kirkiro Nazarin Psychedelics a cikin Al'umma da Al'adu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-16 |title=Harvard launches new Study of Psychedelics in Society and Culture |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/newsplus/harvard-launches-new-study-of-psychedelics-in-society-and-culture/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka buga a 2023 <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barnett BS, Arakelian M, Beebe D, Ontko J, Riegal C, Siu WO, Weleff J, Pope HG |date=March 2024 |title=American Psychiatrists' Opinions About Classic Hallucinogens and Their Potential Therapeutic Applications: A 7-Year Follow-Up Survey |journal=Psychedelic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1089/psymed.2023.0036 |pmc=11658671 |pmid=40051760}}</ref> ya sami goyon baya mai karfi ga maganin psychodlic tsakanin likitocin kwakwalwa a Amurka, yana nuna gagarumin canji mai kyau a cikin halayen game da wannan hanyar magani idan aka kwatanta da binciken da aka yi a baya da aka buga mu 2018. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barnett BS, Siu WO, Pope HG |date=June 2018 |title=A Survey of American Psychiatrists' Attitudes Toward Classic Hallucinogens |journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease |volume=206 |issue=6 |pages=476–480 |doi=10.1097/NMD.0000000000000828 |pmid=29781894}}</ref> Fiye da rabin likitocin kwakwalwa a cikin binciken 2023 sun nuna niyyar shigar da maganin psychodelic a cikin ayyukansu idan aka ba da izinin doka. A [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], likitocin kwakwalwa masu izini na iya ba da umarnin psilocybin don baƙin ciki mai tsayayya da magani, da MDMA don rikicewar damuwa. A cikin 2024, kwamitin ba da shawara na FDA ya kada kuri'a game da amincewa da maganin MDMA don PTSD[1], "yana tayar da tambayoyi game da amincin binciken da ake gudanarwa da kuma amincin wadanda ke cikin gwaje-gwajen".[2] Masu ba da shawara na FDA sun kada kuri'a 9-2 cewa bayanan da ke akwai ba su nuna MDMA yana da tasiri wajen magance PTSD ba, kuma 10-1 cewa fa'idodin maganin da aka taimaka wa MDMA bai wuce haɗarin ba.[3] Koyaya, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji ta Amurka tun lokacin da ta ba da dala miliyan 1.5 ga binciken ta na farko game da maganin da aka taimaka wa PTSD da matsalar amfani da barasa a cikin tsoffin Sojoji, yana nuna karuwar sha'awar ma'aikata duk da shakku na FDA. Bugu da kari, tsofaffi masu zaman kansu kamar Heroic Hearts Project suna aiki tare da masu bincike don fadada damar samun hanyoyin warkarwa ga ma'aikatan soja da tsofaffi. [4][5] A cikin 2025, PsychedeliCare ta ƙaddamar da Shirin 'yan ƙasa na Turai da nufin ba da damar aiwatar da maganin da aka taimaka wa psychedelic a cikin EU don tabbatar da amintaccen maganin da aka yi wa psychedecal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14 |title=PsychedeliCare Launches First European Citizens' Initiative Demanding Political Action on Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies |url=https://psychedelicalpha.com/news/psychedelicare-launches-first-european-citizens-initiative-demanding-political-action-on-psychedelic-assisted-therapies |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Psychedelic Alpha |language=en-US}}</ref> Lokacin da ya ƙare, a ranar 14 ga Janairun 2026, EU ta karɓi sa hannu 74,016, ko kashi 7.4 cikin ɗari na sa hannu miliyan ɗaya da ake buƙata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Initiative detail {{!}} European Citizens' Initiative |url=https://citizens-initiative.europa.eu/initiatives/details/2024/000011_en |access-date=2026-08-22 |website=citizens-initiative.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mqz69s5nfrk81w27tpmsxuatd8cznei 969127 969125 2026-10-18T16:11:53Z Sardeeq 39275 969127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Magungunan psychedelic (ko maganin da aka taimaka wa psychedelic) yana nufin amfani da magungunan psychodelic a cikin ayyukan maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa.<ref name="reiff-et-al-2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reiff CM, Richman EE, Nemeroff CB, Carpenter LL, Widge AS, Rodriguez CI, Kalin NH, McDonald WM |date=May 2020 |title=Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=177 |issue=5 |pages=391–410 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035 |pmid=32098487 |s2cid=211524704}}</ref><ref name="marks-and-cohen-2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marks M, Cohen IG |date=October 2021 |title=Psychedelic therapy: a roadmap for wider acceptance and utilization |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=1669–1671 |doi=10.1038/s41591-021-01530-3 |pmid=34608331 |s2cid=238355863 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Magungunan da aka gabatar don magance cututtukan kwakwalwa da inganta lafiyar jiki sun hada da mescaline (peyote), LSD, psilocybin da psilocin (mushrooms), ayahuasca, DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, Ibogaine da MDMA.[bayanin kula 1] Ya zuwa 2021, magungunan psychedelic sune abubuwan sarrafawa a mafi yawan ƙasashe kuma maganin psychedelic ba a samuwa a waje da Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti, tare da wasu banbanci.<ref name="marks-and-cohen-2021" /><ref name="pilecki-et-al-2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pilecki B, Luoma JB, Bathje GJ, Rhea J, Narloch VF |date=April 2021 |title=Ethical and legal issues in psychedelic harm reduction and integration therapy |journal=Harm Reduction Journal |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12954-021-00489-1 |pmc=8028769 |pmid=33827588 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hanyar maganin psychodelic ta bambanta da na maganin da ke amfani da magunguna psychiatric na al'ada. Duk da yake ana shan magunguna na al'ada ba tare da kulawa ba aƙalla sau ɗaya a kowace rana, a cikin maganin psychedelic na zamani ana ba da magani a cikin zaman ɗaya (ko wani lokacin har zuwa zaman uku) a cikin yanayin warkewa.<ref name="nutt-et-al-2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nutt D, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris R |date=April 2020 |title=Psychedelic Psychiatry's Brave New World |journal=Cell |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=24–28 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.020 |pmid=32243793 |s2cid=214753833 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kungiyar warkarwa tana shirya mai haƙuri don kwarewar a gaba kuma tana taimaka musu su haɗa fahimta daga kwarewar magani daga baya.<ref name="johnson-et-al-2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Johnson M, Richards W, Griffiths R |date=August 2008 |title=Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=603–620 |doi=10.1177/0269881108093587 |pmc=3056407 |pmid=18593734}}</ref><ref name="garcia-romeu-richards-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Garcia-Romeu A, Richards WA |date=August 2018 |title=Current perspectives on psychedelic therapy: use of serotonergic hallucinogens in clinical interventions |journal=International Review of Psychiatry |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=291–316 |doi=10.1080/09540261.2018.1486289 |pmid=30422079 |s2cid=53291327}}</ref> Bayan shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, mai haƙuri yawanci yana sanya ido kuma yana sauraron kiɗa don sauƙaƙe mayar da hankali ga Kwarewar psychedelic, tare da ƙungiyar warkarwa ta katse kawai don samar da tabbaci idan mummunan sakamako kamar damuwa ko rikicewa ya taso.<ref name="johnson-et-al-2008" /><ref name="garcia-romeu-richards-2018" /> Ya zuwa 2022, jikin shaidar inganci akan maganin psychedelic ya kasance karami kuma mafi girma, ana buƙatar manyan karatu don nuna inganci da aminci na nau'ikan maganin psychedecal da aikace-aikace daban-daban.<ref name="bender-hellerstein-2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bender D, Hellerstein DJ |date=January 2022 |title=Assessing the risk-benefit profile of classical psychedelics: a clinical review of second-wave psychedelic research |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=239 |issue=6 |pages=1907–1932 |doi=10.1007/s00213-021-06049-6 |pmid=35022823 |s2cid=245906937}}</ref><ref name="smith-et-al-2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith KW, Sicignano DJ, Hernandez AV, White CM |date=April 2022 |title=MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis |journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=463–471 |doi=10.1002/jcph.1995 |pmid=34708874 |s2cid=240072663}}</ref><ref name="reiff-et-al-2020" /> Dangane da sakamako mai kyau na farko, bincike mai gudana yana nazarin hanyoyin da aka gabatar don yanayin da ya haɗa da [[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban matsalar]] baƙin ciki, <ref name="bender-hellerstein-2022" /> <ref name="smith-et-al-2022" /> [[Anxiety|damuwa]] da baƙin ciki da ke da alaƙa da rashin lafiya mai tsanani, da kuma rikicewar damuwa bayan rauni.<ref name="romeo-et-al-2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Romeo B, Karila L, Martelli C, Benyamina A |date=October 2020 |title=Efficacy of psychedelic treatments on depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=1079–1085 |doi=10.1177/0269881120919957 |pmid=32448048 |s2cid=218873949}}</ref><ref name="schimmel-et-al-2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schimmel N, Breeksema JJ, Smith-Apeldoorn SY, Veraart J, van den Brink W, Schoevers RA |date=January 2022 |title=Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness: a systematic review |url=https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/psychedelics-for-the-treatment-of-depression-anxiety-and-existent |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=239 |issue=1 |pages=15–33 |doi=10.1007/s00213-021-06027-y |pmid=34812901 |s2cid=244490236}}</ref><ref name="hoskins-et-al-2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hoskins MD, Sinnerton R, Nakamura A, Underwood JF, Slater A, Lewis C, Roberts NP, Bisson JI, Lee M, Clarke L |date=January 2021 |title=Pharmacological-assisted Psychotherapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=European Journal of Psychotraumatology |volume=12 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/20008198.2020.1853379 |pmc=7874936 |pmid=33680344}}</ref> Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka ta ba da matsayin "magani mai ban sha'awa", wanda ke hanzarta amincewa da magungunan magunguna masu alƙawari, [labani 2] ga magungunan psychedelic ta amfani da psilocybin (don maganin da ke tsayayya da damuwa da babbar matsalar damuwa) <ref name="marks-and-cohen-2021" /> da MDMA (don rikicewar damuwa ta bayan rauni).<ref name="vermetten-yehuda-2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vermetten E, Yehuda R |date=January 2020 |title=MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: A promising novel approach to treatment |journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=231–232 |doi=10.1038/s41386-019-0482-9 |pmc=6879520 |pmid=31455855}}</ref> Abubuwan psychedelic suna da dogon tarihin amfani a cikin ruhaniya da warkewa, daga tsoffin ayyukan shamanic zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20 na Binciken asibiti. Bayan yaduwar gwaji tare da LSD, psilocybin, da sauran magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, takaddamar doka - gami da Dokar Kula da Abubuwa ta Amurka ta 1970 - ya dakatar da binciken kimiyya, kodayake maganin karkashin kasa ya ci gaba. Sha'awar ta sake tashi a farkon shekarun 2000 tare da ci gaba a cikin kimiyyar kwakwalwa da hotuna, wanda ya haifar da sabunta gwaje-gwaje na asibiti. Bincike yana fuskantar iyakokin hanya, damuwa game da ɗabi'a, da batutuwan samun dama ta daidaito. Bugu da ƙari, Kasuwanci, takardar shaidar, da saka hannun jari na Kasuwanci sun tayar da muhawara game da ɗabi'a, cinikin al'adu, da yiwuwar rikice-rikice na sha'awa. Duk da wadannan kalubalen, sha'awar jama'a da shirye-shiryen warkewa na tsari - gami da horar da mai ba da shawara na psilocybin a [[Oregon]] - suna nuna karuwar hadewar masu kula da hankali cikin maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ayyukan lafiya. == Tarihi == === Amfani da abubuwan da ke tattare da tunanin mutum === Mutane sun daɗe suna cinye abubuwa masu banƙyama waɗanda aka samo daga cacti, tsaba, bark, da tushen tsire-tsire da ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guerra-Doce E |date=2 January 2015 |title=Psychoactive Substances in Prehistoric Times: Examining the Archaeological Evidence |journal=Time and Mind |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=91–112 |doi=10.1080/1751696X.2014.993244 |s2cid=161528331}}</ref> Tun zamanin d ̄ a, shamans da likitoci sun yi amfani da magunguna a matsayin hanyar samun damar shiga duniyar ruhu. Kodayake al'adu yammaci galibi suna kallon aikin shamans da mazajen magani a matsayin mafi yawan ruhaniya a cikin yanayi, ana iya karanta abubuwa na aikin psychotherapeutic a cikin [[Al'ada|al'adu]] entheogenic ko shaman na al'adu da yawa. === Tsarin mulki da haramta a ƙarshen karni na 20 === A cikin shekarun 1960s, damuwa da aka tayar game da yaduwar amfani da magungunan psychedelic ba tare da izini ba ta jama'a (kuma, mafi mahimmanci, counterculture) ya haifar da sanya ƙuntatawa mai tsanani akan binciken likita da na kwakwalwa da aka gudanar tare da abubuwan psychedelic.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bonson KR |date=February 2018 |title=Regulation of human research with LSD in the United States (1949-1987) |journal=Psychopharmacology |volume=235 |issue=2 |pages=591–604 |doi=10.1007/s00213-017-4777-4 |pmid=29147729 |s2cid=3368639}}</ref> Kasashe da yawa ko dai sun haramta LSD kai tsaye ko kuma sun sanya shi da ƙarancin gaske, kuma, saboda damuwa da gwamnati, Sandoz ya dakatar da samar da LSD a shekarar 1965. A lokacin sauraron majalisa a shekarar 1966, Sanata Robert F. Kennedy ya yi tambaya game da canjin ra'ayi, yana mai cewa, "Wataƙila har zuwa wani matakin mun rasa gaskiyar cewa (LSD) na iya zama mai taimako sosai a cikin al'ummarmu idan an yi amfani da shi yadda ya kamata".A shekara ta 1968, Dahlberg da abokan aikinsa sun buga wata kasida a cikin American Journal of Psychiatry da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da dakarun da suka samu nasarar lalata binciken LSD.<ref name="Dahlberg_1968">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dahlberg CC, Mechaneck R, Feldstein S |date=November 1968 |title=LSD research: the impact of lay publicity |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=125 |issue=5 |pages=685–689 |doi=10.1176/ajp.125.5.685 |pmid=5683460}}</ref> Rubutun ya yi jayayya cewa mutane a cikin gwamnati da masana'antar magunguna sun lalata al'ummar binciken psychedelic ta hanyar soke karatun da ke gudana yayin da suke lakafta masana kimiyya na gaskiya a matsayin masu yaudara.<ref name="Dahlberg_1968" /> Nazarin kan aikace-aikacen magani na magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa ya ƙare gaba ɗaya a Amurka lokacin da aka zartar da Dokar Kula da Magunguna a cikin 1970. LSD da sauran magungunan kwakwalwa da yawa an sanya su cikin mafi ƙuntataccen rukunin "Schedule I" ta Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Amurka. An yi iƙirarin cewa mahadi na Schedule I suna da "babban damar cin zarafi da yiwuwar haifar da mummunan dogaro da hankali da / ko jiki" kuma "babu amfani da magani a halin yanzu", <ref>{{Cite web |title=Drug Scheduling |url=https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/drug-scheduling |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=dea.gov}}</ref> yadda ya kamata ya sa su ba bisa ka'ida ba don amfani a Amurka don kowane dalili. Duk da rashin amincewa daga al'ummar kimiyya, an dakatar da bincike mai izini game da aikace-aikacen warkewa na magungunan psychedelic a duk duniya a cikin shekarun 1980. Duk da haramtacciyar haramtacciya, bincike na psychedelic da zaman warkewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ya ci gaba duk da haka a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Wasu masu warkarwa sun yi amfani da windows na damar da ke gaban tsarawa na wasu magungunan psychedelic. An gudanar da maganin psychedelic na al'ada a ɓoye a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar karkashin kasa wanda ya ƙunshi zaman da aka gudanar ta hanyar masu ba da lasisi da [[Koyar da kai|masu koyar da kansu]] a cikin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Passie T |date=2018-04-11 |title=The early use of MDMA ('Ecstasy') in psychotherapy (1977–1985) |journal=[[Drug Science, Policy and Law]] |volume=4 |page=205032451876744 |doi=10.1177/2050324518767442 |issn=2050-3245 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda yanayin da ba bisa ka'ida ba na maganin psychedelic a wannan lokacin, akwai karancin bayanai game da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su. Mutanen da suka buga bayanai tsakanin 1980 da 2000 game da maganin ƙwaƙwalwa sun haɗa da George Greer, Ann da Alexander Shulgin (''PiHKAL'' da ''TiHKAL''), Myron Stolaroff (The Secret Chief, game da maganin karkashin kasa da Leo Zeff ya yi), da Athanasios Kafkalides. === Maimaitawa a farkon karni na 21 === [[File:Johns_Hopkins_psilocybin_session_room-SessionRm_2176x.jpg|thumb|283x283px|Taron Psilocybin a Johns Hopkins]] A farkon shekarun 2000, sabuntawa na sha'awa game da amfani da magungunan kwakwalwa ya ba da gudummawa ga karuwar binciken asibiti wanda ke da alaƙa da tasirin magungunan tunanin waɗannan magungunan da aikace-aikacen su na gaba. Ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha ya ba masu bincike damar tattara da fassara bayanai masu yawa daga nazarin dabbobi, kuma zuwan sabbin fasahohi kamar PET da MRI scanning ya ba da damar bincika wuraren aikin hallucinogens a cikin kwakwalwa. Bugu da ƙari, an gudanar da nazarin da ya shafi masu amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a matsayin batutuwa na son rai, yana ba da damar tattara bayanai game da yadda magungunan ƙwaƙwalwar mutum ke shafar kwakwalwar mutum yayin da a lokaci guda ke kauce wa matsalolin bureaucratic da ke da alaƙa da samar da abubuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba ga batutuwa.<ref name="MAPS" /> Sabon karni ya kuma kawo canji mai zurfi a halin siyasa game da maganin psychedelic - musamman a cikin Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna. [[Curtis Wright IV|Curtis Wright]], a lokacin mataimakin darektan sashen FDA na Anesthetic, Critical Care and Addiction Drugs ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa wannan canjin: "an kalubalanci hukumar bisa doka a lokuta da yawa kuma ta fuskanci tsarin introspection, tana tambaya 'Shin ya dace a bi da wannan nau'in miyagun ƙwayoyi daban?'"<ref name="MAPS" /> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2014, yarjejeniyar duniya da ke lissafa LSD da psilocybin a matsayin abubuwan da ake sarrafawa na "Schedule I" ya ci gaba da hana fahimtar waɗannan magunguna. Yawancin sabuntawar binciken asibiti an gudanar da su tare da psilocybin da MDMA a Amurka tare da izini na musamman da ƙididdigar maganin ci gaba ta [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]], yayin da wasu binciken suka bincika hanyoyin da tasirin ayahuasca da LSD.<ref name="Tupper-2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tupper KW, Wood E, Yensen R, Johnson MW |date=October 2015 |title=Psychedelic medicine: a re-emerging therapeutic paradigm |journal=CMAJ |volume=187 |issue=14 |pages=1054–1059 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.141124 |pmc=4592297 |pmid=26350908}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Amoroso T |date=2015 |title=The Psychopharmacology of ±3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and its Role in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=337–344 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2015.1094156 |pmid=26579955 |s2cid=37980113}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-25 |title=FDA Calls Psychedelic Psilocybin a 'Breakthrough Therapy' for Severe Depression |url=https://www.livescience.com/psilocybin-depression-breakthrough-therapy.html |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}</ref> Ana gudanar da bincike kan maganin ƙwaƙwalwa mai taimakawa MDMA ta hanyar Resilience Therapeutics, wanda aka fi sani da Lykos Therapeuics da MAPS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-28 |title=Pα+ Psychedelic Bulletin #207: Lykos Rebrands to Resilient; Pharma Pushes Back on Norway's Ketamine Reimbursement Decision; AbbVie-Gilgamesh Deal Viewed as Validation |url=https://psychedelicalpha.com/news/p%ce%b1-psychedelic-bulletin-207-lykos-rebrands-to-resilient-pharma-pushes-back-on-norways-ketamine-reimbursement-decision-abbvie-gilgamesh-deal-viewed-as-validation |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Psychedelic Alpha |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, an ƙaddamar da sabbin cibiyoyin bincike na psychedelics da yawa, gami da Cibiyar Binciken Psychedelic a Kwalejin Imperial ta London, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre for Psychedelic Research |url=http://www.imperial.ac.uk/a-z-research/psychedelic-research-centre/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Imperial College London |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-26 |title=Centre for Psychedelic Research |url=https://psychedelicreview.com/organization/psychedelic-research-group-imperial-college-london/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Psychedelic Science Review |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar UC Berkeley don Kimiyya ta Psychedelic, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-14 |title=UC Berkeley launches new center for psychedelic science and education |url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2020/09/14/uc-berkeley-launches-new-center-for-psychedelic-science-and-education/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Berkeley News |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar Bisharar Psychedelic da Consciousness a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Center for Psychedelic & Consciousness Research |url=https://hopkinspsychedelic.org/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Center for Psychedelic & Consciousness Research |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar Bishiyar Transdisclipinary don Bincike a Magunguna ta Psychoactive a Jami'a-Madison, [4] Cibiya ta Macececece-Macececeleta a Jami'antar Maye ta Maye ta Mount Texas a Cibiyar Nazarin Sin, [4] Ciwon Lafiya ta Jihar Sin<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-16 |title=Johns Hopkins Scientists Give Psychedelics the Serious Treatment |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/johns-hopkins-scientists-give-psychedelics-the-serious-treatment/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transdisciplinary Center for Research in Psychoactive Substances |url=https://research.pharmacy.wisc.edu/tcrps/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Transdisciplinary Center for Research in Psychoactive Substances |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-16 |title=Center to Study Psychedelics for Treatment of Depression, Anxiety |url=https://dellmed.utexas.edu/news/dell-med-launches-center-to-study-psychedelics-for-treatment-of-depression-anxiety-ptsd |access-date=2022-01-15 |website=Dell Medical School |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Sinai Health System Launches Center for Psychedelic Research |url=https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2021/mount-sinai-health-system-launches-center-for-psychedelic-research |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Mount Sinai Health System |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-29 |title=$40m psychedelic medicine institute launches in Melbourne |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/40m-psychedelic-medicine-institute-launches-in-melbourne-20210728-p58dlo.html |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=VIU launches collaborative psychedelic research centre |url=https://news.viu.ca/viu-launches-collaborative-psychedelic-research-centre |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=news.viu.ca |publisher=Vancouver Island University |language=en}}</ref> Harvard za ta kirkiro Nazarin Psychedelics a cikin Al'umma da Al'adu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-16 |title=Harvard launches new Study of Psychedelics in Society and Culture |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/newsplus/harvard-launches-new-study-of-psychedelics-in-society-and-culture/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka buga a 2023 <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barnett BS, Arakelian M, Beebe D, Ontko J, Riegal C, Siu WO, Weleff J, Pope HG |date=March 2024 |title=American Psychiatrists' Opinions About Classic Hallucinogens and Their Potential Therapeutic Applications: A 7-Year Follow-Up Survey |journal=Psychedelic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1089/psymed.2023.0036 |pmc=11658671 |pmid=40051760}}</ref> ya sami goyon baya mai karfi ga maganin psychodlic tsakanin likitocin kwakwalwa a Amurka, yana nuna gagarumin canji mai kyau a cikin halayen game da wannan hanyar magani idan aka kwatanta da binciken da aka yi a baya da aka buga mu 2018. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barnett BS, Siu WO, Pope HG |date=June 2018 |title=A Survey of American Psychiatrists' Attitudes Toward Classic Hallucinogens |journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease |volume=206 |issue=6 |pages=476–480 |doi=10.1097/NMD.0000000000000828 |pmid=29781894}}</ref> Fiye da rabin likitocin kwakwalwa a cikin binciken 2023 sun nuna niyyar shigar da maganin psychodelic a cikin ayyukansu idan aka ba da izinin doka. A [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], likitocin kwakwalwa masu izini na iya ba da umarnin psilocybin don baƙin ciki mai tsayayya da magani, da MDMA don rikicewar damuwa. A cikin 2024, kwamitin ba da shawara na FDA ya kada kuri'a game da amincewa da maganin MDMA don PTSD[1], "yana tayar da tambayoyi game da amincin binciken da ake gudanarwa da kuma amincin wadanda ke cikin gwaje-gwajen".[2] Masu ba da shawara na FDA sun kada kuri'a 9-2 cewa bayanan da ke akwai ba su nuna MDMA yana da tasiri wajen magance PTSD ba, kuma 10-1 cewa fa'idodin maganin da aka taimaka wa MDMA bai wuce haɗarin ba.[3] Koyaya, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji ta Amurka tun lokacin da ta ba da dala miliyan 1.5 ga binciken ta na farko game da maganin da aka taimaka wa PTSD da matsalar amfani da barasa a cikin tsoffin Sojoji, yana nuna karuwar sha'awar ma'aikata duk da shakku na FDA. Bugu da kari, tsofaffi masu zaman kansu kamar Heroic Hearts Project suna aiki tare da masu bincike don fadada damar samun hanyoyin warkarwa ga ma'aikatan soja da tsofaffi. [4][5] A cikin 2025, PsychedeliCare ta ƙaddamar da Shirin 'yan ƙasa na Turai da nufin ba da damar aiwatar da maganin da aka taimaka wa psychedelic a cikin EU don tabbatar da amintaccen maganin da aka yi wa psychedecal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14 |title=PsychedeliCare Launches First European Citizens' Initiative Demanding Political Action on Psychedelic-Assisted Therapies |url=https://psychedelicalpha.com/news/psychedelicare-launches-first-european-citizens-initiative-demanding-political-action-on-psychedelic-assisted-therapies |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Psychedelic Alpha |language=en-US}}</ref> Lokacin da ya ƙare, a ranar 14 ga Janairun 2026, EU ta karɓi sa hannu 74,016, ko kashi 7.4 cikin ɗari na sa hannu miliyan ɗaya da ake buƙata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Initiative detail {{!}} European Citizens' Initiative |url=https://citizens-initiative.europa.eu/initiatives/details/2024/000011_en |access-date=2026-08-22 |website=citizens-initiative.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hwkd0njtzli7t2l3bhm5iphpgt6euyr 0 179540 969129 2026-10-18T16:13:20Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375818530|The Protest Psychosis]]" 969129 wikitext text/x-wiki The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease littafi ne na 2010 na likitan kwakwalwa Jonathan Metzl (wanda kuma yana da Ph.D. a cikin karatun Amurka), kuma Beacon Press ta buga shi, wanda ke rufe tarihin Asibitin Jihar Ionia na 1960, wanda ke cikin Ionia, Michigan, kuma ya zama Cibiyar Kula da Ionia a 1986. Littafin ya bayyana wurin a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan asibitocin asibitoci na Amurka a zamanin da ya gabata kafin a kawar da shi. Metzl yana mai da hankali kan fallasa tarihin asibitin na gano [[Afirkawan Amurka|'Yan Afirka na Afirka]] da ke fama da [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] saboda goyon bayansu ga' yancin farar hula. Ya ba da shawarar cewa a wani bangare kwararar kwatsam na irin wannan ganewar asali za a iya gano shi zuwa canji a cikin kalmomi a cikin DSM-II, wanda idan aka kwatanta da fitowar da ta gabata ya kara da "ƙiyayya" da "hargitsi" a matsayin alamun rikici. Metzl ya rubuta cewa wannan canjin ya haifar da wariyar launin fata. [[File:Haldol_advertisement_from_1974_Archives_of_General_Psychiatry.jpg|thumb|278x278px|Wani talla na 1974 don maganin Haldol da aka buga a cikin mujallar kiwon lafiya Archives of General Psychiatry, kuma an sake shi a cikin littafin. Marubucin Metzl ya bayyana cewa tallan ya nuna ƙoƙari na daidaita rikice-rikicen launin fata da rashin lafiya na hankali.]] An sake nazarin littafin sosai a cikin JAMA, inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin "littafi mai ban sha'awa, mai zurfi ta ɗaya daga cikin manyan malaman likitanci".[1] An kuma sake nazarin littafin a cikin American Journal of Psychiatry, [2] Ayyukan Psychiatric, [3] Transcultural Psychiatry,[4] Psychiatric Times,[5] The American Journal of Bioethics,[6] Tarihin Jama'a na Kiwon Lafiya,[7] Medical Anthropology Quarterly,[8] Jaridar Tarihin Afirka ta Amirka,[9] Jaridar Black Psychology,[10] Lafiya: Jaridar Interdisciplinary don Nazarin Lafiya, Riki da Magunguna,[11] da Shida: Jaridar Tarihi, Siyasa da Al'adu.[12] == Dubi kuma == * Cin zarafin siyasa na ilimin hauka a Amurka ** Rashin jin daɗi * Cin zarafin siyasa na ilimin hauka * Shagina mai laushi * Jerin shari'o'in ka'idojin kiwon lafiya == Manazarta == iecfb4kstsiloitlxviyixwl9x5aqnl 969132 969129 2026-10-18T16:15:55Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375818530|The Protest Psychosis]]" 969132 wikitext text/x-wiki The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease littafi ne na 2010 na likitan kwakwalwa Jonathan Metzl (wanda kuma yana da Ph.D. a cikin karatun Amurka), kuma Beacon Press ta buga shi, wanda ke rufe tarihin Asibitin Jihar Ionia na 1960, wanda ke cikin Ionia, Michigan, kuma ya zama Cibiyar Kula da Ionia a 1986. Littafin ya bayyana wurin a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan asibitocin asibitoci na Amurka a zamanin da ya gabata kafin a kawar da shi.<ref>Metzl, Jonathan (2010). The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease. Beacon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8070-8592-9</nowiki>.</ref> Metzl yana mai da hankali kan fallasa tarihin asibitin na gano [[Afirkawan Amurka|'Yan Afirka na Afirka]] da ke fama da [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] saboda goyon bayansu ga' yancin farar hula. Ya ba da shawarar cewa a wani bangare kwararar kwatsam na irin wannan ganewar asali za a iya gano shi zuwa canji a cikin kalmomi a cikin DSM-II, wanda idan aka kwatanta da fitowar da ta gabata ya kara da "ƙiyayya" da "hargitsi" a matsayin alamun rikici. Metzl ya rubuta cewa wannan canjin ya haifar da wariyar launin fata. [[File:Haldol_advertisement_from_1974_Archives_of_General_Psychiatry.jpg|thumb|278x278px|Wani talla na 1974 don maganin Haldol da aka buga a cikin mujallar kiwon lafiya Archives of General Psychiatry, kuma an sake shi a cikin littafin. Marubucin Metzl ya bayyana cewa tallan ya nuna ƙoƙari na daidaita rikice-rikicen launin fata da rashin lafiya na hankali.]] An sake nazarin littafin sosai a cikin JAMA, inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin "littafi mai ban sha'awa, mai zurfi ta ɗaya daga cikin manyan malaman likitanci".[1] An kuma sake nazarin littafin a cikin American Journal of Psychiatry, [2] Ayyukan Psychiatric, [3] Transcultural Psychiatry,[4] Psychiatric Times,[5] The American Journal of Bioethics,[6] Tarihin Jama'a na Kiwon Lafiya,[7] Medical Anthropology Quarterly,[8] Jaridar Tarihin Afirka ta Amirka,[9] Jaridar Black Psychology,[10] Lafiya: Jaridar Interdisciplinary don Nazarin Lafiya, Riki da Magunguna,[11] da Shida: Jaridar Tarihi, Siyasa da Al'adu.[12] == Dubi kuma == * Cin zarafin siyasa na ilimin hauka a Amurka ** Rashin jin daɗi * Cin zarafin siyasa na ilimin hauka * Shagina mai laushi * Jerin shari'o'in ka'idojin kiwon lafiya == Manazarta == do7zqnn7kxtkzhtr3dq41itiphmghi2 969133 969132 2026-10-18T16:16:11Z Sardeeq 39275 969133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease littafi ne na 2010 na likitan kwakwalwa Jonathan Metzl (wanda kuma yana da Ph.D. a cikin karatun Amurka), kuma Beacon Press ta buga shi, wanda ke rufe tarihin Asibitin Jihar Ionia na 1960, wanda ke cikin Ionia, Michigan, kuma ya zama Cibiyar Kula da Ionia a 1986. Littafin ya bayyana wurin a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan asibitocin asibitoci na Amurka a zamanin da ya gabata kafin a kawar da shi.<ref>Metzl, Jonathan (2010). The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease. Beacon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8070-8592-9</nowiki>.</ref> Metzl yana mai da hankali kan fallasa tarihin asibitin na gano [[Afirkawan Amurka|'Yan Afirka na Afirka]] da ke fama da [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] saboda goyon bayansu ga' yancin farar hula. Ya ba da shawarar cewa a wani bangare kwararar kwatsam na irin wannan ganewar asali za a iya gano shi zuwa canji a cikin kalmomi a cikin DSM-II, wanda idan aka kwatanta da fitowar da ta gabata ya kara da "ƙiyayya" da "hargitsi" a matsayin alamun rikici. Metzl ya rubuta cewa wannan canjin ya haifar da wariyar launin fata. [[File:Haldol_advertisement_from_1974_Archives_of_General_Psychiatry.jpg|thumb|278x278px|Wani talla na 1974 don maganin Haldol da aka buga a cikin mujallar kiwon lafiya Archives of General Psychiatry, kuma an sake shi a cikin littafin. Marubucin Metzl ya bayyana cewa tallan ya nuna ƙoƙari na daidaita rikice-rikicen launin fata da rashin lafiya na hankali.]] An sake nazarin littafin sosai a cikin JAMA, inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin "littafi mai ban sha'awa, mai zurfi ta ɗaya daga cikin manyan malaman likitanci".[1] An kuma sake nazarin littafin a cikin American Journal of Psychiatry, [2] Ayyukan Psychiatric, [3] Transcultural Psychiatry,[4] Psychiatric Times,[5] The American Journal of Bioethics,[6] Tarihin Jama'a na Kiwon Lafiya,[7] Medical Anthropology Quarterly,[8] Jaridar Tarihin Afirka ta Amirka,[9] Jaridar Black Psychology,[10] Lafiya: Jaridar Interdisciplinary don Nazarin Lafiya, Riki da Magunguna,[11] da Shida: Jaridar Tarihi, Siyasa da Al'adu.[12] == Dubi kuma == * Cin zarafin siyasa na ilimin hauka a Amurka ** Rashin jin daɗi * Cin zarafin siyasa na ilimin hauka * Shagina mai laushi * Jerin shari'o'in ka'idojin kiwon lafiya == Manazarta == 0c92k3kv9t8g6tmm3utks733oknhzc2 0 179541 969135 2026-10-18T16:17:21Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364981619|Honnête homme]]" 969135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Gidan honnête''''' ({{IPA|fr|ɔnɛt ɔm|lang}} ; a zahiri "mutum mai gaskiya") kyakkyawan manufa ce ta ɗabi'a ta Turai ta ƙarni na sha bakwai. Yaɗuwa a cikin adabin zamani, {{Sfn|Marmier}} kalmar tana nufin mutum mai ilimi mai faɗi, halayen zamantakewa da suka dace da sanya shi mai son jama'a a kotu ( lafiya da tawali'u ), da kuma kyawawan halaye (matsakaici da ikon sarrafa motsin zuciyarsa). Mutumin da ke cikin fadar kuma mutumin duniya, ana sa ran ya nuna kansa mai tawali'u, mai ladabi da kuma ƙwarewa, amma kuma yana iya daidaitawa da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi. Tsarin shine magajin ra'ayin Girkanci na ''kalos kagathos'' kamar yadda Xenophon ya nuna a cikin siffar {{Interlanguage link|Ischomachus|fr|Ischomaque}}, {{Sfn|Demimuid}} amma kuma ga tunani na masana tauhidi na zamanin da kan {{Lang|la|honestas}} ("kyakkyawan ɗabi'a") da kuma "malaman gaskiya" ( {{Lang|la|clericus honestus}} ). {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} == Tarihi == ''Homme na Honnête'' a matsayin mutum mai cikakken tsari ya fito a ƙarni na sha bakwai daga alkaluman masu ɗabi'a da marubuta na wannan lokacin. Yana nuna fitowar da kuma ƙaruwar amincewa da kai na bourgeoisie  a cikin al'ummar wannan ƙarni, a gaban wani babban mutum wanda ya mamaye dukkan sararin wayewar zamantakewa. A lokaci guda kuma, bayyanar siffar gidan ''honnête'' yana bayyana rashin tabbas game da matsayinsa na zamantakewa. Har zuwa lokacin, girman manyan mutane ya sanya mai fada ya zama mutum nagari. A akasin haka, da ''irin wannan halin kirki'', ladabi na duniya ya zama wajibi ga ɗabi'a. {{Sfn|Hazard|1968}} === Asalin === Nicolas Faret ya rubuta rubutun farko a cikin Faransanci kan wannan batu, ''L'Honnête Homme'' (1630), inda ya yi amfani da littafin Baldassare Castiglione mai suna ''The Book of the Courtier'' (1528). {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} === Gado === Wannan ra'ayin ɗan adam ya daɗe har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na ashirin kuma ba a iyakance shi ga Faransa ba: ra'ayin ''mutumin'' da aka horar, mai hankali kuma mai son sani ya bayyana a Landan a shekarun bayan juyin juya hali mai ɗaukaka, amma yana ɓacewa zuwa ƙarshen [[zamanin Victorian]] . A shekarar 1947, masanin tarihin Faransa Philippe Ariès ya iya rubuta cewa " ''homme na honnête'' ba yana wakiltar ƙwararren mai ilimi ba, amma mai son sani, mai ƙwarewa wanda yake da tabbas mai ɗanɗano". {{Sfn|Ariès|1947}} == Magabata na zamanin da == Masana tarihi na zamanin da sun yi tambaya game da asalin zamani na amfani da ''honnête homme'' don kwatanta mutum. A cewar masanin zamanin da Pascal Vuillemin, ƙa'idodin da ''honnête home'' ya ƙunsa an fayyace su sosai kuma an tsara su tsakanin ƙarni na shida da na sha biyar, kuma ana iya siffanta siffar da kanta a matsayin hoton duniya na "likitan gaskiya" na zamanin da ( {{Lang|la|clericus honestus}} ). ). {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} === Daga ''gaskiya'' zuwa ''gaskiya'' === Kalmar Latin {{Lang|la|honestas}} ya bazu a ƙarshen Jamhuriyar Roma, tare da tsohuwar {{Lang|la|honestum}}, wani siffa da ake amfani da shi azaman suna ( ma'ana ). Inda ''honestum'' ya ayyana wani ra'ayi na falsafa game da kyawawan halaye, ''honestas'' (wanda aka fara shaidawa a cikin ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' da kuma a cikin [[Cicero]] 's ''De Inventione'' ) ya ambaci siffar ɗan adam: "kyakkyawan ɗabi'a" da aka nuna a aikace. Duk da haka, marubutan gargajiya ba su taɓa tsara ƙa'idodin da za su fayyace irin wannan aiki ba; ƙa'idodin ɗabi'ar Romawa sun bambanta dangane da yanayin zamantakewa, jinsi da ƙabila, kuma ''honestas'' ya kasance a zahiri a ka'ida. {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} Shugabannin Cocin farko sun yi amfani da wannan ra'ayi ne kawai bisa kuskure, suna neman su rungumi gadon Stoic a hankali ga koyarwar Kirista. {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} === Ma'anar Kirista === Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na huɗu, haɗa ''masu gaskiya'' da wasu halaye na ɗan adam ya sami karɓuwa. Ambrose na Milan a cikin littafinsa ''na De officiis ministrorum'' (380s) ya sake yin aiki da littafin Cicero mai suna ''De Officiis'' a cikin mabuɗin Kirista, {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} yayin da [[Augustine na Hippo|Augustine]] ya ba ''honestas'' ma'anarsa ta farko ta Kirista kawai: tunda Allah ne kawai ''honestum'' da ya cancanci a bi shi a matsayin ƙarshe, ''honestas'' shine halin mutumin da ya mayar da hankali gaba ɗaya ga wannan burin, bisa ga kyawawan halaye guda huɗu ( hankali, ƙarfin hali, kamewa da adalci) waɗanda Augustine, ya umarta da adalci ya zama mafi girma (don haka ya karya Stoics). {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} Martin na Braga 's ''Formula vitae honestae'' (kafin 579) ne ya bayar da ɓangaren aiki (ba tare da maganin Augustine ba) wanda aka rubuta wa sarkin Suevic Miro . Martin ya lissafa wasu ƙa'idodi na musamman don "rayuwa mai gaskiya" (matsakaici a abinci da abin sha, magana mai ma'ana da dariya, ladabi gabaɗaya, tsafta) waɗanda mutane marasa addini za su iya samu. Wannan rubutun (wanda aka danganta shi da Seneca a baya) ya zama ɗaya daga cikin madubin sarakuna na zamanin da na farko kuma ya rinjayi nau'in waƙar daga Smaragdus na Saint-Mihiel zuwa Vincent na Beauvais . {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} A ƙarni na sha biyu, ''falsafar koyarwar Morarium'' da aka danganta ga William na Conches ta haɗa al'adar da aka tara zuwa babban nasara, kuma a cikin littafin Alan na Lille mai suna ''{{Interlanguage link|Anticlaudianus|it}}'' ( {{Circa|1180}} ) ''Honestas'' ne ke koyar da cikakken ''homo novus'', "sabon mutum" da Nature ya ƙirƙira. {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} === Malamin addini mai gaskiya === Kalmar ''Honestash'' ta shiga dokar kundin tsarin mulki a tsakanin 1191–1192, yayin da Bernard na Pavia ya tattara bayanan Paparoma kan rayuwar malamai zuwa wani sabon tsari, ''De vita et honestate cleriorum'' ; an haɗa su cikin takardun Gregory IX da kuma tarin bayanan daga baya. Don haka ''masu gaskiya'' sun zama al'adar da za a iya tilastawa, maimakon abin tattaunawa a fannin ilimi. {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} Masu ra'ayin gurguzu da masu ilimin tauhidi na ilimi ( [[Thomas Aquinas]], Hostiensis)  ) ya bambanta ''ciki na honestas'', wanda ya dogara ne akan kyawawan halaye guda huɗu, daga ''waje na honestas'' da aka bayyana a cikin tufafi ( ''honestas in habitu'' ), tarbiyyar jiki ( ''in gestu'' ) da kuma ɗabi'ar zamantakewa ( ''in conversatione'' ). {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} Dokokin coci da rubuce-rubuce (gami da ''horon Speculum'' na Bonaventure ) sun tsara waɗannan rajistar a cikin ƙananan bayanai: siffar gashin kai, baƙi a matsayin kawai launin "gaskiya" na tufafi, haramcin dariya da haƙora a buɗe ko kuma haɗa ƙafafuwa. A cikin dabarar mai gabatar da ƙara Johannes Andreae, ''masu gaskiya'' na malamin za a iya gani "daga saman kai har zuwa tafin ƙafafu". {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} === Yaɗuwa ga masu bi === An yi tunanin wannan tsari a matsayin misali mai rai ga dukkan al'ummar Kirista, kuma tsarin malaman addini ya bazu tun daga Italiya ta ƙarni na sha uku. Alkalin Albertano na Brescia ya ayyana ''honestas'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Civic concord|yarjejeniyar jama'a]] (yarjejeniyar zamantakewa). {{Interlanguage link|Bono Giamboni|it}} an yaba masa da fassarar farko ta Italiyanci ta ''Tsarin'' ; littattafan podestàs sun gabatar da shi a matsayin muhimmin ingancin alkalin alkalai. Brunetto Latini ya keɓe wani babi na Littafin Taskar ga "Honesté", don haka ya tabbatar da sauya al'adar coci zuwa ta yau da kullun. {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} An mayar da siffofinsa na waje a matsayin balaga tare da zamantakewa da wayewa, waɗanda aka yaɗa ta littattafan ɗabi'u ga yara ( ''[[Babees Book|Littafin Babees]]'' na Turanci, ''{{Interlanguage link|Les Contenances de la table|fr}}'' ) wanda ya ciyar da Erasmus 's On Civility in Children (1530). {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} Littafin ''De sermonue'' na Giovanni Pontano (1501) da littafin Baldassare Castiglione mai suna ''The Book of the Courtier'' (1528) sun daidaita ra'ayin kotun, tare da ''sprezzatura'' na Castiglione wanda ya kai ga cikakken tsarin dokokin da suka tsara malamin zamanin da; lokacin da Faret ya kammala hoton ''homme na honnête'' a shekarar 1630, ingancinsa na farko shine ainihin wannan haɗuwa, wanda aka cimma "ba tare da fasaha ba kuma ba tare da wani ƙuntatawa ba". {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} == Ma'anar == ''Homme na honnête'' wani abu ne na bambanci da daidaito. Ya ƙunshi wani tashin hankali da ya taso daga neman daidaito tsakanin jiki da rai, tsakanin buƙatun rayuwa da na tunani, tsakanin kyawawan halaye na zamanin da da kyawawan halaye na Kirista. Dole ne ya guji wuce gona da iri, koda kuwa a cikin abin da yake nagari. A takaice dai, shi mutum ne mai son daidaito da daidaito wajen amfani da dukkan baiwa. ''Gidan honnête'' yana da abin da a yau ake kira " ilimin gabaɗaya ". Yana da ikon yin magana a kan batutuwa da dama. Don haka yana adawa da ''ƙwararren'' . {{Sfn|Domenach|1989}} Wannan (manufar gabaɗaya) ta ilimi ba ta da nufin haɓaka wani nau'in ilimi na musamman fiye da haɓaka "kyakkyawan ɗanɗano". Wannan fahimta ta ''honnête homeme'', wadda ke nuna neman daidaito maimakon tarin ilimi, ta tuna da ƙa'idar Montaigne cewa ya fi kyau a sami "kai mai kyau fiye da wanda aka cika da kyau". Ta hanyar haɗakar ilimi na gabaɗaya tare da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ɗabi'u masu kyau, manufar ita ce mutum ya fahimci ma'anar da aka saba da shi a matsayin "dabba mai hankali". {{Sfn|Viau|1968}} A cikin dabarar Nicolas Boileau, dole ne ya "san yadda ake tattaunawa da kuma yadda ake rayuwa" ( {{Lang|fr|savoir et converser et vivre}} ). {{Sfn|Groulx|1945}} == A cikin adabi == Manufar ''homme na honnête'' kuma ta bayyana a cikin ayyukan marubuta na ƙarni na sha bakwai, musamman Madeleine de Scudéry da [[Molière]] . An nuna shi a fili a cikin ''Tartuffe'' a cikin halin Cléante, haka kuma a cikin Elmire, abokiyar aikinsa mace. Molière ya kuma yi Allah wadai da wuce gona da iri a tsakanin masu ''fafutuka'', inda ya kira su "dorunan nagarta" ( ''dragons de vertu'' a cikin L'École des femmes, Dokar IV, Scene 8). A cikin La Bruyère 's ''{{Interlanguage link|Les Caractères|fr}}'', an nuna haruffan Acis, Arrias da Périandre a matsayin akasin ''homme na honnête'' : Acis (Littafi na V, sharhi na 7) ƙwararren mai magana ne wanda ke amfani da harshe mai zurfi da ɓoye don ɓoye rashin hankalinsa; Arrias (Littafi na V, sharhi na 9) mai fada ne wanda ke nuna ilimin karya — mai son yin wasa amma ba tare da koyo ba, kuma yana shirin yin ƙarya don ya yi iƙirarin hakan; kuma Périandre (Littafi na VI, sharhi na 21) mutum ne wanda ke bayyana kansa a matsayin mai daraja duk da cewa ba shi da wani matsayi na daraja, kuma yana hulɗa da mutanen da ke da sha'awar kai. ''Les Caractères'' ta kare manufar ''gidan honnête'' ta hanyar nuna cewa yana taimakawa wajen gyara gazawar al'umma da aka zana a cikin jawabinta. == Duba kuma == * Tsarin Gargajiya * Mutumin kirki * [[Humanism|Dan Adam]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4foywf33c2addxx0wo59bbgpm76o6ml 969137 969135 2026-10-18T16:18:23Z Arcdanumma047 38699 969137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Gidan honnête''''' ({{IPA|fr|ɔnɛt ɔm|lang}} ; a zahiri "mutum mai gaskiya") kyakkyawan manufa ce ta ɗabi'a ta Turai ta ƙarni na sha bakwai. Yaɗuwa a cikin adabin zamani, {{Sfn|Marmier}} kalmar tana nufin mutum mai ilimi mai faɗi, halayen zamantakewa da suka dace da sanya shi mai son jama'a a kotu ( lafiya da tawali'u ), da kuma kyawawan halaye (matsakaici da ikon sarrafa motsin zuciyarsa). Mutumin da ke cikin fadar kuma mutumin duniya, ana sa ran ya nuna kansa mai tawali'u, mai ladabi da kuma ƙwarewa, amma kuma yana iya daidaitawa da waɗanda ke kewaye da shi. Tsarin shine magajin ra'ayin Girkanci na ''kalos kagathos'' kamar yadda Xenophon ya nuna a cikin siffar {{Interlanguage link|Ischomachus|fr|Ischomaque}}, {{Sfn|Demimuid}} amma kuma ga tunani na masana tauhidi na zamanin da kan {{Lang|la|honestas}} ("kyakkyawan ɗabi'a") da kuma "malaman gaskiya" ( {{Lang|la|clericus honestus}} ). {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} == Tarihi == ''Homme na Honnête'' a matsayin mutum mai cikakken tsari ya fito a ƙarni na sha bakwai daga alkaluman masu ɗabi'a da marubuta na wannan lokacin. Yana nuna fitowar da kuma ƙaruwar amincewa da kai na bourgeoisie  a cikin al'ummar wannan ƙarni, a gaban wani babban mutum wanda ya mamaye dukkan sararin wayewar zamantakewa. A lokaci guda kuma, bayyanar siffar gidan ''honnête'' yana bayyana rashin tabbas game da matsayinsa na zamantakewa. Har zuwa lokacin, girman manyan mutane ya sanya mai fada ya zama mutum nagari. A akasin haka, da ''irin wannan halin kirki'', ladabi na duniya ya zama wajibi ga ɗabi'a. {{Sfn|Hazard|1968}} === Asalin === Nicolas Faret ya rubuta rubutun farko a cikin Faransanci kan wannan batu, ''L'Honnête Homme'' (1630), inda ya yi amfani da littafin Baldassare Castiglione mai suna ''The Book of the Courtier'' (1528). {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} === Gado === Wannan ra'ayin ɗan adam ya daɗe har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na ashirin kuma ba a iyakance shi ga Faransa ba: ra'ayin ''mutumin'' da aka horar, mai hankali kuma mai son sani ya bayyana a Landan a shekarun bayan juyin juya hali mai ɗaukaka, amma yana ɓacewa zuwa ƙarshen [[zamanin Victorian]] . A shekarar 1947, masanin tarihin Faransa Philippe Ariès ya iya rubuta cewa " ''homme na honnête'' ba yana wakiltar ƙwararren mai ilimi ba, amma mai son sani, mai ƙwarewa wanda yake da tabbas mai ɗanɗano". {{Sfn|Ariès|1947}} == Magabata na zamanin da == Masana tarihi na zamanin da sun yi tambaya game da asalin zamani na amfani da ''honnête homme'' don kwatanta mutum. A cewar masanin zamanin da Pascal Vuillemin, ƙa'idodin da ''honnête home'' ya ƙunsa an fayyace su sosai kuma an tsara su tsakanin ƙarni na shida da na sha biyar, kuma ana iya siffanta siffar da kanta a matsayin hoton duniya na "likitan gaskiya" na zamanin da ( {{Lang|la|clericus honestus}} ). ). {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} === Daga ''gaskiya'' zuwa ''gaskiya'' === Kalmar Latin {{Lang|la|honestas}} ya bazu a ƙarshen Jamhuriyar Roma, tare da tsohuwar {{Lang|la|honestum}}, wani siffa da ake amfani da shi azaman suna ( ma'ana ). Inda ''honestum'' ya ayyana wani ra'ayi na falsafa game da kyawawan halaye, ''honestas'' (wanda aka fara shaidawa a cikin ''Rhetorica ad Herennium'' da kuma a cikin [[Cicero]] 's ''De Inventione'' ) ya ambaci siffar ɗan adam: "kyakkyawan ɗabi'a" da aka nuna a aikace. Duk da haka, marubutan gargajiya ba su taɓa tsara ƙa'idodin da za su fayyace irin wannan aiki ba; ƙa'idodin ɗabi'ar Romawa sun bambanta dangane da yanayin zamantakewa, jinsi da ƙabila, kuma ''honestas'' ya kasance a zahiri a ka'ida. {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} Shugabannin Cocin farko sun yi amfani da wannan ra'ayi ne kawai bisa kuskure, suna neman su rungumi gadon Stoic a hankali ga koyarwar Kirista. {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} === Ma'anar Kirista === Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na huɗu, haɗa ''masu gaskiya'' da wasu halaye na ɗan adam ya sami karɓuwa. Ambrose na Milan a cikin littafinsa ''na De officiis ministrorum'' (380s) ya sake yin aiki da littafin Cicero mai suna ''De Officiis'' a cikin mabuɗin Kirista, {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} yayin da [[Augustine na Hippo|Augustine]] ya ba ''honestas'' ma'anarsa ta farko ta Kirista kawai: tunda Allah ne kawai ''honestum'' da ya cancanci a bi shi a matsayin ƙarshe, ''honestas'' shine halin mutumin da ya mayar da hankali gaba ɗaya ga wannan burin, bisa ga kyawawan halaye guda huɗu ( hankali, ƙarfin hali, kamewa da adalci) waɗanda Augustine, ya umarta da adalci ya zama mafi girma (don haka ya karya Stoics). {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} Martin na Braga 's ''Formula vitae honestae'' (kafin 579) ne ya bayar da ɓangaren aiki (ba tare da maganin Augustine ba) wanda aka rubuta wa sarkin Suevic Miro . Martin ya lissafa wasu ƙa'idodi na musamman don "rayuwa mai gaskiya" (matsakaici a abinci da abin sha, magana mai ma'ana da dariya, ladabi gabaɗaya, tsafta) waɗanda mutane marasa addini za su iya samu. Wannan rubutun (wanda aka danganta shi da Seneca a baya) ya zama ɗaya daga cikin madubin sarakuna na zamanin da na farko kuma ya rinjayi nau'in waƙar daga Smaragdus na Saint-Mihiel zuwa Vincent na Beauvais . {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} A ƙarni na sha biyu, ''falsafar koyarwar Morarium'' da aka danganta ga William na Conches ta haɗa al'adar da aka tara zuwa babban nasara, kuma a cikin littafin Alan na Lille mai suna ''{{Interlanguage link|Anticlaudianus|it}}'' ( {{Circa|1180}} ) ''Honestas'' ne ke koyar da cikakken ''homo novus'', "sabon mutum" da Nature ya ƙirƙira. {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} === Malamin addini mai gaskiya === Kalmar ''Honestash'' ta shiga dokar kundin tsarin mulki a tsakanin 1191–1192, yayin da Bernard na Pavia ya tattara bayanan Paparoma kan rayuwar malamai zuwa wani sabon tsari, ''De vita et honestate cleriorum'' ; an haɗa su cikin takardun Gregory IX da kuma tarin bayanan daga baya. Don haka ''masu gaskiya'' sun zama al'adar da za a iya tilastawa, maimakon abin tattaunawa a fannin ilimi. {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} Masu ra'ayin gurguzu da masu ilimin tauhidi na ilimi ( [[Thomas Aquinas]], Hostiensis)  ) ya bambanta ''ciki na honestas'', wanda ya dogara ne akan kyawawan halaye guda huɗu, daga ''waje na honestas'' da aka bayyana a cikin tufafi ( ''honestas in habitu'' ), tarbiyyar jiki ( ''in gestu'' ) da kuma ɗabi'ar zamantakewa ( ''in conversatione'' ). {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} Dokokin coci da rubuce-rubuce (gami da ''horon Speculum'' na Bonaventure ) sun tsara waɗannan rajistar a cikin ƙananan bayanai: siffar gashin kai, baƙi a matsayin kawai launin "gaskiya" na tufafi, haramcin dariya da haƙora a buɗe ko kuma haɗa ƙafafuwa. A cikin dabarar mai gabatar da ƙara Johannes Andreae, ''masu gaskiya'' na malamin za a iya gani "daga saman kai har zuwa tafin ƙafafu". {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} === Yaɗuwa ga masu bi === An yi tunanin wannan tsari a matsayin misali mai rai ga dukkan al'ummar Kirista, kuma tsarin malaman addini ya bazu tun daga Italiya ta ƙarni na sha uku. Alkalin Albertano na Brescia ya ayyana ''honestas'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Civic concord|yarjejeniyar jama'a]] (yarjejeniyar zamantakewa). {{Interlanguage link|Bono Giamboni|it}} an yaba masa da fassarar farko ta Italiyanci ta ''Tsarin'' ; littattafan podestàs sun gabatar da shi a matsayin muhimmin ingancin alkalin alkalai. Brunetto Latini ya keɓe wani babi na Littafin Taskar ga "Honesté", don haka ya tabbatar da sauya al'adar coci zuwa ta yau da kullun. {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} An mayar da siffofinsa na waje a matsayin balaga tare da zamantakewa da wayewa, waɗanda aka yaɗa ta littattafan ɗabi'u ga yara ( ''[[Babees Book|Littafin Babees]]'' na Turanci, ''{{Interlanguage link|Les Contenances de la table|fr}}'' ) wanda ya ciyar da Erasmus 's On Civility in Children (1530). {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} Littafin ''De sermonue'' na Giovanni Pontano (1501) da littafin Baldassare Castiglione mai suna ''The Book of the Courtier'' (1528) sun daidaita ra'ayin kotun, tare da ''sprezzatura'' na Castiglione wanda ya kai ga cikakken tsarin dokokin da suka tsara malamin zamanin da; lokacin da Faret ya kammala hoton ''homme na honnête'' a shekarar 1630, ingancinsa na farko shine ainihin wannan haɗuwa, wanda aka cimma "ba tare da fasaha ba kuma ba tare da wani ƙuntatawa ba". {{Sfn|Vuillemin|2016}} == Ma'anar == ''Homme na honnête'' wani abu ne na bambanci da daidaito. Ya ƙunshi wani tashin hankali da ya taso daga neman daidaito tsakanin jiki da rai, tsakanin buƙatun rayuwa da na tunani, tsakanin kyawawan halaye na zamanin da da kyawawan halaye na Kirista. Dole ne ya guji wuce gona da iri, koda kuwa a cikin abin da yake nagari. A takaice dai, shi mutum ne mai son daidaito da daidaito wajen amfani da dukkan baiwa. ''Gidan honnête'' yana da abin da a yau ake kira " ilimin gabaɗaya ". Yana da ikon yin magana a kan batutuwa da dama. Don haka yana adawa da ''ƙwararren'' . {{Sfn|Domenach|1989}} Wannan (manufar gabaɗaya) ta ilimi ba ta da nufin haɓaka wani nau'in ilimi na musamman fiye da haɓaka "kyakkyawan ɗanɗano". Wannan fahimta ta ''honnête homeme'', wadda ke nuna neman daidaito maimakon tarin ilimi, ta tuna da ƙa'idar Montaigne cewa ya fi kyau a sami "kai mai kyau fiye da wanda aka cika da kyau". Ta hanyar haɗakar ilimi na gabaɗaya tare da ɗanɗano mai kyau da ɗabi'u masu kyau, manufar ita ce mutum ya fahimci ma'anar da aka saba da shi a matsayin "dabba mai hankali". {{Sfn|Viau|1968}} A cikin dabarar Nicolas Boileau, dole ne ya "san yadda ake tattaunawa da kuma yadda ake rayuwa" ( {{Lang|fr|savoir et converser et vivre}} ). {{Sfn|Groulx|1945}} == A cikin adabi == Manufar ''homme na honnête'' kuma ta bayyana a cikin ayyukan marubuta na ƙarni na sha bakwai, musamman Madeleine de Scudéry da [[Molière]] . An nuna shi a fili a cikin ''Tartuffe'' a cikin halin Cléante, haka kuma a cikin Elmire, abokiyar aikinsa mace. Molière ya kuma yi Allah wadai da wuce gona da iri a tsakanin masu ''fafutuka'', inda ya kira su "dorunan nagarta" ( ''dragons de vertu'' a cikin L'École des femmes, Dokar IV, Scene 8). A cikin La Bruyère 's ''{{Interlanguage link|Les Caractères|fr}}'', an nuna haruffan Acis, Arrias da Périandre a matsayin akasin ''homme na honnête'' : Acis (Littafi na V, sharhi na 7) ƙwararren mai magana ne wanda ke amfani da harshe mai zurfi da ɓoye don ɓoye rashin hankalinsa; Arrias (Littafi na V, sharhi na 9) mai fada ne wanda ke nuna ilimin karya — mai son yin wasa amma ba tare da koyo ba, kuma yana shirin yin ƙarya don ya yi iƙirarin hakan; kuma Périandre (Littafi na VI, sharhi na 21) mutum ne wanda ke bayyana kansa a matsayin mai daraja duk da cewa ba shi da wani matsayi na daraja, kuma yana hulɗa da mutanen da ke da sha'awar kai. ''Les Caractères'' ta kare manufar ''gidan honnête'' ta hanyar nuna cewa yana taimakawa wajen gyara gazawar al'umma da aka zana a cikin jawabinta. == Duba kuma == * Tsarin Gargajiya * Mutumin kirki * [[Humanism|Dan Adam]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5pqf4a56c42s217r6tpi04wy1fhruir 0 179542 969148 2026-10-18T16:34:40Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372416667|Ezzedine Kalak]]" 969148 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ezzedine Kalak''' (: عز الدين القلق, 'Izz al-Din al-Qalaq; 1936-1978) ya kasance memba na [[Fatah]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO) a Faransa daga 1973 zuwa kisan da aka yi masa a Paris a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1978. Kungiyar Abu Nidal ce ta kashe shi. [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] njizuuf05si5b9b4bcscnw0cc4xnyw5 969150 969148 2026-10-18T16:34:51Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372416667|Ezzedine Kalak]]" 969150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ezzedine Kalak''' (: عز الدين القلق, 'Izz al-Din al-Qalaq; 1936-1978) ya kasance memba na [[Fatah]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO) a Faransa daga 1973 zuwa kisan da aka yi masa a Paris a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1978. Kungiyar Abu Nidal ce ta kashe shi. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] 1qk1i9725jpyiqry1u7j6j97tn4hzbp 969151 969150 2026-10-18T16:35:01Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372416667|Ezzedine Kalak]]" 969151 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ezzedine Kalak''' (: عز الدين القلق, 'Izz al-Din al-Qalaq; 1936-1978) ya kasance memba na [[Fatah]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO) a Faransa daga 1973 zuwa kisan da aka yi masa a Paris a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1978. Kungiyar Abu Nidal ce ta kashe shi. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kalak a Haifa, Mandatory Palestine, a cikin 1936. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Ezzeddin Al Qassam, shugaban tawayen Larabawa a Falasdinu tsakanin 1936 da 1939. <ref name="palqu" /> Kalak yana da 'yan uwa bakwai.<ref name="palqu" /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] tlhrdm1y25bh5hskjdmcq3opceosi2r 969152 969151 2026-10-18T16:35:13Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372416667|Ezzedine Kalak]]" 969152 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ezzedine Kalak''' (: عز الدين القلق, 'Izz al-Din al-Qalaq; 1936-1978) ya kasance memba na [[Fatah]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO) a Faransa daga 1973 zuwa kisan da aka yi masa a Paris a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1978. Kungiyar Abu Nidal ce ta kashe shi. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kalak a Haifa, Mandatory Palestine, a cikin 1936. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Ezzeddin Al Qassam, shugaban tawayen Larabawa a Falasdinu tsakanin 1936 da 1939. <ref name="palqu" /> Kalak yana da 'yan uwa bakwai.<ref name="palqu" /> Kalak ya yi karatu a Haifa har zuwa Nakba a 1948 lokacin da iyalin suka bar Falasdinu suka zauna a Damascus. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare ya halarci Jami'ar Damascus . A lokacin karatunsa ya shiga ƙungiyar adabi kuma ya buga gajerun labaru a cikin jaridu na Siriya. Ya kuma zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Siriya yayin da yake karatu a jami'a. An ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru uku saboda ayyukan Kwaminisanci daga 1959 da 1961. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku ya fassara kuma ya buga gajerun labarun Amurka da Sinanci. Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Damascus a 1963 inda ya sami digiri a fannin ilmin sunadarai. [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] tt6ohda4x1m1qqstpwzfhsoul5rpz2s 969153 969152 2026-10-18T16:35:28Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372416667|Ezzedine Kalak]]" 969153 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ezzedine Kalak''' (: عز الدين القلق, 'Izz al-Din al-Qalaq; 1936-1978) ya kasance memba na [[Fatah]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO) a Faransa daga 1973 zuwa kisan da aka yi masa a Paris a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1978. Kungiyar Abu Nidal ce ta kashe shi. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kalak a Haifa, Mandatory Palestine, a cikin 1936. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Ezzeddin Al Qassam, shugaban tawayen Larabawa a Falasdinu tsakanin 1936 da 1939. <ref name="palqu" /> Kalak yana da 'yan uwa bakwai.<ref name="palqu" /> Kalak ya yi karatu a Haifa har zuwa Nakba a 1948 lokacin da iyalin suka bar Falasdinu suka zauna a Damascus. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare ya halarci Jami'ar Damascus . A lokacin karatunsa ya shiga ƙungiyar adabi kuma ya buga gajerun labaru a cikin jaridu na Siriya. Ya kuma zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Siriya yayin da yake karatu a jami'a. An ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru uku saboda ayyukan Kwaminisanci daga 1959 da 1961. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku ya fassara kuma ya buga gajerun labarun Amurka da Sinanci. Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Damascus a 1963 inda ya sami digiri a fannin ilmin sunadarai. Kalak ya sami Ph.D. a cikin ilmin sunadarai na jiki daga Jami'ar Poitiers a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. A lokacin karatunsa a Faransa ya shiga Fatah kuma an zabe shi shugaban Janar Union of Palestinian Students a Faransa. [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] 8jqy9yq76iik2h1644bulc1cn4cix44 969154 969153 2026-10-18T16:35:43Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372416667|Ezzedine Kalak]]" 969154 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ezzedine Kalak''' (: عز الدين القلق, 'Izz al-Din al-Qalaq; 1936-1978) ya kasance memba na [[Fatah]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO) a Faransa daga 1973 zuwa kisan da aka yi masa a Paris a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1978. Kungiyar Abu Nidal ce ta kashe shi. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kalak a Haifa, Mandatory Palestine, a cikin 1936. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Ezzeddin Al Qassam, shugaban tawayen Larabawa a Falasdinu tsakanin 1936 da 1939. <ref name="palqu" /> Kalak yana da 'yan uwa bakwai.<ref name="palqu" /> Kalak ya yi karatu a Haifa har zuwa Nakba a 1948 lokacin da iyalin suka bar Falasdinu suka zauna a Damascus. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare ya halarci Jami'ar Damascus . A lokacin karatunsa ya shiga ƙungiyar adabi kuma ya buga gajerun labaru a cikin jaridu na Siriya. Ya kuma zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Siriya yayin da yake karatu a jami'a. An ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru uku saboda ayyukan Kwaminisanci daga 1959 da 1961. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku ya fassara kuma ya buga gajerun labarun Amurka da Sinanci. Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Damascus a 1963 inda ya sami digiri a fannin ilmin sunadarai. Kalak ya sami Ph.D. a cikin ilmin sunadarai na jiki daga Jami'ar Poitiers a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. A lokacin karatunsa a Faransa ya shiga Fatah kuma an zabe shi shugaban Janar Union of Palestinian Students a Faransa. == Ayyuka da ayyukansa == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] 1ge3il2er4pfrw0kl0sinnh531fhksj 969155 969154 2026-10-18T16:35:55Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372416667|Ezzedine Kalak]]" 969155 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ezzedine Kalak''' (: عز الدين القلق, 'Izz al-Din al-Qalaq; 1936-1978) ya kasance memba na [[Fatah]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO) a Faransa daga 1973 zuwa kisan da aka yi masa a Paris a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1978. Kungiyar Abu Nidal ce ta kashe shi. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kalak a Haifa, Mandatory Palestine, a cikin 1936. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Ezzeddin Al Qassam, shugaban tawayen Larabawa a Falasdinu tsakanin 1936 da 1939. <ref name="palqu" /> Kalak yana da 'yan uwa bakwai.<ref name="palqu" /> Kalak ya yi karatu a Haifa har zuwa Nakba a 1948 lokacin da iyalin suka bar Falasdinu suka zauna a Damascus. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare ya halarci Jami'ar Damascus . A lokacin karatunsa ya shiga ƙungiyar adabi kuma ya buga gajerun labaru a cikin jaridu na Siriya. Ya kuma zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Siriya yayin da yake karatu a jami'a. An ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru uku saboda ayyukan Kwaminisanci daga 1959 da 1961. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku ya fassara kuma ya buga gajerun labarun Amurka da Sinanci. Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Damascus a 1963 inda ya sami digiri a fannin ilmin sunadarai. Kalak ya sami Ph.D. a cikin ilmin sunadarai na jiki daga Jami'ar Poitiers a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. A lokacin karatunsa a Faransa ya shiga Fatah kuma an zabe shi shugaban Janar Union of Palestinian Students a Faransa. == Ayyuka da ayyukansa == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Damascus Kalak ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, har zuwa 1965. Ya zauna a Paris bayan ya kammala Ph.D. kuma ya yi aiki a Rediyon Monte Carlo a matsayin mai fassara. Ya kafa mujallar da ake kira ''Fedayeen'' (Arabic: Resistance fighter) a Paris a shekarar 1970. A wannan lokacin ya fara aiki tare da Mahmoud Hamshari, wakilin PLO a Faransa. Kalak ya taimaka wajen samun tallafi daga masu zane-zane na Faransa, ciki har da Serge Le Péron da Claude Lazar, don Dalilin Palasdinawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2018 |title=May '68 and Solidarity with Palestine in France |url=https://sursock.museum/content/may-68-and-solidarity-palestine-france |access-date=21 November 2023 |publisher=[[Sursock Museum]]}}</ref> Ta hanyar shirye-shiryen Kalak masu zane-zane na Faransa sun samar da hotunan kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga nune-nunen da sauran abubuwan fasaha don tallafawa ƙungiyar adawa ta Palasdinawa. [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] ma2i91jo28n1m2f8sgrvl6bapqpcr6w 969156 969155 2026-10-18T16:36:07Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372416667|Ezzedine Kalak]]" 969156 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ezzedine Kalak''' (: عز الدين القلق, 'Izz al-Din al-Qalaq; 1936-1978) ya kasance memba na [[Fatah]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO) a Faransa daga 1973 zuwa kisan da aka yi masa a Paris a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1978. Kungiyar Abu Nidal ce ta kashe shi. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kalak a Haifa, Mandatory Palestine, a cikin 1936. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Ezzeddin Al Qassam, shugaban tawayen Larabawa a Falasdinu tsakanin 1936 da 1939. <ref name="palqu" /> Kalak yana da 'yan uwa bakwai.<ref name="palqu" /> Kalak ya yi karatu a Haifa har zuwa Nakba a 1948 lokacin da iyalin suka bar Falasdinu suka zauna a Damascus. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare ya halarci Jami'ar Damascus . A lokacin karatunsa ya shiga ƙungiyar adabi kuma ya buga gajerun labaru a cikin jaridu na Siriya. Ya kuma zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Siriya yayin da yake karatu a jami'a. An ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru uku saboda ayyukan Kwaminisanci daga 1959 da 1961. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku ya fassara kuma ya buga gajerun labarun Amurka da Sinanci. Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Damascus a 1963 inda ya sami digiri a fannin ilmin sunadarai. Kalak ya sami Ph.D. a cikin ilmin sunadarai na jiki daga Jami'ar Poitiers a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. A lokacin karatunsa a Faransa ya shiga Fatah kuma an zabe shi shugaban Janar Union of Palestinian Students a Faransa. == Ayyuka da ayyukansa == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Damascus Kalak ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, har zuwa 1965. Ya zauna a Paris bayan ya kammala Ph.D. kuma ya yi aiki a Rediyon Monte Carlo a matsayin mai fassara. Ya kafa mujallar da ake kira ''Fedayeen'' (Arabic: Resistance fighter) a Paris a shekarar 1970. A wannan lokacin ya fara aiki tare da Mahmoud Hamshari, wakilin PLO a Faransa. Kalak ya taimaka wajen samun tallafi daga masu zane-zane na Faransa, ciki har da Serge Le Péron da Claude Lazar, don Dalilin Palasdinawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2018 |title=May '68 and Solidarity with Palestine in France |url=https://sursock.museum/content/may-68-and-solidarity-palestine-france |access-date=21 November 2023 |publisher=[[Sursock Museum]]}}</ref> Ta hanyar shirye-shiryen Kalak masu zane-zane na Faransa sun samar da hotunan kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga nune-nunen da sauran abubuwan fasaha don tallafawa ƙungiyar adawa ta Palasdinawa. Kalak ya gaji Hamshari a matsayin wakilin PLO a Faransa a watan Satumbar 1973 bayan kisan Hamshari da jami'an Mossad suka yi.<ref name="palqu" /> Ofishin PLO ya sami amincewar hukuma daga Faransa a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 1975 kuma an sake buɗe shi a hedkwatar Arab League a Boulevard Haussmann a Paris.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Philippe Rondot |date=Spring 1987 |title=France and Palestine: From Charles de Gaulle to François Mitterrand |journal=[[Journal of Palestine Studies]] |volume=16 |issue=3 |page=92 |doi=10.2307/2536791 |jstor=2536791}}</ref> Kalak shine jami'in Palasdinawa na farko da aka gayyaci zuwa Fadar Elysee don halartar bikin da aka gudanar wa Sarkin Saudi Arabia Khalid a shekarar 1978. [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] eexri3qk0rgnr1vsbep3gfzw3txzij4 969157 969156 2026-10-18T16:36:25Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372416667|Ezzedine Kalak]]" 969157 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ezzedine Kalak''' (: عز الدين القلق, 'Izz al-Din al-Qalaq; 1936-1978) ya kasance memba na [[Fatah]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO) a Faransa daga 1973 zuwa kisan da aka yi masa a Paris a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1978. Kungiyar Abu Nidal ce ta kashe shi. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kalak a Haifa, Mandatory Palestine, a cikin 1936. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Ezzeddin Al Qassam, shugaban tawayen Larabawa a Falasdinu tsakanin 1936 da 1939. <ref name="palqu" /> Kalak yana da 'yan uwa bakwai.<ref name="palqu" /> Kalak ya yi karatu a Haifa har zuwa Nakba a 1948 lokacin da iyalin suka bar Falasdinu suka zauna a Damascus. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare ya halarci Jami'ar Damascus . A lokacin karatunsa ya shiga ƙungiyar adabi kuma ya buga gajerun labaru a cikin jaridu na Siriya. Ya kuma zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Siriya yayin da yake karatu a jami'a. An ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru uku saboda ayyukan Kwaminisanci daga 1959 da 1961. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku ya fassara kuma ya buga gajerun labarun Amurka da Sinanci. Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Damascus a 1963 inda ya sami digiri a fannin ilmin sunadarai. Kalak ya sami Ph.D. a cikin ilmin sunadarai na jiki daga Jami'ar Poitiers a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. A lokacin karatunsa a Faransa ya shiga Fatah kuma an zabe shi shugaban Janar Union of Palestinian Students a Faransa. == Ayyuka da ayyukansa == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Damascus Kalak ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, har zuwa 1965. Ya zauna a Paris bayan ya kammala Ph.D. kuma ya yi aiki a Rediyon Monte Carlo a matsayin mai fassara. Ya kafa mujallar da ake kira ''Fedayeen'' (Arabic: Resistance fighter) a Paris a shekarar 1970. A wannan lokacin ya fara aiki tare da Mahmoud Hamshari, wakilin PLO a Faransa. Kalak ya taimaka wajen samun tallafi daga masu zane-zane na Faransa, ciki har da Serge Le Péron da Claude Lazar, don Dalilin Palasdinawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2018 |title=May '68 and Solidarity with Palestine in France |url=https://sursock.museum/content/may-68-and-solidarity-palestine-france |access-date=21 November 2023 |publisher=[[Sursock Museum]]}}</ref> Ta hanyar shirye-shiryen Kalak masu zane-zane na Faransa sun samar da hotunan kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga nune-nunen da sauran abubuwan fasaha don tallafawa ƙungiyar adawa ta Palasdinawa. Kalak ya gaji Hamshari a matsayin wakilin PLO a Faransa a watan Satumbar 1973 bayan kisan Hamshari da jami'an Mossad suka yi.<ref name="palqu" /> Ofishin PLO ya sami amincewar hukuma daga Faransa a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 1975 kuma an sake buɗe shi a hedkwatar Arab League a Boulevard Haussmann a Paris.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Philippe Rondot |date=Spring 1987 |title=France and Palestine: From Charles de Gaulle to François Mitterrand |journal=[[Journal of Palestine Studies]] |volume=16 |issue=3 |page=92 |doi=10.2307/2536791 |jstor=2536791}}</ref> Kalak shine jami'in Palasdinawa na farko da aka gayyaci zuwa Fadar Elysee don halartar bikin da aka gudanar wa Sarkin Saudi Arabia Khalid a shekarar 1978. Kalak ya tattara hotunan siyasa na Palasdinawa daga shekarun 1960 da 1970. <ref name="met" /> Wadannan an adana su ne ta hanyar Poster House a Birnin New York wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ɗakin karatu na Watson . <ref name="met">{{Cite web |last=Holly Phillips |date=19 October 2022 |title=Glorious Graphics |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/perspectives/articles/2022/10/library-poster-house-gift |access-date=21 November 2023 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] ilamow6bbskxrgwjq932vqynu0hoic2 969158 969157 2026-10-18T16:36:41Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372416667|Ezzedine Kalak]]" 969158 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ezzedine Kalak''' (: عز الدين القلق, 'Izz al-Din al-Qalaq; 1936-1978) ya kasance memba na [[Fatah]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO) a Faransa daga 1973 zuwa kisan da aka yi masa a Paris a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1978. Kungiyar Abu Nidal ce ta kashe shi. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kalak a Haifa, Mandatory Palestine, a cikin 1936. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Ezzeddin Al Qassam, shugaban tawayen Larabawa a Falasdinu tsakanin 1936 da 1939. <ref name="palqu" /> Kalak yana da 'yan uwa bakwai.<ref name="palqu" /> Kalak ya yi karatu a Haifa har zuwa Nakba a 1948 lokacin da iyalin suka bar Falasdinu suka zauna a Damascus. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare ya halarci Jami'ar Damascus . A lokacin karatunsa ya shiga ƙungiyar adabi kuma ya buga gajerun labaru a cikin jaridu na Siriya. Ya kuma zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Siriya yayin da yake karatu a jami'a. An ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru uku saboda ayyukan Kwaminisanci daga 1959 da 1961. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku ya fassara kuma ya buga gajerun labarun Amurka da Sinanci. Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Damascus a 1963 inda ya sami digiri a fannin ilmin sunadarai. Kalak ya sami Ph.D. a cikin ilmin sunadarai na jiki daga Jami'ar Poitiers a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. A lokacin karatunsa a Faransa ya shiga Fatah kuma an zabe shi shugaban Janar Union of Palestinian Students a Faransa. == Ayyuka da ayyukansa == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Damascus Kalak ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, har zuwa 1965. Ya zauna a Paris bayan ya kammala Ph.D. kuma ya yi aiki a Rediyon Monte Carlo a matsayin mai fassara. Ya kafa mujallar da ake kira ''Fedayeen'' (Arabic: Resistance fighter) a Paris a shekarar 1970. A wannan lokacin ya fara aiki tare da Mahmoud Hamshari, wakilin PLO a Faransa. Kalak ya taimaka wajen samun tallafi daga masu zane-zane na Faransa, ciki har da Serge Le Péron da Claude Lazar, don Dalilin Palasdinawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2018 |title=May '68 and Solidarity with Palestine in France |url=https://sursock.museum/content/may-68-and-solidarity-palestine-france |access-date=21 November 2023 |publisher=[[Sursock Museum]]}}</ref> Ta hanyar shirye-shiryen Kalak masu zane-zane na Faransa sun samar da hotunan kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga nune-nunen da sauran abubuwan fasaha don tallafawa ƙungiyar adawa ta Palasdinawa. Kalak ya gaji Hamshari a matsayin wakilin PLO a Faransa a watan Satumbar 1973 bayan kisan Hamshari da jami'an Mossad suka yi.<ref name="palqu" /> Ofishin PLO ya sami amincewar hukuma daga Faransa a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 1975 kuma an sake buɗe shi a hedkwatar Arab League a Boulevard Haussmann a Paris.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Philippe Rondot |date=Spring 1987 |title=France and Palestine: From Charles de Gaulle to François Mitterrand |journal=[[Journal of Palestine Studies]] |volume=16 |issue=3 |page=92 |doi=10.2307/2536791 |jstor=2536791}}</ref> Kalak shine jami'in Palasdinawa na farko da aka gayyaci zuwa Fadar Elysee don halartar bikin da aka gudanar wa Sarkin Saudi Arabia Khalid a shekarar 1978. Kalak ya tattara hotunan siyasa na Palasdinawa daga shekarun 1960 da 1970. <ref name="met" /> Wadannan an adana su ne ta hanyar Poster House a Birnin New York wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ɗakin karatu na Watson . <ref name="met">{{Cite web |last=Holly Phillips |date=19 October 2022 |title=Glorious Graphics |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/perspectives/articles/2022/10/library-poster-house-gift |access-date=21 November 2023 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> == Kashewa == Kalak da mataimakinsa Adnan Hammad an harbe su har lahira a Ofishin PLO a Paris a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta 1978. <ref>{{Cite journal |year=1978 |title=Chronology. March—August 1978 |journal=Pakistan Horizon |volume=31 |issue=2/3 |page=205 |jstor=41393589}}</ref> Sauran mutane uku ma sun ji rauni a harin.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Michael Newton (author)}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] 02dpkfjgk5c37g52hmpy9ob1m6zg05a 969162 969158 2026-10-18T16:38:37Z Dev ammar 21046 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372416667|Ezzedine Kalak]]" 969162 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ezzedine Kalak''' (: عز الدين القلق, 'Izz al-Din al-Qalaq; 1936-1978) ya kasance memba na [[Fatah]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO) a Faransa daga 1973 zuwa kisan da aka yi masa a Paris a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1978. Kungiyar Abu Nidal ce ta kashe shi. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kalak a Haifa, Mandatory Palestine, a cikin 1936. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Ezzeddin Al Qassam, shugaban tawayen Larabawa a Falasdinu tsakanin 1936 da 1939. <ref name="palqu" /> Kalak yana da 'yan uwa bakwai.<ref name="palqu" /> Kalak ya yi karatu a Haifa har zuwa Nakba a 1948 lokacin da iyalin suka bar Falasdinu suka zauna a Damascus. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare ya halarci Jami'ar Damascus . A lokacin karatunsa ya shiga ƙungiyar adabi kuma ya buga gajerun labaru a cikin jaridu na Siriya. Ya kuma zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Siriya yayin da yake karatu a jami'a. An ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru uku saboda ayyukan Kwaminisanci daga 1959 da 1961. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku ya fassara kuma ya buga gajerun labarun Amurka da Sinanci. Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Damascus a 1963 inda ya sami digiri a fannin ilmin sunadarai. Kalak ya sami Ph.D. a cikin ilmin sunadarai na jiki daga Jami'ar Poitiers a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. A lokacin karatunsa a Faransa ya shiga Fatah kuma an zabe shi shugaban Janar Union of Palestinian Students a Faransa. == Ayyuka da ayyukansa == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Damascus Kalak ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, har zuwa 1965. Ya zauna a Paris bayan ya kammala Ph.D. kuma ya yi aiki a Rediyon Monte Carlo a matsayin mai fassara. Ya kafa mujallar da ake kira ''Fedayeen'' (Arabic: Resistance fighter) a Paris a shekarar 1970. A wannan lokacin ya fara aiki tare da Mahmoud Hamshari, wakilin PLO a Faransa. Kalak ya taimaka wajen samun tallafi daga masu zane-zane na Faransa, ciki har da Serge Le Péron da Claude Lazar, don Dalilin Palasdinawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2018 |title=May '68 and Solidarity with Palestine in France |url=https://sursock.museum/content/may-68-and-solidarity-palestine-france |access-date=21 November 2023 |publisher=[[Sursock Museum]]}}</ref> Ta hanyar shirye-shiryen Kalak masu zane-zane na Faransa sun samar da hotunan kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga nune-nunen da sauran abubuwan fasaha don tallafawa ƙungiyar adawa ta Palasdinawa. Kalak ya gaji Hamshari a matsayin wakilin PLO a Faransa a watan Satumbar 1973 bayan kisan Hamshari da jami'an Mossad suka yi.<ref name="palqu" /> Ofishin PLO ya sami amincewar hukuma daga Faransa a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 1975 kuma an sake buɗe shi a hedkwatar Arab League a Boulevard Haussmann a Paris.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Philippe Rondot |date=Spring 1987 |title=France and Palestine: From Charles de Gaulle to François Mitterrand |journal=[[Journal of Palestine Studies]] |volume=16 |issue=3 |page=92 |doi=10.2307/2536791 |jstor=2536791}}</ref> Kalak shine jami'in Palasdinawa na farko da aka gayyaci zuwa Fadar Elysee don halartar bikin da aka gudanar wa Sarkin Saudi Arabia Khalid a shekarar 1978. Kalak ya tattara hotunan siyasa na Palasdinawa daga shekarun 1960 da 1970. <ref name="met" /> Wadannan an adana su ne ta hanyar Poster House a Birnin New York wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ɗakin karatu na Watson . <ref name="met">{{Cite web |last=Holly Phillips |date=19 October 2022 |title=Glorious Graphics |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/perspectives/articles/2022/10/library-poster-house-gift |access-date=21 November 2023 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> == Kashewa == Kalak da mataimakinsa Adnan Hammad an harbe su har lahira a Ofishin PLO a Paris a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta 1978. <ref>{{Cite journal |year=1978 |title=Chronology. March—August 1978 |journal=Pakistan Horizon |volume=31 |issue=2/3 |page=205 |jstor=41393589}}</ref> Sauran mutane uku ma sun ji rauni a harin.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Michael Newton (author)}}</ref> Wadanda suka aikata laifin sun kasance Hatem Husni da Kayad Assad wadanda suka kasance mambobin Black June, wani bangare na kungiyar Abu Nidal, kungiyar juyin juya halin Palasdinawa.<ref name="upi86">{{cite news |date=21 February 1986 |title=Foreign News Briefs |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A446716830/STND?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-STND&xid=baccbb21 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=[[United Press International]] |location=Paris}}</ref> Sun kasance daliban jami'a a Faransa kuma duka 'yan Jordan ne na asalin Palasdinawa. An kama Husni da Assad nan da nan bayan kisan. An yanke musu hukuncin shekaru goma sha biyar a kurkuku a watan Maris na shekara ta 1980. Koyaya, an sake su daga kurkuku a 1986 kuma an kore su daga Faransa sakamakon tattaunawar tsakanin gwamnatin Faransa da kungiyar Abu Nidal. Ta hanyar yarjejeniyar an dakatar da hare-haren ta'addanci na kungiyar Abu Nidal a Faransa. Bayan da aka sake su daga kurkuku Hatem Husni da Kayad Assad sun sadu da Abu Nidal, shugaban kungiyar Abu Nidal. [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] ie9q3x89kq1rayh7e9rx7n79bnunxpw 969164 969162 2026-10-18T16:40:23Z Dev ammar 21046 969164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ezzedine Kalak''' (: عز الدين القلق, 'Izz al-Din al-Qalaq; 1936-1978) ya kasance memba na [[Fatah]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin wakilin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasdinu (PLO) a Faransa daga 1973 zuwa kisan da aka yi masa a Paris a ranar 3 ga Agusta 1978. Kungiyar Abu Nidal ce ta kashe shi. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kalak a Haifa, Mandatory Palestine, a cikin 1936. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Ezzeddin Al Qassam, shugaban tawayen Larabawa a Falasdinu tsakanin 1936 da 1939. <ref name="palqu" /> Kalak yana da 'yan uwa bakwai.<ref name="palqu" /> Kalak ya yi karatu a Haifa har zuwa Nakba a 1948 lokacin da iyalin suka bar Falasdinu suka zauna a Damascus. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga makarantar sakandare ya halarci Jami'ar Damascus . A lokacin karatunsa ya shiga ƙungiyar adabi kuma ya buga gajerun labaru a cikin jaridu na Siriya. Ya kuma zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Siriya yayin da yake karatu a jami'a. An ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru uku saboda ayyukan Kwaminisanci daga 1959 da 1961. Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku ya fassara kuma ya buga gajerun labarun Amurka da Sinanci. Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Damascus a 1963 inda ya sami digiri a fannin ilmin sunadarai. Kalak ya sami Ph.D. a cikin ilmin sunadarai na jiki daga Jami'ar Poitiers a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. A lokacin karatunsa a Faransa ya shiga Fatah kuma an zabe shi shugaban Janar Union of Palestinian Students a Faransa. == Ayyuka da ayyukansa == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Damascus Kalak ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, har zuwa 1965. Ya zauna a Paris bayan ya kammala Ph.D. kuma ya yi aiki a Rediyon Monte Carlo a matsayin mai fassara. Ya kafa mujallar da ake kira ''Fedayeen'' (Arabic: Resistance fighter) a Paris a shekarar 1970. A wannan lokacin ya fara aiki tare da Mahmoud Hamshari, wakilin PLO a Faransa. Kalak ya taimaka wajen samun tallafi daga masu zane-zane na Faransa, ciki har da Serge Le Péron da Claude Lazar, don Dalilin Palasdinawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2018 |title=May '68 and Solidarity with Palestine in France |url=https://sursock.museum/content/may-68-and-solidarity-palestine-france |access-date=21 November 2023 |publisher=[[Sursock Museum]]}}</ref> Ta hanyar shirye-shiryen Kalak masu zane-zane na Faransa sun samar da hotunan kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga nune-nunen da sauran abubuwan fasaha don tallafawa ƙungiyar adawa ta Palasdinawa. Kalak ya gaji Hamshari a matsayin wakilin PLO a Faransa a watan Satumbar 1973 bayan kisan Hamshari da jami'an Mossad suka yi.<ref name="palqu" /> Ofishin PLO ya sami amincewar hukuma daga Faransa a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 1975 kuma an sake buɗe shi a hedkwatar Arab League a Boulevard Haussmann a Paris.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Philippe Rondot |date=Spring 1987 |title=France and Palestine: From Charles de Gaulle to François Mitterrand |journal=[[Journal of Palestine Studies]] |volume=16 |issue=3 |page=92 |doi=10.2307/2536791 |jstor=2536791}}</ref> Kalak shine jami'in Palasdinawa na farko da aka gayyaci zuwa Fadar Elysee don halartar bikin da aka gudanar wa Sarkin Saudi Arabia Khalid a shekarar 1978. Kalak ya tattara hotunan siyasa na Palasdinawa daga shekarun 1960 da 1970. <ref name="met" /> Wadannan an adana su ne ta hanyar Poster House a Birnin New York wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga ɗakin karatu na Watson . <ref name="met">{{Cite web |last=Holly Phillips |date=19 October 2022 |title=Glorious Graphics |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/perspectives/articles/2022/10/library-poster-house-gift |access-date=21 November 2023 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> == Kashewa == Kalak da mataimakinsa Adnan Hammad an harbe su har lahira a Ofishin PLO a Paris a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta 1978. <ref>{{Cite journal |year=1978 |title=Chronology. March—August 1978 |journal=Pakistan Horizon |volume=31 |issue=2/3 |page=205 |jstor=41393589}}</ref> Sauran mutane uku ma sun ji rauni a harin.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Michael Newton (author)}}</ref> Wadanda suka aikata laifin sun kasance Hatem Husni da Kayad Assad wadanda suka kasance mambobin Black June, wani bangare na kungiyar Abu Nidal, kungiyar juyin juya halin Palasdinawa.<ref name="upi86">{{cite news |date=21 February 1986 |title=Foreign News Briefs |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A446716830/STND?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-STND&xid=baccbb21 |access-date=22 November 2023 |work=[[United Press International]] |location=Paris}}</ref> Sun kasance daliban jami'a a Faransa kuma duka 'yan Jordan ne na asalin Palasdinawa. An kama Husni da Assad nan da nan bayan kisan. An yanke musu hukuncin shekaru goma sha biyar a kurkuku a watan Maris na shekara ta 1980. Koyaya, an sake su daga kurkuku a 1986 kuma an kore su daga Faransa sakamakon tattaunawar tsakanin gwamnatin Faransa da kungiyar Abu Nidal. Ta hanyar yarjejeniyar an dakatar da hare-haren ta'addanci na kungiyar Abu Nidal a Faransa. Bayan da aka sake su daga kurkuku Hatem Husni da Kayad Assad sun sadu da Abu Nidal, shugaban kungiyar Abu Nidal. ==Manazarta== [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] rasi7wijj4g92mcyz6cpym4uwpvjidg 0 179543 969160 2026-10-18T16:37:15Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Kinge Ruth Fanny | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Kimiyyar siyasa]], shugabanci, siyasar jinsi da nazarin rikice-rikice | education = PhD a Kimiyyar Siyasa }} '''Kinge Ruth Fanny''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike 'yar Najeriya a fannin [[Kimiyyar siyasa]]. Tana aiki a Jami'ar Ji... 969160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Kinge Ruth Fanny | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Kimiyyar siyasa]], shugabanci, siyasar jinsi da nazarin rikice-rikice | education = PhD a Kimiyyar Siyasa }} '''Kinge Ruth Fanny''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike 'yar Najeriya a fannin [[Kimiyyar siyasa]]. Tana aiki a [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], inda shafin jami'ar ya lissafa ta a matsayin ''Reader'' da kuma ''Senior Lecturer'' a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa. Fannonin ƙwarewarta sun haɗa da shugabanci, siyasar jinsi da nazarin rikice-rikice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Political Science Staff List |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/staff-list-15/ |website=Gombe State University |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi == Kinge Ruth Fanny ta samu digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin Kimiyyar Siyasa daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], Zariya. Takardar bincikenta ta digirin digirgir ta yi nazari kan jinsi da shigar mata cikin harkokin siyasa a yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Kamaru daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender and Political Participation in the South West Region of Cameroon, 1990–2009 |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/740407ff-b423-45e1-b1b7-c06096ff362d/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Institutional Repository |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Aikin ilimi da bincike == Ayyukan binciken Kinge sun shafi shugabanci, dimokuraɗiyya, zaɓe, shigar mata cikin siyasa da batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi. Ta yi rubuce-rubuce kan yadda tsarin zaɓe da shugabanci ke shafar zaman lafiyar siyasa da gudanar da mulki a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kinge |first=Ruth Fanny |last2=Terengson Danbaba |first2=Shadrack |title=Federalism and Political Instability in Nigeria: The Focus on Elections in the Fourth Republic |journal=African Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies |volume=14 |issue=11 |date=2021 |pages=47–61 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372497222_FEDERALISM_AND_POLITICAL_INSTABILITY_IN_NIGERIA_THE_FOCUS_ON_ELECTIONS_IN_THE_FOURTH_REPUBLIC }}</ref> A shekarar 2016, an wallafa wani bincike mai taken ''Gender Differentials in Political Participation in the South West Region of Cameroon: The Implications on Women Development'', wanda ya tattauna bambance-bambancen jinsi a shigar mutane cikin siyasa da tasirinsa ga ci gaban mata. An jera Ruth Fanny Kinge a matsayin marubuciyar binciken.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review of Public Administration and Management, Volume 5, Number 9, July 2016 |url=https://www.arabianjbmr.com/VOL_5_%289%29_RPAM.php |website=Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> Haka kuma, ta kasance cikin marubutan binciken ''Election and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria: An Analysis of the 2015 General Elections'', wanda aka wallafa a shekarar 2016. Binciken ya yi nazari kan zaɓen Najeriya na shekarar 2015 da tasirinsa ga ƙarfafa dimokuraɗiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria: An Analysis of the 2015 General Elections |url=https://www.arabianjbmr.com/VOL_5_%2810%29_OM.php |website=Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana kimiyyar siyasa]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] f4t2cx3tombet7vwmk1q0vbrm6dkew5 0 179544 969163 2026-10-18T16:38:58Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Ruth Ishaku Ibbi | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Harshen Turanci]], [[ilimin harshe]] }} '''Ruth Ishaku Ibbi''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya wadda fannonin aikinta suka haɗa da harshen Turanci, ilimin harshe da koyar da Turanci a matsayin harshe na biyu. An danganta ta da Sashen... 969163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ruth Ishaku Ibbi | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Harshen Turanci]], [[ilimin harshe]] }} '''Ruth Ishaku Ibbi''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya wadda fannonin aikinta suka haɗa da harshen Turanci, ilimin harshe da koyar da Turanci a matsayin harshe na biyu. An danganta ta da Sashen Turanci na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], kuma ta wallafa bincike a kan nahawu, koyon harshe da siffofin Turancin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ibbi |first=Ruth Ishaku |title=L2 Speakers’ Strategy: A Study of Discourse Markers Peculiar to Nigerian English |journal=Issues in Language and Literary Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |date=2019 |url=https://illsjournal.acu.edu.ng/index.php/ills/article/view/58 |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == === Koyon harshen Turanci === A shekarar 2020, Ibbi ta wallafa binciken mai taken ''Facilitation Methods in the Acquisition of English in Selected Primary and Secondary Schools in Gombe Metropolis''. Binciken ya duba hanyoyin koyar da Turanci a makarantun firamare da sakandare a birnin Gombe, tare da nazarin yadda masu magana da Hausa suke koyon Turanci a matsayin harshe na biyu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ibbi |first=Ruth Ishaku |title=Facilitation Methods in the Acquisition of English in Selected Primary and Secondary Schools in Gombe Metropolis |journal=Issues in Language and Literary Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |date=2020 |url=https://illsjournal.acu.edu.ng/index.php/ills/article/view/77 |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> === Nahawu da ilimin harshe === Ibbi ta kuma wallafa bincike mai taken ''A Re-evaluation of the Analysis of Sentences: Transformational Generative Grammar and Systemic Functional Linguistics Perspectives''. An wallafa binciken a mujallar Abraka Humanities Review. A cikin binciken, ta kwatanta ra'ayoyin nahawun Transformational Generative Grammar da Systemic Functional Linguistics wajen nazarin jimlolin harshen Turanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ibbi |first=Ruth Ishaku |title=A Re-evaluation of the Analysis of Sentences: Transformational Generative Grammar and Systemic Functional Linguistics Perspectives |journal=Abraka Humanities Review |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=112–123 |date=2019 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/abraka/article/download/239090/225968 |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> === Turancin Najeriya === A cikin bincikenta kan ''Discourse Markers Peculiar to Nigerian English'', Ibbi ta yi nazarin wasu kalmomi da jimloli da ake amfani da su wajen haɗa zance a Turancin Najeriya. Binciken ya tattauna yadda irin waɗannan siffofi suke bayyana a magana da rubutu, da kuma yadda suke nuna yadda masu magana da Turanci a Najeriya suke amfani da harshen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ibbi |first=Ruth Ishaku |title=L2 Speakers’ Strategy: A Study of Discourse Markers Peculiar to Nigerian English |journal=Issues in Language and Literary Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |date=2019 |url=https://illsjournal.acu.edu.ng/index.php/ills/article/view/58 |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana ilimin harshe]] [[Rukuni:Masana harshen Turanci]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] eyw0qegs158m6bvvq9cygitm5n4vu42 0 179545 969165 2026-10-18T16:40:31Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Mary Erasmus Sulai | honorific_prefix = Prof. | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Ilimin kimiyya]], ilimin malamai, ilimin STEM }} '''Mary Erasmus Sulai''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike 'yar Najeriya a fannin ilimin kimiyya. Tana aiki a [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], inda ta kasance cikin ma'aikatan ilimi na Sashen Ilimin Kimiyya. Bincikenta ya sha... 969165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mary Erasmus Sulai | honorific_prefix = Prof. | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Farfesa, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Ilimin kimiyya]], ilimin malamai, ilimin STEM }} '''Mary Erasmus Sulai''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike 'yar Najeriya a fannin ilimin kimiyya. Tana aiki a [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], inda ta kasance cikin ma'aikatan ilimi na Sashen Ilimin Kimiyya. Bincikenta ya shafi ilimin kimiyya, koyarwa, ilimin 'ya'ya mata da damar samun ilimin kimiyya da fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Girl-Child Education in Science, Technical and Vocational Programmes: An Imperative for Economy Security |url=https://journals.lcu.edu.ng/public/journals/journal-of-capital-development-in-behavioural-sciences/volume/5-2/article/girl-child-education-in-science-technical-and-vocational-programmes-an-imperative-for-economy-security |website=Journal of Capital Development in Behavioural Sciences |date=2017 |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2026, an sanar da cewa za ta gabatar da lacca ta 24 ta farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar Gombe. Taken laccar shi ne “Invisible Hunger, Apparent Consequences on Cognitive Performance of Learners in the Jewel State: The Concerns of a Science Educator”.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSU announces 24th Inaugural Lecture |url=https://myschool.ng/news/gsu-schedules-24th-inaugural-lecture |website=Myschool |date=20 May 2026 |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Aikin ilimi da bincike == === Ilimin 'ya'ya mata da kimiyya === A shekarar 2017, Sulai ta wallafa binciken ''Girl-Child Education in Science, Technical and Vocational Programmes: An Imperative for Economy Security''. Binciken ya yi nazari kan yadda 'yan mata suke shiga shirye-shiryen ilimin kimiyya, fasaha da koyon sana'o'i a makarantun sakandare na Jihar Gombe. Ta yi amfani da bayanan makarantu da tambayoyi wajen nazarin halartar 'yan mata a waɗannan shirye-shirye.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sulai |first=Mary Erasmus |title=Girl-Child Education in Science, Technical and Vocational Programmes: An Imperative for Economy Security |journal=Journal of Capital Development in Behavioural Sciences |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=104–116 |date=2017 |url=https://journals.lcu.edu.ng/public/journals/journal-of-capital-development-in-behavioural-sciences/volume/5-2/article/girl-child-education-in-science-technical-and-vocational-programmes-an-imperative-for-economy-security }}</ref> === Ilimin STEM === Sulai da Erasmus Ibrahim Sulai sun wallafa bincike mai taken ''Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education: A Tool for National Development''. An wallafa binciken a International Journal of Educational Research a shekarar 2020. Ya tattauna muhimmancin ilimin kimiyya, fasaha, injiniyanci da lissafi (STEM) wajen ci gaban ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sulai |first=Mary Erasmus |last2=Sulai |first2=Erasmus Ibrahim |title=Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Education: A Tool for National Development |journal=International Journal of Educational Research |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=117–126 |date=2020 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijer/issue/view/19535 }}</ref> === Ilimin firamare da sakandare === A shekarar 2022, Sulai ta kasance cikin marubutan binciken ''Trends and Challenges of Pupils' Transition from Primary to Junior Secondary Schools in Gombe State, Nigeria''. Binciken ya duba sauyin ɗalibai daga firamare zuwa ƙaramar sakandare a Jihar Gombe tsakanin shekarun 2014 da 2019. Ya kuma yi nazarin matsalolin da ke hana wasu ɗalibai ci gaba da karatu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suleiman |first=Zubairu |last2=Hussaini |first2=Hadiza |last3=Sulai |first3=Mary Erasmus |last4=Dukku |first4=Muhammad Gurama |title=Trends and Challenges of Pupils' Transition from Primary to Junior Secondary Schools in Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Sokoto Educational Review |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=14–23 |date=2022 |doi=10.35386/ser.v21i1.465 |url=https://www.sokedureview.org/index.php/SER/article/view/465 }}</ref> == Laccar farfesa == A shekarar 2026, Jami'ar Jihar Gombe ta sanar da laccar farfesa ta 24 da Sulai za ta gabatar. Laccar ta mayar da hankali kan ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki da tasirinsa ga ƙwaƙwalwa da iya koyo na ɗalibai a Jihar Gombe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSU announces 24th Inaugural Lecture |url=https://myschool.ng/news/gsu-schedules-24th-inaugural-lecture |website=Myschool |date=20 May 2026 |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana ilimin kimiyya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] 07npq06763si4sjocov50a0ja7u1pg6 2 179546 969167 2026-10-18T16:41:01Z Asiya Abubakar Gusau 45956 /* */ 969167 wikitext text/x-wiki Sunana Asiya Abubakar Gusau t80m2120acr3oy570w4fsszqhevlm7y 0 179547 969169 2026-10-18T16:42:00Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Malata Andrew Zakayo | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Harshen Turanci]], [[ilimin harshe]], sautin harshe }} '''Malata Andrew Zakayo''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya a fannin harshen Turanci da ilimin harshe. Tana da alaƙa da Sashen Turanci na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Ayyukan... 969169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Malata Andrew Zakayo | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Harshen Turanci]], [[ilimin harshe]], sautin harshe }} '''Malata Andrew Zakayo''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya a fannin harshen Turanci da ilimin harshe. Tana da alaƙa da Sashen Turanci na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Ayyukan bincikenta sun shafi sautin harshe, tsarin nahawu, amfani da Turanci a matsayin harshe na biyu da kuma zamantakewar harshe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zakayo |first=Malata Andrew |title=E-Teaching Mechanisms in Selected Private Secondary Schools in Gombe Metropolis during the COVID-19 Era: Challenges and Implications |journal=Journal of the English Scholars' Association of Nigeria |url=https://journalofenglishscholarsassociation.org/journals/index.php/JESAN/issue/download/1/10 |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aikin jami'a == An bayyana Malata Andrew Zakayo a matsayin mai riƙe da digirin digirgir (PhD) a harshen Turanci, kuma malama a Sashen Turanci na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe. Takardun da aka wallafa sun danganta ƙwarewarta da sautin harshe da nazarin yadda ake amfani da Turanci a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malata Andrew Zakayo — bayanin marubuci |url=https://appn.site/our_members |website=Association of Nigerian Authors and related professional network |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == === Koyarwa ta hanyar fasahar zamani === Zakayo ta wallafa bincike mai taken ''E-Teaching Mechanisms in Selected Private Secondary Schools in Gombe Metropolis during the COVID-19 Era: Challenges and Implications''. Binciken ya tattauna amfani da hanyoyin koyarwa ta intanet a wasu makarantun sakandare masu zaman kansu a birnin Gombe a lokacin annobar COVID-19, tare da bayyana matsalolin da suka fuskanta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zakayo |first=Malata Andrew |title=E-Teaching Mechanisms in Selected Private Secondary Schools in Gombe Metropolis during the COVID-19 Era: Challenges and Implications |journal=Journal of the English Scholars' Association of Nigeria |url=https://journalofenglishscholarsassociation.org/journals/index.php/JESAN/issue/download/1/10 }}</ref> === Nahawu da amfani da Turanci === A shekarar 2023, ta yi aiki tare da Adaje Ambrose Ochigbo wajen wallafa bincike mai taken ''Syntactic Deployments of Verb Forms in Written English of First-Year Students of University of Agriculture, Makurdi''. Binciken ya nazarci amfani da siffofin aikatau a rubuce-rubucen ɗaliban jami'a, tare da duba kurakuran nahawu da yadda suke gina jimlolin Turanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ochigbo |first=Adaje Ambrose |last2=Zakayo |first2=Malata Andrew |title=Syntactic Deployments of Verb Forms in Written English of First-Year Students of University of Agriculture, Makurdi |journal=International Journal of Arts, Languages, Linguistics and Literary Studies |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=2023 |pages=67–76 |url=https://jolls.com.ng/v2/index.php/jolls/article/download/86/71/58 }}</ref> === Zamantakewar harshe === A shekarar 2025, Zakayo ta kasance cikin marubutan binciken ''Sociolinguistic Analysis of L1 in the English Writings of Selected Students of the Polytechnic Bajoga, Gombe State''. Binciken ya yi nazarin yadda harshen farko na ɗalibai ke tasiri a rubutunsu na Turanci da kuma yadda yanayin zamantakewa ke shafar amfani da harshe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ijem |first=Blessing Ugo |last2=Baraya |first2=Mohammed Adamu |last3=Zakayo |first3=Malata Andrew |title=Sociolinguistic Analysis of L1 in the English Writings of Selected Students of the Polytechnic Bajoga, Gombe State |journal=Jalingo Journal of Linguistics and Literary Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2025 |url=https://oer.tsuniversity.edu.ng/index.php/jajolls/article/view/547 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana harshen Turanci]] [[Rukuni:Masana ilimin harshe]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] i7tvxasd4ttlsgruj6ucxr5j0fn42n9 0 179548 969170 2026-10-18T16:43:58Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Hajara Aminu Galadima | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Malamar jami'a | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Biochemistry|Ilimin sinadarai na halittu]], Medical Biochemistry | education = MBBS }} '''Hajara Aminu Galadima''' malamar jami'a ce 'yar Najeriya da ke aiki a [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Bisa bayanan shafin jami'ar, tana aiki a Sashen Biochemist... 969170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Hajara Aminu Galadima | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Malamar jami'a | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Biochemistry|Ilimin sinadarai na halittu]], Medical Biochemistry | education = MBBS }} '''Hajara Aminu Galadima''' malamar jami'a ce 'yar Najeriya da ke aiki a [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Bisa bayanan shafin jami'ar, tana aiki a Sashen Biochemistry a matsayin ''Lecturer II'', kuma fannin ƙwarewarta shi ne ilimin sinadarai na halittu na likitanci (''Medical Biochemistry''). Shafin ya kuma lissafa MBBS a matsayin cancantar karatunta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biochemistry Staff List |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/staff-list-02/ |website=Gombe State University |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Aikin jami'a == Galadima tana cikin ma'aikatan ilimi na Sashen Biochemistry na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe. Ilimin sinadarai na halittu na likitanci fanni ne da ke nazarin sinadarai da matakan halittu a jikin ɗan Adam, da yadda ake amfani da wannan ilimi wajen fahimtar lafiya da cututtuka. == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] [[Rukuni:Masana ilimin sinadarai na halittu]] c64d9fv6mfvqheud9xhpi9jg82zeany 0 179549 969177 2026-10-18T16:57:01Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Bilkisu Yayaji Ahmed | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Yanayin ƙasa]], yanayin ƙasa da lafiyar al'umma, ci gaban mata }} '''Bilkisu Yayaji Ahmed''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike 'yar Najeriya a fannin [[yanayin ƙasa]]. An danganta ta da Sashen Geography na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Bincikenta... 969177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Bilkisu Yayaji Ahmed | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Yanayin ƙasa]], yanayin ƙasa da lafiyar al'umma, ci gaban mata }} '''Bilkisu Yayaji Ahmed''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike 'yar Najeriya a fannin [[yanayin ƙasa]]. An danganta ta da Sashen Geography na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Bincikenta ya shafi lafiyar al'umma, samun damar amfani da ayyukan kiwon lafiya, shigar mata cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki da ci gaban yankunan karkara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Bilkisu Yayaji |title=Examination of the Factors Affecting the Use of Obstetric Care Services in Gombe, Shongom and Nafada Local Government Areas of Gombe State, Northeastern Nigeria |journal=Gombe Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies |volume=1 |issue=3 |date=2020 |url=https://gojgesjournal.com/upload/Vol%2001%20No.%2003%2008.pdf |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == === Lafiyar mata da ayyukan kiwon lafiya === A shekarar 2020, Ahmed ta wallafa bincike mai taken ''Examination of the Factors Affecting the Use of Obstetric Care Services in Gombe, Shongom and Nafada Local Government Areas of Gombe State, Northeastern Nigeria''. Binciken ya yi nazari kan abubuwan da ke shafar amfani da ayyukan kula da mata masu juna biyu a waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi na Jihar Gombe. An tattara bayanai daga mata 600 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 49 ta hanyar tambayoyi da tattaunawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Bilkisu Yayaji |title=Examination of the Factors Affecting the Use of Obstetric Care Services in Gombe, Shongom and Nafada Local Government Areas of Gombe State, Northeastern Nigeria |journal=Gombe Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies |volume=1 |issue=3 |date=2020 |url=https://gojgesjournal.com/upload/Vol%2001%20No.%2003%2008.pdf }}</ref> === Samun damar ayyukan rigakafi === Ahmed ta kasance cikin marubutan binciken ''Spatial Distribution Pattern and Factors Affecting Immunization in Gombe Local Government Area of Gombe State, Nigeria'', wanda aka wallafa a shekarar 2021. Binciken ya nazarci yadda cibiyoyin rigakafi suka bazu a yankunan Gombe da kuma abubuwan da ke shafar samun ayyukan rigakafi ga yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spatial Distribution Pattern and Factors Affecting Immunization in Gombe Local Government Area of Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365437728_SPATIAL_DISTRIBUTION_PATTERN_AND_FACTORS_AFFECTING_IMMUNIZATION_IN_GOMBE_LOCAL_GOVERNMENT_AREA_OF_GOMBE_STATE_NIGERIA |website=ResearchGate |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> === Mata da ci gaban tattalin arziki === Ahmed ta shiga cikin binciken ''Independent Decision-Making for Sustainable Livelihood in Pastoral Households: A Focus on Women in Bauchi and Gombe States, Northern Nigeria'', wanda aka wallafa a shekarar 2025. Binciken ya duba yadda ikon mata na yanke shawara a cikin gidaje masu kiwon dabbobi ke taimakawa wajen dorewar rayuwa da tattalin arzikin iyali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balogun |first=Verere Sido |last2=Dudu |first2=Johnson Egbemudia |last3=Onokerhoraye |first3=Andrew Godwin |last4=Eronmhonsele |first4=Job Imharobere |last5=John-Abebe |first5=Rebecca Oghale |last6=Muhammed |first6=Bibi |last7=Ahmed |first7=Bilkisu Yayaji |title=Independent Decision-Making for Sustainable Livelihood in Pastoral Households: A Focus on Women in Bauchi and Gombe States, Northern Nigeria |journal=Cogent Social Sciences |date=2025 |doi=10.1080/23311886.2025.2594811 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311886.2025.2594811 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana yanayin ƙasa]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] pmr4juk2gezh9kjaztrf6y3kahyap8l 0 179550 969204 2026-10-18T17:22:03Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355000759|Pelmanism (system)]]" 969204 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Pelman's_System_of_Memory_Training_ad_from_The_Sketch,_January_14,_1903.png|thumb]] '''Tsarin Pelmanism''', wani tsarin horar da kwakwalwa, ya shahara a Burtaniya a farkon rabin karni na ashirin. == Tarihi == An fara ƙirƙiro tsarin ne a matsayin tsarin tunawa a shekarun 1890 ta hannun William Joseph Ennever, kuma an koyar da tsarin ne ta hanyar wasiƙu daga Cibiyar Pelman da ke Landan (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Christopher Louis Pelman). Da wannan akwai cibiyoyi shida na ƙasashen waje da ke da alaƙa da wannan: a Melbourne, Durban, Johannesburg, Delhi, Calcutta da New Rochelle, New York. [1] An tallata shi a matsayin tsarin horar da hankali na kimiyya wanda ke ƙarfafa tunanin mutum da haɓaka shi kamar yadda horar da jiki ke ƙarfafa jikinka. An ƙirƙiro shi ne don faɗaɗa "Ikon Hankali a kowace fuska" da kuma "cire waɗannan halaye na rashin himma da rashin iya aiki". Tsarin ya yi alƙawarin magance matsaloli iri-iri kamar "tunanin fara", mantuwa, baƙin ciki, tsoro, jinkiri da kuma "Rashin Tsarin". Ɗaya daga cikin dabarun da aka koyar a shekarun 1950 a Birtaniya ita ce hanyar loci, wadda aka rubuta tun zamanin da Romawa suka yi amfani da ita, don tunawa da abubuwa 20 ko 100 a jere, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a wani gida ko hanyar ƙasa da ɗalibi ya saba da ita. Tsohon firaministan Burtaniya HH Asquith, Sir Robert Baden-Powell (wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Boy Scout), marubuci Sir Henry Rider Haggard, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Jerome K. Jerome, Manjo Janar Sir Frederick Maurice da mawakiya Dame Ethel Smyth da kuma dubban sauran 'yan Birtaniya ne suka yi ta kuma suka tallata Pelmanism. A cikin mahallin [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar]] zamani, Pelmanism yana da ɗan ƙaramin sha'awa ta ilimi. Har yanzu yana da ban sha'awa a matsayin kayan aikin taimakon kai, amma wasu suna ganinsa a matsayin abin ban mamaki da ban mamaki. == Duba kuma ==   * Robert Frederick Foster * Hankalin biri * Pelmanism (wasan kati) == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140129143012/http://www.pelman.nl/historie.php Cibiyar Pelman: Tarihi] {{In lang|nl}} - hukuma * [http://www.englishactivities.net/englishgames/pelmanism Misalin amfani da gidan yanar gizo na koyon Turanci] * [http://www.ennever.com/histories/history386p.php Cikakken tarihin Pelman, Ennever, da Pelmanism] s2goq4slkld2oy2pnizw5bmnxsqje63 969205 969204 2026-10-18T17:22:45Z Baffa ali 47435 969205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Pelman's_System_of_Memory_Training_ad_from_The_Sketch,_January_14,_1903.png|thumb]] '''Tsarin Pelmanism''', wani tsarin horar da kwakwalwa, ya shahara a Burtaniya a farkon rabin karni na ashirin. == Tarihi == An fara ƙirƙiro tsarin ne a matsayin tsarin tunawa a shekarun 1890 ta hannun William Joseph Ennever, kuma an koyar da tsarin ne ta hanyar wasiƙu daga Cibiyar Pelman da ke Landan (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Christopher Louis Pelman). Da wannan akwai cibiyoyi shida na ƙasashen waje da ke da alaƙa da wannan: a Melbourne, Durban, Johannesburg, Delhi, Calcutta da New Rochelle, New York. [1] An tallata shi a matsayin tsarin horar da hankali na kimiyya wanda ke ƙarfafa tunanin mutum da haɓaka shi kamar yadda horar da jiki ke ƙarfafa jikinka. An ƙirƙiro shi ne don faɗaɗa "Ikon Hankali a kowace fuska" da kuma "cire waɗannan halaye na rashin himma da rashin iya aiki". Tsarin ya yi alƙawarin magance matsaloli iri-iri kamar "tunanin fara", mantuwa, baƙin ciki, tsoro, jinkiri da kuma "Rashin Tsarin". Ɗaya daga cikin dabarun da aka koyar a shekarun 1950 a Birtaniya ita ce hanyar loci, wadda aka rubuta tun zamanin da Romawa suka yi amfani da ita, don tunawa da abubuwa 20 ko 100 a jere, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a wani gida ko hanyar ƙasa da ɗalibi ya saba da ita. Tsohon firaministan Burtaniya HH Asquith, Sir Robert Baden-Powell (wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Boy Scout), marubuci Sir Henry Rider Haggard, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Jerome K. Jerome, Manjo Janar Sir Frederick Maurice da mawakiya Dame Ethel Smyth da kuma dubban sauran 'yan Birtaniya ne suka yi ta kuma suka tallata Pelmanism. A cikin mahallin [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar]] zamani, Pelmanism yana da ɗan ƙaramin sha'awa ta ilimi. Har yanzu yana da ban sha'awa a matsayin kayan aikin taimakon kai, amma wasu suna ganinsa a matsayin abin ban mamaki da ban mamaki. == Duba kuma ==   * Robert Frederick Foster * Hankalin biri * Pelmanism (wasan kati) == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140129143012/http://www.pelman.nl/historie.php Cibiyar Pelman: Tarihi] {{In lang|nl}} - hukuma * [http://www.englishactivities.net/englishgames/pelmanism Misalin amfani da gidan yanar gizo na koyon Turanci] * [http://www.ennever.com/histories/history386p.php Cikakken tarihin Pelman, Ennever, da Pelmanism] == Manazarta == jwl0lcw87xwjj0yp4z65poskyfn92al 0 179551 969213 2026-10-18T17:36:56Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371544045|Antiseptic]]" 969213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Peroxid_vodíku.jpg|right|thumb| Hydrogen peroxide, maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun.]] '''Maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta''' ( Greek <ref>{{Cite web |last=Liddell |first=Henry George |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |title=ἀντί |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29nti%2F |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010011324/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)nti%2F |archive-date=10 October 2012 |website=A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=Perseus perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> da σηπτικός <ref>{{Cite web |last=Liddell |first=Henry George |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |title=σηπτικός |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dshptiko%2Fs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010011344/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=shptiko%2Fs |archive-date=10 October 2012 |website=A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=Perseus perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> ) wani sinadari ne na ƙwayoyin cuta ko wani sinadari da ake shafawa a kan kyallen halitta domin rage yiwuwar kamuwa da [[Sepsis|cutar sepsis]], [[Cutar|kamuwa da cuta]], ko ruɓewa . Ana bambanta magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta daga ''maganin rigakafi'' ta hanyar ikon na ƙarshe na lalata ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jiki cikin aminci, da kuma daga ''magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta'', waɗanda ke lalata ƙwayoyin cuta da ake samu a kan abubuwa marasa rai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McDonnell |first=Gerald |last2=Russell |first2=A. Denver |date=January 1999 |title=Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=147–79 |doi=10.1128/CMR.12.1.147 |pmc=88911 |pmid=9880479}}</ref> Magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta sun haɗa da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke da ikon da aka tabbatar na yin aiki akan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ana kiran ƙwayoyin cuta masu lalata ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin cuta . Magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda aka fi sani da antimycotics, magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ne da ake amfani da su don magancewa da hana mycosis (cutar fungal). <ref name="Wang2020">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Jing |last2=Zhou |first2=Min |last3=Xu |first3=Jing-Yan |last4=Zhou |first4=Rong-Fu |last5=Chen |first5=Bing |last6=Wan |first6=Yuan |date=8 October 2020 |title=Comparison of Antifungal Prophylaxis Drugs in Patients With Hematological Disease or Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=e2017652 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17652 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=7545296 |pmid=33030550 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tiyata == Ayyukan maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta sun samo asali ne a ƙarni na 19 ta hanyar mutane da yawa. Ignaz Semmelweis ya riga ya nuna a tsakanin 1847-1848 cewa [[wanke hannu]] kafin [[Jego|haihuwa]] yana rage zazzabin da ake yi a lokacin haihuwa . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Best M, Neuhauser D |year=2004 |title=Ignaz Semmelweis and the birth of infection control |journal=Qual Saf Health Care |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=233–4 |doi=10.1136/qhc.13.3.233 |pmc=1743827 |pmid=15175497}}</ref> Duk da haka, asibitoci da yawa sun ci gaba da yin tiyata a cikin yanayi mara tsafta, inda wasu likitocin tiyata ke alfahari da rigunan tiyatar da ke da jini. [[File:Joseph_Lister.jpg|thumb| Yusufu Lister]] Bayan shekaru goma kacal, lamarin ya fara canzawa, lokacin da wasu likitocin Faransa suka fara amfani da sinadarin carbolic acid a matsayin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda hakan ya rage yawan kamuwa da cutar tiyata, sannan abokan aikinsu na Italiya suka biyo baya a shekarun 1860. A shekara ta 1867 Joseph Lister ya buga wani babban littafi mai suna Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery, inda ya bayyana wannan raguwar dangane da ka'idar Louis Pasteur game da ƙwayoyin cuta. Ta haka ne ya sami damar yaɗa hanyoyin tiyatar maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a duniyar da ake amfani da Turanci. An yi tsammanin wasu daga cikin wannan aikin ta hanyar: * Likitocin Girka na dā Galen ( {{Circa|130–200}} ) da Hippocrates ( {{Circa|400 BC}} ) da kuma allunan yumbu [[Sumer|na Sumerian]] waɗanda suka samo asali daga 2150 BC waɗanda ke ba da shawarar amfani da irin waɗannan dabarun. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eming SA, Krieg T, Davidson JM |year=2007 |title=Inflammation in wound repair: molecular and cellular mechanisms |journal=J. Invest. Dermatol. |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=514–25 |doi=10.1038/sj.jid.5700701 |pmid=17299434 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Florence Nightingale]], wacce ta bayar da gudummawa sosai ga rahoton Hukumar Sarauta kan Lafiyar Sojoji (1856-1857), bisa ga aikinta na baya. * Likitocin tiyata na zamanin da , Hugh na Lucca, Theoderic na Servia, da ɗalibinsa Henri de Mondeville sun kasance masu adawa da ra'ayin Galen cewa kumburi yana da mahimmanci ga warkarwa, wanda ya sa likitocin tiyata na zamanin da da na zamanin da suka bar kumburi ya kasance a cikin raunuka. Sun ba da shawarar a zubar da ruwan inabi a kuma tsaftace gefen raunin, a shafa wa raunin bayan an dinka shi (idan ya cancanta), sannan a bar masa kayan shafa na tsawon kwana goma, a jiƙa shi a cikin ruwan inabi mai ɗumi a kowane lokaci, kafin a canza shi. Ka'idojinsu sun fuskanci suka mai zafi daga Guy de Chauliac, wani masanin Galenist da wasu da aka horar da su a al'adar gargajiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edwards H |year=1976 |title=Theodoric of Cervia, a medieval antiseptic surgeon |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=553–5 |doi=10.1177/003591577606900806 |pmc=1864551 |pmid=790395}}</ref> * Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., wanda ya buga littafin ''The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever'' a shekarar 1843 == Wasu magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun == [[File:Povidone-iodine.svg|thumb|400x400px| Tsarin hadaddun povidone-iodine, maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta mafi yawan amfani a yau]] Ana iya raba magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa nau'ikan kayan aiki guda takwas. Ana iya raba waɗannan azuzuwan bisa ga tsarin aikinsu: ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke amsawa ba tare da la'akari da mahaɗan halitta ba kuma suna kashe ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (peroxides, iodine, phenols) da ƙarin ƙwayoyin cuta masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke wargaza bangon ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta. * Ana kiran barasa, gami da ethanol da 2-propanol/ isopropanol a matsayin ''maganin tiyata'' . Ana amfani da su wajen kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a fata kafin a yi allura, da sauran amfani. * Diguanides ciki har da chlorhexidine gluconate, maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta wanda (tare da maganin maye) ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta mai aminci da tasiri don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta bayan tiyata mai tsafta, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wade |first=Ryckie G. |last2=Burr |first2=Nicholas E. |last3=McCauley |first3=Gordon |last4=Bourke |first4=Grainne |last5=Efthimiou |first5=Orestis |date=1 September 2020 |title=The Comparative Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Povidone-iodine Antiseptics for the Prevention of Infection in Clean Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=Publish Ahead of Print |issue=6 |pages=e481–e488 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000004076 |pmid=32773627 |doi-access=free}}</ref> gami da tiyatar ƙafafu sama da aka sarrafa ta hanyar tourniquet. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wade |first=Ryckie G |last2=Bourke |first2=Gráinne |last3=Wormald |first3=Justin C R |last4=Totty |first4=Joshua Philip |last5=Stanley |first5=Guy Henry Morton |last6=Lewandowski |first6=Andrew |last7=Rakhra |first7=Sandeep Singh |last8=Gardiner |first8=Matthew D |last9=Bindra |first9=R |last10=Sher |first10=M |last11=Thomas |first11=M |last12=Morgan |first12=S D J |last13=Hwang |first13=B |last14=Santucci |first14=W |last15=Tran |first15=P |date=9 November 2021 |title=Chlorhexidine versus povidone–iodine skin antisepsis before upper limb surgery (CIPHUR): an international multicentre prospective cohort study |journal=BJS Open |volume=5 |issue=6 |doi=10.1093/bjsopen/zrab117 |pmc=8677347 |pmid=34915557 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana kuma amfani da shi wajen wanke baki don magance kumburin dashen ( gingivitis ). Polyhexanide (polyhexamethylene biguanide, PHMB) wani sinadari ne na maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ya dace da amfani da shi a asibiti a raunuka masu tsanani da na yau da kullun da suka kamu da cutar. Aikin sinadaran sinadarai a jikin ƙwayoyin cuta yana hana ko hana ci gaban nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta masu juriya. <ref name="pmid20829657">{{Cite journal |last=Kaehn K |year=2010 |title=Polihexanide: a safe and highly effective biocide |journal=Skin Pharmacol Physiol |volume=23 Suppl |pages=7–16 |doi=10.1159/000318237 |pmid=20829657 |s2cid=684665 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="pmid20829662">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eberlein T, Assadian O |year=2010 |title=Clinical use of polihexanide on acute and chronic wounds for antisepsis and decontamination |journal=Skin Pharmacol Physiol |volume=23 Suppl |pages=45–51 |doi=10.1159/000318267 |pmid=20829662 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="pmid22240928">{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Eberlein T, Haemmerle G, Signer M |date=January 2012 |title=Comparison of PHMB-containing dressing and silver dressings in patients with critically colonised or locally infected wounds |url=http://www.internurse.com/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=88747;article=JWC_21_1_12_20 |url-status=live |journal=J Wound Care |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=12, 14–6, 18–20 |doi=10.12968/jowc.2012.21.1.12 |pmid=22240928 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618003547/http://www.internurse.com/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=88747;article=JWC_21_1_12_20 |archive-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> * Ana amfani da aidin, musamman a cikin nau'in povidone-iodine, sosai saboda ana jure shi sosai; baya yin mummunan tasiri ga warkar da rauni; yana barin tarin aidin mai aiki, ta haka yana haifar da abin da ake kira "ragowa", ko kuma tasirin da ke ci gaba; kuma yana da faffadan aikin ƙwayoyin cuta. Maganin maganin antiseptic na gargajiya na iodine maganin barasa ne (wanda ake kira tincture na iodine ) ko kuma maganin iodine na Lugol . Wasu nazarce-nazarce <ref name="VermeulenWesterbos2010">{{Cite journal |last=Vermeulen |first=H. |last2=Westerbos |first2=S.J. |last3=Ubbink |first3=D.T. |year=2010 |title=Benefit and harm of iodine in wound care: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Hospital Infection |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=191–199 |doi=10.1016/j.jhin.2010.04.026 |issn=0195-6701 |pmid=20619933}}</ref> ba su ba da shawarar a yi amfani da iodine wajen kashe ƙananan raunuka ba saboda fargabar cewa hakan na iya haifar da samuwar tabo da kuma ƙara lokacin warkarwa. Duk da haka, yawan sinadarin aidin 1% ko ƙasa da haka ba a nuna yana ƙara lokacin warkarwa ba kuma ba za a iya bambanta shi da maganin saline ba. <ref name="medscape.com">{{Cite web |title=Antiseptics on Wounds: An Area of Controversy: Hydrogen Peroxide |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/456300_3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719075630/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/456300_3 |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=4 March 2014 |publisher=Medscape.com}}</ref> Iodine zai kashe dukkan manyan ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma idan aka ba shi isasshen lokaci, har ma da ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta mafi wahalar kashewa ta hanyar maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta. * Octenidine dihydrochloride, wanda ake amfani da shi a yanzu a nahiyar Turai, sau da yawa a matsayin madadin chlorhexidine. * Peroxides, kamar hydrogen peroxide da benzoyl peroxide . Yawanci, ana amfani da kashi 3% na maganin hydrogen peroxide a cikin taimakon gaggawa na gida don gogewa, da sauransu. Duk da haka, ƙarfin oxidation yana haifar da samuwar tabo kuma yana ƙara lokacin warkarwa yayin haɓakar tayi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilgus TA, Bergdall VK, Dipietro LA, Oberyszyn TM |year=2005 |title=Hydrogen peroxide disrupts scarless fetal wound repair |journal=Wound Repair Regen |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=513–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.00072.x |pmid=16176460 |s2cid=1028923}}</ref> * Phenols kamar phenol da kanta (kamar yadda Lister ya gabatar) da triclosan, hexachlorophene, chlorocresol, da chloroxylenol . Gaskiyar cewa yawan maye gurbin phenols na lipophylic ba su da guba, ba sa haifar da haushi kuma suna da ƙarfi a hankali an gano su a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. A zamanin yau, ana amfani da ƙarin phenols masu narkewa cikin ruwa kamar chlorocresol azaman abubuwan kiyayewa a cikin kayayyakin kulawa na mutum yayin da ba sa narkewa sosai kamar chloroxylenol - azaman magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na waje. Ana iya samun duka biyun a cikin magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na gida. * Gishirin Quat kamar benzalkonium chloride/lidocaine (sunan kasuwanci Bactine da sauransu), cetylpyridinium chloride, ko cetrimide . Waɗannan surfactants suna lalata ganuwar tantanin halitta. * Quinolines kamar hydroxyquinolone, dequalium chloride, ko chlorquinaldol . * 4-Hexylresorcinol, ko ST37 == Duba kuma == * Actinonin * Henry Jacques Garrigues, ya gabatar da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ga mata masu juna biyu a Arewacin Amurka * Taba == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline}} *   9tgp7si3bb2a7wip06pccl7kp0asraf 969214 969213 2026-10-18T17:37:30Z Baffa ali 47435 969214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Peroxid_vodíku.jpg|right|thumb| Hydrogen peroxide, maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun.]] '''Maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta''' ( Greek <ref>{{Cite web |last=Liddell |first=Henry George |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |title=ἀντί |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29nti%2F |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010011324/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)nti%2F |archive-date=10 October 2012 |website=A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=Perseus perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> da σηπτικός <ref>{{Cite web |last=Liddell |first=Henry George |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |title=σηπτικός |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dshptiko%2Fs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010011344/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=shptiko%2Fs |archive-date=10 October 2012 |website=A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=Perseus perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> ) wani sinadari ne na ƙwayoyin cuta ko wani sinadari da ake shafawa a kan kyallen halitta domin rage yiwuwar kamuwa da [[Sepsis|cutar sepsis]], [[Cutar|kamuwa da cuta]], ko ruɓewa . Ana bambanta magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta daga ''maganin rigakafi'' ta hanyar ikon na ƙarshe na lalata ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jiki cikin aminci, da kuma daga ''magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta'', waɗanda ke lalata ƙwayoyin cuta da ake samu a kan abubuwa marasa rai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McDonnell |first=Gerald |last2=Russell |first2=A. Denver |date=January 1999 |title=Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=147–79 |doi=10.1128/CMR.12.1.147 |pmc=88911 |pmid=9880479}}</ref> Magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta sun haɗa da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke da ikon da aka tabbatar na yin aiki akan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ana kiran ƙwayoyin cuta masu lalata ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin cuta . Magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda aka fi sani da antimycotics, magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ne da ake amfani da su don magancewa da hana mycosis (cutar fungal). <ref name="Wang2020">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Jing |last2=Zhou |first2=Min |last3=Xu |first3=Jing-Yan |last4=Zhou |first4=Rong-Fu |last5=Chen |first5=Bing |last6=Wan |first6=Yuan |date=8 October 2020 |title=Comparison of Antifungal Prophylaxis Drugs in Patients With Hematological Disease or Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=e2017652 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17652 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=7545296 |pmid=33030550 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tiyata == Ayyukan maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta sun samo asali ne a ƙarni na 19 ta hanyar mutane da yawa. Ignaz Semmelweis ya riga ya nuna a tsakanin 1847-1848 cewa [[wanke hannu]] kafin [[Jego|haihuwa]] yana rage zazzabin da ake yi a lokacin haihuwa . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Best M, Neuhauser D |year=2004 |title=Ignaz Semmelweis and the birth of infection control |journal=Qual Saf Health Care |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=233–4 |doi=10.1136/qhc.13.3.233 |pmc=1743827 |pmid=15175497}}</ref> Duk da haka, asibitoci da yawa sun ci gaba da yin tiyata a cikin yanayi mara tsafta, inda wasu likitocin tiyata ke alfahari da rigunan tiyatar da ke da jini. [[File:Joseph_Lister.jpg|thumb| Yusufu Lister]] Bayan shekaru goma kacal, lamarin ya fara canzawa, lokacin da wasu likitocin Faransa suka fara amfani da sinadarin carbolic acid a matsayin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda hakan ya rage yawan kamuwa da cutar tiyata, sannan abokan aikinsu na Italiya suka biyo baya a shekarun 1860. A shekara ta 1867 Joseph Lister ya buga wani babban littafi mai suna Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery, inda ya bayyana wannan raguwar dangane da ka'idar Louis Pasteur game da ƙwayoyin cuta. Ta haka ne ya sami damar yaɗa hanyoyin tiyatar maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a duniyar da ake amfani da Turanci. An yi tsammanin wasu daga cikin wannan aikin ta hanyar: * Likitocin Girka na dā Galen ( {{Circa|130–200}} ) da Hippocrates ( {{Circa|400 BC}} ) da kuma allunan yumbu [[Sumer|na Sumerian]] waɗanda suka samo asali daga 2150 BC waɗanda ke ba da shawarar amfani da irin waɗannan dabarun. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eming SA, Krieg T, Davidson JM |year=2007 |title=Inflammation in wound repair: molecular and cellular mechanisms |journal=J. Invest. Dermatol. |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=514–25 |doi=10.1038/sj.jid.5700701 |pmid=17299434 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Florence Nightingale]], wacce ta bayar da gudummawa sosai ga rahoton Hukumar Sarauta kan Lafiyar Sojoji (1856-1857), bisa ga aikinta na baya. * Likitocin tiyata na zamanin da , Hugh na Lucca, Theoderic na Servia, da ɗalibinsa Henri de Mondeville sun kasance masu adawa da ra'ayin Galen cewa kumburi yana da mahimmanci ga warkarwa, wanda ya sa likitocin tiyata na zamanin da da na zamanin da suka bar kumburi ya kasance a cikin raunuka. Sun ba da shawarar a zubar da ruwan inabi a kuma tsaftace gefen raunin, a shafa wa raunin bayan an dinka shi (idan ya cancanta), sannan a bar masa kayan shafa na tsawon kwana goma, a jiƙa shi a cikin ruwan inabi mai ɗumi a kowane lokaci, kafin a canza shi. Ka'idojinsu sun fuskanci suka mai zafi daga Guy de Chauliac, wani masanin Galenist da wasu da aka horar da su a al'adar gargajiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edwards H |year=1976 |title=Theodoric of Cervia, a medieval antiseptic surgeon |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=553–5 |doi=10.1177/003591577606900806 |pmc=1864551 |pmid=790395}}</ref> * Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., wanda ya buga littafin ''The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever'' a shekarar 1843 == Wasu magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun == [[File:Povidone-iodine.svg|thumb|400x400px| Tsarin hadaddun povidone-iodine, maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta mafi yawan amfani a yau]] Ana iya raba magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa nau'ikan kayan aiki guda takwas. Ana iya raba waɗannan azuzuwan bisa ga tsarin aikinsu: ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke amsawa ba tare da la'akari da mahaɗan halitta ba kuma suna kashe ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (peroxides, iodine, phenols) da ƙarin ƙwayoyin cuta masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke wargaza bangon ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta. * Ana kiran barasa, gami da ethanol da 2-propanol/ isopropanol a matsayin ''maganin tiyata'' . Ana amfani da su wajen kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a fata kafin a yi allura, da sauran amfani. * Diguanides ciki har da chlorhexidine gluconate, maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta wanda (tare da maganin maye) ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta mai aminci da tasiri don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta bayan tiyata mai tsafta, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wade |first=Ryckie G. |last2=Burr |first2=Nicholas E. |last3=McCauley |first3=Gordon |last4=Bourke |first4=Grainne |last5=Efthimiou |first5=Orestis |date=1 September 2020 |title=The Comparative Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Povidone-iodine Antiseptics for the Prevention of Infection in Clean Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=Publish Ahead of Print |issue=6 |pages=e481–e488 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000004076 |pmid=32773627 |doi-access=free}}</ref> gami da tiyatar ƙafafu sama da aka sarrafa ta hanyar tourniquet. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wade |first=Ryckie G |last2=Bourke |first2=Gráinne |last3=Wormald |first3=Justin C R |last4=Totty |first4=Joshua Philip |last5=Stanley |first5=Guy Henry Morton |last6=Lewandowski |first6=Andrew |last7=Rakhra |first7=Sandeep Singh |last8=Gardiner |first8=Matthew D |last9=Bindra |first9=R |last10=Sher |first10=M |last11=Thomas |first11=M |last12=Morgan |first12=S D J |last13=Hwang |first13=B |last14=Santucci |first14=W |last15=Tran |first15=P |date=9 November 2021 |title=Chlorhexidine versus povidone–iodine skin antisepsis before upper limb surgery (CIPHUR): an international multicentre prospective cohort study |journal=BJS Open |volume=5 |issue=6 |doi=10.1093/bjsopen/zrab117 |pmc=8677347 |pmid=34915557 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana kuma amfani da shi wajen wanke baki don magance kumburin dashen ( gingivitis ). Polyhexanide (polyhexamethylene biguanide, PHMB) wani sinadari ne na maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ya dace da amfani da shi a asibiti a raunuka masu tsanani da na yau da kullun da suka kamu da cutar. Aikin sinadaran sinadarai a jikin ƙwayoyin cuta yana hana ko hana ci gaban nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta masu juriya. <ref name="pmid20829657">{{Cite journal |last=Kaehn K |year=2010 |title=Polihexanide: a safe and highly effective biocide |journal=Skin Pharmacol Physiol |volume=23 Suppl |pages=7–16 |doi=10.1159/000318237 |pmid=20829657 |s2cid=684665 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="pmid20829662">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eberlein T, Assadian O |year=2010 |title=Clinical use of polihexanide on acute and chronic wounds for antisepsis and decontamination |journal=Skin Pharmacol Physiol |volume=23 Suppl |pages=45–51 |doi=10.1159/000318267 |pmid=20829662 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="pmid22240928">{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Eberlein T, Haemmerle G, Signer M |date=January 2012 |title=Comparison of PHMB-containing dressing and silver dressings in patients with critically colonised or locally infected wounds |url=http://www.internurse.com/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=88747;article=JWC_21_1_12_20 |url-status=live |journal=J Wound Care |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=12, 14–6, 18–20 |doi=10.12968/jowc.2012.21.1.12 |pmid=22240928 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618003547/http://www.internurse.com/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=88747;article=JWC_21_1_12_20 |archive-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> * Ana amfani da aidin, musamman a cikin nau'in povidone-iodine, sosai saboda ana jure shi sosai; baya yin mummunan tasiri ga warkar da rauni; yana barin tarin aidin mai aiki, ta haka yana haifar da abin da ake kira "ragowa", ko kuma tasirin da ke ci gaba; kuma yana da faffadan aikin ƙwayoyin cuta. Maganin maganin antiseptic na gargajiya na iodine maganin barasa ne (wanda ake kira tincture na iodine ) ko kuma maganin iodine na Lugol . Wasu nazarce-nazarce <ref name="VermeulenWesterbos2010">{{Cite journal |last=Vermeulen |first=H. |last2=Westerbos |first2=S.J. |last3=Ubbink |first3=D.T. |year=2010 |title=Benefit and harm of iodine in wound care: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Hospital Infection |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=191–199 |doi=10.1016/j.jhin.2010.04.026 |issn=0195-6701 |pmid=20619933}}</ref> ba su ba da shawarar a yi amfani da iodine wajen kashe ƙananan raunuka ba saboda fargabar cewa hakan na iya haifar da samuwar tabo da kuma ƙara lokacin warkarwa. Duk da haka, yawan sinadarin aidin 1% ko ƙasa da haka ba a nuna yana ƙara lokacin warkarwa ba kuma ba za a iya bambanta shi da maganin saline ba. <ref name="medscape.com">{{Cite web |title=Antiseptics on Wounds: An Area of Controversy: Hydrogen Peroxide |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/456300_3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719075630/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/456300_3 |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=4 March 2014 |publisher=Medscape.com}}</ref> Iodine zai kashe dukkan manyan ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma idan aka ba shi isasshen lokaci, har ma da ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta mafi wahalar kashewa ta hanyar maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta. * Octenidine dihydrochloride, wanda ake amfani da shi a yanzu a nahiyar Turai, sau da yawa a matsayin madadin chlorhexidine. * Peroxides, kamar hydrogen peroxide da benzoyl peroxide . Yawanci, ana amfani da kashi 3% na maganin hydrogen peroxide a cikin taimakon gaggawa na gida don gogewa, da sauransu. Duk da haka, ƙarfin oxidation yana haifar da samuwar tabo kuma yana ƙara lokacin warkarwa yayin haɓakar tayi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilgus TA, Bergdall VK, Dipietro LA, Oberyszyn TM |year=2005 |title=Hydrogen peroxide disrupts scarless fetal wound repair |journal=Wound Repair Regen |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=513–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.00072.x |pmid=16176460 |s2cid=1028923}}</ref> * Phenols kamar phenol da kanta (kamar yadda Lister ya gabatar) da triclosan, hexachlorophene, chlorocresol, da chloroxylenol . Gaskiyar cewa yawan maye gurbin phenols na lipophylic ba su da guba, ba sa haifar da haushi kuma suna da ƙarfi a hankali an gano su a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. A zamanin yau, ana amfani da ƙarin phenols masu narkewa cikin ruwa kamar chlorocresol azaman abubuwan kiyayewa a cikin kayayyakin kulawa na mutum yayin da ba sa narkewa sosai kamar chloroxylenol - azaman magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na waje. Ana iya samun duka biyun a cikin magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na gida. * Gishirin Quat kamar benzalkonium chloride/lidocaine (sunan kasuwanci Bactine da sauransu), cetylpyridinium chloride, ko cetrimide . Waɗannan surfactants suna lalata ganuwar tantanin halitta. * Quinolines kamar hydroxyquinolone, dequalium chloride, ko chlorquinaldol . * 4-Hexylresorcinol, ko ST37 == Duba kuma == * Actinonin * Henry Jacques Garrigues, ya gabatar da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ga mata masu juna biyu a Arewacin Amurka * Taba == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline}} *   is1ohft9erlrw2ve10c3fszrq0pilt9 969215 969214 2026-10-18T17:40:26Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tiyata */ 969215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Peroxid_vodíku.jpg|right|thumb| Hydrogen peroxide, maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun.]] '''Maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta''' ( Greek <ref>{{Cite web |last=Liddell |first=Henry George |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |title=ἀντί |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29nti%2F |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010011324/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)nti%2F |archive-date=10 October 2012 |website=A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=Perseus perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> da σηπτικός <ref>{{Cite web |last=Liddell |first=Henry George |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |title=σηπτικός |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dshptiko%2Fs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010011344/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=shptiko%2Fs |archive-date=10 October 2012 |website=A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=Perseus perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> ) wani sinadari ne na ƙwayoyin cuta ko wani sinadari da ake shafawa a kan kyallen halitta domin rage yiwuwar kamuwa da [[Sepsis|cutar sepsis]], [[Cutar|kamuwa da cuta]], ko ruɓewa . Ana bambanta magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta daga ''maganin rigakafi'' ta hanyar ikon na ƙarshe na lalata ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jiki cikin aminci, da kuma daga ''magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta'', waɗanda ke lalata ƙwayoyin cuta da ake samu a kan abubuwa marasa rai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McDonnell |first=Gerald |last2=Russell |first2=A. Denver |date=January 1999 |title=Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=147–79 |doi=10.1128/CMR.12.1.147 |pmc=88911 |pmid=9880479}}</ref> Magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta sun haɗa da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke da ikon da aka tabbatar na yin aiki akan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ana kiran ƙwayoyin cuta masu lalata ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin cuta . Magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda aka fi sani da antimycotics, magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ne da ake amfani da su don magancewa da hana mycosis (cutar fungal). <ref name="Wang2020">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Jing |last2=Zhou |first2=Min |last3=Xu |first3=Jing-Yan |last4=Zhou |first4=Rong-Fu |last5=Chen |first5=Bing |last6=Wan |first6=Yuan |date=8 October 2020 |title=Comparison of Antifungal Prophylaxis Drugs in Patients With Hematological Disease or Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=e2017652 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17652 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=7545296 |pmid=33030550 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tiyata == Ayyukan maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta sun samo asali ne a ƙarni na 19 ta hanyar mutane da yawa. Ignaz Semmelweis ya riga ya nuna a tsakanin 1847-1848 cewa [[wanke hannu]] kafin [[Jego|haihuwa]] yana rage zazzabin da ake yi a lokacin haihuwa . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Best M, Neuhauser D |year=2004 |title=Ignaz Semmelweis and the birth of infection control |journal=Qual Saf Health Care |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=233–4 |doi=10.1136/qhc.13.3.233 |pmc=1743827 |pmid=15175497}}</ref> Duk da haka, asibitoci da yawa sun ci gaba da yin tiyata a cikin yanayi mara tsafta, inda wasu likitocin tiyata ke alfahari da rigunan tiyatar da ke da jini. [[File:Joseph_Lister.jpg|thumb| Yusufu Lister]] Bayan shekaru goma kacal, lamarin ya fara canzawa, lokacin da wasu likitocin Faransa suka fara amfani da sinadarin carbolic acid a matsayin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda hakan ya rage yawan kamuwa da cutar tiyata, sannan abokan aikinsu na Italiya suka biyo baya a shekarun 1860. A shekara ta 1867 Joseph Lister ya buga wani babban littafi mai suna Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery, inda ya bayyana wannan raguwar dangane da ka'idar Louis Pasteur game da ƙwayoyin cuta. Ta haka ne ya sami damar yaɗa hanyoyin tiyatar maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a duniyar da ake amfani da Turanci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ehrhardt |first1=John D. |last2=Nakayama |first2=Don K. |last3=O'Leary |first3=J. Patrick |date=2020-03-01 |title=Carbolic Acid before Joseph Lister: Rail Ties, Sewage, Manure, and the Great Stink |journal=The American Surgeon |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=176–183 |doi=10.1177/000313482008600324 |issn=1555-9823 |pmid=32223794}}</ref> An yi tsammanin wasu daga cikin wannan aikin ta hanyar: * Likitocin Girka na dā Galen ( {{Circa|130–200}} ) da Hippocrates ( {{Circa|400 BC}} ) da kuma allunan yumbu [[Sumer|na Sumerian]] waɗanda suka samo asali daga 2150 BC waɗanda ke ba da shawarar amfani da irin waɗannan dabarun. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eming SA, Krieg T, Davidson JM |year=2007 |title=Inflammation in wound repair: molecular and cellular mechanisms |journal=J. Invest. Dermatol. |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=514–25 |doi=10.1038/sj.jid.5700701 |pmid=17299434 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * [[Florence Nightingale]], wacce ta bayar da gudummawa sosai ga rahoton Hukumar Sarauta kan Lafiyar Sojoji (1856-1857), bisa ga aikinta na baya. * Likitocin tiyata na zamanin da , Hugh na Lucca, Theoderic na Servia, da ɗalibinsa Henri de Mondeville sun kasance masu adawa da ra'ayin Galen cewa kumburi yana da mahimmanci ga warkarwa, wanda ya sa likitocin tiyata na zamanin da da na zamanin da suka bar kumburi ya kasance a cikin raunuka. Sun ba da shawarar a zubar da ruwan inabi a kuma tsaftace gefen raunin, a shafa wa raunin bayan an dinka shi (idan ya cancanta), sannan a bar masa kayan shafa na tsawon kwana goma, a jiƙa shi a cikin ruwan inabi mai ɗumi a kowane lokaci, kafin a canza shi. Ka'idojinsu sun fuskanci suka mai zafi daga Guy de Chauliac, wani masanin Galenist da wasu da aka horar da su a al'adar gargajiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edwards H |year=1976 |title=Theodoric of Cervia, a medieval antiseptic surgeon |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=553–5 |doi=10.1177/003591577606900806 |pmc=1864551 |pmid=790395}}</ref> * Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., wanda ya buga littafin ''The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever'' a shekarar 1843 == Wasu magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun == [[File:Povidone-iodine.svg|thumb|400x400px| Tsarin hadaddun povidone-iodine, maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta mafi yawan amfani a yau]] Ana iya raba magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa nau'ikan kayan aiki guda takwas. Ana iya raba waɗannan azuzuwan bisa ga tsarin aikinsu: ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke amsawa ba tare da la'akari da mahaɗan halitta ba kuma suna kashe ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (peroxides, iodine, phenols) da ƙarin ƙwayoyin cuta masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke wargaza bangon ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta. * Ana kiran barasa, gami da ethanol da 2-propanol/ isopropanol a matsayin ''maganin tiyata'' . Ana amfani da su wajen kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a fata kafin a yi allura, da sauran amfani. * Diguanides ciki har da chlorhexidine gluconate, maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta wanda (tare da maganin maye) ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta mai aminci da tasiri don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta bayan tiyata mai tsafta, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wade |first=Ryckie G. |last2=Burr |first2=Nicholas E. |last3=McCauley |first3=Gordon |last4=Bourke |first4=Grainne |last5=Efthimiou |first5=Orestis |date=1 September 2020 |title=The Comparative Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Povidone-iodine Antiseptics for the Prevention of Infection in Clean Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis |journal=Annals of Surgery |volume=Publish Ahead of Print |issue=6 |pages=e481–e488 |doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000004076 |pmid=32773627 |doi-access=free}}</ref> gami da tiyatar ƙafafu sama da aka sarrafa ta hanyar tourniquet. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wade |first=Ryckie G |last2=Bourke |first2=Gráinne |last3=Wormald |first3=Justin C R |last4=Totty |first4=Joshua Philip |last5=Stanley |first5=Guy Henry Morton |last6=Lewandowski |first6=Andrew |last7=Rakhra |first7=Sandeep Singh |last8=Gardiner |first8=Matthew D |last9=Bindra |first9=R |last10=Sher |first10=M |last11=Thomas |first11=M |last12=Morgan |first12=S D J |last13=Hwang |first13=B |last14=Santucci |first14=W |last15=Tran |first15=P |date=9 November 2021 |title=Chlorhexidine versus povidone–iodine skin antisepsis before upper limb surgery (CIPHUR): an international multicentre prospective cohort study |journal=BJS Open |volume=5 |issue=6 |doi=10.1093/bjsopen/zrab117 |pmc=8677347 |pmid=34915557 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana kuma amfani da shi wajen wanke baki don magance kumburin dashen ( gingivitis ). Polyhexanide (polyhexamethylene biguanide, PHMB) wani sinadari ne na maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ya dace da amfani da shi a asibiti a raunuka masu tsanani da na yau da kullun da suka kamu da cutar. Aikin sinadaran sinadarai a jikin ƙwayoyin cuta yana hana ko hana ci gaban nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta masu juriya. <ref name="pmid20829657">{{Cite journal |last=Kaehn K |year=2010 |title=Polihexanide: a safe and highly effective biocide |journal=Skin Pharmacol Physiol |volume=23 Suppl |pages=7–16 |doi=10.1159/000318237 |pmid=20829657 |s2cid=684665 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="pmid20829662">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eberlein T, Assadian O |year=2010 |title=Clinical use of polihexanide on acute and chronic wounds for antisepsis and decontamination |journal=Skin Pharmacol Physiol |volume=23 Suppl |pages=45–51 |doi=10.1159/000318267 |pmid=20829662 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="pmid22240928">{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Eberlein T, Haemmerle G, Signer M |date=January 2012 |title=Comparison of PHMB-containing dressing and silver dressings in patients with critically colonised or locally infected wounds |url=http://www.internurse.com/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=88747;article=JWC_21_1_12_20 |url-status=live |journal=J Wound Care |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=12, 14–6, 18–20 |doi=10.12968/jowc.2012.21.1.12 |pmid=22240928 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618003547/http://www.internurse.com/cgi-bin/go.pl/library/article.cgi?uid=88747;article=JWC_21_1_12_20 |archive-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> * Ana amfani da aidin, musamman a cikin nau'in povidone-iodine, sosai saboda ana jure shi sosai; baya yin mummunan tasiri ga warkar da rauni; yana barin tarin aidin mai aiki, ta haka yana haifar da abin da ake kira "ragowa", ko kuma tasirin da ke ci gaba; kuma yana da faffadan aikin ƙwayoyin cuta. Maganin maganin antiseptic na gargajiya na iodine maganin barasa ne (wanda ake kira tincture na iodine ) ko kuma maganin iodine na Lugol . Wasu nazarce-nazarce <ref name="VermeulenWesterbos2010">{{Cite journal |last=Vermeulen |first=H. |last2=Westerbos |first2=S.J. |last3=Ubbink |first3=D.T. |year=2010 |title=Benefit and harm of iodine in wound care: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Hospital Infection |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=191–199 |doi=10.1016/j.jhin.2010.04.026 |issn=0195-6701 |pmid=20619933}}</ref> ba su ba da shawarar a yi amfani da iodine wajen kashe ƙananan raunuka ba saboda fargabar cewa hakan na iya haifar da samuwar tabo da kuma ƙara lokacin warkarwa. Duk da haka, yawan sinadarin aidin 1% ko ƙasa da haka ba a nuna yana ƙara lokacin warkarwa ba kuma ba za a iya bambanta shi da maganin saline ba. <ref name="medscape.com">{{Cite web |title=Antiseptics on Wounds: An Area of Controversy: Hydrogen Peroxide |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/456300_3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719075630/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/456300_3 |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=4 March 2014 |publisher=Medscape.com}}</ref> Iodine zai kashe dukkan manyan ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma idan aka ba shi isasshen lokaci, har ma da ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta mafi wahalar kashewa ta hanyar maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta. * Octenidine dihydrochloride, wanda ake amfani da shi a yanzu a nahiyar Turai, sau da yawa a matsayin madadin chlorhexidine. * Peroxides, kamar hydrogen peroxide da benzoyl peroxide . Yawanci, ana amfani da kashi 3% na maganin hydrogen peroxide a cikin taimakon gaggawa na gida don gogewa, da sauransu. Duk da haka, ƙarfin oxidation yana haifar da samuwar tabo kuma yana ƙara lokacin warkarwa yayin haɓakar tayi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilgus TA, Bergdall VK, Dipietro LA, Oberyszyn TM |year=2005 |title=Hydrogen peroxide disrupts scarless fetal wound repair |journal=Wound Repair Regen |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=513–9 |doi=10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.00072.x |pmid=16176460 |s2cid=1028923}}</ref> * Phenols kamar phenol da kanta (kamar yadda Lister ya gabatar) da triclosan, hexachlorophene, chlorocresol, da chloroxylenol . Gaskiyar cewa yawan maye gurbin phenols na lipophylic ba su da guba, ba sa haifar da haushi kuma suna da ƙarfi a hankali an gano su a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. A zamanin yau, ana amfani da ƙarin phenols masu narkewa cikin ruwa kamar chlorocresol azaman abubuwan kiyayewa a cikin kayayyakin kulawa na mutum yayin da ba sa narkewa sosai kamar chloroxylenol - azaman magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na waje. Ana iya samun duka biyun a cikin magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na gida. * Gishirin Quat kamar benzalkonium chloride/lidocaine (sunan kasuwanci Bactine da sauransu), cetylpyridinium chloride, ko cetrimide . Waɗannan surfactants suna lalata ganuwar tantanin halitta. * Quinolines kamar hydroxyquinolone, dequalium chloride, ko chlorquinaldol . * 4-Hexylresorcinol, ko ST37 == Duba kuma == * Actinonin * Henry Jacques Garrigues, ya gabatar da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ga mata masu juna biyu a Arewacin Amurka * Taba == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline}} *   qmyhsrls8med0itbt1246sy7im3liyo 0 179552 969217 2026-10-18T17:50:41Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330570643|Uvira General Referral Hospital]]" 969217 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uvira General Referral Hospital''' ( [[Faransanci]] : '''''Hôpital Général de Référence d'Uvira''''' ) cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce da ke Uvira, a yankin gabas na [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . A matsayinsa na [[Asibiti|babban asibiti]], yana ba da ayyuka daban-daban na kiwon lafiya, ciki har da [[Kula da lafiya|kula da yara]] [[Kulawa na farko|na farko]], [[Kula da lafiya|na sakandare]], da na gaba da sakandare. Ayyukan asibitin sun haɗa da kulawar gaggawa, hanyoyin tiyata, ayyukan uwa da yara, da kuma maganin cututtuka daban-daban. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Patient |first=Eninga Mulamba |date=2011 |title=Problématique de l'accueil du malade dans un milieu hospitalier et son impact sur la qualité de soins. Cas de l'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira en RDC |trans-title=Problem of welcoming patients in a hospital environment and its impact on the quality of care. Case of the Uvira general reference hospital in the DRC |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/10/12/6209/m_Problematique-de-laccueil-du-malade-dans-un-milieu-hospitalier-et-son-impact-sur-la-qualite-de8.html |access-date=8 June 2023 |publisher=Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales d'Uvira (ISTM-Uvira) |language=French |publication-place=Uvira, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2017 |title=Un équipement médical remis à l'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira |trans-title=Medical equipment delivered to the Uvira general reference hospital |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2017/03/21/actualite/en-bref/un-equipement-medical-remis-lhopital-general-de-reference-duvira |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatin Jamus, wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Medeor Action ta taimaka, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Haɓaka da Ci Gaban Endogenous (AFPDE) ta ƙaddamar da gina wuraren ajiye gawawwaki a asibitin a watan Maris na 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=AFPDE |first= |date=11 April 2023 |title=Lancement de travaux de construction d’une morgue moderne à l'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira et à l'hôpital général de référence de Sange |trans-title=Launch of construction work on a modern morgue at the Uvira general referral hospital and the Sange general referral hospital |url=https://www.afpde.org/lancement-de-travaux-de-construction-dune-morgue-moderne-a-lhopital-general-de-reference-duvira-et-a-lhopital-general-de-reference-de-sange-2/ |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Afpde.org |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Wuri == Asibitin yana cikin yankin kiwon lafiya na birane da karkara na Uvira a Kudancin Kivu. Tana kan babbar hanyar da ta haɗa babban birnin lardin, [[Bukavu]], da cibiyar gudanarwa ta yankin Fizi . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Vial |first=Honorée |date=2009 |title=Rapport annuel 2009 de l'Hôpital Général de Référence d'Uvira |trans-title=2009 annual report of the Uvira General Reference Hospital |url=https://slideplayer.fr/slide/91011/ |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Slideplayer.fr |language=French}}</ref> A fannin yanki, asibitin yana gefen gabas da [[tafkin Tanganyika]] mai faɗi, a yamma da [[Duwatsun Mitumba|tsaunukan Mitumba]], a arewa da yankin kasuwanci na Mulongwe, sannan a kudu da yankunan Kimanga da Songo. Asibitin yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|128|km}} daga Bukavu da {{Convert|28|km}} daga [[Bujumbura]] . <ref name=":2" /> == Tarihi == An gina asibitin a shekarar 1952 ta hanyar shirin Asusun Jin Daɗi na 'Yan Asalin (Fonds du Bien-être Indigène; FBI). Mista Khulpe, darektan gini [[Beljik|na ƙasar Belgium]] ne ya jagoranci aikin ginin. Da farko, an tsara asibitin a matsayin cibiyar likitanci ta tiyata, inda Dakta Louis Rousseau, likitan da aka naɗa a matsayin shugaban asibitin, ke jagorantar asibitin. <ref name="Patrimoines">{{Cite web |title=Hôpital Général de Référence d'Uvira |trans-title=Uvira General Reference Hospital |url=http://bavira.weebly.com/patrimoines.html |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Les Bavira Benembuga |language=fr}}</ref> Matan addini guda biyu, ma'aikatan jinya, da kuma mataimakan jinya guda ashirin da uku sun taimaka wa Dr. Rousseau. Cibiyar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya a fadin yankin Uvira da kewayenta. <ref name="Patrimoines" /> A shekarar 1980, an amince da asibitin a matsayin asibitin da aka fi sani da na jama'a a yankin kiwon lafiya na karkara na Uvira . Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bayar da cikakken kulawar lafiya ga yankin. A halin yanzu, asibitin yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr. Bahati Bagale Yves, wani likitan tiyata na ƙasar Congo. <ref name="Patrimoines" /> A watan Afrilun 2007, [[UNICEF]] ta bayar da gudummawar magunguna masu yawa ga asibitin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2007 |title=Remise d'un lot important des médicaments par l'Unicef |trans-title=UNICEF hands over a large batch of medicines |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/2007/04/12/remise-dun-lot-important-des-medicaments-par-lunicef |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Duk da haka, a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, cibiyar ta fuskanci matsaloli masu tsanani na kuɗi, rashin dakin gwaje-gwaje, isassun kayan aikin likita, da kuma ƙwararrun likitoci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2007 |title=L'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira en difficulté |trans-title=Uvira General Reference Hospital in Difficulty |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/2007/09/17/lhopital-general-de-reference-duvira-en-difficulte |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Rahotanni a lokacin sun nuna cewa asibitin ba shi da motar asibiti. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2007 |title=L'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira en difficulté |trans-title=Uvira General Reference Hospital in Difficulty |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/2007/09/17/lhopital-general-de-reference-duvira-en-difficulte |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ma'aikatan asibitin sun fuskanci bashin albashi na tsawon watanni huɗu, wanda ya shafi kimanin ma'aikata 120. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2008 |title=Uvira: Hôpital général de référence, quatre mois d'arriérés de salaire non encore payés |trans-title=Uvira: General Reference Hospital, four months of salary arrears not yet paid |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/sans-categorie/2008/07/04/uvira-hopital-general-de-reference-quatre-mois-darrieres-de-salaire-non-encore-payes |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2009, an yi gyaran asibitin, tare da sake fenti gine-gine, an gina [[Asibiti|sashen asibiti]], sannan aka ƙara shinge don kare harabar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2009 |title=Uvira: réhabilitation de l'hôpital général de référence |trans-title=Uvira: rehabilitation of the general reference hospital |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/okapi-service/2009/03/19/uvira-rehabilitation-de-lhopital-general-de-reference |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Mayu na wannan shekarar, wata ƙungiyar likitoci ta Italiya ta yi tiyatar zobe sau goma sha biyu a cibiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2009 |title=Uvira: 12 opérations de bec de lièvre réalisées en deux jours par une équipe médicale italienne |trans-title=Uvira: 12 harelip operations carried out in two days by an Italian medical team |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/sans-categorie/2009/05/09/uvira-12-operations-de-bec-de-lievre-realisees-en-deux-jours-par-une-equipe-medicale-italienne |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Asibitin shi ma yana tsakiyar ayyukan gaggawa bayan manyan bala'o'i. A watan Yulin 2010, bayan fashewar tankin mai na Sange —wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar akalla mutane 269—an kwantar da adadi mai yawa na waɗanda abin ya shafa don neman magani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2010 |title=Sange: le nombre des morts passe à 269 |trans-title=Blood: Death toll rises to 269 |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2010/07/19/sange-le-nombre-des-morts-passe-a-269 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> [[File:DSRSG_Fidele_Sarassoro_visit_in_Estern_Congo_(7195209656).jpg|thumb|205x205px| [[MONUSCO]] DSRSG Fidèle Sarassoro ya ziyarci sashin kula da lafiya [[Amai da Gudawa|na kwalara]], daya daga cikin ayyukan Asusun Pooled guda biyu da OXFAM GB da Hope in Action ke aiwatarwa.]] Asibitin ya ci gaba da fuskantar ƙalubale masu tsanani na kayayyakin more rayuwa da na sufuri. A watan Maris na 2013, [[Jariri|jarirai]] goma sun mutu sakamakon ƙarancin wutar lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2013 |title=Uvira: 10 nouveau-nés sont morts en deux semaines à l'hôpital général faute d'électricité |trans-title=Uvira: 10 newborns died in two weeks at the general hospital due to lack of electricity |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2013/03/07/uvira-10-nouveau-nes-sont-morts-en-deux-semaines-lhopital-general-faute-delectricite |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2013, fashewar gurneti a kasuwar Mulongwe ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutum ɗaya da kuma raunuka ashirin masu tsanani, waɗanda goma sha bakwai daga cikinsu aka yi musu magani a asibiti. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2013 |title=Sud-Kivu: 1 mort et 20 blessés dans l’explosion d’une grenade à Uvira |trans-title=South Kivu: 1 dead and 20 injured in grenade explosion in Uvira |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2013/11/28/sud-kivu-1-mort-20-blesses-dans-lexplosion-dune-grenade-uvira |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekarar 2016, bayan arangama tsakanin Rundunar Sojojin Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo (FARDC) da wadanda ake zargin sojojin [[Burundi]] ne daga rundunar sojojin FARDC ta 3305, an samu asarar rayuka biyar, tare da ajiye gawarwakinsu a dakin ajiye gawawwaki na asibiti. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2016 |title=Uvira: 5 morts dans les combats entre les FARDC et l'armée burundaise |trans-title=Uvira: 5 dead in fighting between FARDC and Burundian army |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2016/12/22/actualite/securite/uvira-5-morts-dans-les-combats-entre-les-fardc-et-larmee-burundaise |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Duk da waɗannan wahalhalun, asibitin yana samun tallafi lokaci-lokaci. A watan Maris na 2017, Ministan Lafiyar Jama'a na lardin Kudancin Kivu ya bayar da gudummawar kayan aiki da kayayyaki masu yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2017 |title=Un équipement médical remis à l'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira |trans-title=Medical equipment delivered to the Uvira General Reference Hospital |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2017/03/21/actualite/en-bref/un-equipement-medical-remis-lhopital-general-de-reference-duvira |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Hakazalika, a shekarar 2020, Asusun Kula da Yawan Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFPA) ya samar da kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da kayan kariya ga mata masu shekaru haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2020 |title=Des kits médicaux de l'UNFPA pour les femmes sinistrées d'Uvira |trans-title=UNFPA medical kits for disaster-affected women in Uvira |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2020/05/11/actualite/sante/des-kits-medicaux-de-lunfpa-pour-les-femmes-sinistrees-duvira |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> == Ƙungiya == Asibitin an tsara shi zuwa sassa daban-daban na gudanarwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Sakatariyar, Kuɗi, Ma'aikata na Gabaɗaya, da Sauran Ma'aikatan Tallafi. <ref name=":2" /> '''Sakatare:''' An ɗora wa sashen sakatare alhakin kula da harkokin addini da gudanarwa, sashen sakatare ya ƙunshi: <ref name=":2" /> * Sakatare * Magatakarda Mai Rubutawa * Mataimakin Ofis '''Kuɗi:''' Sashen kuɗi yana kula da harkokin kuɗi na asibiti, lissafin kuɗi, da ayyukan liyafa. Ma'aikata a wannan fanni sun haɗa da: <ref name=":2" /> * Akanta * Mai Kuɗi * Masu karɓar baƙi * Mai binciken kuɗi Ma'aikata Gabaɗaya: Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da masu hidima da ma'aikata waɗanda ke da alhakin taimaka wa marasa lafiya da kuma kula da tsaron wurin da kuma kula da shi. Muhimman ayyuka a cikin wannan sashe sun haɗa da: * Maza Masu Hidima * Mata Masu Hidima * Masu gadi * Masu Lambu Sauran Ma'aikatan Tallafi: Ƙarin ma'aikata sun sadaukar da kansu don samar da ayyukan kulawa na musamman da na dinki waɗanda ke tallafawa ayyukan asibiti. Membobin ƙungiyar sune: * Ma'aikatan Gyara * Mai dinki == Ayyuka == === Ayyukan likita === Ayyukan likitanci sun haɗa da: <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> * Maganin ciki * Tiyata * Janar da na asibiti na yara * Ilimin Haihuwa da Mata === Ayyukan kula da lafiya na para-medical === Ayyukan likitanci sun haɗa da: <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> * Dakin gwaje-gwaje * Hoton likita : X-ray na duban dan tayi * Magani : ajiya da gaskiya * [[Gyaran jiki|Ilimin motsa jiki]] === Ayyuka na musamman === Ayyuka na musamman sun haɗa da: <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> * Shawarwari na waje: janar, ƙwararre * CNT, CTC, likitan hakori == Duba kuma == * Asibitin Lemera * Jerin asibitoci a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i0d69irf5z6irmq3dok6il43yi58r9e 969218 969217 2026-10-18T17:53:22Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Ƙungiya */ 969218 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uvira General Referral Hospital''' ( [[Faransanci]] : '''''Hôpital Général de Référence d'Uvira''''' ) cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce da ke Uvira, a yankin gabas na [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . A matsayinsa na [[Asibiti|babban asibiti]], yana ba da ayyuka daban-daban na kiwon lafiya, ciki har da [[Kula da lafiya|kula da yara]] [[Kulawa na farko|na farko]], [[Kula da lafiya|na sakandare]], da na gaba da sakandare. Ayyukan asibitin sun haɗa da kulawar gaggawa, hanyoyin tiyata, ayyukan uwa da yara, da kuma maganin cututtuka daban-daban. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Patient |first=Eninga Mulamba |date=2011 |title=Problématique de l'accueil du malade dans un milieu hospitalier et son impact sur la qualité de soins. Cas de l'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira en RDC |trans-title=Problem of welcoming patients in a hospital environment and its impact on the quality of care. Case of the Uvira general reference hospital in the DRC |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/10/12/6209/m_Problematique-de-laccueil-du-malade-dans-un-milieu-hospitalier-et-son-impact-sur-la-qualite-de8.html |access-date=8 June 2023 |publisher=Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales d'Uvira (ISTM-Uvira) |language=French |publication-place=Uvira, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2017 |title=Un équipement médical remis à l'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira |trans-title=Medical equipment delivered to the Uvira general reference hospital |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2017/03/21/actualite/en-bref/un-equipement-medical-remis-lhopital-general-de-reference-duvira |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatin Jamus, wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Medeor Action ta taimaka, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Haɓaka da Ci Gaban Endogenous (AFPDE) ta ƙaddamar da gina wuraren ajiye gawawwaki a asibitin a watan Maris na 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=AFPDE |first= |date=11 April 2023 |title=Lancement de travaux de construction d’une morgue moderne à l'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira et à l'hôpital général de référence de Sange |trans-title=Launch of construction work on a modern morgue at the Uvira general referral hospital and the Sange general referral hospital |url=https://www.afpde.org/lancement-de-travaux-de-construction-dune-morgue-moderne-a-lhopital-general-de-reference-duvira-et-a-lhopital-general-de-reference-de-sange-2/ |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Afpde.org |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Wuri == Asibitin yana cikin yankin kiwon lafiya na birane da karkara na Uvira a Kudancin Kivu. Tana kan babbar hanyar da ta haɗa babban birnin lardin, [[Bukavu]], da cibiyar gudanarwa ta yankin Fizi . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Vial |first=Honorée |date=2009 |title=Rapport annuel 2009 de l'Hôpital Général de Référence d'Uvira |trans-title=2009 annual report of the Uvira General Reference Hospital |url=https://slideplayer.fr/slide/91011/ |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Slideplayer.fr |language=French}}</ref> A fannin yanki, asibitin yana gefen gabas da [[tafkin Tanganyika]] mai faɗi, a yamma da [[Duwatsun Mitumba|tsaunukan Mitumba]], a arewa da yankin kasuwanci na Mulongwe, sannan a kudu da yankunan Kimanga da Songo. Asibitin yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|128|km}} daga Bukavu da {{Convert|28|km}} daga [[Bujumbura]] . <ref name=":2" /> == Tarihi == An gina asibitin a shekarar 1952 ta hanyar shirin Asusun Jin Daɗi na 'Yan Asalin (Fonds du Bien-être Indigène; FBI). Mista Khulpe, darektan gini [[Beljik|na ƙasar Belgium]] ne ya jagoranci aikin ginin. Da farko, an tsara asibitin a matsayin cibiyar likitanci ta tiyata, inda Dakta Louis Rousseau, likitan da aka naɗa a matsayin shugaban asibitin, ke jagorantar asibitin. <ref name="Patrimoines">{{Cite web |title=Hôpital Général de Référence d'Uvira |trans-title=Uvira General Reference Hospital |url=http://bavira.weebly.com/patrimoines.html |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Les Bavira Benembuga |language=fr}}</ref> Matan addini guda biyu, ma'aikatan jinya, da kuma mataimakan jinya guda ashirin da uku sun taimaka wa Dr. Rousseau. Cibiyar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya a fadin yankin Uvira da kewayenta. <ref name="Patrimoines" /> A shekarar 1980, an amince da asibitin a matsayin asibitin da aka fi sani da na jama'a a yankin kiwon lafiya na karkara na Uvira . Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bayar da cikakken kulawar lafiya ga yankin. A halin yanzu, asibitin yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr. Bahati Bagale Yves, wani likitan tiyata na ƙasar Congo. <ref name="Patrimoines" /> A watan Afrilun 2007, [[UNICEF]] ta bayar da gudummawar magunguna masu yawa ga asibitin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2007 |title=Remise d'un lot important des médicaments par l'Unicef |trans-title=UNICEF hands over a large batch of medicines |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/2007/04/12/remise-dun-lot-important-des-medicaments-par-lunicef |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Duk da haka, a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, cibiyar ta fuskanci matsaloli masu tsanani na kuɗi, rashin dakin gwaje-gwaje, isassun kayan aikin likita, da kuma ƙwararrun likitoci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2007 |title=L'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira en difficulté |trans-title=Uvira General Reference Hospital in Difficulty |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/2007/09/17/lhopital-general-de-reference-duvira-en-difficulte |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Rahotanni a lokacin sun nuna cewa asibitin ba shi da motar asibiti. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2007 |title=L'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira en difficulté |trans-title=Uvira General Reference Hospital in Difficulty |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/2007/09/17/lhopital-general-de-reference-duvira-en-difficulte |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ma'aikatan asibitin sun fuskanci bashin albashi na tsawon watanni huɗu, wanda ya shafi kimanin ma'aikata 120. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2008 |title=Uvira: Hôpital général de référence, quatre mois d'arriérés de salaire non encore payés |trans-title=Uvira: General Reference Hospital, four months of salary arrears not yet paid |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/sans-categorie/2008/07/04/uvira-hopital-general-de-reference-quatre-mois-darrieres-de-salaire-non-encore-payes |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2009, an yi gyaran asibitin, tare da sake fenti gine-gine, an gina [[Asibiti|sashen asibiti]], sannan aka ƙara shinge don kare harabar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2009 |title=Uvira: réhabilitation de l'hôpital général de référence |trans-title=Uvira: rehabilitation of the general reference hospital |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/okapi-service/2009/03/19/uvira-rehabilitation-de-lhopital-general-de-reference |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Mayu na wannan shekarar, wata ƙungiyar likitoci ta Italiya ta yi tiyatar zobe sau goma sha biyu a cibiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2009 |title=Uvira: 12 opérations de bec de lièvre réalisées en deux jours par une équipe médicale italienne |trans-title=Uvira: 12 harelip operations carried out in two days by an Italian medical team |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/sans-categorie/2009/05/09/uvira-12-operations-de-bec-de-lievre-realisees-en-deux-jours-par-une-equipe-medicale-italienne |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Asibitin shi ma yana tsakiyar ayyukan gaggawa bayan manyan bala'o'i. A watan Yulin 2010, bayan fashewar tankin mai na Sange —wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar akalla mutane 269—an kwantar da adadi mai yawa na waɗanda abin ya shafa don neman magani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2010 |title=Sange: le nombre des morts passe à 269 |trans-title=Blood: Death toll rises to 269 |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2010/07/19/sange-le-nombre-des-morts-passe-a-269 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> [[File:DSRSG_Fidele_Sarassoro_visit_in_Estern_Congo_(7195209656).jpg|thumb|205x205px| [[MONUSCO]] DSRSG Fidèle Sarassoro ya ziyarci sashin kula da lafiya [[Amai da Gudawa|na kwalara]], daya daga cikin ayyukan Asusun Pooled guda biyu da OXFAM GB da Hope in Action ke aiwatarwa.]] Asibitin ya ci gaba da fuskantar ƙalubale masu tsanani na kayayyakin more rayuwa da na sufuri. A watan Maris na 2013, [[Jariri|jarirai]] goma sun mutu sakamakon ƙarancin wutar lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2013 |title=Uvira: 10 nouveau-nés sont morts en deux semaines à l'hôpital général faute d'électricité |trans-title=Uvira: 10 newborns died in two weeks at the general hospital due to lack of electricity |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2013/03/07/uvira-10-nouveau-nes-sont-morts-en-deux-semaines-lhopital-general-faute-delectricite |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2013, fashewar gurneti a kasuwar Mulongwe ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutum ɗaya da kuma raunuka ashirin masu tsanani, waɗanda goma sha bakwai daga cikinsu aka yi musu magani a asibiti. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2013 |title=Sud-Kivu: 1 mort et 20 blessés dans l’explosion d’une grenade à Uvira |trans-title=South Kivu: 1 dead and 20 injured in grenade explosion in Uvira |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2013/11/28/sud-kivu-1-mort-20-blesses-dans-lexplosion-dune-grenade-uvira |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekarar 2016, bayan arangama tsakanin Rundunar Sojojin Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo (FARDC) da wadanda ake zargin sojojin [[Burundi]] ne daga rundunar sojojin FARDC ta 3305, an samu asarar rayuka biyar, tare da ajiye gawarwakinsu a dakin ajiye gawawwaki na asibiti. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2016 |title=Uvira: 5 morts dans les combats entre les FARDC et l'armée burundaise |trans-title=Uvira: 5 dead in fighting between FARDC and Burundian army |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2016/12/22/actualite/securite/uvira-5-morts-dans-les-combats-entre-les-fardc-et-larmee-burundaise |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Duk da waɗannan wahalhalun, asibitin yana samun tallafi lokaci-lokaci. A watan Maris na 2017, Ministan Lafiyar Jama'a na lardin Kudancin Kivu ya bayar da gudummawar kayan aiki da kayayyaki masu yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2017 |title=Un équipement médical remis à l'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira |trans-title=Medical equipment delivered to the Uvira General Reference Hospital |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2017/03/21/actualite/en-bref/un-equipement-medical-remis-lhopital-general-de-reference-duvira |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Hakazalika, a shekarar 2020, Asusun Kula da Yawan Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFPA) ya samar da kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da kayan kariya ga mata masu shekaru haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2020 |title=Des kits médicaux de l'UNFPA pour les femmes sinistrées d'Uvira |trans-title=UNFPA medical kits for disaster-affected women in Uvira |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2020/05/11/actualite/sante/des-kits-medicaux-de-lunfpa-pour-les-femmes-sinistrees-duvira |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> == Ƙungiya == Asibitin an tsara shi zuwa sassa daban-daban na gudanarwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Sakatariyar, Kuɗi, Ma'aikata na Gabaɗaya, da Sauran Ma'aikatan Tallafi. <ref name=":2" /> '''Sakatare:''' An ɗora wa sashen sakatare alhakin kula da harkokin addini da gudanarwa, sashen sakatare ya ƙunshi: <ref name=":2" /> * Sakatare * Magatakarda Mai Rubutawa * Mataimakin Ofis '''Kuɗi:''' Sashen kuɗi yana kula da harkokin kuɗi na asibiti, lissafin kuɗi, da ayyukan liyafa. Ma'aikata a wannan fanni sun haɗa da: <ref name=":2" /> * Akanta * Mai Kuɗi * Masu karɓar baƙi * Mai binciken kuɗi Ma'aikata Gabaɗaya: Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da masu hidima da ma'aikata waɗanda ke da alhakin taimaka wa marasa lafiya da kuma kula da tsaron wurin da kuma kula da shi. Muhimman ayyuka a cikin wannan sashe sun haɗa da:<ref name=":2" /> * Maza Masu Hidima * Mata Masu Hidima * Masu gadi * Masu Lambu Sauran Ma'aikatan Tallafi: Ƙarin ma'aikata sun sadaukar da kansu don samar da ayyukan kulawa na musamman da na dinki waɗanda ke tallafawa ayyukan asibiti. Membobin ƙungiyar sune: * Ma'aikatan Gyara * Mai dinki == Ayyuka == === Ayyukan likita === Ayyukan likitanci sun haɗa da: <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> * Maganin ciki * Tiyata * Janar da na asibiti na yara * Ilimin Haihuwa da Mata === Ayyukan kula da lafiya na para-medical === Ayyukan likitanci sun haɗa da: <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> * Dakin gwaje-gwaje * Hoton likita : X-ray na duban dan tayi * Magani : ajiya da gaskiya * [[Gyaran jiki|Ilimin motsa jiki]] === Ayyuka na musamman === Ayyuka na musamman sun haɗa da: <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> * Shawarwari na waje: janar, ƙwararre * CNT, CTC, likitan hakori == Duba kuma == * Asibitin Lemera * Jerin asibitoci a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q9kpbzinf7zg7mid1jzy2gs50xluqos 969220 969218 2026-10-18T17:54:27Z Baffa ali 47435 969220 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uvira General Referral Hospital''' ( [[Faransanci]] : '''''Hôpital Général de Référence d'Uvira''''' ) cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce da ke Uvira, a yankin gabas na [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . A matsayinsa na [[Asibiti|babban asibiti]], yana ba da ayyuka daban-daban na kiwon lafiya, ciki har da [[Kula da lafiya|kula da yara]] [[Kulawa na farko|na farko]], [[Kula da lafiya|na sakandare]], da na gaba da sakandare. Ayyukan asibitin sun haɗa da kulawar gaggawa, hanyoyin tiyata, ayyukan uwa da yara, da kuma maganin cututtuka daban-daban. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Patient |first=Eninga Mulamba |date=2011 |title=Problématique de l'accueil du malade dans un milieu hospitalier et son impact sur la qualité de soins. Cas de l'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira en RDC |trans-title=Problem of welcoming patients in a hospital environment and its impact on the quality of care. Case of the Uvira general reference hospital in the DRC |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/10/12/6209/m_Problematique-de-laccueil-du-malade-dans-un-milieu-hospitalier-et-son-impact-sur-la-qualite-de8.html |access-date=8 June 2023 |publisher=Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales d'Uvira (ISTM-Uvira) |language=French |publication-place=Uvira, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2017 |title=Un équipement médical remis à l'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira |trans-title=Medical equipment delivered to the Uvira general reference hospital |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2017/03/21/actualite/en-bref/un-equipement-medical-remis-lhopital-general-de-reference-duvira |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Tare da haɗin gwiwar gwamnatin Jamus, wanda Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Medeor Action ta taimaka, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Haɓaka da Ci Gaban Endogenous (AFPDE) ta ƙaddamar da gina wuraren ajiye gawawwaki a asibitin a watan Maris na 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=AFPDE |first= |date=11 April 2023 |title=Lancement de travaux de construction d’une morgue moderne à l'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira et à l'hôpital général de référence de Sange |trans-title=Launch of construction work on a modern morgue at the Uvira general referral hospital and the Sange general referral hospital |url=https://www.afpde.org/lancement-de-travaux-de-construction-dune-morgue-moderne-a-lhopital-general-de-reference-duvira-et-a-lhopital-general-de-reference-de-sange-2/ |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Afpde.org |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Wuri == Asibitin yana cikin yankin kiwon lafiya na birane da karkara na Uvira a Kudancin Kivu. Tana kan babbar hanyar da ta haɗa babban birnin lardin, [[Bukavu]], da cibiyar gudanarwa ta yankin Fizi . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Vial |first=Honorée |date=2009 |title=Rapport annuel 2009 de l'Hôpital Général de Référence d'Uvira |trans-title=2009 annual report of the Uvira General Reference Hospital |url=https://slideplayer.fr/slide/91011/ |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Slideplayer.fr |language=French}}</ref> A fannin yanki, asibitin yana gefen gabas da [[tafkin Tanganyika]] mai faɗi, a yamma da [[Duwatsun Mitumba|tsaunukan Mitumba]], a arewa da yankin kasuwanci na Mulongwe, sannan a kudu da yankunan Kimanga da Songo. Asibitin yana da nisan kimanin {{Convert|128|km}} daga Bukavu da {{Convert|28|km}} daga [[Bujumbura]] . <ref name=":2" /> == Tarihi == An gina asibitin a shekarar 1952 ta hanyar shirin Asusun Jin Daɗi na 'Yan Asalin (Fonds du Bien-être Indigène; FBI). Mista Khulpe, darektan gini [[Beljik|na ƙasar Belgium]] ne ya jagoranci aikin ginin. Da farko, an tsara asibitin a matsayin cibiyar likitanci ta tiyata, inda Dakta Louis Rousseau, likitan da aka naɗa a matsayin shugaban asibitin, ke jagorantar asibitin. <ref name="Patrimoines">{{Cite web |title=Hôpital Général de Référence d'Uvira |trans-title=Uvira General Reference Hospital |url=http://bavira.weebly.com/patrimoines.html |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Les Bavira Benembuga |language=fr}}</ref> Matan addini guda biyu, ma'aikatan jinya, da kuma mataimakan jinya guda ashirin da uku sun taimaka wa Dr. Rousseau. Cibiyar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya a fadin yankin Uvira da kewayenta. <ref name="Patrimoines" /> A shekarar 1980, an amince da asibitin a matsayin asibitin da aka fi sani da na jama'a a yankin kiwon lafiya na karkara na Uvira . Tun daga wannan lokacin, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bayar da cikakken kulawar lafiya ga yankin. A halin yanzu, asibitin yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr. Bahati Bagale Yves, wani likitan tiyata na ƙasar Congo. <ref name="Patrimoines" /> A watan Afrilun 2007, [[UNICEF]] ta bayar da gudummawar magunguna masu yawa ga asibitin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2007 |title=Remise d'un lot important des médicaments par l'Unicef |trans-title=UNICEF hands over a large batch of medicines |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/2007/04/12/remise-dun-lot-important-des-medicaments-par-lunicef |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Duk da haka, a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, cibiyar ta fuskanci matsaloli masu tsanani na kuɗi, rashin dakin gwaje-gwaje, isassun kayan aikin likita, da kuma ƙwararrun likitoci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2007 |title=L'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira en difficulté |trans-title=Uvira General Reference Hospital in Difficulty |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/2007/09/17/lhopital-general-de-reference-duvira-en-difficulte |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Rahotanni a lokacin sun nuna cewa asibitin ba shi da motar asibiti. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2007 |title=L'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira en difficulté |trans-title=Uvira General Reference Hospital in Difficulty |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/2007/09/17/lhopital-general-de-reference-duvira-en-difficulte |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, ma'aikatan asibitin sun fuskanci bashin albashi na tsawon watanni huɗu, wanda ya shafi kimanin ma'aikata 120. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2008 |title=Uvira: Hôpital général de référence, quatre mois d'arriérés de salaire non encore payés |trans-title=Uvira: General Reference Hospital, four months of salary arrears not yet paid |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/sans-categorie/2008/07/04/uvira-hopital-general-de-reference-quatre-mois-darrieres-de-salaire-non-encore-payes |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2009, an yi gyaran asibitin, tare da sake fenti gine-gine, an gina [[Asibiti|sashen asibiti]], sannan aka ƙara shinge don kare harabar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2009 |title=Uvira: réhabilitation de l'hôpital général de référence |trans-title=Uvira: rehabilitation of the general reference hospital |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/emissions-2/okapi-service/2009/03/19/uvira-rehabilitation-de-lhopital-general-de-reference |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Mayu na wannan shekarar, wata ƙungiyar likitoci ta Italiya ta yi tiyatar zobe sau goma sha biyu a cibiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2009 |title=Uvira: 12 opérations de bec de lièvre réalisées en deux jours par une équipe médicale italienne |trans-title=Uvira: 12 harelip operations carried out in two days by an Italian medical team |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/sans-categorie/2009/05/09/uvira-12-operations-de-bec-de-lievre-realisees-en-deux-jours-par-une-equipe-medicale-italienne |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Asibitin shi ma yana tsakiyar ayyukan gaggawa bayan manyan bala'o'i. A watan Yulin 2010, bayan fashewar tankin mai na Sange —wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar akalla mutane 269—an kwantar da adadi mai yawa na waɗanda abin ya shafa don neman magani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2010 |title=Sange: le nombre des morts passe à 269 |trans-title=Blood: Death toll rises to 269 |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2010/07/19/sange-le-nombre-des-morts-passe-a-269 |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> [[File:DSRSG_Fidele_Sarassoro_visit_in_Estern_Congo_(7195209656).jpg|thumb|205x205px| [[MONUSCO]] DSRSG Fidèle Sarassoro ya ziyarci sashin kula da lafiya [[Amai da Gudawa|na kwalara]], daya daga cikin ayyukan Asusun Pooled guda biyu da OXFAM GB da Hope in Action ke aiwatarwa.]] Asibitin ya ci gaba da fuskantar ƙalubale masu tsanani na kayayyakin more rayuwa da na sufuri. A watan Maris na 2013, [[Jariri|jarirai]] goma sun mutu sakamakon ƙarancin wutar lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2013 |title=Uvira: 10 nouveau-nés sont morts en deux semaines à l'hôpital général faute d'électricité |trans-title=Uvira: 10 newborns died in two weeks at the general hospital due to lack of electricity |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2013/03/07/uvira-10-nouveau-nes-sont-morts-en-deux-semaines-lhopital-general-faute-delectricite |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2013, fashewar gurneti a kasuwar Mulongwe ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutum ɗaya da kuma raunuka ashirin masu tsanani, waɗanda goma sha bakwai daga cikinsu aka yi musu magani a asibiti. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2013 |title=Sud-Kivu: 1 mort et 20 blessés dans l’explosion d’une grenade à Uvira |trans-title=South Kivu: 1 dead and 20 injured in grenade explosion in Uvira |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/actualite/2013/11/28/sud-kivu-1-mort-20-blesses-dans-lexplosion-dune-grenade-uvira |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekarar 2016, bayan arangama tsakanin Rundunar Sojojin Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo (FARDC) da wadanda ake zargin sojojin [[Burundi]] ne daga rundunar sojojin FARDC ta 3305, an samu asarar rayuka biyar, tare da ajiye gawarwakinsu a dakin ajiye gawawwaki na asibiti. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2016 |title=Uvira: 5 morts dans les combats entre les FARDC et l'armée burundaise |trans-title=Uvira: 5 dead in fighting between FARDC and Burundian army |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2016/12/22/actualite/securite/uvira-5-morts-dans-les-combats-entre-les-fardc-et-larmee-burundaise |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Duk da waɗannan wahalhalun, asibitin yana samun tallafi lokaci-lokaci. A watan Maris na 2017, Ministan Lafiyar Jama'a na lardin Kudancin Kivu ya bayar da gudummawar kayan aiki da kayayyaki masu yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2017 |title=Un équipement médical remis à l'hôpital général de référence d'Uvira |trans-title=Medical equipment delivered to the Uvira General Reference Hospital |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2017/03/21/actualite/en-bref/un-equipement-medical-remis-lhopital-general-de-reference-duvira |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> Hakazalika, a shekarar 2020, Asusun Kula da Yawan Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFPA) ya samar da kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da kayan kariya ga mata masu shekaru haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2020 |title=Des kits médicaux de l'UNFPA pour les femmes sinistrées d'Uvira |trans-title=UNFPA medical kits for disaster-affected women in Uvira |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2020/05/11/actualite/sante/des-kits-medicaux-de-lunfpa-pour-les-femmes-sinistrees-duvira |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref> == Ƙungiya == Asibitin an tsara shi zuwa sassa daban-daban na gudanarwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Sakatariyar, Kuɗi, Ma'aikata na Gabaɗaya, da Sauran Ma'aikatan Tallafi. <ref name=":2" /> '''Sakatare:''' An ɗora wa sashen sakatare alhakin kula da harkokin addini da gudanarwa, sashen sakatare ya ƙunshi: <ref name=":2" /> * Sakatare * Magatakarda Mai Rubutawa * Mataimakin Ofis '''Kuɗi:''' Sashen kuɗi yana kula da harkokin kuɗi na asibiti, lissafin kuɗi, da ayyukan liyafa. Ma'aikata a wannan fanni sun haɗa da: <ref name=":2" /> * Akanta * Mai Kuɗi * Masu karɓar baƙi * Mai binciken kuɗi '''Ma'aikata Gabaɗaya''': Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da masu hidima da ma'aikata waɗanda ke da alhakin taimaka wa marasa lafiya da kuma kula da tsaron wurin da kuma kula da shi. Muhimman ayyuka a cikin wannan sashe sun haɗa da:<ref name=":2" /> * Maza Masu Hidima * Mata Masu Hidima * Masu gadi * Masu Lambu '''Sauran Ma'aikatan Tallafi''': Ƙarin ma'aikata sun sadaukar da kansu don samar da ayyukan kulawa na musamman da na dinki waɗanda ke tallafawa ayyukan asibiti. Membobin ƙungiyar sune: * Ma'aikatan Gyara * Mai dinki == Ayyuka == === Ayyukan likita === Ayyukan likitanci sun haɗa da: <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> * Maganin ciki * Tiyata * Janar da na asibiti na yara * Ilimin Haihuwa da Mata === Ayyukan kula da lafiya na para-medical === Ayyukan likitanci sun haɗa da: <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> * Dakin gwaje-gwaje * Hoton likita : X-ray na duban dan tayi * Magani : ajiya da gaskiya * [[Gyaran jiki|Ilimin motsa jiki]] === Ayyuka na musamman === Ayyuka na musamman sun haɗa da: <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> * Shawarwari na waje: janar, ƙwararre * CNT, CTC, likitan hakori == Duba kuma == * Asibitin Lemera * Jerin asibitoci a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jl1cyw8a2fq7cfhrkjxrgdl1bvnrhzk 0 179553 969219 2026-10-18T17:53:42Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359253761|United States obscenity law]]" 969219 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Blockquote|whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest.<ref>''Roth'', at 489</ref>}} '''Dokar lalata ta Amurka''' tana hulɗa da tsari ko hana abin da ake la'akari da lalata sabili da haka ba a kare magana ko magana a ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarimar Farko ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ba. A Amurka, tattaunawar lalata yawanci tana da alaƙa da bayyana abin da batsa yake da lalata. Batutuwan lalata sun taso a matakin tarayya da na jihohi. Dokokin jihohi suna aiki ne kawai a cikin ikon kowace jiha, kuma dokokin jihohi game da lalata sun bambanta. Dokokin Tarayya sun haramta lalata da batsa na yara da aka samar da yara na ainihi (irin wannan batsa na yaro ba a kare shi da Kwaskwarimar Farko ko da ba ta da kyau). Dokar Tarayya ta kuma haramta watsa shirye-shirye (amma ba watsa kebul ko tauraron dan adam ba) na kayan "marasa kyau" a cikin sa'o'i da aka ƙayyade.<ref name="fcc.gov">{{Cite web |date=11 December 2015 |title=Obscene, Indecent and Profane Broadcasts |url=https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/obscene-indecent-and-profane-broadcasts |website=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref> Yawancin shari'o'in lalata a Amurka a cikin karni da ya gabata sun haɗa da hotuna ko fina-finai, amma kuma an gurfanar da ayyukan rubutu, sanannen shine na littafin ''Fanny Hill'' na karni na 18. Saboda dokokin tantancewa da aka kafa don yaki da lalata sun ƙuntata 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, samar da ma'anar doka game da lalata ta gabatar da batun' [[Ƴancin Jama'a|'Yancin jama'a]]'a. == Batutuwan shari'a da ma'anoni == [[File:Fanny_Hill_1910_cover.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Édouard-Henri_Avril_(9).jpg|thumb|Littafin ''Fanny Hill'' na ƙarni na 18 ya kasance batun gwaji mai laushi a lokuta daban-daban (hoton: farantin XI: Jam'iyyar wanka; La baignade).]] An haramta siyarwa da rarraba kayan lalata a yawancin jihohin Amurka tun farkon karni na 19, kuma ta hanyar dokar tarayya tun 1873. Amincewa da dokokin lalata a Amurka a matakin tarayya a 1873 ya kasance saboda kokarin Anthony Comstock, wanda ya kirkiro kuma ya jagoranci New York Society for the Suppression of Vice. Kokarin da Comstock ya yi ya haifar da aiwatar da dokar hana lalata da aka sani da Dokar Comstock wanda ya sa ya zama laifi don rarraba kayan "marasa kyau" ta hanyar gidan waya. Har ila yau, ya haramta amfani da wasika don rarraba na'urorin hana haihuwa da bayanai. An nada Comstock a matsayin mai binciken gidan waya don aiwatar da sabuwar doka.<ref name="Rosenfeld20072">{{cite book|author=Michael J. Rosenfeld|title=The age of independence: interracial unions, same-sex unions, and the changing American family|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpSlkT2loyUC&pg=PA28|access-date=17 October 2011|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02497-7|page=28}}</ref>Jihohi ashirin da hudu sun zartar da irin wannan haramtacciyar haramtacciya akan kayan da aka rarraba a cikin jihohin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kevles |first=Daniel J. |author-link=Daniel Kevles |date=July 22, 2001 |title=The Secret History of Birth Control |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06E0DB173BF931A15754C0A9679C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=print |access-date=2006-10-21 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Dokar ta aikata laifuka ba kawai kayan da ke nuna jima'i ba, har ma da kayan da ke hulɗa da hana haihuwa da zubar da ciki.<ref name="Axelrod-Contrada20062">{{cite book|author=Joan Axelrod-Contrada|title=Reno v. ACLU: Internet censorship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCBedGMyadkC&pg=PA20|access-date=17 October 2011|date=September 2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-2144-3|pages=20–21}}</ref> Koyaya, dokar ba ta bayyana "laifuka" ba, wanda aka bar wa kotuna don tantancewa bisa ga shari'a-da- shari'a. Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta kirkiro gwajin ''Miller'' don kotuna suyi amfani da su don tantance ko kayan ba su da kyau. Saboda gwajin ''Miller'' yana amfani da "ka'idodin al'umma", wannan abu na iya zama abin kunya a cikin wani iko amma an kare shi ta Kwaskwarimar Farko a wani. Tare da zuwan rarraba Intanet na yiwuwar kayan lalata, wannan tambaya game da iko da ka'idojin al'umma ya haifar da babbar gardama a cikin al'ummar shari'a, saboda, tunda kayan akan intanet na iya samuwa a ko'ina, al'umma mafi ƙuntatawa na iya hana shi a ko'a. Dubi Amurka v. Thomas, 74 F.3d 701 (6th Cir. 1996). Babu takamaiman jerin abubuwan da ba su da kyau ban da yanke shawara na kotu da ke riƙe da kayan da ba su dace a wasu al'ummomi. Taken 18, babi na 71 na Dokar Amurka ya sanya kayan lalata ba bisa ka'ida ba. Jagoran Citizen zuwa Dokar Tarayyar Amurka kan Rashin Girma ya lissafa ka'idoji masu dacewa da yawa game da lalata.<ref name="justice.gov">{{Cite web |date=2015-05-26 |title=Citizen's Guide to U.S. Federal Law on Obscenity |url=https://www.justice.gov/criminal-ceos/citizens-guide-us-federal-law-obscenity |access-date=2019-12-08 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ma'anar lalata === Kodayake ƙananan kotuna a Amurka sun yi amfani da ma'aunin ''Hicklin'' a wasu lokuta tun 1868, ba har zuwa 1879, lokacin da sanannen alƙalin tarayya Samuel Blatchford ya tabbatar da hukuncin lalata na D. M. Bennett ta amfani da gwajin ''Hicklin'', cewa tsarin mulki na Dokar Comstock ya zama cikakke..<ref name="Wood20082">{{cite book|author=Janice Ruth Wood|title=The struggle for free speech in the United States, 1872–1915: Edward Bliss Foote, Edward Bond Foote, and anti-Comstock operations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhBuSVSP6qEC&pg=PA44|access-date=17 October 2011|year=2008|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-96246-9|pages=43–45}}</ref> A cikin ''Rosen v. Amurka'' (1896), Kotun Koli ta karɓi irin wannan ma'auni kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin sanannen shari'ar Burtaniya, Regina v. Hicklin, [1868] L. R. 3 Q. B. 360. Gwajin <nowiki><i id="mwYA">Hicklin</i></nowiki> ya bayyana kayan a matsayin abin kunya idan ya kasance "don lalata ko cin hanci da rashawa ga waɗanda tunaninsu ke buɗewa ga irin wannan tasirin lalata, kuma a hannunsu littafin irin wannan zai iya fadawa"<ref>''Rosen'', at 43</ref> In the mid-1950s, the Supreme Court ruled in ''Roth v. United States'', 354 U.S. 476 (1957) that the ''Hicklin'' test was inappropriate. Instead, the new ''Roth'' test for obscenity was: A shekara ta 1964, a cikin Jacobellis v. Ohio, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa aiki na iya zama abin kunya ne kawai idan "ba tare da fansar muhimmancin zamantakewa ba".<ref>378 U.S. 187, 191 (1964).</ref> A cikin ra'ayinsa na jituwa a cikin shari'ar, Mai Shari'a Potter Stewart ya bayyana cewa lalata "ta iyakance ne ga tsarin mulki ga batsa mai tsanani.... Ba zan yi ƙoƙari a yau don bayyana nau'ikan kayan da na fahimta za a rungume su a cikin wannan taƙaitaccen bayanin.... Amma Na san shi lokacin da na gan shi..."<ref>378 U.S. 184, 197 (1964)</ref>A cikin Memoirs v. Massachusetts (1966) (yana hulɗa da haramtacciyar littafin ''Fanny Hill'') Kotun ta yi amfani da gwajin ''Roth-Jacobellis'' don tantance cewa kodayake sauran fannoni na gwajin sun bayyana, mai tantancewa ba zai iya tabbatar da cewa ''Fanny Hill'' ba shi da darajar fansar zamantakewa ba.<ref>''[[Memoirs v. Massachusetts]]'' {{ussc|383|413|1966}}</ref> A cikin 1973, Kotun Koli a cikin ''Miller'' v. California ta kafa gwajin Miller guda uku don tantance abin da ya kasance mai lalata (kuma saboda haka ba a kare shi ba) da abin da ke da lalata kawai kuma ta haka ne Kwaskwarimar Farko ta kare shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rasmus |first=Ryen |date=2011 |title=The Auto-Authentication of the Page: Purely Written Speech and the Doctrine of Obscenity |url=http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1602&context=wmborj |journal=William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal |volume=20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2015 |title=Citizen's Guide to U.S. Federal Law on Obscenity |url=https://www.justice.gov/criminal-ceos/citizens-guide-us-federal-law-obscenity}}</ref> Da yake gabatar da ra'ayin kotun, Babban Alkalin Warren Burger ya rubuta: Gwajin ''Miller'' ya kasance misali na shari'a na Amurka don tantance lalata.<ref name="justice.gov" /> Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta bayyana cewa kawai "ƙaddamarwa ta farko da ta biyu na ''Gwajin Miller'' - daukaka kara ga sha'awa mai ban sha'awa da cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka - batutuwan gaskiya ne ga juri don tantance amfani da ƙa'idodin al'umma na zamani". Amma ga na uku, "[t]bincike mai kyau ba shine ko wani talakawa memba na kowane al'umma zai sami muhimmancin wallafe-wallafen, fasaha, siyasa, ko ƙimar kimiyya a cikin abin da ake zargi da lalata, amma ko mutum mai hankali zai sami irin wannan ƙimar a cikin kayan, wanda aka ɗauka gaba ɗaya".<ref>''Pope v. Illinois'', 481 U.S. 497, 500-501 (1987).</ref> === Ka'idojin da suka gabata === [[File:NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg|thumb|Alamar "New York Society for the Suppression of Vice", tana ba da shawarar ƙone littattafai]] Kotuna sun yi amfani da ka'idoji masu zuwa don tantance lalata. Kowane ɗayan an soke su, an soke su. * Gwajin ''Hicklin'' (1868): tasirin sassan da aka ware a kan mutanen da suka fi kamuwa da cutar. (Dokar Burtaniya, da aka ambata a cikin Regina v. Hicklin, 1868. LR 3 QB 360 - an soke shi lokacin da Michigan ta yi ƙoƙarin haramta duk abin da aka buga wanda zai "karkatar da halin matasa" a cikin ''Butler v. Jihar Michigan'', 352 US 380 (1957)). * Gwajin ''Wepplo'' (1947): Idan kayan suna da mummunar hali mai lalata ko lalata masu karatu ta hanyar haifar da tunani mai ban sha'awa ko tayar da sha'awa. (Mutane v. Wepplo, 78 Cal. App. 2d Supp. 959, 178 P.2d 853). === Amfani da gwajin === A karkashin dokar Amurka, tambayar ko wallafe-wallafen ba shi da kyau an ƙayyade shi ta hanyar gwajin ''Miller''. Sashe da yawa na Dokar Amurka ta 18, Babi na 71, sun haramta watsa lalata, kuma Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa irin waɗannan dokoki suna cikin tsarin mulki. Koyaya, ta yi mulki a kan ƙuntatawa da ba bisa ka'ida ba game da mallakar mutum na lalata. Dokokin lalata na Tarayya a halin yanzu suna aiki ne ga rarraba lalata a cikin kasuwancin ƙasashen waje ko ta hanyar wasikar Amurka; batutuwan cikin jihohi galibi har yanzu ana gudanar da su ta hanyar dokar jihar. "Abubuwan da ba su da kyau ... an haramta su shiga" zuwa Amurka ta hanyar Kwastam da Tsaro na Yankin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Customs and Border Protection Form 6059B, January 2004 |url=http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/travel/vacation/sample_declaration_form.xml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019100720/http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/travel/vacation/sample_declaration_form.xml |archive-date=2012-10-19 |access-date=2012-06-27}}</ref> Batsa wanda ba shi da lalata a ƙarƙashin gwajin ''Miller'' an kare shi ta Kwaskwarimar Farko. Misali daya daga cikin shi shine tsirara kawai. A cikin Jenkins v. Georgia, 418 US 153 (1974), Kotun Koli ta gano fim din Carnal Knowledge ba abin kunya ba ne a karkashin ka'idodin tsarin mulki da ''Miller'' ya sanar. Kamar yadda alƙalin shari'ar ya bayyana a ''Jenkins'', "Fim din yana nuna tsirara na lokaci-lokaci, amma tsirara kadai ba ya ba da kayan lalata a ƙarƙashin ka'idodin ''Miller's''".An tabbatar da wannan ka'idar a lokuta na baya, gami da Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville, 422 US 205, 206 (1975), wanda "a Jacksonville, Fla., umurnin da ya hana nuna fina-finai da ke dauke da tsirara ta hanyar gidan wasan kwaikwayo lokacin da aka nuna allo daga titin jama'a ko wuri".[ed] Kotun Koli ta sami dokar ba ta da inganci a matsayin keta haƙƙin Kwaskwarimar Farko na mai shirya fim da masu gidan wasan kwaikwayo. === Rashin mutunci da rashin mutunci === Abubuwan "Indecent" waɗanda ba su da lalata ko batsa na yara an kare su ta Kwaskwarimar Farko, sai dai cewa gwamnati na iya ƙoƙarin kiyaye shi daga yara. Misalan kayan lalata sun haɗa da tsirara da "kalmomi bakwai marasa tsarki" na George Carlin<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151123162402/http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/madison/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/FirstReport.Indecency.Levi_.final_.pdf Levi, Lili, ''The FCC's Regulation of Indecency''], First Reports, A First Amendment Center Publication, vol. 7. no. 1, April 2008.</ref> === Batutuwan lalata da ba na hoto ba a Amurka === ==== Rubuce-rubucen da ba su da kyau ==== Koyaya, an lakafta littafin "erotica" a cikin shari'ar 1965 (206 AZ 2d 403) kuma an rarraba tsakanin erotica da lalata - ba duk abubuwan da ke da abubuwan lalata ba ne ta atomatik. Bugu da ƙari, shari'ar 'Memoirs ta 1965 ta John Cleland ta kara da ƙarin buƙata don tabbatar da "laifuka" - aikin da ake tambaya dole ne ya yi wahayi ko nuna "mai ban sha'awa" (wato, "mai kunya ko mara kyau"). A shekara ta 1964, [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]], a cikin ''[[Grove Press, Inc. v. Gerstein]]'', ta ambaci Jacobellis v. Ohio (wanda aka yanke shawarar a wannan rana) kuma ta soke binciken kotun jihar game da Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer. An buga wani "Medusa" wanda ba a ba da izini ba na littafin a Birnin New York a cikin 1940 ta hanyar Jacob Brussel; shafin taken ya yi iƙirarin cewa wurin bugawa shine Mexico. Daga bisani aka tura Brussel kurkuku na tsawon shekaru uku don fitowar,<ref>[[Mikita Brottman|Brottman, Mikita]] (2004) ''Funny Peculiar: Gershon Legman and the psychopathology of humor''. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Analytic Press, p. 6</ref> kwafinsa yana cikin [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburaren Majalisa]]. A shekara ta 2005, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta kafa kungiyar masu gabatar da kara ta Obscenity a cikin wani matsin lamba don gurfanar da shari'o'in lalata<ref>{{cite news |last=Abramson |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Abramson |date=September 27, 2005 |title=Federal Government Renews Effort to Curb Porn |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4865348 |access-date=April 11, 2012 |work=Morning Edition |publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gellman |first=Barton |author-link=Barton Gellman |date=September 20, 2005 |title=Recruits Sought for Porn Squad |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/19/AR2005091901570.html |access-date=April 11, 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Red Rose Stories (www.red-rose-stories.com, yanzu ya ɓace), shafin da aka keɓe don labarun fantasy kawai, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shafuka da yawa da FBI ta yi niyya don rufewa. Gwamnati ta yi zargin cewa Red Rose Stories sun ƙunshi hotuna na fyade na yara. Mai bugawa ya yi ikirarin laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Paula Reed |date=2008-08-07 |title=Woman pleads guilty to obscenity for child-sex story site |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08220/902556-100.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125070621/https://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08220/902556-100.stm |archive-date=2011-11-25 |access-date=2011-05-08 |website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2021, an yanke wa wani mutum mai shekaru 65 na Texas, Thomas Alan Arthur, hukuncin shekaru 40 a kurkuku na tarayya bayan an yanke masa hukunci kan "ƙididdiga biyar na fataucin mutane a cikin labarun rubutu masu lalata game da cin zarafin yara", da kuma "ƙididdigar fataucin abubuwa uku a cikin zane-zane na nuna lalata da yaro" (zane na yara da ke cikin jima'i), da kuma "ɗaya daga cikin shari'ar sayar da batutuwan lalata da suka shafi cin zarafin Yara".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-22 |title=Texas Man Sentenced to 40 Years in Prison for Running Child Obscenity Website |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/texas-man-sentenced-40-years-prison-running-child-obscenity-website |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Office of Public Affairs, United States Department of Justice |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta soke hukuncin da Arthur ya yanke a kan daya daga cikin hotunan da aka yi wa lakabi, amma ta tabbatar da hukuncin da ya yi a kan sauran laifuka kuma ta tsare shi don sake yanke masa hukunci.<ref>{{Cite court|date=2022|url=https://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/21/21-50607-CR0.pdf}}</ref> ==== Kayan aiki marasa kyau ==== Jihohin Amurka da yawa sun haramta sayar da kayan wasa na jima'i, suna tsara su azaman na'urori masu lalata. Misali, Dokar 1999 da Gwamnatin Alabama (Ala. Code. § 13A-12-200.1) sun sanya shi "ba bisa ka'ida ba don samarwa, rarraba ko kuma sayar da na'urorin jima'i waɗanda ake tallatawa da farko don motsa gabobin ɗan adam. "Alabama ta yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan samfuran sun kasance masu lalata, kuma babu "mahimmanci na asali don siyan samfurin da za a yi amfani da shi don neman samun orgasm".ACLU ta kalubalanci dokar, wanda aka soke a shekara ta 2002. Wani alƙali na tarayya ya dawo da dokar a shekara ta 2004. An daukaka kara ga Kotun Koli ta Amurka, wacce a 2007 ta ki sauraron karar, ta haka ne ta ba da izinin aiwatar da hukuncin kotun da aka yanke a Alabama. A shekara ta 2007, kotun daukaka kara ta tarayya ta amince da dokar Alabama da ta hana sayar da kayan wasa na jima'i. Dokar, Dokar Anti-Obscenity ta 1998, Kotun Koli ta Alabama ta tabbatar da ita a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2009. <ref name="huffpo2011">{{Cite web |date=17 Nov 2011 |title=Alabama's Bad Vibrations |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-m-appel/alabamas-bad-vibrations_b_300491.html |website=Huffington Post}}</ref> Amma wasu jihohi sun ga kotuna sun yanke hukuncin haramtacciyar abin wasa na jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba. A shekara ta 2008 Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta Fifth Circuit ta yanke hukuncin cewa irin wannan dokar Texas ta keta haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki na sirri wanda Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta amince da shi a Lawrence v. Texas . Wannan hukuncin ya bar Mississippi, Alabama, da Virginia kawai tare da haramtacciyar sayar da na'urori masu lalata. Alabama ita ce kadai jiha da ke da doka da ke hana sayar da kayan wasa na jima'i.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alabama Code Title 13A. Criminal Code § 13A-12-200.2 |url=https://codes.findlaw.com/al/title-13a-criminal-code/al-code-sect-13a-12-200-2.html |website=Findlaw}}</ref> === Rashin amincewa === An soki dokar lalata a cikin wadannan yankuna: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huston |first=William |date=September 2004 |title=Under Color of Law, Obscenity vs. the First Amendment |url=http://www.nexusjournal.org/2005obscenity/75-82.pdf |journal=Nexus Journal |publication-date=2005 |volume=10 |issue=75 |page=82 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218210623/http://www.nexusjournal.org/2005obscenity/75-82.pdf |archive-date=2006-02-18}}</ref> === Ƙarin ƙuntatawa game da nuna jima'i === [[File:Lili_St-Cyr.jpg|thumb|Lili St. Cyr, an haife ta Marie Van Schaack, tare da pasties]] A cikin shawarar ''Miller'' amfani da kalmomin "ka'idodin al'umma na zamani" yawanci yana nufin cewa doka ta samo asali tare da dabi'u da ka'idojin zamantakewa. An nuna wannan a duk faɗin masana'antar batsa tare da batsa ta kasuwanci ta mutane kamar masu son da masu wallafa shafukan yanar gizo na sirri a yanar gizo na Duniya. An sanya ikon gwamnati na kai tsaye kamar ƙuntataccen yanki na shagunan bidiyo na manya da rawa tsirara saboda ƙaddamar da ƙuntatacciyar ƙuntata ta gaba ɗaya sun fi wuya a samu, amma dokar Kwaskwarimar Farko ta ba da izinin ƙuntata lokaci, wuri, da hanya. Hakazalika an sanya ka'idoji a Indiana don sarrafa rawa mai ban sha'awa, inda doka ta doka, don haka duk masu rawa dole ne su sa "pasties" ko "g-strings" kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin shari'ar 1991 na Barnes v. Glen Theatre . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc., 501 U.S. 560 (1991) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/501/560/ |access-date=2019-12-09 |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref> === Censorship a makarantu, jami'o'i, da ɗakunan karatu === Makarantu, jami'o'i, da ɗakunan karatu suna karɓar kuɗin gwamnati don dalilai da yawa, kuma wasu daga cikin waɗannan kudaden suna zuwa ga tantance lalata a cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin. Akwai wasu hanyoyi daban-daban da ake yin wannan. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin shine ta hanyar kada a ɗauke da batsa ko abin da gwamnati ke ganin kayan lalata a waɗannan wurare; wani kuma shine waɗannan wurare su sayi software wanda ke tace aikin intanet a harabar. Misali shine [[Dokar Kare Intanet ta Yara]] ta tarayya (CIPA). Wannan ya ba da umarnin cewa duk makarantu da ɗakunan karatu da ke karɓar taimakon tarayya don haɗin intanet sun shigar da "matakin kariya na fasaha" (filter) a duk kwamfutoci, ko yara ko manya suna amfani da su. Akwai wasu jihohin da suka zartar da dokoki da ke ba da umarnin tantancewa a makarantu, jami'o'i, da ɗakunan karatu koda kuwa ba sa karɓar taimakon gwamnati wanda zai tallafawa tantancewa cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin. Wadannan sun hada da Arizona, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, South Carolina, da Tennessee. Wasu jihohi ashirin suna la'akari da irin wannan doka a cikin 2001-2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Privacy & Technology |url=https://www.aclu.org/issues/privacy-technology |website=American Civil Liberties Union}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bb7xyo9uu93ezr5yq7nh1tr6urxddtz 969223 969219 2026-10-18T17:56:18Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359253761|United States obscenity law]]" 969223 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Blockquote|whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest.<ref>''Roth'', at 489</ref>}} '''Dokar lalata ta Amurka''' tana hulɗa da tsari ko hana abin da ake la'akari da lalata sabili da haka ba a kare magana ko magana a ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarimar Farko ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ba. A Amurka, tattaunawar lalata yawanci tana da alaƙa da bayyana abin da batsa yake da lalata. Batutuwan lalata sun taso a matakin tarayya da na jihohi. Dokokin jihohi suna aiki ne kawai a cikin ikon kowace jiha, kuma dokokin jihohi game da lalata sun bambanta. Dokokin Tarayya sun haramta lalata da batsa na yara da aka samar da yara na ainihi (irin wannan batsa na yaro ba a kare shi da Kwaskwarimar Farko ko da ba ta da kyau). Dokar Tarayya ta kuma haramta watsa shirye-shirye (amma ba watsa kebul ko tauraron dan adam ba) na kayan "marasa kyau" a cikin sa'o'i da aka ƙayyade.<ref name="fcc.gov">{{Cite web |date=11 December 2015 |title=Obscene, Indecent and Profane Broadcasts |url=https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/obscene-indecent-and-profane-broadcasts |website=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref> Yawancin shari'o'in lalata a Amurka a cikin karni da ya gabata sun haɗa da hotuna ko fina-finai, amma kuma an gurfanar da ayyukan rubutu, sanannen shine na littafin ''Fanny Hill'' na karni na 18. Saboda dokokin tantancewa da aka kafa don yaki da lalata sun ƙuntata 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, samar da ma'anar doka game da lalata ta gabatar da batun' [[Ƴancin Jama'a|'Yancin jama'a]]'a. == Batutuwan shari'a da ma'anoni == [[File:Fanny_Hill_1910_cover.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Édouard-Henri_Avril_(9).jpg|thumb|Littafin ''Fanny Hill'' na ƙarni na 18 ya kasance batun gwaji mai laushi a lokuta daban-daban (hoton: farantin XI: Jam'iyyar wanka; La baignade).]] An haramta siyarwa da rarraba kayan lalata a yawancin jihohin Amurka tun farkon karni na 19, kuma ta hanyar dokar tarayya tun 1873. Amincewa da dokokin lalata a Amurka a matakin tarayya a 1873 ya kasance saboda kokarin Anthony Comstock, wanda ya kirkiro kuma ya jagoranci New York Society for the Suppression of Vice. Kokarin da Comstock ya yi ya haifar da aiwatar da dokar hana lalata da aka sani da Dokar Comstock wanda ya sa ya zama laifi don rarraba kayan "marasa kyau" ta hanyar gidan waya. Har ila yau, ya haramta amfani da wasika don rarraba na'urorin hana haihuwa da bayanai. An nada Comstock a matsayin mai binciken gidan waya don aiwatar da sabuwar doka.<ref name="Rosenfeld20072">{{cite book|author=Michael J. Rosenfeld|title=The age of independence: interracial unions, same-sex unions, and the changing American family|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpSlkT2loyUC&pg=PA28|access-date=17 October 2011|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02497-7|page=28}}</ref>Jihohi ashirin da hudu sun zartar da irin wannan haramtacciyar haramtacciya akan kayan da aka rarraba a cikin jihohin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kevles |first=Daniel J. |author-link=Daniel Kevles |date=July 22, 2001 |title=The Secret History of Birth Control |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06E0DB173BF931A15754C0A9679C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=print |access-date=2006-10-21 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Dokar ta aikata laifuka ba kawai kayan da ke nuna jima'i ba, har ma da kayan da ke hulɗa da hana haihuwa da zubar da ciki.<ref name="Axelrod-Contrada20062">{{cite book|author=Joan Axelrod-Contrada|title=Reno v. ACLU: Internet censorship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCBedGMyadkC&pg=PA20|access-date=17 October 2011|date=September 2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-2144-3|pages=20–21}}</ref> Koyaya, dokar ba ta bayyana "laifuka" ba, wanda aka bar wa kotuna don tantancewa bisa ga shari'a-da- shari'a. Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta kirkiro gwajin ''Miller'' don kotuna suyi amfani da su don tantance ko kayan ba su da kyau. Saboda gwajin ''Miller'' yana amfani da "ka'idodin al'umma", wannan abu na iya zama abin kunya a cikin wani iko amma an kare shi ta Kwaskwarimar Farko a wani. Tare da zuwan rarraba Intanet na yiwuwar kayan lalata, wannan tambaya game da iko da ka'idojin al'umma ya haifar da babbar gardama a cikin al'ummar shari'a, saboda, tunda kayan akan intanet na iya samuwa a ko'ina, al'umma mafi ƙuntatawa na iya hana shi a ko'a. Dubi Amurka v. Thomas, 74 F.3d 701 (6th Cir. 1996). Babu takamaiman jerin abubuwan da ba su da kyau ban da yanke shawara na kotu da ke riƙe da kayan da ba su dace a wasu al'ummomi. Taken 18, babi na 71 na Dokar Amurka ya sanya kayan lalata ba bisa ka'ida ba. Jagoran Citizen zuwa Dokar Tarayyar Amurka kan Rashin Girma ya lissafa ka'idoji masu dacewa da yawa game da lalata.<ref name="justice.gov">{{Cite web |date=2015-05-26 |title=Citizen's Guide to U.S. Federal Law on Obscenity |url=https://www.justice.gov/criminal-ceos/citizens-guide-us-federal-law-obscenity |access-date=2019-12-08 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ma'anar lalata === Kodayake ƙananan kotuna a Amurka sun yi amfani da ma'aunin ''Hicklin'' a wasu lokuta tun 1868, ba har zuwa 1879, lokacin da sanannen alƙalin tarayya Samuel Blatchford ya tabbatar da hukuncin lalata na D. M. Bennett ta amfani da gwajin ''Hicklin'', cewa tsarin mulki na Dokar Comstock ya zama cikakke..<ref name="Wood20082">{{cite book|author=Janice Ruth Wood|title=The struggle for free speech in the United States, 1872–1915: Edward Bliss Foote, Edward Bond Foote, and anti-Comstock operations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhBuSVSP6qEC&pg=PA44|access-date=17 October 2011|year=2008|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-96246-9|pages=43–45}}</ref> A cikin ''Rosen v. Amurka'' (1896), Kotun Koli ta karɓi irin wannan ma'auni kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin sanannen shari'ar Burtaniya, Regina v. Hicklin, [1868] L. R. 3 Q. B. 360. Gwajin <nowiki><i id="mwYA">Hicklin</i></nowiki> ya bayyana kayan a matsayin abin kunya idan ya kasance "don lalata ko cin hanci da rashawa ga waɗanda tunaninsu ke buɗewa ga irin wannan tasirin lalata, kuma a hannunsu littafin irin wannan zai iya fadawa"<ref>''Rosen'', at 43</ref> In the mid-1950s, the Supreme Court ruled in ''Roth v. United States'', 354 U.S. 476 (1957) that the ''Hicklin'' test was inappropriate. Instead, the new ''Roth'' test for obscenity was: A shekara ta 1964, a cikin Jacobellis v. Ohio, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa aiki na iya zama abin kunya ne kawai idan "ba tare da fansar muhimmancin zamantakewa ba".<ref>378 U.S. 187, 191 (1964).</ref> A cikin ra'ayinsa na jituwa a cikin shari'ar, Mai Shari'a Potter Stewart ya bayyana cewa lalata "ta iyakance ne ga tsarin mulki ga batsa mai tsanani.... Ba zan yi ƙoƙari a yau don bayyana nau'ikan kayan da na fahimta za a rungume su a cikin wannan taƙaitaccen bayanin.... Amma Na san shi lokacin da na gan shi..."<ref>378 U.S. 184, 197 (1964)</ref>A cikin Memoirs v. Massachusetts (1966) (yana hulɗa da haramtacciyar littafin ''Fanny Hill'') Kotun ta yi amfani da gwajin ''Roth-Jacobellis'' don tantance cewa kodayake sauran fannoni na gwajin sun bayyana, mai tantancewa ba zai iya tabbatar da cewa ''Fanny Hill'' ba shi da darajar fansar zamantakewa ba.<ref>''[[Memoirs v. Massachusetts]]'' {{ussc|383|413|1966}}</ref> A cikin 1973, Kotun Koli a cikin ''Miller'' v. California ta kafa gwajin Miller guda uku don tantance abin da ya kasance mai lalata (kuma saboda haka ba a kare shi ba) da abin da ke da lalata kawai kuma ta haka ne Kwaskwarimar Farko ta kare shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rasmus |first=Ryen |date=2011 |title=The Auto-Authentication of the Page: Purely Written Speech and the Doctrine of Obscenity |url=http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1602&context=wmborj |journal=William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal |volume=20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2015 |title=Citizen's Guide to U.S. Federal Law on Obscenity |url=https://www.justice.gov/criminal-ceos/citizens-guide-us-federal-law-obscenity}}</ref> Da yake gabatar da ra'ayin kotun, Babban Alkalin Warren Burger ya rubuta: Gwajin ''Miller'' ya kasance misali na shari'a na Amurka don tantance lalata.<ref name="justice.gov" /> Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta bayyana cewa kawai "ƙaddamarwa ta farko da ta biyu na ''Gwajin Miller'' - daukaka kara ga sha'awa mai ban sha'awa da cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka - batutuwan gaskiya ne ga juri don tantance amfani da ƙa'idodin al'umma na zamani". Amma ga na uku, "[t]bincike mai kyau ba shine ko wani talakawa memba na kowane al'umma zai sami muhimmancin wallafe-wallafen, fasaha, siyasa, ko ƙimar kimiyya a cikin abin da ake zargi da lalata, amma ko mutum mai hankali zai sami irin wannan ƙimar a cikin kayan, wanda aka ɗauka gaba ɗaya".<ref>''Pope v. Illinois'', 481 U.S. 497, 500-501 (1987).</ref> === Ka'idojin da suka gabata === [[File:NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg|thumb|Alamar "New York Society for the Suppression of Vice", tana ba da shawarar ƙone littattafai]] Kotuna sun yi amfani da ka'idoji masu zuwa don tantance lalata. Kowane ɗayan an soke su, an soke su. * Gwajin ''Hicklin'' (1868): tasirin sassan da aka ware a kan mutanen da suka fi kamuwa da cutar. (Dokar Burtaniya, da aka ambata a cikin Regina v. Hicklin, 1868. LR 3 QB 360 - an soke shi lokacin da Michigan ta yi ƙoƙarin haramta duk abin da aka buga wanda zai "karkatar da halin matasa" a cikin ''Butler v. Jihar Michigan'', 352 US 380 (1957)). * Gwajin ''Wepplo'' (1947): Idan kayan suna da mummunar hali mai lalata ko lalata masu karatu ta hanyar haifar da tunani mai ban sha'awa ko tayar da sha'awa. (Mutane v. Wepplo, 78 Cal. App. 2d Supp. 959, 178 P.2d 853). === Amfani da gwajin === A karkashin dokar Amurka, tambayar ko wallafe-wallafen ba shi da kyau an ƙayyade shi ta hanyar gwajin ''Miller''. Sashe da yawa na Dokar Amurka ta 18, Babi na 71, sun haramta watsa lalata, kuma Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa irin waɗannan dokoki suna cikin tsarin mulki. Koyaya, ta yi mulki a kan ƙuntatawa da ba bisa ka'ida ba game da mallakar mutum na lalata. Dokokin lalata na Tarayya a halin yanzu suna aiki ne ga rarraba lalata a cikin kasuwancin ƙasashen waje ko ta hanyar wasikar Amurka; batutuwan cikin jihohi galibi har yanzu ana gudanar da su ta hanyar dokar jihar. "Abubuwan da ba su da kyau ... an haramta su shiga" zuwa Amurka ta hanyar Kwastam da Tsaro na Yankin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Customs and Border Protection Form 6059B, January 2004 |url=http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/travel/vacation/sample_declaration_form.xml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019100720/http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/travel/vacation/sample_declaration_form.xml |archive-date=2012-10-19 |access-date=2012-06-27}}</ref> Batsa wanda ba shi da lalata a ƙarƙashin gwajin ''Miller'' an kare shi ta Kwaskwarimar Farko. Misali daya daga cikin shi shine tsirara kawai. A cikin Jenkins v. Georgia, 418 US 153 (1974), Kotun Koli ta gano fim din Carnal Knowledge ba abin kunya ba ne a karkashin ka'idodin tsarin mulki da ''Miller'' ya sanar. Kamar yadda alƙalin shari'ar ya bayyana a ''Jenkins'', "Fim din yana nuna tsirara na lokaci-lokaci, amma tsirara kadai ba ya ba da kayan lalata a ƙarƙashin ka'idodin ''Miller's''".An tabbatar da wannan ka'idar a lokuta na baya, gami da Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville, 422 US 205, 206 (1975), wanda "a Jacksonville, Fla., umurnin da ya hana nuna fina-finai da ke dauke da tsirara ta hanyar gidan wasan kwaikwayo lokacin da aka nuna allo daga titin jama'a ko wuri".[ed] Kotun Koli ta sami dokar ba ta da inganci a matsayin keta haƙƙin Kwaskwarimar Farko na mai shirya fim da masu gidan wasan kwaikwayo. === Rashin mutunci da rashin mutunci === Abubuwan "Indecent" waɗanda ba su da lalata ko batsa na yara an kare su ta Kwaskwarimar Farko, sai dai cewa gwamnati na iya ƙoƙarin kiyaye shi daga yara. Misalan kayan lalata sun haɗa da tsirara da "kalmomi bakwai marasa tsarki" na George Carlin<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151123162402/http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/madison/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/FirstReport.Indecency.Levi_.final_.pdf Levi, Lili, ''The FCC's Regulation of Indecency''], First Reports, A First Amendment Center Publication, vol. 7. no. 1, April 2008.</ref> === Batutuwan lalata da ba na hoto ba a Amurka === ==== Rubuce-rubucen da ba su da kyau ==== Duk da yake mafi yawan shari'o'in lalata a Amurka a cikin karni da ya gabata sun haɗa da hotuna ko fina-finai, wasu sun yi ma'amala da ayyukan rubutu. Shari'ar matani don zama abin kunya ya fara ne da ''Dunlop v. Amurka'', 165 US 486 (1897), wanda ya tabbatar da hukunci don aikawa da isar da jarida da ake kira Chicago Dispatch, wanda ya ƙunshi "abin kunya, lalata, lalata, da kayan lalata". Wani shari'a shi ne Littafin da ake kira "John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure" v. Attorney General of Massachusetts, 383 U.S. 413 (1966), wanda ya sami littafin ''Fanny Hill'', na John Cleland c. 1760, don zama abin kunya a cikin wani tsari wanda ya sanya littafin kansa a gaban shari'a maimakon mai bugawa. Wani kuma shi ne Kaplan v. California, 413 U.S. 115 (1973), inda kotun ta yanke shawarar cewa "Abubuwan da ba su da kyau a cikin littafin ba su da damar samun kariya ta Kwaskwarimar Farko kawai saboda ba su da abun ciki. " Koyaya, an lakafta littafin "erotica" a cikin shari'ar 1965 (206 AZ 2d 403) kuma an rarraba tsakanin erotica da lalata - ba duk abubuwan da ke da abubuwan lalata ba ne ta atomatik. Bugu da ƙari, shari'ar 'Memoirs ta 1965 ta John Cleland ta kara da ƙarin buƙata don tabbatar da "laifuka" - aikin da ake tambaya dole ne ya yi wahayi ko nuna "mai ban sha'awa" (wato, "mai kunya ko mara kyau"). A shekara ta 1964, [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]], a cikin ''[[Grove Press, Inc. v. Gerstein]]'', ta ambaci Jacobellis v. Ohio (wanda aka yanke shawarar a wannan rana) kuma ta soke binciken kotun jihar game da Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer. An buga wani "Medusa" wanda ba a ba da izini ba na littafin a Birnin New York a cikin 1940 ta hanyar Jacob Brussel; shafin taken ya yi iƙirarin cewa wurin bugawa shine Mexico. Daga bisani aka tura Brussel kurkuku na tsawon shekaru uku don fitowar,<ref>[[Mikita Brottman|Brottman, Mikita]] (2004) ''Funny Peculiar: Gershon Legman and the psychopathology of humor''. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Analytic Press, p. 6</ref> kwafinsa yana cikin [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburaren Majalisa]]. A shekara ta 2005, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta kafa kungiyar masu gabatar da kara ta Obscenity a cikin wani matsin lamba don gurfanar da shari'o'in lalata<ref>{{cite news |last=Abramson |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Abramson |date=September 27, 2005 |title=Federal Government Renews Effort to Curb Porn |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4865348 |access-date=April 11, 2012 |work=Morning Edition |publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gellman |first=Barton |author-link=Barton Gellman |date=September 20, 2005 |title=Recruits Sought for Porn Squad |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/19/AR2005091901570.html |access-date=April 11, 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Red Rose Stories (www.red-rose-stories.com, yanzu ya ɓace), shafin da aka keɓe don labarun fantasy kawai, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shafuka da yawa da FBI ta yi niyya don rufewa. Gwamnati ta yi zargin cewa Red Rose Stories sun ƙunshi hotuna na fyade na yara. Mai bugawa ya yi ikirarin laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Paula Reed |date=2008-08-07 |title=Woman pleads guilty to obscenity for child-sex story site |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08220/902556-100.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125070621/https://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08220/902556-100.stm |archive-date=2011-11-25 |access-date=2011-05-08 |website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2021, an yanke wa wani mutum mai shekaru 65 na Texas, Thomas Alan Arthur, hukuncin shekaru 40 a kurkuku na tarayya bayan an yanke masa hukunci kan "ƙididdiga biyar na fataucin mutane a cikin labarun rubutu masu lalata game da cin zarafin yara", da kuma "ƙididdigar fataucin abubuwa uku a cikin zane-zane na nuna lalata da yaro" (zane na yara da ke cikin jima'i), da kuma "ɗaya daga cikin shari'ar sayar da batutuwan lalata da suka shafi cin zarafin Yara".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-22 |title=Texas Man Sentenced to 40 Years in Prison for Running Child Obscenity Website |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/texas-man-sentenced-40-years-prison-running-child-obscenity-website |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Office of Public Affairs, United States Department of Justice |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta soke hukuncin da Arthur ya yanke a kan daya daga cikin hotunan da aka yi wa lakabi, amma ta tabbatar da hukuncin da ya yi a kan sauran laifuka kuma ta tsare shi don sake yanke masa hukunci.<ref>{{Cite court|date=2022|url=https://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/21/21-50607-CR0.pdf}}</ref> ==== Kayan aiki marasa kyau ==== Jihohin Amurka da yawa sun haramta sayar da kayan wasa na jima'i, suna tsara su azaman na'urori masu lalata. Misali, Dokar 1999 da Gwamnatin Alabama (Ala. Code. § 13A-12-200.1) sun sanya shi "ba bisa ka'ida ba don samarwa, rarraba ko kuma sayar da na'urorin jima'i waɗanda ake tallatawa da farko don motsa gabobin ɗan adam. "Alabama ta yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan samfuran sun kasance masu lalata, kuma babu "mahimmanci na asali don siyan samfurin da za a yi amfani da shi don neman samun orgasm".ACLU ta kalubalanci dokar, wanda aka soke a shekara ta 2002. Wani alƙali na tarayya ya dawo da dokar a shekara ta 2004. An daukaka kara ga Kotun Koli ta Amurka, wacce a 2007 ta ki sauraron karar, ta haka ne ta ba da izinin aiwatar da hukuncin kotun da aka yanke a Alabama. A shekara ta 2007, kotun daukaka kara ta tarayya ta amince da dokar Alabama da ta hana sayar da kayan wasa na jima'i. Dokar, Dokar Anti-Obscenity ta 1998, Kotun Koli ta Alabama ta tabbatar da ita a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2009. <ref name="huffpo2011">{{Cite web |date=17 Nov 2011 |title=Alabama's Bad Vibrations |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-m-appel/alabamas-bad-vibrations_b_300491.html |website=Huffington Post}}</ref> Amma wasu jihohi sun ga kotuna sun yanke hukuncin haramtacciyar abin wasa na jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba. A shekara ta 2008 Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta Fifth Circuit ta yanke hukuncin cewa irin wannan dokar Texas ta keta haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki na sirri wanda Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta amince da shi a Lawrence v. Texas . Wannan hukuncin ya bar Mississippi, Alabama, da Virginia kawai tare da haramtacciyar sayar da na'urori masu lalata. Alabama ita ce kadai jiha da ke da doka da ke hana sayar da kayan wasa na jima'i.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alabama Code Title 13A. Criminal Code § 13A-12-200.2 |url=https://codes.findlaw.com/al/title-13a-criminal-code/al-code-sect-13a-12-200-2.html |website=Findlaw}}</ref> === Rashin amincewa === An soki dokar lalata a cikin wadannan yankuna: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huston |first=William |date=September 2004 |title=Under Color of Law, Obscenity vs. the First Amendment |url=http://www.nexusjournal.org/2005obscenity/75-82.pdf |journal=Nexus Journal |publication-date=2005 |volume=10 |issue=75 |page=82 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218210623/http://www.nexusjournal.org/2005obscenity/75-82.pdf |archive-date=2006-02-18}}</ref> === Ƙarin ƙuntatawa game da nuna jima'i === [[File:Lili_St-Cyr.jpg|thumb|Lili St. Cyr, an haife ta Marie Van Schaack, tare da pasties]] A cikin shawarar ''Miller'' amfani da kalmomin "ka'idodin al'umma na zamani" yawanci yana nufin cewa doka ta samo asali tare da dabi'u da ka'idojin zamantakewa. An nuna wannan a duk faɗin masana'antar batsa tare da batsa ta kasuwanci ta mutane kamar masu son da masu wallafa shafukan yanar gizo na sirri a yanar gizo na Duniya. An sanya ikon gwamnati na kai tsaye kamar ƙuntataccen yanki na shagunan bidiyo na manya da rawa tsirara saboda ƙaddamar da ƙuntatacciyar ƙuntata ta gaba ɗaya sun fi wuya a samu, amma dokar Kwaskwarimar Farko ta ba da izinin ƙuntata lokaci, wuri, da hanya. Hakazalika an sanya ka'idoji a Indiana don sarrafa rawa mai ban sha'awa, inda doka ta doka, don haka duk masu rawa dole ne su sa "pasties" ko "g-strings" kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin shari'ar 1991 na Barnes v. Glen Theatre . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc., 501 U.S. 560 (1991) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/501/560/ |access-date=2019-12-09 |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref> === Censorship a makarantu, jami'o'i, da ɗakunan karatu === Makarantu, jami'o'i, da ɗakunan karatu suna karɓar kuɗin gwamnati don dalilai da yawa, kuma wasu daga cikin waɗannan kudaden suna zuwa ga tantance lalata a cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin. Akwai wasu hanyoyi daban-daban da ake yin wannan. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin shine ta hanyar kada a ɗauke da batsa ko abin da gwamnati ke ganin kayan lalata a waɗannan wurare; wani kuma shine waɗannan wurare su sayi software wanda ke tace aikin intanet a harabar. Misali shine [[Dokar Kare Intanet ta Yara]] ta tarayya (CIPA). Wannan ya ba da umarnin cewa duk makarantu da ɗakunan karatu da ke karɓar taimakon tarayya don haɗin intanet sun shigar da "matakin kariya na fasaha" (filter) a duk kwamfutoci, ko yara ko manya suna amfani da su. Akwai wasu jihohin da suka zartar da dokoki da ke ba da umarnin tantancewa a makarantu, jami'o'i, da ɗakunan karatu koda kuwa ba sa karɓar taimakon gwamnati wanda zai tallafawa tantancewa cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin. Wadannan sun hada da Arizona, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, South Carolina, da Tennessee. Wasu jihohi ashirin suna la'akari da irin wannan doka a cikin 2001-2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Privacy & Technology |url=https://www.aclu.org/issues/privacy-technology |website=American Civil Liberties Union}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Censorship a Amurka * Bayyanawa mara kyau a Amurka * Shari'ar batsa a Amurka * Dokar Tsayayya da Laifi (Alabama) * Dokar lalata ta Texas * Magana ta ƙiyayya a Amurka == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bar16lj6lcwb8rjwjl52nkgcgbzja52 969225 969223 2026-10-18T17:57:12Z Saad Nuhu 43323 969225 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dokar lalata ta Amurka''' tana hulɗa da tsari ko hana abin da ake la'akari da lalata sabili da haka ba a kare magana ko magana a ƙarƙashin Kwaskwarimar Farko ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ba. A Amurka, tattaunawar lalata yawanci tana da alaƙa da bayyana abin da batsa yake da lalata. Batutuwan lalata sun taso a matakin tarayya da na jihohi. Dokokin jihohi suna aiki ne kawai a cikin ikon kowace jiha, kuma dokokin jihohi game da lalata sun bambanta. Dokokin Tarayya sun haramta lalata da batsa na yara da aka samar da yara na ainihi (irin wannan batsa na yaro ba a kare shi da Kwaskwarimar Farko ko da ba ta da kyau). Dokar Tarayya ta kuma haramta watsa shirye-shirye (amma ba watsa kebul ko tauraron dan adam ba) na kayan "marasa kyau" a cikin sa'o'i da aka ƙayyade.<ref name="fcc.gov">{{Cite web |date=11 December 2015 |title=Obscene, Indecent and Profane Broadcasts |url=https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/obscene-indecent-and-profane-broadcasts |website=Federal Communications Commission}}</ref> Yawancin shari'o'in lalata a Amurka a cikin karni da ya gabata sun haɗa da hotuna ko fina-finai, amma kuma an gurfanar da ayyukan rubutu, sanannen shine na littafin ''Fanny Hill'' na karni na 18. Saboda dokokin tantancewa da aka kafa don yaki da lalata sun ƙuntata 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, samar da ma'anar doka game da lalata ta gabatar da batun' [[Ƴancin Jama'a|'Yancin jama'a]]'a. == Batutuwan shari'a da ma'anoni == [[File:Fanny_Hill_1910_cover.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Édouard-Henri_Avril_(9).jpg|thumb|Littafin ''Fanny Hill'' na ƙarni na 18 ya kasance batun gwaji mai laushi a lokuta daban-daban (hoton: farantin XI: Jam'iyyar wanka; La baignade).]] An haramta siyarwa da rarraba kayan lalata a yawancin jihohin Amurka tun farkon karni na 19, kuma ta hanyar dokar tarayya tun 1873. Amincewa da dokokin lalata a Amurka a matakin tarayya a 1873 ya kasance saboda kokarin Anthony Comstock, wanda ya kirkiro kuma ya jagoranci New York Society for the Suppression of Vice. Kokarin da Comstock ya yi ya haifar da aiwatar da dokar hana lalata da aka sani da Dokar Comstock wanda ya sa ya zama laifi don rarraba kayan "marasa kyau" ta hanyar gidan waya. Har ila yau, ya haramta amfani da wasika don rarraba na'urorin hana haihuwa da bayanai. An nada Comstock a matsayin mai binciken gidan waya don aiwatar da sabuwar doka.<ref name="Rosenfeld20072">{{cite book|author=Michael J. Rosenfeld|title=The age of independence: interracial unions, same-sex unions, and the changing American family|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpSlkT2loyUC&pg=PA28|access-date=17 October 2011|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02497-7|page=28}}</ref>Jihohi ashirin da hudu sun zartar da irin wannan haramtacciyar haramtacciya akan kayan da aka rarraba a cikin jihohin.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kevles |first=Daniel J. |author-link=Daniel Kevles |date=July 22, 2001 |title=The Secret History of Birth Control |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06E0DB173BF931A15754C0A9679C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=print |access-date=2006-10-21 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Dokar ta aikata laifuka ba kawai kayan da ke nuna jima'i ba, har ma da kayan da ke hulɗa da hana haihuwa da zubar da ciki.<ref name="Axelrod-Contrada20062">{{cite book|author=Joan Axelrod-Contrada|title=Reno v. ACLU: Internet censorship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCBedGMyadkC&pg=PA20|access-date=17 October 2011|date=September 2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-2144-3|pages=20–21}}</ref> Koyaya, dokar ba ta bayyana "laifuka" ba, wanda aka bar wa kotuna don tantancewa bisa ga shari'a-da- shari'a. Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta kirkiro gwajin ''Miller'' don kotuna suyi amfani da su don tantance ko kayan ba su da kyau. Saboda gwajin ''Miller'' yana amfani da "ka'idodin al'umma", wannan abu na iya zama abin kunya a cikin wani iko amma an kare shi ta Kwaskwarimar Farko a wani. Tare da zuwan rarraba Intanet na yiwuwar kayan lalata, wannan tambaya game da iko da ka'idojin al'umma ya haifar da babbar gardama a cikin al'ummar shari'a, saboda, tunda kayan akan intanet na iya samuwa a ko'ina, al'umma mafi ƙuntatawa na iya hana shi a ko'a. Dubi Amurka v. Thomas, 74 F.3d 701 (6th Cir. 1996). Babu takamaiman jerin abubuwan da ba su da kyau ban da yanke shawara na kotu da ke riƙe da kayan da ba su dace a wasu al'ummomi. Taken 18, babi na 71 na Dokar Amurka ya sanya kayan lalata ba bisa ka'ida ba. Jagoran Citizen zuwa Dokar Tarayyar Amurka kan Rashin Girma ya lissafa ka'idoji masu dacewa da yawa game da lalata.<ref name="justice.gov">{{Cite web |date=2015-05-26 |title=Citizen's Guide to U.S. Federal Law on Obscenity |url=https://www.justice.gov/criminal-ceos/citizens-guide-us-federal-law-obscenity |access-date=2019-12-08 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref> === Ma'anar lalata === Kodayake ƙananan kotuna a Amurka sun yi amfani da ma'aunin ''Hicklin'' a wasu lokuta tun 1868, ba har zuwa 1879, lokacin da sanannen alƙalin tarayya Samuel Blatchford ya tabbatar da hukuncin lalata na D. M. Bennett ta amfani da gwajin ''Hicklin'', cewa tsarin mulki na Dokar Comstock ya zama cikakke..<ref name="Wood20082">{{cite book|author=Janice Ruth Wood|title=The struggle for free speech in the United States, 1872–1915: Edward Bliss Foote, Edward Bond Foote, and anti-Comstock operations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhBuSVSP6qEC&pg=PA44|access-date=17 October 2011|year=2008|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-96246-9|pages=43–45}}</ref> A cikin ''Rosen v. Amurka'' (1896), Kotun Koli ta karɓi irin wannan ma'auni kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin sanannen shari'ar Burtaniya, Regina v. Hicklin, [1868] L. R. 3 Q. B. 360. Gwajin <nowiki><i id="mwYA">Hicklin</i></nowiki> ya bayyana kayan a matsayin abin kunya idan ya kasance "don lalata ko cin hanci da rashawa ga waɗanda tunaninsu ke buɗewa ga irin wannan tasirin lalata, kuma a hannunsu littafin irin wannan zai iya fadawa"<ref>''Rosen'', at 43</ref> In the mid-1950s, the Supreme Court ruled in ''Roth v. United States'', 354 U.S. 476 (1957) that the ''Hicklin'' test was inappropriate. Instead, the new ''Roth'' test for obscenity was: A shekara ta 1964, a cikin Jacobellis v. Ohio, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa aiki na iya zama abin kunya ne kawai idan "ba tare da fansar muhimmancin zamantakewa ba".<ref>378 U.S. 187, 191 (1964).</ref> A cikin ra'ayinsa na jituwa a cikin shari'ar, Mai Shari'a Potter Stewart ya bayyana cewa lalata "ta iyakance ne ga tsarin mulki ga batsa mai tsanani.... Ba zan yi ƙoƙari a yau don bayyana nau'ikan kayan da na fahimta za a rungume su a cikin wannan taƙaitaccen bayanin.... Amma Na san shi lokacin da na gan shi..."<ref>378 U.S. 184, 197 (1964)</ref>A cikin Memoirs v. Massachusetts (1966) (yana hulɗa da haramtacciyar littafin ''Fanny Hill'') Kotun ta yi amfani da gwajin ''Roth-Jacobellis'' don tantance cewa kodayake sauran fannoni na gwajin sun bayyana, mai tantancewa ba zai iya tabbatar da cewa ''Fanny Hill'' ba shi da darajar fansar zamantakewa ba.<ref>''[[Memoirs v. Massachusetts]]'' {{ussc|383|413|1966}}</ref> A cikin 1973, Kotun Koli a cikin ''Miller'' v. California ta kafa gwajin Miller guda uku don tantance abin da ya kasance mai lalata (kuma saboda haka ba a kare shi ba) da abin da ke da lalata kawai kuma ta haka ne Kwaskwarimar Farko ta kare shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rasmus |first=Ryen |date=2011 |title=The Auto-Authentication of the Page: Purely Written Speech and the Doctrine of Obscenity |url=http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1602&context=wmborj |journal=William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal |volume=20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2015 |title=Citizen's Guide to U.S. Federal Law on Obscenity |url=https://www.justice.gov/criminal-ceos/citizens-guide-us-federal-law-obscenity}}</ref> Da yake gabatar da ra'ayin kotun, Babban Alkalin Warren Burger ya rubuta: Gwajin ''Miller'' ya kasance misali na shari'a na Amurka don tantance lalata.<ref name="justice.gov" /> Koyaya, Kotun Koli ta bayyana cewa kawai "ƙaddamarwa ta farko da ta biyu na ''Gwajin Miller'' - daukaka kara ga sha'awa mai ban sha'awa da cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka - batutuwan gaskiya ne ga juri don tantance amfani da ƙa'idodin al'umma na zamani". Amma ga na uku, "[t]bincike mai kyau ba shine ko wani talakawa memba na kowane al'umma zai sami muhimmancin wallafe-wallafen, fasaha, siyasa, ko ƙimar kimiyya a cikin abin da ake zargi da lalata, amma ko mutum mai hankali zai sami irin wannan ƙimar a cikin kayan, wanda aka ɗauka gaba ɗaya".<ref>''Pope v. Illinois'', 481 U.S. 497, 500-501 (1987).</ref> === Ka'idojin da suka gabata === [[File:NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg|thumb|Alamar "New York Society for the Suppression of Vice", tana ba da shawarar ƙone littattafai]] Kotuna sun yi amfani da ka'idoji masu zuwa don tantance lalata. Kowane ɗayan an soke su, an soke su. * Gwajin ''Hicklin'' (1868): tasirin sassan da aka ware a kan mutanen da suka fi kamuwa da cutar. (Dokar Burtaniya, da aka ambata a cikin Regina v. Hicklin, 1868. LR 3 QB 360 - an soke shi lokacin da Michigan ta yi ƙoƙarin haramta duk abin da aka buga wanda zai "karkatar da halin matasa" a cikin ''Butler v. Jihar Michigan'', 352 US 380 (1957)). * Gwajin ''Wepplo'' (1947): Idan kayan suna da mummunar hali mai lalata ko lalata masu karatu ta hanyar haifar da tunani mai ban sha'awa ko tayar da sha'awa. (Mutane v. Wepplo, 78 Cal. App. 2d Supp. 959, 178 P.2d 853). === Amfani da gwajin === A karkashin dokar Amurka, tambayar ko wallafe-wallafen ba shi da kyau an ƙayyade shi ta hanyar gwajin ''Miller''. Sashe da yawa na Dokar Amurka ta 18, Babi na 71, sun haramta watsa lalata, kuma Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa irin waɗannan dokoki suna cikin tsarin mulki. Koyaya, ta yi mulki a kan ƙuntatawa da ba bisa ka'ida ba game da mallakar mutum na lalata. Dokokin lalata na Tarayya a halin yanzu suna aiki ne ga rarraba lalata a cikin kasuwancin ƙasashen waje ko ta hanyar wasikar Amurka; batutuwan cikin jihohi galibi har yanzu ana gudanar da su ta hanyar dokar jihar. "Abubuwan da ba su da kyau ... an haramta su shiga" zuwa Amurka ta hanyar Kwastam da Tsaro na Yankin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Customs and Border Protection Form 6059B, January 2004 |url=http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/travel/vacation/sample_declaration_form.xml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019100720/http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/travel/vacation/sample_declaration_form.xml |archive-date=2012-10-19 |access-date=2012-06-27}}</ref> Batsa wanda ba shi da lalata a ƙarƙashin gwajin ''Miller'' an kare shi ta Kwaskwarimar Farko. Misali daya daga cikin shi shine tsirara kawai. A cikin Jenkins v. Georgia, 418 US 153 (1974), Kotun Koli ta gano fim din Carnal Knowledge ba abin kunya ba ne a karkashin ka'idodin tsarin mulki da ''Miller'' ya sanar. Kamar yadda alƙalin shari'ar ya bayyana a ''Jenkins'', "Fim din yana nuna tsirara na lokaci-lokaci, amma tsirara kadai ba ya ba da kayan lalata a ƙarƙashin ka'idodin ''Miller's''".An tabbatar da wannan ka'idar a lokuta na baya, gami da Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville, 422 US 205, 206 (1975), wanda "a Jacksonville, Fla., umurnin da ya hana nuna fina-finai da ke dauke da tsirara ta hanyar gidan wasan kwaikwayo lokacin da aka nuna allo daga titin jama'a ko wuri".[ed] Kotun Koli ta sami dokar ba ta da inganci a matsayin keta haƙƙin Kwaskwarimar Farko na mai shirya fim da masu gidan wasan kwaikwayo. === Rashin mutunci da rashin mutunci === Abubuwan "Indecent" waɗanda ba su da lalata ko batsa na yara an kare su ta Kwaskwarimar Farko, sai dai cewa gwamnati na iya ƙoƙarin kiyaye shi daga yara. Misalan kayan lalata sun haɗa da tsirara da "kalmomi bakwai marasa tsarki" na George Carlin<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151123162402/http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/madison/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/FirstReport.Indecency.Levi_.final_.pdf Levi, Lili, ''The FCC's Regulation of Indecency''], First Reports, A First Amendment Center Publication, vol. 7. no. 1, April 2008.</ref> === Batutuwan lalata da ba na hoto ba a Amurka === ==== Rubuce-rubucen da ba su da kyau ==== Duk da yake mafi yawan shari'o'in lalata a Amurka a cikin karni da ya gabata sun haɗa da hotuna ko fina-finai, wasu sun yi ma'amala da ayyukan rubutu. Shari'ar matani don zama abin kunya ya fara ne da ''Dunlop v. Amurka'', 165 US 486 (1897), wanda ya tabbatar da hukunci don aikawa da isar da jarida da ake kira Chicago Dispatch, wanda ya ƙunshi "abin kunya, lalata, lalata, da kayan lalata". Wani shari'a shi ne Littafin da ake kira "John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure" v. Attorney General of Massachusetts, 383 U.S. 413 (1966), wanda ya sami littafin ''Fanny Hill'', na John Cleland c. 1760, don zama abin kunya a cikin wani tsari wanda ya sanya littafin kansa a gaban shari'a maimakon mai bugawa. Wani kuma shi ne Kaplan v. California, 413 U.S. 115 (1973), inda kotun ta yanke shawarar cewa "Abubuwan da ba su da kyau a cikin littafin ba su da damar samun kariya ta Kwaskwarimar Farko kawai saboda ba su da abun ciki. " Koyaya, an lakafta littafin "erotica" a cikin shari'ar 1965 (206 AZ 2d 403) kuma an rarraba tsakanin erotica da lalata - ba duk abubuwan da ke da abubuwan lalata ba ne ta atomatik. Bugu da ƙari, shari'ar 'Memoirs ta 1965 ta John Cleland ta kara da ƙarin buƙata don tabbatar da "laifuka" - aikin da ake tambaya dole ne ya yi wahayi ko nuna "mai ban sha'awa" (wato, "mai kunya ko mara kyau"). A shekara ta 1964, [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]], a cikin ''[[Grove Press, Inc. v. Gerstein]]'', ta ambaci Jacobellis v. Ohio (wanda aka yanke shawarar a wannan rana) kuma ta soke binciken kotun jihar game da Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer. An buga wani "Medusa" wanda ba a ba da izini ba na littafin a Birnin New York a cikin 1940 ta hanyar Jacob Brussel; shafin taken ya yi iƙirarin cewa wurin bugawa shine Mexico. Daga bisani aka tura Brussel kurkuku na tsawon shekaru uku don fitowar,<ref>[[Mikita Brottman|Brottman, Mikita]] (2004) ''Funny Peculiar: Gershon Legman and the psychopathology of humor''. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Analytic Press, p. 6</ref> kwafinsa yana cikin [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburaren Majalisa]]. A shekara ta 2005, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta kafa kungiyar masu gabatar da kara ta Obscenity a cikin wani matsin lamba don gurfanar da shari'o'in lalata<ref>{{cite news |last=Abramson |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Abramson |date=September 27, 2005 |title=Federal Government Renews Effort to Curb Porn |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4865348 |access-date=April 11, 2012 |work=Morning Edition |publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gellman |first=Barton |author-link=Barton Gellman |date=September 20, 2005 |title=Recruits Sought for Porn Squad |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/19/AR2005091901570.html |access-date=April 11, 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Red Rose Stories (www.red-rose-stories.com, yanzu ya ɓace), shafin da aka keɓe don labarun fantasy kawai, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shafuka da yawa da FBI ta yi niyya don rufewa. Gwamnati ta yi zargin cewa Red Rose Stories sun ƙunshi hotuna na fyade na yara. Mai bugawa ya yi ikirarin laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Paula Reed |date=2008-08-07 |title=Woman pleads guilty to obscenity for child-sex story site |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08220/902556-100.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125070621/https://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08220/902556-100.stm |archive-date=2011-11-25 |access-date=2011-05-08 |website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2021, an yanke wa wani mutum mai shekaru 65 na Texas, Thomas Alan Arthur, hukuncin shekaru 40 a kurkuku na tarayya bayan an yanke masa hukunci kan "ƙididdiga biyar na fataucin mutane a cikin labarun rubutu masu lalata game da cin zarafin yara", da kuma "ƙididdigar fataucin abubuwa uku a cikin zane-zane na nuna lalata da yaro" (zane na yara da ke cikin jima'i), da kuma "ɗaya daga cikin shari'ar sayar da batutuwan lalata da suka shafi cin zarafin Yara".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-22 |title=Texas Man Sentenced to 40 Years in Prison for Running Child Obscenity Website |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/texas-man-sentenced-40-years-prison-running-child-obscenity-website |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Office of Public Affairs, United States Department of Justice |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2022, Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta soke hukuncin da Arthur ya yanke a kan daya daga cikin hotunan da aka yi wa lakabi, amma ta tabbatar da hukuncin da ya yi a kan sauran laifuka kuma ta tsare shi don sake yanke masa hukunci.<ref>{{Cite court|date=2022|url=https://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/21/21-50607-CR0.pdf}}</ref> ==== Kayan aiki marasa kyau ==== Jihohin Amurka da yawa sun haramta sayar da kayan wasa na jima'i, suna tsara su azaman na'urori masu lalata. Misali, Dokar 1999 da Gwamnatin Alabama (Ala. Code. § 13A-12-200.1) sun sanya shi "ba bisa ka'ida ba don samarwa, rarraba ko kuma sayar da na'urorin jima'i waɗanda ake tallatawa da farko don motsa gabobin ɗan adam. "Alabama ta yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan samfuran sun kasance masu lalata, kuma babu "mahimmanci na asali don siyan samfurin da za a yi amfani da shi don neman samun orgasm".ACLU ta kalubalanci dokar, wanda aka soke a shekara ta 2002. Wani alƙali na tarayya ya dawo da dokar a shekara ta 2004. An daukaka kara ga Kotun Koli ta Amurka, wacce a 2007 ta ki sauraron karar, ta haka ne ta ba da izinin aiwatar da hukuncin kotun da aka yanke a Alabama. A shekara ta 2007, kotun daukaka kara ta tarayya ta amince da dokar Alabama da ta hana sayar da kayan wasa na jima'i. Dokar, Dokar Anti-Obscenity ta 1998, Kotun Koli ta Alabama ta tabbatar da ita a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2009. <ref name="huffpo2011">{{Cite web |date=17 Nov 2011 |title=Alabama's Bad Vibrations |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-m-appel/alabamas-bad-vibrations_b_300491.html |website=Huffington Post}}</ref> Amma wasu jihohi sun ga kotuna sun yanke hukuncin haramtacciyar abin wasa na jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba. A shekara ta 2008 Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta Fifth Circuit ta yanke hukuncin cewa irin wannan dokar Texas ta keta haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki na sirri wanda Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta amince da shi a Lawrence v. Texas . Wannan hukuncin ya bar Mississippi, Alabama, da Virginia kawai tare da haramtacciyar sayar da na'urori masu lalata. Alabama ita ce kadai jiha da ke da doka da ke hana sayar da kayan wasa na jima'i.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alabama Code Title 13A. Criminal Code § 13A-12-200.2 |url=https://codes.findlaw.com/al/title-13a-criminal-code/al-code-sect-13a-12-200-2.html |website=Findlaw}}</ref> === Rashin amincewa === An soki dokar lalata a cikin wadannan yankuna: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huston |first=William |date=September 2004 |title=Under Color of Law, Obscenity vs. the First Amendment |url=http://www.nexusjournal.org/2005obscenity/75-82.pdf |journal=Nexus Journal |publication-date=2005 |volume=10 |issue=75 |page=82 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218210623/http://www.nexusjournal.org/2005obscenity/75-82.pdf |archive-date=2006-02-18}}</ref> === Ƙarin ƙuntatawa game da nuna jima'i === [[File:Lili_St-Cyr.jpg|thumb|Lili St. Cyr, an haife ta Marie Van Schaack, tare da pasties]] A cikin shawarar ''Miller'' amfani da kalmomin "ka'idodin al'umma na zamani" yawanci yana nufin cewa doka ta samo asali tare da dabi'u da ka'idojin zamantakewa. An nuna wannan a duk faɗin masana'antar batsa tare da batsa ta kasuwanci ta mutane kamar masu son da masu wallafa shafukan yanar gizo na sirri a yanar gizo na Duniya. An sanya ikon gwamnati na kai tsaye kamar ƙuntataccen yanki na shagunan bidiyo na manya da rawa tsirara saboda ƙaddamar da ƙuntatacciyar ƙuntata ta gaba ɗaya sun fi wuya a samu, amma dokar Kwaskwarimar Farko ta ba da izinin ƙuntata lokaci, wuri, da hanya. Hakazalika an sanya ka'idoji a Indiana don sarrafa rawa mai ban sha'awa, inda doka ta doka, don haka duk masu rawa dole ne su sa "pasties" ko "g-strings" kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin shari'ar 1991 na Barnes v. Glen Theatre . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc., 501 U.S. 560 (1991) |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/501/560/ |access-date=2019-12-09 |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref> === Censorship a makarantu, jami'o'i, da ɗakunan karatu === Makarantu, jami'o'i, da ɗakunan karatu suna karɓar kuɗin gwamnati don dalilai da yawa, kuma wasu daga cikin waɗannan kudaden suna zuwa ga tantance lalata a cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin. Akwai wasu hanyoyi daban-daban da ake yin wannan. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin shine ta hanyar kada a ɗauke da batsa ko abin da gwamnati ke ganin kayan lalata a waɗannan wurare; wani kuma shine waɗannan wurare su sayi software wanda ke tace aikin intanet a harabar. Misali shine [[Dokar Kare Intanet ta Yara]] ta tarayya (CIPA). Wannan ya ba da umarnin cewa duk makarantu da ɗakunan karatu da ke karɓar taimakon tarayya don haɗin intanet sun shigar da "matakin kariya na fasaha" (filter) a duk kwamfutoci, ko yara ko manya suna amfani da su. Akwai wasu jihohin da suka zartar da dokoki da ke ba da umarnin tantancewa a makarantu, jami'o'i, da ɗakunan karatu koda kuwa ba sa karɓar taimakon gwamnati wanda zai tallafawa tantancewa cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin. Wadannan sun hada da Arizona, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, South Carolina, da Tennessee. Wasu jihohi ashirin suna la'akari da irin wannan doka a cikin 2001-2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Privacy & Technology |url=https://www.aclu.org/issues/privacy-technology |website=American Civil Liberties Union}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Censorship a Amurka * Bayyanawa mara kyau a Amurka * Shari'ar batsa a Amurka * Dokar Tsayayya da Laifi (Alabama) * Dokar lalata ta Texas * Magana ta ƙiyayya a Amurka == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3gvti6iprlam0qlg7btna9bck5ixwmi 0 179554 969228 2026-10-18T18:01:22Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367653193|Flocculonodular lobe]]" 969228 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lobe na flocculononodular''' ( vestibulocerebellum ) yana ɗaya daga cikin lobes na cerebellum . Ƙaramin lobe ne wanda ya ƙunshi nodule na tsakiya mara haɗin kai da kuma flocculi guda biyu: flocculus ɗaya a kowane gefen nodule. Lobe yana da hannu wajen kiyaye daidaito da daidaito da kuma daidaita motsin kai da ido. Lobe yana da alaƙa da tsarin vestibular kuma saboda haka ana kiransa vestibulocerebellum . Yana karɓar zare mai siffar ta biyu daga ƙwayoyin vestibular da kuma afferents kai tsaye daga ganglion/ jijiyar vestibular (yankin cerebellum kaɗai da zai yi hakan). Lobe ɗin yana fitar da efferents zuwa ga vestibular nuclei wanda hakan ke haifar da ƙaruwa ko kuma ya haifar da: hanyoyin vestibulospinal na gefe waɗanda ke kula da matsayi da daidaito ta hanyar daidaita sautin tsokoki na axial da proximal extensor extensor (watau tsokoki masu hana nauyi); hanyoyin vestibulospinal na tsakiya waɗanda ke daidaita sautin tsokoki na wuya; da kuma medial longitudinal fasciculi wanda ke daidaita motsin kai da ido ( vestibuloocular reflex ) == Ilimin Halittar Jiki == === Masu Ra'ayin Juna === Abubuwan da ke cikin lobe sune zare na vestibulocerebellar da ke fitowa daga ko dai vestibular nuclei ko kuma jijiyar vestibular/ganglion kai tsaye. * Gabobin Vestibular → Zaruruwan vestibular / ganglion na farko-tsari zaruruwa (→ vestibular nuclei (synapse) → zaruruwa na biyu) → jikin juxtarestiform na ƙananan cerebellar peduncle → (ipsilateral) '''flocculononodular lobe''' na cerebellum (synapse/ƙarewar zaruruwan vestibulocerebellar) === Efferents === Efferents na lobe su ne zaruruwan cerebellovestibular waɗanda ke fitowa zuwa ga vestibular nuclei. * Kwayoyin Purkinje na flocculonodular lobe → jikin juxtarestiform na ƙananan cerebellar peduncle → vestibular nuclei (synapse/karewar cerebellovestibular zaruruwa) → ** Sassan jijiyoyin vestibulospinal na tsakiya da na gefe ( ƙwayoyin motsi na sama na extrapyramidal ) → (synapse) ƙananan ƙwayoyin motsi → tsokar kwarangwal ** Tsarin tsakiya na tsawon lokaci → ƙwayar jijiyoyin kwakwalwa ta III / IV / VI (synapse) → jijiyoyin kwakwalwa ta III / IV / VI → tsokoki na ido na waje == Muhimmancin asibiti == Lalacewar wannan yanki na iya haifar da raguwar gani da kuma kula da ido (kamar nystagmus da vertigo ), haɗa bayanai na vestibular don kula da ido da kai, da kuma kula da tsokoki na axial don daidaitawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 8B: Cerebellar Systems |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/chapter_8B.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020091635/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/chapter_8B.html |archive-date=2018-10-20 |access-date=2012-05-06}}</ref> Babban abin da ke haifar da lalacewar lobe na flocculonodular shine medulloblastoma a lokacin ƙuruciya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}} == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.neuinfo.org/mynif/search.php?q=Flocculonodular%20Lobe&t=data&s=cover&b=0&r=20 Binciken NIF - Flocculonodular lobe] ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanin Neuroscience 0cibkicetwohe6the20u00iuuk7fpjk 969229 969228 2026-10-18T18:03:39Z Baffa ali 47435 969229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lobe na flocculononodular''' ( vestibulocerebellum ) yana ɗaya daga cikin lobes na cerebellum . Ƙaramin lobe ne wanda ya ƙunshi nodule na tsakiya mara haɗin kai da kuma flocculi guda biyu: flocculus ɗaya a kowane gefen nodule. Lobe yana da hannu wajen kiyaye daidaito da daidaito da kuma daidaita motsin kai da ido. Lobe yana da alaƙa da tsarin vestibular kuma saboda haka ana kiransa vestibulocerebellum . Yana karɓar zare mai siffar ta biyu daga ƙwayoyin vestibular da kuma afferents kai tsaye daga ganglion/ jijiyar vestibular (yankin cerebellum kaɗai da zai yi hakan). Lobe ɗin yana fitar da efferents zuwa ga vestibular nuclei wanda hakan ke haifar da ƙaruwa ko kuma ya haifar da: hanyoyin vestibulospinal na gefe waɗanda ke kula da matsayi da daidaito ta hanyar daidaita sautin tsokoki na axial da proximal extensor extensor (watau tsokoki masu hana nauyi); hanyoyin vestibulospinal na tsakiya waɗanda ke daidaita sautin tsokoki na wuya; da kuma medial longitudinal fasciculi wanda ke daidaita motsin kai da ido ( vestibuloocular reflex )<ref name=":0" /> == Ilimin Halittar Jiki == === Masu Ra'ayin Juna === Abubuwan da ke cikin lobe sune zare na vestibulocerebellar da ke fitowa daga ko dai vestibular nuclei ko kuma jijiyar vestibular/ganglion kai tsaye. * Gabobin Vestibular → Zaruruwan vestibular / ganglion na farko-tsari zaruruwa (→ vestibular nuclei (synapse) → zaruruwa na biyu) → jikin juxtarestiform na ƙananan cerebellar peduncle → (ipsilateral) '''flocculononodular lobe''' na cerebellum (synapse/ƙarewar zaruruwan vestibulocerebellar) === Efferents === Efferents na lobe su ne zaruruwan cerebellovestibular waɗanda ke fitowa zuwa ga vestibular nuclei. * Kwayoyin Purkinje na flocculonodular lobe → jikin juxtarestiform na ƙananan cerebellar peduncle → vestibular nuclei (synapse/karewar cerebellovestibular zaruruwa) → ** Sassan jijiyoyin vestibulospinal na tsakiya da na gefe ( ƙwayoyin motsi na sama na extrapyramidal ) → (synapse) ƙananan ƙwayoyin motsi → tsokar kwarangwal ** Tsarin tsakiya na tsawon lokaci → ƙwayar jijiyoyin kwakwalwa ta III / IV / VI (synapse) → jijiyoyin kwakwalwa ta III / IV / VI → tsokoki na ido na waje == Muhimmancin asibiti == Lalacewar wannan yanki na iya haifar da raguwar gani da kuma kula da ido (kamar nystagmus da vertigo ), haɗa bayanai na vestibular don kula da ido da kai, da kuma kula da tsokoki na axial don daidaitawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 8B: Cerebellar Systems |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/chapter_8B.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020091635/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/chapter_8B.html |archive-date=2018-10-20 |access-date=2012-05-06}}</ref> Babban abin da ke haifar da lalacewar lobe na flocculonodular shine medulloblastoma a lokacin ƙuruciya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2024}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.neuinfo.org/mynif/search.php?q=Flocculonodular%20Lobe&t=data&s=cover&b=0&r=20 Binciken NIF - Flocculonodular lobe] ta hanyar Tsarin Bayanin Neuroscience == Manazarta == 64j34hl4lf6viwa4fp0vozlj01rn85p 0 179555 969241 2026-10-18T18:48:59Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359631953|Esophageal web]]" 969241 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saƙar makogwaro''' siriri ne da ke faruwa a ko'ina a cikin makogwaro . == Gabatarwa == Sashen esophagus siriri ne {{Convert|2-3|mm|in|2}} membranes na al'ada na kyallen esophagus wanda ya ƙunshi mucosa da submucosa waɗanda zasu iya fitowa/toshe esophagus kaɗan. Suna iya kasancewa a cikin haihuwa ko kuma an haife su. Saƙar da aka haifa galibi tana bayyana a tsakiyar da kuma ƙasan kashi na makogwaro, kuma suna da yuwuwar yin zagaye tare da tsakiyar ko kuma wani ɓangaren da ba a saba gani ba. Saƙonnin da aka samu sun fi yawa fiye da saƙonnin da aka haifa kuma galibi suna bayyana a yankin mahaifa (postcricoid).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}} Alamomin wannan yanayin sune zaɓin zaɓi (mai ƙarfi fiye da ruwa) dysphagia, ciwon ƙirji, reflux nasopharyngeal, bugun zuciya, huda ciki, da kuma bugun abinci (na ƙarshe ba kasafai ake samun su ba).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}}<gallery mode="packed" widths="360px" heights="220"> File:Zervikales_Web.jpg|alt=Esophageal web stenosis in barium swallow examination lateral view.| Binciken hadiya ta hanyar amfani da hanyar yanar gizo ta esophageal a gefen ido. File:Web_mit_Jet-Phaenomen.jpg|alt=Web with "jet-phenomenon". Arrowhead on the incomplete opening of the upper esophageal sphincter.| Yanar gizo mai "jet-phenomenon". Kan kibiya a kan buɗewar da ba ta cika ba ta saman ƙashin esophagus. File:Zervikales_Web_pa.jpg|alt=Esophageal web stenosis in barium swallow examination, frontal view.| Binciken hadiya ta barium, hangen gaba. </gallery> == Dalilai == Ana lura da su galibi a cikin cutar Plummer-Vinson, <ref name="pmid3412097">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Okamura H, Tsutsumi S, Inaki S, Mori T |date=September 1988 |title=Esophageal web in Plummer-Vinson syndrome |journal=The Laryngoscope |volume=98 |issue=9 |pages=994–8 |doi=10.1288/00005537-198809000-00014 |pmid=3412097}}</ref> wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin isasshen ƙarfe na yau da kullun. Bincike ya gano cewa mutum ɗaya cikin 10 da ke fama da cutar Plummer-Vinson zai kamu da cutar kansar squamous cell na esophagus, <ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the risk factors for cancer of the esophagus? |url=http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/EsophagusCancer/DetailedGuide/esophagus-cancer-risk-factors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725104508/http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/EsophagusCancer/DetailedGuide/esophagus-cancer-risk-factors |archive-date=25 July 2010 |access-date=15 April 2012 |website=Esophagus Cancer |publisher=American Cancer Society}}</ref> amma ba a san ko ciwon makogwaro da kansa na iya zama sanadin haɗari ba. Yanar gizo ta esophageal tana da alaƙa da '''cututtukan bullous''' (kamar epidermolysis bullosa, pemphigus, da bullous pemphigoid ), tare da cutar graft da host da ta shafi esophagus, da kuma cutar celiac . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fasano A |date=April 2005 |title=Clinical presentation of celiac disease in the pediatric population |journal=Gastroenterology |type=Review |volume=128 |issue=4 Suppl 1 |pages=S68–73 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.015 |pmid=15825129}}</ref> Saƙar makogwaro ta fi yawa a cikin fararen fata da kuma a cikin mata (tare da rabon 2: 1). Littattafan sun bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin waɗannan shafukan yanar gizo da cutar Plummer-Vinson, cututtukan fata masu ƙarfi, facin shiga, cutar graft-versus-host, da cutar celiac . Hanyoyin da aka tsara sune sideropenic anemia (ba a san hanyar da za a bi ba) ko kuma wani tsangwama na tsarin garkuwar jiki. Za a iya fasa gidan makogwaro a lokacin da ake duba saman ciki. == Ganewar Ganewa == Gwajin ganewar asali da aka zaɓa shine hadiya ta barium.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}} == Magani == Za a iya magance zare da zoben esophageal ta hanyar faɗaɗa endoscopic.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}} == Manazarta == 4flrwnaklildi1nx19akvep3nhcztx5 969242 969241 2026-10-18T18:49:38Z Baffa ali 47435 969242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saƙar makogwaro''' siriri ne da ke faruwa a ko'ina a cikin makogwaro . == Gabatarwa == Sashen esophagus siriri ne {{Convert|2-3|mm|in|2}} membranes na al'ada na kyallen esophagus wanda ya ƙunshi mucosa da submucosa waɗanda zasu iya fitowa/toshe esophagus kaɗan. Suna iya kasancewa a cikin haihuwa ko kuma an haife su. Saƙar da aka haifa galibi tana bayyana a tsakiyar da kuma ƙasan kashi na makogwaro, kuma suna da yuwuwar yin zagaye tare da tsakiyar ko kuma wani ɓangaren da ba a saba gani ba. Saƙonnin da aka samu sun fi yawa fiye da saƙonnin da aka haifa kuma galibi suna bayyana a yankin mahaifa (postcricoid).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}} Alamomin wannan yanayin sune zaɓin zaɓi (mai ƙarfi fiye da ruwa) dysphagia, ciwon ƙirji, reflux nasopharyngeal, bugun zuciya, huda ciki, da kuma bugun abinci (na ƙarshe ba kasafai ake samun su ba).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}}<gallery mode="packed" widths="360px" heights="220"> File:Zervikales_Web.jpg|alt=Esophageal web stenosis in barium swallow examination lateral view.| Binciken hadiya ta hanyar amfani da hanyar yanar gizo ta esophageal a gefen ido. File:Web_mit_Jet-Phaenomen.jpg|alt=Web with "jet-phenomenon". Arrowhead on the incomplete opening of the upper esophageal sphincter.| Yanar gizo mai "jet-phenomenon". Kan kibiya a kan buɗewar da ba ta cika ba ta saman ƙashin esophagus. File:Zervikales_Web_pa.jpg|alt=Esophageal web stenosis in barium swallow examination, frontal view.| Binciken hadiya ta barium, hangen gaba. </gallery> == Dalilai == Ana lura da su galibi a cikin cutar Plummer-Vinson, <ref name="pmid3412097">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Okamura H, Tsutsumi S, Inaki S, Mori T |date=September 1988 |title=Esophageal web in Plummer-Vinson syndrome |journal=The Laryngoscope |volume=98 |issue=9 |pages=994–8 |doi=10.1288/00005537-198809000-00014 |pmid=3412097}}</ref> wanda ke da alaƙa da rashin isasshen ƙarfe na yau da kullun. Bincike ya gano cewa mutum ɗaya cikin 10 da ke fama da cutar Plummer-Vinson zai kamu da cutar kansar squamous cell na esophagus, <ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the risk factors for cancer of the esophagus? |url=http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/EsophagusCancer/DetailedGuide/esophagus-cancer-risk-factors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725104508/http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/EsophagusCancer/DetailedGuide/esophagus-cancer-risk-factors |archive-date=25 July 2010 |access-date=15 April 2012 |website=Esophagus Cancer |publisher=American Cancer Society}}</ref> amma ba a san ko ciwon makogwaro da kansa na iya zama sanadin haɗari ba. Yanar gizo ta esophageal tana da alaƙa da '''cututtukan bullous''' (kamar epidermolysis bullosa, pemphigus, da bullous pemphigoid ), tare da cutar graft da host da ta shafi esophagus, da kuma cutar celiac . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fasano A |date=April 2005 |title=Clinical presentation of celiac disease in the pediatric population |journal=Gastroenterology |type=Review |volume=128 |issue=4 Suppl 1 |pages=S68–73 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.015 |pmid=15825129}}</ref> Saƙar makogwaro ta fi yawa a cikin fararen fata da kuma a cikin mata (tare da rabon 2: 1). Littattafan sun bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin waɗannan shafukan yanar gizo da cutar Plummer-Vinson, cututtukan fata masu ƙarfi, facin shiga, cutar graft-versus-host, da cutar celiac . Hanyoyin da aka tsara sune sideropenic anemia (ba a san hanyar da za a bi ba) ko kuma wani tsangwama na tsarin garkuwar jiki. Za a iya fasa gidan makogwaro a lokacin da ake duba saman ciki. == Ganewar Ganewa == Gwajin ganewar asali da aka zaɓa shine hadiya ta barium.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}} == Magani == Za a iya magance zare da zoben esophageal ta hanyar faɗaɗa endoscopic.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}} == Manazarta == slpjyr8r18zzcf9bfpb163kur89wfcb 0 179556 969252 2026-10-18T20:30:38Z A'isha A Ibrahim 22074 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348286993|Rajab Ali Khan Baloch]]" 969252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Rajab Ali Khan Baloch''' (Urdu; 24 ga Satumba 1969 - 13 ga Mayu 2018) ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan tsakanin 2002 da 2018. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Baloch a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1969 a ƙauyen Chak No. 455 G.B. Kanjwani, Tehsil Tandlianwala, Gundumar Faisalabad . Ya kasance dan uwan tsohon MNA kuma Ministan Ilimi na Jiha Mian Nasir ali Khan Baloch . <ref name="pildat/dob">{{Cite web |title=Detail Information |url=http://www.pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=78 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427103600/http://www.pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=78 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |access-date=26 April 2017 |website=www.pildat.org |publisher=PILDAT}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Ayyukan siyasa na Baloch ya fara ne a lokacin mulkin Pervez Musharraf . Ya maye gurbin Mian Nasir Ali Khan Baloch, dan uwansa, a matsayin dan takara a mazabar NA 78. An zabe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Pakistan a matsayin dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) daga Mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2002. Ya samu kuri'u 57,071 kuma ya ci Peerzada Ashraf Zia, dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2002 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126141507/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> Baloch ya tsaya takarar kujerar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PML-Q daga mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2008 amma bai yi nasara ba. Ya samu kuri'u 59,231 kuma ya rasa kujerar ga Rahela Baloch . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> An sake zabar Baloch a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PML-N daga mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2013. Amma kafin shi, shi tare da ɗan'uwansa Ali Goher Baloch da dan uwansa Mian Nasir Ali Khan Baloch sun sadu da Imran Khan shugaban PTI don tikitin jam'iyyar wanda Khan bai tabbatar da shi ba kuma daga baya ya yanke shawarar kusantar PMLN. Ya samu kuri'u 88,162 kuma ya kayar da dan takara mai zaman kansa, Muhammad Safdar Shakir .<ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 election result |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> A lokacin da yake memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Tarayya na Tsaro da albarkatun Abinci na Kasa. == Mutuwa == Baloch ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2018 a Lahore inda yake fama da cutar kansa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] a3br6z411n6kcei8bijwul21loypvw0 969253 969252 2026-10-18T20:31:30Z A'isha A Ibrahim 22074 969253 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rajab Ali Khan Baloch''' (Urdu; 24 ga Satumba 1969 - 13 ga Mayu 2018) ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan tsakanin 2002 da 2018. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Baloch a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1969 a ƙauyen Chak No. 455 G.B. Kanjwani, Tehsil Tandlianwala, Gundumar Faisalabad . Ya kasance dan uwan tsohon MNA kuma Ministan Ilimi na Jiha Mian Nasir ali Khan Baloch . <ref name="pildat/dob">{{Cite web |title=Detail Information |url=http://www.pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=78 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427103600/http://www.pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=78 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |access-date=26 April 2017 |website=www.pildat.org |publisher=PILDAT}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Ayyukan siyasa na Baloch ya fara ne a lokacin mulkin Pervez Musharraf . Ya maye gurbin Mian Nasir Ali Khan Baloch, dan uwansa, a matsayin dan takara a mazabar NA 78. An zabe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Pakistan a matsayin dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) daga Mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2002. Ya samu kuri'u 57,071 kuma ya ci Peerzada Ashraf Zia, dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2002 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126141507/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> Baloch ya tsaya takarar kujerar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PML-Q daga mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2008 amma bai yi nasara ba. Ya samu kuri'u 59,231 kuma ya rasa kujerar ga Rahela Baloch . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> An sake zabar Baloch a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PML-N daga mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2013. Amma kafin shi, shi tare da ɗan'uwansa Ali Goher Baloch da dan uwansa Mian Nasir Ali Khan Baloch sun sadu da Imran Khan shugaban PTI don tikitin jam'iyyar wanda Khan bai tabbatar da shi ba kuma daga baya ya yanke shawarar kusantar PMLN. Ya samu kuri'u 88,162 kuma ya kayar da dan takara mai zaman kansa, Muhammad Safdar Shakir .<ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 election result |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> A lokacin da yake memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Tarayya na Tsaro da albarkatun Abinci na Kasa. == Mutuwa == Baloch ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2018 a Lahore inda yake fama da cutar kansa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] 7hayjs8wbsy8f5xrnx4tr0gta3t35vv 969254 969253 2026-10-18T20:33:04Z A'isha A Ibrahim 22074 /* Ayyukan siyasa */ 969254 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rajab Ali Khan Baloch''' (Urdu; 24 ga Satumba 1969 - 13 ga Mayu 2018) ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan tsakanin 2002 da 2018. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Baloch a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1969 a ƙauyen Chak No. 455 G.B. Kanjwani, Tehsil Tandlianwala, Gundumar Faisalabad . Ya kasance dan uwan tsohon MNA kuma Ministan Ilimi na Jiha Mian Nasir ali Khan Baloch . <ref name="pildat/dob">{{Cite web |title=Detail Information |url=http://www.pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=78 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427103600/http://www.pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=78 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |access-date=26 April 2017 |website=www.pildat.org |publisher=PILDAT}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Ayyukan siyasa na Baloch ya fara ne a lokacin mulkin Pervez Musharraf . Ya maye gurbin Mian Nasir Ali Khan Baloch, dan uwansa, a matsayin dan takara a mazabar NA 78. An zabe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Pakistan a matsayin dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) daga Mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title=Newcomers in Faisalabad|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/61517/newcomers-in-faisalabad|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=13 October 2002|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330083408/https://www.dawn.com/news/61517/newcomers-in-faisalabad|archivedate=30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PML-QA riding high|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/56684|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=11 September 2002|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330174218/https://www.dawn.com/news/56684|archivedate=30 March 2017}}</ref> Ya samu kuri'u 57,071 kuma ya ci Peerzada Ashraf Zia, dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2002 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126141507/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> Baloch ya tsaya takarar kujerar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PML-Q daga mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2008 amma bai yi nasara ba. Ya samu kuri'u 59,231 kuma ya rasa kujerar ga Rahela Baloch . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> An sake zabar Baloch a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PML-N daga mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2013. Amma kafin shi, shi tare da ɗan'uwansa Ali Goher Baloch da dan uwansa Mian Nasir Ali Khan Baloch sun sadu da Imran Khan shugaban PTI don tikitin jam'iyyar wanda Khan bai tabbatar da shi ba kuma daga baya ya yanke shawarar kusantar PMLN. Ya samu kuri'u 88,162 kuma ya kayar da dan takara mai zaman kansa, Muhammad Safdar Shakir .<ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 election result |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> A lokacin da yake memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Tarayya na Tsaro da albarkatun Abinci na Kasa. == Mutuwa == Baloch ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2018 a Lahore inda yake fama da cutar kansa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] qma0xxy9b20b2m7iqa8stzpvt5f6uxr 969255 969254 2026-10-18T20:34:30Z A'isha A Ibrahim 22074 /* Ayyukan siyasa */ 969255 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rajab Ali Khan Baloch''' (Urdu; 24 ga Satumba 1969 - 13 ga Mayu 2018) ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan tsakanin 2002 da 2018. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Baloch a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1969 a ƙauyen Chak No. 455 G.B. Kanjwani, Tehsil Tandlianwala, Gundumar Faisalabad . Ya kasance dan uwan tsohon MNA kuma Ministan Ilimi na Jiha Mian Nasir ali Khan Baloch . <ref name="pildat/dob">{{Cite web |title=Detail Information |url=http://www.pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=78 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427103600/http://www.pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=78 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |access-date=26 April 2017 |website=www.pildat.org |publisher=PILDAT}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Ayyukan siyasa na Baloch ya fara ne a lokacin mulkin Pervez Musharraf . Ya maye gurbin Mian Nasir Ali Khan Baloch, dan uwansa, a matsayin dan takara a mazabar NA 78. An zabe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Pakistan a matsayin dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) daga Mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title=Newcomers in Faisalabad|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/61517/newcomers-in-faisalabad|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=13 October 2002|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330083408/https://www.dawn.com/news/61517/newcomers-in-faisalabad|archivedate=30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PML-QA riding high|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/56684|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=11 September 2002|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330174218/https://www.dawn.com/news/56684|archivedate=30 March 2017}}</ref> Ya samu kuri'u 57,071 kuma ya ci Peerzada Ashraf Zia, dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2002 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126141507/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> Baloch ya tsaya takarar kujerar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PML-Q daga mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2008 amma bai yi nasara ba.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mosaic of shifting loyalties|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/794135|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=25 April 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305195139/https://www.dawn.com/news/794135|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Who will have the last laugh in Faisalabad?|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/289602|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=16 February 2008|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328015931/https://www.dawn.com/news/289602|archivedate=28 March 2017}}</ref> Ya samu kuri'u 59,231 kuma ya rasa kujerar ga Rahela Baloch . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> An sake zabar Baloch a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PML-N daga mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2013. Amma kafin shi, shi tare da ɗan'uwansa Ali Goher Baloch da dan uwansa Mian Nasir Ali Khan Baloch sun sadu da Imran Khan shugaban PTI don tikitin jam'iyyar wanda Khan bai tabbatar da shi ba kuma daga baya ya yanke shawarar kusantar PMLN. Ya samu kuri'u 88,162 kuma ya kayar da dan takara mai zaman kansa, Muhammad Safdar Shakir .<ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 election result |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> A lokacin da yake memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Tarayya na Tsaro da albarkatun Abinci na Kasa. == Mutuwa == Baloch ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2018 a Lahore inda yake fama da cutar kansa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] dw693cyub8fhi2b3rstijznlez05hjc 969256 969255 2026-10-18T20:36:25Z A'isha A Ibrahim 22074 /* Ayyukan siyasa */ 969256 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rajab Ali Khan Baloch''' (Urdu; 24 ga Satumba 1969 - 13 ga Mayu 2018) ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan tsakanin 2002 da 2018. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Baloch a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1969 a ƙauyen Chak No. 455 G.B. Kanjwani, Tehsil Tandlianwala, Gundumar Faisalabad . Ya kasance dan uwan tsohon MNA kuma Ministan Ilimi na Jiha Mian Nasir ali Khan Baloch . <ref name="pildat/dob">{{Cite web |title=Detail Information |url=http://www.pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=78 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427103600/http://www.pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=78 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |access-date=26 April 2017 |website=www.pildat.org |publisher=PILDAT}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Ayyukan siyasa na Baloch ya fara ne a lokacin mulkin Pervez Musharraf . Ya maye gurbin Mian Nasir Ali Khan Baloch, dan uwansa, a matsayin dan takara a mazabar NA 78. An zabe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Pakistan a matsayin dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) daga Mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title=Newcomers in Faisalabad|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/61517/newcomers-in-faisalabad|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=13 October 2002|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330083408/https://www.dawn.com/news/61517/newcomers-in-faisalabad|archivedate=30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PML-QA riding high|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/56684|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=11 September 2002|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330174218/https://www.dawn.com/news/56684|archivedate=30 March 2017}}</ref> Ya samu kuri'u 57,071 kuma ya ci Peerzada Ashraf Zia, dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2002 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126141507/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> Baloch ya tsaya takarar kujerar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PML-Q daga mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2008 amma bai yi nasara ba.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mosaic of shifting loyalties|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/794135|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=25 April 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305195139/https://www.dawn.com/news/794135|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Who will have the last laugh in Faisalabad?|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/289602|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=16 February 2008|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328015931/https://www.dawn.com/news/289602|archivedate=28 March 2017}}</ref> Ya samu kuri'u 59,231 kuma ya rasa kujerar ga Rahela Baloch . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> An sake zabar Baloch a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PML-N daga mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2013. Amma kafin shi, shi tare da ɗan'uwansa Ali Goher Baloch da dan uwansa Mian Nasir Ali Khan Baloch sun sadu da Imran Khan shugaban PTI don tikitin jam'iyyar wanda Khan bai tabbatar da shi ba kuma daga baya ya yanke shawarar kusantar PMLN.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vote counts over 15%: PML-N out in front - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/547701/vote-counts-over-15-pml-n-out-in-front/|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=11 May 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305194932/https://tribune.com.pk/story/547701/vote-counts-over-15-pml-n-out-in-front/|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan election results pour in: PML-N take lead - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/547690/pakistan-election-results-pour-in-pml-n-take-lead/?amp=1|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=tribune.com.pk|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305192310/https://tribune.com.pk/story/547690/pakistan-election-results-pour-in-pml-n-take-lead/?amp=1|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=District council chairman slot Five MNAs lobbying to get their man elected|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1275026|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=3 August 2016|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305192708/https://www.dawn.com/news/1275026|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Parliamentary secretaries allocated portfolios|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/134263|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=9 August 2003|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305201733/https://www.dawn.com/news/134263|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref> Ya samu kuri'u 88,162 kuma ya kayar da dan takara mai zaman kansa, Muhammad Safdar Shakir .<ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 election result |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> A lokacin da yake memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Tarayya na Tsaro da albarkatun Abinci na Kasa. == Mutuwa == Baloch ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2018 a Lahore inda yake fama da cutar kansa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] 9g150wet0wsrw3b5zus6ns28vsxgskw 969257 969256 2026-10-18T20:37:37Z A'isha A Ibrahim 22074 /* Ayyukan siyasa */ 969257 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rajab Ali Khan Baloch''' (Urdu; 24 ga Satumba 1969 - 13 ga Mayu 2018) ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan tsakanin 2002 da 2018. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Baloch a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1969 a ƙauyen Chak No. 455 G.B. Kanjwani, Tehsil Tandlianwala, Gundumar Faisalabad . Ya kasance dan uwan tsohon MNA kuma Ministan Ilimi na Jiha Mian Nasir ali Khan Baloch . <ref name="pildat/dob">{{Cite web |title=Detail Information |url=http://www.pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=78 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427103600/http://www.pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=78 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |access-date=26 April 2017 |website=www.pildat.org |publisher=PILDAT}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Ayyukan siyasa na Baloch ya fara ne a lokacin mulkin Pervez Musharraf . Ya maye gurbin Mian Nasir Ali Khan Baloch, dan uwansa, a matsayin dan takara a mazabar NA 78. An zabe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Pakistan a matsayin dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) daga Mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title=Newcomers in Faisalabad|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/61517/newcomers-in-faisalabad|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=13 October 2002|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330083408/https://www.dawn.com/news/61517/newcomers-in-faisalabad|archivedate=30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PML-QA riding high|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/56684|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=11 September 2002|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330174218/https://www.dawn.com/news/56684|archivedate=30 March 2017}}</ref> Ya samu kuri'u 57,071 kuma ya ci Peerzada Ashraf Zia, dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2002 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126141507/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> Baloch ya tsaya takarar kujerar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PML-Q daga mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2008 amma bai yi nasara ba.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mosaic of shifting loyalties|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/794135|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=25 April 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305195139/https://www.dawn.com/news/794135|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Who will have the last laugh in Faisalabad?|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/289602|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=16 February 2008|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328015931/https://www.dawn.com/news/289602|archivedate=28 March 2017}}</ref> Ya samu kuri'u 59,231 kuma ya rasa kujerar ga Rahela Baloch . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> An sake zabar Baloch a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PML-N daga mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2013. Amma kafin shi, shi tare da ɗan'uwansa Ali Goher Baloch da dan uwansa Mian Nasir Ali Khan Baloch sun sadu da Imran Khan shugaban PTI don tikitin jam'iyyar wanda Khan bai tabbatar da shi ba kuma daga baya ya yanke shawarar kusantar PMLN.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vote counts over 15%: PML-N out in front - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/547701/vote-counts-over-15-pml-n-out-in-front/|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=11 May 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305194932/https://tribune.com.pk/story/547701/vote-counts-over-15-pml-n-out-in-front/|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan election results pour in: PML-N take lead - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/547690/pakistan-election-results-pour-in-pml-n-take-lead/?amp=1|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=tribune.com.pk|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305192310/https://tribune.com.pk/story/547690/pakistan-election-results-pour-in-pml-n-take-lead/?amp=1|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=District council chairman slot Five MNAs lobbying to get their man elected|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1275026|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=3 August 2016|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305192708/https://www.dawn.com/news/1275026|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Parliamentary secretaries allocated portfolios|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/134263|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=9 August 2003|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305201733/https://www.dawn.com/news/134263|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref> Ya samu kuri'u 88,162 kuma ya kayar da dan takara mai zaman kansa, Muhammad Safdar Shakir .<ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 election result |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> A lokacin da yake memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Tarayya na Tsaro da albarkatun Abinci na Kasa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bokhari|first1=Ashfak|title=In quest of food security|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1257103|accessdate=23 August 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=9 May 2016|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823160952/https://www.dawn.com/news/1257103|archivedate=23 August 2017}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Baloch ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2018 a Lahore inda yake fama da cutar kansa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] pm1yatlud5fodewoqj57hklkqu9by64 969258 969257 2026-10-18T20:38:16Z A'isha A Ibrahim 22074 /* Mutuwa */ 969258 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rajab Ali Khan Baloch''' (Urdu; 24 ga Satumba 1969 - 13 ga Mayu 2018) ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan tsakanin 2002 da 2018. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Baloch a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1969 a ƙauyen Chak No. 455 G.B. Kanjwani, Tehsil Tandlianwala, Gundumar Faisalabad . Ya kasance dan uwan tsohon MNA kuma Ministan Ilimi na Jiha Mian Nasir ali Khan Baloch . <ref name="pildat/dob">{{Cite web |title=Detail Information |url=http://www.pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=78 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427103600/http://www.pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=78 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |access-date=26 April 2017 |website=www.pildat.org |publisher=PILDAT}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Ayyukan siyasa na Baloch ya fara ne a lokacin mulkin Pervez Musharraf . Ya maye gurbin Mian Nasir Ali Khan Baloch, dan uwansa, a matsayin dan takara a mazabar NA 78. An zabe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Pakistan a matsayin dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) daga Mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title=Newcomers in Faisalabad|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/61517/newcomers-in-faisalabad|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=13 October 2002|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330083408/https://www.dawn.com/news/61517/newcomers-in-faisalabad|archivedate=30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PML-QA riding high|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/56684|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=11 September 2002|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330174218/https://www.dawn.com/news/56684|archivedate=30 March 2017}}</ref> Ya samu kuri'u 57,071 kuma ya ci Peerzada Ashraf Zia, dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2002 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126141507/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> Baloch ya tsaya takarar kujerar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PML-Q daga mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2008 amma bai yi nasara ba.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mosaic of shifting loyalties|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/794135|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=25 April 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305195139/https://www.dawn.com/news/794135|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Who will have the last laugh in Faisalabad?|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/289602|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=16 February 2008|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328015931/https://www.dawn.com/news/289602|archivedate=28 March 2017}}</ref> Ya samu kuri'u 59,231 kuma ya rasa kujerar ga Rahela Baloch . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> An sake zabar Baloch a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PML-N daga mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2013. Amma kafin shi, shi tare da ɗan'uwansa Ali Goher Baloch da dan uwansa Mian Nasir Ali Khan Baloch sun sadu da Imran Khan shugaban PTI don tikitin jam'iyyar wanda Khan bai tabbatar da shi ba kuma daga baya ya yanke shawarar kusantar PMLN.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vote counts over 15%: PML-N out in front - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/547701/vote-counts-over-15-pml-n-out-in-front/|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=11 May 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305194932/https://tribune.com.pk/story/547701/vote-counts-over-15-pml-n-out-in-front/|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan election results pour in: PML-N take lead - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/547690/pakistan-election-results-pour-in-pml-n-take-lead/?amp=1|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=tribune.com.pk|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305192310/https://tribune.com.pk/story/547690/pakistan-election-results-pour-in-pml-n-take-lead/?amp=1|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=District council chairman slot Five MNAs lobbying to get their man elected|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1275026|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=3 August 2016|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305192708/https://www.dawn.com/news/1275026|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Parliamentary secretaries allocated portfolios|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/134263|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=9 August 2003|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305201733/https://www.dawn.com/news/134263|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref> Ya samu kuri'u 88,162 kuma ya kayar da dan takara mai zaman kansa, Muhammad Safdar Shakir .<ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 election result |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> A lokacin da yake memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Tarayya na Tsaro da albarkatun Abinci na Kasa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bokhari|first1=Ashfak|title=In quest of food security|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1257103|accessdate=23 August 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=9 May 2016|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823160952/https://www.dawn.com/news/1257103|archivedate=23 August 2017}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Baloch ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2018 a Lahore inda yake fama da cutar kansa.<ref>{{cite news|title=PML-N leader Rajab Ali Baloch passes away|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/316532-pml-n-leader-rajab-ali-baloch-passes-away|accessdate=14 May 2018|date=13 May 2018|language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] 6nn80g7g8q8owypseuq3237l0fw5sbv 969259 969258 2026-10-18T20:38:37Z A'isha A Ibrahim 22074 969259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rajab Ali Khan Baloch''' (Urdu; 24 ga Satumba 1969 - 13 ga Mayu 2018) ɗan siyasan Pakistan ne wanda ya kasance memba na Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan tsakanin 2002 da 2018. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Baloch a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1969 a ƙauyen Chak No. 455 G.B. Kanjwani, Tehsil Tandlianwala, Gundumar Faisalabad . Ya kasance dan uwan tsohon MNA kuma Ministan Ilimi na Jiha Mian Nasir ali Khan Baloch . <ref name="pildat/dob">{{Cite web |title=Detail Information |url=http://www.pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=78 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427103600/http://www.pildat.org/MNA/rsDetail.asp?detid=78 |archive-date=27 April 2017 |access-date=26 April 2017 |website=www.pildat.org |publisher=PILDAT}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Ayyukan siyasa na Baloch ya fara ne a lokacin mulkin Pervez Musharraf . Ya maye gurbin Mian Nasir Ali Khan Baloch, dan uwansa, a matsayin dan takara a mazabar NA 78. An zabe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Pakistan a matsayin dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) daga Mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title=Newcomers in Faisalabad|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/61517/newcomers-in-faisalabad|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=13 October 2002|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330083408/https://www.dawn.com/news/61517/newcomers-in-faisalabad|archivedate=30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PML-QA riding high|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/56684|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=11 September 2002|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330174218/https://www.dawn.com/news/56684|archivedate=30 March 2017}}</ref> Ya samu kuri'u 57,071 kuma ya ci Peerzada Ashraf Zia, dan takarar Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N). <ref>{{Cite web |title=2002 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126141507/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> Baloch ya tsaya takarar kujerar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PML-Q daga mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2008 amma bai yi nasara ba.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mosaic of shifting loyalties|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/794135|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=25 April 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305195139/https://www.dawn.com/news/794135|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Who will have the last laugh in Faisalabad?|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/289602|accessdate=29 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=16 February 2008|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328015931/https://www.dawn.com/news/289602|archivedate=28 March 2017}}</ref> Ya samu kuri'u 59,231 kuma ya rasa kujerar ga Rahela Baloch . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 election result |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> An sake zabar Baloch a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa a matsayin dan takarar PML-N daga mazabar NA-78 (Faisalabad) a Babban zaben Pakistan na 2013. Amma kafin shi, shi tare da ɗan'uwansa Ali Goher Baloch da dan uwansa Mian Nasir Ali Khan Baloch sun sadu da Imran Khan shugaban PTI don tikitin jam'iyyar wanda Khan bai tabbatar da shi ba kuma daga baya ya yanke shawarar kusantar PMLN.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vote counts over 15%: PML-N out in front - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/547701/vote-counts-over-15-pml-n-out-in-front/|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=11 May 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305194932/https://tribune.com.pk/story/547701/vote-counts-over-15-pml-n-out-in-front/|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan election results pour in: PML-N take lead - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/547690/pakistan-election-results-pour-in-pml-n-take-lead/?amp=1|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=tribune.com.pk|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305192310/https://tribune.com.pk/story/547690/pakistan-election-results-pour-in-pml-n-take-lead/?amp=1|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=District council chairman slot Five MNAs lobbying to get their man elected|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1275026|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=3 August 2016|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305192708/https://www.dawn.com/news/1275026|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Parliamentary secretaries allocated portfolios|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/134263|accessdate=5 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=9 August 2003|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305201733/https://www.dawn.com/news/134263|archivedate=5 March 2017}}</ref> Ya samu kuri'u 88,162 kuma ya kayar da dan takara mai zaman kansa, Muhammad Safdar Shakir .<ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 election result |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |publisher=ECP}}</ref> A lokacin da yake memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Tarayya na Tsaro da albarkatun Abinci na Kasa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bokhari|first1=Ashfak|title=In quest of food security|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1257103|accessdate=23 August 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=9 May 2016|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823160952/https://www.dawn.com/news/1257103|archivedate=23 August 2017}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Baloch ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2018 a Lahore inda yake fama da cutar kansa.<ref>{{cite news|title=PML-N leader Rajab Ali Baloch passes away|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/316532-pml-n-leader-rajab-ali-baloch-passes-away|accessdate=14 May 2018|date=13 May 2018|language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] d0vd9yaquay3w8oq0ng7xern95sue8j 0 179557 969264 2026-10-18T20:47:41Z A'isha A Ibrahim 22074 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364888040|Nerea Barros]]" 969264 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Nerea Barros Noya''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1981) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Mutanen Espanya daga [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Nerea Barros a Santiago de Compostela a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1981. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lozano |first=Patricia |date=12 December 2020 |title=Nerea Barros, de actriz a enfermera en el confinamiento: "Estaba muy ansiosa y pensé: 'Deja de quejarte y actúa' |url=https://www.expansion.com/fueradeserie/personajes/2020/12/12/5fc62d95468aeb724c8b461f.html |website=[[Expansión (Spanish newspaper)|Expansión]]}}</ref> Ta kasance ma'aikaciyar jinya a asibitin Clínico de Santiago de Compostela, aikin da ta haɗu da ƙananan matsayi a matsayin 'yar fim da wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara fim dinta tana da shekaru goma sha shida, a cikin 1997, a fim din ''Nena'', na darektan Galician Xavier Bermúdez, wanda ta sake yin aiki tare a cikin 2008, a fim din ''Rafi'il'' . A shekara ta 2009, ta sami rawar da ta taka na farko a kan karamin allo, a cikin ''Matalobos'', wanda Televisión de Galicia ta watsa. Ba, duk da haka, ba har zuwa 2013 lokacin da ta sami wasu shahara saboda rawar da ta taka a El tiempo entre costuras, jerin Antena 3, karɓar littafin ta María Dueñas . Ta nuna Rocío a Marshland (2014), inda ta lashe kyautar Goya don Kyautattun Sabon Actress saboda rawar da ta taka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2015 |title=La actriz Nerea Barros anima a las mujeres a ser "protagonistas" de su vida |url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2398590/0/actriz-nerea-barros-anima-mujeres-ser-protagonistas-su-vida/ |website=[[20minutos.es]] |language=es}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu gabatarwa a cikin fim din La isla de las mentiras, wanda Paula Cons ta jagoranta, wanda ke ba da labarin almara na jarumai uku waɗanda suka yi hadari don ceton fasinjojin "Santa Isabel", jirgin da ke kan hanyar zuwa Argentina wanda ya nutse daga tsibirin Sálvora a Galicia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2020 |title=El duro rodaje de 'La isla de las mentiras' contado por su directora, Paula Cons |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/ocio-y-cultura/20200728/la-directora-paula-cons-nos-explica-la-dureza-del-rodaje-de-la-isla-de-las-mentiras-8052160 |website=ElPeriódico |language=es}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |1997 |''Yarinya'' |Eli |- |2001 |''Kyakkyawan masu barci'' |Jane |- |2004 |''Zaki da Mantuwa'' |Mataimakin tallace-tallace |- |2008 |''Rafi'il'' |Aurora |- |2010 |''Komawa gida'' |Sofia |- |2013 |''Zinariya ta lokaci'' |Nerea |- |2014 |''Ƙananan tsibirin'' |Rocío |- |2016 |''Rana da Wata'' |Rana |- |2020 |''Tsibirin ƙarya'' |Maryamu |- |2020 |''Muryoyi'' |Sofia |- |} === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Jerin !Tashar !Matsayi !Bayani !{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | align="center" |2007 |''Ganin'' |[[Telecinco]] |Nerea |1 fitowar |- | align="center" |2009 |''Y Arewa'' |TVG | - |1 fitowar |- | align="center" |2009–10 |''Matalobos'' |TVG |Sandra |Abubuwa 10 |- | align="center" |2012 |''Uba Casares'' |TVG |Nerea |Abubuwa 3 |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |2013 |''Asirin Tsohon Ponte'' |Antena 3 |Eudosia |1 fitowar |- |''Lokaci tsakanin sutura'' |Antena 3 |Beatriz Oliveira |1 fitowar |- | align="center" |2015–16 |''Yarima'' |[[Telecinco]] |Laura Hidalgo |Abubuwa 8 |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |2018 |''Apaches'' |Antena 3 |Silvia |Abubuwa 5 |- |''ULTIMO 5 - Caccia ai Narcos'' |Hanyar 5 |Laura Aguilar |Abubuwa 2 |- |''Daɗarin margaritas'' |TVG |Pamela / Ana |Abubuwa 6 |- | align="center" |2019 |''Ranakun Kirsimeti'' |[[Netflix]] |Valentina |1 fitowar |- | align="center" |2022 |''Yarinyar Gypsy'' (The Gypsy Bride) |Mai tsalle-tsalle |Elena Blanco | |- | align="center" |2023 |Red purple Network |Mai tsalle-tsalle |Elena Blanco | | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2023 |title=Atresplayer pone fecha de estreno a 'La red púrpura', la continuación de 'La novia gitana' |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/television/atresplayer-pone-fecha-estreno-red-92078304 |website=[[Sport (Spanish newspaper)|Sport]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2026 |''Yarinyar'' (The Girl) |Mai tsalle-tsalle |Elena Blanco | |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyukan da aka zaba !Sakamakon !{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |Medals na 70 na CEC |Mafi Kyawun Sabon Actress | rowspan="2" |''Yankin da ke cikin ƙasa''| {{Won}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|website=[[Fotogramas]]|url=https://www.fotogramas.es/noticias-cine/g5288576/la-isla-minima-tambien-triunfa-en-los-premios-cec/|title='La Isla Mínima' también triunfa en los premios CEC|date=3 February 2026|language=es-ES|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref>}} |- |Kyautar Goya ta 29 |[[Kyautar Goya don Sabuwar 'Yar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Musamman|Mafi Kyawun Sabon Actress]]| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2015 |title=Nerea Barros, Mejor Actriz Revelación por La isla mínima |url=https://www.europapress.es/cultura/cine-00128/noticia-nerea-barros-mejor-actriz-revelacion-papel-isla-minima-20150207223934.html |website=Europa Press |language=es}}</ref> |- |2023 |{{Sort|Feroz 10|[[10th Feroz Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin |''Yarinyar Gypsy''|| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2023 |title=Premios Feroz 2023 {{!}} Palmarés completo: empatan 'As bestas' y 'Cinco lobitos' en cine y 'La ruta' y 'No me gusta conducir' en series |url=https://www.20minutos.es/cinemania/noticias/premios-feroz-2023-palmares-completo-5096359/ |website=[[Cinemanía]] |via=[[20minutos.es]]}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[IMDb]]Nerea Barros a kan IMDb [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] o4zdjtfjjmpuo6eryv918ym5m0dnve5 969265 969264 2026-10-18T20:49:36Z A'isha A Ibrahim 22074 969265 wikitext text/x-wiki ''' Nerea Barros Noya''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1981) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Mutanen Espanya daga [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Nerea Barros a Santiago de Compostela a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1981. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lozano |first=Patricia |date=12 December 2020 |title=Nerea Barros, de actriz a enfermera en el confinamiento: "Estaba muy ansiosa y pensé: 'Deja de quejarte y actúa' |url=https://www.expansion.com/fueradeserie/personajes/2020/12/12/5fc62d95468aeb724c8b461f.html |website=[[Expansión (Spanish newspaper)|Expansión]]}}</ref> Ta kasance ma'aikaciyar jinya a asibitin Clínico de Santiago de Compostela, aikin da ta haɗu da ƙananan matsayi a matsayin 'yar fim da wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara fim dinta tana da shekaru goma sha shida, a cikin 1997, a fim din ''Nena'', na darektan Galician Xavier Bermúdez, wanda ta sake yin aiki tare a cikin 2008, a fim din ''Rafi'il'' . A shekara ta 2009, ta sami rawar da ta taka na farko a kan karamin allo, a cikin ''Matalobos'', wanda Televisión de Galicia ta watsa. Ba, duk da haka, ba har zuwa 2013 lokacin da ta sami wasu shahara saboda rawar da ta taka a El tiempo entre costuras, jerin Antena 3, karɓar littafin ta María Dueñas . Ta nuna Rocío a Marshland (2014), inda ta lashe kyautar Goya don Kyautattun Sabon Actress saboda rawar da ta taka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2015 |title=La actriz Nerea Barros anima a las mujeres a ser "protagonistas" de su vida |url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2398590/0/actriz-nerea-barros-anima-mujeres-ser-protagonistas-su-vida/ |website=[[20minutos.es]] |language=es}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu gabatarwa a cikin fim din La isla de las mentiras, wanda Paula Cons ta jagoranta, wanda ke ba da labarin almara na jarumai uku waɗanda suka yi hadari don ceton fasinjojin "Santa Isabel", jirgin da ke kan hanyar zuwa Argentina wanda ya nutse daga tsibirin Sálvora a Galicia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2020 |title=El duro rodaje de 'La isla de las mentiras' contado por su directora, Paula Cons |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/ocio-y-cultura/20200728/la-directora-paula-cons-nos-explica-la-dureza-del-rodaje-de-la-isla-de-las-mentiras-8052160 |website=ElPeriódico |language=es}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |1997 |''Yarinya'' |Eli |- |2001 |''Kyakkyawan masu barci'' |Jane |- |2004 |''Zaki da Mantuwa'' |Mataimakin tallace-tallace |- |2008 |''Rafi'il'' |Aurora |- |2010 |''Komawa gida'' |Sofia |- |2013 |''Zinariya ta lokaci'' |Nerea |- |2014 |''Ƙananan tsibirin'' |Rocío |- |2016 |''Rana da Wata'' |Rana |- |2020 |''Tsibirin ƙarya'' |Maryamu |- |2020 |''Muryoyi'' |Sofia |- |} === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Jerin !Tashar !Matsayi !Bayani !{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | align="center" |2007 |''Ganin'' |[[Telecinco]] |Nerea |1 fitowar |- | align="center" |2009 |''Y Arewa'' |TVG | - |1 fitowar |- | align="center" |2009–10 |''Matalobos'' |TVG |Sandra |Abubuwa 10 |- | align="center" |2012 |''Uba Casares'' |TVG |Nerea |Abubuwa 3 |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |2013 |''Asirin Tsohon Ponte'' |Antena 3 |Eudosia |1 fitowar |- |''Lokaci tsakanin sutura'' |Antena 3 |Beatriz Oliveira |1 fitowar |- | align="center" |2015–16 |''Yarima'' |[[Telecinco]] |Laura Hidalgo |Abubuwa 8 |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |2018 |''Apaches'' |Antena 3 |Silvia |Abubuwa 5 |- |''ULTIMO 5 - Caccia ai Narcos'' |Hanyar 5 |Laura Aguilar |Abubuwa 2 |- |''Daɗarin margaritas'' |TVG |Pamela / Ana |Abubuwa 6 |- | align="center" |2019 |''Ranakun Kirsimeti'' |[[Netflix]] |Valentina |1 fitowar |- | align="center" |2022 |''Yarinyar Gypsy'' (The Gypsy Bride) |Mai tsalle-tsalle |Elena Blanco | |- | align="center" |2023 |Red purple Network |Mai tsalle-tsalle |Elena Blanco | | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2023 |title=Atresplayer pone fecha de estreno a 'La red púrpura', la continuación de 'La novia gitana' |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/television/atresplayer-pone-fecha-estreno-red-92078304 |website=[[Sport (Spanish newspaper)|Sport]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2026 |''Yarinyar'' (The Girl) |Mai tsalle-tsalle |Elena Blanco | |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyukan da aka zaba !Sakamakon !{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |Medals na 70 na CEC |Mafi Kyawun Sabon Actress | rowspan="2" |''Yankin da ke cikin ƙasa''| {{Won}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|website=[[Fotogramas]]|url=https://www.fotogramas.es/noticias-cine/g5288576/la-isla-minima-tambien-triunfa-en-los-premios-cec/|title='La Isla Mínima' también triunfa en los premios CEC|date=3 February 2026|language=es-ES|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref>}} |- |Kyautar Goya ta 29 |[[Kyautar Goya don Sabuwar 'Yar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Musamman|Mafi Kyawun Sabon Actress]]| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2015 |title=Nerea Barros, Mejor Actriz Revelación por La isla mínima |url=https://www.europapress.es/cultura/cine-00128/noticia-nerea-barros-mejor-actriz-revelacion-papel-isla-minima-20150207223934.html |website=Europa Press |language=es}}</ref> |- |2023 |{{Sort|Feroz 10|[[10th Feroz Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin |''Yarinyar Gypsy''|| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2023 |title=Premios Feroz 2023 {{!}} Palmarés completo: empatan 'As bestas' y 'Cinco lobitos' en cine y 'La ruta' y 'No me gusta conducir' en series |url=https://www.20minutos.es/cinemania/noticias/premios-feroz-2023-palmares-completo-5096359/ |website=[[Cinemanía]] |via=[[20minutos.es]]}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[IMDb]]Nerea Barros a kan IMDb [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] elv9znoy8wxdhg2kcracgjeew7o451b 969267 969265 2026-10-18T21:11:03Z A'isha A Ibrahim 22074 969267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} ''' Nerea Barros Noya''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1981) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Mutanen Espanya daga [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Nerea Barros a Santiago de Compostela a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1981. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lozano |first=Patricia |date=12 December 2020 |title=Nerea Barros, de actriz a enfermera en el confinamiento: "Estaba muy ansiosa y pensé: 'Deja de quejarte y actúa' |url=https://www.expansion.com/fueradeserie/personajes/2020/12/12/5fc62d95468aeb724c8b461f.html |website=[[Expansión (Spanish newspaper)|Expansión]]}}</ref> Ta kasance ma'aikaciyar jinya a asibitin Clínico de Santiago de Compostela, aikin da ta haɗu da ƙananan matsayi a matsayin 'yar fim da wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara fim dinta tana da shekaru goma sha shida, a cikin 1997, a fim din ''Nena'', na darektan Galician Xavier Bermúdez, wanda ta sake yin aiki tare a cikin 2008, a fim din ''Rafi'il'' . A shekara ta 2009, ta sami rawar da ta taka na farko a kan karamin allo, a cikin ''Matalobos'', wanda Televisión de Galicia ta watsa. Ba, duk da haka, ba har zuwa 2013 lokacin da ta sami wasu shahara saboda rawar da ta taka a El tiempo entre costuras, jerin Antena 3, karɓar littafin ta María Dueñas . Ta nuna Rocío a Marshland (2014), inda ta lashe kyautar Goya don Kyautattun Sabon Actress saboda rawar da ta taka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2015 |title=La actriz Nerea Barros anima a las mujeres a ser "protagonistas" de su vida |url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2398590/0/actriz-nerea-barros-anima-mujeres-ser-protagonistas-su-vida/ |website=[[20minutos.es]] |language=es}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu gabatarwa a cikin fim din La isla de las mentiras, wanda Paula Cons ta jagoranta, wanda ke ba da labarin almara na jarumai uku waɗanda suka yi hadari don ceton fasinjojin "Santa Isabel", jirgin da ke kan hanyar zuwa Argentina wanda ya nutse daga tsibirin Sálvora a Galicia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2020 |title=El duro rodaje de 'La isla de las mentiras' contado por su directora, Paula Cons |url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/ocio-y-cultura/20200728/la-directora-paula-cons-nos-explica-la-dureza-del-rodaje-de-la-isla-de-las-mentiras-8052160 |website=ElPeriódico |language=es}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi |- |1997 |''Yarinya'' |Eli |- |2001 |''Kyakkyawan masu barci'' |Jane |- |2004 |''Zaki da Mantuwa'' |Mataimakin tallace-tallace |- |2008 |''Rafi'il'' |Aurora |- |2010 |''Komawa gida'' |Sofia |- |2013 |''Zinariya ta lokaci'' |Nerea |- |2014 |''Ƙananan tsibirin'' |Rocío |- |2016 |''Rana da Wata'' |Rana |- |2020 |''Tsibirin ƙarya'' |Maryamu |- |2020 |''Muryoyi'' |Sofia |- |} === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Jerin !Tashar !Matsayi !Bayani !{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | align="center" |2007 |''Ganin'' |[[Telecinco]] |Nerea |1 fitowar |- | align="center" |2009 |''Y Arewa'' |TVG | - |1 fitowar |- | align="center" |2009–10 |''Matalobos'' |TVG |Sandra |Abubuwa 10 |- | align="center" |2012 |''Uba Casares'' |TVG |Nerea |Abubuwa 3 |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |2013 |''Asirin Tsohon Ponte'' |Antena 3 |Eudosia |1 fitowar |- |''Lokaci tsakanin sutura'' |Antena 3 |Beatriz Oliveira |1 fitowar |- | align="center" |2015–16 |''Yarima'' |[[Telecinco]] |Laura Hidalgo |Abubuwa 8 |- | rowspan="3" align="center" |2018 |''Apaches'' |Antena 3 |Silvia |Abubuwa 5 |- |''ULTIMO 5 - Caccia ai Narcos'' |Hanyar 5 |Laura Aguilar |Abubuwa 2 |- |''Daɗarin margaritas'' |TVG |Pamela / Ana |Abubuwa 6 |- | align="center" |2019 |''Ranakun Kirsimeti'' |[[Netflix]] |Valentina |1 fitowar |- | align="center" |2022 |''Yarinyar Gypsy'' (The Gypsy Bride) |Mai tsalle-tsalle |Elena Blanco | |- | align="center" |2023 |Red purple Network |Mai tsalle-tsalle |Elena Blanco | | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2023 |title=Atresplayer pone fecha de estreno a 'La red púrpura', la continuación de 'La novia gitana' |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/television/atresplayer-pone-fecha-estreno-red-92078304 |website=[[Sport (Spanish newspaper)|Sport]]}}</ref> |- | align="center" |2026 |''Yarinyar'' (The Girl) |Mai tsalle-tsalle |Elena Blanco | |} == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyukan da aka zaba !Sakamakon !{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |Medals na 70 na CEC |Mafi Kyawun Sabon Actress | rowspan="2" |''Yankin da ke cikin ƙasa''| {{Won}} |{{Center|<ref>{{Cite web|website=[[Fotogramas]]|url=https://www.fotogramas.es/noticias-cine/g5288576/la-isla-minima-tambien-triunfa-en-los-premios-cec/|title='La Isla Mínima' también triunfa en los premios CEC|date=3 February 2026|language=es-ES|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref>}} |- |Kyautar Goya ta 29 |[[Kyautar Goya don Sabuwar 'Yar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Musamman|Mafi Kyawun Sabon Actress]]| {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2015 |title=Nerea Barros, Mejor Actriz Revelación por La isla mínima |url=https://www.europapress.es/cultura/cine-00128/noticia-nerea-barros-mejor-actriz-revelacion-papel-isla-minima-20150207223934.html |website=Europa Press |language=es}}</ref> |- |2023 |{{Sort|Feroz 10|[[10th Feroz Awards]]}} |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin |''Yarinyar Gypsy''|| {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2023 |title=Premios Feroz 2023 {{!}} Palmarés completo: empatan 'As bestas' y 'Cinco lobitos' en cine y 'La ruta' y 'No me gusta conducir' en series |url=https://www.20minutos.es/cinemania/noticias/premios-feroz-2023-palmares-completo-5096359/ |website=[[Cinemanía]] |via=[[20minutos.es]]}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[IMDb]]Nerea Barros a kan IMDb [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] m18i1lvblhtmpbl7ivi9ha7ec601kin 3 179558 969270 2026-10-18T21:23:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969270 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sadiq1603! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sadiq1603|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) f15euptfashh1ac3p79w1rak85l8dyp 3 179559 969271 2026-10-18T21:23:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969271 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ahmedaleeyoutv2023! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ahmedaleeyoutv2023|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) okpmgf05xbb0o2ybwjuvgdearfu7wa4 3 179560 969272 2026-10-18T21:23:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969272 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tom5551! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tom5551|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) q9ccgskderoezrjn46r7mom7lzoxyii 3 179561 969273 2026-10-18T21:23:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969273 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Teyalogos! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Teyalogos|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) io54ksnedmqk2fvyqrt53j9xr595ile 3 179562 969274 2026-10-18T21:23:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969274 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hasenbrot3000! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hasenbrot3000|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 9lbmp6c4l2ggyfwxe72az4guzqr6pvs 3 179563 969275 2026-10-18T21:24:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969275 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aliyu haider! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aliyu haider|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 1j3rgklviwonl0dk7vmwjbqgvbka6h8 3 179564 969276 2026-10-18T21:24:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969276 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BellaTheCheesebug! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BellaTheCheesebug|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) l7k9rh7idydkphd9pa0j0nkirk571fh 3 179565 969277 2026-10-18T21:24:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969277 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yip Chi Keung! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yip Chi Keung|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) cequ70ap9h2i27jya6g96zgzlnsryet 3 179566 969278 2026-10-18T21:24:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969278 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ika socials! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ika socials|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 2ofw2qe5dzjtaedu5tckcxps54sb08j 3 179567 969279 2026-10-18T21:24:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969279 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, TamimIqbal2007! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/TamimIqbal2007|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 6xyx2uhge28t37lbbn2ak3w07ehgyvs 3 179568 969280 2026-10-18T21:24:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969280 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nihongoku! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nihongoku|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) rygsor1olx6le059ib5hjxrg7x3xkb9 3 179569 969281 2026-10-18T21:25:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969281 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Baudanbau20! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Baudanbau20|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 6ge6b8znehsbn12vw5fiaa4yp29cvma 3 179570 969282 2026-10-18T21:25:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969282 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Amir.ali1389sa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Amir.ali1389sa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) tumjzwx4ydegpqvy91bhw22yt6rfu5e 3 179571 969283 2026-10-18T21:25:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969283 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ayuba Aminu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ayuba Aminu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) fl70emasocdc3wj43jkhznypr63vy72 3 179572 969284 2026-10-18T21:25:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969284 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Suleman110! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Suleman110|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) btgw1j8pdpmnmbfznszm2spgfcdkk42 3 179573 969285 2026-10-18T21:25:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969285 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kside1234! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kside1234|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 0yit6wal1fl66gqzitvlt9ctf5jjosp 3 179574 969286 2026-10-18T21:25:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969286 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abdl. kadir raishe! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abdl. kadir raishe|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 0my69j8wjt06m9uz8qyue74slukuw47 3 179575 969287 2026-10-18T21:26:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969287 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ratobiajin! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ratobiajin|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 9eydqrolx0ln9nhn4u1n0y4ecvfjltl 3 179576 969288 2026-10-18T21:26:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969288 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Leandro Caperchione! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Leandro Caperchione|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) fupfitgnv7mmw1d0fouzylue44lifhn 3 179577 969289 2026-10-18T21:26:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969289 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ABUBAKAR BUHARI! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ABUBAKAR BUHARI|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) c79tyjiinegoqzab7jls4pc95fxe33f 3 179578 969290 2026-10-18T21:26:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969290 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Arvin88! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Arvin88|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 4rop72wrk875clqd77j5dre37850ayh 3 179579 969291 2026-10-18T21:26:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969291 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Midel662345??! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Midel662345??|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) f5oe9220dfg49n3rgo1iji4os3qsup4 3 179580 969292 2026-10-18T21:26:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969292 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shama From MySpace! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shama From MySpace|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 6zbxrqeve9qj3boviwg0eol9yglk3c0 3 179581 969293 2026-10-18T21:27:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969293 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Malan habibu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Malan habibu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 8q941p3e8qfn0f3d3usf8jkgkr98894 3 179582 969294 2026-10-18T21:27:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969294 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jw00231! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jw00231|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) m133uwblkuhw8xxkr0xdkt442ppj6xq 3 179583 969295 2026-10-18T21:27:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969295 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, JacobLockwood! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/JacobLockwood|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) g4tijqozil18bpqo107nihbszexn4es 3 179584 969296 2026-10-18T21:27:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 969296 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yahaya Goni Bukar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yahaya Goni Bukar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 18 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 0tv1hfxe2fuvna7v6szp5lnm6flxp18 0 179585 969310 2026-10-18T22:41:48Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Grace Ometere Abu | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Yanayin ƙasa]], nazarin muhalli, albarkatun ruwa }} '''Grace Ometere Abu''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike da aka danganta da Sashen Geography na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ayyukan bincikenta sun shafi nazarin yanayin ƙasa, albarkatun ruwa, ƙasa da kuma matsalolin muhalli.<ref>... 969310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Grace Ometere Abu | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Yanayin ƙasa]], nazarin muhalli, albarkatun ruwa }} '''Grace Ometere Abu''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike da aka danganta da Sashen Geography na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ayyukan bincikenta sun shafi nazarin yanayin ƙasa, albarkatun ruwa, ƙasa da kuma matsalolin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasonal Variation of Physicochemical Parameters in Groundwater in Bogoro, Bauchi State, Nigeria |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365404076_Seasonal_Variation_of_Physicochemical_Parameters_in_Groundwater_in_Bogoro_Bauchi_State_Nigeria_Book_chapter_titled_Integrated_Environmental_Management_Issues |website=ResearchGate |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == === Albarkatun ruwan ƙasa === Abu ta gudanar da bincike mai taken ''Seasonal Variation of Physicochemical Parameters in Groundwater in Bogoro, Bauchi State, Nigeria''. Binciken ya nazarci sauye-sauyen wasu halaye na zahiri da sinadarai a ruwan ƙasa a yankin Bogoro na Jihar Bauchi, tare da la'akari da bambancin yanayi. An wallafa aikin a matsayin wani babi a cikin littafin ''Integrated Environmental Management Issues'' a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasonal Variation of Physicochemical Parameters in Groundwater in Bogoro, Bauchi State, Nigeria |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365404076_Seasonal_Variation_of_Physicochemical_Parameters_in_Groundwater_in_Bogoro_Bauchi_State_Nigeria_Book_chapter_titled_Integrated_Environmental_Management_Issues |website=ResearchGate |date=2022 |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> === Yanayin ƙasa da ciyayi === A shekarar 2025, Abu ta kasance cikin marubutan binciken ''Analysis of Terrain and Vegetation Distribution in Wawa Zange Woodland, Gombe State, Nigeria'', tare da Didams Gideon da Pudza James Yerima. Binciken ya yi amfani da bayanan yanayin ƙasa, hotunan tauraron ɗan Adam da tsarin bayanan ƙasa na kwamfuta (GIS) wajen nazarin alaƙar yanayin ƙasa da rarrabuwar ciyayi a dajin Wawa Zange.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gideon |first=Didams |last2=Yerima |first2=Pudza James |last3=Abu |first3=Grace Ometere |title=Analysis of Terrain and Vegetation Distribution in Wawa Zange Woodland, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=PLASU Journal of Environmental Sciences |date=2025 |url=https://journals.plasu.edu.ng/index.php/pjes/article/view/334 |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> === Sarrafa shara da muhalli === Abu ta kuma kasance cikin marubutan binciken ''Challenges and Opportunities in Municipal Solid Waste Management in Shomolu LGA, Lagos, Nigeria''. Binciken ya tattauna matsaloli da damar da ake da su wajen sarrafa sharar birane a Ƙaramar Hukumar Shomolu ta Jihar Legas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geo-Studies Forum, Volume 9, Number 1 |url=https://fssunilorinedu.org/geo-studies/2024%20Volume%208%20Number%201/GEO-STUDIES%20FORUM%20VOL9%20NUM1_8.pdf |website=Geo-Studies Forum |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana yanayin ƙasa]] [[Rukuni:Masana muhalli]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] frulwfrpebkthnoo76p1skmnlnjmpkq 0 179586 969311 2026-10-18T22:44:05Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Fatima Abubakar | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Nazarin addinai]], tarihin Musulunci, tattaunawa tsakanin addinai }} '''Fatima Abubakar''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike 'yar Najeriya a fannin nazarin addinai. Tana aiki a Sashen Nazarin Addinai na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], inda ta koyar, ta jag... 969311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Fatima Abubakar | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Nazarin addinai]], tarihin Musulunci, tattaunawa tsakanin addinai }} '''Fatima Abubakar''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike 'yar Najeriya a fannin nazarin addinai. Tana aiki a Sashen Nazarin Addinai na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], inda ta koyar, ta jagoranci binciken ɗalibai, kuma ta shiga ayyukan tattaunawa tsakanin mabiya addinai. Cibiyar KAICIID ta bayyana cewa ta shafe fiye da shekaru 15 tana koyar da nazarin addinai, kuma bincikenta ya shafi tarihin Musulunci da dangantaka tsakanin Musulmi da waɗanda ba Musulmi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Fatima Abubakar |url=https://www.kaiciid.org/who-we-are/fellows/dr-fatima-abubakar |website=KAICIID |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Aikin ilimi da bincike == Abubakar ta kasance shugabar Sashen Nazarin Addinai a Jami'ar Jihar Gombe. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin editan mujallar ''Voyages Journal of Religious Studies'', wadda Sashen Nazarin Addinai na jami'ar ke wallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Editorial Team — Voyages Journal of Religious Studies |url=https://voyagesjournalgsu.ng/index.php/vjrs/about/editorialTeam |website=Voyages Journal of Religious Studies |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> === Tarihin Musulunci da annoba === A cikin wani bincike da aka wallafa a shekarar 2021, Abubakar tare da Auwal Abdullahi da Ali Sama'ila sun rubuta ''End Time Narrative: Islamic Teachings in a Period of Pandemic''. Binciken ya tattauna yadda koyarwar Musulunci ta yi magana kan tsafta, kariya daga cututtuka da yadda al'ummar Musulmi za su fuskanci annoba kamar COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abubakar |first=Fatima |last2=Abdullahi |first2=Auwal |last3=Sama'ila |first3=Ali |title=End Time Narrative: Islamic Teachings in a Period of Pandemic |journal=Voyages Journal of Religious Studies |volume=7 |date=2021 |url=https://voyagesjournalgsu.ng/index.php/vjrs/article/download/5/4 }}</ref> === Dangantaka tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Musulmi === A shekarar 2023, Abubakar ta kasance cikin marubutan binciken ''Incursion of Shi'ism in Sunni Dominated Societies: A Study of Gombe Metropolis'', tare da Ali Samaila da Yahya Oyewole Imam. Binciken ya nazarci shigowar Shi'anci a Gombe da dangantakarsa da al'ummar Musulmi mabiya Sunni, tare da duba muhawara da ƙalubalen da suka taso.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incursion of Shi'ism in Sunni Dominated Societies: A Study of Gombe Metropolis |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373302421_Incursion_of_Shi%27ism_in_Sunni_Dominated_Societies_A_Study_of_Gombe_Metropolis |website=ResearchGate |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tattaunawa tsakanin addinai da zaman lafiya == Abubakar ta shiga ayyukan tattaunawa tsakanin addinai da al'ummomi a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. A cewar KAICIID, tana ganin cewa tattaunawa na taimakawa wajen rage rikici da inganta zaman lafiya tsakanin mutanen da suke da bambancin addini da al'adu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Fatima Abubakar |url=https://www.kaiciid.org/who-we-are/fellows/dr-fatima-abubakar |website=KAICIID |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana nazarin addinai]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] rreze3xsisy2203vvobg70svt16m7im 0 179587 969312 2026-10-18T22:45:14Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Aishatu Abubakar Kumo | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Nazarin addinai]], nazarin Musulunci, dangantakar addini da siyasa }} '''Aishatu Abubakar Kumo''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike 'yar Najeriya a fannin nazarin addinai. Tana aiki a Sashen Nazarin Addinai na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Bi... 969312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Aishatu Abubakar Kumo | honorific_prefix = Dr. | nationality = 'Yar Najeriya | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | field = [[Nazarin addinai]], nazarin Musulunci, dangantakar addini da siyasa }} '''Aishatu Abubakar Kumo''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike 'yar Najeriya a fannin nazarin addinai. Tana aiki a Sashen Nazarin Addinai na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Bincikenta ya shafi koyarwar Musulunci, ƙungiyoyin addinin Musulunci, dangantakar addini da siyasa, da batutuwan zamantakewa da suka shafi al'ummar Musulmi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumo |first=Aishatu Abubakar |title=Religious Affiliation and Voting Behaviour among Electorates in Nigeria: A Study of Gombe State |journal=Journal of Human, Social and Political Science Research |volume=7 |issue=6 |date=2025 |url=https://ssaapublications.com/index.php/sjhspsr/article/view/550 |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Aikin ilimi == Kumo malama ce a Sashen Nazarin Addinai na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe. An bayyana ta a matsayin babbar malama (''Senior Lecturer'') a cikin wani bincikenta da aka wallafa a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumo |first=Aishatu Abubakar |title=Jamā'atu Izalatil Bid'a wa Iqāmatis Sunnah and Da'wa Activities in Northern Nigeria |journal=Malaysian Journal of Theology and Islamic Practice |volume=18 |issue=2 |date=2022 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367167603_MJTILP_Vol_18_Iss_2_-_Article_8 |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin editan gudanarwa (''Managing Editor'') na mujallar ilimi ta ''Voyages Journal of Religious Studies'', wadda ke da alaƙa da Sashen Nazarin Addinai na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Editorial Team — Voyages Journal of Religious Studies |url=https://voyagesjournalgsu.ng/index.php/vjrs/about/editorialTeam |website=Voyages Journal of Religious Studies |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == === Addini da halayen masu zaɓe === A shekarar 2025, Kumo ta kasance cikin marubutan binciken ''Religious Affiliation and Voting Behaviour among Electorates in Nigeria: A Study of Gombe State''. Binciken ya yi nazari kan dangantakar addinin da mutum yake bi da halayen masu zaɓe a Jihar Gombe. An wallafa binciken a mujallar Journal of Human, Social and Political Science Research.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumo |first=Aishatu Abubakar |last2=Tuduks |first2=Oholiabs D. |last3=Buba |first3=Rahmatu |last4=Afegbua |first4=Abdulmalik Jafaru |last5=Muhammad |first5=Habeeb |last6=Mohammed |first6=Ahmad |last7=Rabi'u |first7=Sani |title=Religious Affiliation and Voting Behaviour among Electorates in Nigeria: A Study of Gombe State |journal=Journal of Human, Social and Political Science Research |volume=7 |issue=6 |date=2025 |url=https://ssaapublications.com/index.php/sjhspsr/article/view/550 }}</ref> === Musulunci da fahimtar jihadi === A shekarar 2022, Kumo da Auwal Abdullahi sun wallafa binciken ''Misconception about Jihad and Martyrdom in the 21st Century: The Role of Scholars in Saving Islam and Human Life''. Binciken ya tattauna fahimtar jihadi a Musulunci, yadda ake karkatar da ma'anarsa, da rawar da malaman addini za su iya takawa wajen kare rayukan mutane da inganta fahimtar koyarwar Musulunci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumo |first=Aishatu Abubakar |last2=Abdullahi |first2=Auwal |title=Misconception about Jihad and Martyrdom in the 21st Century: The Role of Scholars in Saving Islam and Human Life |journal=Academic Journal of Current Research |volume=9 |issue=1 |date=2022 |url=https://cirdjournals.com/index.php/ajcr/article/download/100/865/1860 }}</ref> === Ƙungiyar Izalah da wa'azi === Kumo ta kuma wallafa bincike kan rawar da ƙungiyar ''Jamā'atu Izalatil Bid'a wa Iqāmatis Sunnah'', wadda aka fi sani da Izalah, take takawa wajen wa'azi da gyaran wasu al'amuran zamantakewar iyali a Arewacin Najeriya. Binciken ya duba tasirin ayyukan wa'azi na ƙungiyar a kan fahimtar aure, ilimin mata da wasu al'amuran rayuwar iyali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamā'atu Izalatil Bid'a wa Iqāmatis Sunnah and Da'wa Activities in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367167603_MJTILP_Vol_18_Iss_2_-_Article_8 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=18 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana nazarin addinai]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] nb4faw1p86dwazv1ajovqolynwuu9md 0 179588 969313 2026-10-18T22:46:30Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Fatima Inuwa | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | known_for = Bincike kan adabin Afirka da nazarin mata }} '''Fatima Inuwa''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a fannin adabin Turanci a Najeriya. An danganta ta da Sashen Turanci na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]].<ref name="RJAH">{{Cite journal |last=Inuwa |first=Fatima |title=Women as muted voices and silenced subalterns in Razinat Mohammed... 969313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Fatima Inuwa | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | known_for = Bincike kan adabin Afirka da nazarin mata }} '''Fatima Inuwa''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a fannin adabin Turanci a Najeriya. An danganta ta da Sashen Turanci na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]].<ref name="RJAH">{{Cite journal |last=Inuwa |first=Fatima |title=Women as muted voices and silenced subalterns in Razinat Mohammed’s A Love Like a Woman’s and Other Stories |journal=Research Journal in Advanced Humanities |volume=2 |issue=4 |date=2021 |url=https://www.royalliteglobal.com/advanced-humanities/article/view/823 |doi=10.58256/rjah.v2i4.823 }}</ref> Bincikenta ya shafi adabin Afirka, wakilcin mata a cikin adabi da batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi da al'umma.<ref name="RJAH"/> == Ilimi da aikinta == Fatima Inuwa tana aiki a fannin koyarwa da binciken adabi. A wata takardar bincike da ta wallafa a shekarar 2021, an bayyana ta a matsayin ma'aikaciyar Sashen Turanci na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe.<ref name="RJAH"/> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Binciken Fatima Inuwa ya haɗa da nazarin yadda marubuta ke wakiltar mata da matsayinsu a cikin al'umma. A shekarar 2021, ta wallafa makala mai taken ''Women as muted voices and silenced subalterns in Razinat Mohammed’s A Love Like a Woman’s and Other Stories'' a mujallar ''Research Journal in Advanced Humanities''. Makalar ta yi nazari kan yadda aka nuna mata a cikin littafin gajerun labaran marubuciya Razinat T. Mohammed, musamman dangane da al'adu, jinsi da matsayinsu a Arewacin Najeriya.<ref name="RJAH"/> Ta kuma rubuta bincike kan alaƙar kishin ƙasa da adabin Afirka, inda ta yi nazarin littattafan ''Things Fall Apart'' na [[Chinua Achebe]] da ''Devil on the Cross'' na [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]. An wallafa wannan binciken a cikin ''Journal of Language, Literature and Communication Studies''.<ref name="GOSAJOLLCOS">{{Cite web |title=Journal of Language, Literature and Communication Studies (GOSAJOLLCOS) |website=ResearchGate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390620370_JOURNAL_OF_LANGUAGE_LITERATURE_AND_COMMUNICATION_STUDIES_GOSAJOLLCOS |access-date=18 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] * [[Adabin Afirka]] * [[Chinua Achebe]] * [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] 8w77i86g8l9hm5n84tuj4a8zbfwm9at 0 179589 969314 2026-10-18T22:47:41Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Suwaiba Mohammed | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | education = PhD | known_for = Bincike kan adabi da harshen Turanci }} '''Suwaiba Mohammed''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana da alaƙa da Sashen Harsuna da Nazarin Harsuna na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]].<ref name="SAJOLLCOS">{{Cite web |title=Savannah Journal of Language, Literature and Communication Studies, Volu... 969314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Suwaiba Mohammed | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | education = PhD | known_for = Bincike kan adabi da harshen Turanci }} '''Suwaiba Mohammed''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana da alaƙa da Sashen Harsuna da Nazarin Harsuna na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]].<ref name="SAJOLLCOS">{{Cite web |title=Savannah Journal of Language, Literature and Communication Studies, Volume 6, Number 1 |website=Savannah Journal of Language, Literature and Communication Studies |date=June 2025 |url=https://gombesavannahjournal.com/upload/Vol%2006%20No.%2001%2030.pdf }}</ref> Bincikenta ya haɗa da adabin bayan mulkin mallaka da rubuce-rubucen tarihin rayuwa.<ref name="SAJOLLCOS"/> == Ilimi da aikinta == A bayanin marubuta da aka wallafa a cikin ''Savannah Journal of Language, Literature and Communication Studies'' a shekarar 2025, an bayyana Suwaiba Mohammed a matsayin malama a Sashen Harsuna da Nazarin Harsuna na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe, tare da bayanin cewa ta kammala digirin PhD a Sashen Turanci da Nazarin Adabi na [[Jami'ar Bayero, Kano]].<ref name="SAJOLLCOS"/> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Suwaiba Mohammed ta yi bincike kan koyar da karatu da fahimtar rubutu. A shekarar 2023, ta wallafa tare da Hadiza Hussaini makala mai taken ''Effect of Think-Pair-Share Strategy on Senior Secondary School Students’ Performance in Reading Comprehension in Gombe State, Nigeria''. An wallafa binciken a ''Kashere Journal of Education''. Binciken ya duba yadda dabarar koyon tattaunawa tsakanin ɗalibai biyu kafin tattaunawar aji ke taimakawa wajen fahimtar karatu.<ref name="KJE">{{Cite journal |last1=Hussaini |first1=Hadiza |last2=Mohammed |first2=Suwaiba |title=Effect of think-pair-share strategy on senior secondary school students’ performance in reading comprehension in Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Kashere Journal of Education |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=88–94 |date=2023 |url=https://journals.fukashere.edu.ng/index.php/kje/article/view/1024 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] * [[Jami'ar Bayero, Kano]] * [[Adabin Afirka]] * [[Harshen Turanci]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] nm6l9a88bk1t43u1o11y5vwki8i88h3 0 179590 969315 2026-10-18T22:49:39Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Fatima Muhammad | occupation = Malamar jami'a, marubuciya, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | education = Digiri na uku (PhD) | known_for = Bincike kan adabin Afirka da al'adun baka }} '''Fatima Muhammad''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya, wadda take da alaƙa da Sashen Turanci na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Bincikenta ya shafi adabin Afirka, rubuce-rubucen kirkira da al'adun baka.<ref name="Bio">{{C... 969315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Fatima Muhammad | occupation = Malamar jami'a, marubuciya, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | education = Digiri na uku (PhD) | known_for = Bincike kan adabin Afirka da al'adun baka }} '''Fatima Muhammad''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya, wadda take da alaƙa da Sashen Turanci na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Bincikenta ya shafi adabin Afirka, rubuce-rubucen kirkira da al'adun baka.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |title=African Oral Performance Today: Intersecting Royal Praise Singing and Media Space in the Digital Age |website=Ɗunɗaye Journal of Hausa Studies |date=31 Agusta 2026 |url=https://english.amsoshi.com/2026/08/african-oral-performance-today.html |access-date=18 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aikinta == Bayanin marubuta da aka wallafa a cikin ''Savannah Journal of Language, Literature and Communication Studies'' a shekarar 2025 ya bayyana Fatima Muhammad a matsayin malama a Sashen Languages and Linguistics na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe. A lokacin, tana da digiri na biyu a fannin Creative Writing daga York St John University da ke Ingila, kuma tana karatun digirin PhD a Jami'ar Jihar Gombe.<ref name="Savannah">{{Cite web |title=Savannah Journal of Language, Literature and Communication Studies, Volume 6, Number 1 |website=Savannah Journal of Language, Literature and Communication Studies |date=2025 |url=https://gombesavannahjournal.com/upload/Vol%2006%20No.%2001%2031.pdf |access-date=18 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Binciken Fatima Muhammad ya shafi adabin Afirka, musamman yadda ake amfani da al'adun baka da waƙoƙin yabo a cikin al'ummomin Afirka. A shekarar 2026, ta wallafa tare da Muhammad Nasir Muhammad makala mai taken ''African Oral Performance Today: Intersecting Royal Praise Singing and Media Space in the Digital Age'' a cikin ''Ɗunɗaye Journal of Hausa Studies''. Makalar ta tattauna yadda waƙoƙin yabo na sarauta da sauran al'adun baka suke sauyawa a zamanin kafafen yaɗa labarai na zamani.<ref name="Bio"/> Ta kuma yi bincike kan yadda marubutan Afirka suke wakiltar al'adu da al'umma a cikin adabin zamani. Abubuwan da ta fi mayar da hankali a kansu sun haɗa da adabin bayan mulkin mallaka, rubuce-rubucen kirkira da tsarin ilimin gargajiya na Afirka.<ref name="Savannah"/> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] * [[Adabin Afirka]] * [[Al'adun baka]] * [[Harshen Turanci]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] f8dxazvhyuzsudi5rs1mqvgzjkejro5 0 179591 969316 2026-10-18T22:51:07Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Nafisat Auwal Mohammed | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | known_for = Bincike kan yanayin ƙasa da muhalli }} '''Nafisat Auwal Mohammed''' mai bincike ce a fannin [[yanayin ƙasa]] da kula da muhalli a Najeriya. An danganta ta da Sashen Geography and Environmental Management na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], inda take shiga bincike kan yanayin ƙasa, muhalli da batutuwan da suka shafi al'um... 969316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nafisat Auwal Mohammed | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | known_for = Bincike kan yanayin ƙasa da muhalli }} '''Nafisat Auwal Mohammed''' mai bincike ce a fannin [[yanayin ƙasa]] da kula da muhalli a Najeriya. An danganta ta da Sashen Geography and Environmental Management na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], inda take shiga bincike kan yanayin ƙasa, muhalli da batutuwan da suka shafi al'umma.<ref name="CVD">{{Cite web |title=Spatial Distribution of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) and the Risk Areas in Gombe State, Nigeria |website=ResearchGate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356253607_SPATIAL_DISTRIBUTION_OF_CARDIOVASCULAR_DISEASES_CVDs_AND_THE_RISK_AREAS_IN_GOMBE_STATE_NIGERIA |access-date=18 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Binciken Nafisat Auwal Mohammed ya haɗa da nazarin yadda cututtuka suke yaɗuwa a wurare daban-daban. A cikin binciken ''Spatial Distribution of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) and the Risk Areas in Gombe State, Nigeria'', ta yi nazarin yadda cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini suka rarrabu a yankunan Jihar Gombe, tare da amfani da bayanan asibitoci wajen gano wuraren da matsalar ta fi yawa.<ref name="CVD"/> A shekarar 2026, an wallafa wani bincike kan ilimin gargajiya da juriyar al'umma ga sauyin yanayi a yankunan Kogin Benue. An jera Nafisat Auwal Mohammed tare da wasu masu bincike daga jami'o'i a Najeriya, ciki har da Jami'ar Jihar Gombe.<ref name="Climate">{{Cite journal |last=Idoma |first=Kim |last2=Nafisat |first2=Auwal Mohammed |last3=Jeje |first3=Olasunkanmi Gabriel |title=Assessment of Indigenous Knowledge and Climate Resilience in River Benue Communities, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Occupational Health, Risk Management, and Safety |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=64–77 |date=2026 |doi=10.60787/johrms.vol1no2.37 |url=https://johrms-unical.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/37 }}</ref> Haka kuma, ta yi aiki tare da Kim Idoma da Jeje Olasunkanmi Gabriel kan binciken sauyin murfin ciyayi da amfani da ƙasa a yankin birnin Gombe. Binciken ya tattauna tasirin faɗaɗar birane da ayyukan noma ga muhalli da ci gaban yankunan karkara.<ref name="Vegetation">{{Cite journal |last=Idoma |first=Kim |last2=Gabriel |first2=Jeje Olasunkanmi |last3=Nafisat |first3=Auwal Mohammed |title=Vegetation Cover Change and Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics in the Gombe Metropolitan Region, Nigeria: Implications for Rural Development and Population Distribution |journal=Journal of Ecopolitics, Peace, and Sustainable Development |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=25–34 |date=2026 |doi=10.69798/59711597 |url=https://koozakar.com/journals/article/KJ-79797788 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] * [[Yanayin ƙasa]] * [[Sauyin yanayi]] * [[Kula da muhalli]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana yanayin ƙasa]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] g6u8k8sikegq8mauy6rv9bznn1d0u6t 0 179592 969317 2026-10-18T22:52:41Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Sati Rebecca Stephen | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | known_for = Bincike kan yanayin ƙasa, fari da ci gaban al'umma }} '''Sati Rebecca Stephen''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana da alaƙa da fannin yanayin ƙasa a [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Bincikenta ya shafi juriyar al'ummomin karkara ga fari, kiwon dabbobi, da rawar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar mata wajen inganta... 969317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Sati Rebecca Stephen | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | known_for = Bincike kan yanayin ƙasa, fari da ci gaban al'umma }} '''Sati Rebecca Stephen''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana da alaƙa da fannin yanayin ƙasa a [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Bincikenta ya shafi juriyar al'ummomin karkara ga fari, kiwon dabbobi, da rawar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar mata wajen inganta rayuwa a [[Jihar Gombe]].<ref name="Drought">{{Cite journal |last=Stephen |first=Sati Rebecca |last2=Mbaya |first2=Lazarus A. |last3=Kim |first3=Idoma |last4=Kelvin |first4=Dongurum Clement |title=Assessment of Agrarian Households Adaptive Capacity to Drought in Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Gombe Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=2019 |url=https://gojgesjournal.com/upload/Vol%2001%20No.%2001%2019.pdf }}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == A shekarar 2019, Sati Rebecca Stephen ta wallafa tare da wasu masu bincike makala mai taken ''Assessment of Agrarian Households Adaptive Capacity to Drought in Gombe State, Nigeria''. Binciken ya yi nazari kan yadda manoma da iyalansu a yankunan karkara suke iya jure wa fari, ta la'akari da albarkatun kuɗi, kayan aiki, taimakon zamantakewa, ƙwarewa da albarkatun ƙasa.<ref name="Drought"/> A shekarar 2023, ta wallafa tare da Idoma Kim da Ahiabuike Chioma Joy bincike mai taken ''Analysis of the Socioeconomic Benefits of Livestock Rearing Among Women in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria''. Binciken ya duba nau'ikan dabbobin da mata ke kiwo, yadda suke amfani da kuɗin da suke samu, da matsalolin da suke fuskanta a harkar kiwo.<ref name="Livestock">{{Cite journal |last=Stephen |first=Sati Rebecca |last2=Kim |first2=Idoma |last3=Joy |first3=Ahiabuike Chioma |title=Analysis of the Socioeconomic Benefits of Livestock Rearing Among Women in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Bima Journal of Science and Technology |volume=7 |issue=1 |date=2023 |doi=10.56892/bima.v7i01.399 |url=https://journals.gjbeacademia.com/index.php/bimajst/article/download/400/391 }}</ref> Ta kuma yi bincike tare da Idoma Kim da Nnaji Comfort kan gudummawar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa wajen ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin mata a Jihar Gombe. An wallafa binciken a matsayin littafi a shekarar 2022 mai taken ''Cooperative Societies and Women Empowerment in Gombe State, Nigeria''.<ref name="Cooperative">{{Cite web |title=Cooperative Societies and Women Empowerment in Gombe State, Nigeria |website=Find-more-books |date=2022 |url=https://www.find-more-books.com/book/isbn/9786205491294.html }}</ref> == Ayyukan muhalli == A wani rahoton jaridar ''The Guardian'' game da gurɓatar muhalli da sharar robobi, an ambaci Rebecca Stephen Sati ta Jami'ar Jihar Gombe tana jaddada muhimmancin rage amfani da robobin da ake yarwa bayan amfani guda da kuma amfani da madadin da ba ya cutar da muhalli.<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news |title=Women engineers task environmental agencies to tackle plastic waste crisis |work=The Guardian Nigeria |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/national/women-engineers-task-environmental-agencies-to-tackle-plastic-waste-crisis/ }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Yanayin ƙasa]] * [[Sauyin yanayi]] * [[Ci gaban al'umma]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana yanayin ƙasa]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] i6vmbe4ycv4zkop1gh1a27sfw7dm4rs 0 179593 969318 2026-10-18T22:54:05Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Suku Hyellamada Kenan | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | education = MA a fannin English Literature | known_for = Bincike kan harshe da nazarin sadarwa }} '''Suku Hyellamada Kenan''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya, wadda take da alaƙa da Sashen Languages and Linguistics na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Bincikenta ya shafi nazarin harshe, sadarwa da yadda ake amfani da h... 969318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Suku Hyellamada Kenan | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | education = MA a fannin English Literature | known_for = Bincike kan harshe da nazarin sadarwa }} '''Suku Hyellamada Kenan''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya, wadda take da alaƙa da Sashen Languages and Linguistics na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Bincikenta ya shafi nazarin harshe, sadarwa da yadda ake amfani da hotuna da rubutu wajen isar da saƙonni.<ref name="Savannah">{{Cite web |title=Savannah Journal of Language, Literature and Communication Studies, Volume 6, Number 1 |website=Savannah Journal of Language, Literature and Communication Studies |date=2025 |url=https://gombesavannahjournal.com/upload/Vol%2006%20No.%2001%2036.pdf }}</ref> == Ilimi == Wani rahoton [[Education Trust Fund]] na Najeriya ya lissafa Suku Hyellamada Kenan cikin ma'aikatan ilimi da aka amince wa tallafin karatun digiri na biyu a shekarar 2008. Rahoton ya bayyana shirin karatunta a matsayin MA a fannin English Literature a [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]], tare da lokacin kammalawa da aka tsara na shekarar 2011.<ref name="TETFund">{{Cite report |title=2008 Reconciled Projects: North-East Zone |publisher=Education Trust Fund |url=https://tetfund.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2008-RECONCILED-PROJECTS-1.pdf }}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == A shekarar 2025, Suku Hyellamada Kenan ta wallafa tare da Aishatu Bello Umar da Willing Yusufu makala mai taken ''A Multimodal Discourse Analysis of MTN and Airtel Telecommunication Advertisements on Instagram''. An wallafa binciken a ''Sokoto Journal of Linguistics and Communication Studies''. Binciken ya yi nazari kan yadda kamfanonin sadarwa ke amfani da hotuna, launuka, rubutu da wasu alamomi wajen tallata kayayyakinsu a Instagram.<ref name="Multimodal">{{Cite web |title=A Multimodal Discourse Analysis of MTN and Airtel Telecommunication Advertisements on Instagram |website=Ɗunɗaye Journal of Hausa Studies |date=26 Maris 2026 |url=https://english.amsoshi.com/2026/03/a-multimodal-discourse-analysis-of-mtn.html }}</ref> Wani bincikenta da aka wallafa a shekarar 2022 ya yi nazari kan yadda ake amfani da hotuna wajen isar da saƙon talla a tallace-tallacen Instagram na MTN Nigeria. An wallafa wannan bincike a mujallar ''Issues in Language and Literary Studies''.<ref name="ImageRepresentation">{{Cite journal |last=Kenan |first=Suku H. |title=Multimodal Discourse Analysis of Image Representation in MTNng Instagram Advert |journal=Issues in Language and Literary Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |date=2022 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] * [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] * [[Harshen Turanci]] * [[Nazarin sadarwa]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike a Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] mhs41r8w397vaf907is6tnrt9bx754w 0 179594 969319 2026-10-18T22:56:30Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Fatima Umar | occupation = Malamar jami'a | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] }} '''Fatima Umar''' malamar jami'a ce da aka danganta da Sashen Turanci na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], da ke jihar Gombe, Najeriya. An ambace ta a matsayin mai kula da binciken ɗaliban da ke karatun Turanci a jami'ar.<ref name="NAPiD">{{Cite web |title=Class Struggle in The Beggars’ Strike by Aminata Sow Fall and A Spell of Good Things by Ayobami Adebayo |website=N... 969319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Fatima Umar | occupation = Malamar jami'a | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] }} '''Fatima Umar''' malamar jami'a ce da aka danganta da Sashen Turanci na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], da ke jihar Gombe, Najeriya. An ambace ta a matsayin mai kula da binciken ɗaliban da ke karatun Turanci a jami'ar.<ref name="NAPiD">{{Cite web |title=Class Struggle in The Beggars’ Strike by Aminata Sow Fall and A Spell of Good Things by Ayobami Adebayo |website=NAPiD |url=https://www.napid.net/view_student_research?ndn=NDN-PRJ-1870235131773212822 |access-date=18 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Aikinta a jami'a == Bayanan binciken ɗalibai da aka wallafa a NAPiD sun ambaci Mrs Fatima Umar a matsayin mai kula da wani bincike kan wakilcin bambancin matsayi na zamantakewa a cikin littattafan ''The Beggars’ Strike'' na [[Aminata Sow Fall]] da ''A Spell of Good Things'' na [[Ayọ̀bámi Adébáyọ̀]]. An danganta binciken da Sashen Turanci na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe.<ref name="NAPiD"/> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] * [[Adabin Afirka]] * [[Harshen Turanci]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] ih8zdg6bciguhpj57540qjxvitfl7oc 0 179595 969320 2026-10-18T22:57:42Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Bilkisu Abubakar Arabi | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | known_for = Bincike kan adabin baka da tatsuniyoyin Hausawa }} '''Bilkisu Abubakar Arabi''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana koyarwa a Sashen Turanci na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], a cikin Kwalejin Fasaha da Ilimin Zamantakewa.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite journal |last=Arabi |first=Bilkisu Abubakar |title=The state of... 969320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Bilkisu Abubakar Arabi | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | known_for = Bincike kan adabin baka da tatsuniyoyin Hausawa }} '''Bilkisu Abubakar Arabi''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana koyarwa a Sashen Turanci na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], a cikin Kwalejin Fasaha da Ilimin Zamantakewa.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite journal |last=Arabi |first=Bilkisu Abubakar |title=The state of Hausa children’s folktales and play-songs in Gombe, Nigeria |journal=Tydskrif vir Letterkunde |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=90–105 |date=2023 |doi=10.17159/tl.v60i3.14451 |url=https://letterkunde.africa/index.php/tvl/en/article/view/14451 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aikinta == Bilkisu Abubakar Arabi tana aiki a fannin koyar da Turanci da nazarin adabi a Jami'ar Jihar Gombe. An bayyana ta a matsayin malama a Sashen Turanci na jami'ar a bayanin marubuciya da aka wallafa tare da bincikenta a mujallar ''Tydskrif vir Letterkunde''.<ref name="Bio"/> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Bilkisu Abubakar Arabi ta yi bincike kan adabin baka, musamman tatsuniyoyin Hausawa da waƙoƙin wasan yara. A shekarar 2023, ta wallafa makala mai taken ''The state of Hausa children’s folktales and play-songs in Gombe, Nigeria''. Binciken ya duba yadda yara da iyayensu a Gombe suke sanin tatsuniyoyin Hausawa da waƙoƙin wasan yara, da kuma yadda kafafen yaɗa labarai da fasahar zamani suka sauya yadda ake koyar da waɗannan al'adu.<ref name="Bio"/> Binciken ya yi amfani da bayanai daga iyaye da yara, inda ya nuna cewa har yanzu mutane da yawa sun san tatsuniyoyin da waƙoƙin, amma fasahar zamani da kafofin watsa labarai suna sauya yadda ake koyon su da kuma yada su.<ref name="DOAJ">{{Cite web |title=The state of Hausa children’s folktales and play-songs in Gombe, Nigeria |website=Directory of Open Access Journals |url=https://doaj.org/article/cfaf30dfcdfb4876b489558be89bb53d }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] * [[Harshen Hausa]] * [[Adabin Hausa]] * [[Tatsuniya]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike kan adabin Hausa]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] cee5o75nbh7x2fryxg2jtdwu44wne1i 0 179596 969321 2026-10-18T22:58:40Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Ogunjimi Florence Taiye | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | known_for = Bincike kan nazarin harshe da sadarwa }} '''Ogunjimi Florence Taiye''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana da alaƙa da Sashen Turanci da Nazarin Adabi na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Bincikenta ya shafi nazarin zance, sadarwar lafiyar kwakwalwa, labaran dijital, nahawu da pragmatics.<ref name="Ahyu">{{... 969321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ogunjimi Florence Taiye | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | known_for = Bincike kan nazarin harshe da sadarwa }} '''Ogunjimi Florence Taiye''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana da alaƙa da Sashen Turanci da Nazarin Adabi na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Bincikenta ya shafi nazarin zance, sadarwar lafiyar kwakwalwa, labaran dijital, nahawu da pragmatics.<ref name="Ahyu">{{Cite journal |last1=Sambo |first1=Bunmwakat Kate |last2=Ogunjimi |first2=Florence Taiye |last3=Kilani |first3=Sakiru Opeyemi |title=A Discursive Analysis of the Media Reportage of Boko Haram Activities in Daily Trust Newspaper |journal=Ahyu: A Journal of Language and Literature |volume=8 |pages=40–51 |date=2025 |doi=10.56666/ahyu.v8i.143 |url=https://ahyujournal.org/index.php/ahyu/article/view/143 }}</ref> == Aikinta da bincike == Ogunjimi tana aiki a fannin koyar da Turanci da nazarin harshe a Jami'ar Jihar Gombe. An bayyana ta a matsayin ma'aikaciyar ilimi a Sashen Turanci na jami'ar a bayanin marubuta na mujallar ''Ahyu: A Journal of Language and Literature''.<ref name="Ahyu"/> Bincikenta ya haɗa da yadda ake amfani da harshe wajen gina ma'ana a cikin labarai da tattaunawar jama'a. A cikin binciken da ta wallafa tare da Bunmwakat Kate Sambo da Sakiru Opeyemi Kilani a shekarar 2025, ta yi nazarin yadda jaridar ''Daily Trust'' ta ruwaito ayyukan Boko Haram, ta amfani da hanyoyin nazarin zance.<ref name="Ahyu"/> == Wallafe-wallafe == A shekarar 2020, Ogunjimi ta wallafa tare da Onome Ojo makala mai taken ''The Nigerian Pidgin English: A Tool for National Integration'' a mujallar ''Research Journal in Modern Languages and Literatures''. Makalar ta tattauna yadda [[Nigerian Pidgin]] zai iya taimakawa wajen fahimtar juna da haɗin kan ƙasa a Najeriya.<ref name="Pidgin">{{Cite journal |last1=Ojo |first1=Onome |last2=Ogunjimi |first2=Florence Taiye |title=The Nigerian Pidgin English: A Tool for National Integration |journal=Research Journal in Modern Languages and Literatures |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=40 |date=2020 |url=https://www.royalliteglobal.com/languages-and-literatures/article/view/74 }}</ref> Ta kuma yi bincike kan yadda ake amfani da harshe wajen bayyana abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar kwakwalwa a labaran mutum na kansa. An wallafa aikinta mai taken ''Rewriting Appraisal: A Discourse Analysis of Mental Health Recovery Narrative'' a cikin ''AL-QALAM Journal of Languages and Literary Studies'' a shekarar 2025.<ref name="MentalHealth">{{Cite web |title=Rewriting Appraisal: A Discourse Analysis of Mental Health Recovery Narrative |website=Ɗunɗaye Journal of Hausa Studies |date=29 Maris 2026 |url=https://english.amsoshi.com/2026/03/rewriting-appraisal-discourse-analysis.html }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] * [[Harshen Turanci]] * [[Nigerian Pidgin]] * [[Nazarin harshe]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike a Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] 59chj50feen25xsu3k3ytneqgj7w1jk 0 179597 969322 2026-10-18T23:00:09Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Aishatu Abdulkarim | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | known_for = Bincike kan ilimin kimiyya da koyarwa }} '''Aishatu Abdulkarim''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya wadda aka danganta da Sashen Ilimin Kimiyya (*Science Education*) na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]].<ref name="Zenodo">{{Cite web |title=Impact of Community-Based Intervention Versus Control on Antenatal and HIV S... 969322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Aishatu Abdulkarim | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | known_for = Bincike kan ilimin kimiyya da koyarwa }} '''Aishatu Abdulkarim''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya wadda aka danganta da Sashen Ilimin Kimiyya (*Science Education*) na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]].<ref name="Zenodo">{{Cite web |title=Impact of Community-Based Intervention Versus Control on Antenatal and HIV Service Uptake in Gombe State, Nigeria |website=Zenodo |date=10 Yuli 2025 |url=https://zenodo.org/records/15857305 }}</ref> == Aikinta da bincike == An jera Aishatu Abdulkarim cikin marubutan bincike mai taken ''Impact of Community-Based Intervention Versus Control on Antenatal and HIV Service Uptake in Gombe State, Nigeria'', wanda aka wallafa a shekarar 2025. A bayanin binciken, an danganta ta da Sashen Ilimin Kimiyya na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe.<ref name="Zenodo"/> Bayanan masu bincike na AD Scientific Index sun danganta Aishatu Abdulkarim da fannin ilimi, musamman ilimin lissafi da koyar da kimiyya (*Mathematics and Science Education*).<ref name="ADSI">{{Cite web |title=Gombe State University Gombe – H-index Ranking |website=AD Scientific Index |url=https://adscientificindex.com/h-index-ranking/?ft_university=2920&page=17 }}</ref> An kuma ambaci Mrs Aishatu Abdulkarim a matsayin mai kula da binciken ɗaliban Physics Education a Jami'ar Jihar Gombe. Binciken ya shafi ƙalubale da damar amfani da fasahar sadarwa wajen koyar da kimiyyar lissafi a makarantun sakandare na Gombe.<ref name="NAPiD">{{Cite web |title=Challenges and Prospects of Integrating ICT in Teaching and Learning of Physics in Public Secondary Schools in Gombe Metropolis |website=NAPiD |url=https://napid.net/view_student_research?ndn=NDN-PRJ-2247895131774367493 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] * [[Ilimin kimiyya]] * [[Ilimin lissafi]] * [[Koyarwa]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike a Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] q9wftrzg4kmmwn4hj1e4wulvitrc41l 969323 969322 2026-10-18T23:00:41Z Uskeone 40867 /* Aikinta da bincike */ 969323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Aishatu Abdulkarim | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | known_for = Bincike kan ilimin kimiyya da koyarwa }} '''Aishatu Abdulkarim''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya wadda aka danganta da Sashen Ilimin Kimiyya (Science Education) na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]].<ref name="Zenodo">{{Cite web |title=Impact of Community-Based Intervention Versus Control on Antenatal and HIV Service Uptake in Gombe State, Nigeria |website=Zenodo |date=10 Yuli 2025 |url=https://zenodo.org/records/15857305 }}</ref> == Aikinta da bincike == An jera Aishatu Abdulkarim cikin marubutan bincike mai taken ''Impact of Community-Based Intervention Versus Control on Antenatal and HIV Service Uptake in Gombe State, Nigeria'', wanda aka wallafa a shekarar 2025. A bayanin binciken, an danganta ta da Sashen Ilimin Kimiyya na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe.<ref name="Zenodo"/> Bayanan masu bincike na AD Scientific Index sun danganta Aishatu Abdulkarim da fannin ilimi, musamman ilimin lissafi da koyar da kimiyya (Mathematics and Science Education).<ref name="ADSI">{{Cite web |title=Gombe State University Gombe – H-index Ranking |website=AD Scientific Index |url=https://adscientificindex.com/h-index-ranking/?ft_university=2920&page=17 }}</ref> An kuma ambaci Mrs Aishatu Abdulkarim a matsayin mai kula da binciken ɗaliban Physics Education a Jami'ar Jihar Gombe. Binciken ya shafi ƙalubale da damar amfani da fasahar sadarwa wajen koyar da kimiyyar lissafi a makarantun sakandare na Gombe.<ref name="NAPiD">{{Cite web |title=Challenges and Prospects of Integrating ICT in Teaching and Learning of Physics in Public Secondary Schools in Gombe Metropolis |website=NAPiD |url=https://napid.net/view_student_research?ndn=NDN-PRJ-2247895131774367493 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] * [[Ilimin kimiyya]] * [[Ilimin lissafi]] * [[Koyarwa]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike a Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] 9d5imq9iuxo990159bn79ul0mz48a7x 0 179598 969324 2026-10-18T23:02:12Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Jamila Aminu | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | education = MSc a Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | known_for = Bincike kan sinadaran tsirrai da ilimin sinadarai }} '''Jamila Aminu''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana aiki a Sashen Biochemistry na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], inda take matsayin mataimakiyar malama (Assistant Lecturer).<ref name="GSU">{{Cite web |t... 969324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jamila Aminu | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | education = MSc a Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | known_for = Bincike kan sinadaran tsirrai da ilimin sinadarai }} '''Jamila Aminu''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana aiki a Sashen Biochemistry na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]], inda take matsayin mataimakiyar malama (Assistant Lecturer).<ref name="GSU">{{Cite web |title=Staff List of Biochemistry |website=Gombe State University |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/staff-list-02/ |access-date=19 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Sha'awarta ta bincike ta haɗa da sinadaran halittu, sinadaran tsirrai da binciken magungunan da ake iya samu daga tsirrai.<ref name="Research">{{Cite journal |last1=Sani |first1=Muhammad Bappah |last2=Pantami |first2=Hamza Ahmed |last3=Abubakar |first3=Nura |last4=Lawan |first4=Aliyu Ibrahim |last5=Aminu |first5=Jamila |title=Metabolite Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Ameliorative Efficacy of Diospyros Mespiliformis on Carbon Tetrachloride (CCL4) Induced Oxidative-Stress in Albino Mice |journal=Semarak Current Biomedical Technology Research Journal |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=41–67 |date=2025 |doi=10.37934/scbtrj.4.1.4167b |url=https://semarakilmu.my/index.php/scbtrj/article/view/431 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aikinta == Bayanan ma'aikatan Sashen Biochemistry na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe sun nuna cewa Jamila Aminu tana da digirin MSc a fannin Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, kuma tana aiki a matsayin Assistant Lecturer.<ref name="GSU"/> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Jamila Aminu ta shiga bincike kan sinadaran halittu da ake samu daga tsirrai. A shekarar 2025, ta kasance cikin marubutan wata makala mai taken ''Metabolite Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Ameliorative Efficacy of Diospyros Mespiliformis on Carbon Tetrachloride (CCL4) Induced Oxidative-Stress in Albino Mice''. Binciken ya nazarci sinadaran da ke cikin tsiron ''Diospyros mespiliformis'' da yiwuwar tasirinsu wajen rage lalacewar ƙwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da matsin sinadaran oxidation.<ref name="Research"/> A shekarar 2026, ta kuma shiga bincike kan sinadaran tsiron ''Indigofera nummulariifolia'', inda masu binciken suka nazarci sinadaran tsiron da yiwuwar tasirinsu kan ciwon sukari da kumburi.<ref name="Indigofera">{{Cite journal |last1=Mijinyawa |first1=Huraira |last2=Kwaji |first2=Andrew |last3=Pindiga |first3=Nasir Yahaya |last4=Abubakar |first4=Sama'ila |last5=Aminu |first5=Jamila |title=Phytochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Anti-diabetic and Anti-inflammatory Potential of Indigofera nummulariifolia (L.) Livera ex Alston |journal=South Asian Research Journal of Natural Products |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=686–696 |date=2026 |doi=10.9734/sarjnp/2026/v9i3274 }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] * [[Biochemistry]] * [[Sinadaran halittu]] * [[Magungunan gargajiya]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike a Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] 20gl7gpjefq3eogrhbcnutybc2kjlrk 0 179599 969325 2026-10-18T23:03:46Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Fauziya Ismail | occupation = Malamar jami'a | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | education = MBBS | field = Medical Biochemistry }} '''Dr. Fauziya Ismail''' malamar jami'a ce a Najeriya da ke aiki a Sashen Biochemistry na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Bisa ga bayanan ma'aikatan jami'ar, tana matsayin mataimakiyar malama (Assistant Lecturer), kuma tana da digirin MBBS a fannin Medical Biochemistry.<ref name="GSU">{{Cite web |... 969325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Fauziya Ismail | occupation = Malamar jami'a | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] | education = MBBS | field = Medical Biochemistry }} '''Dr. Fauziya Ismail''' malamar jami'a ce a Najeriya da ke aiki a Sashen Biochemistry na [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. Bisa ga bayanan ma'aikatan jami'ar, tana matsayin mataimakiyar malama (Assistant Lecturer), kuma tana da digirin MBBS a fannin Medical Biochemistry.<ref name="GSU">{{Cite web |title=Staff List of Biochemistry |website=Gombe State University |url=https://gsu.edu.ng/home/staff-list-02/ |access-date=19 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Aiki == Dr. Fauziya Ismail tana aiki a Sashen Biochemistry na Jami'ar Jihar Gombe a matsayin Assistant Lecturer. Shafin jami'ar ya jera ta cikin ma'aikatan sashen, tare da nuna matsayin aikinta da cancantar karatunta.<ref name="GSU"/> == Ilimi == Bayanan ma'aikatan jami'ar sun nuna cewa Dr. Fauziya Ismail tana da MBBS, kuma fannin da aka danganta da ita shi ne Medical Biochemistry.<ref name="GSU"/> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] * [[Biochemistry]] * [[Ilimin sinadarai na halittu]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]] iij8rd46xiz78xvabb21bitgg9ezgrg 0 179600 969326 2026-10-18T23:05:09Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Maryam Maishanu | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = Kimiyyar kwamfuta }} '''Maryam Maishanu''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana aiki a Sashen Mathematical Sciences na [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], da ke Bauchi, inda take matsayin Lecturer I.<ref name="ATBU">{{Cite web |title=Employee Public Profile: Maryam Maishanu |website=Abubakar Ta... 969326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Maryam Maishanu | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = Kimiyyar kwamfuta }} '''Maryam Maishanu''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana aiki a Sashen Mathematical Sciences na [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], da ke Bauchi, inda take matsayin Lecturer I.<ref name="ATBU">{{Cite web |title=Employee Public Profile: Maryam Maishanu |website=Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University |url=https://hrms.atbu.edu.ng/employees/public_profile/620 |access-date=19 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Bincikenta ya haɗa da kimiyyar kwamfuta, basirar na'ura (artificial intelligence) da tsaron bayanai.<ref name="MECS">{{Cite web |title=Maryam Maishanu — Author Biography and Publications |website=MECS Press |url=https://www.mecs-press.org/authors/109077.html |access-date=19 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Bayanan tarihin marubuta da MECS Press ta wallafa sun nuna cewa Maishanu ta samu digirinta na farko da na biyu a fannin Computer Science daga Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa a shekarun 2000 da 2013. Haka kuma, ta samu takardar shaidar Cisco Certified Academy Instructor (CCAI).<ref name="MECS"/> Shafin ma'aikatan ATBU ya jera ta a matsayin Lecturer I a Sashen Mathematical Sciences.<ref name="ATBU"/> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Maishanu tana da sha'awar bincike kan basirar na'ura, tsaron intanet, tsarin kwamfuta da hanyoyin sarrafa bayanai.<ref name="MECS"/> A shekarar 2022, ta kasance cikin marubutan wata makala mai taken ''A Comparative Study of Eigenface and Fisherface Algorithms Based on OpenCV and Sci-kit Libraries Implementations''. Makalar ta yi nazari kan hanyoyin gane fuska ta amfani da wasu dabarun sarrafa hotuna da manhajojin kwamfuta.<ref name="Paper">{{Cite journal |last1=Aliyu |first1=Ismail |last2=Bomoi |first2=Muhammad Ali |last3=Maishanu |first3=Maryam |title=A Comparative Study of Eigenface and Fisherface Algorithms Based on OpenCV and Sci-kit Libraries Implementations |journal=International Journal of Information Engineering and Electronic Business |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=30–40 |date=2022-06-08 |doi=10.5815/ijieeb.2022.03.04 |url=https://www.mecs-press.org/ijieeb/ijieeb-v14-n3/v14n3-4.html }}</ref> Ta kuma kasance cikin marubutan wata makala kan tsarin rage gudun ababen hawa da gano ramukan hanya, mai taken ''A Review on Vehicle Speed Controlling and Pothole Detection System''.<ref name="Review">{{Cite journal |title=A Review on Vehicle Speed Controlling and Pothole Detection System |journal=International Journal of Advanced Research and Innovative Ideas in Education |date=2022 |url=https://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/A_REVIEW_ON_VEHICLE_SPEED_CONTROLLING_AND_POTHOLE_DETECTION_SYSTEM_ijariie17573.pdf }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] * [[Kimiyyar kwamfuta]] * [[Basirar na'ura]] * [[Tsaron intanet]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike a Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] 5iq0o0e9ovucvf5bqaddj8tnho3qw09 969352 969326 2026-10-19T04:56:01Z M I Idrees 13015 /* */ 969352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} {{Infobox person | name = Maryam Maishanu | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = Kimiyyar kwamfuta }} '''Maryam Maishanu''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana aiki a Sashen Mathematical Sciences na [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], da ke Bauchi, inda take matsayin Lecturer I.<ref name="ATBU">{{Cite web |title=Employee Public Profile: Maryam Maishanu |website=Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University |url=https://hrms.atbu.edu.ng/employees/public_profile/620 |access-date=19 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Bincikenta ya haɗa da kimiyyar kwamfuta, basirar na'ura (artificial intelligence) da tsaron bayanai.<ref name="MECS">{{Cite web |title=Maryam Maishanu — Author Biography and Publications |website=MECS Press |url=https://www.mecs-press.org/authors/109077.html |access-date=19 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Bayanan tarihin marubuta da MECS Press ta wallafa sun nuna cewa Maishanu ta samu digirinta na farko da na biyu a fannin Computer Science daga Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa a shekarun 2000 da 2013. Haka kuma, ta samu takardar shaidar Cisco Certified Academy Instructor (CCAI).<ref name="MECS"/> Shafin ma'aikatan ATBU ya jera ta a matsayin Lecturer I a Sashen Mathematical Sciences.<ref name="ATBU"/> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Maishanu tana da sha'awar bincike kan basirar na'ura, tsaron intanet, tsarin kwamfuta da hanyoyin sarrafa bayanai.<ref name="MECS"/> A shekarar 2022, ta kasance cikin marubutan wata makala mai taken ''A Comparative Study of Eigenface and Fisherface Algorithms Based on OpenCV and Sci-kit Libraries Implementations''. Makalar ta yi nazari kan hanyoyin gane fuska ta amfani da wasu dabarun sarrafa hotuna da manhajojin kwamfuta.<ref name="Paper">{{Cite journal |last1=Aliyu |first1=Ismail |last2=Bomoi |first2=Muhammad Ali |last3=Maishanu |first3=Maryam |title=A Comparative Study of Eigenface and Fisherface Algorithms Based on OpenCV and Sci-kit Libraries Implementations |journal=International Journal of Information Engineering and Electronic Business |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=30–40 |date=2022-06-08 |doi=10.5815/ijieeb.2022.03.04 |url=https://www.mecs-press.org/ijieeb/ijieeb-v14-n3/v14n3-4.html }}</ref> Ta kuma kasance cikin marubutan wata makala kan tsarin rage gudun ababen hawa da gano ramukan hanya, mai taken ''A Review on Vehicle Speed Controlling and Pothole Detection System''.<ref name="Review">{{Cite journal |title=A Review on Vehicle Speed Controlling and Pothole Detection System |journal=International Journal of Advanced Research and Innovative Ideas in Education |date=2022 |url=https://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/A_REVIEW_ON_VEHICLE_SPEED_CONTROLLING_AND_POTHOLE_DETECTION_SYSTEM_ijariie17573.pdf }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] * [[Kimiyyar kwamfuta]] * [[Basirar na'ura]] * [[Tsaron intanet]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike a Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] b04de1pk9ste2eo0v4wimjoc41s9bvs 0 179601 969328 2026-10-18T23:06:25Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Amina Habu Chiroma | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = Architecture }} '''Amina Habu Chiroma''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana aiki a Sashen Architecture na Faculty of Environmental Technology a [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] (ATBU), da ke Bauchi, inda take matsayin Lecturer I.<ref name="ATBU">{{Cite web |title=Employee Public Profile: Am... 969328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Amina Habu Chiroma | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = Architecture }} '''Amina Habu Chiroma''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana aiki a Sashen Architecture na Faculty of Environmental Technology a [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] (ATBU), da ke Bauchi, inda take matsayin Lecturer I.<ref name="ATBU">{{Cite web |title=Employee Public Profile: Amina Habu Chiroma |website=Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University |url=https://hrms.atbu.edu.ng/employees/public_profile/335 |access-date=19 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Ta shiga binciken da ya shafi gine-gine, amfani da wurare da kuma yadda al'adu ke tasiri kan tsara gine-gine a Arewacin Najeriya.<ref name="Abattoir">{{Cite journal |last1=Chiroma |first1=Habu Amina |last2=Hussaini |first2=Udale Ibrahim |last3=Isa |first3=A. Abdul |last4=Umar |first4=Aminu |last5=Agwu |first5=Kelechi Destiny |last6=Okonkwo |first6=Moses Madubueze |title=Towards an Inquiry into Impedances to Harmonious Inclusion of Traditional Abattoir Requirements into Modern Abattoir Architecture in Northern Nigeria: A Complex Cultural Context |journal=International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=7556–7565 |date=2025 |doi=10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91100586 |url=https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/view/towards-an-inquiry-into-impedances-to-harmonious-inclusion-of-traditional-abattoir-requirements-into-modern-abattoir-architecture-in-northern-nigeria-a-complex-cultural-context }}</ref> == Aiki == Bayanan ma'aikatan ATBU sun nuna cewa Chiroma tana aiki a Faculty of Environmental Technology, a Sashen Architecture, a matsayin Lecturer I.<ref name="ATBU"/> Sashen yana cikin jami'ar da ke Bauchi, Najeriya. == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Chiroma ta kasance cikin marubutan wani bincike na shekarar 2025 mai taken ''Towards an Inquiry into Impedances to Harmonious Inclusion of Traditional Abattoir Requirements into Modern Abattoir Architecture in Northern Nigeria: A Complex Cultural Context''. Binciken ya tattauna matsalolin haɗa buƙatun al'adu da hanyoyin gargajiya da ƙa'idojin gine-ginen mayanka na zamani a Arewacin Najeriya. Ya kuma duba abubuwan da suka shafi lafiya, muhalli, al'adu da kayayyakin more rayuwa.<ref name="Abattoir"/> A shekarar 2025, ta kuma kasance cikin marubutan bincike kan fahimtar masu yawon buɗe ido game da Unity Park, Ngwo Pine Forest da Ngwo Cave a Jihar Enugu. Binciken ya yi nazari kan yadda baƙi ke kallon waɗannan wurare, tare da la'akari da kyawun muhalli, sauƙin isa gare su, tsaro da wadatar kayayyakin more rayuwa.<ref name="Tourism">{{Cite journal |last1=Agwu |first1=Kelechi Destiny |last2=Okonkwo |first2=Moses Madubueze |last3=Oraefo |first3=Onyeka |last4=Okpala |first4=Kelechi John |last5=Chiroma |first5=Habu Amina |last6=Nwabuko |first6=Sylvia Oluchukwu |title=Tourist Perception of the Unity Park Enugu & the Ngwo Pine Forest and Cave |journal=International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=2539–2557 |date=2025 |url=https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/tourist-perception-of-the-unity-park-enugu-the-ngwo-pine-forest-and-cave/ }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] * [[Gine-gine]] * [[Bauchi]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike a Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] 8zpmpne2d0abp0w87x3irhh17jexe0q 969351 969328 2026-10-19T04:55:05Z M I Idrees 13015 /* */ 969351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} {{Infobox person | name = Amina Habu Chiroma | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = Architecture }} '''Amina Habu Chiroma''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya. Tana aiki a Sashen Architecture na Faculty of Environmental Technology a [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] (ATBU), da ke Bauchi, inda take matsayin Lecturer I.<ref name="ATBU">{{Cite web |title=Employee Public Profile: Amina Habu Chiroma |website=Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University |url=https://hrms.atbu.edu.ng/employees/public_profile/335 |access-date=19 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Ta shiga binciken da ya shafi gine-gine, amfani da wurare da kuma yadda al'adu ke tasiri kan tsara gine-gine a Arewacin Najeriya.<ref name="Abattoir">{{Cite journal |last1=Chiroma |first1=Habu Amina |last2=Hussaini |first2=Udale Ibrahim |last3=Isa |first3=A. Abdul |last4=Umar |first4=Aminu |last5=Agwu |first5=Kelechi Destiny |last6=Okonkwo |first6=Moses Madubueze |title=Towards an Inquiry into Impedances to Harmonious Inclusion of Traditional Abattoir Requirements into Modern Abattoir Architecture in Northern Nigeria: A Complex Cultural Context |journal=International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=7556–7565 |date=2025 |doi=10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91100586 |url=https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/view/towards-an-inquiry-into-impedances-to-harmonious-inclusion-of-traditional-abattoir-requirements-into-modern-abattoir-architecture-in-northern-nigeria-a-complex-cultural-context }}</ref> == Aiki == Bayanan ma'aikatan ATBU sun nuna cewa Chiroma tana aiki a Faculty of Environmental Technology, a Sashen Architecture, a matsayin Lecturer I.<ref name="ATBU"/> Sashen yana cikin jami'ar da ke Bauchi, Najeriya. == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Chiroma ta kasance cikin marubutan wani bincike na shekarar 2025 mai taken ''Towards an Inquiry into Impedances to Harmonious Inclusion of Traditional Abattoir Requirements into Modern Abattoir Architecture in Northern Nigeria: A Complex Cultural Context''. Binciken ya tattauna matsalolin haɗa buƙatun al'adu da hanyoyin gargajiya da ƙa'idojin gine-ginen mayanka na zamani a Arewacin Najeriya. Ya kuma duba abubuwan da suka shafi lafiya, muhalli, al'adu da kayayyakin more rayuwa.<ref name="Abattoir"/> A shekarar 2025, ta kuma kasance cikin marubutan bincike kan fahimtar masu yawon buɗe ido game da Unity Park, Ngwo Pine Forest da Ngwo Cave a Jihar Enugu. Binciken ya yi nazari kan yadda baƙi ke kallon waɗannan wurare, tare da la'akari da kyawun muhalli, sauƙin isa gare su, tsaro da wadatar kayayyakin more rayuwa.<ref name="Tourism">{{Cite journal |last1=Agwu |first1=Kelechi Destiny |last2=Okonkwo |first2=Moses Madubueze |last3=Oraefo |first3=Onyeka |last4=Okpala |first4=Kelechi John |last5=Chiroma |first5=Habu Amina |last6=Nwabuko |first6=Sylvia Oluchukwu |title=Tourist Perception of the Unity Park Enugu & the Ngwo Pine Forest and Cave |journal=International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=2539–2557 |date=2025 |url=https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/tourist-perception-of-the-unity-park-enugu-the-ngwo-pine-forest-and-cave/ }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] * [[Gine-gine]] * [[Bauchi]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike a Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] cch3ypp5mwrduaxyeng64ujhwiush6u 0 179602 969329 2026-10-18T23:07:33Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Fatima Mohammed Abubakar | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = Quantity Surveying }} '''Fatima Mohammed Abubakar''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya wadda ke aiki a fannin [[Quantity surveying|auna da ƙididdige kuɗin gine-gine]]. Tana cikin ma'aikatan Sashen Quantity Surveying na Faculty of Environmental Technology a Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Bale... 969329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Fatima Mohammed Abubakar | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = Quantity Surveying }} '''Fatima Mohammed Abubakar''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya wadda ke aiki a fannin [[Quantity surveying|auna da ƙididdige kuɗin gine-gine]]. Tana cikin ma'aikatan Sashen Quantity Surveying na Faculty of Environmental Technology a [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] (ATBU), Bauchi.<ref name="ATBU">{{Cite web |title=Staff of Quantity Survey |website=Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University |url=https://hrms.atbu.edu.ng/dept/57/staff |access-date=19 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Aiki da bincike == Fatima Mohammed Abubakar tana gudanar da bincike a fannin Quantity Surveying, musamman batutuwan da suka shafi gudanar da ayyukan gine-gine, sarrafa kuɗaɗen ayyuka da bunƙasa sana'ar ƙididdige kuɗin gine-gine.<ref name="Cost">{{Cite journal |last1=Abubakar |first1=Fatima Mohammed |last2=Mukaddas |first2=Maria Musa |title=An Evaluation of Cost Control Practices in Building Construction Projects in Abuja, Nigeria |journal=Kaduna State University Environmental Sciences Journal |date=2025 |url=https://kesj.org.ng/author/fatima-mohammed-abubakar-4539 }}</ref> A shekarar 2024, ta kasance cikin marubutan bincike mai taken ''An Examination of Hurdles Facing Entrepreneurship Development in Building Construction Industry in Bauchi, Nigeria''. Binciken ya yi nazari kan matsaloli da abubuwan da ke ƙarfafa mutane su shiga harkokin kasuwanci a masana'antar gine-gine a Bauchi, tare da gabatar da hanyoyin magance matsalolin.<ref name="Entrepreneurship">{{Cite web |title=An Examination of Hurdles Facing Entrepreneurship Development in Building Construction Industry in Bauchi, Nigeria |website=International Journal of Environmental Research and Earth Science |date=30 Satumba 2024 |url=https://cambridgeresearchpub.com/ijeres/article/view/356 }}</ref> A shekarar 2025, ta wallafa tare da Hajara Yusuf bincike mai taken ''Determinants of Willingness to Enter Professional Practice: An Examination of Undergraduate Quantity Surveying Students' Intentions at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Nigeria''. Binciken ya nazarci abubuwan da ke shafar zaɓin ɗaliban Quantity Surveying na ATBU na shiga sana'ar bayan kammala karatunsu.<ref name="Students">{{Cite journal |last1=Abubakar |first1=Fatima Mohammed |last2=Yusuf |first2=Hajara |title=Determinants of Willingness to Enter Professional Practice: An Examination of Undergraduate Quantity Surveying Students' Intentions at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Nigeria |journal=Kaduna State University Environmental Sciences Journal |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=297–309 |date=2025 |doi=10.66884/kesj.2025.qzu17lpd |url=https://kesj.org.ng/article/determinants-of-willingness-to-enter-professional-practice-an-examination-of-undergraduate-quantity-surveying-students-intentions-at-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-university-nigeria }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] * [[Quantity surveying]] * [[Gine-gine]] * [[Bauchi]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike a Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] i3aphjoag048wrh98r9vmuuknqh11f3 969350 969329 2026-10-19T04:54:08Z M I Idrees 13015 /* */ 969350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} {{Infobox person | name = Fatima Mohammed Abubakar | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai bincike | employer = [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] | field = Quantity Surveying }} '''Fatima Mohammed Abubakar''' malamar jami'a ce kuma mai bincike a Najeriya wadda ke aiki a fannin [[Quantity surveying|auna da ƙididdige kuɗin gine-gine]]. Tana cikin ma'aikatan Sashen Quantity Surveying na Faculty of Environmental Technology a [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] (ATBU), Bauchi.<ref name="ATBU">{{Cite web |title=Staff of Quantity Survey |website=Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University |url=https://hrms.atbu.edu.ng/dept/57/staff |access-date=19 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Aiki da bincike == Fatima Mohammed Abubakar tana gudanar da bincike a fannin Quantity Surveying, musamman batutuwan da suka shafi gudanar da ayyukan gine-gine, sarrafa kuɗaɗen ayyuka da bunƙasa sana'ar ƙididdige kuɗin gine-gine.<ref name="Cost">{{Cite journal |last1=Abubakar |first1=Fatima Mohammed |last2=Mukaddas |first2=Maria Musa |title=An Evaluation of Cost Control Practices in Building Construction Projects in Abuja, Nigeria |journal=Kaduna State University Environmental Sciences Journal |date=2025 |url=https://kesj.org.ng/author/fatima-mohammed-abubakar-4539 }}</ref> A shekarar 2024, ta kasance cikin marubutan bincike mai taken ''An Examination of Hurdles Facing Entrepreneurship Development in Building Construction Industry in Bauchi, Nigeria''. Binciken ya yi nazari kan matsaloli da abubuwan da ke ƙarfafa mutane su shiga harkokin kasuwanci a masana'antar gine-gine a Bauchi, tare da gabatar da hanyoyin magance matsalolin.<ref name="Entrepreneurship">{{Cite web |title=An Examination of Hurdles Facing Entrepreneurship Development in Building Construction Industry in Bauchi, Nigeria |website=International Journal of Environmental Research and Earth Science |date=30 Satumba 2024 |url=https://cambridgeresearchpub.com/ijeres/article/view/356 }}</ref> A shekarar 2025, ta wallafa tare da Hajara Yusuf bincike mai taken ''Determinants of Willingness to Enter Professional Practice: An Examination of Undergraduate Quantity Surveying Students' Intentions at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Nigeria''. Binciken ya nazarci abubuwan da ke shafar zaɓin ɗaliban Quantity Surveying na ATBU na shiga sana'ar bayan kammala karatunsu.<ref name="Students">{{Cite journal |last1=Abubakar |first1=Fatima Mohammed |last2=Yusuf |first2=Hajara |title=Determinants of Willingness to Enter Professional Practice: An Examination of Undergraduate Quantity Surveying Students' Intentions at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Nigeria |journal=Kaduna State University Environmental Sciences Journal |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=297–309 |date=2025 |doi=10.66884/kesj.2025.qzu17lpd |url=https://kesj.org.ng/article/determinants-of-willingness-to-enter-professional-practice-an-examination-of-undergraduate-quantity-surveying-students-intentions-at-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-university-nigeria }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] * [[Quantity surveying]] * [[Gine-gine]] * [[Bauchi]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike a Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] i9334rzy3zdf6wf3p84eeq3do4jgx0n 0 179603 969345 2026-10-19T03:20:15Z ~2026-55965-71 50198 Sabon shafi: '''SatVEERA''' wata alama ce ta kasuwanci a Indiya wadda ta ƙware wajen mundayen lu'ulu'u crystal bracelets.[https://bollywoodinsider.in/satveer-saini-from-television-acting-to-building-his-own-crystal-bracelet-brand-satveera/]<ref name=":1">https://bollywoodinsider.in/satveer-saini-from-television-acting-to-building-his-own-crystal-bracelet-brand-satveera/</ref> Satveer Saini ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na talabijin na Indiya kuma wanda ya haɓaka alamar SatVEERA.[https://hindus... 969345 wikitext text/x-wiki '''SatVEERA''' wata alama ce ta kasuwanci a Indiya wadda ta ƙware wajen mundayen lu'ulu'u crystal bracelets.[https://bollywoodinsider.in/satveer-saini-from-television-acting-to-building-his-own-crystal-bracelet-brand-satveera/]<ref name=":1">https://bollywoodinsider.in/satveer-saini-from-television-acting-to-building-his-own-crystal-bracelet-brand-satveera/</ref> Satveer Saini ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na talabijin na Indiya kuma wanda ya haɓaka alamar SatVEERA.[https://hindustanmetro.com/satveer-saini-the-indian-television-actor-who-built-his-identity-on-crime-shows-and-popular-dramas/]<ref name=":1" /> == Kayayyaki == SatVEERA tana da mundayen lu'ulu'u da aka tsara bisa lambobin numerology, alamomin zodiac, sana'o'i da Vastu.[https://hindustanbytes.com/satveer-saini-from-television-to-entrepreneurship-satveera-gives-new-direction-to-numerology-astrology-and-vastu]<ref>https://hindustanbytes.com/satveer-saini-from-television-to-entrepreneurship-satveera-gives-new-direction-to-numerology-astrology-and-vastu</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://bollywoodinsider.in/satveer-saini-from-television-acting-to-building-his-own-crystal-bracelet-brand-satveera/ Satveer Saini da alamar SatVEERA — Bollywood Insider] * [https://hindustanmetro.com/satveer-saini-the-indian-television-actor-who-built-his-identity-on-crime-shows-and-popular-dramas/ Satveer Saini — Hindustan Metro] e8vp2f9adw56z32cwpc0wcr06pw1nne 0 179604 969357 2026-10-19T05:44:30Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370219376|Battle of Amja]]" 969357 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad yaƙin Amja''' shi ne yaƙin farko da aka yi tsakanin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] da sarkin yaƙi [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], wanda ya mamaye daular a shekara ta 1893. An yi yakin ne a ƙarshen Mayu 1893 <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lavers |first=John E. |date=1993 |title=The al-Kanimiyyin Shehus: a working chronology |url=https://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/year/2006/docId/1826 |journal=Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs |volume=268 |issue=2 |pages=184 |jstor=}}</ref> kusa da Amja, a kudu maso gabashin iyakar [[Bornu (yanki na tarihi)|Bornu]]. == Tarihi == A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1893, sarkin yaƙi na Sudan [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], ya tura sojojinsa zuwa [[Bornu (yanki na tarihi)|Bornu]], bayan ya riga ya gudanar da kamfen mai yawa a yankunan da ke kewaye. Mai mulkin Bornu, [[Ashimin Borno|Ashimi]], ya ba da jagoranci don dakatar da mamayewar ga janar [[Momman Tahr]], watakila yana fatan cewa za a ci Tahr don a kawar da shi a matsayin abokin hamayyar siyasa.'''<ref name=":0" />''' Rabih ya jira martani daga Daular Kanem-Bornu a [[Amja]], a kan iyakar Bornu.<ref name=":1" /> == Rubuce-rubucen Sojoji == [[File:Bornu_knight,_19th_century.png|thumb|273x273px|Sojojin doki na Bornu wanda Gustav Nachtigal ya kwatanta (1887) ]] Sojojin Rabih az-Zubayr sun kai kimanin mutane 3,000, rabin su suna dauke da bindigogi da bindigogin bindigogi. Sojojin da Momman Tahr ya umarce su sun fi girma kuma sun kunshi mafi yawan sojan doki. Wasu kafofin sun yi iƙirarin cewa Tahr ya umarci mutane 30,000, kodayake wannan na iya zama wuce gona da iri.'''<ref name=":0" />''' == Yaƙi == Sojojin Rabih sun kasance a kan wani burbushin burbushin da aka ɗaga, wanda aka yi da yumɓu wanda aka sanya shi mai mannewa bayan ruwan sama na baya-bayan nan.<ref name=":1" /> Rabih ya ci gaba da sanya sojojinsa don a kare gefen dama da tafki. Tushen game da yakin ya yi iƙirarin cewa Tahr ya yi kuskuren dabarun, yana jagorantar cajin gaba ta cikin tafkin a cikin ƙoƙari na kama Rabih da mamaki.<ref name=":1" /> A lokacin wannan cajin, an ce babban ɓangaren sojan doki sun makale a cikin tafki sannan 'yan bindigar Rabih suka harbe su.'''<ref name=":0" />''' Lavers (1993) ya yi shakkar wannan labarin tunda Tahr ya kasance ƙwararren janar, wanda tare da wasu daga cikin jami'ansa za su sami ƙwarewa tare da yankin. Lavers ya ba da shawarar cewa yaƙin ya faru ne a farkon Lokacin rigar kuma dawakai a maimakon haka sun makale a cikin yumɓu mai laushi.<ref name=":1" /> Bayan an kashe dakarun da suka makale, sauran sojojin Kanem-Bornu sun gudu.<ref name=":1" /> An kama Momman Tahr da manyan ''Kachella'' (janar) guda biyu a yakin kuma Rabih ya kashe su.'''<ref name=":0" />''' == Manazarta == <references /> fvaeungqkfgsr4z98f5pkri0ybeef5w 969358 969357 2026-10-19T05:45:25Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 969358 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yaƙin Amja''' shi ne yaƙin farko da aka yi tsakanin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] da sarkin yaƙi [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], wanda ya mamaye daular a shekara ta 1893. An yi yakin ne a ƙarshen Mayu 1893 <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lavers |first=John E. |date=1993 |title=The al-Kanimiyyin Shehus: a working chronology |url=https://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/year/2006/docId/1826 |journal=Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs |volume=268 |issue=2 |pages=184 |jstor=}}</ref> kusa da Amja, a kudu maso gabashin iyakar [[Bornu (yanki na tarihi)|Bornu]]. == Tarihi == A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1893, sarkin yaƙi na Sudan [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], ya tura sojojinsa zuwa [[Bornu (yanki na tarihi)|Bornu]], bayan ya riga ya gudanar da kamfen mai yawa a yankunan da ke kewaye. Mai mulkin Bornu, [[Ashimin Borno|Ashimi]], ya ba da jagoranci don dakatar da mamayewar ga janar [[Momman Tahr]], watakila yana fatan cewa za a ci Tahr don a kawar da shi a matsayin abokin hamayyar siyasa.'''<ref name=":0" />''' Rabih ya jira martani daga Daular Kanem-Bornu a [[Amja]], a kan iyakar Bornu.<ref name=":1" /> == Rubuce-rubucen Sojoji == [[File:Bornu_knight,_19th_century.png|thumb|273x273px|Sojojin doki na Bornu wanda Gustav Nachtigal ya kwatanta (1887) ]] Sojojin Rabih az-Zubayr sun kai kimanin mutane 3,000, rabin su suna dauke da bindigogi da bindigogin bindigogi. Sojojin da Momman Tahr ya umarce su sun fi girma kuma sun kunshi mafi yawan sojan doki. Wasu kafofin sun yi iƙirarin cewa Tahr ya umarci mutane 30,000, kodayake wannan na iya zama wuce gona da iri.'''<ref name=":0" />''' == Yaƙi == Sojojin Rabih sun kasance a kan wani burbushin burbushin da aka ɗaga, wanda aka yi da yumɓu wanda aka sanya shi mai mannewa bayan ruwan sama na baya-bayan nan.<ref name=":1" /> Rabih ya ci gaba da sanya sojojinsa don a kare gefen dama da tafki. Tushen game da yakin ya yi iƙirarin cewa Tahr ya yi kuskuren dabarun, yana jagorantar cajin gaba ta cikin tafkin a cikin ƙoƙari na kama Rabih da mamaki.<ref name=":1" /> A lokacin wannan cajin, an ce babban ɓangaren sojan doki sun makale a cikin tafki sannan 'yan bindigar Rabih suka harbe su.'''<ref name=":0" />''' Lavers (1993) ya yi shakkar wannan labarin tunda Tahr ya kasance ƙwararren janar, wanda tare da wasu daga cikin jami'ansa za su sami ƙwarewa tare da yankin. Lavers ya ba da shawarar cewa yaƙin ya faru ne a farkon Lokacin rigar kuma dawakai a maimakon haka sun makale a cikin yumɓu mai laushi.<ref name=":1" /> Bayan an kashe dakarun da suka makale, sauran sojojin Kanem-Bornu sun gudu.<ref name=":1" /> An kama Momman Tahr da manyan ''Kachella'' (janar) guda biyu a yakin kuma Rabih ya kashe su.'''<ref name=":0" />''' == Manazarta == <references /> chr5jmfdkfc6ikoag94bkoj37rzi35l 969412 969358 2026-10-19T08:17:26Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Tarihi */ 969412 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yaƙin Amja''' shi ne yaƙin farko da aka yi tsakanin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] da sarkin yaƙi [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], wanda ya mamaye daular a shekara ta 1893. An yi yakin ne a ƙarshen Mayu 1893 <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lavers |first=John E. |date=1993 |title=The al-Kanimiyyin Shehus: a working chronology |url=https://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/year/2006/docId/1826 |journal=Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs |volume=268 |issue=2 |pages=184 |jstor=}}</ref> kusa da Amja, a kudu maso gabashin iyakar [[Bornu (yanki na tarihi)|Bornu]]. == Tarihi == A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1893, sarkin yaƙi na Sudan [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], ya tura sojojinsa zuwa [[Bornu (yanki na tarihi)|Bornu]], bayan ya riga ya gudanar da kamfen mai yawa a yankunan da ke kewaye.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Brenner |first=Louis |url=https://archive.org/details/shehusofkukawahi0000bren/mode/2up?q=ngala |title=The Shehus of Kukawa: a history of the Al-Kanemi dynasty of Bornu |date=1973 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-821681-0 |pages=125–126}}</ref> Mai mulkin Bornu, [[Ashimin Borno|Ashimi]], ya ba da jagoranci don dakatar da mamayewar ga janar [[Momman Tahr]], watakila yana fatan cewa za a ci Tahr don a kawar da shi a matsayin abokin hamayyar siyasa.'''<ref name=":0" />''' Rabih ya jira martani daga Daular Kanem-Bornu a [[Amja]], a kan iyakar Bornu.<ref name=":1" /> == Rubuce-rubucen Sojoji == [[File:Bornu_knight,_19th_century.png|thumb|273x273px|Sojojin doki na Bornu wanda Gustav Nachtigal ya kwatanta (1887) ]] Sojojin Rabih az-Zubayr sun kai kimanin mutane 3,000, rabin su suna dauke da bindigogi da bindigogin bindigogi. Sojojin da Momman Tahr ya umarce su sun fi girma kuma sun kunshi mafi yawan sojan doki. Wasu kafofin sun yi iƙirarin cewa Tahr ya umarci mutane 30,000, kodayake wannan na iya zama wuce gona da iri.'''<ref name=":0" />''' == Yaƙi == Sojojin Rabih sun kasance a kan wani burbushin burbushin da aka ɗaga, wanda aka yi da yumɓu wanda aka sanya shi mai mannewa bayan ruwan sama na baya-bayan nan.<ref name=":1" /> Rabih ya ci gaba da sanya sojojinsa don a kare gefen dama da tafki. Tushen game da yakin ya yi iƙirarin cewa Tahr ya yi kuskuren dabarun, yana jagorantar cajin gaba ta cikin tafkin a cikin ƙoƙari na kama Rabih da mamaki.<ref name=":1" /> A lokacin wannan cajin, an ce babban ɓangaren sojan doki sun makale a cikin tafki sannan 'yan bindigar Rabih suka harbe su.'''<ref name=":0" />''' Lavers (1993) ya yi shakkar wannan labarin tunda Tahr ya kasance ƙwararren janar, wanda tare da wasu daga cikin jami'ansa za su sami ƙwarewa tare da yankin. Lavers ya ba da shawarar cewa yaƙin ya faru ne a farkon Lokacin rigar kuma dawakai a maimakon haka sun makale a cikin yumɓu mai laushi.<ref name=":1" /> Bayan an kashe dakarun da suka makale, sauran sojojin Kanem-Bornu sun gudu.<ref name=":1" /> An kama Momman Tahr da manyan ''Kachella'' (janar) guda biyu a yakin kuma Rabih ya kashe su.'''<ref name=":0" />''' == Manazarta == <references /> kzeg7eaymj7gi1wu8gepayri9ki2vem 969413 969412 2026-10-19T08:17:52Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 969413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox} '''Yaƙin Amja''' shi ne yaƙin farko da aka yi tsakanin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] da sarkin yaƙi [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], wanda ya mamaye daular a shekara ta 1893. An yi yakin ne a ƙarshen Mayu 1893 <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lavers |first=John E. |date=1993 |title=The al-Kanimiyyin Shehus: a working chronology |url=https://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/year/2006/docId/1826 |journal=Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs |volume=268 |issue=2 |pages=184 |jstor=}}</ref> kusa da Amja, a kudu maso gabashin iyakar [[Bornu (yanki na tarihi)|Bornu]]. == Tarihi == A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1893, sarkin yaƙi na Sudan [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], ya tura sojojinsa zuwa [[Bornu (yanki na tarihi)|Bornu]], bayan ya riga ya gudanar da kamfen mai yawa a yankunan da ke kewaye.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Brenner |first=Louis |url=https://archive.org/details/shehusofkukawahi0000bren/mode/2up?q=ngala |title=The Shehus of Kukawa: a history of the Al-Kanemi dynasty of Bornu |date=1973 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-821681-0 |pages=125–126}}</ref> Mai mulkin Bornu, [[Ashimin Borno|Ashimi]], ya ba da jagoranci don dakatar da mamayewar ga janar [[Momman Tahr]], watakila yana fatan cewa za a ci Tahr don a kawar da shi a matsayin abokin hamayyar siyasa.'''<ref name=":0" />''' Rabih ya jira martani daga Daular Kanem-Bornu a [[Amja]], a kan iyakar Bornu.<ref name=":1" /> == Rubuce-rubucen Sojoji == [[File:Bornu_knight,_19th_century.png|thumb|273x273px|Sojojin doki na Bornu wanda Gustav Nachtigal ya kwatanta (1887) ]] Sojojin Rabih az-Zubayr sun kai kimanin mutane 3,000, rabin su suna dauke da bindigogi da bindigogin bindigogi. Sojojin da Momman Tahr ya umarce su sun fi girma kuma sun kunshi mafi yawan sojan doki. Wasu kafofin sun yi iƙirarin cewa Tahr ya umarci mutane 30,000, kodayake wannan na iya zama wuce gona da iri.'''<ref name=":0" />''' == Yaƙi == Sojojin Rabih sun kasance a kan wani burbushin burbushin da aka ɗaga, wanda aka yi da yumɓu wanda aka sanya shi mai mannewa bayan ruwan sama na baya-bayan nan.<ref name=":1" /> Rabih ya ci gaba da sanya sojojinsa don a kare gefen dama da tafki. Tushen game da yakin ya yi iƙirarin cewa Tahr ya yi kuskuren dabarun, yana jagorantar cajin gaba ta cikin tafkin a cikin ƙoƙari na kama Rabih da mamaki.<ref name=":1" /> A lokacin wannan cajin, an ce babban ɓangaren sojan doki sun makale a cikin tafki sannan 'yan bindigar Rabih suka harbe su.'''<ref name=":0" />''' Lavers (1993) ya yi shakkar wannan labarin tunda Tahr ya kasance ƙwararren janar, wanda tare da wasu daga cikin jami'ansa za su sami ƙwarewa tare da yankin. Lavers ya ba da shawarar cewa yaƙin ya faru ne a farkon Lokacin rigar kuma dawakai a maimakon haka sun makale a cikin yumɓu mai laushi.<ref name=":1" /> Bayan an kashe dakarun da suka makale, sauran sojojin Kanem-Bornu sun gudu.<ref name=":1" /> An kama Momman Tahr da manyan ''Kachella'' (janar) guda biyu a yakin kuma Rabih ya kashe su.'''<ref name=":0" />''' == Manazarta == <references /> t1pklwmtc4wy5piejlwrg5qo88xhlwu 969414 969413 2026-10-19T08:18:15Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 969414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yaƙin Amja''' shi ne yaƙin farko da aka yi tsakanin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] da sarkin yaƙi [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], wanda ya mamaye daular a shekara ta 1893. An yi yakin ne a ƙarshen Mayu 1893 <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Lavers |first=John E. |date=1993 |title=The al-Kanimiyyin Shehus: a working chronology |url=https://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/year/2006/docId/1826 |journal=Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs |volume=268 |issue=2 |pages=184 |jstor=}}</ref> kusa da Amja, a kudu maso gabashin iyakar [[Bornu (yanki na tarihi)|Bornu]]. == Tarihi == A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1893, sarkin yaƙi na Sudan [[Rabih az-Zubayr]], ya tura sojojinsa zuwa [[Bornu (yanki na tarihi)|Bornu]], bayan ya riga ya gudanar da kamfen mai yawa a yankunan da ke kewaye.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Brenner |first=Louis |url=https://archive.org/details/shehusofkukawahi0000bren/mode/2up?q=ngala |title=The Shehus of Kukawa: a history of the Al-Kanemi dynasty of Bornu |date=1973 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-821681-0 |pages=125–126}}</ref> Mai mulkin Bornu, [[Ashimin Borno|Ashimi]], ya ba da jagoranci don dakatar da mamayewar ga janar [[Momman Tahr]], watakila yana fatan cewa za a ci Tahr don a kawar da shi a matsayin abokin hamayyar siyasa.'''<ref name=":0" />''' Rabih ya jira martani daga Daular Kanem-Bornu a [[Amja]], a kan iyakar Bornu.<ref name=":1" /> == Rubuce-rubucen Sojoji == [[File:Bornu_knight,_19th_century.png|thumb|273x273px|Sojojin doki na Bornu wanda Gustav Nachtigal ya kwatanta (1887) ]] Sojojin Rabih az-Zubayr sun kai kimanin mutane 3,000, rabin su suna dauke da bindigogi da bindigogin bindigogi. Sojojin da Momman Tahr ya umarce su sun fi girma kuma sun kunshi mafi yawan sojan doki. Wasu kafofin sun yi iƙirarin cewa Tahr ya umarci mutane 30,000, kodayake wannan na iya zama wuce gona da iri.'''<ref name=":0" />''' == Yaƙi == Sojojin Rabih sun kasance a kan wani burbushin burbushin da aka ɗaga, wanda aka yi da yumɓu wanda aka sanya shi mai mannewa bayan ruwan sama na baya-bayan nan.<ref name=":1" /> Rabih ya ci gaba da sanya sojojinsa don a kare gefen dama da tafki. Tushen game da yakin ya yi iƙirarin cewa Tahr ya yi kuskuren dabarun, yana jagorantar cajin gaba ta cikin tafkin a cikin ƙoƙari na kama Rabih da mamaki.<ref name=":1" /> A lokacin wannan cajin, an ce babban ɓangaren sojan doki sun makale a cikin tafki sannan 'yan bindigar Rabih suka harbe su.'''<ref name=":0" />''' Lavers (1993) ya yi shakkar wannan labarin tunda Tahr ya kasance ƙwararren janar, wanda tare da wasu daga cikin jami'ansa za su sami ƙwarewa tare da yankin. Lavers ya ba da shawarar cewa yaƙin ya faru ne a farkon Lokacin rigar kuma dawakai a maimakon haka sun makale a cikin yumɓu mai laushi.<ref name=":1" /> Bayan an kashe dakarun da suka makale, sauran sojojin Kanem-Bornu sun gudu.<ref name=":1" /> An kama Momman Tahr da manyan ''Kachella'' (janar) guda biyu a yakin kuma Rabih ya kashe su.'''<ref name=":0" />''' == Manazarta == <references /> goxo9x117a6e7avig18ysaodo7v8vly 2 179605 969406 2026-10-19T07:33:19Z Aisha Bature Gusau 50203 Sabon shafi: NI EDITA CE A SHAFIN HAUSA WIKIPEDIA A SHAFIN HAUSA INSAKULOFIDIYA TA KYAUTA SUNANA AISHA BATURE GUSAU DAGA JIHAR ZAMFARA. [[|thumb]] 969406 wikitext text/x-wiki NI EDITA CE A SHAFIN HAUSA WIKIPEDIA A SHAFIN HAUSA INSAKULOFIDIYA TA KYAUTA SUNANA AISHA BATURE GUSAU DAGA JIHAR ZAMFARA. [[thumb]] gfzz9qfv5dn0h5j9rkzs2xfgg52cnmm 0 179606 969420 2026-10-19T09:07:48Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350666675|List of Egyptian writers]]" 969420 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Wannan '''jerin marubutan Masar''' ne. == A == * Fekry Pasha Abaza (1896-1979) * Aziz Pasha Abaza (1898-1973) * Tharwat Abaza (1927-2002) * Duaa Abdelrahman (1979-) * Abdel Rahman El Abnudi (1938-2015) * [[Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi]] (1892-1955) * Yasser Abdel Hafez (1969-) * Ibrahim Abdel Meguid (1946-) * Ihsan Abdel Quddous (1919-1990) * Yahya Taher Abdullah (1938-1981) * Hamdy Abowgliel * Yusuf Abu Rayya (1955-2009) * [[Tatamkhulu Afrika|Tatamkulu Afrika]] (1920-2002), kuma yana da alaƙa da Afirka ta Kudu * Abdel Rahim Ahmed * [[Leila Ahmed]] (1940-) * [[Abbas el-Akkad|Abbas Al Akkad]] (1889-1964) * Jamila al-'Alayili (1907-1991) * Edwar al-Kharrat (1926-2015) * Muhammad Aladdin, marubuci, marubucin gajeren labari kuma marubucin rubutun * Ahmed Alaidy (1974-) * Idris Ali (1940-2010) * Karim Alrawi * Amenemope (marubuci) * Amenhotep * Samir Amin (1931-2018) * Mai ba da labari * Apollonius na Masar * Gaber Asfour (1944-2021) * [[Radwa Ashour]] (1946-2014) * Alaa Al Aswany (1957-) * Asclepiades Mendes == B == * [[Hala El Badry|Hala el Badry]] * Kerolos Bahgat * Salwa Bakr * Sherin Hanaey * Hussein Bassir, masanin binciken kayan tarihi * Siham Bayoumi == C == * Ma'aikatar Alexandria * Constantine Cavafy * Andrée Chedid (1920-2011), mawaki da marubuci[Killam & Rowe] == D == * Doha Asssy == E == * Ragab Elbanna (1936-) * [[Abo El Seoud El Ebiary]] (1910-1969) * Mohammad Elsannour * [[Mansoura Eldin|Mansoura Ez Eldin]] (1976-) * Radwa El Aswad (1974-) == F == * Fawzia Fahim (1931-) * Fawziya Mahran (1931-2019) * Nabil Farouk (1956-2020) == G == * Fathy Ghanem (1924-1998), marubuciya, 'yar jarida kuma edita[Killam & Rowe] * Gamal Al-Ghitani (1945-2015) * Ya ce Gouda * Mohammed Lotfy Gomaa (1886-1953) * Moawad GadElrab (1929-1983) == H == * Mohammad Moustafa Haddara (1930-1997) * [[Tawfiq al-Hakim|Tawfik El Hakim]] (1898-1987), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo[Killam & Rowe] * [[Yahya Haqqi|Yehia Hakki]] (1905-1992), marubucin gajeren labari, marubuci, mai sukar * [[Mohammed Hussein Heikal|Muhammad Husayn Haykal]] (1909-1956) * Hephaestion na Thebes * Ihab Husni (1966-) * [[Taha Hussein]] (1889-1973) == I == * Hafez Ibrahim (1872-1932) * Sonallah Ibrahim (1937-) * [[Yusuf Idris]] (1927-1991) == J == * Edmond Jabès (1912-1991) == K == * Ahmed Kafafi * Ezzat el Kamhawi (1961-) * Lutis Abd Al Karim * Ahmad Al-Khamisi (1948-) * Edwar al-Kharrat (1926-2015) * Daga Kuloub == L == * Leon na Pella * Lysimachus na Iskandariya == M == * Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006), marubuci, marubucin gajeren labari kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo; an ba shi lambar yabo ta Nobel ta 1988 a cikin wallafe-wallafen [Killam & Rowe] * Mustafa Mahmud (1921-2009) * Zaki Naguib Mahmoud (1905-1993) * Abd Al Rasheed Al Sadiq Mahmmudi * Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti (1876-1924) * Ahmad Al Mallawani * Anis Mansour (1925-2011) * [[Ibrahim al-Mazini]] (1889-1949) * Iman Mersal * Ahmed Mourad (1978-) * Salama Moussa (1887-1958) * Ra'ouf Mus'ad (1937-) == N == * Noor Naga * Mohamed Nagui (1947-2014) * Nicos Nicolaides (1884-1956) * Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006) == P == * Pamphil na Epidaurus == Q == * Rawhiya al-Qallini (1915-1980) * Abdel Hakim Qasem (1934-1990) * [[Sayyid Qutb]] (1906-1966) * Abd al-Qadir Qitt (1916-c. 2002) == R == * Somaya Ramadan (1951-2024) * Alifa Rifaat (1930-1996) == S == * [[Nawal El Saadawi|Nawâl El Saadâwi]] (1931-2021), marubucin mata kuma mai fafutuka[Killam & Rowe] * Mekkawi Said (1956-2017), marubuci kuma ɗan gajeren labari * Salama Ahmed Salama (1932-2012), ɗan jarida kuma marubuci * Ibtihal Salem (1949-2015), marubucin gajeren labari, marubuci kuma mai fassara * Muhammad Jamal Saqr (1966-), mawaki * Khairy Shalaby (1938-2011), marubuci kuma marubuci * [[Ahmad Shawqi|Ahmed Shawqi]] (1868-1932), mawaki mai laureate * Gilbert Sinoué (1947-), guitarist kuma marubuci * Sobekemsaf * Laila Soliman (1981-), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo * [[Ahdaf Soueif]] (1950-), marubuci kuma mai sharhi na siyasa da al'adu == T == * Miral al-Tahawy * Bahaa Taher (1935-2022) * Ahmed Khaled Tawfik (1962-2018) * Sahar Tawfiq * Sherin Hanaey * [[Aisha Taymur]] * Mayu Telmissany * [[Munira Thabit]] (1902-1967), mace lauya ta farko a Masar, 'yar jarida kuma marubuciya * [[Affaf Tobbala]] (1941-) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hans Christian Andersen Awards 2016 |url=http://www.ibby.org/awards-activities/awards/hans-christian-andersen-awards/nominees-for-writing/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103202541/http://www.ibby.org/awards-activities/awards/hans-christian-andersen-awards/nominees-for-writing/ |archive-date=3 January 2018 |access-date=26 May 2018}}</ref> * Ahmad Khaled Towfeq (1962-2018) == V == * Mireille Vincendon (1910-?), mawaki da marubucin harshen Faransanci[Gikandi] == Z == * Amina Zaydan (1966-) * Mayu Ziadeh (1886-1941) * Youssef Ziedan (1958-) == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin marubutan Afirka ta ƙasa]] * Jerin marubutan Masar da Amurka * Jerin mata marubuta na Masar == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 8zn3gsch9fhpk7fp7r580u9onsr0p2z 969421 969420 2026-10-19T09:08:48Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 969421 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan '''jerin marubutan Masar''' ne. == A == * Fekry Pasha Abaza (1896-1979) * Aziz Pasha Abaza (1898-1973) * Tharwat Abaza (1927-2002) * Duaa Abdelrahman (1979-) * Abdel Rahman El Abnudi (1938-2015) * [[Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi]] (1892-1955) * Yasser Abdel Hafez (1969-) * Ibrahim Abdel Meguid (1946-) * Ihsan Abdel Quddous (1919-1990) * Yahya Taher Abdullah (1938-1981) * Hamdy Abowgliel * Yusuf Abu Rayya (1955-2009) * [[Tatamkhulu Afrika|Tatamkulu Afrika]] (1920-2002), kuma yana da alaƙa da Afirka ta Kudu * Abdel Rahim Ahmed * [[Leila Ahmed]] (1940-) * [[Abbas el-Akkad|Abbas Al Akkad]] (1889-1964) * Jamila al-'Alayili (1907-1991) * Edwar al-Kharrat (1926-2015) * Muhammad Aladdin, marubuci, marubucin gajeren labari kuma marubucin rubutun * Ahmed Alaidy (1974-) * Idris Ali (1940-2010) * Karim Alrawi * Amenemope (marubuci) * Amenhotep * Samir Amin (1931-2018) * Mai ba da labari * Apollonius na Masar * Gaber Asfour (1944-2021) * [[Radwa Ashour]] (1946-2014) * Alaa Al Aswany (1957-) * Asclepiades Mendes == B == * [[Hala El Badry|Hala el Badry]] * Kerolos Bahgat * Salwa Bakr * Sherin Hanaey * Hussein Bassir, masanin binciken kayan tarihi * Siham Bayoumi == C == * Ma'aikatar Alexandria * Constantine Cavafy * Andrée Chedid (1920-2011), mawaki da marubuci[Killam & Rowe] == D == * Doha Asssy == E == * Ragab Elbanna (1936-) * [[Abo El Seoud El Ebiary]] (1910-1969) * Mohammad Elsannour * [[Mansoura Eldin|Mansoura Ez Eldin]] (1976-) * Radwa El Aswad (1974-) == F == * Fawzia Fahim (1931-) * Fawziya Mahran (1931-2019) * Nabil Farouk (1956-2020) == G == * Fathy Ghanem (1924-1998), marubuciya, 'yar jarida kuma edita[Killam & Rowe] * Gamal Al-Ghitani (1945-2015) * Ya ce Gouda * Mohammed Lotfy Gomaa (1886-1953) * Moawad GadElrab (1929-1983) == H == * Mohammad Moustafa Haddara (1930-1997) * [[Tawfiq al-Hakim|Tawfik El Hakim]] (1898-1987), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo[Killam & Rowe] * [[Yahya Haqqi|Yehia Hakki]] (1905-1992), marubucin gajeren labari, marubuci, mai sukar * [[Mohammed Hussein Heikal|Muhammad Husayn Haykal]] (1909-1956) * Hephaestion na Thebes * Ihab Husni (1966-) * [[Taha Hussein]] (1889-1973) == I == * Hafez Ibrahim (1872-1932) * Sonallah Ibrahim (1937-) * [[Yusuf Idris]] (1927-1991) == J == * Edmond Jabès (1912-1991) == K == * Ahmed Kafafi * Ezzat el Kamhawi (1961-) * Lutis Abd Al Karim * Ahmad Al-Khamisi (1948-) * Edwar al-Kharrat (1926-2015) * Daga Kuloub == L == * Leon na Pella * Lysimachus na Iskandariya == M == * Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006), marubuci, marubucin gajeren labari kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo; an ba shi lambar yabo ta Nobel ta 1988 a cikin wallafe-wallafen [Killam & Rowe] * Mustafa Mahmud (1921-2009) * Zaki Naguib Mahmoud (1905-1993) * Abd Al Rasheed Al Sadiq Mahmmudi * Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti (1876-1924) * Ahmad Al Mallawani * Anis Mansour (1925-2011) * [[Ibrahim al-Mazini]] (1889-1949) * Iman Mersal * Ahmed Mourad (1978-) * Salama Moussa (1887-1958) * Ra'ouf Mus'ad (1937-) == N == * Noor Naga * Mohamed Nagui (1947-2014) * Nicos Nicolaides (1884-1956) * Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006) == P == * Pamphil na Epidaurus == Q == * Rawhiya al-Qallini (1915-1980) * Abdel Hakim Qasem (1934-1990) * [[Sayyid Qutb]] (1906-1966) * Abd al-Qadir Qitt (1916-c. 2002) == R == * Somaya Ramadan (1951-2024) * Alifa Rifaat (1930-1996) == S == * [[Nawal El Saadawi|Nawâl El Saadâwi]] (1931-2021), marubucin mata kuma mai fafutuka[Killam & Rowe] * Mekkawi Said (1956-2017), marubuci kuma ɗan gajeren labari * Salama Ahmed Salama (1932-2012), ɗan jarida kuma marubuci * Ibtihal Salem (1949-2015), marubucin gajeren labari, marubuci kuma mai fassara * Muhammad Jamal Saqr (1966-), mawaki * Khairy Shalaby (1938-2011), marubuci kuma marubuci * [[Ahmad Shawqi|Ahmed Shawqi]] (1868-1932), mawaki mai laureate * Gilbert Sinoué (1947-), guitarist kuma marubuci * Sobekemsaf * Laila Soliman (1981-), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo * [[Ahdaf Soueif]] (1950-), marubuci kuma mai sharhi na siyasa da al'adu == T == * Miral al-Tahawy * Bahaa Taher (1935-2022) * Ahmed Khaled Tawfik (1962-2018) * Sahar Tawfiq * Sherin Hanaey * [[Aisha Taymur]] * Mayu Telmissany * [[Munira Thabit]] (1902-1967), mace lauya ta farko a Masar, 'yar jarida kuma marubuciya * [[Affaf Tobbala]] (1941-) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hans Christian Andersen Awards 2016 |url=http://www.ibby.org/awards-activities/awards/hans-christian-andersen-awards/nominees-for-writing/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103202541/http://www.ibby.org/awards-activities/awards/hans-christian-andersen-awards/nominees-for-writing/ |archive-date=3 January 2018 |access-date=26 May 2018}}</ref> * Ahmad Khaled Towfeq (1962-2018) == V == * Mireille Vincendon (1910-?), mawaki da marubucin harshen Faransanci[Gikandi] == Z == * Amina Zaydan (1966-) * Mayu Ziadeh (1886-1941) * Youssef Ziedan (1958-) == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin marubutan Afirka ta ƙasa]] * Jerin marubutan Masar da Amurka * Jerin mata marubuta na Masar == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> g1olshx77e3jjuoe59vo8ceypxry837 969422 969421 2026-10-19T09:09:47Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 969422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wannan shi ne '''jerin marubutan Ƙasar Masar''' ne. == A == * Fekry Pasha Abaza (1896-1979) * Aziz Pasha Abaza (1898-1973) * Tharwat Abaza (1927-2002) * Duaa Abdelrahman (1979-) * Abdel Rahman El Abnudi (1938-2015) * [[Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi]] (1892-1955) * Yasser Abdel Hafez (1969-) * Ibrahim Abdel Meguid (1946-) * Ihsan Abdel Quddous (1919-1990) * Yahya Taher Abdullah (1938-1981) * Hamdy Abowgliel * Yusuf Abu Rayya (1955-2009) * [[Tatamkhulu Afrika|Tatamkulu Afrika]] (1920-2002), kuma yana da alaƙa da Afirka ta Kudu * Abdel Rahim Ahmed * [[Leila Ahmed]] (1940-) * [[Abbas el-Akkad|Abbas Al Akkad]] (1889-1964) * Jamila al-'Alayili (1907-1991) * Edwar al-Kharrat (1926-2015) * Muhammad Aladdin, marubuci, marubucin gajeren labari kuma marubucin rubutun * Ahmed Alaidy (1974-) * Idris Ali (1940-2010) * Karim Alrawi * Amenemope (marubuci) * Amenhotep * Samir Amin (1931-2018) * Mai ba da labari * Apollonius na Masar * Gaber Asfour (1944-2021) * [[Radwa Ashour]] (1946-2014) * Alaa Al Aswany (1957-) * Asclepiades Mendes == B == * [[Hala El Badry|Hala el Badry]] * Kerolos Bahgat * Salwa Bakr * Sherin Hanaey * Hussein Bassir, masanin binciken kayan tarihi * Siham Bayoumi == C == * Ma'aikatar Alexandria * Constantine Cavafy * Andrée Chedid (1920-2011), mawaki da marubuci[Killam & Rowe] == D == * Doha Asssy == E == * Ragab Elbanna (1936-) * [[Abo El Seoud El Ebiary]] (1910-1969) * Mohammad Elsannour * [[Mansoura Eldin|Mansoura Ez Eldin]] (1976-) * Radwa El Aswad (1974-) == F == * Fawzia Fahim (1931-) * Fawziya Mahran (1931-2019) * Nabil Farouk (1956-2020) == G == * Fathy Ghanem (1924-1998), marubuciya, 'yar jarida kuma edita[Killam & Rowe] * Gamal Al-Ghitani (1945-2015) * Ya ce Gouda * Mohammed Lotfy Gomaa (1886-1953) * Moawad GadElrab (1929-1983) == H == * Mohammad Moustafa Haddara (1930-1997) * [[Tawfiq al-Hakim|Tawfik El Hakim]] (1898-1987), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo[Killam & Rowe] * [[Yahya Haqqi|Yehia Hakki]] (1905-1992), marubucin gajeren labari, marubuci, mai sukar * [[Mohammed Hussein Heikal|Muhammad Husayn Haykal]] (1909-1956) * Hephaestion na Thebes * Ihab Husni (1966-) * [[Taha Hussein]] (1889-1973) == I == * Hafez Ibrahim (1872-1932) * Sonallah Ibrahim (1937-) * [[Yusuf Idris]] (1927-1991) == J == * Edmond Jabès (1912-1991) == K == * Ahmed Kafafi * Ezzat el Kamhawi (1961-) * Lutis Abd Al Karim * Ahmad Al-Khamisi (1948-) * Edwar al-Kharrat (1926-2015) * Daga Kuloub == L == * Leon na Pella * Lysimachus na Iskandariya == M == * Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006), marubuci, marubucin gajeren labari kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo; an ba shi lambar yabo ta Nobel ta 1988 a cikin wallafe-wallafen [Killam & Rowe] * Mustafa Mahmud (1921-2009) * Zaki Naguib Mahmoud (1905-1993) * Abd Al Rasheed Al Sadiq Mahmmudi * Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti (1876-1924) * Ahmad Al Mallawani * Anis Mansour (1925-2011) * [[Ibrahim al-Mazini]] (1889-1949) * Iman Mersal * Ahmed Mourad (1978-) * Salama Moussa (1887-1958) * Ra'ouf Mus'ad (1937-) == N == * Noor Naga * Mohamed Nagui (1947-2014) * Nicos Nicolaides (1884-1956) * Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006) == P == * Pamphil na Epidaurus == Q == * Rawhiya al-Qallini (1915-1980) * Abdel Hakim Qasem (1934-1990) * [[Sayyid Qutb]] (1906-1966) * Abd al-Qadir Qitt (1916-c. 2002) == R == * Somaya Ramadan (1951-2024) * Alifa Rifaat (1930-1996) == S == * [[Nawal El Saadawi|Nawâl El Saadâwi]] (1931-2021), marubucin mata kuma mai fafutuka[Killam & Rowe] * Mekkawi Said (1956-2017), marubuci kuma ɗan gajeren labari * Salama Ahmed Salama (1932-2012), ɗan jarida kuma marubuci * Ibtihal Salem (1949-2015), marubucin gajeren labari, marubuci kuma mai fassara * Muhammad Jamal Saqr (1966-), mawaki * Khairy Shalaby (1938-2011), marubuci kuma marubuci * [[Ahmad Shawqi|Ahmed Shawqi]] (1868-1932), mawaki mai laureate * Gilbert Sinoué (1947-), guitarist kuma marubuci * Sobekemsaf * Laila Soliman (1981-), marubucin wasan kwaikwayo * [[Ahdaf Soueif]] (1950-), marubuci kuma mai sharhi na siyasa da al'adu == T == * Miral al-Tahawy * Bahaa Taher (1935-2022) * Ahmed Khaled Tawfik (1962-2018) * Sahar Tawfiq * Sherin Hanaey * [[Aisha Taymur]] * Mayu Telmissany * [[Munira Thabit]] (1902-1967), mace lauya ta farko a Masar, 'yar jarida kuma marubuciya * [[Affaf Tobbala]] (1941-) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hans Christian Andersen Awards 2016 |url=http://www.ibby.org/awards-activities/awards/hans-christian-andersen-awards/nominees-for-writing/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103202541/http://www.ibby.org/awards-activities/awards/hans-christian-andersen-awards/nominees-for-writing/ |archive-date=3 January 2018 |access-date=26 May 2018}}</ref> * Ahmad Khaled Towfeq (1962-2018) == V == * Mireille Vincendon (1910-?), mawaki da marubucin harshen Faransanci[Gikandi] == Z == * Amina Zaydan (1966-) * Mayu Ziadeh (1886-1941) * Youssef Ziedan (1958-) == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin marubutan Afirka ta ƙasa]] * Jerin marubutan Masar da Amurka * Jerin mata marubuta na Masar == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> m8r02z7j8dpdoqd6e879q687h760sk2 0 179607 969429 2026-10-19T10:33:35Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1122898514|Ikhernofret]]" 969429 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stele_CG_20140_Lange.png|thumb|Wani dutse na jana'izar Ikhernofret daga Abydos, yanzu a Gidan Tarihi na Alkahira (CG 20140) ]] {{Hiero|Ikhernofret<ref name=lange/>|<hiero>ii-Xr-nfr-f:r:t</hiero>|align=left|era=mk}}'''Ikhernofret''' (kuma '''Iykhernofert''') ya kasance mai ba da kuɗi na Masar na zamanin Daular 12, a ƙarƙashin sarki Senusret III har zuwa farkon shekarun Amenemhat III . <ref>Wolfram Grajetzki: ''Court Officials of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom'', London 2009 p. 57-59 {{ISBN|9780715637456}}</ref> A kan abubuwan tunawa yana ɗauke da manyan lakabi da yawa, gami da ''mai kula da ma'aikatar ajiya biyu'', ''mai kula da gidan zinariya biyu'', mai hatimi na sarauta da kuma babban ''mai ba da kuɗi''. An san Ihkernofret daga wasu stelae da aka ((((((titles, including ''overseer of the double treasury'', ''overseer of the double gold house'', ''royal sealer'' and his main title ''treasurer''. Ihkernofret is known from several [[:en:Stele|stelae]] found at [[:en:Abydos,_Egypt|Abydos]]. One of these stelae contains a biography. [[:en:Ikhernofret_Stela|This stela]] is now in the [[:en:Egyptian_Museum_of_Berlin|Egyptian Museum of Berlin]] (Stela Berlin 1204). According to its text, Ikhernofret grew up at the royal court. When he))))))))samu a Abydos. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan stelae ya ƙunshi tarihin rayuwa. [[Stela na Ikhernofret|Wannan dutse]] yanzu yana cikin [[Gidan Tarihi na Masar na Berlin]] (Stela Berlin 1204). A cewar rubutun, Ikhernofret ya girma a fadar sarauta. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 26, ya zama ''aboki'' sarki, wanda mai yiwuwa girmamawa ce ta musamman. Koyaya, rubutun stela yana da mahimmanci na musamman yayin da yake ba da rahoton shirin Ikhernofret na bikin Osiris a Abydos. Ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da iyalin Ikhernofret ba. An kira mahaifiyarsa Zatkhons, yayin da ba a ambaci mahaifinsa a kan abubuwan tunawa ba. Ikhernofret ya bayyana a kan dutse da yawa kuma yana yiwuwa a sake gini daga can cibiyar sadarwa ta mutane a kusa da wannan babban jami'in. == Tushen == {{Reflist}} 2hnsc93vzgjlmgmy6lu69ujgspy7f5l 969430 969429 2026-10-19T10:34:15Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 969430 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stele_CG_20140_Lange.png|thumb|Wani dutse na jana'izar Ikhernofret daga Abydos, yanzu a Gidan Tarihi na Alkahira (CG 20140) ]] {{Hiero|Ikhernofret<ref name=lange/>|<hiero>ii-Xr-nfr-f:r:t</hiero>|align=left|era=mk}}'''Ikhernofret''' (kuma '''Iykhernofert''') ya kasance mai ba da kuɗi na Masar na zamanin Daular 12, a ƙarƙashin sarki Senusret III har zuwa farkon shekarun Amenemhat III . <ref>Wolfram Grajetzki: ''Court Officials of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom'', London 2009 p. 57-59 {{ISBN|9780715637456}}</ref> A kan abubuwan tunawa yana ɗauke da manyan lakabi da yawa, gami da ''mai kula da ma'aikatar ajiya biyu'', ''mai kula da gidan zinariya biyu'', mai hatimi na sarauta da kuma babban ''mai ba da kuɗi''. An san Ihkernofret daga wasu stelae da aka samu a Abydos. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan stelae ya ƙunshi tarihin rayuwa. [[Stela na Ikhernofret|Wannan dutse]] yanzu yana cikin [[Gidan Tarihi na Masar na Berlin]] (Stela Berlin 1204). A cewar rubutun, Ikhernofret ya girma a fadar sarauta. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 26, ya zama ''aboki'' sarki, wanda mai yiwuwa girmamawa ce ta musamman. Koyaya, rubutun stela yana da mahimmanci na musamman yayin da yake ba da rahoton shirin Ikhernofret na bikin Osiris a Abydos. Ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da iyalin Ikhernofret ba. An kira mahaifiyarsa Zatkhons, yayin da ba a ambaci mahaifinsa a kan abubuwan tunawa ba. Ikhernofret ya bayyana a kan dutse da yawa kuma yana yiwuwa a sake gini daga can cibiyar sadarwa ta mutane a kusa da wannan babban jami'in. == Tushen == {{Reflist}} i5lotzhf28pxtk3lfe6hy38n97hul7n 0 179608 969447 2026-10-19T11:06:49Z Omoty77 29711 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370576404|Valentina Amaral]]" 969447 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hmvc8c1ufuoqpnj4cqv1gerj3agbfji 969448 969447 2026-10-19T11:06:59Z Omoty77 29711 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370576404|Valentina Amaral]]" 969448 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] b63ch01b93n8481m2faa4d7mkrn9ij8 969449 969448 2026-10-19T11:07:11Z Omoty77 29711 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370576404|Valentina Amaral]]" 969449 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fwm018eljjtx0lr7ax96cwt4em7tgtd 969450 969449 2026-10-19T11:08:44Z Omoty77 29711 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370576404|Valentina Amaral]]" 969450 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, matashiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. KWALLO shahararriyar Yar wasan kwallo ce Wanda ta taka leda a wajeje da dama kuma fa kasa baki daya wajen bata gudunmaww [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] m02socr5jxgip0yu59tevtf07v2vf38 969451 969450 2026-10-19T11:09:00Z Omoty77 29711 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370576404|Valentina Amaral]]" 969451 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, matashiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. KWALLO shahararriyar Yar wasan kwallo ce Wanda ta taka leda a wajeje da dama kuma fa kasa baki daya wajen bata gudunmaww == Rayuwa ta farko == Yarinyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Leandro Amaral, an haife ta ne a Brazil kafin ta koma Amurka tare da iyalinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta biyu masu uku kuma ta ƙware a cikin burin tun tana ƙarama. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Florida Kraze Krush, inda mahaifinta ya kasance koci, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL.<ref name="G19" /> Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na ajiyar Oviedo High School a Oviedo, Florida, kuma a maimakon haka ta taka leda a gaba, ta jagoranci tawagar da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 12 a matsayin sophomore. ''TopDrawerSoccer'' ta sanya ta a matsayin No. 19 mai yiwuwa na ajin 2023. [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2y5r3asba6i17xz5uvllpbpxtb6elkg 969452 969451 2026-10-19T11:09:13Z Omoty77 29711 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370576404|Valentina Amaral]]" 969452 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, matashiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. KWALLO shahararriyar Yar wasan kwallo ce Wanda ta taka leda a wajeje da dama kuma fa kasa baki daya wajen bata gudunmaww == Rayuwa ta farko == Yarinyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Leandro Amaral, an haife ta ne a Brazil kafin ta koma Amurka tare da iyalinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta biyu masu uku kuma ta ƙware a cikin burin tun tana ƙarama. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Florida Kraze Krush, inda mahaifinta ya kasance koci, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL.<ref name="G19" /> Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na ajiyar Oviedo High School a Oviedo, Florida, kuma a maimakon haka ta taka leda a gaba, ta jagoranci tawagar da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 12 a matsayin sophomore. ''TopDrawerSoccer'' ta sanya ta a matsayin No. 19 mai yiwuwa na ajin 2023. == Ayyukan kwaleji == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2f10zprf03smjy21lybzvl6w27dn7wk 969453 969452 2026-10-19T11:10:37Z Omoty77 29711 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370576404|Valentina Amaral]]" 969453 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, matashiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. KWALLO shahararriyar Yar wasan kwallo ce Wanda ta taka leda a wajeje da dama kuma fa kasa baki daya wajen bata gudunmawwa. Wannan na nuna tasirintw a wajen bajinta da kasar ma baki daya ganin cewa mutane irinsu masu gogewa == Rayuwa ta farko == Yarinyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Leandro Amaral, an haife ta ne a Brazil kafin ta koma Amurka tare da iyalinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta biyu masu uku kuma ta ƙware a cikin burin tun tana ƙarama. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Florida Kraze Krush, inda mahaifinta ya kasance koci, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL.<ref name="G19" /> Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na ajiyar Oviedo High School a Oviedo, Florida, kuma a maimakon haka ta taka leda a gaba, ta jagoranci tawagar da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 12 a matsayin sophomore. ''TopDrawerSoccer'' ta sanya ta a matsayin No. 19 mai yiwuwa na ajin 2023. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta rasa mafi yawan shekarunta na gaskiya, Amaral ta zama mai farawa ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons a cikin kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2024. A cikin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, shutouts na baya-baya a kan No. 2 Virginia da No. 1 Stanford ya sanya Wake Forest tawagar farko da ta doke manyan kungiyoyi biyu a jere; wani nasara a kan Jihar Florida ya ƙare wasanni 32 da ba a ci nasara ba ga masu cin nasara. <ref name="TD24">{{Cite web |last=Olorunfemi |first=Victor |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Wake Forest's Path to Women's College Cup |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603112703/https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |archive-date=June 3, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> Amaral ya yi tsalle-tsalle shida a Gasar NCAA a wasan kusa da na karshe da USC. Bayan 2-2 draw a cikin ka'idoji, ta ceci kisa kuma ta rasa daya da kanta a cikin nasara 4-3 harbi. A wasan kusa da na karshe da Stanford, ta yi ceto hudu ciki har da daya daga cikin burin yayin da Wake ta ci 1-0 don ci gaba zuwa wasan farko na kasa a tarihin shirin. Arewacin Carolina ta ci nasara da wannan ci a wasan karshe. Amaral yana da takardu masu tsabta guda 6 (9 hade) a wasanni 19, yayin da yake saita rikodin shirin na 0.69 a kan matsakaici, kuma an kira shi na uku na All-Atlantic Coast Conference . <ref name="Wake">{{Cite web |title=Valentina Amaral |url=https://godeacs.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/valentina-amaral/8916 |access-date=2025-07-29 |publisher=[[Wake Forest Demon Deacons]]}}</ref> Amaral ya fara dukkan wasanni 20 kuma ya ci gaba da rufewa 6 a matsayin dan wasan Redshirt na biyu a 2025, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta uku ta All-ACC da ta uku ta Amurka.<ref name="Wake" /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ejww5xe2rfcet3zh1cgxiaw14rulzn2 969454 969453 2026-10-19T11:10:54Z Omoty77 29711 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370576404|Valentina Amaral]]" 969454 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, matashiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. KWALLO shahararriyar Yar wasan kwallo ce Wanda ta taka leda a wajeje da dama kuma fa kasa baki daya wajen bata gudunmawwa. Wannan na nuna tasirintw a wajen bajinta da kasar ma baki daya ganin cewa mutane irinsu masu gogewa == Rayuwa ta farko == Yarinyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Leandro Amaral, an haife ta ne a Brazil kafin ta koma Amurka tare da iyalinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta biyu masu uku kuma ta ƙware a cikin burin tun tana ƙarama. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Florida Kraze Krush, inda mahaifinta ya kasance koci, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL.<ref name="G19" /> Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na ajiyar Oviedo High School a Oviedo, Florida, kuma a maimakon haka ta taka leda a gaba, ta jagoranci tawagar da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 12 a matsayin sophomore. ''TopDrawerSoccer'' ta sanya ta a matsayin No. 19 mai yiwuwa na ajin 2023. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta rasa mafi yawan shekarunta na gaskiya, Amaral ta zama mai farawa ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons a cikin kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2024. A cikin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, shutouts na baya-baya a kan No. 2 Virginia da No. 1 Stanford ya sanya Wake Forest tawagar farko da ta doke manyan kungiyoyi biyu a jere; wani nasara a kan Jihar Florida ya ƙare wasanni 32 da ba a ci nasara ba ga masu cin nasara. <ref name="TD24">{{Cite web |last=Olorunfemi |first=Victor |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Wake Forest's Path to Women's College Cup |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603112703/https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |archive-date=June 3, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> Amaral ya yi tsalle-tsalle shida a Gasar NCAA a wasan kusa da na karshe da USC. Bayan 2-2 draw a cikin ka'idoji, ta ceci kisa kuma ta rasa daya da kanta a cikin nasara 4-3 harbi. A wasan kusa da na karshe da Stanford, ta yi ceto hudu ciki har da daya daga cikin burin yayin da Wake ta ci 1-0 don ci gaba zuwa wasan farko na kasa a tarihin shirin. Arewacin Carolina ta ci nasara da wannan ci a wasan karshe. Amaral yana da takardu masu tsabta guda 6 (9 hade) a wasanni 19, yayin da yake saita rikodin shirin na 0.69 a kan matsakaici, kuma an kira shi na uku na All-Atlantic Coast Conference . <ref name="Wake">{{Cite web |title=Valentina Amaral |url=https://godeacs.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/valentina-amaral/8916 |access-date=2025-07-29 |publisher=[[Wake Forest Demon Deacons]]}}</ref> Amaral ya fara dukkan wasanni 20 kuma ya ci gaba da rufewa 6 a matsayin dan wasan Redshirt na biyu a 2025, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta uku ta All-ACC da ta uku ta Amurka.<ref name="Wake" /> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] d0jaovhhih4vwu4teg4hwzef7v4hdw1 969455 969454 2026-10-19T11:12:06Z Omoty77 29711 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370576404|Valentina Amaral]]" 969455 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, matashiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. KWALLO shahararriyar Yar wasan kwallo ce Wanda ta taka leda a wajeje da dama kuma fa kasa baki daya wajen bata gudunmawwa. Wannan na nuna tasirintw a wajen bajinta da kasar ma baki daya ganin cewa mutane irinsu masu gogewa gamin yadda take addaban mutane a cikin fili cikin salon kwarewa da isa da kuma nuna yaddaa abubuwan suke == Rayuwa ta farko == Yarinyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Leandro Amaral, an haife ta ne a Brazil kafin ta koma Amurka tare da iyalinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta biyu masu uku kuma ta ƙware a cikin burin tun tana ƙarama. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Florida Kraze Krush, inda mahaifinta ya kasance koci, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL.<ref name="G19" /> Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na ajiyar Oviedo High School a Oviedo, Florida, kuma a maimakon haka ta taka leda a gaba, ta jagoranci tawagar da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 12 a matsayin sophomore. ''TopDrawerSoccer'' ta sanya ta a matsayin No. 19 mai yiwuwa na ajin 2023. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta rasa mafi yawan shekarunta na gaskiya, Amaral ta zama mai farawa ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons a cikin kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2024. A cikin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, shutouts na baya-baya a kan No. 2 Virginia da No. 1 Stanford ya sanya Wake Forest tawagar farko da ta doke manyan kungiyoyi biyu a jere; wani nasara a kan Jihar Florida ya ƙare wasanni 32 da ba a ci nasara ba ga masu cin nasara. <ref name="TD24">{{Cite web |last=Olorunfemi |first=Victor |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Wake Forest's Path to Women's College Cup |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603112703/https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |archive-date=June 3, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> Amaral ya yi tsalle-tsalle shida a Gasar NCAA a wasan kusa da na karshe da USC. Bayan 2-2 draw a cikin ka'idoji, ta ceci kisa kuma ta rasa daya da kanta a cikin nasara 4-3 harbi. A wasan kusa da na karshe da Stanford, ta yi ceto hudu ciki har da daya daga cikin burin yayin da Wake ta ci 1-0 don ci gaba zuwa wasan farko na kasa a tarihin shirin. Arewacin Carolina ta ci nasara da wannan ci a wasan karshe. Amaral yana da takardu masu tsabta guda 6 (9 hade) a wasanni 19, yayin da yake saita rikodin shirin na 0.69 a kan matsakaici, kuma an kira shi na uku na All-Atlantic Coast Conference . <ref name="Wake">{{Cite web |title=Valentina Amaral |url=https://godeacs.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/valentina-amaral/8916 |access-date=2025-07-29 |publisher=[[Wake Forest Demon Deacons]]}}</ref> Amaral ya fara dukkan wasanni 20 kuma ya ci gaba da rufewa 6 a matsayin dan wasan Redshirt na biyu a 2025, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta uku ta All-ACC da ta uku ta Amurka.<ref name="Wake" /> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya cancanci wakiltar Brazil ko Amurka a duniya, Amaral ya fara horar da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekara 15 yana da shekaru 12 kuma ya ci gaba da halartar sansanonin horo a matakan kasa da shekaru 17 da kasa da 17. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta zama 'yar ƙasar Amurka a 2022, tana da shekaru 17, an kira ta don wasannin sada zumunci a karon farko, tana wasa a wasannin da Spain da Jamus. Ta shiga cikin jerin sunayen gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17 ta 2022 da farko a matsayin madadin Victoria Safradin. Ta taka leda kuma ta fara a wasanni biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17, nasarar rukuni 4-0 a kan Morocco da kuma 1-1 na kwata-kwata tare da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 17|Najeriya]]. Wannan na ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin asarar harbi 4-3 wanda aka yi mulki cewa Amaral ya yi tsalle da wuri a ƙoƙarin da ta bayyana ta tsaya. A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara buga wasan farko na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2023, inda ta fara a nasarar da ta samu 4-0 a kan Jamaica a matakin rukuni. An kira ta zuwa sansanin ci gaba, tana horo tare da babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa, a watan Janairun 2026. [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nvlosg2dv6j2xzpig7nqk428uje91o4 969456 969455 2026-10-19T11:12:22Z Omoty77 29711 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370576404|Valentina Amaral]]" 969456 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, matashiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. KWALLO shahararriyar Yar wasan kwallo ce Wanda ta taka leda a wajeje da dama kuma fa kasa baki daya wajen bata gudunmawwa. Wannan na nuna tasirintw a wajen bajinta da kasar ma baki daya ganin cewa mutane irinsu masu gogewa gamin yadda take addaban mutane a cikin fili cikin salon kwarewa da isa da kuma nuna yaddaa abubuwan suke == Rayuwa ta farko == Yarinyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Leandro Amaral, an haife ta ne a Brazil kafin ta koma Amurka tare da iyalinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta biyu masu uku kuma ta ƙware a cikin burin tun tana ƙarama. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Florida Kraze Krush, inda mahaifinta ya kasance koci, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL.<ref name="G19" /> Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na ajiyar Oviedo High School a Oviedo, Florida, kuma a maimakon haka ta taka leda a gaba, ta jagoranci tawagar da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 12 a matsayin sophomore. ''TopDrawerSoccer'' ta sanya ta a matsayin No. 19 mai yiwuwa na ajin 2023. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta rasa mafi yawan shekarunta na gaskiya, Amaral ta zama mai farawa ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons a cikin kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2024. A cikin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, shutouts na baya-baya a kan No. 2 Virginia da No. 1 Stanford ya sanya Wake Forest tawagar farko da ta doke manyan kungiyoyi biyu a jere; wani nasara a kan Jihar Florida ya ƙare wasanni 32 da ba a ci nasara ba ga masu cin nasara. <ref name="TD24">{{Cite web |last=Olorunfemi |first=Victor |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Wake Forest's Path to Women's College Cup |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603112703/https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |archive-date=June 3, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> Amaral ya yi tsalle-tsalle shida a Gasar NCAA a wasan kusa da na karshe da USC. Bayan 2-2 draw a cikin ka'idoji, ta ceci kisa kuma ta rasa daya da kanta a cikin nasara 4-3 harbi. A wasan kusa da na karshe da Stanford, ta yi ceto hudu ciki har da daya daga cikin burin yayin da Wake ta ci 1-0 don ci gaba zuwa wasan farko na kasa a tarihin shirin. Arewacin Carolina ta ci nasara da wannan ci a wasan karshe. Amaral yana da takardu masu tsabta guda 6 (9 hade) a wasanni 19, yayin da yake saita rikodin shirin na 0.69 a kan matsakaici, kuma an kira shi na uku na All-Atlantic Coast Conference . <ref name="Wake">{{Cite web |title=Valentina Amaral |url=https://godeacs.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/valentina-amaral/8916 |access-date=2025-07-29 |publisher=[[Wake Forest Demon Deacons]]}}</ref> Amaral ya fara dukkan wasanni 20 kuma ya ci gaba da rufewa 6 a matsayin dan wasan Redshirt na biyu a 2025, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta uku ta All-ACC da ta uku ta Amurka.<ref name="Wake" /> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya cancanci wakiltar Brazil ko Amurka a duniya, Amaral ya fara horar da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekara 15 yana da shekaru 12 kuma ya ci gaba da halartar sansanonin horo a matakan kasa da shekaru 17 da kasa da 17. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta zama 'yar ƙasar Amurka a 2022, tana da shekaru 17, an kira ta don wasannin sada zumunci a karon farko, tana wasa a wasannin da Spain da Jamus. Ta shiga cikin jerin sunayen gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17 ta 2022 da farko a matsayin madadin Victoria Safradin. Ta taka leda kuma ta fara a wasanni biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17, nasarar rukuni 4-0 a kan Morocco da kuma 1-1 na kwata-kwata tare da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 17|Najeriya]]. Wannan na ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin asarar harbi 4-3 wanda aka yi mulki cewa Amaral ya yi tsalle da wuri a ƙoƙarin da ta bayyana ta tsaya. A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara buga wasan farko na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2023, inda ta fara a nasarar da ta samu 4-0 a kan Jamaica a matakin rukuni. An kira ta zuwa sansanin ci gaba, tana horo tare da babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa, a watan Janairun 2026. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sueunyvpwhdnejr3gl8t4zekx8lvyii 969457 969456 2026-10-19T11:12:40Z Omoty77 29711 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370576404|Valentina Amaral]]" 969457 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, matashiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. KWALLO shahararriyar Yar wasan kwallo ce Wanda ta taka leda a wajeje da dama kuma fa kasa baki daya wajen bata gudunmawwa. Wannan na nuna tasirintw a wajen bajinta da kasar ma baki daya ganin cewa mutane irinsu masu gogewa gamin yadda take addaban mutane a cikin fili cikin salon kwarewa da isa da kuma nuna yaddaa abubuwan suke == Rayuwa ta farko == Yarinyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Leandro Amaral, an haife ta ne a Brazil kafin ta koma Amurka tare da iyalinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta biyu masu uku kuma ta ƙware a cikin burin tun tana ƙarama. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Florida Kraze Krush, inda mahaifinta ya kasance koci, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL.<ref name="G19" /> Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na ajiyar Oviedo High School a Oviedo, Florida, kuma a maimakon haka ta taka leda a gaba, ta jagoranci tawagar da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 12 a matsayin sophomore. ''TopDrawerSoccer'' ta sanya ta a matsayin No. 19 mai yiwuwa na ajin 2023. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta rasa mafi yawan shekarunta na gaskiya, Amaral ta zama mai farawa ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons a cikin kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2024. A cikin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, shutouts na baya-baya a kan No. 2 Virginia da No. 1 Stanford ya sanya Wake Forest tawagar farko da ta doke manyan kungiyoyi biyu a jere; wani nasara a kan Jihar Florida ya ƙare wasanni 32 da ba a ci nasara ba ga masu cin nasara. <ref name="TD24">{{Cite web |last=Olorunfemi |first=Victor |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Wake Forest's Path to Women's College Cup |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603112703/https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |archive-date=June 3, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> Amaral ya yi tsalle-tsalle shida a Gasar NCAA a wasan kusa da na karshe da USC. Bayan 2-2 draw a cikin ka'idoji, ta ceci kisa kuma ta rasa daya da kanta a cikin nasara 4-3 harbi. A wasan kusa da na karshe da Stanford, ta yi ceto hudu ciki har da daya daga cikin burin yayin da Wake ta ci 1-0 don ci gaba zuwa wasan farko na kasa a tarihin shirin. Arewacin Carolina ta ci nasara da wannan ci a wasan karshe. Amaral yana da takardu masu tsabta guda 6 (9 hade) a wasanni 19, yayin da yake saita rikodin shirin na 0.69 a kan matsakaici, kuma an kira shi na uku na All-Atlantic Coast Conference . <ref name="Wake">{{Cite web |title=Valentina Amaral |url=https://godeacs.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/valentina-amaral/8916 |access-date=2025-07-29 |publisher=[[Wake Forest Demon Deacons]]}}</ref> Amaral ya fara dukkan wasanni 20 kuma ya ci gaba da rufewa 6 a matsayin dan wasan Redshirt na biyu a 2025, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta uku ta All-ACC da ta uku ta Amurka.<ref name="Wake" /> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya cancanci wakiltar Brazil ko Amurka a duniya, Amaral ya fara horar da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekara 15 yana da shekaru 12 kuma ya ci gaba da halartar sansanonin horo a matakan kasa da shekaru 17 da kasa da 17. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta zama 'yar ƙasar Amurka a 2022, tana da shekaru 17, an kira ta don wasannin sada zumunci a karon farko, tana wasa a wasannin da Spain da Jamus. Ta shiga cikin jerin sunayen gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17 ta 2022 da farko a matsayin madadin Victoria Safradin. Ta taka leda kuma ta fara a wasanni biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17, nasarar rukuni 4-0 a kan Morocco da kuma 1-1 na kwata-kwata tare da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 17|Najeriya]]. Wannan na ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin asarar harbi 4-3 wanda aka yi mulki cewa Amaral ya yi tsalle da wuri a ƙoƙarin da ta bayyana ta tsaya. A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara buga wasan farko na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2023, inda ta fara a nasarar da ta samu 4-0 a kan Jamaica a matakin rukuni. An kira ta zuwa sansanin ci gaba, tana horo tare da babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa, a watan Janairun 2026. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == '''Wake Forest Demon Deacons''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a Gasar NCAA: 2024 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-American: 2025 * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-ACC: 2024, 2025 [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mlsz7kw9jhix7klnywospoqicysg2qo 969458 969457 2026-10-19T11:12:57Z Omoty77 29711 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370576404|Valentina Amaral]]" 969458 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, matashiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. KWALLO shahararriyar Yar wasan kwallo ce Wanda ta taka leda a wajeje da dama kuma fa kasa baki daya wajen bata gudunmawwa. Wannan na nuna tasirintw a wajen bajinta da kasar ma baki daya ganin cewa mutane irinsu masu gogewa gamin yadda take addaban mutane a cikin fili cikin salon kwarewa da isa da kuma nuna yaddaa abubuwan suke == Rayuwa ta farko == Yarinyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Leandro Amaral, an haife ta ne a Brazil kafin ta koma Amurka tare da iyalinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta biyu masu uku kuma ta ƙware a cikin burin tun tana ƙarama. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Florida Kraze Krush, inda mahaifinta ya kasance koci, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL.<ref name="G19" /> Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na ajiyar Oviedo High School a Oviedo, Florida, kuma a maimakon haka ta taka leda a gaba, ta jagoranci tawagar da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 12 a matsayin sophomore. ''TopDrawerSoccer'' ta sanya ta a matsayin No. 19 mai yiwuwa na ajin 2023. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta rasa mafi yawan shekarunta na gaskiya, Amaral ta zama mai farawa ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons a cikin kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2024. A cikin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, shutouts na baya-baya a kan No. 2 Virginia da No. 1 Stanford ya sanya Wake Forest tawagar farko da ta doke manyan kungiyoyi biyu a jere; wani nasara a kan Jihar Florida ya ƙare wasanni 32 da ba a ci nasara ba ga masu cin nasara. <ref name="TD24">{{Cite web |last=Olorunfemi |first=Victor |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Wake Forest's Path to Women's College Cup |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603112703/https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |archive-date=June 3, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> Amaral ya yi tsalle-tsalle shida a Gasar NCAA a wasan kusa da na karshe da USC. Bayan 2-2 draw a cikin ka'idoji, ta ceci kisa kuma ta rasa daya da kanta a cikin nasara 4-3 harbi. A wasan kusa da na karshe da Stanford, ta yi ceto hudu ciki har da daya daga cikin burin yayin da Wake ta ci 1-0 don ci gaba zuwa wasan farko na kasa a tarihin shirin. Arewacin Carolina ta ci nasara da wannan ci a wasan karshe. Amaral yana da takardu masu tsabta guda 6 (9 hade) a wasanni 19, yayin da yake saita rikodin shirin na 0.69 a kan matsakaici, kuma an kira shi na uku na All-Atlantic Coast Conference . <ref name="Wake">{{Cite web |title=Valentina Amaral |url=https://godeacs.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/valentina-amaral/8916 |access-date=2025-07-29 |publisher=[[Wake Forest Demon Deacons]]}}</ref> Amaral ya fara dukkan wasanni 20 kuma ya ci gaba da rufewa 6 a matsayin dan wasan Redshirt na biyu a 2025, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta uku ta All-ACC da ta uku ta Amurka.<ref name="Wake" /> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya cancanci wakiltar Brazil ko Amurka a duniya, Amaral ya fara horar da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekara 15 yana da shekaru 12 kuma ya ci gaba da halartar sansanonin horo a matakan kasa da shekaru 17 da kasa da 17. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta zama 'yar ƙasar Amurka a 2022, tana da shekaru 17, an kira ta don wasannin sada zumunci a karon farko, tana wasa a wasannin da Spain da Jamus. Ta shiga cikin jerin sunayen gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17 ta 2022 da farko a matsayin madadin Victoria Safradin. Ta taka leda kuma ta fara a wasanni biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17, nasarar rukuni 4-0 a kan Morocco da kuma 1-1 na kwata-kwata tare da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 17|Najeriya]]. Wannan na ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin asarar harbi 4-3 wanda aka yi mulki cewa Amaral ya yi tsalle da wuri a ƙoƙarin da ta bayyana ta tsaya. A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara buga wasan farko na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2023, inda ta fara a nasarar da ta samu 4-0 a kan Jamaica a matakin rukuni. An kira ta zuwa sansanin ci gaba, tana horo tare da babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa, a watan Janairun 2026. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == '''Wake Forest Demon Deacons''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a Gasar NCAA: 2024 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-American: 2025 * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-ACC: 2024, 2025 == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3rs5i9oqic0k6nu9ird97idn118u3hd 969459 969458 2026-10-19T11:13:22Z Omoty77 29711 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370576404|Valentina Amaral]]" 969459 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, matashiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. KWALLO shahararriyar Yar wasan kwallo ce Wanda ta taka leda a wajeje da dama kuma fa kasa baki daya wajen bata gudunmawwa. Wannan na nuna tasirintw a wajen bajinta da kasar ma baki daya ganin cewa mutane irinsu masu gogewa gamin yadda take addaban mutane a cikin fili cikin salon kwarewa da isa da kuma nuna yaddaa abubuwan suke == Rayuwa ta farko == Yarinyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Leandro Amaral, an haife ta ne a Brazil kafin ta koma Amurka tare da iyalinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta biyu masu uku kuma ta ƙware a cikin burin tun tana ƙarama. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Florida Kraze Krush, inda mahaifinta ya kasance koci, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL.<ref name="G19" /> Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na ajiyar Oviedo High School a Oviedo, Florida, kuma a maimakon haka ta taka leda a gaba, ta jagoranci tawagar da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 12 a matsayin sophomore. ''TopDrawerSoccer'' ta sanya ta a matsayin No. 19 mai yiwuwa na ajin 2023. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta rasa mafi yawan shekarunta na gaskiya, Amaral ta zama mai farawa ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons a cikin kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2024. A cikin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, shutouts na baya-baya a kan No. 2 Virginia da No. 1 Stanford ya sanya Wake Forest tawagar farko da ta doke manyan kungiyoyi biyu a jere; wani nasara a kan Jihar Florida ya ƙare wasanni 32 da ba a ci nasara ba ga masu cin nasara. <ref name="TD24">{{Cite web |last=Olorunfemi |first=Victor |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Wake Forest's Path to Women's College Cup |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603112703/https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |archive-date=June 3, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> Amaral ya yi tsalle-tsalle shida a Gasar NCAA a wasan kusa da na karshe da USC. Bayan 2-2 draw a cikin ka'idoji, ta ceci kisa kuma ta rasa daya da kanta a cikin nasara 4-3 harbi. A wasan kusa da na karshe da Stanford, ta yi ceto hudu ciki har da daya daga cikin burin yayin da Wake ta ci 1-0 don ci gaba zuwa wasan farko na kasa a tarihin shirin. Arewacin Carolina ta ci nasara da wannan ci a wasan karshe. Amaral yana da takardu masu tsabta guda 6 (9 hade) a wasanni 19, yayin da yake saita rikodin shirin na 0.69 a kan matsakaici, kuma an kira shi na uku na All-Atlantic Coast Conference . <ref name="Wake">{{Cite web |title=Valentina Amaral |url=https://godeacs.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/valentina-amaral/8916 |access-date=2025-07-29 |publisher=[[Wake Forest Demon Deacons]]}}</ref> Amaral ya fara dukkan wasanni 20 kuma ya ci gaba da rufewa 6 a matsayin dan wasan Redshirt na biyu a 2025, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta uku ta All-ACC da ta uku ta Amurka.<ref name="Wake" /> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya cancanci wakiltar Brazil ko Amurka a duniya, Amaral ya fara horar da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekara 15 yana da shekaru 12 kuma ya ci gaba da halartar sansanonin horo a matakan kasa da shekaru 17 da kasa da 17. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta zama 'yar ƙasar Amurka a 2022, tana da shekaru 17, an kira ta don wasannin sada zumunci a karon farko, tana wasa a wasannin da Spain da Jamus. Ta shiga cikin jerin sunayen gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17 ta 2022 da farko a matsayin madadin Victoria Safradin. Ta taka leda kuma ta fara a wasanni biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17, nasarar rukuni 4-0 a kan Morocco da kuma 1-1 na kwata-kwata tare da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 17|Najeriya]]. Wannan na ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin asarar harbi 4-3 wanda aka yi mulki cewa Amaral ya yi tsalle da wuri a ƙoƙarin da ta bayyana ta tsaya. A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara buga wasan farko na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2023, inda ta fara a nasarar da ta samu 4-0 a kan Jamaica a matakin rukuni. An kira ta zuwa sansanin ci gaba, tana horo tare da babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa, a watan Janairun 2026. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == '''Wake Forest Demon Deacons''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a Gasar NCAA: 2024 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-American: 2025 * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-ACC: 2024, 2025 == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dzdui2pe68gricrb7osds1dpqc3il00 969463 969459 2026-10-19T11:16:30Z Omoty77 29711 969463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, matashiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. KWALLO shahararriyar Yar wasan kwallo ce Wanda ta taka leda a wajeje da dama kuma fa kasa baki daya wajen bata gudunmawwa. Wannan na nuna tasirintw a wajen bajinta da kasar ma baki daya ganin cewa mutane irinsu masu gogewa gamin yadda take addaban mutane a cikin fili cikin salon kwarewa da isa da kuma nuna yaddaa abubuwan suke == Rayuwa ta farko == Yarinyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Leandro Amaral, an haife ta ne a Brazil kafin ta koma Amurka tare da iyalinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta biyu masu uku kuma ta ƙware a cikin burin tun tana ƙarama. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Florida Kraze Krush, inda mahaifinta ya kasance koci, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL.<ref name="G19" /> Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na ajiyar Oviedo High School a Oviedo, Florida, kuma a maimakon haka ta taka leda a gaba, ta jagoranci tawagar da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 12 a matsayin sophomore. ''TopDrawerSoccer'' ta sanya ta a matsayin No. 19 mai yiwuwa na ajin 2023. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta rasa mafi yawan shekarunta na gaskiya, Amaral ta zama mai farawa ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons a cikin kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2024. A cikin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, shutouts na baya-baya a kan No. 2 Virginia da No. 1 Stanford ya sanya Wake Forest tawagar farko da ta doke manyan kungiyoyi biyu a jere; wani nasara a kan Jihar Florida ya ƙare wasanni 32 da ba a ci nasara ba ga masu cin nasara. <ref name="TD24">{{Cite web |last=Olorunfemi |first=Victor |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Wake Forest's Path to Women's College Cup |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603112703/https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |archive-date=June 3, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> Amaral ya yi tsalle-tsalle shida a Gasar NCAA a wasan kusa da na karshe da USC. Bayan 2-2 draw a cikin ka'idoji, ta ceci kisa kuma ta rasa daya da kanta a cikin nasara 4-3 harbi. A wasan kusa da na karshe da Stanford, ta yi ceto hudu ciki har da daya daga cikin burin yayin da Wake ta ci 1-0 don ci gaba zuwa wasan farko na kasa a tarihin shirin. Arewacin Carolina ta ci nasara da wannan ci a wasan karshe. Amaral yana da takardu masu tsabta guda 6 (9 hade) a wasanni 19, yayin da yake saita rikodin shirin na 0.69 a kan matsakaici, kuma an kira shi na uku na All-Atlantic Coast Conference . <ref name="Wake">{{Cite web |title=Valentina Amaral |url=https://godeacs.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/valentina-amaral/8916 |access-date=2025-07-29 |publisher=[[Wake Forest Demon Deacons]]}}</ref> Amaral ya fara dukkan wasanni 20 kuma ya ci gaba da rufewa 6 a matsayin dan wasan Redshirt na biyu a 2025, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta uku ta All-ACC da ta uku ta Amurka.<ref name="Wake" /> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya cancanci wakiltar Brazil ko Amurka a duniya, Amaral ya fara horar da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekara 15 yana da shekaru 12 kuma ya ci gaba da halartar sansanonin horo a matakan kasa da shekaru 17 da kasa da 17. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta zama 'yar ƙasar Amurka a 2022, tana da shekaru 17, an kira ta don wasannin sada zumunci a karon farko, tana wasa a wasannin da Spain da Jamus. Ta shiga cikin jerin sunayen gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17 ta 2022 da farko a matsayin madadin Victoria Safradin. Ta taka leda kuma ta fara a wasanni biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17, nasarar rukuni 4-0 a kan Morocco da kuma 1-1 na kwata-kwata tare da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 17|Najeriya]]. Wannan na ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin asarar harbi 4-3 wanda aka yi mulki cewa Amaral ya yi tsalle da wuri a ƙoƙarin da ta bayyana ta tsaya. A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara buga wasan farko na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2023, inda ta fara a nasarar da ta samu 4-0 a kan Jamaica a matakin rukuni. An kira ta zuwa sansanin ci gaba, tana horo tare da babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa, a watan Janairun 2026. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == '''Wake Forest Demon Deacons''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a Gasar NCAA: 2024 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-American: 2025 * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-ACC: 2024, 2025 == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] lu44b1nx4t1cn6z0vmgvyyk3i70qbt0 969466 969463 2026-10-19T11:17:13Z Omoty77 29711 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 969466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, matashiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. KWALLO shahararriyar Yar wasan kwallo ce Wanda ta taka leda a wajeje da dama kuma fa kasa baki daya wajen bata gudunmawwa. Wannan na nuna tasirintw a wajen bajinta da kasar ma baki daya ganin cewa mutane irinsu masu gogewa gamin yadda take addaban mutane a cikin fili cikin salon kwarewa da isa da kuma nuna yaddaa abubuwan suke == Rayuwa ta farko == Yarinyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Leandro Amaral, an haife ta ne a Brazil kafin ta koma Amurka tare da iyalinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta biyu masu uku kuma ta ƙware a cikin burin tun tana ƙarama. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Florida Kraze Krush, inda mahaifinta ya kasance koci, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL.<ref name="G19" /> Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na ajiyar Oviedo High School a Oviedo, Florida, kuma a maimakon haka ta taka leda a gaba, ta jagoranci tawagar da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 12 a matsayin sophomore. ''TopDrawerSoccer'' ta sanya ta a matsayin No. 19 mai yiwuwa na ajin 2023. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta rasa mafi yawan shekarunta na gaskiya, Amaral ta zama mai farawa ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons a cikin kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2024. A cikin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, shutouts na baya-baya a kan No. 2 Virginia da No. 1 Stanford ya sanya Wake Forest tawagar farko da ta doke manyan kungiyoyi biyu a jere; wani nasara a kan Jihar Florida ya ƙare wasanni 32 da ba a ci nasara ba ga masu cin nasara. <ref name="TD24">{{Cite web |last=Olorunfemi |first=Victor |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Wake Forest's Path to Women's College Cup |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603112703/https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |archive-date=June 3, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> Amaral ya yi tsalle-tsalle shida a Gasar NCAA a wasan kusa da na karshe da USC. Bayan 2-2 draw a cikin ka'idoji, ta ceci kisa kuma ta rasa daya da kanta a cikin nasara 4-3 harbi. A wasan kusa da na karshe da Stanford, ta yi ceto hudu ciki har da daya daga cikin burin yayin da Wake ta ci 1-0 don ci gaba zuwa wasan farko na kasa a tarihin shirin. Arewacin Carolina ta ci nasara da wannan ci a wasan karshe. Amaral yana da takardu masu tsabta guda 6 (9 hade) a wasanni 19, yayin da yake saita rikodin shirin na 0.69 a kan matsakaici, kuma an kira shi na uku na All-Atlantic Coast Conference . <ref name="Wake">{{Cite web |title=Valentina Amaral |url=https://godeacs.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/valentina-amaral/8916 |access-date=2025-07-29 |publisher=[[Wake Forest Demon Deacons]]}}</ref> Amaral ya fara dukkan wasanni 20 kuma ya ci gaba da rufewa 6 a matsayin dan wasan Redshirt na biyu a 2025, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta uku ta All-ACC da ta uku ta Amurka.<ref name="Wake" /> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya cancanci wakiltar Brazil ko Amurka a duniya, Amaral ya fara horar da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekara 15 yana da shekaru 12 kuma ya ci gaba da halartar sansanonin horo a matakan kasa da shekaru 17 da kasa da 17. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta zama 'yar ƙasar Amurka a 2022, tana da shekaru 17, an kira ta don wasannin sada zumunci a karon farko, tana wasa a wasannin da Spain da Jamus. Ta shiga cikin jerin sunayen gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17 ta 2022 da farko a matsayin madadin Victoria Safradin. Ta taka leda kuma ta fara a wasanni biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17, nasarar rukuni 4-0 a kan Morocco da kuma 1-1 na kwata-kwata tare da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 17|Najeriya]]. Wannan na ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin asarar harbi 4-3 wanda aka yi mulki cewa Amaral ya yi tsalle da wuri a ƙoƙarin da ta bayyana ta tsaya. A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara buga wasan farko na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2023, inda ta fara a nasarar da ta samu 4-0 a kan Jamaica a matakin rukuni. An kira ta zuwa sansanin ci gaba, tana horo tare da babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa, a watan Janairun 2026. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == '''Wake Forest Demon Deacons''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a Gasar NCAA: 2024 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-American: 2025 * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-ACC: 2024, 2025 == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] t23disx1yu5v4045ykg5umn1ajlpq0y 969470 969466 2026-10-19T11:18:13Z Omoty77 29711 969470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, mata shiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. == Rayuwa ta farko == Yarinyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Leandro Amaral, an haife ta ne a Brazil kafin ta koma Amurka tare da iyalinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta biyu masu uku kuma ta ƙware a cikin burin tun tana ƙarama. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Florida Kraze Krush, inda mahaifinta ya kasance koci, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL.<ref name="G19" /> Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na ajiyar Oviedo High School a Oviedo, Florida, kuma a maimakon haka ta taka leda a gaba, ta jagoranci tawagar da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 12 a matsayin sophomore. ''TopDrawerSoccer'' ta sanya ta a matsayin No. 19 mai yiwuwa na ajin 2023. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta rasa mafi yawan shekarunta na gaskiya, Amaral ta zama mai farawa ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons a cikin kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2024. A cikin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, shutouts na baya-baya a kan No. 2 Virginia da No. 1 Stanford ya sanya Wake Forest tawagar farko da ta doke manyan kungiyoyi biyu a jere; wani nasara a kan Jihar Florida ya ƙare wasanni 32 da ba a ci nasara ba ga masu cin nasara. <ref name="TD24">{{Cite web |last=Olorunfemi |first=Victor |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Wake Forest's Path to Women's College Cup |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603112703/https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |archive-date=June 3, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> Amaral ya yi tsalle-tsalle shida a Gasar NCAA a wasan kusa da na karshe da USC. Bayan 2-2 draw a cikin ka'idoji, ta ceci kisa kuma ta rasa daya da kanta a cikin nasara 4-3 harbi. A wasan kusa da na karshe da Stanford, ta yi ceto hudu ciki har da daya daga cikin burin yayin da Wake ta ci 1-0 don ci gaba zuwa wasan farko na kasa a tarihin shirin. Arewacin Carolina ta ci nasara da wannan ci a wasan karshe. Amaral yana da takardu masu tsabta guda 6 (9 hade) a wasanni 19, yayin da yake saita rikodin shirin na 0.69 a kan matsakaici, kuma an kira shi na uku na All-Atlantic Coast Conference . <ref name="Wake">{{Cite web |title=Valentina Amaral |url=https://godeacs.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/valentina-amaral/8916 |access-date=2025-07-29 |publisher=[[Wake Forest Demon Deacons]]}}</ref> Amaral ya fara dukkan wasanni 20 kuma ya ci gaba da rufewa 6 a matsayin dan wasan Redshirt na biyu a 2025, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta uku ta All-ACC da ta uku ta Amurka.<ref name="Wake" /> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya cancanci wakiltar Brazil ko Amurka a duniya, Amaral ya fara horar da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekara 15 yana da shekaru 12 kuma ya ci gaba da halartar sansanonin horo a matakan kasa da shekaru 17 da kasa da 17. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta zama 'yar ƙasar Amurka a 2022, tana da shekaru 17, an kira ta don wasannin sada zumunci a karon farko, tana wasa a wasannin da Spain da Jamus. Ta shiga cikin jerin sunayen gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17 ta 2022 da farko a matsayin madadin Victoria Safradin. Ta taka leda kuma ta fara a wasanni biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17, nasarar rukuni 4-0 a kan Morocco da kuma 1-1 na kwata-kwata tare da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 17|Najeriya]]. Wannan na ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin asarar harbi 4-3 wanda aka yi mulki cewa Amaral ya yi tsalle da wuri a ƙoƙarin da ta bayyana ta tsaya. A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara buga wasan farko na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2023, inda ta fara a nasarar da ta samu 4-0 a kan Jamaica a matakin rukuni. An kira ta zuwa sansanin ci gaba, tana horo tare da babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa, a watan Janairun 2026. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == '''Wake Forest Demon Deacons''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a Gasar NCAA: 2024 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-American: 2025 * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-ACC: 2024, 2025 == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dv256lk6lpob3293zjzk74maz9m88dd 969471 969470 2026-10-19T11:20:59Z Omoty77 29711 /* Ayyukan kwaleji */ 969471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, mata shiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. == Rayuwa ta farko == Yarinyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Leandro Amaral, an haife ta ne a Brazil kafin ta koma Amurka tare da iyalinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta biyu masu uku kuma ta ƙware a cikin burin tun tana ƙarama. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Florida Kraze Krush, inda mahaifinta ya kasance koci, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL.<ref name="G19" /> Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na ajiyar Oviedo High School a Oviedo, Florida, kuma a maimakon haka ta taka leda a gaba, ta jagoranci tawagar da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 12 a matsayin sophomore. ''TopDrawerSoccer'' ta sanya ta a matsayin No. 19 mai yiwuwa na ajin 2023. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta rasa mafi yawan shekarunta na gaskiya, Amaral ta zama mai farawa ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons a cikin kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2024. A cikin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, shutouts na baya-baya a kan No. 2 Virginia da No. 1 Stanford ya sanya Wake Forest tawagar farko da ta doke manyan kungiyoyi biyu a jere; wani nasara a kan Jihar Florida ya ƙare wasanni 32 da ba a ci nasara ba ga masu cin nasara. <ref name="TD24">{{Cite web |last=Olorunfemi |first=Victor |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Wake Forest's Path to Women's College Cup |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603112703/https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |archive-date=June 3, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> Amaral tayi tsalle-tsalle shida a Gasar NCAA a wasan kusa da na karshe da USC. Bayan 2-2 draw a cikin ka'idoji, ta ceci kisa kuma ta rasa daya da kanta a cikin nasara 4-3 harbi. A wasan kusa da na karshe da Stanford, ta yi ceto hudu ciki har da daya daga cikin burin yayin da Wake ta ci 1-0 don ci gaba zuwa wasan farko na kasa a tarihin. Arewacin Carolina ta ci nasara da wannan ci a wasan karshe. Amaral tana da takardu masu tsabta guda 6 (9 hade) a wasanni 19, yayin da yake saita rikodin shirin na 0.69 a kan matsakaici, kuma an kira shi na uku na All-Atlantic Coast Conference . <ref name="Wake">{{Cite web |title=Valentina Amaral |url=https://godeacs.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/valentina-amaral/8916 |access-date=2025-07-29 |publisher=[[Wake Forest Demon Deacons]]}}</ref> Amaral ya fara dukkan wasanni 20 kuma ya ci gaba da rufewa 6 a matsayin dan wasan Redshirt na biyu a 2025, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta uku ta All-ACC da ta uku ta Amurka.<ref name="Wake" /> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya cancanci wakiltar Brazil ko Amurka a duniya, Amaral ya fara horar da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekara 15 yana da shekaru 12 kuma ya ci gaba da halartar sansanonin horo a matakan kasa da shekaru 17 da kasa da 17. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta zama 'yar ƙasar Amurka a 2022, tana da shekaru 17, an kira ta don wasannin sada zumunci a karon farko, tana wasa a wasannin da Spain da Jamus. Ta shiga cikin jerin sunayen gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17 ta 2022 da farko a matsayin madadin Victoria Safradin. Ta taka leda kuma ta fara a wasanni biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17, nasarar rukuni 4-0 a kan Morocco da kuma 1-1 na kwata-kwata tare da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 17|Najeriya]]. Wannan na ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin asarar harbi 4-3 wanda aka yi mulki cewa Amaral ya yi tsalle da wuri a ƙoƙarin da ta bayyana ta tsaya. A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara buga wasan farko na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2023, inda ta fara a nasarar da ta samu 4-0 a kan Jamaica a matakin rukuni. An kira ta zuwa sansanin ci gaba, tana horo tare da babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa, a watan Janairun 2026. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == '''Wake Forest Demon Deacons''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a Gasar NCAA: 2024 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-American: 2025 * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-ACC: 2024, 2025 == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ps6yiaorknx5mmdn6inkm9liieme8xu 969472 969471 2026-10-19T11:21:20Z Omoty77 29711 /* Ayyukan kwaleji */ 969472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, mata shiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. == Rayuwa ta farko == Yarinyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Leandro Amaral, an haife ta ne a Brazil kafin ta koma Amurka tare da iyalinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta biyu masu uku kuma ta ƙware a cikin burin tun tana ƙarama. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Florida Kraze Krush, inda mahaifinta ya kasance koci, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL.<ref name="G19" /> Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na ajiyar Oviedo High School a Oviedo, Florida, kuma a maimakon haka ta taka leda a gaba, ta jagoranci tawagar da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 12 a matsayin sophomore. ''TopDrawerSoccer'' ta sanya ta a matsayin No. 19 mai yiwuwa na ajin 2023. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta rasa mafi yawan shekarunta na gaskiya, Amaral ta zama mai farawa ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons a cikin kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2024. A cikin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, shutouts na baya-baya a kan No. 2 Virginia da No. 1 Stanford ya sanya Wake Forest tawagar farko da ta doke manyan kungiyoyi biyu a jere; wani nasara a kan Jihar Florida ya ƙare wasanni 32 da ba a ci nasara ba ga masu cin nasara. <ref name="TD24">{{Cite web |last=Olorunfemi |first=Victor |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Wake Forest's Path to Women's College Cup |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603112703/https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |archive-date=June 3, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> Amaral tayi tsalle-tsalle shida a Gasar NCAA a wasan kusa da na karshe da USC. Bayan 2-2 draw a cikin ka'idoji, ta ceci kisa kuma ta rasa daya da kanta a cikin nasara 4-3 harbi. A wasan kusa da na karshe da Stanford, ta yi ceto hudu ciki har da daya daga cikin burin yayin da Wake ta ci 1-0 don ci gaba zuwa wasan farko na kasa a tarihin. Arewacin Carolina ta ci nasara da wannan ci a wasan karshe. Amaral tana da takardu masu tsabta guda 6 (9 hade) a wasanni 19, yayin da yake saita rikodin shirin na 0.69 a kan matsakaici, kuma an kira shi na uku na All-Atlantic Coast Conference . <ref name="Wake">{{Cite web |title=Valentina Amaral |url=https://godeacs.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/valentina-amaral/8916 |access-date=2025-07-29 |publisher=[[Wake Forest Demon Deacons]]}}</ref> Amaral ta fara dukkan wasanni 20 kuma ya ci gaba da rufewa 6 a matsayin dan wasan Redshirt na biyu a 2025, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta uku ta All-ACC da ta uku ta Amurka.<ref name="Wake" /> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya cancanci wakiltar Brazil ko Amurka a duniya, Amaral ya fara horar da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekara 15 yana da shekaru 12 kuma ya ci gaba da halartar sansanonin horo a matakan kasa da shekaru 17 da kasa da 17. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta zama 'yar ƙasar Amurka a 2022, tana da shekaru 17, an kira ta don wasannin sada zumunci a karon farko, tana wasa a wasannin da Spain da Jamus. Ta shiga cikin jerin sunayen gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17 ta 2022 da farko a matsayin madadin Victoria Safradin. Ta taka leda kuma ta fara a wasanni biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17, nasarar rukuni 4-0 a kan Morocco da kuma 1-1 na kwata-kwata tare da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 17|Najeriya]]. Wannan na ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin asarar harbi 4-3 wanda aka yi mulki cewa Amaral ya yi tsalle da wuri a ƙoƙarin da ta bayyana ta tsaya. A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara buga wasan farko na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2023, inda ta fara a nasarar da ta samu 4-0 a kan Jamaica a matakin rukuni. An kira ta zuwa sansanin ci gaba, tana horo tare da babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa, a watan Janairun 2026. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == '''Wake Forest Demon Deacons''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a Gasar NCAA: 2024 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-American: 2025 * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-ACC: 2024, 2025 == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] m53875lc9k1931idjyxfyth267v2n8i 969473 969472 2026-10-19T11:21:43Z Omoty77 29711 /* Ayyukan kasa da kasa */ 969473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, mata shiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. == Rayuwa ta farko == Yarinyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Leandro Amaral, an haife ta ne a Brazil kafin ta koma Amurka tare da iyalinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta biyu masu uku kuma ta ƙware a cikin burin tun tana ƙarama. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Florida Kraze Krush, inda mahaifinta ya kasance koci, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL.<ref name="G19" /> Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na ajiyar Oviedo High School a Oviedo, Florida, kuma a maimakon haka ta taka leda a gaba, ta jagoranci tawagar da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 12 a matsayin sophomore. ''TopDrawerSoccer'' ta sanya ta a matsayin No. 19 mai yiwuwa na ajin 2023. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta rasa mafi yawan shekarunta na gaskiya, Amaral ta zama mai farawa ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons a cikin kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2024. A cikin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, shutouts na baya-baya a kan No. 2 Virginia da No. 1 Stanford ya sanya Wake Forest tawagar farko da ta doke manyan kungiyoyi biyu a jere; wani nasara a kan Jihar Florida ya ƙare wasanni 32 da ba a ci nasara ba ga masu cin nasara. <ref name="TD24">{{Cite web |last=Olorunfemi |first=Victor |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Wake Forest's Path to Women's College Cup |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603112703/https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |archive-date=June 3, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> Amaral tayi tsalle-tsalle shida a Gasar NCAA a wasan kusa da na karshe da USC. Bayan 2-2 draw a cikin ka'idoji, ta ceci kisa kuma ta rasa daya da kanta a cikin nasara 4-3 harbi. A wasan kusa da na karshe da Stanford, ta yi ceto hudu ciki har da daya daga cikin burin yayin da Wake ta ci 1-0 don ci gaba zuwa wasan farko na kasa a tarihin. Arewacin Carolina ta ci nasara da wannan ci a wasan karshe. Amaral tana da takardu masu tsabta guda 6 (9 hade) a wasanni 19, yayin da yake saita rikodin shirin na 0.69 a kan matsakaici, kuma an kira shi na uku na All-Atlantic Coast Conference . <ref name="Wake">{{Cite web |title=Valentina Amaral |url=https://godeacs.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/valentina-amaral/8916 |access-date=2025-07-29 |publisher=[[Wake Forest Demon Deacons]]}}</ref> Amaral ta fara dukkan wasanni 20 kuma ya ci gaba da rufewa 6 a matsayin dan wasan Redshirt na biyu a 2025, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta uku ta All-ACC da ta uku ta Amurka.<ref name="Wake" /> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ta cancanci wakiltar Brazil ko Amurka a duniya, Amaral ya fara horar da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekara 15 yana da shekaru 12 kuma ya ci gaba da halartar sansanonin horo a matakan kasa da shekaru 17 da kasa da 17. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta zama 'yar ƙasar Amurka a 2022, tana da shekaru 17, an kira ta don wasannin sada zumunci a karon farko, tana wasa a wasannin da Spain da Jamus. Ta shiga cikin jerin sunayen gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17 ta 2022 da farko a matsayin madadin Victoria Safradin. Ta taka leda kuma ta fara a wasanni biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17, nasarar rukuni 4-0 a kan Morocco da kuma 1-1 na kwata-kwata tare da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 17|Najeriya]]. Wannan na ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin asarar harbi 4-3 wanda aka yi mulki cewa Amaral ya yi tsalle da wuri a ƙoƙarin da ta bayyana ta tsaya. A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara buga wasan farko na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2023, inda ta fara a nasarar da ta samu 4-0 a kan Jamaica a matakin rukuni. An kira ta zuwa sansanin ci gaba, tana horo tare da babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa, a watan Janairun 2026. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == '''Wake Forest Demon Deacons''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a Gasar NCAA: 2024 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-American: 2025 * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-ACC: 2024, 2025 == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jghzqeuzuo65xrtj4zc70bp7yn492m4 969474 969473 2026-10-19T11:22:47Z Omoty77 29711 /* Ayyukan kasa da kasa */ 969474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, mata shiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. == Rayuwa ta farko == Yarinyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Leandro Amaral, an haife ta ne a Brazil kafin ta koma Amurka tare da iyalinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta biyu masu uku kuma ta ƙware a cikin burin tun tana ƙarama. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Florida Kraze Krush, inda mahaifinta ya kasance koci, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL.<ref name="G19" /> Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na ajiyar Oviedo High School a Oviedo, Florida, kuma a maimakon haka ta taka leda a gaba, ta jagoranci tawagar da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 12 a matsayin sophomore. ''TopDrawerSoccer'' ta sanya ta a matsayin No. 19 mai yiwuwa na ajin 2023. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta rasa mafi yawan shekarunta na gaskiya, Amaral ta zama mai farawa ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons a cikin kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2024. A cikin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, shutouts na baya-baya a kan No. 2 Virginia da No. 1 Stanford ya sanya Wake Forest tawagar farko da ta doke manyan kungiyoyi biyu a jere; wani nasara a kan Jihar Florida ya ƙare wasanni 32 da ba a ci nasara ba ga masu cin nasara. <ref name="TD24">{{Cite web |last=Olorunfemi |first=Victor |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Wake Forest's Path to Women's College Cup |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603112703/https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |archive-date=June 3, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> Amaral tayi tsalle-tsalle shida a Gasar NCAA a wasan kusa da na karshe da USC. Bayan 2-2 draw a cikin ka'idoji, ta ceci kisa kuma ta rasa daya da kanta a cikin nasara 4-3 harbi. A wasan kusa da na karshe da Stanford, ta yi ceto hudu ciki har da daya daga cikin burin yayin da Wake ta ci 1-0 don ci gaba zuwa wasan farko na kasa a tarihin. Arewacin Carolina ta ci nasara da wannan ci a wasan karshe. Amaral tana da takardu masu tsabta guda 6 (9 hade) a wasanni 19, yayin da yake saita rikodin shirin na 0.69 a kan matsakaici, kuma an kira shi na uku na All-Atlantic Coast Conference . <ref name="Wake">{{Cite web |title=Valentina Amaral |url=https://godeacs.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/valentina-amaral/8916 |access-date=2025-07-29 |publisher=[[Wake Forest Demon Deacons]]}}</ref> Amaral ta fara dukkan wasanni 20 kuma ya ci gaba da rufewa 6 a matsayin dan wasan Redshirt na biyu a 2025, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta uku ta All-ACC da ta uku ta Amurka.<ref name="Wake" /> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ta cancanci wakiltar Brazil ko Amurka a duniya, Amaral ta fara horar da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekara 15 yana da shekaru 12 kuma ta ci gaba da halartar sansanonin horo a matakan kasa da shekaru 17 da kasa da 17. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta zama 'yar ƙasar Amurka a 2022, tana da shekaru 17, an kira ta don wasannin sada zumunci a karon farko, tana wasa a wasannin da Spain da Jamus. Ta shiga cikin jerin sunayen gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17 ta 2022 da farko a matsayin madadin Victoria Safradin. Ta taka leda kuma ta fara a wasanni biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17, nasarar rukuni 4-0 a kan Morocco da kuma 1-1 na kwata-kwata tare da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 17|Najeriya]]. Wannan na ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin asarar harbi 4-3 wanda aka yi mulki cewa Amaral ya yi tsalle da wuri a ƙoƙarin da ta bayyana ta tsaya. A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara buga wasan farko na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2023, inda ta fara a nasarar da ta samu 4-0 a kan Jamaica a matakin rukuni. An kira ta zuwa sansanin ci gaba, tana horo tare da babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa, a watan Janairun 2026. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == '''Wake Forest Demon Deacons''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a Gasar NCAA: 2024 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-American: 2025 * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-ACC: 2024, 2025 == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] t6lzb3qrlfoxkrcjmmm4id4lokp9dk0 969476 969474 2026-10-19T11:23:55Z Omoty77 29711 /* Ayyukan kasa da kasa */ 969476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Valentina Cerri do Amaral''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kwaleji wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons . An haife ta ne a Brazil, mata shiya ce ta kasa da kasa a Amur Ka. == Rayuwa ta farko == Yarinyar ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Brazil Leandro Amaral, an haife ta ne a Brazil kafin ta koma Amurka tare da iyalinta lokacin da take 'yar shekara shida. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta biyu masu uku kuma ta ƙware a cikin burin tun tana ƙarama. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a Florida Kraze Krush, inda mahaifinta ya kasance koci, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta ECNL.<ref name="G19" /> Ta kasance mai tsaron gida na ajiyar Oviedo High School a Oviedo, Florida, kuma a maimakon haka ta taka leda a gaba, ta jagoranci tawagar da kwallaye 19 a wasanni 12 a matsayin sophomore. ''TopDrawerSoccer'' ta sanya ta a matsayin No. 19 mai yiwuwa na ajin 2023. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta rasa mafi yawan shekarunta na gaskiya, Amaral ta zama mai farawa ga Wake Forest Demon Deacons a cikin kakar wasa ta farko a shekarar 2024. A cikin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, shutouts na baya-baya a kan No. 2 Virginia da No. 1 Stanford ya sanya Wake Forest tawagar farko da ta doke manyan kungiyoyi biyu a jere; wani nasara a kan Jihar Florida ya ƙare wasanni 32 da ba a ci nasara ba ga masu cin nasara. <ref name="TD24">{{Cite web |last=Olorunfemi |first=Victor |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Wake Forest's Path to Women's College Cup |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603112703/https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/college-soccer-articles/wake-forests-path-to-womens-college-cup_aid54127 |archive-date=June 3, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> Amaral tayi tsalle-tsalle shida a Gasar NCAA a wasan kusa da na karshe da USC. Bayan 2-2 draw a cikin ka'idoji, ta ceci kisa kuma ta rasa daya da kanta a cikin nasara 4-3 harbi. A wasan kusa da na karshe da Stanford, ta yi ceto hudu ciki har da daya daga cikin burin yayin da Wake ta ci 1-0 don ci gaba zuwa wasan farko na kasa a tarihin. Arewacin Carolina ta ci nasara da wannan ci a wasan karshe. Amaral tana da takardu masu tsabta guda 6 (9 hade) a wasanni 19, yayin da yake saita rikodin shirin na 0.69 a kan matsakaici, kuma an kira shi na uku na All-Atlantic Coast Conference . <ref name="Wake">{{Cite web |title=Valentina Amaral |url=https://godeacs.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/valentina-amaral/8916 |access-date=2025-07-29 |publisher=[[Wake Forest Demon Deacons]]}}</ref> Amaral ta fara dukkan wasanni 20 kuma ya ci gaba da rufewa 6 a matsayin dan wasan Redshirt na biyu a 2025, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta uku ta All-ACC da ta uku ta Amurka.<ref name="Wake" /> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ta cancanci wakiltar Brazil ko Amurka a duniya, Amaral ta fara horar da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekara 15 yana da shekaru 12 kuma ta ci gaba da halartar sansanonin horo a matakan kasa da shekaru 17 da kasa da 17. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta zama 'yar ƙasar Amurka a 2022, tana da shekaru 17, an kira ta don wasannin sada zumunci a karon farko, tana wasa a wasannin da Spain da Jamus. Ta shiga cikin jerin sunayen gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17 ta 2022 da farko a matsayin madadin Victoria Safradin. Ta taka leda kuma ta fara a wasanni biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-17, nasarar rukuni 4-0 a kan Morocco da kuma 1-1 na kwata-kwata tare da [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 17|Najeriya]]. Wannan na ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin asarar harbi 4-3 wanda aka yi mulki cewa Amaral tayi tsalle da wuri a ƙoƙarin da ta bayyana ta tsaya. A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara buga wasan farko na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin mata ta CONCACAF ta 2023, inda ta fara a nasarar da ta samu 4-0 a kan Jamaica a matakin rukuni. An kira ta zuwa sansanin ci gaba, tana horo tare da babbar ƙungiyar ƙasa, a watan Janairun 2026. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == '''Wake Forest Demon Deacons''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a Gasar NCAA: 2024 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-American: 2025 * Ƙungiyar ta uku All-ACC: 2024, 2025 == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6ijqcz4fak38fe1zmd4shmp1swskxiu 0 179609 969465 2026-10-19T11:16:51Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353560344|Menet (princess)]]" 969465 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Menet''' (Masar: mnt) 'yar tsohuwar sarki ce ta Masar da ke zaune a Daular goma sha biyu mai yiwuwa a ƙarƙashin sarakuna Senusret III da Amenemhat III . == Tarihin rayuwa == Menet tana da lakabi ''<nowiki/>'Yar sarki'' kuma ''wanda ya haɗa kai da fararen kambi'' (Khenemetneferhedjet). An san ta ne kawai daga sarcophagus da binnewa a cikin kabari da(((((((((((()Menet had the titles ''king's daughter'' and ''the one united with the white crown'' ([[:en:Khenemetneferhedjet|Khenemetneferhedjet]]). She is only known from her sarcophagus and burial in a gallery tomb buried with other members of the royal family next to the [[:en:Pyramid_of_Senusret_III|pyramid of Senusret III]] at [[:en:Dahshur|Dahshur]].<ref>Dieter Arnold: ''The Pyramid Complex of Senwosret III at Dahshur, Architectural Studies'', New York 2002 {{ISBN|0-87099-956-7}}, 72, pl. 119</ref> From the position of the tomb it seems likely that she was the daughter of the latter king. There are)))))))) aka binne tare da wasu mambobin gidan sarauta kusa da dala ta Senusret III a [[Dahshur]] . <ref>Dieter Arnold: ''The Pyramid Complex of Senwosret III at Dahshur, Architectural Studies'', New York 2002 {{ISBN|0-87099-956-7}}, 72, pl. 119</ref> Daga matsayin kabarin da alama mai yiwuwa ita 'yar sarki ce ta ƙarshe. Akwai kayan aikin kabarin da yawa. * Kayan kabari Cairo CG 4005 A Dahshur, kwalba ce ta calcite canopic. * Kayan kabari Cairo CG 4006 A Dahshur, kwalba ce ta calcite canopic. * Kayan kabarin Morgan, Dahchour I, 56 fig. 122 A Dahshur, sarcophagus na dutse. == Bayanan da aka ambata == dgrqolyujsrqp16g9xzkxr3f4c96fza 969468 969465 2026-10-19T11:17:56Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 969468 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Menet''' (Masar: mnt) 'yar tsohuwar sarki ce ta Masar da ke zaune a Daular goma sha biyu mai yiwuwa a ƙarƙashin sarakuna Senusret III da Amenemhat III . == Tarihin rayuwa == Menet tana da lakabi ''<nowiki/>'Yar sarki'' kuma ''wanda ya haɗa kai da fararen kambi'' (Khenemetneferhedjet). An san ta ne kawai daga sarcophagus da binnewa a cikin kabari da aka binne tare da wasu mambobin gidan sarauta kusa da dala ta Senusret III a [[Dahshur]] . <ref>Dieter Arnold: ''The Pyramid Complex of Senwosret III at Dahshur, Architectural Studies'', New York 2002 {{ISBN|0-87099-956-7}}, 72, pl. 119</ref> Daga matsayin kabarin da alama mai yiwuwa ita 'yar sarki ce ta ƙarshe. Akwai kayan aikin kabarin da yawa. * Kayan kabari Cairo CG 4005 A Dahshur, kwalba ce ta calcite canopic. * Kayan kabari Cairo CG 4006 A Dahshur, kwalba ce ta calcite canopic. * Kayan kabarin Morgan, Dahchour I, 56 fig. 122 A Dahshur, sarcophagus na dutse. == Bayanan da aka ambata == o46e11g3xru7m15pz6o2cnndsju191i 0 179610 969499 2026-10-19T11:50:35Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373669015|Khenemetneferhedjet I]]" 969499 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%" |Khenemetneferhedjet<br /><div class="center"><hiero>Xnm:t-nfr-HDt-wr:t</hiero></div>An yi amfani da shi a matsayin NFC. |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |''Babban Matar Sarauta, Khenemetneferhedjet'' |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo" |[[File:F0833_Louvre_Reine_Ouret_E32564_rwk.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Siffar Khenemetneferhedjet-Weret, Gidan Tarihi na Louvre</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |Sarauniya MasarMisira |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sarki | class="infobox-data" |[[Senusret na II]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |<div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Matar aure | class="infobox-data" |[[Senusret na II]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sakamakon | class="infobox-data" |[[Senusret na III]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Daular]] | class="infobox-data" |Daular Masar ta 12 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Addini | class="infobox-data" |Addinin Masar na Dā |} '''Khenemetneferhedjet I Weret''' tsohuwar sarauniya ce ta Masar ta Daular 12, matar Senusret II kuma mahaifiyar Senusret III. == Tarihin rayuwa == Wataƙila ita ce matar da aka ambata a matsayin 'yar Amenemhat II a kan hatimi (yanzu yana cikin New York). Wannan yana nufin ita 'yar'uwar mijinta ce. Ita da Nofret II an gano su a matsayin biyu daga cikin sarakunan mata na Senusret II; wasu mata biyu masu yiwuwa sune Khenemet da Itaweret. Dukansu 'yan uwansa ne. Sunan ta kuma ya kasance lakabin sarauniya da aka yi amfani da shi a zamanin: ''khenemetneferhedjet'' yana nufin "haɗe tare da fararen kambi". Ƙarin sunanta ''Weret'' yana nufin "babban" ko "babban' kuma mai ((((((((((other possible wives are Khenemet and [[:en:Itaweret|Itaweret]]. All were also his sisters. Her name was also a queenly title used in the era: ''[[:en:Khenemetneferhedjet|khenemetneferhedjet]]'' means "united with the white crown". Her additional name ''Weret'' means "great" or "the elder" and was probably used to differentiate her from others with this name. She is mentioned on a seal found in [[:en:El-Lahun|Kahun]] (now located in)))))))yiwuwa an yi amfani da shi don rarrabe ta daga wasu da wannan sunan. An ambace ta a kan hatimi da aka samu a Kahun (yanzu yana cikin Tonbridge), papyrus daga Kahun (wanda yanzu yake a Berlin), mutum-mutumi (yanzu yake a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya) da kuma a cikin gidan ɗanta na dala. Wataƙila an binne ta a cikin ginin dala na Kahun wanda mijinta ya gina.<ref>Isabel Stünkel, 'the relief decoration of the cult chapels of royal women in the pyramid complex of Senusret III', in: Miroslav Bárta, Filip Coppens, Jaromír Krejčí (editors), Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005, proceeding of the Conference held in Prague (June 27-July 5, 2005), Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, 2006, {{ISBN|978-80-7308-116-4}}, pp. 147–166 (article on her pyramid chapel at Dahshur)</ref> Takardunta sun kasance: Matar Sarki; Uwar Sarki; Uwarta ta Kasashe Biyu; Yarinyar Sarki (wannan na ƙarshe kawai idan ita ce mutum ɗaya da yarima mai suna a kan hatimin Amenemhat II). == Tushen == hau1oxib583irlkq760al9qdjmh5ynj 969500 969499 2026-10-19T11:52:01Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 969500 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%" |Khenemetneferhedjet<br /><div class="center"><hiero>Xnm:t-nfr-HDt-wr:t</hiero></div>An yi amfani da shi a matsayin NFC. |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |''Babban Matar Sarauta, Khenemetneferhedjet'' |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo" |[[File:F0833_Louvre_Reine_Ouret_E32564_rwk.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Siffar Khenemetneferhedjet-Weret, Gidan Tarihi na Louvre</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |Sarauniya MasarMisira |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sarki | class="infobox-data" |[[Senusret na II]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |<div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Matar aure | class="infobox-data" |[[Senusret na II]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sakamakon | class="infobox-data" |[[Senusret na III]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Daular]] | class="infobox-data" |Daular Masar ta 12 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Addini | class="infobox-data" |Addinin Masar na Dā |} '''Khenemetneferhedjet I Weret''' tsohuwar sarauniya ce ta Masar ta Daular 12, matar Senusret II kuma mahaifiyar Senusret III. == Tarihin rayuwa == Wataƙila ita ce matar da aka ambata a matsayin 'yar Amenemhat II a kan hatimi (yanzu yana cikin New York). Wannan yana nufin ita 'yar'uwar mijinta ce. Ita da Nofret II an gano su a matsayin biyu daga cikin sarakunan mata na Senusret II; wasu mata biyu masu yiwuwa sune Khenemet da Itaweret. Dukansu 'yan uwansa ne. Sunan ta kuma ya kasance lakabin sarauniya da aka yi amfani da shi a zamanin: ''khenemetneferhedjet'' yana nufin "haɗe tare da fararen kambi". Ƙarin sunanta ''Weret'' yana nufin "babban" ko "babban' kuma mai yiwuwa an yi amfani da shi don rarrabe ta daga wasu da wannan sunan. An ambace ta a kan hatimi da aka samu a Kahun (yanzu yana cikin Tonbridge), papyrus daga Kahun (wanda yanzu yake a Berlin), mutum-mutumi (yanzu yake a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya) da kuma a cikin gidan ɗanta na dala. Wataƙila an binne ta a cikin ginin dala na Kahun wanda mijinta ya gina.<ref>Isabel Stünkel, 'the relief decoration of the cult chapels of royal women in the pyramid complex of Senusret III', in: Miroslav Bárta, Filip Coppens, Jaromír Krejčí (editors), Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005, proceeding of the Conference held in Prague (June 27-July 5, 2005), Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, 2006, {{ISBN|978-80-7308-116-4}}, pp. 147–166 (article on her pyramid chapel at Dahshur)</ref> Takardunta sun kasance: Matar Sarki; Uwar Sarki; Uwarta ta Kasashe Biyu; Yarinyar Sarki (wannan na ƙarshe kawai idan ita ce mutum ɗaya da yarima mai suna a kan hatimin Amenemhat II). == Tushen == 2miakw4jw1iwiz457q6umuguadq683a 0 179611 969507 2026-10-19T11:56:44Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335539341|Senetsenebtysy]]" 969507 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Senetsenebtysy''' (fl. c. 1800 BC) ''<nowiki/>'Yar sarki'' ne na zamanin da na Daular goma sha biyu . Wataƙila 'yar sarki Senusret III ce. == Pyramid na Senusret III == Senetsenebtysy an san ta ne kawai daga jana'izarta kusa da Pyramid na Senusret III a [[Dahshur]] . A gefen Arewa na dala akwai ƙananan pyramids guda huɗu don matan sarki da kuma wasu kaburbura da yawa ga 'ya'yan sarki.(((((((wives of the king and several further burials for daughters of the king. The gallery with these burials was excavated in 1894 by [[:en:Jacques_de_Morgan|Jacques de Morgan]].<ref>Jacques de Morgan: ''Fouilles a Dahchour, Mars-Juin 1894''. Vienna 1895, p. 56</ref> Here were small chambers along the gallery containing the sarcophagi and stone [[:en:Canopic_chest|canopic chest]] of the princesses. Only two of the sarcophagi were inscribed, naming the ''king's daughter'' [[:en:Menet_(princess)|Menet]] and the ''king's daughter'' Senetsenebtysy. <ref>[[Dieter Arnold]]: ''The Pyramid Complex of Senwosret III at Dahshur, Architectural Studies'', New York 2002 {{ISBN|0-87099-956-7}}, 71-72, pls. 84a, 111-112, 119</ref> From the position of her)))) Jacques de Morgan ne ya tono tashar tare da waɗannan kaburbura a shekara ta 1894. A nan akwai ƙananan ɗakuna tare da tashar da ke dauke da sarcophagi da akwati na dutse na gimbiyoyi. Biyu ne kawai daga cikin sarcophagi da aka rubuta, sunan kiran ''<nowiki/>'Yar sarki'' Menet da ''<nowiki/>'Yar sarki'' Senetsenebtysy. Daga matsayin jana'izarta da alama Senetsenebtysy 'yar Senusret III ce. == Bayanan da aka ambata == k1i02f9p67cp7zh5dx9ie04csd6igxv 969510 969507 2026-10-19T11:58:04Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 969510 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Senetsenebtysy''' (fl. c. 1800 BC) ''<nowiki/>'Yar sarki'' ne na zamanin da na Daular goma sha biyu . Wataƙila 'yar sarki Senusret III ce. == Pyramid na Senusret III == Senetsenebtysy an san ta ne kawai daga jana'izarta kusa da Pyramid na Senusret III a [[Dahshur]] . A gefen Arewa na dala akwai ƙananan pyramids guda huɗu don matan sarki da kuma wasu kaburbura da yawa ga 'ya'yan sarki. Jacques de Morgan ne ya tono tashar tare da waɗannan kaburbura a shekara ta 1894. A nan akwai ƙananan ɗakuna tare da tashar da ke dauke da sarcophagi da akwati na dutse na gimbiyoyi. Biyu ne kawai daga cikin sarcophagi da aka rubuta, sunan kiran ''<nowiki/>'Yar sarki'' Menet da ''<nowiki/>'Yar sarki'' Senetsenebtysy. Daga matsayin jana'izarta da alama Senetsenebtysy 'yar Senusret III ce. == Bayanan da aka ambata == oslfkhjh6ow8bm4bcdup68wjcko736e