Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2221 970141 923095 2026-10-21T14:11:32Z Zaujeel khair 49197 970141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hausa emblem or flag of Hausa 01.jpg|thumb|tanbarin arawa]] '''[[Hausa]] Bakwai:'' Wata zuriya ce mai ɗumbin tarihi a ƙasar [[Hausa]], wadda kuma ta fito daga tsatson ɗan [[Bayajidda]] mijin [[sarauniya Daurama]] ta garin Daura a cikin jahar Katsina, me suna [[(Bawo)]].<s><ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter5.shtml</ref></s> Waɗannan su ne ƙasashen [[Hausa]] [[Bakwai]] kamar haka:<br> 1. [[Daura]]<br> 2. [[Kano]]<br> 3. [[Katsina]]<br>4. [[Zazzau]] (Zariya)<br>5. [[Gobir]]<br>6. [[Rano]] <br>7. [[Hadejia]] [[Biram]](Garun Gabas)<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hausa-Bakwai</ref><br>Akwai kuma waɗanda ake kira da [[Banza Bakwai]].<br>Banza Bakwai daga baya Masarautar [[Daura]] ta bakin Wakilin [[Tarihi]] na masarautar an sauya sunan zuwa 'yan'uwa bakwai, ko kuma a ce musu Ƙanne Bakwai. Su kuma sun fito ne daga tsatson Karaf da gari ɗan da [[Bayajidda]] ya haifa da baiwarsa Bagwariya. Jerin sunayen jihohin Banza Bakwai, sune kamar haka; # [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Zamfara|Zamfara]]<br>2. [[Kebbi]] <br>3. [[Yawuri]] (Yauri) <br>4. [[Gwari]] <br>5. [[Kororafa]] (Kwararrafa, Jukun)<br>6. [[Nupe]] <br>7. [[Ilorin]] (Yoruba) [[File:Biram.jpg|thumb|Garin Biram]] Akwai ɗan bambanci cikin jerin ƙasashen Banza. == Ala'adu da al'umma == Ra’ayoyin da suka shafi tsarin zamantakewa sun ta’allaƙa ne da dangantakar zumuntar mutanen waje, kuma ana haɗa su cikin wannan tsari ta hanyar aure da ’yan gida, sake ba su matsayin zamantakewa, ko kuma ba su wasu keɓantattun dama. Cinikayya tsakanin jihohi ya sauƙaƙa [[harshen Hausa]] gamayya, ba tare da yarukan da ba sa fahimtar juna. Duk da musuluntar da masu mulki suka yi, yawancin talakawa sun ci gaba da yin [[Maguzanci|addininsu na gargajiya]], ko kuma sun daidaita shi da Musulunci, wanda ake ganin ya karɓu har zuwa lokacin da [[Jihadin na Fulani|Fulani suka yi jihadi]] a ƙarni na 19. Talakawa ( ''talakawa'' ), sun ƙunshi rukunin gonakin da iyalai biyu ko fiye suke gudanarwa ( ''[[Gandu (settlement)|gandu]]'' ), waɗanda wakilin doka ( ''maigida'' ) ke jagoranta. ''Maigida'' ita ce ta gudanar da sashin kuma an ba ta aikin sasanta rigingimu da ayyukan al'ada a cikin bukukuwa. Sabbin ''gandu'' wani uba ne ya kafa shi ya ƙara wa ɗansu filin, wanda daga ƙarshe za a gane shi a matsayin wani yanki na musamman don biyan haraji. Wannan kyakkyawan tsarin patrilineal sau da yawa yakan rushe ta hanyar kisan aure (saboda auren mata fiye da daya ya zama gama gari), alaƙa mai ƙarfi na matrilineal, da ƙwarewar sana'a. Maza suna da lakabi da ya dace da sana'o'insu a wajen lokacin noma. Manya marasa aure an ɗauke su a matsayin masu zaman banza. : 492-3  == Manazarta == * [http://dierklange.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=36 "History of the Hausa states"] [[Category:Hausa]] == Al'adu da al'umma == Abubuwan da suka dace akan tsarin zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan [[Kinship|dangi]], kuma an shigar da farar hula na kasashen waje cikin tsarin ta hanyar auratayya, sake rarraba jama'a, ko kuma an ba su gata ta musamman. Cinikayya tsakanin jihohi ya saukaka [[harshen Hausa]] gamayya, ba tare da yarukan da ba sa fahimtar juna. Duk da musuluntar da masu mulki suka yi, yawancin talakawa sun ci gaba da yin [[Maguzanci|addininsu na gargajiya]], ko kuma [[Syncretism|sun daidaita]] shi da Musulunci, wanda ake ganin ya karɓu har zuwa lokacin da [[Jihadin na Fulani|Fulani suka yi jihadi]] a karni na 19. Talakawa ( ''talakawa'' ) sun ƙunshi rukunin gonaki da iyalai biyu ko sama da haka ( ''[[Gandu (settlement)|gandu]]'' ) ke gudanar da su waɗanda wakilin doka ( ''maigida'' ) ke jagoranta. ''Maigida'' ita ce ta gudanar da sashin kuma an ba ta aikin sasanta rigingimu da ayyukan al'ada a cikin bukukuwa. Sabbin ''gandu'' wani uba ne ya kafa shi ya kara wa dansu filin, wanda daga karshe za a gane shi a matsayin wani yanki na musamman don biyan haraji. Wannan kyakkyawan tsarin patrilineal sau da yawa yakan rushe ta hanyar kisan aure (saboda [[Polygynous marriage|auren mata fiye da daya]] ya zama gama gari), alaƙa mai ƙarfi na matrilineal, da ƙwarewar sana'a. Maza suna da lakabin da ya dace da ayyukansu a wajen lokacin noma. Manya marasa aure an dauke su a matsayin masu zaman banza. == History == [[Fayil:AFRhausalandas.PNG|right|thumb|Manyan biranen kasar Hausa.iyakokin na zamani sune cikin ja.]]   '''Masarautun Hausa''' ({{Lang|ha|Masarautun Hausa}}), wanda aka fi sani da '''Kasar Hausa''' ({{Lang|ha|Kasar Hausa}}, tarin jihohin da [[Hausawa|Mutanen Hausa]] ke mulki, kafin [[Jihadin na Fulani|Jihads na Fulani]].{{Efn|The first uses of "Hausa" as an [[ethnonym]] date from the 16th and 17th centuries, prior to this ethnonyms were based on the states, such as ''Kanawa'' for Kano, ''Katsinawa'' for Katsina, ''Gobirawa'' for Gobir etc.<ref name="Amadu GHoA"/>{{rp|page=268}}}} Tana tsakanin [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]] da [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] (yanzu arewacin [[Najeriya]]). Hausaland ya kasance tsakanin daular Yammacin kasar Sudan na Tsohon kasar Ghana, [[Daular Mali|Mali]] da [[Daular Songhai|Songhai]] da daular Gabashin Sudan na [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Kanem-Bornu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cartwright |first=Mark |date=9 May 2019 |title=Hausaland |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Hausaland/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> [[Kusugu|Daura]]- [[Labarai]] na baƙi na Hausa sun ba da cikakken bayani game da labarin [[Bayajidda]], wanda ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na jarumin Baghdadi, Bayajidda. A cewar labarin, zuriyar Bayajidda ta kafa ''[[Hausa Bakwai]]'' (jihohi bakwai na "gaskiya"), da kuma '''Banza Bakwai''' Ana kallon su a matsayin waɗanda suka shigo cikin al'ummar Hausawa daga wajen asalin Hausawa, ko kuma waɗanda suka karɓi al'adun Hausawa daga baya. == Labaran Tarihi == A cewar ƴaƴa maza da jikoki na Bayajidda ne suka kafa jihohin Hausa, yarima na [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]] wanda ya auri [[Daura]], [[Kabara]] na ƙarshe na Daura, kuma ya sanar da ƙarshen sarakunan matriarchal waɗanda suka yi mulkin mutanen Hausa. A cewar labarin, Bayajidda ya yi tafiya ta hanyar [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Bornu]], ya isa Daura, inda ya tafi gidan wata tsohuwar mace mai suna Waira kuma ya tambaye ta ta ta ba shi ruwa amma ta gaya masa matsalar ƙasar, yadda maciji ɗaya da ke Daura, wanda ake kira ''[[Kusugu]]'', ya zauna, wanda ya ba da damar 'yan Daura su dauki ruwa ne kawai a ranar Jumma'a, tun da ''sarki'' shine kalmar Hausa don "sarki", wannan na iya zama kwatanci ga wani mutum mai iko. Bayajidda ya kashe Sarki kuma saboda abin da ya yi sarauniya ta auri shi saboda jaruntakarsa. Bayan aurensa da Daurama ta Daura mutane sun fara kiransa da suna Bayajidda wanda ke nufin "bai fahimci (harshe) ba kafin". <ref name=":122" /> <ref name="lange">{{Cite web |last=Abdurrahman |first=Alasan |last2=transcribed by Dierk Lange |title=Oral version of the Bayajidda legend |url=http://dierklange.com/pdf/fulltexts/hausa/08_Sources-Bayajidda-legend.pdf |access-date=2006-12-20 |website=Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa}}</ref> === Hausa Bakwai / Banza Bakwai === '''Hausa Bakwai''' sune jihohi Bakwai na "gaskiya" (''birane'') waɗanda aka ce duk mutanen Hausa sun fito daga. Bisa ga al'ada, Bayajidda da dan Daurama, Baw, suna da 'ya'ya maza shida tare da mata uku ([[Bawo (Hausa)|Ba'u]] ga kowace mace) kowannensu ya kafa mulki. Biram, masarauta ta bakwai, wani ɗan Bayajidda ne ya kafa ta, wanda ya haifa tare da yarima [[Ƙabilar Kanuri|Kanuri]] (wanda ake kira Magira) :: 485  yayin da yake Bornu. Daura ita ce "mahaifiyar birni" na jihohin Hausa. * [[Daura]] ([[Gazaura]] ya hau gadon sarauta) :: 486  * Kano (wanda [[Bagauda]] ya mallaka) :: 270  * [[Tarihin Katsina|Katsina]] (wanda [[Kumayau]] ya kafa) <ref name=":0" />:: 486  * [[Zazzau]] (wanda [[Gunguma]] ya kafa) <ref name=":0" /> * [[Gobir]] (wanda [[Duma (ruler)|Duma]] ta kafa) <ref name=":0" />:: 486  * [[Rano]] (wanda [[Zamna Kogi]] ya kafa) <ref name=":0" />:: 486  * [[Biram (ruler)|Biram]] / Garun Gobas (wanda Biram ke mulki, birni yanzu ana kiransa "Hadejia"). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akinlolu |first=Adelaja Abdulazeez |date=2016 |title=Facial Biometrics Using Akinlolu-Raji Image-processing Algorithm and Anthropological Facts Which Prove that Kebbi and Zamfara Hausas are Hausa Bakwai |journal=Sub-Saharan African Journal of Medicine |language=en-US |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=45 |doi=10.4103/2384-5147.176320 |issn=2384-5147 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br /> === Hausa Bakwai === i.[[Daular Songhai|i]]Ana kiran '''Hausa Banza''' ko '''Banza Bakwai''' a matsayin jihohin "bastard" ko "marasa izini". Bisa ga al'ada, Bayajidda yana da ɗa na uku tare da ƙwaraƙwaransa mai suna Mukarbigari . An ce zuriyar Mukarbigari sun kafa wasu jihohi bakwai waɗanda ke kan iyaka da Hausa Bakwai zuwa yamma da kudu. Hadisin Hausa sau da yawa yana nufin waɗannan a matsayin ƙasa da Hausa Bakwai . :: 486  Baya ga Zamfara da Kebbi, mambobin Hausa Banza maƙwabta ne na Hausaland, ko da yake musamman ya bar [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Kanem-Bornu]] da [[Daular Songhai|Songhai]]. :: 278–9 -9 [[Borgu (yanki)|Borgu]] wani lokacin ana haɗa shi a cikin Hausa Banza . Su ne:.<ref name=":0" /> * [[Masarautar Zamfara|Zamfara]] (wanda masu magana da Hausa ke zaune) {{Efn|Some traditions include Zamfara in the Hausa Bakwai.<ref name=":1" />}} * Kebbi (wanda masu magana da harshen Hausa ke zaune) * [[Masarautar Yauri|Yauri]] * [[Gbagyi|Gwari]] * [[Kwararafa]] (jiha ta [[Abakwariga]] (ba Musulmi Hausa) ko [[Jukunawa|Mutanen Jukun]]) <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Bello |first=Zakariya Abubakar |date=July 2020 |title=History, Roles and the Challenges of the Institution of Aku Uka in Nation Building in the 21st Century |url=https://www.academia.edu/71424076 |journal=Fuwukari Journal of Politics & Devevelopment |volume=4 |issue=1}}</ref> * [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] (jiha ta [[Nufawa|Mutanen Nupe]]) * [[Kasar Yarbawa|Yoruba]] (mutane na Yoruba) == Tarihi == === Asalin da tashi === Majiyar baka ta (Kunne ya girmi kaka na Hausawa sun ce an fara kafa matsugunnai ne a inda aka sami ''[[iskoki]]'' ( ruhohin dabi’a ) .  [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]] na da dimbin karfin noma, da kuma matsayi na farko da suka shafi kula da kasa, wanda alaƙar dangi ta bunkasa. Sarakunan Hausawa ko dai [[Family head|shugabannin iyali]] ne ( ''gidaje'' ) ko kuma jami'an addini wadanda aka dorawa alhakin gudanar da ayyukan ibada da nufin tabbatar da ci gaban noma ( ''sarkin noma'' ; "sarakunan noma"). <ref name=":0" /> Ba a san ranar kafuwar daular Hausa ba, duk da kasancewar garuruwa a arewacin Najeriya ya kai ga kafa jihohi, inda manyan garuruwa [[Ƙofofin ƙasar Hausa|masu kagara]] suka zama cibiyoyin mulki da mulki. Masarautu suna sarrafa kasuwanci a yankin, kuma mai yiyuwa ne Ya'qubi ya fara ambata a cikin karni na 9, : 21 ’Yan kasuwan Hausawa sun kafa sansani ( ''sabon gari'' ) a wurare daban-daban, tare da gina ingantaccen tsarin kasuwanci mai inganci. <ref name=":122" /> Farar hula wani lokaci suna bin rundunarsu a matsayin ƴan kasuwa ko kuma su ba da hidima, su zauna a ƙasashen waje, suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙasashen waje. Al’adar Hausawa ta bayyana yadda aka raba mukamai a tsakanin jahohi, inda Kano da Rano suka kasance cibiyoyi na masana’antar [[Textile|saka]] (wanda ake kira manyan ''sarakumnan''; “sarakunan indigo”), Katsina da Daura wuraren kasuwanci ne (wanda ake kira ''sarakunan kasuwa'' ; “sarakunan kasuwa”), Zazzau ya samar da aikin bauta ga sauran jahohin (wanda ake kira da ''sarkin'' ; “sarkin daular mulkin mallaka, wanda aka fi sani da Goggo Birni), kuma ya kasance mai mulkin kasar Gobe ta Arewa”. mahara (wanda ake kira ''sarkin yaki'' ; "sarkin yaki"). : 270 A cikin tarihinta akwai ƙaura da yawa daga [[Sahel]] da [[Sudan]] zuwa ƙasar Hausa, ciki har da makiyaya, masunta, masu noma, 'yan kasuwa da 'yan kasuwa, da ''[[Mawlānā|mallam]]'', da kuma wasu manyan sarakuna ''.'' Ana tunanin hijira daga [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Bornu]] ya daɗe, kuma [[Buzaye|Abzinawa]] (wanda ya raba [[Gobir|Gobirawa]] daga [[Sultan na Agadez|Asben]] ) da [[Fulani Makiyaya|Fulani]] sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankin daga ƙarni na 14 da 15 bi da bi. A matsayinsu [[Nomadic pastoralists|na makiyaya,]] wani lokaci sukan yi kutse cikin kasar Hausa domin neman filayen kiwo. Wata kungiya kuma ita ce [[Soninke Wangara|Wangara]], wacce ta yi hijira a karni na 14/15, kuma su ne mabudin yada addinin Musulunci ta kasar Hausa. Duk da cewa akwai yiyuwar Musulunci ya yadu zuwa kasar Hausa daga arewa ta hanyar Gobir ko gabas daga Bornu, ana tunanin wanda ya fara musulunta shi ne [[Yaji I]] na Kano (r. 1349-85) saboda [[Dawah|gayyata]] daga Wangara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akinwumi |first=Olayemi |last2=Raji |first2=Adesina Y. |date=1990 |title=The Wangarawa Factor in the History of Nigerian Islam: The Example of Kano and Borgu |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20840012 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=375–385 |issn=0578-8072}}</ref> Wangara, kamar ƴan gudun hijira na [[Mutanen Songhai|Songhai]], a hankali suka haɗa kai suka zama Hausawa. <ref name="Amadu GHoA3" /> {{Rp|285-91}} A lokacin mulkin [[Yaji I]] na Kano (1349-85) ya ci nasara kuma ya mamaye Rano na tsawon shekaru biyu, bayan haka Rano ya ci gaba da wanzuwa amma bai sake samun ikon mallakarsa ba. :: 271  A cikin karni na 15, wani mai tsigewa na Bornu ya gudu zuwa Kano, wanda ya haifar da Bornu yana fadada zuwa yamma kuma ya mamaye jihohin Hausa. Ba a san ko wannan ya haɗa da dukkan jihohin ba, ko kuma kawai Kano da Biram kamar yadda M. G. Smith ya yi tunani; ba tare da la'akari ba, an aika haraji ta hanyar Daura. Duk da yake ba a san tsawon lokacin da jihohin Hausa suka biya wannan haraji ba, Bornu ya ci gaba da riƙe tasiri a yankin. === Karni na 16 zuwa gaba === A karni na 15, masarautun Hausa sun kasance cibiyoyin kasuwanci wadanda suka yi gogayya da [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Kanem-Bornu]] da [[daular Mali]] . Abubuwan da aka fi fitar dasu sune [[Bauta|bayi]], fata, [[Zinare|zinari]], tufa, [[gishiri]], kwaya kola, fatun dabbobi da [[Lalle|henna]] . A lokuta daban-daban a cikin tarihinsu, Hausawa sun yi nasarar kafa tsarin kula da jahohinsu, amma irin wannan haɗin kai ya kasance a takaice. A zamanin Sarki [[Yaji I]] (1349-1385) an fara shigar da Musulunci Kano ta hanyar da'awa daga Soninke Wangara da Musulunci sau da yawa ana daidaita su da [[Maguzanci|kiyayyar Hausawa]] . : 14 Da yawa daga cikin ‘yan kasuwa da malaman addini musulmi sun zo daga Mali, daga yankin Volta, daga baya kuma daga [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]] . Sarki Yaji ya nada wani Qadi da Imam a matsayin wani bangare na gwamnatin jihar. [[Muhammad Rumfa]] (1463-99) ya gina masallatai da madrassa. Ya kuma umurci Muhammad al-Maghili da ya rubuta taswirar yadda ake gudanar da mulkin musulmi. An kawo wasu da yawa daga [[Misra|Masar]], [[Tunisiya]], da [[Moroko|Maroko]] . Wannan ya mayar da Kano da Katsina a matsayin cibiyoyi na ilimin addinin Musulunci . Musulunta ya sauƙaƙa faɗaɗa kasuwanci kuma ya kasance ginshiƙi na faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwa. ''[[Ulama'u|Malamai]]'' sun ba da goyan bayan doka, garanti, ayyuka masu aminci, gabatarwa da sauran ayyuka masu yawa. A karshen karni na 15, wani malami [[Tarihin Katsina|Muhammad al-Korau]] ya karbe iko da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] yana ayyana kansa a matsayin sarki. Daga nan aka kawo ''Malamai'' daga Arewacin Afrika da Masar suka zauna a Katsina. Ajin ''Malamai'' ya fito karkashin kulawar sarauta. Sarakunan Hausawa sun yi azumin Ramadan, sun gina masallatai, sun tsida salloli biyar na farilla, da bayar da [[Zakka|''zakka'']] ga talakawa. [[Ibrahim Maje]] (1549-66) ya kasance mai kawo gyara a Musulunci kuma ya kafa dokar auren Musulunci a Katsina. Gabaɗaya ƙasar Hausa ta kasance cikin rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin manyan biranen musulmi na duniya da kuma al'ummomin karkara. A cikin wannan lokaci, Leo Africanus a takaice ya ambata a cikin littafinsa ''[[Bayanin Afirka (littafi na 1550)|Descrittione dell'Africa]]'' game da yanayin siyasa da tattalin arzikin kasar Hausa a wancan lokacin duk da cewa ba a san ko da gaske ya ziyarce ta ba; Ga dukkan alamu kasar Hausa ta kasance mafi yawan matsayin da Songhai ke da shi domin a bayaninsa na [[Zamfara]] ya yi tsokaci cewa " [[Askia Mohammad I|Askiya]] ne suka yanka sarkinsu, kuma su kansu suka yi tagumi" haka ma sauran yankunan ke fada. === Faduwa === [[Fayil:Sokoto_caliphate.png|thumb|Hausa-Fulani Sokoto Khalifa a karni na 19]] Duk da ci gaba mai yawa daga karni na 15 zuwa karni na 18, jihohin suna da rauni ga yaki na yau da kullun a ciki da waje. A karni na 18, sun gaji da tattalin arziki da siyasa. [[Famine|Yunwa]] ta zama ruwan dare a wannan lokacin kuma [[Sultan|Sultans]] sun shiga haraji mai nauyi don tallafawa yaƙe-yaƙe. Kodayake yawancin mazaunanta [[Musulmi]] ne, a ƙarni na 19, mayaƙan [[Fulani]] da manoma na Hausa sun ci su, suna ambaton [[Syncretism|haɗin kai]] da rashin adalci na zamantakewa. A shekara ta 1808 [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usuman dan Fodio]] ya ci jihohin Hausa kuma ya shiga cikin Khalifancin Hausa-Fulani Sokoto . == Gwamnati == == Al'adu da al'umma == Manufofin kan tsarin zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan dangi, kuma an sanya fararen hula na kasashen waje cikin tsarin ta hanyar aure, sake rarraba zamantakewa, ko kuma an ba su dama ta musamman. Kasuwanci tsakanin jihohi ya sauƙaƙa yaren Hausa na yau da kullun, ba tare da yarukan da ba a fahimta ba. Duk da juyowa na sarakuna zuwa Islama, mutane da yawa sun ci gaba da yin [[Maguzanci|addininsu na gargajiya]], ko kuma sun haɗa shi da Islama, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin karɓa har zuwa Fula jihads a karni na 19. ''talakawa'' (talakawa) sun ƙunshi raka'a na gonaki waɗanda iyalai biyu ko fiye (''[[Gandu (settlement)|gandu]]'') ke sarrafawa waɗanda wakilin doka (maigida) ke jagoranta. Maigida ta gudanar da rukunin kuma an ba ta aikin sulhunta rikice-rikice da matsayi na al'ada a cikin bukukuwan. Wani uba ne ya kafa sabon ''gandu'' wanda ya kara da ƙasar ɗansu, don a ƙarshe a gane shi a matsayin wani bangare na musamman don dalilai na haraji. Wannan tsarin patrilineal mai kyau sau da yawa ya rushe ta hanyar kisan aure (saboda auren polygynous ya zama ruwan dare), dangantaka mai karfi ta matrilineal, da ƙwarewar sana'a. Maza suna da lakabi da suka dace da ayyukansu a waje da lokacin noma. Manya marasa aure an dauke su a matsayin wadanda aka ware. : 492–3 : 492–3  * [[Maguzanci|Hauka da ƙiyayya]] * [[Adabin Hausa|Littattafan Hausa]] == Lura == == Manazarta == <references /> rwi12vfba1pda30zfjye3c9dtzggwz9 970142 970141 2026-10-21T14:12:57Z Zaujeel khair 49197 970142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hausa emblem or flag of Hausa 01.jpg|thumb|tanbarin arawa]] '''[[Hausa]] Bakwai:'' Wata zuriya ce mai ɗumbin tarihi a ƙasar [[Hausa]], wadda kuma ta fito daga tsatson ɗan [[Bayajidda]] mijin [[sarauniya Daurama]] ta garin Daura a cikin jahar Katsina, me suna [[(Bawo)]].<s><ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter5.shtml</ref></s> Waɗannan su ne ƙasashen [[Hausa]] [[Bakwai]] kamar haka:<br> 1. [[Daura]]<br> 2. [[Kano]]<br> 3. [[Katsina]]<br>4. [[Zazzau]] (Zariya)<br>5. [[Gobir]]<br>6. [[Rano]] <br>7. [[Hadejia]] [[Biram]](Garun Gabas)<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hausa-Bakwai</ref><br>Akwai kuma waɗanda ake kira da [[Banza Bakwai]].<br>Banza Bakwai daga baya Masarautar [[Daura]] ta bakin Wakilin [[Tarihi]] na masarautar an sauya sunan zuwa 'yan'uwa bakwai, ko kuma a ce musu Ƙanne Bakwai. Su kuma sun fito ne daga tsatson Karaf da gari ɗan da [[Bayajidda]] ya haifa da baiwarsa Bagwariya. Jerin sunayen jihohin Banza Bakwai, sune kamar haka; # [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Zamfara|Zamfara]]<br>2. [[Kebbi]] <br>3. [[Yawuri]] (Yauri) <br>4. [[Gwari]] <br>5. [[Kororafa]] (Kwararrafa, Jukun)<br>6. [[Nupe]] <br>7. [[Ilorin]] ([[Yoruba]]) [[File:Biram.jpg|thumb|Garin Biram]] Akwai ɗan bambanci cikin jerin ƙasashen Banza. == Ala'adu da al'umma == Ra’ayoyin da suka shafi tsarin zamantakewa sun ta’allaƙa ne da dangantakar zumuntar mutanen waje, kuma ana haɗa su cikin wannan tsari ta hanyar aure da ’yan gida, sake ba su matsayin zamantakewa, ko kuma ba su wasu keɓantattun dama. Cinikayya tsakanin jihohi ya sauƙaƙa [[harshen Hausa]] gamayya, ba tare da yarukan da ba sa fahimtar juna. Duk da musuluntar da masu mulki suka yi, yawancin talakawa sun ci gaba da yin [[Maguzanci|addininsu na gargajiya]], ko kuma sun daidaita shi da Musulunci, wanda ake ganin ya karɓu har zuwa lokacin da [[Jihadin na Fulani|Fulani suka yi jihadi]] a ƙarni na 19. Talakawa ( ''talakawa'' ), sun ƙunshi rukunin gonakin da iyalai biyu ko fiye suke gudanarwa ( ''[[Gandu (settlement)|gandu]]'' ), waɗanda wakilin doka ( ''maigida'' ) ke jagoranta. ''Maigida'' ita ce ta gudanar da sashin kuma an ba ta aikin sasanta rigingimu da ayyukan al'ada a cikin bukukuwa. Sabbin ''gandu'' wani uba ne ya kafa shi ya ƙara wa ɗansu filin, wanda daga ƙarshe za a gane shi a matsayin wani yanki na musamman don biyan haraji. Wannan kyakkyawan tsarin patrilineal sau da yawa yakan rushe ta hanyar kisan aure (saboda auren mata fiye da daya ya zama gama gari), alaƙa mai ƙarfi na matrilineal, da ƙwarewar sana'a. Maza suna da lakabi da ya dace da sana'o'insu a wajen lokacin noma. Manya marasa aure an ɗauke su a matsayin masu zaman banza. : 492-3  == Manazarta == * [http://dierklange.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=36 "History of the Hausa states"] [[Category:Hausa]] == Al'adu da al'umma == Abubuwan da suka dace akan tsarin zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan [[Kinship|dangi]], kuma an shigar da farar hula na kasashen waje cikin tsarin ta hanyar auratayya, sake rarraba jama'a, ko kuma an ba su gata ta musamman. Cinikayya tsakanin jihohi ya saukaka [[harshen Hausa]] gamayya, ba tare da yarukan da ba sa fahimtar juna. Duk da musuluntar da masu mulki suka yi, yawancin talakawa sun ci gaba da yin [[Maguzanci|addininsu na gargajiya]], ko kuma [[Syncretism|sun daidaita]] shi da Musulunci, wanda ake ganin ya karɓu har zuwa lokacin da [[Jihadin na Fulani|Fulani suka yi jihadi]] a karni na 19. Talakawa ( ''talakawa'' ) sun ƙunshi rukunin gonaki da iyalai biyu ko sama da haka ( ''[[Gandu (settlement)|gandu]]'' ) ke gudanar da su waɗanda wakilin doka ( ''maigida'' ) ke jagoranta. ''Maigida'' ita ce ta gudanar da sashin kuma an ba ta aikin sasanta rigingimu da ayyukan al'ada a cikin bukukuwa. Sabbin ''gandu'' wani uba ne ya kafa shi ya kara wa dansu filin, wanda daga karshe za a gane shi a matsayin wani yanki na musamman don biyan haraji. Wannan kyakkyawan tsarin patrilineal sau da yawa yakan rushe ta hanyar kisan aure (saboda [[Polygynous marriage|auren mata fiye da daya]] ya zama gama gari), alaƙa mai ƙarfi na matrilineal, da ƙwarewar sana'a. Maza suna da lakabin da ya dace da ayyukansu a wajen lokacin noma. Manya marasa aure an dauke su a matsayin masu zaman banza. == History == [[Fayil:AFRhausalandas.PNG|right|thumb|Manyan biranen kasar Hausa.iyakokin na zamani sune cikin ja.]]   '''Masarautun Hausa''' ({{Lang|ha|Masarautun Hausa}}), wanda aka fi sani da '''Kasar Hausa''' ({{Lang|ha|Kasar Hausa}}, tarin jihohin da [[Hausawa|Mutanen Hausa]] ke mulki, kafin [[Jihadin na Fulani|Jihads na Fulani]].{{Efn|The first uses of "Hausa" as an [[ethnonym]] date from the 16th and 17th centuries, prior to this ethnonyms were based on the states, such as ''Kanawa'' for Kano, ''Katsinawa'' for Katsina, ''Gobirawa'' for Gobir etc.<ref name="Amadu GHoA"/>{{rp|page=268}}}} Tana tsakanin [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]] da [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] (yanzu arewacin [[Najeriya]]). Hausaland ya kasance tsakanin daular Yammacin kasar Sudan na Tsohon kasar Ghana, [[Daular Mali|Mali]] da [[Daular Songhai|Songhai]] da daular Gabashin Sudan na [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Kanem-Bornu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cartwright |first=Mark |date=9 May 2019 |title=Hausaland |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Hausaland/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> [[Kusugu|Daura]]- [[Labarai]] na baƙi na Hausa sun ba da cikakken bayani game da labarin [[Bayajidda]], wanda ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na jarumin Baghdadi, Bayajidda. A cewar labarin, zuriyar Bayajidda ta kafa ''[[Hausa Bakwai]]'' (jihohi bakwai na "gaskiya"), da kuma '''Banza Bakwai''' Ana kallon su a matsayin waɗanda suka shigo cikin al'ummar Hausawa daga wajen asalin Hausawa, ko kuma waɗanda suka karɓi al'adun Hausawa daga baya. == Labaran Tarihi == A cewar ƴaƴa maza da jikoki na Bayajidda ne suka kafa jihohin Hausa, yarima na [[Bagdaza|Bagadaza]] wanda ya auri [[Daura]], [[Kabara]] na ƙarshe na Daura, kuma ya sanar da ƙarshen sarakunan matriarchal waɗanda suka yi mulkin mutanen Hausa. A cewar labarin, Bayajidda ya yi tafiya ta hanyar [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Bornu]], ya isa Daura, inda ya tafi gidan wata tsohuwar mace mai suna Waira kuma ya tambaye ta ta ta ba shi ruwa amma ta gaya masa matsalar ƙasar, yadda maciji ɗaya da ke Daura, wanda ake kira ''[[Kusugu]]'', ya zauna, wanda ya ba da damar 'yan Daura su dauki ruwa ne kawai a ranar Jumma'a, tun da ''sarki'' shine kalmar Hausa don "sarki", wannan na iya zama kwatanci ga wani mutum mai iko. Bayajidda ya kashe Sarki kuma saboda abin da ya yi sarauniya ta auri shi saboda jaruntakarsa. Bayan aurensa da Daurama ta Daura mutane sun fara kiransa da suna Bayajidda wanda ke nufin "bai fahimci (harshe) ba kafin". <ref name=":122" /> <ref name="lange">{{Cite web |last=Abdurrahman |first=Alasan |last2=transcribed by Dierk Lange |title=Oral version of the Bayajidda legend |url=http://dierklange.com/pdf/fulltexts/hausa/08_Sources-Bayajidda-legend.pdf |access-date=2006-12-20 |website=Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa}}</ref> === Hausa Bakwai / Banza Bakwai === '''Hausa Bakwai''' sune jihohi Bakwai na "gaskiya" (''birane'') waɗanda aka ce duk mutanen Hausa sun fito daga. Bisa ga al'ada, Bayajidda da dan Daurama, Baw, suna da 'ya'ya maza shida tare da mata uku ([[Bawo (Hausa)|Ba'u]] ga kowace mace) kowannensu ya kafa mulki. Biram, masarauta ta bakwai, wani ɗan Bayajidda ne ya kafa ta, wanda ya haifa tare da yarima [[Ƙabilar Kanuri|Kanuri]] (wanda ake kira Magira) :: 485  yayin da yake Bornu. Daura ita ce "mahaifiyar birni" na jihohin Hausa. * [[Daura]] ([[Gazaura]] ya hau gadon sarauta) :: 486  * Kano (wanda [[Bagauda]] ya mallaka) :: 270  * [[Tarihin Katsina|Katsina]] (wanda [[Kumayau]] ya kafa) <ref name=":0" />:: 486  * [[Zazzau]] (wanda [[Gunguma]] ya kafa) <ref name=":0" /> * [[Gobir]] (wanda [[Duma (ruler)|Duma]] ta kafa) <ref name=":0" />:: 486  * [[Rano]] (wanda [[Zamna Kogi]] ya kafa) <ref name=":0" />:: 486  * [[Biram (ruler)|Biram]] / Garun Gobas (wanda Biram ke mulki, birni yanzu ana kiransa "Hadejia"). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akinlolu |first=Adelaja Abdulazeez |date=2016 |title=Facial Biometrics Using Akinlolu-Raji Image-processing Algorithm and Anthropological Facts Which Prove that Kebbi and Zamfara Hausas are Hausa Bakwai |journal=Sub-Saharan African Journal of Medicine |language=en-US |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=45 |doi=10.4103/2384-5147.176320 |issn=2384-5147 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br /> === Hausa Bakwai === i.[[Daular Songhai|i]]Ana kiran '''Hausa Banza''' ko '''Banza Bakwai''' a matsayin jihohin "bastard" ko "marasa izini". Bisa ga al'ada, Bayajidda yana da ɗa na uku tare da ƙwaraƙwaransa mai suna Mukarbigari . An ce zuriyar Mukarbigari sun kafa wasu jihohi bakwai waɗanda ke kan iyaka da Hausa Bakwai zuwa yamma da kudu. Hadisin Hausa sau da yawa yana nufin waɗannan a matsayin ƙasa da Hausa Bakwai . :: 486  Baya ga Zamfara da Kebbi, mambobin Hausa Banza maƙwabta ne na Hausaland, ko da yake musamman ya bar [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Kanem-Bornu]] da [[Daular Songhai|Songhai]]. :: 278–9 -9 [[Borgu (yanki)|Borgu]] wani lokacin ana haɗa shi a cikin Hausa Banza . Su ne:.<ref name=":0" /> * [[Masarautar Zamfara|Zamfara]] (wanda masu magana da Hausa ke zaune) {{Efn|Some traditions include Zamfara in the Hausa Bakwai.<ref name=":1" />}} * Kebbi (wanda masu magana da harshen Hausa ke zaune) * [[Masarautar Yauri|Yauri]] * [[Gbagyi|Gwari]] * [[Kwararafa]] (jiha ta [[Abakwariga]] (ba Musulmi Hausa) ko [[Jukunawa|Mutanen Jukun]]) <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Bello |first=Zakariya Abubakar |date=July 2020 |title=History, Roles and the Challenges of the Institution of Aku Uka in Nation Building in the 21st Century |url=https://www.academia.edu/71424076 |journal=Fuwukari Journal of Politics & Devevelopment |volume=4 |issue=1}}</ref> * [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] (jiha ta [[Nufawa|Mutanen Nupe]]) * [[Kasar Yarbawa|Yoruba]] (mutane na Yoruba) == Tarihi == === Asalin da tashi === Majiyar baka ta (Kunne ya girmi kaka na Hausawa sun ce an fara kafa matsugunnai ne a inda aka sami ''[[iskoki]]'' ( ruhohin dabi’a ) .  [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]] na da dimbin karfin noma, da kuma matsayi na farko da suka shafi kula da kasa, wanda alaƙar dangi ta bunkasa. Sarakunan Hausawa ko dai [[Family head|shugabannin iyali]] ne ( ''gidaje'' ) ko kuma jami'an addini wadanda aka dorawa alhakin gudanar da ayyukan ibada da nufin tabbatar da ci gaban noma ( ''sarkin noma'' ; "sarakunan noma"). <ref name=":0" /> Ba a san ranar kafuwar daular Hausa ba, duk da kasancewar garuruwa a arewacin Najeriya ya kai ga kafa jihohi, inda manyan garuruwa [[Ƙofofin ƙasar Hausa|masu kagara]] suka zama cibiyoyin mulki da mulki. Masarautu suna sarrafa kasuwanci a yankin, kuma mai yiyuwa ne Ya'qubi ya fara ambata a cikin karni na 9, : 21 ’Yan kasuwan Hausawa sun kafa sansani ( ''sabon gari'' ) a wurare daban-daban, tare da gina ingantaccen tsarin kasuwanci mai inganci. <ref name=":122" /> Farar hula wani lokaci suna bin rundunarsu a matsayin ƴan kasuwa ko kuma su ba da hidima, su zauna a ƙasashen waje, suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙasashen waje. Al’adar Hausawa ta bayyana yadda aka raba mukamai a tsakanin jahohi, inda Kano da Rano suka kasance cibiyoyi na masana’antar [[Textile|saka]] (wanda ake kira manyan ''sarakumnan''; “sarakunan indigo”), Katsina da Daura wuraren kasuwanci ne (wanda ake kira ''sarakunan kasuwa'' ; “sarakunan kasuwa”), Zazzau ya samar da aikin bauta ga sauran jahohin (wanda ake kira da ''sarkin'' ; “sarkin daular mulkin mallaka, wanda aka fi sani da Goggo Birni), kuma ya kasance mai mulkin kasar Gobe ta Arewa”. mahara (wanda ake kira ''sarkin yaki'' ; "sarkin yaki"). : 270 A cikin tarihinta akwai ƙaura da yawa daga [[Sahel]] da [[Sudan]] zuwa ƙasar Hausa, ciki har da makiyaya, masunta, masu noma, 'yan kasuwa da 'yan kasuwa, da ''[[Mawlānā|mallam]]'', da kuma wasu manyan sarakuna ''.'' Ana tunanin hijira daga [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Bornu]] ya daɗe, kuma [[Buzaye|Abzinawa]] (wanda ya raba [[Gobir|Gobirawa]] daga [[Sultan na Agadez|Asben]] ) da [[Fulani Makiyaya|Fulani]] sun yi ƙaura zuwa yankin daga ƙarni na 14 da 15 bi da bi. A matsayinsu [[Nomadic pastoralists|na makiyaya,]] wani lokaci sukan yi kutse cikin kasar Hausa domin neman filayen kiwo. Wata kungiya kuma ita ce [[Soninke Wangara|Wangara]], wacce ta yi hijira a karni na 14/15, kuma su ne mabudin yada addinin Musulunci ta kasar Hausa. Duk da cewa akwai yiyuwar Musulunci ya yadu zuwa kasar Hausa daga arewa ta hanyar Gobir ko gabas daga Bornu, ana tunanin wanda ya fara musulunta shi ne [[Yaji I]] na Kano (r. 1349-85) saboda [[Dawah|gayyata]] daga Wangara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akinwumi |first=Olayemi |last2=Raji |first2=Adesina Y. |date=1990 |title=The Wangarawa Factor in the History of Nigerian Islam: The Example of Kano and Borgu |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20840012 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=375–385 |issn=0578-8072}}</ref> Wangara, kamar ƴan gudun hijira na [[Mutanen Songhai|Songhai]], a hankali suka haɗa kai suka zama Hausawa. <ref name="Amadu GHoA3" /> {{Rp|285-91}} A lokacin mulkin [[Yaji I]] na Kano (1349-85) ya ci nasara kuma ya mamaye Rano na tsawon shekaru biyu, bayan haka Rano ya ci gaba da wanzuwa amma bai sake samun ikon mallakarsa ba. :: 271  A cikin karni na 15, wani mai tsigewa na Bornu ya gudu zuwa Kano, wanda ya haifar da Bornu yana fadada zuwa yamma kuma ya mamaye jihohin Hausa. Ba a san ko wannan ya haɗa da dukkan jihohin ba, ko kuma kawai Kano da Biram kamar yadda M. G. Smith ya yi tunani; ba tare da la'akari ba, an aika haraji ta hanyar Daura. Duk da yake ba a san tsawon lokacin da jihohin Hausa suka biya wannan haraji ba, Bornu ya ci gaba da riƙe tasiri a yankin. === Karni na 16 zuwa gaba === A karni na 15, masarautun Hausa sun kasance cibiyoyin kasuwanci wadanda suka yi gogayya da [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Kanem-Bornu]] da [[daular Mali]] . Abubuwan da aka fi fitar dasu sune [[Bauta|bayi]], fata, [[Zinare|zinari]], tufa, [[gishiri]], kwaya kola, fatun dabbobi da [[Lalle|henna]] . A lokuta daban-daban a cikin tarihinsu, Hausawa sun yi nasarar kafa tsarin kula da jahohinsu, amma irin wannan haɗin kai ya kasance a takaice. A zamanin Sarki [[Yaji I]] (1349-1385) an fara shigar da Musulunci Kano ta hanyar da'awa daga Soninke Wangara da Musulunci sau da yawa ana daidaita su da [[Maguzanci|kiyayyar Hausawa]] . : 14 Da yawa daga cikin ‘yan kasuwa da malaman addini musulmi sun zo daga Mali, daga yankin Volta, daga baya kuma daga [[Daular Songhai|Songhay]] . Sarki Yaji ya nada wani Qadi da Imam a matsayin wani bangare na gwamnatin jihar. [[Muhammad Rumfa]] (1463-99) ya gina masallatai da madrassa. Ya kuma umurci Muhammad al-Maghili da ya rubuta taswirar yadda ake gudanar da mulkin musulmi. An kawo wasu da yawa daga [[Misra|Masar]], [[Tunisiya]], da [[Moroko|Maroko]] . Wannan ya mayar da Kano da Katsina a matsayin cibiyoyi na ilimin addinin Musulunci . Musulunta ya sauƙaƙa faɗaɗa kasuwanci kuma ya kasance ginshiƙi na faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwa. ''[[Ulama'u|Malamai]]'' sun ba da goyan bayan doka, garanti, ayyuka masu aminci, gabatarwa da sauran ayyuka masu yawa. A karshen karni na 15, wani malami [[Tarihin Katsina|Muhammad al-Korau]] ya karbe iko da [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] yana ayyana kansa a matsayin sarki. Daga nan aka kawo ''Malamai'' daga Arewacin Afrika da Masar suka zauna a Katsina. Ajin ''Malamai'' ya fito karkashin kulawar sarauta. Sarakunan Hausawa sun yi azumin Ramadan, sun gina masallatai, sun tsida salloli biyar na farilla, da bayar da [[Zakka|''zakka'']] ga talakawa. [[Ibrahim Maje]] (1549-66) ya kasance mai kawo gyara a Musulunci kuma ya kafa dokar auren Musulunci a Katsina. Gabaɗaya ƙasar Hausa ta kasance cikin rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin manyan biranen musulmi na duniya da kuma al'ummomin karkara. A cikin wannan lokaci, Leo Africanus a takaice ya ambata a cikin littafinsa ''[[Bayanin Afirka (littafi na 1550)|Descrittione dell'Africa]]'' game da yanayin siyasa da tattalin arzikin kasar Hausa a wancan lokacin duk da cewa ba a san ko da gaske ya ziyarce ta ba; Ga dukkan alamu kasar Hausa ta kasance mafi yawan matsayin da Songhai ke da shi domin a bayaninsa na [[Zamfara]] ya yi tsokaci cewa " [[Askia Mohammad I|Askiya]] ne suka yanka sarkinsu, kuma su kansu suka yi tagumi" haka ma sauran yankunan ke fada. === Faduwa === [[Fayil:Sokoto_caliphate.png|thumb|Hausa-Fulani Sokoto Khalifa a karni na 19]] Duk da ci gaba mai yawa daga karni na 15 zuwa karni na 18, jihohin suna da rauni ga yaki na yau da kullun a ciki da waje. A karni na 18, sun gaji da tattalin arziki da siyasa. [[Famine|Yunwa]] ta zama ruwan dare a wannan lokacin kuma [[Sultan|Sultans]] sun shiga haraji mai nauyi don tallafawa yaƙe-yaƙe. Kodayake yawancin mazaunanta [[Musulmi]] ne, a ƙarni na 19, mayaƙan [[Fulani]] da manoma na Hausa sun ci su, suna ambaton [[Syncretism|haɗin kai]] da rashin adalci na zamantakewa. A shekara ta 1808 [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usuman dan Fodio]] ya ci jihohin Hausa kuma ya shiga cikin Khalifancin Hausa-Fulani Sokoto . == Gwamnati == == Al'adu da al'umma == Manufofin kan tsarin zamantakewa sun dogara ne akan dangi, kuma an sanya fararen hula na kasashen waje cikin tsarin ta hanyar aure, sake rarraba zamantakewa, ko kuma an ba su dama ta musamman. Kasuwanci tsakanin jihohi ya sauƙaƙa yaren Hausa na yau da kullun, ba tare da yarukan da ba a fahimta ba. Duk da juyowa na sarakuna zuwa Islama, mutane da yawa sun ci gaba da yin [[Maguzanci|addininsu na gargajiya]], ko kuma sun haɗa shi da Islama, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin karɓa har zuwa Fula jihads a karni na 19. ''talakawa'' (talakawa) sun ƙunshi raka'a na gonaki waɗanda iyalai biyu ko fiye (''[[Gandu (settlement)|gandu]]'') ke sarrafawa waɗanda wakilin doka (maigida) ke jagoranta. Maigida ta gudanar da rukunin kuma an ba ta aikin sulhunta rikice-rikice da matsayi na al'ada a cikin bukukuwan. Wani uba ne ya kafa sabon ''gandu'' wanda ya kara da ƙasar ɗansu, don a ƙarshe a gane shi a matsayin wani bangare na musamman don dalilai na haraji. Wannan tsarin patrilineal mai kyau sau da yawa ya rushe ta hanyar kisan aure (saboda auren polygynous ya zama ruwan dare), dangantaka mai karfi ta matrilineal, da ƙwarewar sana'a. Maza suna da lakabi da suka dace da ayyukansu a waje da lokacin noma. Manya marasa aure an dauke su a matsayin wadanda aka ware. : 492–3 : 492–3  * [[Maguzanci|Hauka da ƙiyayya]] * [[Adabin Hausa|Littattafan Hausa]] == Lura == == Manazarta == <references /> jr8s4drdvfuvkonvh96qmzmqtkgvg5l 0 3006 970335 970114 2026-10-22T09:20:27Z Kamaf001 48297 970335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Collage of Six Cats-02.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:green;">Kyanwa</span>]] [[File:Felis catus-cat on snow.jpg|thumb|Mage cikin kankara]] '''Kyanwa''' ko '''Mage''' ko '''Mussa''' da [[Hausa]]r [[Zamfara]]wa (''Felis catus'') kyanwa dai wata dabba ce cikin [[dabbobi]] Wadanda ake ajiye su a mastayin dabbobin [[gida|gida.]] Wadanda ba dan aci ake kiwon su ba, sai don nishadi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1294121-amfanin-kiwon-mage-a-gida-ga-mutane.html|date=18 January 2020|accessdate=10 October 2021|publisher=Legit.Hausa.ng|title=Amfanin kiwon mage a gida ga mutane, Nishadi, maganin qananan dabbobi Kamar su bera|last= Usman|first= Jamil}}</ref> [[Fayil:Cat playing with a lizard.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Abessinierkatze Tilia 04.jpg|thumb|yanda mage ke qara kyau a waje]]yanda mage ke kama abinchinta]] Kyanwa {{Felis catus}}, wacce kuma ake kira kyanwa ta gida da kyanwa ta gida, qaramar dabba ce mai cin nama ta gida. Memba ce ta Felidae, dangin dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin tsarin Carnivora wanda kuma ake kira kuliyoyi. Nama ne mai cin nama, wanda galibi yana buqatar abinci na nama. Fikafikansa masu ja da baya an daidaita su don kashe qananan nau'ikan dabbobi masu cin nama kamar beraye. Yana da jiki mai qarfi, mai sassauqa, saurin amsawa, da haqora masu kaifi, kuma hangen nesa da qamshi na dare suna da kyau. Nau'i ne na zamantakewa, amma mafarauci shi kadai ne kuma mafarauci mai cin nama. Sadarwar kyanwa ta hada da yin kwai, ywai,gunaguni, da kuma yare jiki. Yana iya jin sautuka masu rauni ko kuma masu yawa a yawan da kunnen dan adam zai iya ji, kamar wadanda qananan dabbobi masu shayarwa ke yi. Yana doyewa da kuma fahimtar pheromones. Hankali na kyanwa yana bayyana a cikin ikonsa na daidaitawa, koyo ta hanyar lura, da kuma magance matsaloli. Kyanwa ta gida ita ce kawai nau'in da ake kula da shi a cikin dangin Felidae. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kyanwa}} [[Category:Dabba]] lyvjo2q0l14yov9ql1y4o5cxvht5xqp 0 7072 970245 723100 2026-10-21T22:15:44Z Nura Bello 24854 970245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Wikimania 2016 - Press conference with Jimmy Wales and Katherine Maher 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hoton Jimmy Wales a shekara ta 2016.]] '''Jimmy Donal Wales''' ('''/ˈdʒɪmi ˈdoʊnəl weɪlz/'''); (An haife shi ne a ranar bakwai (7) ga watan Augustan shekara ta alif 1966) a garin [[Huntsville]] da ke jihar [[Alabama]] a Ƙasar [[Amurika|Amurka]], yana zaune a [[Landon]] da ke Ƙasar [[Ingila]]. ɗan kasuwar ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka ne.<ref>Jimmy Wales [@jimmy_wales] (September 16, 2019). {{cite tweet|user=jimmy_wales|author=Jimmy Wales|number=1173693309115686913|title=I just became a UK citizen, quite happy about that. It occurs to me that perhaps a few MPs should actually take the "Life in the UK" test and study the manual!|date=September 16, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Date of birth">{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Jimmy-Waless-benevolent-Wikipedia-wisdom|title=Jimmy Wales's benevolent Wikipedia wisdom|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=January 7, 2011|access-date=December 26, 2017|author=Horovitz, David|archive-date=August 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803074223/https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Jimmy-Waless-benevolent-Wikipedia-wisdom|url-status=live}}</ref> Jimmy Wales da [[Larry Sanger]] ne suka ƙirƙiri babbar manhajar [[Wikipedia|Wikipidiya]] a shekara ta [[2001]]. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Auburn da Jami'ar Jihar Alabama, Tuscaloosa inda ya samu shaidar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar jihar [[Indiana]], shahararren ɗan kasuwar yanar gizo ne, kuma yana da adadin kuɗi sama da dala miliyan daya ($1,000,000) a shekara ta dubu biyu da sha hudu (2014). ==Farkon rayuwa da karatu== An haifi Wales a [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]], [[Alabama]], da tsakar dare a ranar 7 ga watan Augustan, shekara ta alif 1966, amma shaidar haihuwarsa tana nuna ranar takwas (8) ga watan Augutane. ==Aiki== ==Shugabanci== [[File:Jimmy Wales September 2015.jpg|thumb|Jimmy Wales]] Shi ne shugaban Wikia, Inc. tun daga shekara ta 2004 har zuwa yau, Mazaunin Shugaban Wikimedia Foundation daga shekara ta dubu biyu da uku 2003–2006, Chair emeritus of Wikimedia Foundation daga shekara ta 2006 har zuwa yanzu, shi ya amshi Florence Devouard a matsayin shugaban Wikimedia Foundation, Babban Dan kungiyar wikimedia Foundation Creative Commons ne, kuma yana daga cikin masu bada shawara a Sunlight Foundation da MIT Center for Collective Intelligence, a Guardian Media Group ya daina bada shawara a watan Afrilun a shekaran 2017. ==Iyali== Matansa sune; * Pamela Green daga shekara ta (1986 zuwa 1993), * Christine Rohan (1997–2011), sai * [[File:Jimmy Wales 177.jpg|thumb|Jimmy Wales]]Kate Garvey. Wanda tun daga shekara ta 2012 har yanzu suna tare. 'Ya'yansa guda 3 ne mata. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wales, Jimmy}} [[Category:'Yan kasuwan Tarayyar Amurka]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Wikipedia]] mq4gxlzfzsqhishscvj049l21d13m9w 970317 970245 2026-10-22T09:08:40Z Kamaf001 48297 970317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Wikimania 2016 - Press conference with Jimmy Wales and Katherine Maher 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hoton Jimmy Wales a shekara ta 2016.]] '''Jimmy Donal Wales''' ('''/ˈdʒɪmi ˈdoʊnəl weɪlz/'''); (An haife shi ne a ranar bakwai (7) ga watan Augusta shekara ta alif 1966) a garin [[Huntsville]] da ke jihar [[Alabama]] a Ƙasar [[Amurika|Amurka]], yana zaune a [[Landon]] da ke Ƙasar [[Ingila]]. ɗan kasuwar ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka ne.<ref>Jimmy Wales [@jimmy_wales] (September 16, 2019). {{cite tweet|user=jimmy_wales|author=Jimmy Wales|number=1173693309115686913|title=I just became a UK citizen, quite happy about that. It occurs to me that perhaps a few MPs should actually take the "Life in the UK" test and study the manual!|date=September 16, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Date of birth">{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Jimmy-Waless-benevolent-Wikipedia-wisdom|title=Jimmy Wales's benevolent Wikipedia wisdom|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=January 7, 2011|access-date=December 26, 2017|author=Horovitz, David|archive-date=August 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803074223/https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Jimmy-Waless-benevolent-Wikipedia-wisdom|url-status=live}}</ref> Jimmy Wales da [[Larry Sanger]] ne suka ƙirƙiri babbar manhajar [[Wikipedia|Wikipidiya]] a shekara ta [[2001]]. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Auburn da Jami'ar Jihar Alabama, Tuscaloosa inda ya samu shaidar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar jihar [[Indiana]], shahararren ɗan kasuwar yanar gizo ne, kuma yana da adadin kuɗi sama da dala miliyan daya ($1,000,000) a shekara ta dubu biyu da sha hudu (2014). ==Farkon rayuwa da karatu== An haifi Wales a [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]], [[Alabama]], da tsakar dare a ranar 7 ga watan Augustan, shekara ta alif 1966, amma shaidar haihuwarsa tana nuna ranar takwas (8) ga watan Augutane. ==Aiki== ==Shugabanci== [[File:Jimmy Wales September 2015.jpg|thumb|Jimmy Wales]] Shi ne shugaban Wikia, Inc. tun daga shekara ta 2004 har zuwa yau, Mazaunin Shugaban Wikimedia Foundation daga shekara ta dubu biyu da uku 2003–2006, Chair emeritus of Wikimedia Foundation daga shekara ta 2006 har zuwa yanzu, shi ya amshi Florence Devouard a matsayin shugaban Wikimedia Foundation, Babban Dan kungiyar wikimedia Foundation Creative Commons ne, kuma yana daga cikin masu bada shawara a Sunlight Foundation da MIT Center for Collective Intelligence, a Guardian Media Group ya daina bada shawara a watan Afrilun a shekaran 2017. ==Iyali== Matansa sune; * Pamela Green daga shekara ta (1986 zuwa 1993), * Christine Rohan (1997–2011), sai * [[File:Jimmy Wales 177.jpg|thumb|Jimmy Wales]]Kate Garvey. Wanda tun daga shekara ta 2012 har yanzu suna tare. 'Ya'yansa guda 3 ne mata. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wales, Jimmy}} [[Category:'Yan kasuwan Tarayyar Amurka]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Wikipedia]] 7px2ue3n6mnjfpiugauoy56hlxhhrld 970318 970317 2026-10-22T09:08:55Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Farkon rayuwa da karatu */ 970318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Wikimania 2016 - Press conference with Jimmy Wales and Katherine Maher 01 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Hoton Jimmy Wales a shekara ta 2016.]] '''Jimmy Donal Wales''' ('''/ˈdʒɪmi ˈdoʊnəl weɪlz/'''); (An haife shi ne a ranar bakwai (7) ga watan Augusta shekara ta alif 1966) a garin [[Huntsville]] da ke jihar [[Alabama]] a Ƙasar [[Amurika|Amurka]], yana zaune a [[Landon]] da ke Ƙasar [[Ingila]]. ɗan kasuwar ƙasar Tarayyar Amurka ne.<ref>Jimmy Wales [@jimmy_wales] (September 16, 2019). {{cite tweet|user=jimmy_wales|author=Jimmy Wales|number=1173693309115686913|title=I just became a UK citizen, quite happy about that. It occurs to me that perhaps a few MPs should actually take the "Life in the UK" test and study the manual!|date=September 16, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Date of birth">{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Jimmy-Waless-benevolent-Wikipedia-wisdom|title=Jimmy Wales's benevolent Wikipedia wisdom|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=January 7, 2011|access-date=December 26, 2017|author=Horovitz, David|archive-date=August 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803074223/https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Jimmy-Waless-benevolent-Wikipedia-wisdom|url-status=live}}</ref> Jimmy Wales da [[Larry Sanger]] ne suka ƙirƙiri babbar manhajar [[Wikipedia|Wikipidiya]] a shekara ta [[2001]]. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Auburn da Jami'ar Jihar Alabama, Tuscaloosa inda ya samu shaidar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar jihar [[Indiana]], shahararren ɗan kasuwar yanar gizo ne, kuma yana da adadin kuɗi sama da dala miliyan daya ($1,000,000) a shekara ta dubu biyu da sha hudu (2014). ==Farkon rayuwa da karatu== An haifi Wales a [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]], [[Alabama]], da tsakar dare a ranar 7 ga watan Augusta, shekara ta alif 1966, amma shaidar haihuwarsa tana nuna ranar takwas (8) ga watan Augutane. ==Aiki== ==Shugabanci== [[File:Jimmy Wales September 2015.jpg|thumb|Jimmy Wales]] Shi ne shugaban Wikia, Inc. tun daga shekara ta 2004 har zuwa yau, Mazaunin Shugaban Wikimedia Foundation daga shekara ta dubu biyu da uku 2003–2006, Chair emeritus of Wikimedia Foundation daga shekara ta 2006 har zuwa yanzu, shi ya amshi Florence Devouard a matsayin shugaban Wikimedia Foundation, Babban Dan kungiyar wikimedia Foundation Creative Commons ne, kuma yana daga cikin masu bada shawara a Sunlight Foundation da MIT Center for Collective Intelligence, a Guardian Media Group ya daina bada shawara a watan Afrilun a shekaran 2017. ==Iyali== Matansa sune; * Pamela Green daga shekara ta (1986 zuwa 1993), * Christine Rohan (1997–2011), sai * [[File:Jimmy Wales 177.jpg|thumb|Jimmy Wales]]Kate Garvey. Wanda tun daga shekara ta 2012 har yanzu suna tare. 'Ya'yansa guda 3 ne mata. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wales, Jimmy}} [[Category:'Yan kasuwan Tarayyar Amurka]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Wikipedia]] lghypixsnbv8hb6r941rfkjnafd2ifn 0 7313 970127 962205 2026-10-21T13:13:35Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370863763|Yakubu Muhammed]]" 970127 wikitext text/x-wiki Yakubu MohammedListenⓘ (alias: Yakubu Usman Shehu Abubakar El-Nafati[1]) (born 25 March 1973) is a Nigerian actor, producer, director, singer and script writer. He is a Globacom ambassador,[2] SDGs ambassador and at a time, an ambassador for Nescafe Beverage. [ana buƙatar hujja] He has sung over 1000 songs, featured in over 100 Hausa films and more than 40 English films some of which includes; Lionheart, 4th Republic, Sons of the Caliphate and MTV Shuga which earned him City People Entertainment Awards[3] and Nigeria Entertainment Awards. == Ayyuka == Yakubu Mohammed ya fara ne a [[Kannywood]] a shekarar 1998 yana rubuta rubutun kuma yana aiki a bayan wurin. Tare da layin, an horar da shi a kan aikin yayin da yake tashi ta hanyar matsayi da fayiloli kuma ba tare da wani lokaci ba ya sami kansa yana kiran harbe-harbe. Yakubu a matsayin mai zane-zane ya rubuta waƙoƙi sama da 1000 don Kiɗa na fim da kundin a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] da Turanci. Bayan ya yi aiki daga bango na dogon lokaci ya sami fim dinsa na farko a Gabar Cikin Gida <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2016 |title=Dandalin Fasahar Fina-finai – Salon Rubuta Labari a Fim |url=http://ha.rfi.fr/afrika/20160430-salon-rubuta-labari-fim |access-date=24 May 2019 |publisher=Radio France Internationale |language=ha}}</ref> a cikin 2013 inda ya fito tare da abokinsa kuma abokin tarayya [[Sani Musa Danja]] . Ya yi giciye zuwa [[Nollywood]] a cikin 2016 tare da farko a cikin Sons of the Caliphate tare da abokin aikinsa [[Rahama Sadau]] kuma an nuna shi a cikin ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]]'' da Lionheart na MTV. === Fim din Nollywood === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" !Year !Title !Role !Note |- |2016 |''[[Sons of the Caliphate|Sons of The Caliphate]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2016 |title=Sons of the Caliphate |url=http://ebonylifetv.com/programming/ebonylife-homegrown/drama/sons-of-caliphate/ |website=Ebony life tv}}</ref>'' |Dikko |TV Series 25 episodes |- |2017 |''MTV Shuga Naija'' | | |- | |''Queen Amina'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''[[Makeroom|Make Room]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2018 |title=Makeroom |url=https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524194541/https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=Mingoroom}}</ref>'' | | |- |''[[Lionheart (fim na 2018)|LionHeart]]'' |Hamza Maikano | |- | |''Asawana'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''[[4th Republic]]'' |Danladi | |- |''Tenant of The House<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenants of the house |url=https://nlist.ng/title/tenants-of-the-house-1270/}}</ref>'' |Hon. Samuel | |- |2015 |''Dark Closet<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title=Dark Closet Nollywood Movie |url=https://naijagists.com/dark-closet-nollywood-movie-trailer-jibola-dabo-eucharia-anunobo-star-in-new-flick/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2018 |''Fantastic Numbers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fantastic Numbers Nollywood Movie |url=https://nlist.ng/title/fantastic-numbers-1414/}}</ref>'' | |Comedy Drama |- |2016 |''Walking Away<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=Walking Away Nollywood REinvented |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2016/11/walking-away.html}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''My Village Bride<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Village Bride – Liz Benson, Patience Ozokwor, Vitalis Ndubuisi, Bobby Obodo, Calista Okoronkwo, Mohammed Yakubu. |url=https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525221551/https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |archive-date=25 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''Chauffeur<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2017 |title=Bobby Obodo loss his right eye while on movie set with Rita Dominic |url=https://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117142014/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |archive-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>'' | | |- |2015 |''Damaged Petals<ref>{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=damaged-petal-nigeria |url=https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161253/https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Jerry | |- | |''Bunmi's Diary{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}}'' | | |- |2015 |''Power of Tomorrow'' |Agent Kingsley |Drama |- | |''My Neighbor's Wife<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2017 |title=my-neighbours-wives |url=https://nlist.ng/title/my-neighbours-wives-1161/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''My Wife's Lover<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=My wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii- yakubu |url=https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109181035/https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Francis |Drama |- |2013 |''Blue Flames<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2013 |title=premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url=http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161251/http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''April Hotel<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2016 |title=yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html/April hotel |url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2016/08/yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''Women'' |Demola |Drama |- | |''Wings of A Dove<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2018 |title=zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/09/must-watch-trailer-zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2020 |''[[Badamasi]]'' |Prof. Jibril Aminu |Biography / History / Thriller | |- |2022 |''Rising: City of Dreams'' | |- | |''Invaders'' | |- | |''Wedding in Nigeria'' | |- | |''Aisha'' | |- | |''Ikemba'' | |- |2023 |''Love, Lust & Other Things'' |Bamaiyi Bako | |- | |''Beyond the Veil'' |Sadiq | |- | |''The Plan'' |Nasiru Koda | |- |2024 |''[[Hawan '93|Hijack '93]]'' |Usman |Disaster film |- | |''Kaka'' |- | |''Allura Cikin Ruwa'' |Maina | |- | |''The Kiss of Death'' |Musa | |- | |''The Suyis'' |Danjuma | |} === Fim din Kannywood === {| class="wikitable" |ND |''Cikin Ya Fito'' |- | rowspan="7" |2013 |''Gabar Cikin Gida'' |- |''Da Kai Zan Gana'' |- |''Mai Farin Jini'' |- |''Nas'' |- |''Romeo Da Jamila'' |- |''Sani Nake So'' |- |''Shu'uma (Mace Mai Mugunta) '' |- | rowspan="7" |2014 |''Soyayya Da Shakuwa'' |- |''Don haka Aljannar Duniya'' |- |''Sai A Lahira'' |- |''Munubiya'' |- |''Hakkin Miji'' |- |''Duniyar Nan'' |- |''Bikin Yar Gata'' |- |2015 |''Kayar Ruwa'' |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Ɗan Khalifanci'' |- |''Hawaye Na'' |- |''Yar Mulki'' |} == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] rzjjos49fccvhvtlw3h8t5kx0fmfqjl 970128 970127 2026-10-21T13:14:05Z Salma Raddah 45959 970128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yakubu MohammedListenⓘ (alias: Yakubu Usman Shehu Abubakar El-Nafati[1]) (born 25 March 1973) is a Nigerian actor, producer, director, singer and script writer. He is a Globacom ambassador,[2] SDGs ambassador and at a time, an ambassador for Nescafe Beverage. [ana buƙatar hujja] He has sung over 1000 songs, featured in over 100 Hausa films and more than 40 English films some of which includes; Lionheart, 4th Republic, Sons of the Caliphate and MTV Shuga which earned him City People Entertainment Awards[3] and Nigeria Entertainment Awards. == Ayyuka == Yakubu Mohammed ya fara ne a [[Kannywood]] a shekarar 1998 yana rubuta rubutun kuma yana aiki a bayan wurin. Tare da layin, an horar da shi a kan aikin yayin da yake tashi ta hanyar matsayi da fayiloli kuma ba tare da wani lokaci ba ya sami kansa yana kiran harbe-harbe. Yakubu a matsayin mai zane-zane ya rubuta waƙoƙi sama da 1000 don Kiɗa na fim da kundin a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] da Turanci. Bayan ya yi aiki daga bango na dogon lokaci ya sami fim dinsa na farko a Gabar Cikin Gida <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2016 |title=Dandalin Fasahar Fina-finai – Salon Rubuta Labari a Fim |url=http://ha.rfi.fr/afrika/20160430-salon-rubuta-labari-fim |access-date=24 May 2019 |publisher=Radio France Internationale |language=ha}}</ref> a cikin 2013 inda ya fito tare da abokinsa kuma abokin tarayya [[Sani Musa Danja]] . Ya yi giciye zuwa [[Nollywood]] a cikin 2016 tare da farko a cikin Sons of the Caliphate tare da abokin aikinsa [[Rahama Sadau]] kuma an nuna shi a cikin ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]]'' da Lionheart na MTV. === Fim din Nollywood === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" !Year !Title !Role !Note |- |2016 |''[[Sons of the Caliphate|Sons of The Caliphate]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2016 |title=Sons of the Caliphate |url=http://ebonylifetv.com/programming/ebonylife-homegrown/drama/sons-of-caliphate/ |website=Ebony life tv}}</ref>'' |Dikko |TV Series 25 episodes |- |2017 |''MTV Shuga Naija'' | | |- | |''Queen Amina'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''[[Makeroom|Make Room]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2018 |title=Makeroom |url=https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524194541/https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=Mingoroom}}</ref>'' | | |- |''[[Lionheart (fim na 2018)|LionHeart]]'' |Hamza Maikano | |- | |''Asawana'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''[[4th Republic]]'' |Danladi | |- |''Tenant of The House<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenants of the house |url=https://nlist.ng/title/tenants-of-the-house-1270/}}</ref>'' |Hon. Samuel | |- |2015 |''Dark Closet<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title=Dark Closet Nollywood Movie |url=https://naijagists.com/dark-closet-nollywood-movie-trailer-jibola-dabo-eucharia-anunobo-star-in-new-flick/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2018 |''Fantastic Numbers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fantastic Numbers Nollywood Movie |url=https://nlist.ng/title/fantastic-numbers-1414/}}</ref>'' | |Comedy Drama |- |2016 |''Walking Away<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=Walking Away Nollywood REinvented |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2016/11/walking-away.html}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''My Village Bride<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Village Bride – Liz Benson, Patience Ozokwor, Vitalis Ndubuisi, Bobby Obodo, Calista Okoronkwo, Mohammed Yakubu. |url=https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525221551/https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |archive-date=25 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''Chauffeur<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2017 |title=Bobby Obodo loss his right eye while on movie set with Rita Dominic |url=https://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117142014/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |archive-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>'' | | |- |2015 |''Damaged Petals<ref>{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=damaged-petal-nigeria |url=https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161253/https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Jerry | |- | |''Bunmi's Diary{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}}'' | | |- |2015 |''Power of Tomorrow'' |Agent Kingsley |Drama |- | |''My Neighbor's Wife<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2017 |title=my-neighbours-wives |url=https://nlist.ng/title/my-neighbours-wives-1161/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''My Wife's Lover<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=My wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii- yakubu |url=https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109181035/https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Francis |Drama |- |2013 |''Blue Flames<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2013 |title=premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url=http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161251/http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''April Hotel<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2016 |title=yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html/April hotel |url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2016/08/yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''Women'' |Demola |Drama |- | |''Wings of A Dove<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2018 |title=zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/09/must-watch-trailer-zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2020 |''[[Badamasi]]'' |Prof. Jibril Aminu |Biography / History / Thriller | |- |2022 |''Rising: City of Dreams'' | |- | |''Invaders'' | |- | |''Wedding in Nigeria'' | |- | |''Aisha'' | |- | |''Ikemba'' | |- |2023 |''Love, Lust & Other Things'' |Bamaiyi Bako | |- | |''Beyond the Veil'' |Sadiq | |- | |''The Plan'' |Nasiru Koda | |- |2024 |''[[Hawan '93|Hijack '93]]'' |Usman |Disaster film |- | |''Kaka'' |- | |''Allura Cikin Ruwa'' |Maina | |- | |''The Kiss of Death'' |Musa | |- | |''The Suyis'' |Danjuma | |} === Fim din Kannywood === {| class="wikitable" |ND |''Cikin Ya Fito'' |- | rowspan="7" |2013 |''Gabar Cikin Gida'' |- |''Da Kai Zan Gana'' |- |''Mai Farin Jini'' |- |''Nas'' |- |''Romeo Da Jamila'' |- |''Sani Nake So'' |- |''Shu'uma (Mace Mai Mugunta) '' |- | rowspan="7" |2014 |''Soyayya Da Shakuwa'' |- |''Don haka Aljannar Duniya'' |- |''Sai A Lahira'' |- |''Munubiya'' |- |''Hakkin Miji'' |- |''Duniyar Nan'' |- |''Bikin Yar Gata'' |- |2015 |''Kayar Ruwa'' |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Ɗan Khalifanci'' |- |''Hawaye Na'' |- |''Yar Mulki'' |} == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] fv6n2dptmwe8qrudhqe1hzggkva0wna 970129 970128 2026-10-21T13:14:38Z Salma Raddah 45959 970129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} Yakubu MohammedListenⓘ (alias: Yakubu Usman Shehu Abubakar El-Nafati[1]) (born 25 March 1973) is a Nigerian actor, producer, director, singer and script writer. He is a Globacom ambassador,[2] SDGs ambassador and at a time, an ambassador for Nescafe Beverage. [ana buƙatar hujja] He has sung over 1000 songs, featured in over 100 Hausa films and more than 40 English films some of which includes; Lionheart, 4th Republic, Sons of the Caliphate and MTV Shuga which earned him City People Entertainment Awards[3] and Nigeria Entertainment Awards. == Ayyuka == Yakubu Mohammed ya fara ne a [[Kannywood]] a shekarar 1998 yana rubuta rubutun kuma yana aiki a bayan wurin. Tare da layin, an horar da shi a kan aikin yayin da yake tashi ta hanyar matsayi da fayiloli kuma ba tare da wani lokaci ba ya sami kansa yana kiran harbe-harbe. Yakubu a matsayin mai zane-zane ya rubuta waƙoƙi sama da 1000 don Kiɗa na fim da kundin a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] da Turanci. Bayan ya yi aiki daga bango na dogon lokaci ya sami fim dinsa na farko a Gabar Cikin Gida <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2016 |title=Dandalin Fasahar Fina-finai – Salon Rubuta Labari a Fim |url=http://ha.rfi.fr/afrika/20160430-salon-rubuta-labari-fim |access-date=24 May 2019 |publisher=Radio France Internationale |language=ha}}</ref> a cikin 2013 inda ya fito tare da abokinsa kuma abokin tarayya [[Sani Musa Danja]] . Ya yi giciye zuwa [[Nollywood]] a cikin 2016 tare da farko a cikin Sons of the Caliphate tare da abokin aikinsa [[Rahama Sadau]] kuma an nuna shi a cikin ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]]'' da Lionheart na MTV. === Fim din Nollywood === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" !Year !Title !Role !Note |- |2016 |''[[Sons of the Caliphate|Sons of The Caliphate]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2016 |title=Sons of the Caliphate |url=http://ebonylifetv.com/programming/ebonylife-homegrown/drama/sons-of-caliphate/ |website=Ebony life tv}}</ref>'' |Dikko |TV Series 25 episodes |- |2017 |''MTV Shuga Naija'' | | |- | |''Queen Amina'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''[[Makeroom|Make Room]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2018 |title=Makeroom |url=https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524194541/https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=Mingoroom}}</ref>'' | | |- |''[[Lionheart (fim na 2018)|LionHeart]]'' |Hamza Maikano | |- | |''Asawana'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''[[4th Republic]]'' |Danladi | |- |''Tenant of The House<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenants of the house |url=https://nlist.ng/title/tenants-of-the-house-1270/}}</ref>'' |Hon. Samuel | |- |2015 |''Dark Closet<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title=Dark Closet Nollywood Movie |url=https://naijagists.com/dark-closet-nollywood-movie-trailer-jibola-dabo-eucharia-anunobo-star-in-new-flick/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2018 |''Fantastic Numbers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fantastic Numbers Nollywood Movie |url=https://nlist.ng/title/fantastic-numbers-1414/}}</ref>'' | |Comedy Drama |- |2016 |''Walking Away<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=Walking Away Nollywood REinvented |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2016/11/walking-away.html}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''My Village Bride<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Village Bride – Liz Benson, Patience Ozokwor, Vitalis Ndubuisi, Bobby Obodo, Calista Okoronkwo, Mohammed Yakubu. |url=https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525221551/https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |archive-date=25 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''Chauffeur<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2017 |title=Bobby Obodo loss his right eye while on movie set with Rita Dominic |url=https://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117142014/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |archive-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>'' | | |- |2015 |''Damaged Petals<ref>{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=damaged-petal-nigeria |url=https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161253/https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Jerry | |- | |''Bunmi's Diary{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}}'' | | |- |2015 |''Power of Tomorrow'' |Agent Kingsley |Drama |- | |''My Neighbor's Wife<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2017 |title=my-neighbours-wives |url=https://nlist.ng/title/my-neighbours-wives-1161/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''My Wife's Lover<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=My wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii- yakubu |url=https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109181035/https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Francis |Drama |- |2013 |''Blue Flames<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2013 |title=premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url=http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161251/http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''April Hotel<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2016 |title=yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html/April hotel |url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2016/08/yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''Women'' |Demola |Drama |- | |''Wings of A Dove<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2018 |title=zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/09/must-watch-trailer-zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2020 |''[[Badamasi]]'' |Prof. Jibril Aminu |Biography / History / Thriller | |- |2022 |''Rising: City of Dreams'' | |- | |''Invaders'' | |- | |''Wedding in Nigeria'' | |- | |''Aisha'' | |- | |''Ikemba'' | |- |2023 |''Love, Lust & Other Things'' |Bamaiyi Bako | |- | |''Beyond the Veil'' |Sadiq | |- | |''The Plan'' |Nasiru Koda | |- |2024 |''[[Hawan '93|Hijack '93]]'' |Usman |Disaster film |- | |''Kaka'' |- | |''Allura Cikin Ruwa'' |Maina | |- | |''The Kiss of Death'' |Musa | |- | |''The Suyis'' |Danjuma | |} === Fim din Kannywood === {| class="wikitable" |ND |''Cikin Ya Fito'' |- | rowspan="7" |2013 |''Gabar Cikin Gida'' |- |''Da Kai Zan Gana'' |- |''Mai Farin Jini'' |- |''Nas'' |- |''Romeo Da Jamila'' |- |''Sani Nake So'' |- |''Shu'uma (Mace Mai Mugunta) '' |- | rowspan="7" |2014 |''Soyayya Da Shakuwa'' |- |''Don haka Aljannar Duniya'' |- |''Sai A Lahira'' |- |''Munubiya'' |- |''Hakkin Miji'' |- |''Duniyar Nan'' |- |''Bikin Yar Gata'' |- |2015 |''Kayar Ruwa'' |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Ɗan Khalifanci'' |- |''Hawaye Na'' |- |''Yar Mulki'' |} == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] lbrimpejx43svlaql0y5gn1ctnfikmy 0 10684 970233 659066 2026-10-21T21:33:33Z Nanahtj 50006 970233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Investment House Kaduna 03.jpg|thumb]] [[File:NUJCarDoanation1- This project is among the constituency projects (donation) facilitated by the Distinguished Sen. Uba Sani.jpg|thumb|NUJcardonation1.by senator uba sani]] [[Fayil:FacultyOfEngineeringKASU-This project is among the constituency projects facillated by the Distinguished Sen. Uba Sani.jpg|thumb|FacultyOfEngineeringKASU-This project is among the constituency projects facillated by the Distinguished sen.uba sani]] [[Fayil:ICTCentereKAdunaNorth.jpg|thumb|'''ICT Centre Kaduna North''']] '''Mal Uba Sani:''' (An haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Disamban shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in 1970) Miladiyya. <ref>[[File:Mal Uba Sani.jpg|thumb]] Gov.Mal Uba Sani </ref>kuma ya kasance, shi ne zaɓaɓɓen sanata da ke wakiltan shiyar sanatan Kaduna ta tsakiya [[Kaduna|Kaduna,]] a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar tarayyar Najeriya]] da ke [[Abuja]], dan takaran gwamman jahar Kaduna [[Nigeria]].<ref>[https://daily focus.ng/Uba-sani-wins-kaduna-central-senate-seat "Uba Sani wins Kaduna Central Senate seat"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725152640/http://daily/ |date=2013-07-25 }} ''Daily Focus''</ref> An zaɓe shi a ranar 23 ga watan fabrairu lokacin babban [[zaɓe]]n Najeriya na shekarar 2019, a karkashin jam'iyar [[All Progressive Congress]] (APC).<ref> [https://thenationonlineng.net/my-victory-not-accidental "Uba Sani my victory not accidental"] ''The Nation Nigeria'' 29 February, 2019.</ref> Ya doke sanata mai ci [[Shehu Sani]] na jam'iyar [[People's Redemption Party|PRP]].<ref> An rantsar da sanata uba sani A matsayin gomnan jihar Kaduna a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2023[https://vanguardngr.com/uba-sani-gets-certificate-of-return "Uba Sani gets certificate of return"] ''Vanguard News Nigeria.''</ref><ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/uba-sani-wins-5-lgs-beats-shehu-sani/</ref> Bayan zamowar sa sanata ne kuma aka bashi Chairman na bankuna ahaka yayita gudanar da siyasanshi cikin temakon al'umma wanda a wannan shekaran ta 2023 Allah yabashi nasaran zama zaɓaɓɓen gwamnan jihar Kaduna duk a ƙarƙashin tutar jam'iyyar APC. Kuma al'umma sunayimasa kyakkyawan zato nazamowa jigo kuma shugaba nagari a jahar Kaduna. == Farkon rayuwa == == Aiki == Sanata Uba Sani ya ɗauki nauyin <ref>https://m.guardian.ng/news/senator-uba-sani-targeted-1000-entreprenuers-to-benefit-from-fg-smes-support/</ref>mutane 100 daga cikin mutum 1000 masu koyan aiki a ma'aikatar sa na koyan kiwon kifi da kiwon kaji. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sani, Uba}} [[Category:Sanatocin Najeriya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Sanatoci daga jihar Kaduna]] [[Category:Hausawa]] m0ys2tnsa76kjasnxd7tafpzgofgg0e 0 10856 970243 904759 2026-10-21T22:00:04Z Nanahtj 50006 970243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:DJ AB STUDIO SHOT.jpg|thumb|DJ AB]] '''Haruna Abdullahi''' (an kuma haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Disamba shekarata alif 1993), wanda akafi sani da suna '''DJ AB''', ɗan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne, mai shirya waƙa, marubuci kuma mawaƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://cddwestafrica.org/fact-check-famous-northern-nigerian-singer-dj-ab-not-dead/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |archive-date=2022-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528063647/https://cddwestafrica.org/fact-check-famous-northern-nigerian-singer-dj-ab-not-dead/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/</ref><ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/01/dj-abs-nigerian-musics-next-big-thing/</ref> == Rayuwar farko. == An haifi DJ AB a [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] inda ya samu JSCE da SSCE a [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Kaduna|kwalejin gwamnatin tarayya, jihar Kaduna]], yanzu haka ya kammala digirinsa na farko a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] university, Zariya, Najeria inda ya karanta Quantity Survey.<ref>https://popula.com/2019/11/20/king-in-the-north/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/1997569b18a40451e00336c27cfafe0f |access-date=2022-06-05 |archive-date=2022-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502081059/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/1997569b18a40451e00336c27cfafe0f |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.dandalinvoa.com/a/burina-arewa-ta-shiga-taswirar-duniya-a-fagen-waka-haruna-abdullahi/4141891.html</ref><ref>https://www.voahausa.com/a/waka-ce-ta-sa-na-iya-turanci---dj-ab/5417651.html</ref><ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/meet-dj-ab-fast-rising-northern-nigerian-rap-star/</ref> A cikin shekarata 2020, DJ AB ya kuma fitar da wata waƙa mai suna "Da so samu ne" wanda ya ba shi farin jini a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://jaguda.com/music-reviews/music-review-da-so-samu-ne-a-look-into-the-hilarious-fantasies-of-arewa-boys/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |archive-date=2022-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527115925/https://jaguda.com/music-reviews/music-review-da-so-samu-ne-a-look-into-the-hilarious-fantasies-of-arewa-boys/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-55508439</ref> [[Fayil:Dj Spilulu in Nairobi Kenya.jpg|thumb|DJ AB]] A cikin shekarata 2021, DJ AB ya kuma haɗu da emPawa Africa, shirin incubator mai basira wanda ke tallafawa masu fasaha a duk faɗin Afirka.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/11/20/mr-eazi-sets-eyes-on-arewa-music/</ref><ref>https://soundcity.tv/mr-eazi-bets-heavy-on-arewa-music-signs-dj-ab-namenj/</ref><ref>https://tribuneonlineng.com/dj-ab-nemanj-join-mr-eazis-empawa-africa/</ref> == Hotuna. == * '''Waƙoƙin Studio''' {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Shekara !Waka !Ref |- |2019 | #Ga ni #Yi Rawa (feat. [[Yung6ix]]) #Kumatu #‘Yar Boko #Babarsa #Totally #Gan Gan #Babban Yaya #My Woman #Soyayya #Su baaba ne #Tell Me (feat. Sals Fateetee) #A Zuba shi #An zo wajen #Bomba man #Da ban ne |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muhsin Ciroma |first=Umar |date=2019-09-16 |title=Tarihin Mawaqi DJ Abba A Taqaice |language=ha |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]] |url=https://hausa.leadership.ng/tarihin-mawaqi-dj-abba-a-taqaice/ |access-date=2021-07-16}}</ref> |- |2020 | # Da so samu ne |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Waƙoƙin Hausa 10 da suka fi fice a cikin shekarar 2020 |language=ha |work=[[BBC Hausa]] News |url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-55508439 |access-date=2021-07-16}}</ref> |} * '''Studio EP (Jerin Waƙa)''' {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Shekara !EP !Ref |- |2021 |SUPA EP (feat. [[Mr Eazi]] & [[Di'Ja]]) |<ref>{{Cite web |last=KEITH |first=JAMES |date=2022-03-01 |title=Nigeria’s DJ AB & Mr. Eazi Connect For High-Energy "Supa Supa" Video |url=https://www.complex.com/music/dj-ab-mr-eazi-supa-supa |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=[[Complex Networks]] Magazine |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503023459/https://www.complex.com/music/dj-ab-mr-eazi-supa-supa |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=W |first=COURTNEY |date=2022-02-28 |title=Mr Eazi Joins DJ AB In Visuals For Catchy Offering "Supa Supa" |url=https://grmdaily.com/dj-ab-mr-eazi-supa-supa/ |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=[[GRM Daily]] UK Urban Music Outlet |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503023505/https://grmdaily.com/dj-ab-mr-eazi-supa-supa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=SKRATCH |first=SAMMY |date=2021-11-02 |title=DJ AB – SUPA (FULL EP) |work=Ghgossip Ghanaian Online News |url=https://www.ghgossip.com/dj-ab-supa-full-ep/ |access-date=2022-05-03 |archive-date=2021-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102163250/https://www.ghgossip.com/dj-ab-supa-full-ep/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} == Kyauta da Zaɓuka. == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Shekara !Taro na; !Kyauta !Mai karɓa !Sakamako !Bayani |- |2017 |[[City People Entertainment Awards|City People Movie Award]] |Best Kannywood Hip-Hop Artist of the Year |Himself |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first= |date=2017-09-08 |title=City People Releases Nomination List For 2017 Movie Awards |work=[[City People Entertainment Awards]] |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/city-people-releases-nomination-list-2017-movie-awards/ |access-date=2022-05-03}}</ref> |- |2018 |[[City People Entertainment Awards|City People Music Award]] |Arewa Best Rap Artiste of the Year |Himself |{{nom}} |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2018-10-06 |title=NOMINATIONS LIST FOR AREWA MUSICIANS FOR CITY PEOPLE MUSIC AWARDS |url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/nominations-list-for-arewa-musicians-for-city-people-music-awards/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-07-16 |website=[[City People Entertainment Awards]]}}</ref> |- |2018 |[[City People Entertainment Awards|City People Music Award]] |Arewa Artiste of the Year (Male) |Himself |{{nom}} |<ref name=":0" /> |- |2020 |[[City People Entertainment Awards|City People Music Award]] |Arewa Best Rap Album of the Year |Himself |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2020-12-02 |title=2020 City People Music Awards: Arewa Nomination List Out |url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/2020-city-people-music-awards-arewa-nomination-list-out/ |access-date=2021-07-16 |website=[[City People Entertainment Awards]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |} <ref>SCRATCH, PETER (2022-11-02).  [https://www.wix9ja.com/dj-ab-standard-full-ep/DJ AB – SUPA (ALBUM)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Gistlover Online News. Retrieved 2022-05-03.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1993]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mawaƙan Nijeriya]] i3r59yit7en53u9e1ds9lo26w7n2i52 970322 970243 2026-10-22T09:11:37Z Kamaf001 48297 970322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:DJ AB STUDIO SHOT.jpg|thumb|DJ AB]] '''Haruna Abdullahi''' (an kuma haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta alif 1993), wanda akafi sani da suna '''DJ AB''', ɗan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne, mai shirya waƙa, marubuci kuma mawaƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://cddwestafrica.org/fact-check-famous-northern-nigerian-singer-dj-ab-not-dead/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |archive-date=2022-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528063647/https://cddwestafrica.org/fact-check-famous-northern-nigerian-singer-dj-ab-not-dead/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://hausa.leadership.ng/</ref><ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/01/dj-abs-nigerian-musics-next-big-thing/</ref> == Rayuwar farko. == An haifi DJ AB a [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] inda ya samu JSCE da SSCE a [[Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Kaduna|kwalejin gwamnatin tarayya, jihar Kaduna]], yanzu haka ya kammala digirinsa na farko a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] university, Zariya, Najeria inda ya karanta Quantity Survey.<ref>https://popula.com/2019/11/20/king-in-the-north/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/1997569b18a40451e00336c27cfafe0f |access-date=2022-06-05 |archive-date=2022-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502081059/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/1997569b18a40451e00336c27cfafe0f |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.dandalinvoa.com/a/burina-arewa-ta-shiga-taswirar-duniya-a-fagen-waka-haruna-abdullahi/4141891.html</ref><ref>https://www.voahausa.com/a/waka-ce-ta-sa-na-iya-turanci---dj-ab/5417651.html</ref><ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/meet-dj-ab-fast-rising-northern-nigerian-rap-star/</ref> A cikin shekarata 2020, DJ AB ya kuma fitar da wata waƙa mai suna "Da so samu ne" wanda ya ba shi farin jini a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://jaguda.com/music-reviews/music-review-da-so-samu-ne-a-look-into-the-hilarious-fantasies-of-arewa-boys/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |archive-date=2022-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527115925/https://jaguda.com/music-reviews/music-review-da-so-samu-ne-a-look-into-the-hilarious-fantasies-of-arewa-boys/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-55508439</ref> [[Fayil:Dj Spilulu in Nairobi Kenya.jpg|thumb|DJ AB]] A cikin shekarata 2021, DJ AB ya kuma haɗu da emPawa Africa, shirin incubator mai basira wanda ke tallafawa masu fasaha a duk faɗin Afirka.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/11/20/mr-eazi-sets-eyes-on-arewa-music/</ref><ref>https://soundcity.tv/mr-eazi-bets-heavy-on-arewa-music-signs-dj-ab-namenj/</ref><ref>https://tribuneonlineng.com/dj-ab-nemanj-join-mr-eazis-empawa-africa/</ref> == Hotuna. == * '''Waƙoƙin Studio''' {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Shekara !Waka !Ref |- |2019 | #Ga ni #Yi Rawa (feat. [[Yung6ix]]) #Kumatu #‘Yar Boko #Babarsa #Totally #Gan Gan #Babban Yaya #My Woman #Soyayya #Su baaba ne #Tell Me (feat. Sals Fateetee) #A Zuba shi #An zo wajen #Bomba man #Da ban ne |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muhsin Ciroma |first=Umar |date=2019-09-16 |title=Tarihin Mawaqi DJ Abba A Taqaice |language=ha |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]] |url=https://hausa.leadership.ng/tarihin-mawaqi-dj-abba-a-taqaice/ |access-date=2021-07-16}}</ref> |- |2020 | # Da so samu ne |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Waƙoƙin Hausa 10 da suka fi fice a cikin shekarar 2020 |language=ha |work=[[BBC Hausa]] News |url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-55508439 |access-date=2021-07-16}}</ref> |} * '''Studio EP (Jerin Waƙa)''' {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !Shekara !EP !Ref |- |2021 |SUPA EP (feat. [[Mr Eazi]] & [[Di'Ja]]) |<ref>{{Cite web |last=KEITH |first=JAMES |date=2022-03-01 |title=Nigeria’s DJ AB & Mr. Eazi Connect For High-Energy "Supa Supa" Video |url=https://www.complex.com/music/dj-ab-mr-eazi-supa-supa |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=[[Complex Networks]] Magazine |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503023459/https://www.complex.com/music/dj-ab-mr-eazi-supa-supa |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=W |first=COURTNEY |date=2022-02-28 |title=Mr Eazi Joins DJ AB In Visuals For Catchy Offering "Supa Supa" |url=https://grmdaily.com/dj-ab-mr-eazi-supa-supa/ |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=[[GRM Daily]] UK Urban Music Outlet |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503023505/https://grmdaily.com/dj-ab-mr-eazi-supa-supa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=SKRATCH |first=SAMMY |date=2021-11-02 |title=DJ AB – SUPA (FULL EP) |work=Ghgossip Ghanaian Online News |url=https://www.ghgossip.com/dj-ab-supa-full-ep/ |access-date=2022-05-03 |archive-date=2021-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102163250/https://www.ghgossip.com/dj-ab-supa-full-ep/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} == Kyauta da Zaɓuka. == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Shekara !Taro na; !Kyauta !Mai karɓa !Sakamako !Bayani |- |2017 |[[City People Entertainment Awards|City People Movie Award]] |Best Kannywood Hip-Hop Artist of the Year |Himself |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first= |date=2017-09-08 |title=City People Releases Nomination List For 2017 Movie Awards |work=[[City People Entertainment Awards]] |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/city-people-releases-nomination-list-2017-movie-awards/ |access-date=2022-05-03}}</ref> |- |2018 |[[City People Entertainment Awards|City People Music Award]] |Arewa Best Rap Artiste of the Year |Himself |{{nom}} |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2018-10-06 |title=NOMINATIONS LIST FOR AREWA MUSICIANS FOR CITY PEOPLE MUSIC AWARDS |url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/nominations-list-for-arewa-musicians-for-city-people-music-awards/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-07-16 |website=[[City People Entertainment Awards]]}}</ref> |- |2018 |[[City People Entertainment Awards|City People Music Award]] |Arewa Artiste of the Year (Male) |Himself |{{nom}} |<ref name=":0" /> |- |2020 |[[City People Entertainment Awards|City People Music Award]] |Arewa Best Rap Album of the Year |Himself |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2020-12-02 |title=2020 City People Music Awards: Arewa Nomination List Out |url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/2020-city-people-music-awards-arewa-nomination-list-out/ |access-date=2021-07-16 |website=[[City People Entertainment Awards]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |} <ref>SCRATCH, PETER (2022-11-02).  [https://www.wix9ja.com/dj-ab-standard-full-ep/DJ AB – SUPA (ALBUM)]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Gistlover Online News. Retrieved 2022-05-03.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1993]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mawaƙan Nijeriya]] e1dpl5thlu9t9qcpvb19vbxvwbp20cz 0 15034 970260 457266 2026-10-21T23:21:19Z Salma Raddah 45959 970260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Binta Ayo Mogaji''' ƴar fim ce a Najeriya. A cewar mai sukar fina-finan, Shaibu Husseini, Mogaji ya kasance wani bangare na a kalla fina-finai 800, talabijin da wasannin kwaikwayo.<ref>https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/binta-ayo-mogaji-sterling-stage-and-screen-actress-sambas-on-and-off-the-turf/{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == An haife ta a 1964, Mogaji ɗan asalin Agbo-Ile, [[Ibadan]]. Mahaifinta malamin addinin Musulunci ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa kuma mai kula da harkokin ilimi. A shekarar 2006, ta auri dan wasan kwallon kafa mai ritaya da kuma likitan gyaran jiki, Victor Ayodele Oduleye. Kafin aurenta, ta kasance tana soyayya da jarumi, Jibola Dabo kuma tana da ɗa sakamakon dangantakar. == Ayyuka == Fim din ta na bidiyo na farko a gida shi ne ''Mojere'', wanda aka yi shi da yarbanci. An ba ta kyauta mafi kyau a kyautar REEL. A shekarar 2015, Mogaji ya nuna fifikon fifikon yan fim ga matasa masu tasowa a Nollywood . Ta bayyana cewa dalilansu ba za su iya dogara da aikin kwarewa ba, saboda babu wani abin da samari ‘yan fim ke yi wanda tsofaffi ba za su iya yi ba. A wata hira da ta yi da jaridar The Punch a shekarar 2018, Mogaji ta bayyana cewa saboda asalin addinin Musulunci, ba ta taba yin tsiraici ko sumbata ba a duk tsawon shekarun da ta yi tana fim. Ta lura cewa furodusoshi sun san irin rawar da zata iya takawa. === Sashin Filmography === * ''Kasanova'' (2019) * ''Pasito Deinde'' (2005) * ''Àkóbí Gómìnà'' 2 (2002) * ''Eni Eleni'' 2 (2005) * ''Babu Inda za'a Samu'' * ''Me Ya Damu Da Wanzami?'' * ''Sajan Okoro'' * ''Igbalandogi'' * ''Mojere'' * ''Owo Blow'' * ''Ti Oluwa Nile'' (1992) * ''Uwa uba'' * ''Owo Ale'' * ''Ileke'' * ''Ojuju'' * ''Ile Olorogun'' * ''Gada (fim din 2017)'' * ''Mai dubawa'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] q3pkzopaqyhfa888qwdhxoc9228yl2i 970300 970260 2026-10-22T08:57:42Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Rayuwar mutum */ 970300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Binta Ayo Mogaji''' ƴar fim ce a Najeriya. A cewar mai sukar fina-finan, Shaibu Husseini, Mogaji ya kasance wani bangare na a kalla fina-finai 800, talabijin da wasannin kwaikwayo.<ref>https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/binta-ayo-mogaji-sterling-stage-and-screen-actress-sambas-on-and-off-the-turf/{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == An haife ta a shekarar 1964, Mogaji ɗan asalin Agbo-Ile, [[Ibadan]]. Mahaifinta malamin addinin Musulunci ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa kuma mai kula da harkokin ilimi. A shekarar 2006, ta auri dan wasan kwallon kafa mai ritaya da kuma likitan gyaran jiki, Victor Ayodele Oduleye. Kafin aurenta, ta kasance tana soyayya da jarumi, Jibola Dabo kuma tana da ɗa sakamakon dangantakar. == Ayyuka == Fim din ta na bidiyo na farko a gida shi ne ''Mojere'', wanda aka yi shi da yarbanci. An ba ta kyauta mafi kyau a kyautar REEL. A shekarar 2015, Mogaji ya nuna fifikon fifikon yan fim ga matasa masu tasowa a Nollywood . Ta bayyana cewa dalilansu ba za su iya dogara da aikin kwarewa ba, saboda babu wani abin da samari ‘yan fim ke yi wanda tsofaffi ba za su iya yi ba. A wata hira da ta yi da jaridar The Punch a shekarar 2018, Mogaji ta bayyana cewa saboda asalin addinin Musulunci, ba ta taba yin tsiraici ko sumbata ba a duk tsawon shekarun da ta yi tana fim. Ta lura cewa furodusoshi sun san irin rawar da zata iya takawa. === Sashin Filmography === * ''Kasanova'' (2019) * ''Pasito Deinde'' (2005) * ''Àkóbí Gómìnà'' 2 (2002) * ''Eni Eleni'' 2 (2005) * ''Babu Inda za'a Samu'' * ''Me Ya Damu Da Wanzami?'' * ''Sajan Okoro'' * ''Igbalandogi'' * ''Mojere'' * ''Owo Blow'' * ''Ti Oluwa Nile'' (1992) * ''Uwa uba'' * ''Owo Ale'' * ''Ileke'' * ''Ojuju'' * ''Ile Olorogun'' * ''Gada (fim din 2017)'' * ''Mai dubawa'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] fwnkmhz162ktzjso9yie17xgntf0j21 0 15466 970235 852811 2026-10-21T21:34:32Z Nura Bello 24854 970235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = '''Nkiru Balonwu''' | image = Nkiru Balonwu Wiki.jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Nkiru Balonwu | death_date = | death_place = | other_names = | occupation = {{hlist|Nigerian entrepreneur|US-trained communicator|Activist}} | known_for = {{hlist|Communication expert}} | net worth = | title = Executive director | known for = }} '''Nkiru Balonwu''' yan kasuwa ce kuma mai fafutuka da ke zaune a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=An interview with Spinlet's CEO, Nkiru Balonwu, and Head of Business Development, Oye Akindeinde (Video) |url=https://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2014/11/01/an-interview-with-spinlets-ceo-nkiru-balonwu-and-head-of-business-development-oye-akindeinde-video/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905214241/https://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2014/11/01/an-interview-with-spinlets-ceo-nkiru-balonwu-and-head-of-business-development-oye-akindeinde-video/ |archive-date=2020-09-05 |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=African Business Central |language=en-US}}</ref> An san ta da ra'ayinta game da mata a matsayin mafita ga matsalolin Afirka kuma ita ce ta kafa kuma shugabar Afirka ta Mata a kan Jirgin, kungiya mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta ta mata da ke jagoranta da ke mai da hankali kan inganta labarun don inganta gaskiyar mata da 'yan mata na al'adun Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=THEWILL_ |title=Nigeria's Balonwu, Duchess of Sussex, Stormzy, Hamilton, Others named in Powerlist UK 2020 International Award {{!}} THEWILL |url=https://thewillnigeria.com/news/nigerias-balonwu-duchess-of-sussex-stormzy-hamilton-others-named-in-powerlist-uk-2020-international-award/ |access-date=2019-12-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Nkiru Balonwu |url=https://www.africanwil.org/amandla-wow/dr.-nkiru-balonwu |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Institute for African Women in Law |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce ta kafa kuma manajan abokin tarayya na RDF Strategies, wani kamfani mai ba da shawara wanda ke ba da shawara kan sadarwa ta dabarun da kuma shiga cikin masu ruwa da tsaki a fadin bangarori daga doka, fasaha, kudi, bayar da shawarwari, ci gaban kasa da kasa, nuna kasuwanci shawarwari, siyasa injiniya da sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-20 |title=2019: PDP appoints communications consultant on women engagement |url=https://www.thecable.ng/2019-pdp-appoints-communications-consultant-on-women-engagement |access-date=2019-12-16 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 2016, a lokacin da take jagorantar Spinlet, an nuna Balonwu a cikin [[YNaija]] a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Mata 100 mafi ban sha'awa a Najeriya". A watan Oktoba na 2019, an ba Balonwu lambar yabo ta Powerlist International ta 2020 ta Powerlist UK<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |date=2019-10-29 |title=Nkiru Balonwu wins Powerlist UK award alongside Meghan Markle |url=https://www.thecable.ng/nkiru-balonwu-wins-powerlist-uk-award-alongside-meghan-markle |access-date=2019-10-30 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa da tarihin mutum == Balonwu 'yar lauyoyi biyu ce da ke da asali a cikin canjin zamantakewa da adalci.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=2010 FELLOWSHIP RECIPIENTS |url=http://www.founderregionfellowship.org/Recipients2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626103941/http://www.founderregionfellowship.org/Recipients2010.pdf |archive-date=June 26, 2016 |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=www.founderregionfellowship.org}}</ref> Mahaifinta shine [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya]] (SAN) na farko daga Gabashin Najeriya. Ta girma a cikin gidan da lauyoyi da alƙalai ke yawan zuwa, gami da waɗanda ke Kotun daukaka kara da Kotun Koli, waɗanda suka taimaka wajen tsara fahimtar aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan-Awoh |first=Deborah |date=2025-03-09 |title=Nkiru Balonwu: From Law to leading Africa Soft Power Group |url=https://nairametrics.com/2025/03/09/nkiru-balonwu-from-law-to-leading-africa-soft-power-group/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi == Balonwu ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Manchester.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news |date=2018-12-20 |title=2019: PDP appoints communications consultant on women engagement |url=https://www.thecable.ng/2019-pdp-appoints-communications-consultant-on-women-engagement |access-date=2019-05-12 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> Ta sami digiri na biyu daga Kwalejin Jami'ar London (UCL) kuma tana da digiri na biyu a Jami'ar California, Berkeley<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=2018-12-20 |title=2019: PDP appoints communications consultant on women engagement |url=https://www.thecable.ng/2019-pdp-appoints-communications-consultant-on-women-engagement |access-date=2019-05-12 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Balonwu ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban ciki har da doka, fasaha, kudi, kasuwanci, ci gaban kasa da kasa, bayar da shawarwari da sadarwa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a fannin shari'a, [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to University of Lagos |url=http://196.45.48.50/staffdirectory.php?parentid=68&filter=60&searchct=PRIVATE%20AND%20PROPERTY%20LAW |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=196.45.48.50}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> A cikin 2014, Balonwu ya zama Shugaba na Spinlet, dandalin kiɗa na farko da rarraba dijital a Afirka ta Kudu. A lokacin da take Shugaba, Spinlet ta zama Manajan Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Kasa da Kasa (ISRC) na farko a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-06-23 |title=Nigerian Women Rocking the Online Business World |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201606230788.html |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=All Africa}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2012-11-13 |title=Spotify, Deezer or Spinlet? Africa's music streaming choice |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/6392/spotify-deezer-or-spinlet-africas-music-streaming-choice/ |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=The Africa Report.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Balonwu ta kafa Mata na Afirka a kan Kwamitin wanda aka ƙaddamar a duniya a Cibiyar Gidauniyar Ford don Adalci na Jama'a, New York, a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2019 a lokacin [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UNGA), tare da manufar "ba da murya ga matan Afirka da canza yadda ake fahimta". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-26 |title=African women eye UNGA to catch #MeToo momentum |url=http://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20190926-african-women-eye-UNGA-catch-metoo-movement-momentum |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> == Jagora da nadin == An nada mai ba da shawara na Balonwu RDF don haɓaka manufar Legas zuwa Duniya (L2W), kamfen ɗin duniya a cikin 2018 ta gwamnatin Jihar Legas don fitar da saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje zuwa jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2018-07-09 |title="We want to sell Lagos to the World," says Dr. Ademola Abass of Lagos Global – Toni Kan |url=http://thisislagos.ng/we-want-to-sell-lagos-to-the-world-says-dr-ademola-abass-of-lagos-global-toni-kan/ |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=This Is Lagos |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LAGOS BEGINS GLOBAL CAMPAIGN TO DRIVE INVESTMENT |url=https://lagosstate.gov.ng/blog/2018/07/08/lagos-begins-global-campaign-to-drive-investment/ |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=Lagos State Government |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da nasarorin == A ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2019, Balonwu ta sami lambar yabo ta Powerlist 2020 International.<ref name=":42">{{Cite news |date=2019-10-29 |title=Nkiru Balonwu wins Powerlist UK award alongside Meghan Markle |url=https://www.thecable.ng/nkiru-balonwu-wins-powerlist-uk-award-alongside-meghan-markle |access-date=2019-12-16 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref>Jerin lambar yabo ta baƙar fata ta ƙunshi 100 daga cikin baƙar fata mafi rinjaye a Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-25 |title=Meghan Markle and Stormzy named among Britain's most influential black people |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/meghan-markle-stormzy-powerlist-influential-black-person-dame-linda-dobbs-a9170416.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/meghan-markle-stormzy-powerlist-influential-black-person-dame-linda-dobbs-a9170416.html |archive-date=2022-06-21 |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Balonwu ita ce mai karɓar lambar yabo ta duniya, "wanda aka ba wa mutumin da ke zaune a waje da Burtaniya, wanda aka ɗauka ya bambanta kansa a matsayin mai canzawa, mai kirkiro, wahayi da kuma mutum mai tasiri sosai" don nuna godiya ga aikinta a African Women on Board . <ref>{{Cite web |last=THEWILL_ |title=Nigeria's Balonwu, Duchess of Sussex, Stormzy, Hamilton, Others named in Powerlist UK 2020 International Award {{!}} THEWILL |url=https://thewillnigeria.com/news/nigerias-balonwu-duchess-of-sussex-stormzy-hamilton-others-named-in-powerlist-uk-2020-international-award/ |access-date=2019-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, wallafe-wallafen kafofin watsa labarai, YNaija, tare da haɗin gwiwar Mata masu rinjaye na Afirka sun sanya Balonwu a cikin Mata 100 mafi ban sha'awa a Najeriya, fitowar shekara-shekara wacce ke nuna "mata da ke tasiri da gangan a duniya da al'ummominsu ta hanyar iko da ƙarfin ra'ayoyinsu da nasarorin da suka samu. " Balonwu ta sami girmamawa saboda aikinta a Spinlet a cikin "Revolution[ising] yadda ake raba da rarraba abun cikin kiɗa".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-08 |title='Arunma Oteh, Tara Fela-Durotoye, Yasmine Belo-Osagie & more {{!}} These are Nigeria's 100 Most Inspiring Women – #YWomen100 #LLA100Women » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/nigeria-100-women-inspiring-influential/ |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://ynaija.com/nigeria-100-women-inspiring-influential/ "'Arunma Oteh, Tara Fela-Durotoye, Yasmine Belo-Osagie & more | These are Nigeria's 100 Most Inspiring Women – #YWomen100 #LLA100Women » YNaija"]. ''YNaija''. 2016-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2010, Balonwu ta kasance mai karɓar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa, ƙungiyar bayar da kyauta wacce ke mai da hankali kan " inganta rayuwar mata da 'yan mata a cikin gida da kuma duniya ta hanyar ba da zumunci ga mata waɗanda za su yi bambanci da gaske a duniya. " Balonwu ya lashe kyautar a ƙarƙashin Dokar da Kimiyya ta Jama'a da kuma rubutun shari'a bisa ga nazarin damar da masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka ke ba mata a matsayin mai haɓaka don ci gaban tattalin arziki. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Founder Region Fellowship Recipients 2010 |url=http://www.founderregionfellowship.org/Recipients2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626103941/http://www.founderregionfellowship.org/Recipients2010.pdf |archive-date=June 26, 2016 |access-date= |website=Founder Region Fellowship}}</ref> == Magana da kafofin watsa labarai == An nuna Balonwu a dandamali daban-daban a kan batutuwa daga daidaiton jinsi, fasaha, kirkire-kirkire da kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jnr |first=Chukwuemeka Fred Agbata |date=2017-10-23 |title=Nigerian Youths Advised To Stay and Invest in Nigeria at the October 2017 Edition of CFA's Startups Hangout |url=https://cfamedia.ng/nigerian-youths-advised-stay-invest-nigeria-october-2017-edition-cfas-startups-hangout/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517094343/https://cfamedia.ng/nigerian-youths-advised-stay-invest-nigeria-october-2017-edition-cfas-startups-hangout/ |archive-date=2019-05-17 |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=CFAmedia.ng - Startups {{!}} Media {{!}} Business {{!}} Technology News |language=en-GB}}</ref> A kan kwasfan fayiloli a16z, wanda asusun VC Andreessen Horowitz ya fara, tare da masu magana da baƙi da suka gabata ciki har da dan wasan NBA Andre Iguodala da Oprah Winfrey, <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Top Podcasts Every CEO Should Listen To |url=https://www.axial.net/forum/10-top-podcasts-every-ceo-should-listen-to/ |access-date=2019-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Balonwu ya yi magana game da fasaha a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-25 |title=a16z Podcast: Things Come Together - Truths about Tech in Africa |url=https://a16z.com/2016/01/25/africa-tech-context/ |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=Andreessen Horowitz |language=en-US}}</ref> Taron Mata masu ƙarfi a Kasuwanci na Harvard a cikin 2018 ya nuna Nkiru Balonwu a matsayin 'mata a kan allon'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-27 |title=HBS Dynamic Women In Business{{!}} Delivers Inspiration & More for the 27th Year! |url=http://marketingrecon.com/hbs-dynamic-women-business-delivers-inspiration-27th-year/ |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=MarketingRecon |language=en-US}}</ref> A Rediyon Faransa Internationale (RFI) sabis na rediyo na jama'a na Faransa tare da masu sauraro miliyan 35.6 a duk duniya, Balonwu ya yi magana game da yadda za a fi dacewa da matan Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-26 |title=African women eye UNGA to catch #MeToo momentum |url=http://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20190926-african-women-eye-UNGA-catch-metoo-movement-momentum |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> An lissafa ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Cibiyar Kafawa, babbar mai saurin farawa a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Startup Mentors Confirmed for the Lagos Founder Institute |url=https://fi.co/insight/great-startup-mentors-confirmed-for-the-lagos-founder-institute |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=The Founder Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Build a Startup with Nigeria's Top Entrepreneurs. Founder Institute Opens Applications in Lagos |url=https://fi.co/insight/build-a-startup-with-nigeria-s-top-entrepreneurs |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=The Founder Institute |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2025, ta gabatar da jawabi mai mahimmanci a taron QEDNG Creative Powerhouse Summit, inda ta nuna mahimman bayanai goma sha ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=QEDNG |date=2025-08-16 |title=Financing alone isn't enough: 11 takeaways from Nkiru Balonwu's keynote at QEDNG Summit |url=https://www.qed.ng/financing-alone-isnt-enough-11-takeaways-from-nkiru-balonwus-keynote-at-qedng-summit/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=QED.NG |language=en-US}}</ref> === Labaran da aka buga === Balonwu ya rubuta labarai ga kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban ciki har da Sahara Reporters, TechCabal da Al Jazeera English. Ayyukanta sun zurfafa cikin batutuwan mata da masana'antun al'adu da masu kirkira (CCI), suna kafa ta a matsayin babbar murya a waɗannan fannoni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=RefinedNG |title=Dr. Nkiru Balonwu, a social entrepreneur passionate about improving the realities of women and girls in Africa |url=https://refinedng.com/dr-nkiru-balonwu-a-social-entrepreneur-passionate-about-improving-the-realities-of-women-and-girls-in-africa/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=refinedng.com}}</ref> * "Mata na Afirka a matsayin masu amfani: Maɓallin Bude Girman Afirka"; Fabrairu 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-05 |title=Women drive consumer spend. So why don't we know what they want? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/22974/women-drive-consumer-spend-so-why-dont-we-know-what-they-want/ |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=The Africa Report.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * "Tattara mata na Afirka yana da mahimmanci ga [[African Business|Kasuwancin Afirka]]"; Disamba 2019 [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} * "Me ya sa ba #MeToo ba? Ta yaya ra'ayoyi ke hana ci gaban mata na Afirka"; Oktoba 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Balonwu |first=Nkiru |title=Why not #MeToo? How stereotypes hinder African women's progress |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/metoo-stereotypes-hinder-african-women-progress-191009065336487.html |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> * "Rashin jituwa da Mata - Ka manta da #Metoo, Muna Bukatar #Youtoo ya tsaya tare da Mata"; Yuli 2019<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-04 |title=Violence Against Women – Forget #Metoo, We Need #Youtoo To Stand With Women By Nkiru Balonwu |url=http://saharareporters.com/2019/07/04/violence-against-women-%E2%80%93-forget-metoo-we-need-youtoo-stand-women-nkiru-balonwu |access-date=2019-12-18 |location=New York City, United States |newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> * "Shugaba na Google ya kafa Sabon Benchmark don Sadarwar Kamfanoni ta zamani: Darussan ga Shugabannin Afirka" Fabrairu 2019 <ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=Google CEO Sets New Benchmark for Modern Corporate Communication |url=https://businessday.ng/opinion/article/google-ceo-sets-new-benchmark-for-modern-corporate-communications-lessons-for-african-executives/ |access-date=2019-12-18 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref> * "MTN Vs. Gwamnati: Shin Talakacciyar Sadarwa tana cutar da tattalin arzikin Najeriya?"; Oktoba 2018<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-24 |title=MTN Vs The Government: Is Poor Communications Hurting Nigeria's Economy? By Dr. Nkiru Balonwu |url=http://saharareporters.com/2018/10/24/mtn-vs-government-poor-communications-hurting-nigeria%E2%80%99s-economy-dr-nkiru-balonwu |access-date=2019-12-18 |location=New York City, United States |newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> * "Brexit, ziyarar Macron: Dama da sabbin kawance ga Najeriya"; Yuli 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=BusinessDay Online, TV, and Podcast |url=https://www.businessdayonline.com/opinion/article/brexit-macrons-visit-opportunities-new-alliances-nigeria-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507130209/https://www.businessdayonline.com/opinion/article/brexit-macrons-visit-opportunities-new-alliances-nigeria-2/ |archive-date=2019-05-07 |access-date=2019-12-18 |language=en}}</ref> * "Mata a cikin Tushen: Lokaci don sake lissafin kusanci?"; Mayu 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-10 |title=Women in STEM: Time to recalculate our approach? |url=https://techcabal.com/2018/05/10/women-in-stem-time-to-recalculate-our-approach/ |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=TechCabal |language=en-US}}</ref> * "Mutanen a matsayin Abokan hulɗa: Tsanta don Ci gaba da Daidaitawa a Aikin Afirka"; Maris 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=BusinessDay Online, TV, and Podcast |url=http://www.businessdayonline.com/men-allies-pressing-progress-workplace-equality-africa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507130219/http://www.businessdayonline.com/men-allies-pressing-progress-workplace-equality-africa/ |archive-date=2019-05-07 |access-date=2019-12-18 |language=en}}</ref> * "Making African Women's Voices Mainstream"; Janairu 2018, Ranar Kasuwanci<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=Making African Women's Voices Mainstream |url=https://businessday.ng/analysis/article/making-african-womens-voices-mainstream/ |access-date=2019-12-18 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref> == Kwamitin da membobin majalisa == Balonwu yana zaune a kan allon kungiyoyi da yawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=International Advisory Board I Nigeria I Alluvial I Our Team |url=https://www.alluvialtrade.com/our-team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517094342/https://www.alluvialtrade.com/our-team |archive-date=2019-05-17 |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=Farm Business {{!}} Nigeria {{!}} Alluvial |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=BOARD |url=https://convexpublisher.com/board/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517094355/https://convexpublisher.com/board/ |archive-date=2019-05-17 |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=Convex Publisher |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dpt2qmvd3cz071wcsywdtpdm352p031 970327 970235 2026-10-22T09:14:32Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Ayyuka */ 970327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = '''Nkiru Balonwu''' | image = Nkiru Balonwu Wiki.jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Nkiru Balonwu | death_date = | death_place = | other_names = | occupation = {{hlist|Nigerian entrepreneur|US-trained communicator|Activist}} | known_for = {{hlist|Communication expert}} | net worth = | title = Executive director | known for = }} '''Nkiru Balonwu''' yan kasuwa ce kuma mai fafutuka da ke zaune a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=An interview with Spinlet's CEO, Nkiru Balonwu, and Head of Business Development, Oye Akindeinde (Video) |url=https://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2014/11/01/an-interview-with-spinlets-ceo-nkiru-balonwu-and-head-of-business-development-oye-akindeinde-video/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905214241/https://www.africanbusinesscentral.com/2014/11/01/an-interview-with-spinlets-ceo-nkiru-balonwu-and-head-of-business-development-oye-akindeinde-video/ |archive-date=2020-09-05 |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=African Business Central |language=en-US}}</ref> An san ta da ra'ayinta game da mata a matsayin mafita ga matsalolin Afirka kuma ita ce ta kafa kuma shugabar Afirka ta Mata a kan Jirgin, kungiya mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta ta mata da ke jagoranta da ke mai da hankali kan inganta labarun don inganta gaskiyar mata da 'yan mata na al'adun Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=THEWILL_ |title=Nigeria's Balonwu, Duchess of Sussex, Stormzy, Hamilton, Others named in Powerlist UK 2020 International Award {{!}} THEWILL |url=https://thewillnigeria.com/news/nigerias-balonwu-duchess-of-sussex-stormzy-hamilton-others-named-in-powerlist-uk-2020-international-award/ |access-date=2019-12-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Nkiru Balonwu |url=https://www.africanwil.org/amandla-wow/dr.-nkiru-balonwu |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Institute for African Women in Law |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce ta kafa kuma manajan abokin tarayya na RDF Strategies, wani kamfani mai ba da shawara wanda ke ba da shawara kan sadarwa ta dabarun da kuma shiga cikin masu ruwa da tsaki a fadin bangarori daga doka, fasaha, kudi, bayar da shawarwari, ci gaban kasa da kasa, nuna kasuwanci shawarwari, siyasa injiniya da sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-20 |title=2019: PDP appoints communications consultant on women engagement |url=https://www.thecable.ng/2019-pdp-appoints-communications-consultant-on-women-engagement |access-date=2019-12-16 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 2016, a lokacin da take jagorantar Spinlet, an nuna Balonwu a cikin [[YNaija]] a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Mata 100 mafi ban sha'awa a Najeriya". A watan Oktoba na 2019, an ba Balonwu lambar yabo ta Powerlist International ta 2020 ta Powerlist UK<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |date=2019-10-29 |title=Nkiru Balonwu wins Powerlist UK award alongside Meghan Markle |url=https://www.thecable.ng/nkiru-balonwu-wins-powerlist-uk-award-alongside-meghan-markle |access-date=2019-10-30 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa da tarihin mutum == Balonwu 'yar lauyoyi biyu ce da ke da asali a cikin canjin zamantakewa da adalci.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=2010 FELLOWSHIP RECIPIENTS |url=http://www.founderregionfellowship.org/Recipients2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626103941/http://www.founderregionfellowship.org/Recipients2010.pdf |archive-date=June 26, 2016 |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=www.founderregionfellowship.org}}</ref> Mahaifinta shine [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya]] (SAN) na farko daga Gabashin Najeriya. Ta girma a cikin gidan da lauyoyi da alƙalai ke yawan zuwa, gami da waɗanda ke Kotun daukaka kara da Kotun Koli, waɗanda suka taimaka wajen tsara fahimtar aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dan-Awoh |first=Deborah |date=2025-03-09 |title=Nkiru Balonwu: From Law to leading Africa Soft Power Group |url=https://nairametrics.com/2025/03/09/nkiru-balonwu-from-law-to-leading-africa-soft-power-group/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimi == Balonwu ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Manchester.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news |date=2018-12-20 |title=2019: PDP appoints communications consultant on women engagement |url=https://www.thecable.ng/2019-pdp-appoints-communications-consultant-on-women-engagement |access-date=2019-05-12 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> Ta sami digiri na biyu daga Kwalejin Jami'ar London (UCL) kuma tana da digiri na biyu a Jami'ar California, Berkeley<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=2018-12-20 |title=2019: PDP appoints communications consultant on women engagement |url=https://www.thecable.ng/2019-pdp-appoints-communications-consultant-on-women-engagement |access-date=2019-05-12 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Balonwu ya yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban ciki har da doka, fasaha, kudi, kasuwanci, ci gaban kasa da kasa, bayar da shawarwari da sadarwa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a fannin shari'a, [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to University of Lagos |url=http://196.45.48.50/staffdirectory.php?parentid=68&filter=60&searchct=PRIVATE%20AND%20PROPERTY%20LAW |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=196.45.48.50}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, Balonwu ya zama Shugaba na Spinlet, dandalin kiɗa na farko da rarraba dijital a Afirka ta Kudu. A lokacin da take Shugaba, Spinlet ta zama Manajan Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Kasa da Kasa (ISRC) na farko a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-06-23 |title=Nigerian Women Rocking the Online Business World |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201606230788.html |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=All Africa}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2012-11-13 |title=Spotify, Deezer or Spinlet? Africa's music streaming choice |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/6392/spotify-deezer-or-spinlet-africas-music-streaming-choice/ |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=The Africa Report.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Balonwu ta kafa Mata na Afirka a kan Kwamitin wanda aka ƙaddamar a duniya a Cibiyar Gidauniyar Ford don Adalci na Jama'a, New York, a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2019 a lokacin [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UNGA), tare da manufar "ba da murya ga matan Afirka da canza yadda ake fahimta". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-26 |title=African women eye UNGA to catch #MeToo momentum |url=http://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20190926-african-women-eye-UNGA-catch-metoo-movement-momentum |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> == Jagora da nadin == An nada mai ba da shawara na Balonwu RDF don haɓaka manufar Legas zuwa Duniya (L2W), kamfen ɗin duniya a cikin 2018 ta gwamnatin Jihar Legas don fitar da saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje zuwa jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2018-07-09 |title="We want to sell Lagos to the World," says Dr. Ademola Abass of Lagos Global – Toni Kan |url=http://thisislagos.ng/we-want-to-sell-lagos-to-the-world-says-dr-ademola-abass-of-lagos-global-toni-kan/ |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=This Is Lagos |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LAGOS BEGINS GLOBAL CAMPAIGN TO DRIVE INVESTMENT |url=https://lagosstate.gov.ng/blog/2018/07/08/lagos-begins-global-campaign-to-drive-investment/ |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=Lagos State Government |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da nasarorin == A ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2019, Balonwu ta sami lambar yabo ta Powerlist 2020 International.<ref name=":42">{{Cite news |date=2019-10-29 |title=Nkiru Balonwu wins Powerlist UK award alongside Meghan Markle |url=https://www.thecable.ng/nkiru-balonwu-wins-powerlist-uk-award-alongside-meghan-markle |access-date=2019-12-16 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref>Jerin lambar yabo ta baƙar fata ta ƙunshi 100 daga cikin baƙar fata mafi rinjaye a Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-25 |title=Meghan Markle and Stormzy named among Britain's most influential black people |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/meghan-markle-stormzy-powerlist-influential-black-person-dame-linda-dobbs-a9170416.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/meghan-markle-stormzy-powerlist-influential-black-person-dame-linda-dobbs-a9170416.html |archive-date=2022-06-21 |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Balonwu ita ce mai karɓar lambar yabo ta duniya, "wanda aka ba wa mutumin da ke zaune a waje da Burtaniya, wanda aka ɗauka ya bambanta kansa a matsayin mai canzawa, mai kirkiro, wahayi da kuma mutum mai tasiri sosai" don nuna godiya ga aikinta a African Women on Board . <ref>{{Cite web |last=THEWILL_ |title=Nigeria's Balonwu, Duchess of Sussex, Stormzy, Hamilton, Others named in Powerlist UK 2020 International Award {{!}} THEWILL |url=https://thewillnigeria.com/news/nigerias-balonwu-duchess-of-sussex-stormzy-hamilton-others-named-in-powerlist-uk-2020-international-award/ |access-date=2019-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, wallafe-wallafen kafofin watsa labarai, YNaija, tare da haɗin gwiwar Mata masu rinjaye na Afirka sun sanya Balonwu a cikin Mata 100 mafi ban sha'awa a Najeriya, fitowar shekara-shekara wacce ke nuna "mata da ke tasiri da gangan a duniya da al'ummominsu ta hanyar iko da ƙarfin ra'ayoyinsu da nasarorin da suka samu. " Balonwu ta sami girmamawa saboda aikinta a Spinlet a cikin "Revolution[ising] yadda ake raba da rarraba abun cikin kiɗa".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-08 |title='Arunma Oteh, Tara Fela-Durotoye, Yasmine Belo-Osagie & more {{!}} These are Nigeria's 100 Most Inspiring Women – #YWomen100 #LLA100Women » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/nigeria-100-women-inspiring-influential/ |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://ynaija.com/nigeria-100-women-inspiring-influential/ "'Arunma Oteh, Tara Fela-Durotoye, Yasmine Belo-Osagie & more | These are Nigeria's 100 Most Inspiring Women – #YWomen100 #LLA100Women » YNaija"]. ''YNaija''. 2016-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2010, Balonwu ta kasance mai karɓar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙasa, ƙungiyar bayar da kyauta wacce ke mai da hankali kan " inganta rayuwar mata da 'yan mata a cikin gida da kuma duniya ta hanyar ba da zumunci ga mata waɗanda za su yi bambanci da gaske a duniya. " Balonwu ya lashe kyautar a ƙarƙashin Dokar da Kimiyya ta Jama'a da kuma rubutun shari'a bisa ga nazarin damar da masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka ke ba mata a matsayin mai haɓaka don ci gaban tattalin arziki. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Founder Region Fellowship Recipients 2010 |url=http://www.founderregionfellowship.org/Recipients2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626103941/http://www.founderregionfellowship.org/Recipients2010.pdf |archive-date=June 26, 2016 |access-date= |website=Founder Region Fellowship}}</ref> == Magana da kafofin watsa labarai == An nuna Balonwu a dandamali daban-daban a kan batutuwa daga daidaiton jinsi, fasaha, kirkire-kirkire da kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jnr |first=Chukwuemeka Fred Agbata |date=2017-10-23 |title=Nigerian Youths Advised To Stay and Invest in Nigeria at the October 2017 Edition of CFA's Startups Hangout |url=https://cfamedia.ng/nigerian-youths-advised-stay-invest-nigeria-october-2017-edition-cfas-startups-hangout/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517094343/https://cfamedia.ng/nigerian-youths-advised-stay-invest-nigeria-october-2017-edition-cfas-startups-hangout/ |archive-date=2019-05-17 |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=CFAmedia.ng - Startups {{!}} Media {{!}} Business {{!}} Technology News |language=en-GB}}</ref> A kan kwasfan fayiloli a16z, wanda asusun VC Andreessen Horowitz ya fara, tare da masu magana da baƙi da suka gabata ciki har da dan wasan NBA Andre Iguodala da Oprah Winfrey, <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Top Podcasts Every CEO Should Listen To |url=https://www.axial.net/forum/10-top-podcasts-every-ceo-should-listen-to/ |access-date=2019-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Balonwu ya yi magana game da fasaha a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-25 |title=a16z Podcast: Things Come Together - Truths about Tech in Africa |url=https://a16z.com/2016/01/25/africa-tech-context/ |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=Andreessen Horowitz |language=en-US}}</ref> Taron Mata masu ƙarfi a Kasuwanci na Harvard a cikin 2018 ya nuna Nkiru Balonwu a matsayin 'mata a kan allon'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-27 |title=HBS Dynamic Women In Business{{!}} Delivers Inspiration & More for the 27th Year! |url=http://marketingrecon.com/hbs-dynamic-women-business-delivers-inspiration-27th-year/ |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=MarketingRecon |language=en-US}}</ref> A Rediyon Faransa Internationale (RFI) sabis na rediyo na jama'a na Faransa tare da masu sauraro miliyan 35.6 a duk duniya, Balonwu ya yi magana game da yadda za a fi dacewa da matan Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-26 |title=African women eye UNGA to catch #MeToo momentum |url=http://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20190926-african-women-eye-UNGA-catch-metoo-movement-momentum |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> An lissafa ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Cibiyar Kafawa, babbar mai saurin farawa a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Startup Mentors Confirmed for the Lagos Founder Institute |url=https://fi.co/insight/great-startup-mentors-confirmed-for-the-lagos-founder-institute |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=The Founder Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Build a Startup with Nigeria's Top Entrepreneurs. Founder Institute Opens Applications in Lagos |url=https://fi.co/insight/build-a-startup-with-nigeria-s-top-entrepreneurs |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=The Founder Institute |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2025, ta gabatar da jawabi mai mahimmanci a taron QEDNG Creative Powerhouse Summit, inda ta nuna mahimman bayanai goma sha ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=QEDNG |date=2025-08-16 |title=Financing alone isn't enough: 11 takeaways from Nkiru Balonwu's keynote at QEDNG Summit |url=https://www.qed.ng/financing-alone-isnt-enough-11-takeaways-from-nkiru-balonwus-keynote-at-qedng-summit/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=QED.NG |language=en-US}}</ref> === Labaran da aka buga === Balonwu ya rubuta labarai ga kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban ciki har da Sahara Reporters, TechCabal da Al Jazeera English. Ayyukanta sun zurfafa cikin batutuwan mata da masana'antun al'adu da masu kirkira (CCI), suna kafa ta a matsayin babbar murya a waɗannan fannoni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=RefinedNG |title=Dr. Nkiru Balonwu, a social entrepreneur passionate about improving the realities of women and girls in Africa |url=https://refinedng.com/dr-nkiru-balonwu-a-social-entrepreneur-passionate-about-improving-the-realities-of-women-and-girls-in-africa/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=refinedng.com}}</ref> * "Mata na Afirka a matsayin masu amfani: Maɓallin Bude Girman Afirka"; Fabrairu 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-05 |title=Women drive consumer spend. So why don't we know what they want? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/22974/women-drive-consumer-spend-so-why-dont-we-know-what-they-want/ |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=The Africa Report.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * "Tattara mata na Afirka yana da mahimmanci ga [[African Business|Kasuwancin Afirka]]"; Disamba 2019 [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} * "Me ya sa ba #MeToo ba? Ta yaya ra'ayoyi ke hana ci gaban mata na Afirka"; Oktoba 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Balonwu |first=Nkiru |title=Why not #MeToo? How stereotypes hinder African women's progress |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/metoo-stereotypes-hinder-african-women-progress-191009065336487.html |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> * "Rashin jituwa da Mata - Ka manta da #Metoo, Muna Bukatar #Youtoo ya tsaya tare da Mata"; Yuli 2019<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-04 |title=Violence Against Women – Forget #Metoo, We Need #Youtoo To Stand With Women By Nkiru Balonwu |url=http://saharareporters.com/2019/07/04/violence-against-women-%E2%80%93-forget-metoo-we-need-youtoo-stand-women-nkiru-balonwu |access-date=2019-12-18 |location=New York City, United States |newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> * "Shugaba na Google ya kafa Sabon Benchmark don Sadarwar Kamfanoni ta zamani: Darussan ga Shugabannin Afirka" Fabrairu 2019 <ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=Google CEO Sets New Benchmark for Modern Corporate Communication |url=https://businessday.ng/opinion/article/google-ceo-sets-new-benchmark-for-modern-corporate-communications-lessons-for-african-executives/ |access-date=2019-12-18 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref> * "MTN Vs. Gwamnati: Shin Talakacciyar Sadarwa tana cutar da tattalin arzikin Najeriya?"; Oktoba 2018<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-24 |title=MTN Vs The Government: Is Poor Communications Hurting Nigeria's Economy? By Dr. Nkiru Balonwu |url=http://saharareporters.com/2018/10/24/mtn-vs-government-poor-communications-hurting-nigeria%E2%80%99s-economy-dr-nkiru-balonwu |access-date=2019-12-18 |location=New York City, United States |newspaper=[[Sahara Reporters]]}}</ref> * "Brexit, ziyarar Macron: Dama da sabbin kawance ga Najeriya"; Yuli 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=BusinessDay Online, TV, and Podcast |url=https://www.businessdayonline.com/opinion/article/brexit-macrons-visit-opportunities-new-alliances-nigeria-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507130209/https://www.businessdayonline.com/opinion/article/brexit-macrons-visit-opportunities-new-alliances-nigeria-2/ |archive-date=2019-05-07 |access-date=2019-12-18 |language=en}}</ref> * "Mata a cikin Tushen: Lokaci don sake lissafin kusanci?"; Mayu 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-10 |title=Women in STEM: Time to recalculate our approach? |url=https://techcabal.com/2018/05/10/women-in-stem-time-to-recalculate-our-approach/ |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=TechCabal |language=en-US}}</ref> * "Mutanen a matsayin Abokan hulɗa: Tsanta don Ci gaba da Daidaitawa a Aikin Afirka"; Maris 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=BusinessDay Online, TV, and Podcast |url=http://www.businessdayonline.com/men-allies-pressing-progress-workplace-equality-africa/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507130219/http://www.businessdayonline.com/men-allies-pressing-progress-workplace-equality-africa/ |archive-date=2019-05-07 |access-date=2019-12-18 |language=en}}</ref> * "Making African Women's Voices Mainstream"; Janairu 2018, Ranar Kasuwanci<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=Making African Women's Voices Mainstream |url=https://businessday.ng/analysis/article/making-african-womens-voices-mainstream/ |access-date=2019-12-18 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref> == Kwamitin da membobin majalisa == Balonwu yana zaune a kan allon kungiyoyi da yawa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=International Advisory Board I Nigeria I Alluvial I Our Team |url=https://www.alluvialtrade.com/our-team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517094342/https://www.alluvialtrade.com/our-team |archive-date=2019-05-17 |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=Farm Business {{!}} Nigeria {{!}} Alluvial |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=BOARD |url=https://convexpublisher.com/board/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517094355/https://convexpublisher.com/board/ |archive-date=2019-05-17 |access-date=2019-05-16 |website=Convex Publisher |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dcjof6cmj3tiss1t536t50hks30p764 0 17965 970140 866096 2026-10-21T14:05:37Z Ziv 32466 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Images% 2f% 2fImages% 2fWM% 2f% 2f020487.jpg]] → [[File:Mandailing clothing, Pakantan region 01.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] · More precise and not just a meaningless name 970140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mandailing clothing, Pakantan region 01.jpg|thumb|wando]] [[File:Trouser suit (AM 1999.107.260-13).jpg|thumb|wando fela]] [[File:Trouser suit (AM 1999.107.260-12).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Trousers-colourisolated.jpg|thumb|Wando]] [[Fayil:Zürich (Schweiz), Wäscheleinen -- 2011 -- 1397.jpg|thumb|wanduna]] [[Fayil:Trousers (drawing).jpg|thumb|Wando]] [[Fayil:Trousers (AM 740716-3).jpg|thumb|Wando.]] [[Fayil:Trousers (AM 1978.079-5).jpg|thumb|wando]] [[Fayil:Trousers (AM 740716-9).jpg|thumb|wando]] '''Wando''' nau'in tufafi ne ko sutura da mutane ke amfani da shi tun lokacin ƙarnin baya. [[Fayil:Korfu (GR), Korfu, Altstadt -- 2018 -- 1179.jpg|thumb|wanduna]] A Scotland, wani nau'in wando na tartar da aka saba sawa da Highlanders a matsayin madadin Babban Plaid da magabata ana kiransa trews ko a cikin ainihin Gaelic "triubhas". Wannan shi ne tushen tarihi na kalmar Turancin wando. Har yanzu ana yin amfani da igiya a wasu lokuta maimakon kilt a ceilidhs, bukukuwan aure da sauransu. Ana kuma san wando da breek a Scots, kalmar da ke da alaƙa da breeches. Abin da ake sawa a ƙarƙashin wando shi ake kira wando. Hakanan ana amfani da daidaitaccen nau'in wando na Ingilishi, amma a wasu lokuta ana furta shi ta hanyar da [ˈtruːzɨrz] ke wakilta, kamar yadda Scots ba su cika Babban Shift ɗin wasali gaba ɗaya ba, don haka suna riƙe sautin wasalin Gaelic triubhas wanda kalmar ta samo asali daga gare ta. [[Fayil:Korfu (GR), Korfu, Altstadt -- 2018 -- 1176.jpg|thumb|wanduna]] [[Fayil:Trousers (AM 1970.118-4).jpg|thumb|wando]] [[Fayil:Trousers (AM 517188-7).jpg|thumb|wando]] A Arewacin Amurka, Ostiraliya, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da Arewacin Yammacin Ingila, wando shine jumlar rukuni na gabaɗaya, yayin da wando (wani lokacin slacks a Ostiraliya da Arewacin Amurka) galibi yana nufin ƙarin musamman ga riguna da aka kera tare da ƙwanƙara, madaukai, da bel. tashi-gaba. A cikin waɗannan yarukan, tufafin da aka saƙa na roba-kwana za a kira su da wando, amma ba wando ba (ko slacks). [[File:The Low Slung Trouser Girls.jpg|thumb|gajeren wando kenan daga wajen wata mata]] Mutanen Arewacin Amurka suna kiran rigar ƙaƙaf, wando, undies, ko wando (na ƙarshe su ne tufafin mata musamman) don bambanta su da sauran wando da ake sawa a waje. Kalmar drawers yawanci tana nufin tufafi ne, amma a wasu yarukan, ana iya samun su azaman ma'ana ga "breeches", wato, wando. A cikin waɗannan yarukan, ana amfani da kalmar underdrawers don riguna. Yawancin 'yan Arewacin Amurka suna magana akan wandonsu ta nau'insu, kamar 'yan dambe ko gajerun wando. A Indiya, ana kuma kiran rigar ciki a matsayin suturar ciki. Kalmar wando (ko pant) maimakon wando (ko wando) wani lokaci ana amfani da ita a cikin masana'antar tela da na zamani a matsayin jumla ɗaya, misali lokacin da ake magana akan salo, kamar "wando mai walƙiya", maimakon a matsayin takamaiman abu. Kalmomin wando da wando sune pluralia tantum, sunaye waɗanda gabaɗaya suna bayyana a cikin jam'i-kamar kalmomin almakashi da ƙwanƙwasa, kuma kamar yadda irin waɗannan wando ke zama daidai tsari. Duk da haka, ana amfani da nau'in nau'i ɗaya a cikin wasu kalmomi masu haɗaka, kamar su wando-kafa, danna wando da kasa-kasa. Jeans su ne wando da aka yi daga denim ko rigar dungaree. Leggings masu taurin fata ana kiransu da matsi. ==Asali== [[File:Korfu (GR), Korfu, Altstadt -- 2018 -- 1176.jpg|thumb|Wando kenan da aka wanke]] Asali dai wando kafin a fara amfani dashi ana amfani ne da [[ganye]] wajen rufe al'aura ko wata suffa ta mutum da ba'a so ta bayyana, daga bisani bayan zuwan cigaba na ƙere-ƙere aka samu wando ta hanyar sarrafa [[auduga]] ta koma nau'in tufafi. <ref>https://www.designsindenim.com/ha/products-detail-21683{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Manazarta== [[Category:Tufafi]] 5igz9jtf5jy70zig4i4pa5eb95v2pv7 0 34683 970176 776219 2026-10-21T17:35:09Z Salma Raddah 45959 970176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Lake Lenore Caves.jpg|thumb|Kofin lenore]] [[Fayil:Brackish Lake Lenore (10508088175).jpg|thumb|Kogin lanorw]] '''Lake Lenore''' ( yawan jama'a 2016 : 284 ) ƙauye ne a lardin Kanada na Saskatchewan a cikin gundumar Karkara na Lake Lenore Lamba 399 da Rarraba Kididdiga Na 15 . Kauyen yana 144.6&nbsp;km arewa maso gabas da birnin Saskatoon . A wajen kauyen akwai tafkin da ke raba sunansa, Lake Lenore, wanda ya shahara saboda ayyukan kamun kifi, da kuma Kauyen Kauye na Lake Lenore No. 399 zuwa arewa. Lake Lenore yana da cikakkiyar makaranta mai aiki, Co-op Grocery da Tashar Sabis na Agro kuma ya kunshi Kungiyar Kiredit da Laburaren Jama'a. == Tarihi == Gidan farko da aka gina a tafkin Lenore Bernard Gerwing ne ya gina shi kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa al'umma. Daga baya al'umma za su yi tafiyar rabin kilomita don su kasance kusa da titin jirgin kasa. Za a yi watsi da gidan Bernard Gerwing a cikin 1916-1917, al'umma sun mai da shi wurin tarihi kuma yana kiyaye shi har yau. Lake Lenore an hada shi azaman kauye a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1921. A baya an san tafkin Lenore da Lenore Lake kafin a canza sunan a cikin 1920s saboda kuskuren da aka samu a cikin littattafan kamfanin jirgin kasa. Lake Lenore babbar al'ummar Jamus ce.<ref name=":0" /> == Alkaluma ==   A cikin kididdigar yawan jama'a ta 2021 da Kididdiga Kanada ta gudanar, Lake Lenore yana da yawan jama'a 289 da ke zaune a cikin 116 daga cikin 135 na gidaje masu zaman kansu, canjin yanayi. 1.8% daga yawan jama'arta na 2016 na 284 . Tare da filin kasa na {{Convert|0.97|km2|sqmi}} , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 297.9/km a cikin 2021. A cikin kidayar yawan jama'a na 2016, kauyen Lake Lenore ya kididdige yawan jama'a 284 da ke zaune a cikin 117 daga cikin 128 na gidaje masu zaman kansu. -4.6% ya canza daga yawan 2011 na 297 . Tare da filin kasa na {{Convert|0.97|km2|sqmi}} , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 292.8/km a cikin 2016. == Duba kuma == * Jerin al'ummomi a cikin Saskatchewan * Kauyen Saskatchewan == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == * [http://www.mds.gov.sk.ca/apps/pub/mds/muniDetails.aspx?cat=3&mun=2047 Darakta na Municipal Saskatchewan - Kauyen tafkin Lenore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728093351/http://www.mds.gov.sk.ca/apps/pub/mds/muniDetails.aspx?cat=3&mun=2047 |date=2022-07-28 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070704083437/http://www.becquet.com/director/maps/index.htm Garin Saskatchewan & Taswirorin Gari] * [http://www.rootsweb.com/~cansk/school/ Saskatchewan Gen Web - Aikin Makarantar Daki Daya] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061006045957/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/archivianet/post-offices/001001-100.01-e.php Ofisoshin gidan waya da masu kula da gidan waya - ArchiviaNet - Laburare da Taskokin Kanada] * [http://www.rootsweb.com/~cansk Yankin Yanar Gizo na Saskatchewan Gen] * [http://www.rootsweb.com/~canmaps/index.html Aikin Digitization na Taswirorin Tarihi na Kan layi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110709023359/http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search/search_e.php Tambayar GeoNames] * [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Index.cfm?Lang=E Bayanan Bayanan Al'umma na 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217205626/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Index.cfm?Lang=E |date=2008-12-17 }} nnq3iw4ppr4x1zhto6gsi700bcg2cot 2 51598 970126 268239 2026-10-21T13:07:40Z Abubakar murtala 22944 970126 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Late Alhaji Murtala Nafsah.jpg|thumb|Late Alhaji Murtala Nafsah, Anhaifeshi a ranar 13th February, 1976 a garin DAURA na jahar Katsina, yarasu a ranar 25th July, 2022]] [[Alh]] murtala mati (Nafsah) an haifeshi aranar juma'ar 13 febuary,1976 sannan an haifeshi a garin Daura dake jahar katsina sannan makarancin alqur'ani ne yayi karatu na tsangaya yayi karatunsa a garin maiduguri dake jahar barno sannan yayi karatu a janhuniyar niger a garin damagaram sunan mafaifinsa Alh mati gwafso anfi saninsa da wannan sunan, sanan sunan mahaifiyarsa Hajiya fatima ana kiranta da hajiya tacim, Alh murtala nafsah dan kasuwane sannan kuma dan kwangilane sannan ya rasu aranar 25 july,2022 aranar litinin sannan yarasu ya bar mata uku da yara ashirin daidai sannan yana da mata biyu wanda yataba aura sannan yarabu dasu 2x5caxn3i54a6ciescserowtsprykvv 0 54294 970131 947805 2026-10-21T13:16:50Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342162804|Kola Ogunmola]]" 970131 wikitext text/x-wiki Elijah Kolawole Ogunmola// i (11 Nuwamba 1925 - 1973) ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mime, darektan, kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo. An kuma dauki Ogunmola a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu basira a Afirka a cikin shekarun 1950 da "60s". Ya haɓaka al'adun [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]], musamman wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya (wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya haɗu da jigogi na Kirista tare da al'adun gargajiya na Yoruba، kiɗa da rawa, da kiɗa da suka shahara a al'adun birane) a cikin babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar aikinsa tare da [[Ogunmola Travelling Theatre|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ogunmola]] (wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1948). Sun samar da wani nau'i na farko na [[Amos Tutuola]]'s The Palm Wine Drinkard, wanda aka yi a Taron Al'adu na Pan-Afirka na farko ([[Aljir|Algiers]], 1969). Ya samar da Ife Owo a shekarar 1965. Yana da satire game da aure da wadata. Ya yi amfani da Mime da raira waƙa da kuma drumming don isar da saƙonsa. Ya kuma samar da fasalin ban mamaki na Tutuola's The Palmwine Drinker . Ya kuma nuna babban iyawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da jagorantar. Ya auri mata da yawa kuma yana da 'ya'ya da yawa. Daga cikin 'ya'yansa akwai sanannun Nollywood Stars, kamar Abayomi Ogunmola da [[Peju Ogunmola|Peju Ogunmola Omobolanle]] . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Elijah Kolawole Ogunmola a cikin iyalin George Ogunmola da Aina Ogunmola ne a garin Okemesi-Ekiti a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1925. Kafin ya fara wasan kwaikwayo na sana'a, Ogunmola ya kasance malamin makaranta a [[Ado-Ekiti]] . A Makarantar Emmanuel, Ado-Ekiti, Ogunmola ta kirkiro wasan kwaikwayo na makaranta da dalibai ke yi a ciki kuma wani lokacin a waje da makarantar. Ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo, Ogunmola's Theatre Party a kusa da wasu ɗalibai da abokan aikinsa. An tsara ƙungiyar ne bayan Ogunde's Theatre Party da wasu daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na farko kamar "Reign of the Mighty", ɗaya daga cikin wasansa na farko ya nuna tasirin Kirista.{{Sfn|Welch|1972}}An shirya wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Ogunmola a yankin [[Ekiti]] na Najeriya.{{Sfn|Beier|1981}}An san shi da mai wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke da hankali ga ingancin wasan kwaikwayon a kan mataki.{{Sfn|Beier|1981}}Kamar Ogunde, yawancin ayyukansa na farko wasan kwaikwayo ne na Yoruba. Ana ba da rhythm ta hanyar drum da aka buga a bango, waƙoƙin suna cikin yaren Yoruba kuma rawa wani bangare ne na wasan.<ref name="Beier" /> A cikin shekarun 1950, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ogunmola ya yi tafiya sosai a duk yankin Yammacin Najeriya, yana yin aiki a makarantu, majami'u da dakuna.{{Sfn|Smith|1975}}Kodayake ƙungiyar ta yi irin wannan wasan kwaikwayon a kowane birni, masu sauraro na iya samun jin dadi na musamman daga ganin kowane wasan. Wasanni na Ogunmola ya ba da izinin yin wasan kwaikwayo a kan mataki kuma tare da kowane wasan kwaikwayon, ya bar wuri ga abin da ba a tsammani ba. Ayyukansa kuma suna da tasiri daga jin daɗin lokacin yayin da iliminsa game da al'adun Yoruba da yanayin ɗan adam suka girma tare da kowane wasan kwaikwayon.{{Sfn|Beier|1981}}Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wasansa, "Love for Money", labari ne game da wani mutum mai arziki wanda ya ƙaunaci mai jaraba kuma a sakamakon haka ya rabu da matarsa. Koyaya, dangantakarsa da mai jaraba ta lalata shi.{{Sfn|Smith|1975}} In 1955, he moved to [[Osogbo|Oshogbo]] from the Ekiti region{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}}. A shekara ta 1962, [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] ta kafa makarantar wasan kwaikwayo kuma an ba Ogunmola tallafi don zama mai zane-zane. Gidauniyar Rockefeller ce ta dauki nauyin shirin mai zane-zane kuma ta ba da kudaden Ogunmola don siyan kayan aiki wanda nan da nan ya ba shi damar shiga cikakkiyar sana'a. Wasan da ya fi shahara da Ogunmola ya yi, wanda ya dace da Amos Tutuola's the Palmwine Drinkard ya kasance sakamakon hadin gwiwarsa da Makarantar Wasan kwaikwayo a Ibadan. Lokacin da Ogunmola yake [[Ibadan]], an ba shi rubutun da Tutuola ya rubuta don fassara zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na Yoruba. Sakamakon shi ne "Lanke Omuti" wanda aka fi sani da Palmwine Drinkard . Firayim Ministan wasan ya kasance a jami'ar, [[Demas Nwoko]] ne ya tsara shi kuma ya ba da umarni wanda ya yi aiki a kan samarwa da kuma zane-zane na wasan. A cikin shekarun 1960, Palmwine Drinkard ta sami karbuwa a Najeriya da kasashen waje.{{Sfn|Welch|1972}}Ya zama sananne bayan watanni shida da ya zauna a Ibadan wani bangare saboda nasarar Palmwine Drinkard . Wasan ya kasance mai gwagwarmaya sosai tare da Ọba kò don haka, wanda aka zaba don zaben Najeriya zuwa bikin zane-zane na Commonwealth a shekarar 1965. Ogunmola suffered a stroke in 1970 and his health continued to decline until he died in 1973 at the age of 48{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}}. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]] 9rbvmy9jtavnysunwvj7pphkdibl4s6 970132 970131 2026-10-21T13:17:24Z Salma Raddah 45959 970132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Elijah Kolawole Ogunmola// i (11 Nuwamba 1925 - 1973) ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mime, darektan, kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo. An kuma dauki Ogunmola a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu basira a Afirka a cikin shekarun 1950 da "60s". Ya haɓaka al'adun [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]], musamman wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya (wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya haɗu da jigogi na Kirista tare da al'adun gargajiya na Yoruba، kiɗa da rawa, da kiɗa da suka shahara a al'adun birane) a cikin babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar aikinsa tare da [[Ogunmola Travelling Theatre|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ogunmola]] (wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1948). Sun samar da wani nau'i na farko na [[Amos Tutuola]]'s The Palm Wine Drinkard, wanda aka yi a Taron Al'adu na Pan-Afirka na farko ([[Aljir|Algiers]], 1969). Ya samar da Ife Owo a shekarar 1965. Yana da satire game da aure da wadata. Ya yi amfani da Mime da raira waƙa da kuma drumming don isar da saƙonsa. Ya kuma samar da fasalin ban mamaki na Tutuola's The Palmwine Drinker . Ya kuma nuna babban iyawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da jagorantar. Ya auri mata da yawa kuma yana da 'ya'ya da yawa. Daga cikin 'ya'yansa akwai sanannun Nollywood Stars, kamar Abayomi Ogunmola da [[Peju Ogunmola|Peju Ogunmola Omobolanle]] . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Elijah Kolawole Ogunmola a cikin iyalin George Ogunmola da Aina Ogunmola ne a garin Okemesi-Ekiti a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1925. Kafin ya fara wasan kwaikwayo na sana'a, Ogunmola ya kasance malamin makaranta a [[Ado-Ekiti]] . A Makarantar Emmanuel, Ado-Ekiti, Ogunmola ta kirkiro wasan kwaikwayo na makaranta da dalibai ke yi a ciki kuma wani lokacin a waje da makarantar. Ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo, Ogunmola's Theatre Party a kusa da wasu ɗalibai da abokan aikinsa. An tsara ƙungiyar ne bayan Ogunde's Theatre Party da wasu daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na farko kamar "Reign of the Mighty", ɗaya daga cikin wasansa na farko ya nuna tasirin Kirista.{{Sfn|Welch|1972}}An shirya wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Ogunmola a yankin [[Ekiti]] na Najeriya.{{Sfn|Beier|1981}}An san shi da mai wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke da hankali ga ingancin wasan kwaikwayon a kan mataki.{{Sfn|Beier|1981}}Kamar Ogunde, yawancin ayyukansa na farko wasan kwaikwayo ne na Yoruba. Ana ba da rhythm ta hanyar drum da aka buga a bango, waƙoƙin suna cikin yaren Yoruba kuma rawa wani bangare ne na wasan.<ref name="Beier" /> A cikin shekarun 1950, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ogunmola ya yi tafiya sosai a duk yankin Yammacin Najeriya, yana yin aiki a makarantu, majami'u da dakuna.{{Sfn|Smith|1975}}Kodayake ƙungiyar ta yi irin wannan wasan kwaikwayon a kowane birni, masu sauraro na iya samun jin dadi na musamman daga ganin kowane wasan. Wasanni na Ogunmola ya ba da izinin yin wasan kwaikwayo a kan mataki kuma tare da kowane wasan kwaikwayon, ya bar wuri ga abin da ba a tsammani ba. Ayyukansa kuma suna da tasiri daga jin daɗin lokacin yayin da iliminsa game da al'adun Yoruba da yanayin ɗan adam suka girma tare da kowane wasan kwaikwayon.{{Sfn|Beier|1981}}Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wasansa, "Love for Money", labari ne game da wani mutum mai arziki wanda ya ƙaunaci mai jaraba kuma a sakamakon haka ya rabu da matarsa. Koyaya, dangantakarsa da mai jaraba ta lalata shi.{{Sfn|Smith|1975}} In 1955, he moved to [[Osogbo|Oshogbo]] from the Ekiti region{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}}. A shekara ta 1962, [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] ta kafa makarantar wasan kwaikwayo kuma an ba Ogunmola tallafi don zama mai zane-zane. Gidauniyar Rockefeller ce ta dauki nauyin shirin mai zane-zane kuma ta ba da kudaden Ogunmola don siyan kayan aiki wanda nan da nan ya ba shi damar shiga cikakkiyar sana'a. Wasan da ya fi shahara da Ogunmola ya yi, wanda ya dace da Amos Tutuola's the Palmwine Drinkard ya kasance sakamakon hadin gwiwarsa da Makarantar Wasan kwaikwayo a Ibadan. Lokacin da Ogunmola yake [[Ibadan]], an ba shi rubutun da Tutuola ya rubuta don fassara zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na Yoruba. Sakamakon shi ne "Lanke Omuti" wanda aka fi sani da Palmwine Drinkard . Firayim Ministan wasan ya kasance a jami'ar, [[Demas Nwoko]] ne ya tsara shi kuma ya ba da umarni wanda ya yi aiki a kan samarwa da kuma zane-zane na wasan. A cikin shekarun 1960, Palmwine Drinkard ta sami karbuwa a Najeriya da kasashen waje.{{Sfn|Welch|1972}}Ya zama sananne bayan watanni shida da ya zauna a Ibadan wani bangare saboda nasarar Palmwine Drinkard . Wasan ya kasance mai gwagwarmaya sosai tare da Ọba kò don haka, wanda aka zaba don zaben Najeriya zuwa bikin zane-zane na Commonwealth a shekarar 1965. Ogunmola suffered a stroke in 1970 and his health continued to decline until he died in 1973 at the age of 48{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}}. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]] 16p5b4c625zojk3bbhyg26tkcz89ozz 0 55203 970338 776731 2026-10-22T10:57:34Z ~2026-56491-33 50323 970338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:AUDI A4 SEDAN (B6) China (2).jpg|AUDI_A4_SEDAN_(B6)_China_(2)|right|300px]] [[Fayil:AUDI A4 SEDAN (B6) China (4).jpg|AUDI_A4_SEDAN_(B6)_China_(4)|right|300px]] [[Fayil:Audi A4 Avant 1.4TFSI (ABA-8WCVN) interior.jpg|Audi_A4_Avant_1.4TFSI_(ABA-8WCVN)_interior|right|300px]] [[Fayil:Audi A4 B6 TDI Cabrio (2019-03-27 Sp r).JPG|right|300px]] [[Fayil:AUDI A4 SEDAN (B6) China.jpg|AUDI_A4_SEDAN_(B6)_China|right|300px]] [[Fayil:2012 Audi A4 B8 interior.jpg|2012_Audi_A4_B8_interior|right|300px]] '''Audi A4''' layi ne na [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_executive_car ƙananan motocin gudanarwa] na alatu da aka samar tun 1994 ta kamfanin kera motoci na Jamus Audi, reshen Kamfanin Volkswagen. An gina A4 a cikin tsararraki biyar kuma yana dogara ne akan dandalin Volkswagen Group B. Ƙarni na farko A4 ya gaji Audi 80. Ƙididdigar cikin gida na mai kera motoci yana ɗaukar A4 a matsayin ci gaba na layin Audi 80, tare da farkon A4 wanda aka sanya shi azaman B5-jerin, sannan B6, B7, B8, da B9.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_A4#cite_note-4</ref> An gina nau'ikan B8 da B9 na A4 akan dandalin Volkswagen Group MLB wanda aka raba tare da samfura da samfuran iri da yawa a cikin Rukunin Volkswagen. Tsarin motar Audi A4 ya ƙunshi ƙirar injin gaba, tare da watsa nau'in transaxle wanda aka ɗora a bayan injin. Motocin suna tuƙi na gaba, ko kuma akan wasu samfura, “quattro” tuƙi. Ana samun A4 azaman sedan da wagon tasha. A tarihi, ƙarni na biyu (B6) da na uku (B7) na A4 kuma sun haɗa da sigar mai canzawa. Na ƙarni na huɗu (B8) zuwa gaba, mai iya canzawa, tare da sabon nau'in coupé da bambance-bambancen ɗagawa mai kofa 5, Audi ya ƙaddamar da shi cikin sabon farantin suna mai suna.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_A4#cite_note-8</ref> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_A5 Audi A5]. == Manazarta == ar3d5zd58e7nccagsilhpo42vpl65sz 970339 970338 2026-10-22T10:58:29Z ~2026-56491-33 50323 970339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:AUDI A4 SEDAN (B6) China (2).jpg|AUDI_A4_SEDAN_(B6)_China_(2)|right|300px]] [[Fayil:AUDI A4 SEDAN (B6) China (4).jpg|AUDI_A4_SEDAN_(B6)_China_(4)|right|300px]] [[Fayil:Audi A4 Avant 1.4TFSI (ABA-8WCVN) interior.jpg|Audi_A4_Avant_1.4TFSI_(ABA-8WCVN)_interior|right|300px]] [[Fayil:Audi A4 B6 TDI Cabrio (2019-03-27 Sp r).JPG|Audi_A4_B6_TDI_Cabrio_(2019-03-27_Sp_r)|right|300px]] [[Fayil:AUDI A4 SEDAN (B6) China.jpg|AUDI_A4_SEDAN_(B6)_China|right|300px]] [[Fayil:2012 Audi A4 B8 interior.jpg|2012_Audi_A4_B8_interior|right|300px]] '''Audi A4''' layi ne na [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_executive_car ƙananan motocin gudanarwa] na alatu da aka samar tun 1994 ta kamfanin kera motoci na Jamus Audi, reshen Kamfanin Volkswagen. An gina A4 a cikin tsararraki biyar kuma yana dogara ne akan dandalin Volkswagen Group B. Ƙarni na farko A4 ya gaji Audi 80. Ƙididdigar cikin gida na mai kera motoci yana ɗaukar A4 a matsayin ci gaba na layin Audi 80, tare da farkon A4 wanda aka sanya shi azaman B5-jerin, sannan B6, B7, B8, da B9.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_A4#cite_note-4</ref> An gina nau'ikan B8 da B9 na A4 akan dandalin Volkswagen Group MLB wanda aka raba tare da samfura da samfuran iri da yawa a cikin Rukunin Volkswagen. Tsarin motar Audi A4 ya ƙunshi ƙirar injin gaba, tare da watsa nau'in transaxle wanda aka ɗora a bayan injin. Motocin suna tuƙi na gaba, ko kuma akan wasu samfura, “quattro” tuƙi. Ana samun A4 azaman sedan da wagon tasha. A tarihi, ƙarni na biyu (B6) da na uku (B7) na A4 kuma sun haɗa da sigar mai canzawa. Na ƙarni na huɗu (B8) zuwa gaba, mai iya canzawa, tare da sabon nau'in coupé da bambance-bambancen ɗagawa mai kofa 5, Audi ya ƙaddamar da shi cikin sabon farantin suna mai suna.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_A4#cite_note-8</ref> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_A5 Audi A5]. == Manazarta == n0496a59t0l69ssixxlhka0uoni1apx 0 61139 970165 961712 2026-10-21T17:15:50Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322651540|Joseph A. Adesunloye]]" 970165 wikitext text/x-wiki Joseph A. Adesunloye shi ne mai shirya fina-finai na Burtaniya da Najeriya, darektan talabijin, kuma marubuci. An san shi da fim dinsa na 2016 White Colour Black, tare da Dudley O'Shaughnessy, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na LGBT na 2025 Vanilla, tare da Yann Gael . Kamfanin samar da shi shine Dreamcoat Productions . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Joseph A. Adesunloye a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, <ref name="int2021" /> ɗan wani [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] da wata mace [[Mutanen Urhobo|Urhobo]] daga yankin [[Neja Delta|Nijar-Delta]]. Ya girma a [[Landan]], Ingila. Ya ce farkon shekarunsa a Najeriya, tare da bambancin al'adunsa, "ya ba ni wayar da kan jama'a cewa ni samfurin sarari ne da yawa, wanda ke tsara yadda nake ganin duniya". Ya yanke shawarar a matsayin matashi cewa yana so ya zama mai shirya fina-finai.<ref name="int2020" /> Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Aberdeen tare da MA a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi & Nazarin Fim, bayan kammala karatun digiri a can da farko. Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Fim ta London tare da difloma na fim (shekara guda) a shekara ta 2007. <ref name="lfa">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2021 |title=3 You Must See: LFF Black History' Series |url=https://londonfilmacademy.com/news/joseph-a-adesunloye-lfa-alumni-bfi-3-you-must-see-lff-black-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625052336/https://londonfilmacademy.com/news/joseph-a-adesunloye-lfa-alumni-bfi-3-you-must-see-lff-black-history |archive-date=25 June 2025 |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=London Film Academy}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2008 Adesunloye ya kafa kamfaninsa na samarwa, DreamCoat Productions . <ref name="lfa" /> Fim na farko na Adesunloye shine wasan kwaikwayo na 2016 White Colour Black . An zaɓi fim ɗin don nunawa a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a cikin 2016, kuma masu sukar sun yaba da shi, gami da ''[[The Guardian]]'' da The Times . British Blacklist ya kira shi "tafiye-tafiye na gano kai tare da fim mai ban sha'awa da kuma wadataccen labari mai ma'ana". Cibiyar Fim ta Burtaniya ta haɗa shi a cikin jerin "3 Dole ne Ka Duba: LFF Black History".<ref name="lfa" /> Fim dinsa na biyu, Faces (2018), taurari [[Terry Pheto]] . Ya zama samuwa a kan ayyukan yawo Amazon Prime da BFI Player . <ref name="lfa" /> A cikin 2020 an ba shi izinin yin wani ɗan gajeren fim game da marubutan Afirka guda biyar da aka jera don Kyautar AKO Caine ta 2020 don ''Rubuce-rubucen Afirka'', wanda ake kira Rubucewar Afirka . Fim na uku na Adesunloye shine fim din wasan kwaikwayo na LGBT, ''Vanilla'', wanda aka saki a 2025, wanda Yann Gael ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ta Bastien. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2023 |title=VANILLA: The Open Reel Takes International Rights to British-Nigerian Joseph A. Adesunloye Drama |url=https://akoroko.com/vanilla-open-reel-joseph-adesunloye/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=AKOROKO}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2025 |title=Vanilla |url=https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/vanilla/umc.cmc.1mjax8aeya2u34bzqi14z3vq8 |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=Apple TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2025 |title=Vanilla |url=https://theopenreel.com/film/vanilla/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=Open Reel}}</ref> == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A cikin 2016, Adesunloye na ɗaya daga cikin matasa masu shirya fina-finai huɗu da aka zaba don kyautar IWC Schaffhausen Filmmaker Bursary Award. Kyautar ta amince da marubuci ko darektan Burtaniya tare da fasalin farko ko na biyu a cikin zaɓin hukuma a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London, kuma masu yin agogo na Switzerland IWC Schaffhausen ne suka tallafawa. <ref name="d905">{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Robert |date=20 September 2016 |title=Four Young Filmmakers Vie for Generous New British Prize |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/global/four-filmmakers-vie-iwc-filmmaker-bursary-award-1201865117/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417063212/https://variety.com/2016/film/global/four-filmmakers-vie-iwc-filmmaker-bursary-award-1201865117/ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=Variety}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Adesunloye ya kasance cikin jerin sunayen "Mafi kyawun Mawallafin Farko" a cikin BIFA Awards (British Independent Film Awards), don aikinsa a White Colour Black . <ref name="lfa" /> Fim din kuma an jera shi a cikin jerin sunayen BIFAs guda biyu, gami da rukunin "Mafi Kyawun Sabon" ga tauraron fim din Dudley O'Shaughnessy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title=White Colour Black review – Dudley O'Shaughnessy is one to watch |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/feb/16/white-colour-black-review-dudley-o-shaughnessy-joseph-adesunloye-curzon-home-cinema |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph A. Adesunloye |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/59ba3daaee2b2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128033114/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/59ba3daaee2b2 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=BFI |language=en}}</ref> ''White Colour Black'' was screened at the Baltimore International Black Film Festival 2017, winning Best International Feature and Best Narrative Feature.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} Adesunloye received the Oscar Micheaux Award for directing.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} An zabi Faces don kyautar "Mafi kyawun Kasuwanci na Duniya" a bikin fina-finai na Durban a shekarar 2018. <ref name="lfa" /> == Hotunan fina-finai == * 2025 ''Vanilla'' * 2020 ''Rubuce-rubucen Afirka'' (Kadan) * 2019 ''2064'' (Short) (a matsayin Joseph Adesunloye) * Fuskokin 2018''Fuskokin fuska'' * 2017 ''46'' (Ƙaramin) * 2016 White Colour Black''Fararen launi Black'' * 2014 Beyond Plain Sight (Short) * 2013 Tangle (Kadan) * 2012 ''Labalaba, Zai dawo'' (Short) * 2007 Shadowed (Short) (a matsayin Joseph Adesunloye) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9vxawtvlkf2imavrl71ntwakkh703kn 970166 970165 2026-10-21T17:17:53Z Salma Raddah 45959 970166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}}Joseph A. Adesunloye shi ne mai shirya fina-finai na Burtaniya da Najeriya, darektan talabijin, kuma marubuci. An san shi da fim dinsa na 2016 White Colour Black, tare da Dudley O'Shaughnessy, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na LGBT na 2025 Vanilla, tare da Yann Gael . Kamfanin samar da shi shine Dreamcoat Productions . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Joseph A. Adesunloye a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, <ref name="int2021" /> ɗan wani [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] da wata mace [[Mutanen Urhobo|Urhobo]] daga yankin [[Neja Delta|Nijar-Delta]]. Ya girma a [[Landan]], Ingila. Ya ce farkon shekarunsa a Najeriya, tare da bambancin al'adunsa, "ya ba ni wayar da kan jama'a cewa ni samfurin sarari ne da yawa, wanda ke tsara yadda nake ganin duniya". Ya yanke shawarar a matsayin matashi cewa yana so ya zama mai shirya fina-finai.<ref name="int2020" /> Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Aberdeen tare da MA a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi & Nazarin Fim, bayan kammala karatun digiri a can da farko. Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Fim ta London tare da difloma na fim (shekara guda) a shekara ta 2007. <ref name="lfa">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2021 |title=3 You Must See: LFF Black History' Series |url=https://londonfilmacademy.com/news/joseph-a-adesunloye-lfa-alumni-bfi-3-you-must-see-lff-black-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625052336/https://londonfilmacademy.com/news/joseph-a-adesunloye-lfa-alumni-bfi-3-you-must-see-lff-black-history |archive-date=25 June 2025 |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=London Film Academy}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2008 Adesunloye ya kafa kamfaninsa na samarwa, DreamCoat Productions . <ref name="lfa" /> Fim na farko na Adesunloye shine wasan kwaikwayo na 2016 White Colour Black . An zaɓi fim ɗin don nunawa a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a cikin 2016, kuma masu sukar sun yaba da shi, gami da ''[[The Guardian]]'' da The Times . British Blacklist ya kira shi "tafiye-tafiye na gano kai tare da fim mai ban sha'awa da kuma wadataccen labari mai ma'ana". Cibiyar Fim ta Burtaniya ta haɗa shi a cikin jerin "3 Dole ne Ka Duba: LFF Black History".<ref name="lfa" /> Fim dinsa na biyu, Faces (2018), taurari [[Terry Pheto]] . Ya zama samuwa a kan ayyukan yawo Amazon Prime da BFI Player . <ref name="lfa" /> A cikin 2020 an ba shi izinin yin wani ɗan gajeren fim game da marubutan Afirka guda biyar da aka jera don Kyautar AKO Caine ta 2020 don ''Rubuce-rubucen Afirka'', wanda ake kira Rubucewar Afirka . Fim na uku na Adesunloye shine fim din wasan kwaikwayo na LGBT, ''Vanilla'', wanda aka saki a 2025, wanda Yann Gael ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ta Bastien. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2023 |title=VANILLA: The Open Reel Takes International Rights to British-Nigerian Joseph A. Adesunloye Drama |url=https://akoroko.com/vanilla-open-reel-joseph-adesunloye/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=AKOROKO}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2025 |title=Vanilla |url=https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/vanilla/umc.cmc.1mjax8aeya2u34bzqi14z3vq8 |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=Apple TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2025 |title=Vanilla |url=https://theopenreel.com/film/vanilla/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=Open Reel}}</ref> == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A cikin 2016, Adesunloye na ɗaya daga cikin matasa masu shirya fina-finai huɗu da aka zaba don kyautar IWC Schaffhausen Filmmaker Bursary Award. Kyautar ta amince da marubuci ko darektan Burtaniya tare da fasalin farko ko na biyu a cikin zaɓin hukuma a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London, kuma masu yin agogo na Switzerland IWC Schaffhausen ne suka tallafawa. <ref name="d905">{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Robert |date=20 September 2016 |title=Four Young Filmmakers Vie for Generous New British Prize |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/global/four-filmmakers-vie-iwc-filmmaker-bursary-award-1201865117/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417063212/https://variety.com/2016/film/global/four-filmmakers-vie-iwc-filmmaker-bursary-award-1201865117/ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=Variety}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Adesunloye ya kasance cikin jerin sunayen "Mafi kyawun Mawallafin Farko" a cikin BIFA Awards (British Independent Film Awards), don aikinsa a White Colour Black . <ref name="lfa" /> Fim din kuma an jera shi a cikin jerin sunayen BIFAs guda biyu, gami da rukunin "Mafi Kyawun Sabon" ga tauraron fim din Dudley O'Shaughnessy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title=White Colour Black review – Dudley O'Shaughnessy is one to watch |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/feb/16/white-colour-black-review-dudley-o-shaughnessy-joseph-adesunloye-curzon-home-cinema |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph A. Adesunloye |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/59ba3daaee2b2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128033114/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/59ba3daaee2b2 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=BFI |language=en}}</ref> ''White Colour Black'' was screened at the Baltimore International Black Film Festival 2017, winning Best International Feature and Best Narrative Feature.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} Adesunloye received the Oscar Micheaux Award for directing.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} An zabi Faces don kyautar "Mafi kyawun Kasuwanci na Duniya" a bikin fina-finai na Durban a shekarar 2018. <ref name="lfa" /> == Hotunan fina-finai == * 2025 ''Vanilla'' * 2020 ''Rubuce-rubucen Afirka'' (Kadan) * 2019 ''2064'' (Short) (a matsayin Joseph Adesunloye) * Fuskokin 2018''Fuskokin fuska'' * 2017 ''46'' (Ƙaramin) * 2016 White Colour Black''Fararen launi Black'' * 2014 Beyond Plain Sight (Short) * 2013 Tangle (Kadan) * 2012 ''Labalaba, Zai dawo'' (Short) * 2007 Shadowed (Short) (a matsayin Joseph Adesunloye) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rg1zu6kdyeqt9q2w75kgs0f5osm77zs 970249 970166 2026-10-21T23:09:30Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322651540|Joseph A. Adesunloye]]" 970249 wikitext text/x-wiki Joseph A. Adesunloye shi ne mai shirya fina-finai na Burtaniya da Najeriya, darektan talabijin, kuma marubuci. An san shi da fim dinsa na 2016 White Colour Black, tare da Dudley O'Shaughnessy, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na LGBT na 2025 Vanilla, tare da Yann Gael . Kamfanin samar da shi shine Dreamcoat Productions . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Joseph A. Adesunloye a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, <ref name="int2021" /> ɗan wani [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] da wata mace [[Mutanen Urhobo|Urhobo]] daga yankin [[Neja Delta|Nijar-Delta]]. Ya girma a [[Landan]], Ingila. Ya ce farkon shekarunsa a Najeriya, tare da bambancin al'adunsa, "ya ba ni wayar da kan jama'a cewa ni samfurin sarari ne da yawa, wanda ke tsara yadda nake ganin duniya". Ya yanke shawarar a matsayin matashi cewa yana so ya zama mai shirya fina-finai.<ref name="int2020" /> Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Aberdeen tare da MA a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi & Nazarin Fim, bayan kammala karatun digiri a can da farko. Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Fim ta London tare da difloma na fim (shekara guda) a shekara ta 2007. <ref name="lfa">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2021 |title=3 You Must See: LFF Black History' Series |url=https://londonfilmacademy.com/news/joseph-a-adesunloye-lfa-alumni-bfi-3-you-must-see-lff-black-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625052336/https://londonfilmacademy.com/news/joseph-a-adesunloye-lfa-alumni-bfi-3-you-must-see-lff-black-history |archive-date=25 June 2025 |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=London Film Academy}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2008 Adesunloye ya kafa kamfaninsa na samarwa, DreamCoat Productions . <ref name="lfa" /> Fim na farko na Adesunloye shine wasan kwaikwayo na 2016 White Colour Black . An zaɓi fim ɗin don nunawa a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a cikin 2016, kuma masu sukar sun yaba da shi, gami da ''[[The Guardian]]'' da The Times . British Blacklist ya kira shi "tafiye-tafiye na gano kai tare da fim mai ban sha'awa da kuma wadataccen labari mai ma'ana". Cibiyar Fim ta Burtaniya ta haɗa shi a cikin jerin "3 Dole ne Ka Duba: LFF Black History".<ref name="lfa" /> Fim dinsa na biyu, Faces (2018), taurari [[Terry Pheto]] . Ya zama samuwa a kan ayyukan yawo Amazon Prime da BFI Player . <ref name="lfa" /> A cikin 2020 an ba shi izinin yin wani ɗan gajeren fim game da marubutan Afirka guda biyar da aka jera don Kyautar AKO Caine ta 2020 don ''Rubuce-rubucen Afirka'', wanda ake kira Rubucewar Afirka . Fim na uku na Adesunloye shine fim din wasan kwaikwayo na LGBT, ''Vanilla'', wanda aka saki a 2025, wanda Yann Gael ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ta Bastien. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2023 |title=VANILLA: The Open Reel Takes International Rights to British-Nigerian Joseph A. Adesunloye Drama |url=https://akoroko.com/vanilla-open-reel-joseph-adesunloye/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=AKOROKO}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2025 |title=Vanilla |url=https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/vanilla/umc.cmc.1mjax8aeya2u34bzqi14z3vq8 |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=Apple TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2025 |title=Vanilla |url=https://theopenreel.com/film/vanilla/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=Open Reel}}</ref> == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A cikin 2016, Adesunloye na ɗaya daga cikin matasa masu shirya fina-finai huɗu da aka zaba don kyautar IWC Schaffhausen Filmmaker Bursary Award. Kyautar ta amince da marubuci ko darektan Burtaniya tare da fasalin farko ko na biyu a cikin zaɓin hukuma a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London, kuma masu yin agogo na Switzerland IWC Schaffhausen ne suka tallafawa. <ref name="d905">{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Robert |date=20 September 2016 |title=Four Young Filmmakers Vie for Generous New British Prize |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/global/four-filmmakers-vie-iwc-filmmaker-bursary-award-1201865117/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417063212/https://variety.com/2016/film/global/four-filmmakers-vie-iwc-filmmaker-bursary-award-1201865117/ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=Variety}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Adesunloye ya kasance cikin jerin sunayen "Mafi kyawun Mawallafin Farko" a cikin BIFA Awards (British Independent Film Awards), don aikinsa a White Colour Black . <ref name="lfa" /> Fim din kuma an jera shi a cikin jerin sunayen BIFAs guda biyu, gami da rukunin "Mafi Kyawun Sabon" ga tauraron fim din Dudley O'Shaughnessy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title=White Colour Black review – Dudley O'Shaughnessy is one to watch |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/feb/16/white-colour-black-review-dudley-o-shaughnessy-joseph-adesunloye-curzon-home-cinema |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph A. Adesunloye |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/59ba3daaee2b2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128033114/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/59ba3daaee2b2 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=BFI |language=en}}</ref> ''White Colour Black'' was screened at the Baltimore International Black Film Festival 2017, winning Best International Feature and Best Narrative Feature.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} Adesunloye received the Oscar Micheaux Award for directing.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} An zabi Faces don kyautar "Mafi kyawun Kasuwanci na Duniya" a bikin fina-finai na Durban a shekarar 2018. <ref name="lfa" /> == Hotunan fina-finai == * 2025 ''Vanilla'' * 2020 ''Rubuce-rubucen Afirka'' (Kadan) * 2019 ''2064'' (Short) (a matsayin Joseph Adesunloye) * Fuskokin 2018''Fuskokin fuska'' * 2017 ''46'' (Ƙaramin) * 2016 White Colour Black''Fararen launi Black'' * 2014 Beyond Plain Sight (Short) * 2013 Tangle (Kadan) * 2012 ''Labalaba, Zai dawo'' (Short) * 2007 Shadowed (Short) (a matsayin Joseph Adesunloye) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9vxawtvlkf2imavrl71ntwakkh703kn 970250 970249 2026-10-21T23:10:03Z Salma Raddah 45959 970250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Joseph A. Adesunloye shi ne mai shirya fina-finai na Burtaniya da Najeriya, darektan talabijin, kuma marubuci. An san shi da fim dinsa na 2016 White Colour Black, tare da Dudley O'Shaughnessy, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na LGBT na 2025 Vanilla, tare da Yann Gael . Kamfanin samar da shi shine Dreamcoat Productions . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Joseph A. Adesunloye a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, <ref name="int2021" /> ɗan wani [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] da wata mace [[Mutanen Urhobo|Urhobo]] daga yankin [[Neja Delta|Nijar-Delta]]. Ya girma a [[Landan]], Ingila. Ya ce farkon shekarunsa a Najeriya, tare da bambancin al'adunsa, "ya ba ni wayar da kan jama'a cewa ni samfurin sarari ne da yawa, wanda ke tsara yadda nake ganin duniya". Ya yanke shawarar a matsayin matashi cewa yana so ya zama mai shirya fina-finai.<ref name="int2020" /> Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Aberdeen tare da MA a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi & Nazarin Fim, bayan kammala karatun digiri a can da farko. Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Fim ta London tare da difloma na fim (shekara guda) a shekara ta 2007. <ref name="lfa">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2021 |title=3 You Must See: LFF Black History' Series |url=https://londonfilmacademy.com/news/joseph-a-adesunloye-lfa-alumni-bfi-3-you-must-see-lff-black-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625052336/https://londonfilmacademy.com/news/joseph-a-adesunloye-lfa-alumni-bfi-3-you-must-see-lff-black-history |archive-date=25 June 2025 |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=London Film Academy}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2008 Adesunloye ya kafa kamfaninsa na samarwa, DreamCoat Productions . <ref name="lfa" /> Fim na farko na Adesunloye shine wasan kwaikwayo na 2016 White Colour Black . An zaɓi fim ɗin don nunawa a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a cikin 2016, kuma masu sukar sun yaba da shi, gami da ''[[The Guardian]]'' da The Times . British Blacklist ya kira shi "tafiye-tafiye na gano kai tare da fim mai ban sha'awa da kuma wadataccen labari mai ma'ana". Cibiyar Fim ta Burtaniya ta haɗa shi a cikin jerin "3 Dole ne Ka Duba: LFF Black History".<ref name="lfa" /> Fim dinsa na biyu, Faces (2018), taurari [[Terry Pheto]] . Ya zama samuwa a kan ayyukan yawo Amazon Prime da BFI Player . <ref name="lfa" /> A cikin 2020 an ba shi izinin yin wani ɗan gajeren fim game da marubutan Afirka guda biyar da aka jera don Kyautar AKO Caine ta 2020 don ''Rubuce-rubucen Afirka'', wanda ake kira Rubucewar Afirka . Fim na uku na Adesunloye shine fim din wasan kwaikwayo na LGBT, ''Vanilla'', wanda aka saki a 2025, wanda Yann Gael ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ta Bastien. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2023 |title=VANILLA: The Open Reel Takes International Rights to British-Nigerian Joseph A. Adesunloye Drama |url=https://akoroko.com/vanilla-open-reel-joseph-adesunloye/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=AKOROKO}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2025 |title=Vanilla |url=https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/vanilla/umc.cmc.1mjax8aeya2u34bzqi14z3vq8 |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=Apple TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2025 |title=Vanilla |url=https://theopenreel.com/film/vanilla/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=Open Reel}}</ref> == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A cikin 2016, Adesunloye na ɗaya daga cikin matasa masu shirya fina-finai huɗu da aka zaba don kyautar IWC Schaffhausen Filmmaker Bursary Award. Kyautar ta amince da marubuci ko darektan Burtaniya tare da fasalin farko ko na biyu a cikin zaɓin hukuma a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London, kuma masu yin agogo na Switzerland IWC Schaffhausen ne suka tallafawa. <ref name="d905">{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Robert |date=20 September 2016 |title=Four Young Filmmakers Vie for Generous New British Prize |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/global/four-filmmakers-vie-iwc-filmmaker-bursary-award-1201865117/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417063212/https://variety.com/2016/film/global/four-filmmakers-vie-iwc-filmmaker-bursary-award-1201865117/ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=Variety}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Adesunloye ya kasance cikin jerin sunayen "Mafi kyawun Mawallafin Farko" a cikin BIFA Awards (British Independent Film Awards), don aikinsa a White Colour Black . <ref name="lfa" /> Fim din kuma an jera shi a cikin jerin sunayen BIFAs guda biyu, gami da rukunin "Mafi Kyawun Sabon" ga tauraron fim din Dudley O'Shaughnessy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title=White Colour Black review – Dudley O'Shaughnessy is one to watch |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/feb/16/white-colour-black-review-dudley-o-shaughnessy-joseph-adesunloye-curzon-home-cinema |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph A. Adesunloye |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/59ba3daaee2b2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128033114/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/59ba3daaee2b2 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=BFI |language=en}}</ref> ''White Colour Black'' was screened at the Baltimore International Black Film Festival 2017, winning Best International Feature and Best Narrative Feature.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} Adesunloye received the Oscar Micheaux Award for directing.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} An zabi Faces don kyautar "Mafi kyawun Kasuwanci na Duniya" a bikin fina-finai na Durban a shekarar 2018. <ref name="lfa" /> == Hotunan fina-finai == * 2025 ''Vanilla'' * 2020 ''Rubuce-rubucen Afirka'' (Kadan) * 2019 ''2064'' (Short) (a matsayin Joseph Adesunloye) * Fuskokin 2018''Fuskokin fuska'' * 2017 ''46'' (Ƙaramin) * 2016 White Colour Black''Fararen launi Black'' * 2014 Beyond Plain Sight (Short) * 2013 Tangle (Kadan) * 2012 ''Labalaba, Zai dawo'' (Short) * 2007 Shadowed (Short) (a matsayin Joseph Adesunloye) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fucegvejcvw7muqb0y1pmgf6oq1w703 970313 970250 2026-10-22T09:06:30Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Ayyuka */ 970313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Joseph A. Adesunloye shi ne mai shirya fina-finai na Burtaniya da Najeriya, darektan talabijin, kuma marubuci. An san shi da fim dinsa na 2016 White Colour Black, tare da Dudley O'Shaughnessy, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na LGBT na 2025 Vanilla, tare da Yann Gael . Kamfanin samar da shi shine Dreamcoat Productions . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Joseph A. Adesunloye a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, <ref name="int2021" /> ɗan wani [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] da wata mace [[Mutanen Urhobo|Urhobo]] daga yankin [[Neja Delta|Nijar-Delta]]. Ya girma a [[Landan]], Ingila. Ya ce farkon shekarunsa a Najeriya, tare da bambancin al'adunsa, "ya ba ni wayar da kan jama'a cewa ni samfurin sarari ne da yawa, wanda ke tsara yadda nake ganin duniya". Ya yanke shawarar a matsayin matashi cewa yana so ya zama mai shirya fina-finai.<ref name="int2020" /> Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Aberdeen tare da MA a cikin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi & Nazarin Fim, bayan kammala karatun digiri a can da farko. Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Fim ta London tare da difloma na fim (shekara guda) a shekara ta 2007. <ref name="lfa">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2021 |title=3 You Must See: LFF Black History' Series |url=https://londonfilmacademy.com/news/joseph-a-adesunloye-lfa-alumni-bfi-3-you-must-see-lff-black-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625052336/https://londonfilmacademy.com/news/joseph-a-adesunloye-lfa-alumni-bfi-3-you-must-see-lff-black-history |archive-date=25 June 2025 |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=London Film Academy}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2008 Adesunloye ya kafa kamfaninsa na samarwa, DreamCoat Productions . <ref name="lfa" /> Fim na farko na Adesunloye shine wasan kwaikwayo na 2016 White Colour Black . An zaɓi fim ɗin don nunawa a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a cikin 2016, kuma masu sukar sun yaba da shi, gami da ''[[The Guardian]]'' da The Times . British Blacklist ya kira shi "tafiye-tafiye na gano kai tare da fim mai ban sha'awa da kuma wadataccen labari mai ma'ana". Cibiyar Fim ta Burtaniya ta haɗa shi a cikin jerin "3 Dole ne Ka Duba: LFF Black History".<ref name="lfa" /> Fim dinsa na biyu, Faces (2018), taurari [[Terry Pheto]] . Ya zama samuwa a kan ayyukan yawo Amazon Prime da BFI Player . <ref name="lfa" /> A cikin shekarar 2020 an ba shi izinin yin wani ɗan gajeren fim game da marubutan Afirka guda biyar da aka jera don Kyautar AKO Caine ta 2020 don ''Rubuce-rubucen Afirka'', wanda ake kira Rubucewar Afirka . Fim na uku na Adesunloye shine fim din wasan kwaikwayo na LGBT, ''Vanilla'', wanda aka saki a 2025, wanda Yann Gael ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ta Bastien. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2023 |title=VANILLA: The Open Reel Takes International Rights to British-Nigerian Joseph A. Adesunloye Drama |url=https://akoroko.com/vanilla-open-reel-joseph-adesunloye/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=AKOROKO}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2025 |title=Vanilla |url=https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/vanilla/umc.cmc.1mjax8aeya2u34bzqi14z3vq8 |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=Apple TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2025 |title=Vanilla |url=https://theopenreel.com/film/vanilla/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |website=Open Reel}}</ref> == Karramawa da kyaututtuka == A cikin 2016, Adesunloye na ɗaya daga cikin matasa masu shirya fina-finai huɗu da aka zaba don kyautar IWC Schaffhausen Filmmaker Bursary Award. Kyautar ta amince da marubuci ko darektan Burtaniya tare da fasalin farko ko na biyu a cikin zaɓin hukuma a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London, kuma masu yin agogo na Switzerland IWC Schaffhausen ne suka tallafawa. <ref name="d905">{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Robert |date=20 September 2016 |title=Four Young Filmmakers Vie for Generous New British Prize |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/global/four-filmmakers-vie-iwc-filmmaker-bursary-award-1201865117/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417063212/https://variety.com/2016/film/global/four-filmmakers-vie-iwc-filmmaker-bursary-award-1201865117/ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=30 October 2025 |website=Variety}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Adesunloye ya kasance cikin jerin sunayen "Mafi kyawun Mawallafin Farko" a cikin BIFA Awards (British Independent Film Awards), don aikinsa a White Colour Black . <ref name="lfa" /> Fim din kuma an jera shi a cikin jerin sunayen BIFAs guda biyu, gami da rukunin "Mafi Kyawun Sabon" ga tauraron fim din Dudley O'Shaughnessy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2021 |title=White Colour Black review – Dudley O'Shaughnessy is one to watch |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/feb/16/white-colour-black-review-dudley-o-shaughnessy-joseph-adesunloye-curzon-home-cinema |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph A. Adesunloye |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/59ba3daaee2b2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128033114/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/59ba3daaee2b2 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=BFI |language=en}}</ref> ''White Colour Black'' was screened at the Baltimore International Black Film Festival 2017, winning Best International Feature and Best Narrative Feature.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} Adesunloye received the Oscar Micheaux Award for directing.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2025}} An zabi Faces don kyautar "Mafi kyawun Kasuwanci na Duniya" a bikin fina-finai na Durban a shekarar 2018. <ref name="lfa" /> == Hotunan fina-finai == * 2025 ''Vanilla'' * 2020 ''Rubuce-rubucen Afirka'' (Kadan) * 2019 ''2064'' (Short) (a matsayin Joseph Adesunloye) * Fuskokin 2018''Fuskokin fuska'' * 2017 ''46'' (Ƙaramin) * 2016 White Colour Black''Fararen launi Black'' * 2014 Beyond Plain Sight (Short) * 2013 Tangle (Kadan) * 2012 ''Labalaba, Zai dawo'' (Short) * 2007 Shadowed (Short) (a matsayin Joseph Adesunloye) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h28ou2v5maf87wc094mi171ezc10xz9 0 68628 970244 952354 2026-10-21T22:09:10Z Nura Bello 24854 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345780979|The Razz Guy]]" 970244 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Thy Will Be Done''''' is a 2015 Nigerian drama film, written by Tobe Osigwe, produced by [[Mary Njoku]], co-produced and directed by [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]]. It stars [[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Mercy Johnson]], [[Jide Kosoko]], Mary Njoku and [[Enyinna Nwigwe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Thy Will Be Done Nollywood trailer |url=http://naijagists.com/watch-thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-trailer-mercy-johnson-ramsey-nouah-star-in-obi-emelonye-film/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=naijagists}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will Be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=bellanaija}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Director/Producer Obi Emelonye's latest feature 'THY WILL BE DONE' Premieres Feb 26th! |url=http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=794&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=African dazzle}}</ref> An sake shi a cikin fina-finai a ranar 19 ga Maris 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Starring Nancy Isime, Lasisi Elenu, Ibrahim Suleiman, Here's a Teaser + BTS Shots from Udoka Oyeka's Coming Film "The Razz Guy" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/02/the-razz-guy-bts-teaser/ |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Bellanaija}}</ref> == Makirci == .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review: 'The Razz Guy' Shows That In The Midst Of Laughter There Are Lessons To Be Learnt |url=https://koko.ng/movie-review-the-razz-guy/ |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Koko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lasisi Elenu Star in New Comedy Movie "The Razz Guy" |url=https://www.newswatch.ng/lasisi-elenu-star-in-new-comedy-movie-the-razz-guy/ |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Koko}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-19 |title=Movie Review: 'The Razz Guy' Shows That In The Midst Of Laughter There Are Lessons To Be Learnt |url=https://koko.ng/movie-review-the-razz-guy/ |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Koko TV |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2023 | rowspan="2" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Comedy Drama, Movie ko TV Series |Nosa Afolabi|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |Bucci Franklin|{{Nom}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == b3218knl3jlf5ksuiu2ptntqhjhy28v 970320 970244 2026-10-22T09:10:13Z Kamaf001 48297 970320 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Thy Will Be Done''''' is a 2015 Nigerian drama film, written by Tobe Osigwe, produced by [[Mary Njoku]], co-produced and directed by [[Obi emelonye|Obi Emelonye]]. It stars [[Ramsey Nouah]], [[Mercy Johnson]], [[Jide Kosoko]], Mary Njoku and [[Enyinna Nwigwe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Thy Will Be Done Nollywood trailer |url=http://naijagists.com/watch-thy-will-be-done-nollywood-movie-trailer-mercy-johnson-ramsey-nouah-star-in-obi-emelonye-film/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=naijagists}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title='Thy Will Be Done' Premiere – Mercy Johnson to make Nollywood History in London – Buy Tickets Now! |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/23/thy-will-be-done-premiere-mercy-johnson-to-make-nollywood-history-in-london-buy-tickets-now/ |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=bellanaija}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Director/Producer Obi Emelonye's latest feature 'THY WILL BE DONE' Premieres Feb 26th! |url=http://africandazzle.com/index.php?p=794&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1 |access-date=24 March 2015 |publisher=African dazzle}}</ref> An sake shi a cikin fina-finai a ranar 19 ga Maris 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Starring Nancy Isime, Lasisi Elenu, Ibrahim Suleiman, Here's a Teaser + BTS Shots from Udoka Oyeka's Coming Film "The Razz Guy" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/02/the-razz-guy-bts-teaser/ |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Bellanaija}}</ref> == Makirci == .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review: 'The Razz Guy' Shows That In The Midst Of Laughter There Are Lessons To Be Learnt |url=https://koko.ng/movie-review-the-razz-guy/ |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Koko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lasisi Elenu Star in New Comedy Movie "The Razz Guy" |url=https://www.newswatch.ng/lasisi-elenu-star-in-new-comedy-movie-the-razz-guy/ |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Koko}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-19 |title=Movie Review: 'The Razz Guy' Shows That In The Midst Of Laughter There Are Lessons To Be Learnt |url=https://koko.ng/movie-review-the-razz-guy/ |access-date=2020-03-19 |website=Koko TV |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2023 | rowspan="2" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Comedy Drama, Movie ko TV Series |Nosa Afolabi|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |Bucci Franklin|{{Nom}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == ow5dsea47jlf95qklnbmj9ilhn2i7f3 0 71851 970153 922456 2026-10-21T17:11:01Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365292474|Sam Ukala]]" 970153 wikitext text/x-wiki An bayyana '''Sam Ukala''' Listen matsayin 'babban gwarzon adabi'. Ya kasance marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mawaƙi, marubuci na gajerun labarai, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, furodusan fina-finai kuma masanin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=30 March 2017 |title=UKALA, Prof. Samuel Chinedum |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ukala-prof-samuel-chinedum/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] 95lospxrsye0l17bwnsap2pa69htwiw 970154 970153 2026-10-21T17:11:34Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365292474|Sam Ukala]]" 970154 wikitext text/x-wiki An bayyana '''Sam Ukala''' Listen matsayin 'babban gwarzon adabi'. Ya kasance marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mawaƙi, marubuci na gajerun labarai, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, furodusan fina-finai kuma masanin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=30 March 2017 |title=UKALA, Prof. Samuel Chinedum |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ukala-prof-samuel-chinedum/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] g5exdnab7ggwvy5wpg3t4sd6do31m5d 970155 970154 2026-10-21T17:11:59Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365292474|Sam Ukala]]" 970155 wikitext text/x-wiki An bayyana '''Sam Ukala''' Listen matsayin 'babban gwarzon adabi'. Ya kasance marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mawaƙi, marubuci na gajerun labarai, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, furodusan fina-finai kuma masanin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=30 March 2017 |title=UKALA, Prof. Samuel Chinedum |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ukala-prof-samuel-chinedum/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == Sam Ukala Farfesa ne na Fasahar Wasan Kwaikwayo da Wasan Kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta, Abraka]], Najeriya. Ukala ya kuma kasance Farfesa a fannin wasannin kwaikwayo da wasannin kwaikwayo a wasu jami'o'i na Najeriya, ciki har da Jami'ar [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Daga 1993-1994, a matsayinsa na ma'aikacin ilimi na Commonwealth, ya kuma yi bincike da koyarwa a Makarantar Horar da Turanci ta Jami'ar Leeds a Burtaniya. A matsayinsa na masanin ilimi, ya gabatar da ka'idar 'tatsuniyoyi', wato dabi'ar gina wasannin kwaikwayo na adabi bisa ga tarihi da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma tsara su da kuma yin su daidai da kyawun rubutun tatsuniyoyi da wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eregare |first=Emmanuel A. |date=2017 |title=Folkism and Modern Nigerian Theatre: A Study of Sam Ukala's Iredi War |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejotmas/article/view/163537 |journal=EJOTMAS: Ekpoma Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.4314/ejotmas.v6i1-2.8 |issn=2449-1179 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONTRIBUTION OF FOLKISM TO MEANINGFUL THEMATIC EXPLORATION IN NIGERIAN PLAYWRITING |url=https://afribary.com/works/the-contribution-of-folkism-to-meaningful-thematic-exploration-in-nigerian-playwriting |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Afribary |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance Shugaban Sashen Jihar Delta na [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya]] (ANA) a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2021 |title=BREAKING: Popular Nigerian playwright, Prof. Sam Ukala is dead |url=https://thenewsguru.com/news/breaking-popular-nigerian-playwright-prof-sam-ukala-is-dead/ |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=TheNewsGuru |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] 09fdzv92ohjvp8ar7zbdyyjhgopfudi 970156 970155 2026-10-21T17:12:10Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365292474|Sam Ukala]]" 970156 wikitext text/x-wiki An bayyana '''Sam Ukala''' Listen matsayin 'babban gwarzon adabi'. Ya kasance marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mawaƙi, marubuci na gajerun labarai, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, furodusan fina-finai kuma masanin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=30 March 2017 |title=UKALA, Prof. Samuel Chinedum |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ukala-prof-samuel-chinedum/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == Sam Ukala Farfesa ne na Fasahar Wasan Kwaikwayo da Wasan Kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta, Abraka]], Najeriya. Ukala ya kuma kasance Farfesa a fannin wasannin kwaikwayo da wasannin kwaikwayo a wasu jami'o'i na Najeriya, ciki har da Jami'ar [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Daga 1993-1994, a matsayinsa na ma'aikacin ilimi na Commonwealth, ya kuma yi bincike da koyarwa a Makarantar Horar da Turanci ta Jami'ar Leeds a Burtaniya. A matsayinsa na masanin ilimi, ya gabatar da ka'idar 'tatsuniyoyi', wato dabi'ar gina wasannin kwaikwayo na adabi bisa ga tarihi da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma tsara su da kuma yin su daidai da kyawun rubutun tatsuniyoyi da wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eregare |first=Emmanuel A. |date=2017 |title=Folkism and Modern Nigerian Theatre: A Study of Sam Ukala's Iredi War |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejotmas/article/view/163537 |journal=EJOTMAS: Ekpoma Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.4314/ejotmas.v6i1-2.8 |issn=2449-1179 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONTRIBUTION OF FOLKISM TO MEANINGFUL THEMATIC EXPLORATION IN NIGERIAN PLAYWRITING |url=https://afribary.com/works/the-contribution-of-folkism-to-meaningful-thematic-exploration-in-nigerian-playwriting |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Afribary |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance Shugaban Sashen Jihar Delta na [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya]] (ANA) a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2021 |title=BREAKING: Popular Nigerian playwright, Prof. Sam Ukala is dead |url=https://thenewsguru.com/news/breaking-popular-nigerian-playwright-prof-sam-ukala-is-dead/ |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=TheNewsGuru |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] rxf1wph476e952nase40w59hjcxw4ge 970157 970156 2026-10-21T17:12:46Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365292474|Sam Ukala]]" 970157 wikitext text/x-wiki An bayyana '''Sam Ukala''' Listen matsayin 'babban gwarzon adabi'. Ya kasance marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mawaƙi, marubuci na gajerun labarai, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, furodusan fina-finai kuma masanin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=30 March 2017 |title=UKALA, Prof. Samuel Chinedum |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ukala-prof-samuel-chinedum/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == Sam Ukala Farfesa ne na Fasahar Wasan Kwaikwayo da Wasan Kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta, Abraka]], Najeriya. Ukala ya kuma kasance Farfesa a fannin wasannin kwaikwayo da wasannin kwaikwayo a wasu jami'o'i na Najeriya, ciki har da Jami'ar [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Daga 1993-1994, a matsayinsa na ma'aikacin ilimi na Commonwealth, ya kuma yi bincike da koyarwa a Makarantar Horar da Turanci ta Jami'ar Leeds a Burtaniya. A matsayinsa na masanin ilimi, ya gabatar da ka'idar 'tatsuniyoyi', wato dabi'ar gina wasannin kwaikwayo na adabi bisa ga tarihi da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma tsara su da kuma yin su daidai da kyawun rubutun tatsuniyoyi da wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eregare |first=Emmanuel A. |date=2017 |title=Folkism and Modern Nigerian Theatre: A Study of Sam Ukala's Iredi War |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejotmas/article/view/163537 |journal=EJOTMAS: Ekpoma Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.4314/ejotmas.v6i1-2.8 |issn=2449-1179 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONTRIBUTION OF FOLKISM TO MEANINGFUL THEMATIC EXPLORATION IN NIGERIAN PLAYWRITING |url=https://afribary.com/works/the-contribution-of-folkism-to-meaningful-thematic-exploration-in-nigerian-playwriting |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Afribary |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance Shugaban Sashen Jihar Delta na [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya]] (ANA) a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2021 |title=BREAKING: Popular Nigerian playwright, Prof. Sam Ukala is dead |url=https://thenewsguru.com/news/breaking-popular-nigerian-playwright-prof-sam-ukala-is-dead/ |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=TheNewsGuru |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Wasannin kwaikwayo na Ukala da aka buga sun haɗa da ''The Slave Wife'', ''The Log in Your Eye'', ''[https://www.academia.edu/3155806/_Literature_as_History_Oral_Historical_Traditions_in_Sam_Ukalas_The_Slave_Wife_in_Benji_Egede_and_Amen_Uhumwangho_eds._Eagle_in_Flight_Essays_Tributes_and_Reviews_in_Celebration_of_Sam_Ukala_at_50_Ekpoma_Nigeria_2002 Akpakaland]'' (wanda ya lashe kyautar ANA/ British Council Prize for Drama ta 1989), ''Break a Boil'' da ''Placenta of Death'' . ''Yaƙin Iredi'' nasa, 'rubutun jama'a', ya lashe [[Kyautar Adabin Najeriya|kyautar adabi ta Najeriya]] ta 2014. An gina ta ne bisa boren da Masarautar Owa (wanda yanzu yake cikin Jihar Delta) ta yi a shekarar 1906 kan [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin danniya na Birtaniya]] . Kamar yadda yake a cikin waƙoƙin da suka gabata, yana amfani da kuma kawo sabuwar rayuwa ga adabin baka da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo na gargajiya. [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] r522gzw9glf2v4fxeb5q4eifkw6m9p5 970158 970157 2026-10-21T17:13:12Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365292474|Sam Ukala]]" 970158 wikitext text/x-wiki An bayyana '''Sam Ukala''' Listen matsayin 'babban gwarzon adabi'. Ya kasance marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mawaƙi, marubuci na gajerun labarai, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, furodusan fina-finai kuma masanin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=30 March 2017 |title=UKALA, Prof. Samuel Chinedum |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ukala-prof-samuel-chinedum/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == Sam Ukala Farfesa ne na Fasahar Wasan Kwaikwayo da Wasan Kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta, Abraka]], Najeriya. Ukala ya kuma kasance Farfesa a fannin wasannin kwaikwayo da wasannin kwaikwayo a wasu jami'o'i na Najeriya, ciki har da Jami'ar [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Daga 1993-1994, a matsayinsa na ma'aikacin ilimi na Commonwealth, ya kuma yi bincike da koyarwa a Makarantar Horar da Turanci ta Jami'ar Leeds a Burtaniya. A matsayinsa na masanin ilimi, ya gabatar da ka'idar 'tatsuniyoyi', wato dabi'ar gina wasannin kwaikwayo na adabi bisa ga tarihi da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma tsara su da kuma yin su daidai da kyawun rubutun tatsuniyoyi da wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eregare |first=Emmanuel A. |date=2017 |title=Folkism and Modern Nigerian Theatre: A Study of Sam Ukala's Iredi War |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejotmas/article/view/163537 |journal=EJOTMAS: Ekpoma Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.4314/ejotmas.v6i1-2.8 |issn=2449-1179 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONTRIBUTION OF FOLKISM TO MEANINGFUL THEMATIC EXPLORATION IN NIGERIAN PLAYWRITING |url=https://afribary.com/works/the-contribution-of-folkism-to-meaningful-thematic-exploration-in-nigerian-playwriting |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Afribary |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance Shugaban Sashen Jihar Delta na [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya]] (ANA) a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2021 |title=BREAKING: Popular Nigerian playwright, Prof. Sam Ukala is dead |url=https://thenewsguru.com/news/breaking-popular-nigerian-playwright-prof-sam-ukala-is-dead/ |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=TheNewsGuru |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Wasannin kwaikwayo na Ukala da aka buga sun haɗa da ''The Slave Wife'', ''The Log in Your Eye'', ''[https://www.academia.edu/3155806/_Literature_as_History_Oral_Historical_Traditions_in_Sam_Ukalas_The_Slave_Wife_in_Benji_Egede_and_Amen_Uhumwangho_eds._Eagle_in_Flight_Essays_Tributes_and_Reviews_in_Celebration_of_Sam_Ukala_at_50_Ekpoma_Nigeria_2002 Akpakaland]'' (wanda ya lashe kyautar ANA/ British Council Prize for Drama ta 1989), ''Break a Boil'' da ''Placenta of Death'' . ''Yaƙin Iredi'' nasa, 'rubutun jama'a', ya lashe [[Kyautar Adabin Najeriya|kyautar adabi ta Najeriya]] ta 2014. An gina ta ne bisa boren da Masarautar Owa (wanda yanzu yake cikin Jihar Delta) ta yi a shekarar 1906 kan [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin danniya na Birtaniya]] . Kamar yadda yake a cikin waƙoƙin da suka gabata, yana amfani da kuma kawo sabuwar rayuwa ga adabin baka da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo na gargajiya. Ukala ta kuma yi aiki da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya Horse and Bamboo Theatre a 1998-1999 kuma tare da Bob Frith sun rubuta wani fim mai suna ''Harvest of Ghosts'', wanda ya zagaya Burtaniya da Netherlands. Wannan wani aiki ne na gwaji ga Ukala, wanda ya dogara da rawa, kiɗa, da kuma abubuwan gani masu ƙarfi maimakon kalmomin da aka faɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2018 |title=1999/2000 Harvest of Ghosts |url=https://bobfrith.co.uk/2018/08/31/1999-2000-harvest-of-ghosts/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Bob Frith |language=en-GB}}</ref> Farfesa Martin Banham, babban editan mujallar African Theatre: Playwrights & Politics, ya ɗauki wannan a matsayin 'haɗakar dabarun al'adu daban-daban', kuma misali mai ban sha'awa, mai sauƙin samu, na wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa. Ya ji cewa wasan kwaikwayo ya cancanci a yi shi a Afirka, kuma daga ƙarshe, Sam Ukala ya ƙirƙiri wani sigar a Jami'ar Jihar Edo da ke Ekpoma. [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] kbapnq9r6wvv4i38o9mgcbabeph73ll 970159 970158 2026-10-21T17:13:34Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365292474|Sam Ukala]]" 970159 wikitext text/x-wiki An bayyana '''Sam Ukala''' Listen matsayin 'babban gwarzon adabi'. Ya kasance marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mawaƙi, marubuci na gajerun labarai, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, furodusan fina-finai kuma masanin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=30 March 2017 |title=UKALA, Prof. Samuel Chinedum |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ukala-prof-samuel-chinedum/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == Sam Ukala Farfesa ne na Fasahar Wasan Kwaikwayo da Wasan Kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta, Abraka]], Najeriya. Ukala ya kuma kasance Farfesa a fannin wasannin kwaikwayo da wasannin kwaikwayo a wasu jami'o'i na Najeriya, ciki har da Jami'ar [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Daga 1993-1994, a matsayinsa na ma'aikacin ilimi na Commonwealth, ya kuma yi bincike da koyarwa a Makarantar Horar da Turanci ta Jami'ar Leeds a Burtaniya. A matsayinsa na masanin ilimi, ya gabatar da ka'idar 'tatsuniyoyi', wato dabi'ar gina wasannin kwaikwayo na adabi bisa ga tarihi da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma tsara su da kuma yin su daidai da kyawun rubutun tatsuniyoyi da wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eregare |first=Emmanuel A. |date=2017 |title=Folkism and Modern Nigerian Theatre: A Study of Sam Ukala's Iredi War |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejotmas/article/view/163537 |journal=EJOTMAS: Ekpoma Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.4314/ejotmas.v6i1-2.8 |issn=2449-1179 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONTRIBUTION OF FOLKISM TO MEANINGFUL THEMATIC EXPLORATION IN NIGERIAN PLAYWRITING |url=https://afribary.com/works/the-contribution-of-folkism-to-meaningful-thematic-exploration-in-nigerian-playwriting |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Afribary |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance Shugaban Sashen Jihar Delta na [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya]] (ANA) a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2021 |title=BREAKING: Popular Nigerian playwright, Prof. Sam Ukala is dead |url=https://thenewsguru.com/news/breaking-popular-nigerian-playwright-prof-sam-ukala-is-dead/ |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=TheNewsGuru |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Wasannin kwaikwayo na Ukala da aka buga sun haɗa da ''The Slave Wife'', ''The Log in Your Eye'', ''[https://www.academia.edu/3155806/_Literature_as_History_Oral_Historical_Traditions_in_Sam_Ukalas_The_Slave_Wife_in_Benji_Egede_and_Amen_Uhumwangho_eds._Eagle_in_Flight_Essays_Tributes_and_Reviews_in_Celebration_of_Sam_Ukala_at_50_Ekpoma_Nigeria_2002 Akpakaland]'' (wanda ya lashe kyautar ANA/ British Council Prize for Drama ta 1989), ''Break a Boil'' da ''Placenta of Death'' . ''Yaƙin Iredi'' nasa, 'rubutun jama'a', ya lashe [[Kyautar Adabin Najeriya|kyautar adabi ta Najeriya]] ta 2014. An gina ta ne bisa boren da Masarautar Owa (wanda yanzu yake cikin Jihar Delta) ta yi a shekarar 1906 kan [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin danniya na Birtaniya]] . Kamar yadda yake a cikin waƙoƙin da suka gabata, yana amfani da kuma kawo sabuwar rayuwa ga adabin baka da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo na gargajiya. Ukala ta kuma yi aiki da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya Horse and Bamboo Theatre a 1998-1999 kuma tare da Bob Frith sun rubuta wani fim mai suna ''Harvest of Ghosts'', wanda ya zagaya Burtaniya da Netherlands. Wannan wani aiki ne na gwaji ga Ukala, wanda ya dogara da rawa, kiɗa, da kuma abubuwan gani masu ƙarfi maimakon kalmomin da aka faɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2018 |title=1999/2000 Harvest of Ghosts |url=https://bobfrith.co.uk/2018/08/31/1999-2000-harvest-of-ghosts/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Bob Frith |language=en-GB}}</ref> Farfesa Martin Banham, babban editan mujallar African Theatre: Playwrights & Politics, ya ɗauki wannan a matsayin 'haɗakar dabarun al'adu daban-daban', kuma misali mai ban sha'awa, mai sauƙin samu, na wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa. Ya ji cewa wasan kwaikwayo ya cancanci a yi shi a Afirka, kuma daga ƙarshe, Sam Ukala ya ƙirƙiri wani sigar a Jami'ar Jihar Edo da ke Ekpoma. == Ra'ayin jama'a == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] mx9owmtm5awlxvxwhv7i8tdf0i0lz11 970160 970159 2026-10-21T17:14:02Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365292474|Sam Ukala]]" 970160 wikitext text/x-wiki An bayyana '''Sam Ukala''' Listen matsayin 'babban gwarzon adabi'. Ya kasance marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mawaƙi, marubuci na gajerun labarai, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, furodusan fina-finai kuma masanin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=30 March 2017 |title=UKALA, Prof. Samuel Chinedum |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ukala-prof-samuel-chinedum/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == Sam Ukala Farfesa ne na Fasahar Wasan Kwaikwayo da Wasan Kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta, Abraka]], Najeriya. Ukala ya kuma kasance Farfesa a fannin wasannin kwaikwayo da wasannin kwaikwayo a wasu jami'o'i na Najeriya, ciki har da Jami'ar [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Daga 1993-1994, a matsayinsa na ma'aikacin ilimi na Commonwealth, ya kuma yi bincike da koyarwa a Makarantar Horar da Turanci ta Jami'ar Leeds a Burtaniya. A matsayinsa na masanin ilimi, ya gabatar da ka'idar 'tatsuniyoyi', wato dabi'ar gina wasannin kwaikwayo na adabi bisa ga tarihi da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma tsara su da kuma yin su daidai da kyawun rubutun tatsuniyoyi da wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eregare |first=Emmanuel A. |date=2017 |title=Folkism and Modern Nigerian Theatre: A Study of Sam Ukala's Iredi War |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejotmas/article/view/163537 |journal=EJOTMAS: Ekpoma Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.4314/ejotmas.v6i1-2.8 |issn=2449-1179 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONTRIBUTION OF FOLKISM TO MEANINGFUL THEMATIC EXPLORATION IN NIGERIAN PLAYWRITING |url=https://afribary.com/works/the-contribution-of-folkism-to-meaningful-thematic-exploration-in-nigerian-playwriting |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Afribary |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance Shugaban Sashen Jihar Delta na [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya]] (ANA) a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2021 |title=BREAKING: Popular Nigerian playwright, Prof. Sam Ukala is dead |url=https://thenewsguru.com/news/breaking-popular-nigerian-playwright-prof-sam-ukala-is-dead/ |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=TheNewsGuru |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Wasannin kwaikwayo na Ukala da aka buga sun haɗa da ''The Slave Wife'', ''The Log in Your Eye'', ''[https://www.academia.edu/3155806/_Literature_as_History_Oral_Historical_Traditions_in_Sam_Ukalas_The_Slave_Wife_in_Benji_Egede_and_Amen_Uhumwangho_eds._Eagle_in_Flight_Essays_Tributes_and_Reviews_in_Celebration_of_Sam_Ukala_at_50_Ekpoma_Nigeria_2002 Akpakaland]'' (wanda ya lashe kyautar ANA/ British Council Prize for Drama ta 1989), ''Break a Boil'' da ''Placenta of Death'' . ''Yaƙin Iredi'' nasa, 'rubutun jama'a', ya lashe [[Kyautar Adabin Najeriya|kyautar adabi ta Najeriya]] ta 2014. An gina ta ne bisa boren da Masarautar Owa (wanda yanzu yake cikin Jihar Delta) ta yi a shekarar 1906 kan [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin danniya na Birtaniya]] . Kamar yadda yake a cikin waƙoƙin da suka gabata, yana amfani da kuma kawo sabuwar rayuwa ga adabin baka da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo na gargajiya. Ukala ta kuma yi aiki da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya Horse and Bamboo Theatre a 1998-1999 kuma tare da Bob Frith sun rubuta wani fim mai suna ''Harvest of Ghosts'', wanda ya zagaya Burtaniya da Netherlands. Wannan wani aiki ne na gwaji ga Ukala, wanda ya dogara da rawa, kiɗa, da kuma abubuwan gani masu ƙarfi maimakon kalmomin da aka faɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2018 |title=1999/2000 Harvest of Ghosts |url=https://bobfrith.co.uk/2018/08/31/1999-2000-harvest-of-ghosts/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Bob Frith |language=en-GB}}</ref> Farfesa Martin Banham, babban editan mujallar African Theatre: Playwrights & Politics, ya ɗauki wannan a matsayin 'haɗakar dabarun al'adu daban-daban', kuma misali mai ban sha'awa, mai sauƙin samu, na wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa. Ya ji cewa wasan kwaikwayo ya cancanci a yi shi a Afirka, kuma daga ƙarshe, Sam Ukala ya ƙirƙiri wani sigar a Jami'ar Jihar Edo da ke Ekpoma. == Ra'ayin jama'a == Ukala ya ƙirƙiro wata hanyar da ya bi wajen yin wasan kwaikwayo wadda ta fara a rubuce-rubucensa na wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kira wannan 'tatsuniya', kuma ya zurfafa bincike kan manufar a cikin aikinsa na ilimi. 'Tatsuniya' ya samo asali ne daga imaninsa game da buƙatar kawar da mulkin mallaka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma sha'awar bincika ƙa'idodin gargajiya na Afirka na kyau da daidaito mai ban mamaki. A cikin gina wasannin kwaikwayo nasa, ya yi amfani da al'adar baki ta Afirka. Musamman ma yana haɓaka abubuwa daga al'adar baki ta mutanen Ika (na yankin arewa maso yammacin jihar Delta a Najeriya). Wannan yana aiki a cikin siffofi na zamani na wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bello |first=Idaebvor |title=Sam Ukala: African tradition in his plays |url=http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol6no5/6.5-Bello.pdf |website=Jpanafrican |publisher=University of Benin}}</ref> Lokacin da yake Leeds a 1993-1994 yana bincike kan shahararrun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Ingila, wanda ya sa ya gano ayyukan Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Dawakai da Bamboo a Lancashire. Aikinsu a zahiri ya yi nisa da na gargajiya, domin yana amfani da nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, amma Ukala ya sami kwarin gwiwa daga abin da ya gani a matsayin wahayi daga al'umma. A shekarar 1995, Bob Frith, wanda ya kafa Horse da Bamboo kuma darakta, ya ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwa; Sam ya amince kuma wannan ya fara a watan Nuwamba 1998. [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] p9hf1p0klzu84rbhogfsis2v854187h 970161 970160 2026-10-21T17:14:18Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365292474|Sam Ukala]]" 970161 wikitext text/x-wiki An bayyana '''Sam Ukala''' Listen matsayin 'babban gwarzon adabi'. Ya kasance marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mawaƙi, marubuci na gajerun labarai, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, furodusan fina-finai kuma masanin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=30 March 2017 |title=UKALA, Prof. Samuel Chinedum |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ukala-prof-samuel-chinedum/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == Sam Ukala Farfesa ne na Fasahar Wasan Kwaikwayo da Wasan Kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta, Abraka]], Najeriya. Ukala ya kuma kasance Farfesa a fannin wasannin kwaikwayo da wasannin kwaikwayo a wasu jami'o'i na Najeriya, ciki har da Jami'ar [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Daga 1993-1994, a matsayinsa na ma'aikacin ilimi na Commonwealth, ya kuma yi bincike da koyarwa a Makarantar Horar da Turanci ta Jami'ar Leeds a Burtaniya. A matsayinsa na masanin ilimi, ya gabatar da ka'idar 'tatsuniyoyi', wato dabi'ar gina wasannin kwaikwayo na adabi bisa ga tarihi da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma tsara su da kuma yin su daidai da kyawun rubutun tatsuniyoyi da wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eregare |first=Emmanuel A. |date=2017 |title=Folkism and Modern Nigerian Theatre: A Study of Sam Ukala's Iredi War |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejotmas/article/view/163537 |journal=EJOTMAS: Ekpoma Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.4314/ejotmas.v6i1-2.8 |issn=2449-1179 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONTRIBUTION OF FOLKISM TO MEANINGFUL THEMATIC EXPLORATION IN NIGERIAN PLAYWRITING |url=https://afribary.com/works/the-contribution-of-folkism-to-meaningful-thematic-exploration-in-nigerian-playwriting |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Afribary |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance Shugaban Sashen Jihar Delta na [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya]] (ANA) a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2021 |title=BREAKING: Popular Nigerian playwright, Prof. Sam Ukala is dead |url=https://thenewsguru.com/news/breaking-popular-nigerian-playwright-prof-sam-ukala-is-dead/ |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=TheNewsGuru |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Wasannin kwaikwayo na Ukala da aka buga sun haɗa da ''The Slave Wife'', ''The Log in Your Eye'', ''[https://www.academia.edu/3155806/_Literature_as_History_Oral_Historical_Traditions_in_Sam_Ukalas_The_Slave_Wife_in_Benji_Egede_and_Amen_Uhumwangho_eds._Eagle_in_Flight_Essays_Tributes_and_Reviews_in_Celebration_of_Sam_Ukala_at_50_Ekpoma_Nigeria_2002 Akpakaland]'' (wanda ya lashe kyautar ANA/ British Council Prize for Drama ta 1989), ''Break a Boil'' da ''Placenta of Death'' . ''Yaƙin Iredi'' nasa, 'rubutun jama'a', ya lashe [[Kyautar Adabin Najeriya|kyautar adabi ta Najeriya]] ta 2014. An gina ta ne bisa boren da Masarautar Owa (wanda yanzu yake cikin Jihar Delta) ta yi a shekarar 1906 kan [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin danniya na Birtaniya]] . Kamar yadda yake a cikin waƙoƙin da suka gabata, yana amfani da kuma kawo sabuwar rayuwa ga adabin baka da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo na gargajiya. Ukala ta kuma yi aiki da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya Horse and Bamboo Theatre a 1998-1999 kuma tare da Bob Frith sun rubuta wani fim mai suna ''Harvest of Ghosts'', wanda ya zagaya Burtaniya da Netherlands. Wannan wani aiki ne na gwaji ga Ukala, wanda ya dogara da rawa, kiɗa, da kuma abubuwan gani masu ƙarfi maimakon kalmomin da aka faɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2018 |title=1999/2000 Harvest of Ghosts |url=https://bobfrith.co.uk/2018/08/31/1999-2000-harvest-of-ghosts/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Bob Frith |language=en-GB}}</ref> Farfesa Martin Banham, babban editan mujallar African Theatre: Playwrights & Politics, ya ɗauki wannan a matsayin 'haɗakar dabarun al'adu daban-daban', kuma misali mai ban sha'awa, mai sauƙin samu, na wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa. Ya ji cewa wasan kwaikwayo ya cancanci a yi shi a Afirka, kuma daga ƙarshe, Sam Ukala ya ƙirƙiri wani sigar a Jami'ar Jihar Edo da ke Ekpoma. == Ra'ayin jama'a == Ukala ya ƙirƙiro wata hanyar da ya bi wajen yin wasan kwaikwayo wadda ta fara a rubuce-rubucensa na wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kira wannan 'tatsuniya', kuma ya zurfafa bincike kan manufar a cikin aikinsa na ilimi. 'Tatsuniya' ya samo asali ne daga imaninsa game da buƙatar kawar da mulkin mallaka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma sha'awar bincika ƙa'idodin gargajiya na Afirka na kyau da daidaito mai ban mamaki. A cikin gina wasannin kwaikwayo nasa, ya yi amfani da al'adar baki ta Afirka. Musamman ma yana haɓaka abubuwa daga al'adar baki ta mutanen Ika (na yankin arewa maso yammacin jihar Delta a Najeriya). Wannan yana aiki a cikin siffofi na zamani na wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bello |first=Idaebvor |title=Sam Ukala: African tradition in his plays |url=http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol6no5/6.5-Bello.pdf |website=Jpanafrican |publisher=University of Benin}}</ref> Lokacin da yake Leeds a 1993-1994 yana bincike kan shahararrun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Ingila, wanda ya sa ya gano ayyukan Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Dawakai da Bamboo a Lancashire. Aikinsu a zahiri ya yi nisa da na gargajiya, domin yana amfani da nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, amma Ukala ya sami kwarin gwiwa daga abin da ya gani a matsayin wahayi daga al'umma. A shekarar 1995, Bob Frith, wanda ya kafa Horse da Bamboo kuma darakta, ya ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwa; Sam ya amince kuma wannan ya fara a watan Nuwamba 1998. == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] 8tcnajlf6sqlefox8e2wgm7yxz4657f 970162 970161 2026-10-21T17:14:30Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365292474|Sam Ukala]]" 970162 wikitext text/x-wiki An bayyana '''Sam Ukala''' Listen matsayin 'babban gwarzon adabi'. Ya kasance marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mawaƙi, marubuci na gajerun labarai, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, furodusan fina-finai kuma masanin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=30 March 2017 |title=UKALA, Prof. Samuel Chinedum |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ukala-prof-samuel-chinedum/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == Sam Ukala Farfesa ne na Fasahar Wasan Kwaikwayo da Wasan Kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta, Abraka]], Najeriya. Ukala ya kuma kasance Farfesa a fannin wasannin kwaikwayo da wasannin kwaikwayo a wasu jami'o'i na Najeriya, ciki har da Jami'ar [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Daga 1993-1994, a matsayinsa na ma'aikacin ilimi na Commonwealth, ya kuma yi bincike da koyarwa a Makarantar Horar da Turanci ta Jami'ar Leeds a Burtaniya. A matsayinsa na masanin ilimi, ya gabatar da ka'idar 'tatsuniyoyi', wato dabi'ar gina wasannin kwaikwayo na adabi bisa ga tarihi da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma tsara su da kuma yin su daidai da kyawun rubutun tatsuniyoyi da wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eregare |first=Emmanuel A. |date=2017 |title=Folkism and Modern Nigerian Theatre: A Study of Sam Ukala's Iredi War |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejotmas/article/view/163537 |journal=EJOTMAS: Ekpoma Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.4314/ejotmas.v6i1-2.8 |issn=2449-1179 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONTRIBUTION OF FOLKISM TO MEANINGFUL THEMATIC EXPLORATION IN NIGERIAN PLAYWRITING |url=https://afribary.com/works/the-contribution-of-folkism-to-meaningful-thematic-exploration-in-nigerian-playwriting |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Afribary |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance Shugaban Sashen Jihar Delta na [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya]] (ANA) a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2021 |title=BREAKING: Popular Nigerian playwright, Prof. Sam Ukala is dead |url=https://thenewsguru.com/news/breaking-popular-nigerian-playwright-prof-sam-ukala-is-dead/ |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=TheNewsGuru |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Wasannin kwaikwayo na Ukala da aka buga sun haɗa da ''The Slave Wife'', ''The Log in Your Eye'', ''[https://www.academia.edu/3155806/_Literature_as_History_Oral_Historical_Traditions_in_Sam_Ukalas_The_Slave_Wife_in_Benji_Egede_and_Amen_Uhumwangho_eds._Eagle_in_Flight_Essays_Tributes_and_Reviews_in_Celebration_of_Sam_Ukala_at_50_Ekpoma_Nigeria_2002 Akpakaland]'' (wanda ya lashe kyautar ANA/ British Council Prize for Drama ta 1989), ''Break a Boil'' da ''Placenta of Death'' . ''Yaƙin Iredi'' nasa, 'rubutun jama'a', ya lashe [[Kyautar Adabin Najeriya|kyautar adabi ta Najeriya]] ta 2014. An gina ta ne bisa boren da Masarautar Owa (wanda yanzu yake cikin Jihar Delta) ta yi a shekarar 1906 kan [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin danniya na Birtaniya]] . Kamar yadda yake a cikin waƙoƙin da suka gabata, yana amfani da kuma kawo sabuwar rayuwa ga adabin baka da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo na gargajiya. Ukala ta kuma yi aiki da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya Horse and Bamboo Theatre a 1998-1999 kuma tare da Bob Frith sun rubuta wani fim mai suna ''Harvest of Ghosts'', wanda ya zagaya Burtaniya da Netherlands. Wannan wani aiki ne na gwaji ga Ukala, wanda ya dogara da rawa, kiɗa, da kuma abubuwan gani masu ƙarfi maimakon kalmomin da aka faɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2018 |title=1999/2000 Harvest of Ghosts |url=https://bobfrith.co.uk/2018/08/31/1999-2000-harvest-of-ghosts/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Bob Frith |language=en-GB}}</ref> Farfesa Martin Banham, babban editan mujallar African Theatre: Playwrights & Politics, ya ɗauki wannan a matsayin 'haɗakar dabarun al'adu daban-daban', kuma misali mai ban sha'awa, mai sauƙin samu, na wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa. Ya ji cewa wasan kwaikwayo ya cancanci a yi shi a Afirka, kuma daga ƙarshe, Sam Ukala ya ƙirƙiri wani sigar a Jami'ar Jihar Edo da ke Ekpoma. == Ra'ayin jama'a == Ukala ya ƙirƙiro wata hanyar da ya bi wajen yin wasan kwaikwayo wadda ta fara a rubuce-rubucensa na wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kira wannan 'tatsuniya', kuma ya zurfafa bincike kan manufar a cikin aikinsa na ilimi. 'Tatsuniya' ya samo asali ne daga imaninsa game da buƙatar kawar da mulkin mallaka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma sha'awar bincika ƙa'idodin gargajiya na Afirka na kyau da daidaito mai ban mamaki. A cikin gina wasannin kwaikwayo nasa, ya yi amfani da al'adar baki ta Afirka. Musamman ma yana haɓaka abubuwa daga al'adar baki ta mutanen Ika (na yankin arewa maso yammacin jihar Delta a Najeriya). Wannan yana aiki a cikin siffofi na zamani na wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bello |first=Idaebvor |title=Sam Ukala: African tradition in his plays |url=http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol6no5/6.5-Bello.pdf |website=Jpanafrican |publisher=University of Benin}}</ref> Lokacin da yake Leeds a 1993-1994 yana bincike kan shahararrun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Ingila, wanda ya sa ya gano ayyukan Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Dawakai da Bamboo a Lancashire. Aikinsu a zahiri ya yi nisa da na gargajiya, domin yana amfani da nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, amma Ukala ya sami kwarin gwiwa daga abin da ya gani a matsayin wahayi daga al'umma. A shekarar 1995, Bob Frith, wanda ya kafa Horse da Bamboo kuma darakta, ya ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwa; Sam ya amince kuma wannan ya fara a watan Nuwamba 1998. == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Kyautar Kimiyya da Adabi ta Najeriya (Adabi) don ''Yaƙin Iredi'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=Sam Ukala wins 2014 Nigeria Prize for Literature |url=http://www.cityvoiceng.com/sam-ukala-wins-2014-nigeria-prize-for-literature/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015024912/http://www.cityvoiceng.com/sam-ukala-wins-2014-nigeria-prize-for-literature/ |archive-date=15 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=City Voice}}</ref> Mafi girman kyautar adabi ta Afirka. * Kyautar 2000 ta Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya (ANA) Ginshiƙin Fasaha don ''Rubutun Ƙwaƙwalwa: Tarin Labarai Masu Gajeru'' . * 1989 ANA/Birtaniya Prize Prize for Drama for ''Akpakaland'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olatunbosun |first=Yinka |date=2015-03-08 |title=Celebrating Two Literary Icons |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20150308/282218009257448 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726212226/https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20150308/282218009257448 |archive-date=Jul 26, 2021 |access-date=8 June 2023 |publisher=[[This Day]] |language=en |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] 9g7owbjskd9h11xuu4zo0v4ax95dfrw 970163 970162 2026-10-21T17:15:07Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 970163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An bayyana '''Sam Ukala''' Listen matsayin 'babban gwarzon adabi'. Ya kasance marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mawaƙi, marubuci na gajerun labarai, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, furodusan fina-finai kuma masanin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=30 March 2017 |title=UKALA, Prof. Samuel Chinedum |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ukala-prof-samuel-chinedum/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == Sam Ukala Farfesa ne na Fasahar Wasan Kwaikwayo da Wasan Kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta, Abraka]], Najeriya. Ukala ya kuma kasance Farfesa a fannin wasannin kwaikwayo da wasannin kwaikwayo a wasu jami'o'i na Najeriya, ciki har da Jami'ar [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Daga 1993-1994, a matsayinsa na ma'aikacin ilimi na Commonwealth, ya kuma yi bincike da koyarwa a Makarantar Horar da Turanci ta Jami'ar Leeds a Burtaniya. A matsayinsa na masanin ilimi, ya gabatar da ka'idar 'tatsuniyoyi', wato dabi'ar gina wasannin kwaikwayo na adabi bisa ga tarihi da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma tsara su da kuma yin su daidai da kyawun rubutun tatsuniyoyi da wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eregare |first=Emmanuel A. |date=2017 |title=Folkism and Modern Nigerian Theatre: A Study of Sam Ukala's Iredi War |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejotmas/article/view/163537 |journal=EJOTMAS: Ekpoma Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.4314/ejotmas.v6i1-2.8 |issn=2449-1179 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONTRIBUTION OF FOLKISM TO MEANINGFUL THEMATIC EXPLORATION IN NIGERIAN PLAYWRITING |url=https://afribary.com/works/the-contribution-of-folkism-to-meaningful-thematic-exploration-in-nigerian-playwriting |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Afribary |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance Shugaban Sashen Jihar Delta na [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya]] (ANA) a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2021 |title=BREAKING: Popular Nigerian playwright, Prof. Sam Ukala is dead |url=https://thenewsguru.com/news/breaking-popular-nigerian-playwright-prof-sam-ukala-is-dead/ |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=TheNewsGuru |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Wasannin kwaikwayo na Ukala da aka buga sun haɗa da ''The Slave Wife'', ''The Log in Your Eye'', ''[https://www.academia.edu/3155806/_Literature_as_History_Oral_Historical_Traditions_in_Sam_Ukalas_The_Slave_Wife_in_Benji_Egede_and_Amen_Uhumwangho_eds._Eagle_in_Flight_Essays_Tributes_and_Reviews_in_Celebration_of_Sam_Ukala_at_50_Ekpoma_Nigeria_2002 Akpakaland]'' (wanda ya lashe kyautar ANA/ British Council Prize for Drama ta 1989), ''Break a Boil'' da ''Placenta of Death'' . ''Yaƙin Iredi'' nasa, 'rubutun jama'a', ya lashe [[Kyautar Adabin Najeriya|kyautar adabi ta Najeriya]] ta 2014. An gina ta ne bisa boren da Masarautar Owa (wanda yanzu yake cikin Jihar Delta) ta yi a shekarar 1906 kan [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin danniya na Birtaniya]] . Kamar yadda yake a cikin waƙoƙin da suka gabata, yana amfani da kuma kawo sabuwar rayuwa ga adabin baka da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo na gargajiya. Ukala ta kuma yi aiki da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya Horse and Bamboo Theatre a 1998-1999 kuma tare da Bob Frith sun rubuta wani fim mai suna ''Harvest of Ghosts'', wanda ya zagaya Burtaniya da Netherlands. Wannan wani aiki ne na gwaji ga Ukala, wanda ya dogara da rawa, kiɗa, da kuma abubuwan gani masu ƙarfi maimakon kalmomin da aka faɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2018 |title=1999/2000 Harvest of Ghosts |url=https://bobfrith.co.uk/2018/08/31/1999-2000-harvest-of-ghosts/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Bob Frith |language=en-GB}}</ref> Farfesa Martin Banham, babban editan mujallar African Theatre: Playwrights & Politics, ya ɗauki wannan a matsayin 'haɗakar dabarun al'adu daban-daban', kuma misali mai ban sha'awa, mai sauƙin samu, na wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa. Ya ji cewa wasan kwaikwayo ya cancanci a yi shi a Afirka, kuma daga ƙarshe, Sam Ukala ya ƙirƙiri wani sigar a Jami'ar Jihar Edo da ke Ekpoma. == Ra'ayin jama'a == Ukala ya ƙirƙiro wata hanyar da ya bi wajen yin wasan kwaikwayo wadda ta fara a rubuce-rubucensa na wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kira wannan 'tatsuniya', kuma ya zurfafa bincike kan manufar a cikin aikinsa na ilimi. 'Tatsuniya' ya samo asali ne daga imaninsa game da buƙatar kawar da mulkin mallaka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma sha'awar bincika ƙa'idodin gargajiya na Afirka na kyau da daidaito mai ban mamaki. A cikin gina wasannin kwaikwayo nasa, ya yi amfani da al'adar baki ta Afirka. Musamman ma yana haɓaka abubuwa daga al'adar baki ta mutanen Ika (na yankin arewa maso yammacin jihar Delta a Najeriya). Wannan yana aiki a cikin siffofi na zamani na wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bello |first=Idaebvor |title=Sam Ukala: African tradition in his plays |url=http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol6no5/6.5-Bello.pdf |website=Jpanafrican |publisher=University of Benin}}</ref> Lokacin da yake Leeds a 1993-1994 yana bincike kan shahararrun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Ingila, wanda ya sa ya gano ayyukan Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Dawakai da Bamboo a Lancashire. Aikinsu a zahiri ya yi nisa da na gargajiya, domin yana amfani da nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, amma Ukala ya sami kwarin gwiwa daga abin da ya gani a matsayin wahayi daga al'umma. A shekarar 1995, Bob Frith, wanda ya kafa Horse da Bamboo kuma darakta, ya ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwa; Sam ya amince kuma wannan ya fara a watan Nuwamba 1998. == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Kyautar Kimiyya da Adabi ta Najeriya (Adabi) don ''Yaƙin Iredi'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=Sam Ukala wins 2014 Nigeria Prize for Literature |url=http://www.cityvoiceng.com/sam-ukala-wins-2014-nigeria-prize-for-literature/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015024912/http://www.cityvoiceng.com/sam-ukala-wins-2014-nigeria-prize-for-literature/ |archive-date=15 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=City Voice}}</ref> Mafi girman kyautar adabi ta Afirka. * Kyautar 2000 ta Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya (ANA) Ginshiƙin Fasaha don ''Rubutun Ƙwaƙwalwa: Tarin Labarai Masu Gajeru'' . * 1989 ANA/Birtaniya Prize Prize for Drama for ''Akpakaland'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olatunbosun |first=Yinka |date=2015-03-08 |title=Celebrating Two Literary Icons |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20150308/282218009257448 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726212226/https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20150308/282218009257448 |archive-date=Jul 26, 2021 |access-date=8 June 2023 |publisher=[[This Day]] |language=en |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] sh4ejz76wlrdalevf3en11p3yurjzii 970164 970163 2026-10-21T17:15:31Z Umar Rabiuu 38014 970164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An bayyana '''Sam Ukala''' Listen matsayin 'babban gwarzon adabi'. Ya kasance marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mawaƙi, marubuci na gajerun labarai, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, furodusan fina-finai kuma masanin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=30 March 2017 |title=UKALA, Prof. Samuel Chinedum |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ukala-prof-samuel-chinedum/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == Sam Ukala Farfesa ne na Fasahar Wasan Kwaikwayo da Wasan Kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta, Abraka]], Najeriya. Ukala ya kuma kasance Farfesa a fannin wasannin kwaikwayo da wasannin kwaikwayo a wasu jami'o'i na Najeriya, ciki har da Jami'ar [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Daga 1993-1994, a matsayinsa na ma'aikacin ilimi na Commonwealth, ya kuma yi bincike da koyarwa a Makarantar Horar da Turanci ta Jami'ar Leeds a Burtaniya. A matsayinsa na masanin ilimi, ya gabatar da ka'idar 'tatsuniyoyi', wato dabi'ar gina wasannin kwaikwayo na adabi bisa ga tarihi da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma tsara su da kuma yin su daidai da kyawun rubutun tatsuniyoyi da wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eregare |first=Emmanuel A. |date=2017 |title=Folkism and Modern Nigerian Theatre: A Study of Sam Ukala's Iredi War |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejotmas/article/view/163537 |journal=EJOTMAS: Ekpoma Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.4314/ejotmas.v6i1-2.8 |issn=2449-1179 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONTRIBUTION OF FOLKISM TO MEANINGFUL THEMATIC EXPLORATION IN NIGERIAN PLAYWRITING |url=https://afribary.com/works/the-contribution-of-folkism-to-meaningful-thematic-exploration-in-nigerian-playwriting |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Afribary |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance Shugaban Sashen Jihar Delta na [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya]] (ANA) a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2021 |title=BREAKING: Popular Nigerian playwright, Prof. Sam Ukala is dead |url=https://thenewsguru.com/news/breaking-popular-nigerian-playwright-prof-sam-ukala-is-dead/ |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=TheNewsGuru |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Wasannin kwaikwayo na Ukala da aka buga sun haɗa da ''The Slave Wife'', ''The Log in Your Eye'', ''[https://www.academia.edu/3155806/_Literature_as_History_Oral_Historical_Traditions_in_Sam_Ukalas_The_Slave_Wife_in_Benji_Egede_and_Amen_Uhumwangho_eds._Eagle_in_Flight_Essays_Tributes_and_Reviews_in_Celebration_of_Sam_Ukala_at_50_Ekpoma_Nigeria_2002 Akpakaland]'' (wanda ya lashe kyautar ANA/ British Council Prize for Drama ta 1989), ''Break a Boil'' da ''Placenta of Death'' . ''Yaƙin Iredi'' nasa, 'rubutun jama'a', ya lashe [[Kyautar Adabin Najeriya|kyautar adabi ta Najeriya]] ta 2014. An gina ta ne bisa boren da Masarautar Owa (wanda yanzu yake cikin Jihar Delta) ta yi a shekarar 1906 kan [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin danniya na Birtaniya]] . Kamar yadda yake a cikin waƙoƙin da suka gabata, yana amfani da kuma kawo sabuwar rayuwa ga adabin baka da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo na gargajiya. Ukala ta kuma yi aiki da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya Horse and Bamboo Theatre a 1998-1999 kuma tare da Bob Frith sun rubuta wani fim mai suna ''Harvest of Ghosts'', wanda ya zagaya Burtaniya da Netherlands. Wannan wani aiki ne na gwaji ga Ukala, wanda ya dogara da rawa, kiɗa, da kuma abubuwan gani masu ƙarfi maimakon kalmomin da aka faɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2018 |title=1999/2000 Harvest of Ghosts |url=https://bobfrith.co.uk/2018/08/31/1999-2000-harvest-of-ghosts/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Bob Frith |language=en-GB}}</ref> Farfesa Martin Banham, babban editan mujallar African Theatre: Playwrights & Politics, ya ɗauki wannan a matsayin 'haɗakar dabarun al'adu daban-daban', kuma misali mai ban sha'awa, mai sauƙin samu, na wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa. Ya ji cewa wasan kwaikwayo ya cancanci a yi shi a Afirka, kuma daga ƙarshe, Sam Ukala ya ƙirƙiri wani sigar a Jami'ar Jihar Edo da ke Ekpoma. == Ra'ayin jama'a == Ukala ya ƙirƙiro wata hanyar da ya bi wajen yin wasan kwaikwayo wadda ta fara a rubuce-rubucensa na wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kira wannan 'tatsuniya', kuma ya zurfafa bincike kan manufar a cikin aikinsa na ilimi. 'Tatsuniya' ya samo asali ne daga imaninsa game da buƙatar kawar da mulkin mallaka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma sha'awar bincika ƙa'idodin gargajiya na Afirka na kyau da daidaito mai ban mamaki. A cikin gina wasannin kwaikwayo nasa, ya yi amfani da al'adar baki ta Afirka. Musamman ma yana haɓaka abubuwa daga al'adar baki ta mutanen Ika (na yankin arewa maso yammacin jihar Delta a Najeriya). Wannan yana aiki a cikin siffofi na zamani na wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bello |first=Idaebvor |title=Sam Ukala: African tradition in his plays |url=http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol6no5/6.5-Bello.pdf |website=Jpanafrican |publisher=University of Benin}}</ref> Lokacin da yake Leeds a 1993-1994 yana bincike kan shahararrun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Ingila, wanda ya sa ya gano ayyukan Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Dawakai da Bamboo a Lancashire. Aikinsu a zahiri ya yi nisa da na gargajiya, domin yana amfani da nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, amma Ukala ya sami kwarin gwiwa daga abin da ya gani a matsayin wahayi daga al'umma. A shekarar 1995, Bob Frith, wanda ya kafa Horse da Bamboo kuma darakta, ya ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwa; Sam ya amince kuma wannan ya fara a watan Nuwamba 1998. == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Kyautar Kimiyya da Adabi ta Najeriya (Adabi) don ''Yaƙin Iredi'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=Sam Ukala wins 2014 Nigeria Prize for Literature |url=http://www.cityvoiceng.com/sam-ukala-wins-2014-nigeria-prize-for-literature/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015024912/http://www.cityvoiceng.com/sam-ukala-wins-2014-nigeria-prize-for-literature/ |archive-date=15 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=City Voice}}</ref> Mafi girman kyautar adabi ta Afirka. * Kyautar 2000 ta Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya (ANA) Ginshiƙin Fasaha don ''Rubutun Ƙwaƙwalwa: Tarin Labarai Masu Gajeru'' . * 1989 ANA/Birtaniya Prize Prize for Drama for ''Akpakaland'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olatunbosun |first=Yinka |date=2015-03-08 |title=Celebrating Two Literary Icons |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20150308/282218009257448 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726212226/https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20150308/282218009257448 |archive-date=Jul 26, 2021 |access-date=8 June 2023 |publisher=[[This Day]] |language=en |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] ==Manazarta qu47sjtx3d11dvfiuepbuzx3ndyyel1 970323 970164 2026-10-22T09:12:13Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Rubuce-rubuce */ 970323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An bayyana '''Sam Ukala''' Listen matsayin 'babban gwarzon adabi'. Ya kasance marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo na Najeriya, mawaƙi, marubuci na gajerun labarai, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, daraktan wasan kwaikwayo, furodusan fina-finai kuma masanin ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=30 March 2017 |title=UKALA, Prof. Samuel Chinedum |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ukala-prof-samuel-chinedum/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == Sam Ukala Farfesa ne na Fasahar Wasan Kwaikwayo da Wasan Kwaikwayo a [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta, Abraka]], Najeriya. Ukala ya kuma kasance Farfesa a fannin wasannin kwaikwayo da wasannin kwaikwayo a wasu jami'o'i na Najeriya, ciki har da Jami'ar [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . Daga 1993-1994, a matsayinsa na ma'aikacin ilimi na Commonwealth, ya kuma yi bincike da koyarwa a Makarantar Horar da Turanci ta Jami'ar Leeds a Burtaniya. A matsayinsa na masanin ilimi, ya gabatar da ka'idar 'tatsuniyoyi', wato dabi'ar gina wasannin kwaikwayo na adabi bisa ga tarihi da al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma tsara su da kuma yin su daidai da kyawun rubutun tatsuniyoyi da wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eregare |first=Emmanuel A. |date=2017 |title=Folkism and Modern Nigerian Theatre: A Study of Sam Ukala's Iredi War |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejotmas/article/view/163537 |journal=EJOTMAS: Ekpoma Journal of Theatre and Media Arts |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.4314/ejotmas.v6i1-2.8 |issn=2449-1179 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE CONTRIBUTION OF FOLKISM TO MEANINGFUL THEMATIC EXPLORATION IN NIGERIAN PLAYWRITING |url=https://afribary.com/works/the-contribution-of-folkism-to-meaningful-thematic-exploration-in-nigerian-playwriting |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Afribary |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance Shugaban Sashen Jihar Delta na [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya]] (ANA) a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2021 |title=BREAKING: Popular Nigerian playwright, Prof. Sam Ukala is dead |url=https://thenewsguru.com/news/breaking-popular-nigerian-playwright-prof-sam-ukala-is-dead/ |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=TheNewsGuru |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Wasannin kwaikwayo na Ukala da aka buga sun haɗa da ''The Slave Wife'', ''The Log in Your Eye'', ''[https://www.academia.edu/3155806/_Literature_as_History_Oral_Historical_Traditions_in_Sam_Ukalas_The_Slave_Wife_in_Benji_Egede_and_Amen_Uhumwangho_eds._Eagle_in_Flight_Essays_Tributes_and_Reviews_in_Celebration_of_Sam_Ukala_at_50_Ekpoma_Nigeria_2002 Akpakaland]'' (wanda ya lashe kyautar ANA/ British Council Prize for Drama ta 1989), ''Break a Boil'' da ''Placenta of Death'' . ''Yaƙin Iredi'' nasa, 'rubutun jama'a', ya lashe [[Kyautar Adabin Najeriya|kyautar adabi ta Najeriya]] ta shekarar 2014. An gina ta ne bisa boren da Masarautar Owa (wanda yanzu yake cikin Jihar Delta) ta yi a shekarar 1906 kan [[Mallakar Najeriya|mulkin danniya na Birtaniya]] . Kamar yadda yake a cikin waƙoƙin da suka gabata, yana amfani da kuma kawo sabuwar rayuwa ga adabin baka da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo na gargajiya. Ukala ta kuma yi aiki da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya Horse and Bamboo Theatre a 1998-1999 kuma tare da Bob Frith sun rubuta wani fim mai suna ''Harvest of Ghosts'', wanda ya zagaya Burtaniya da Netherlands. Wannan wani aiki ne na gwaji ga Ukala, wanda ya dogara da rawa, kiɗa, da kuma abubuwan gani masu ƙarfi maimakon kalmomin da aka faɗa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2018 |title=1999/2000 Harvest of Ghosts |url=https://bobfrith.co.uk/2018/08/31/1999-2000-harvest-of-ghosts/ |access-date=27 May 2020 |website=Bob Frith |language=en-GB}}</ref> Farfesa Martin Banham, babban editan mujallar African Theatre: Playwrights & Politics, ya ɗauki wannan a matsayin 'haɗakar dabarun al'adu daban-daban', kuma misali mai ban sha'awa, mai sauƙin samu, na wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa. Ya ji cewa wasan kwaikwayo ya cancanci a yi shi a Afirka, kuma daga ƙarshe, Sam Ukala ya ƙirƙiri wani sigar a Jami'ar Jihar Edo da ke Ekpoma. == Ra'ayin jama'a == Ukala ya ƙirƙiro wata hanyar da ya bi wajen yin wasan kwaikwayo wadda ta fara a rubuce-rubucensa na wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kira wannan 'tatsuniya', kuma ya zurfafa bincike kan manufar a cikin aikinsa na ilimi. 'Tatsuniya' ya samo asali ne daga imaninsa game da buƙatar kawar da mulkin mallaka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma sha'awar bincika ƙa'idodin gargajiya na Afirka na kyau da daidaito mai ban mamaki. A cikin gina wasannin kwaikwayo nasa, ya yi amfani da al'adar baki ta Afirka. Musamman ma yana haɓaka abubuwa daga al'adar baki ta mutanen Ika (na yankin arewa maso yammacin jihar Delta a Najeriya). Wannan yana aiki a cikin siffofi na zamani na wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bello |first=Idaebvor |title=Sam Ukala: African tradition in his plays |url=http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol6no5/6.5-Bello.pdf |website=Jpanafrican |publisher=University of Benin}}</ref> Lokacin da yake Leeds a 1993-1994 yana bincike kan shahararrun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Ingila, wanda ya sa ya gano ayyukan Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Dawakai da Bamboo a Lancashire. Aikinsu a zahiri ya yi nisa da na gargajiya, domin yana amfani da nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, amma Ukala ya sami kwarin gwiwa daga abin da ya gani a matsayin wahayi daga al'umma. A shekarar 1995, Bob Frith, wanda ya kafa Horse da Bamboo kuma darakta, ya ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwa; Sam ya amince kuma wannan ya fara a watan Nuwamba 1998. == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Kyautar Kimiyya da Adabi ta Najeriya (Adabi) don ''Yaƙin Iredi'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=Sam Ukala wins 2014 Nigeria Prize for Literature |url=http://www.cityvoiceng.com/sam-ukala-wins-2014-nigeria-prize-for-literature/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015024912/http://www.cityvoiceng.com/sam-ukala-wins-2014-nigeria-prize-for-literature/ |archive-date=15 October 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=City Voice}}</ref> Mafi girman kyautar adabi ta Afirka. * Kyautar 2000 ta Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya (ANA) Ginshiƙin Fasaha don ''Rubutun Ƙwaƙwalwa: Tarin Labarai Masu Gajeru'' . * 1989 ANA/Birtaniya Prize Prize for Drama for ''Akpakaland'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olatunbosun |first=Yinka |date=2015-03-08 |title=Celebrating Two Literary Icons |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20150308/282218009257448 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726212226/https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20150308/282218009257448 |archive-date=Jul 26, 2021 |access-date=8 June 2023 |publisher=[[This Day]] |language=en |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] ==Manazarta thah3rf144nmyngvq1ol31bf21gmk9k 0 79046 970229 433024 2026-10-21T19:11:25Z Salma Raddah 45959 970229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Anonymous, mai 2003, Anonymous an kasance group mai aiki ga mutane da ke tsoron sauƙin hankali.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080608050312/http://www.citypaper.com/columns/story.asp?id=15543</ref> Anonymous Sudan, mai 2003, Anonymous Sudan an hana hoto da mutane da ke hoto kan kai ga ayyukan doka, amma kuma an ce sun hada da wanda ya taimaka ga ƙasa na Rasha da ba da Rasha ba da Anonymous. Hacktivist Vanguard wani jama'a mai buƙatar tattaunawa na kungiyar shida a Indiya da aka saba kan abubuwan da ke faruwa na 'yan adawa a Bangiladas, Pakistan da Indunisiya.<ref>https://theblunttimes.in/pakistan-digital-blackout-hacktivist-vanguard-takes-down-gov-pk-domain/38813/</ref> Chaos Computer Club (CCC), an haifar da aka kasance na hackers masu girma a Turai da ke yankin Europe.<ref>https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/dispute-erupts-between-chaos-computer-club-and-germanys-cdu-after-activist-finds-alarming-data-leak</ref> Conti mai ƙwararru a cikin 2021, akan Harshen FBI.<ref>https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240605186904/en/Conti-Federal-Awarded-135.5M-Contract-to-Construct-B-21-Phase-Maintenance-Hangar-at-Ellsworth-Air-Force-Base</ref> Cozy Bear, an haifar da mai tarin Russia da ke ƙoƙarin gudanar da wani ko daga cikin asusun bayanai na Rasha. Croatian Revolution Hackers, group wanda aka ba da shi bayan da ya yi ƙungiya a Croatia. Cult of the Dead Cow, ko cDc ko cDc Communications, shirin hackers da kuma aiki da koyar da irin wannan da aka samu a Lubbock, Texas a 1984. Cyber Partisans, aikin hackers na Belarus wanda aka dace da aiki a cikin 2020, da suka yi aiki a tsakanin ƙasar Belarus da ayyukan jami'ar hukumar. DarkSide, group mai suna DarkSide mai gudanarwa a Yankin Eastern Europe, wanda ke gudanar da mutane da suka yi amfani da ransomware da kuma hanyar fata. DCLeaks, an ce a cikin "American hacktivists (ko inda aka samu abin da aka samu a Rasha) wanda aka yi aiki da shi a zaɓen wasu al'amuran al'umma, haramtaccen masu ruɓe da hana yin wasu tambayoyi masu cikakken hankali. Decocidio, wata jama'a mai ƙwarewarta mai yawa da ke aiki a cikin Earth First!, shirin dukan masu cikakken hankali na kwarai mai zuwa Climate Justice Action. [[Derp (hacker group)|Derp]], wata jama'a mai ƙwarai da aka dace a cikin wasu shafukan wasu daga cikin nau'oi da suka gabata a shekara ta 2013. Digital DawgPound (DDP), DDP an haifi da su da StankDawg. [[Equation Group]], da ke ƙarɓar aiki daga cikin Bincike na Ayyuka na Kasar Yankin America. Fancy Bear, a Russian cyberespionage group. [[Genocide2600]], jama'a wanda suka samu hakan da suka kai wa tsare-tsaɓɓukar wasu ayyuka da ke tattare da tsarin tsare-tsaɓɓukar tsohuwar yara. [[Ghost Squad Hackers]], ko ta hanyar abin da aka ce "GSH" wata jama'a mai tsaro masu cikakken hankali da aka haɗu a 2015. [[Global kOS]], shi ne group mai mai yin hankali mai launin yana bi da rakiyar bugu a cikin shekara daga 1996 zuwa 2000. [[globalHell]], shirin hackers mai suna GlobalHell, wanda ke dauke da yawan goma sha 60. [[Goatse Security]] ([[Goatsec]]), wani jama'a mai suna kuma hacktivist mai launin yana bi da shan ruwa na tsare-tsaɓɓukar a kaso. [[Hackweiser]], wani jama'a mai suna ko labarin shirin hackers da kuma shirin mai yin hankali na aiki da kuma littattafai na haifin shekara ta 1999. [[Hafnium (group)|Hafnium]] an ce an haifeshi ta kasar Sin ta hanyar kwararren bayanai na 2021 a cikin Microsoft Exchange Server. [[Hive (ransomware)|Hive]], shi ne wani dandali da ya dace a daga cikin ransomware a yankin Eastern Europe wanda ke gudanar da yawan jami'in kasuwanci. [[L0pht]], shi ne jama'a da aka dace a cikin Bostan, Massachusetts a cikin shekara daga 1992 zuwa 2000. [[Lapsus$]], wani jama'a mai suna Black-hat hacker mai tsaro da aka yi amfani da kayan ci gaba a farkon shekara na 2021, tare da haifuwan wasu hanyoyin masu ruɓe daga Microsoft, Samsung da Nvidia, kuma suka sace wasu maɓallin a watan Maris na 2022.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-67663128</ref><ref>https://therecord.media/lapsus$-hacker-sentencing-uk</ref> [[Lazarus Group]], mai launin kai kan hukumar Korea dake a arewacin kudu, mai amsar kayan hana ruƙe masu tattara sadauki na Sony Pictures, boko na Bangladesh Bank da WannaCry ransomware attack. [[Legion of Doom (hacking)|Legion of Doom]]; LOD shi ne wani jama'a mai suna Legion of Doom, wanda ya haife a cikin shekara goma sha 80 zuwa goma sha 90. [[Legion Hacktivist Group]], wani jama'a mai launin yana bi da jami'in hoto da aka yafe daga sauran na jam'iyyar Yahoo da kuma online news portals na Indiya. [[Level Seven (hacking group)|Level Seven]], wani jama'a mai suna Level Seven, wanda aka dace a farkon shekara zuwa shekara goma sha 2000 lokacin da 'vent' yake amsar da FBI a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 2000. [[Lizard Squad]], an haife su da kuɗi ko daga cikin hoto da suka yi amfani da "distributed denial-of-service" (DDoS) domin natsu da jami'in sa'adu a kan hanyar gaba na gemu. Yanzu haka aka tashi. [[Lords of Dharmaraja]], jama'a mai launin yana bi na Nijeriya wanda ya anka matsayin mai kyauta na bayyane da ɗaz'ewa na Norton Antivirus na Nijeriya. [[LulzSec]], wani jama'a mai suna LulzSec, wanda ke haifar da haɗin haɗin na 2011 wanda aka ce zaɓi a matsayin ruƙar ruwa.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-19949624</ref> ==See also== *[[Hacker]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Hacker groups|*]] [[Category:Internet-related lists|hacker groups]] il23tur8z02rfxje7dbalbt81y9yfsv 970230 970229 2026-10-21T19:12:32Z Salma Raddah 45959 970230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Anonymous, mai 2003, Anonymous an kasance group mai aiki ga mutane da ke tsoron sauƙin hankali.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080608050312/http://www.citypaper.com/columns/story.asp?id=15543</ref> Anonymous Sudan, mai 2003, Anonymous Sudan an hana hoto da mutane da ke hoto kan kai ga ayyukan doka, amma kuma an ce sun hada da wanda ya taimaka ga ƙasa na Rasha da ba da Rasha ba da Anonymous. Hacktivist Vanguard wani jama'a mai buƙatar tattaunawa na kungiyar shida a Indiya da aka saba kan abubuwan da ke faruwa na 'yan adawa a Bangiladas, Pakistan da Indunisiya.<ref>https://theblunttimes.in/pakistan-digital-blackout-hacktivist-vanguard-takes-down-gov-pk-domain/38813/</ref> Chaos Computer Club (CCC), an haifar da aka kasance na hackers masu girma a Turai da ke yankin Europe.<ref>https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/dispute-erupts-between-chaos-computer-club-and-germanys-cdu-after-activist-finds-alarming-data-leak</ref> Conti mai ƙwararru a cikin 2021, akan Harshen FBI.<ref>https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240605186904/en/Conti-Federal-Awarded-135.5M-Contract-to-Construct-B-21-Phase-Maintenance-Hangar-at-Ellsworth-Air-Force-Base</ref> Cozy Bear, an haifar da mai tarin Russia da ke ƙoƙarin gudanar da wani ko daga cikin asusun bayanai na Rasha. Croatian Revolution Hackers, group wanda aka ba da shi bayan da ya yi ƙungiya a Croatia. Cult of the Dead Cow, ko cDc ko cDc Communications, shirin hackers da kuma aiki da koyar da irin wannan da aka samu a Lubbock, Texas a 1984. Cyber Partisans, aikin hackers na Belarus wanda aka dace da aiki a cikin 2020, da suka yi aiki a tsakanin ƙasar Belarus da ayyukan jami'ar hukumar. DarkSide, group mai suna DarkSide mai gudanarwa a Yankin Eastern Europe, wanda ke gudanar da mutane da suka yi amfani da ransomware da kuma hanyar fata. DCLeaks, an ce a cikin "American hacktivists (ko inda aka samu abin da aka samu a Rasha) wanda aka yi aiki da shi a zaɓen wasu al'amuran al'umma, haramtaccen masu ruɓe da hana yin wasu tambayoyi masu cikakken hankali. Decocidio, wata jama'a mai ƙwarewarta mai yawa da ke aiki a cikin Earth First!, shirin dukan masu cikakken hankali na kwarai mai zuwa Climate Justice Action. Derp, wata jama'a mai ƙwarai da aka dace a cikin wasu shafukan wasu daga cikin nau'oi da suka gabata a shekara ta 2013. Digital DawgPound (DDP), DDP an haifi da su da StankDawg. Equation Group, da ke ƙarɓar aiki daga cikin Bincike na Ayyuka na Kasar Yankin America. Fancy Bear, a Russian cyberespionage group. [[Genocide2600]], jama'a wanda suka samu hakan da suka kai wa tsare-tsaɓɓukar wasu ayyuka da ke tattare da tsarin tsare-tsaɓɓukar tsohuwar yara. [[Ghost Squad Hackers]], ko ta hanyar abin da aka ce "GSH" wata jama'a mai tsaro masu cikakken hankali da aka haɗu a 2015. [[Global kOS]], shi ne group mai mai yin hankali mai launin yana bi da rakiyar bugu a cikin shekara daga 1996 zuwa 2000. [[globalHell]], shirin hackers mai suna GlobalHell, wanda ke dauke da yawan goma sha 60. [[Goatse Security]] ([[Goatsec]]), wani jama'a mai suna kuma hacktivist mai launin yana bi da shan ruwa na tsare-tsaɓɓukar a kaso. [[Hackweiser]], wani jama'a mai suna ko labarin shirin hackers da kuma shirin mai yin hankali na aiki da kuma littattafai na haifin shekara ta 1999. [[Hafnium (group)|Hafnium]] an ce an haifeshi ta kasar Sin ta hanyar kwararren bayanai na 2021 a cikin Microsoft Exchange Server. [[Hive (ransomware)|Hive]], shi ne wani dandali da ya dace a daga cikin ransomware a yankin Eastern Europe wanda ke gudanar da yawan jami'in kasuwanci. L0pht, shi ne jama'a da aka dace a cikin Bostan, Massachusetts a cikin shekara daga 1992 zuwa 2000. Lapsus$, wani jama'a mai suna Black-hat hacker mai tsaro da aka yi amfani da kayan ci gaba a farkon shekara na 2021, tare da haifuwan wasu hanyoyin masu ruɓe daga Microsoft, Samsung da Nvidia, kuma suka sace wasu maɓallin a watan Maris na 2022.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-67663128</ref><ref>https://therecord.media/lapsus$-hacker-sentencing-uk</ref> Lazarus Group, mai launin kai kan hukumar Korea dake a arewacin kudu, mai amsar kayan hana ruƙe masu tattara sadauki na Sony Pictures, boko na Bangladesh Bank da WannaCry ransomware attack. Legion of Doom; LOD shi ne wani jama'a mai suna Legion of Doom, wanda ya haife a cikin shekara goma sha 80 zuwa goma sha 90. Legion Hacktivist Group, wani jama'a mai launin yana bi da jami'in hoto da aka yafe daga sauran na jam'iyyar Yahoo da kuma online news portals na Indiya. Level Seven, wani jama'a mai suna Level Seven, wanda aka dace a farkon shekara zuwa shekara goma sha 2000 lokacin da 'vent' yake amsar da FBI a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 2000. Lizard Squad, an haife su da kuɗi ko daga cikin hoto da suka yi amfani da "distributed denial-of-service" (DDoS) domin natsu da jami'in sa'adu a kan hanyar gaba na gemu. Yanzu haka aka tashi. Lords of Dharmaraja, jama'a mai launin yana bi na Nijeriya wanda ya anka matsayin mai kyauta na bayyane da ɗaz'ewa na Norton Antivirus na Nijeriya. LulzSec, wani jama'a mai suna LulzSec, wanda ke haifar da haɗin haɗin na 2011 wanda aka ce zaɓi a matsayin ruƙar ruwa.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-19949624</ref> ==See also== *[[Hacker]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Hacker groups|*]] [[Category:Internet-related lists|hacker groups]] ghaivfi20uee94otfdphci6vczrvzf1 970231 970230 2026-10-21T19:13:45Z Salma Raddah 45959 970231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Anonymous, mai 2003, Anonymous an kasance group mai aiki ga mutane da ke tsoron sauƙin hankali.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080608050312/http://www.citypaper.com/columns/story.asp?id=15543</ref> Anonymous Sudan, mai 2003, Anonymous Sudan an hana hoto da mutane da ke hoto kan kai ga ayyukan doka, amma kuma an ce sun hada da wanda ya taimaka ga ƙasa na Rasha da ba da Rasha ba da Anonymous. Hacktivist Vanguard wani jama'a mai buƙatar tattaunawa na kungiyar shida a Indiya da aka saba kan abubuwan da ke faruwa na 'yan adawa a Bangiladas, Pakistan da Indunisiya.<ref>https://theblunttimes.in/pakistan-digital-blackout-hacktivist-vanguard-takes-down-gov-pk-domain/38813/</ref> Chaos Computer Club (CCC), an haifar da aka kasance na hackers masu girma a Turai da ke yankin Europe.<ref>https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/dispute-erupts-between-chaos-computer-club-and-germanys-cdu-after-activist-finds-alarming-data-leak</ref> Conti mai ƙwararru a cikin 2021, akan Harshen FBI.<ref>https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240605186904/en/Conti-Federal-Awarded-135.5M-Contract-to-Construct-B-21-Phase-Maintenance-Hangar-at-Ellsworth-Air-Force-Base</ref> Cozy Bear, an haifar da mai tarin Russia da ke ƙoƙarin gudanar da wani ko daga cikin asusun bayanai na Rasha. Croatian Revolution Hackers, group wanda aka ba da shi bayan da ya yi ƙungiya a Croatia. Cult of the Dead Cow, ko cDc ko cDc Communications, shirin hackers da kuma aiki da koyar da irin wannan da aka samu a Lubbock, Texas a 1984. Cyber Partisans, aikin hackers na Belarus wanda aka dace da aiki a cikin 2020, da suka yi aiki a tsakanin ƙasar Belarus da ayyukan jami'ar hukumar. DarkSide, group mai suna DarkSide mai gudanarwa a Yankin Eastern Europe, wanda ke gudanar da mutane da suka yi amfani da ransomware da kuma hanyar fata. DCLeaks, an ce a cikin "American hacktivists (ko inda aka samu abin da aka samu a Rasha) wanda aka yi aiki da shi a zaɓen wasu al'amuran al'umma, haramtaccen masu ruɓe da hana yin wasu tambayoyi masu cikakken hankali. Decocidio, wata jama'a mai ƙwarewarta mai yawa da ke aiki a cikin Earth First!, shirin dukan masu cikakken hankali na kwarai mai zuwa Climate Justice Action. Derp, wata jama'a mai ƙwarai da aka dace a cikin wasu shafukan wasu daga cikin nau'oi da suka gabata a shekara ta 2013. Digital DawgPound (DDP), DDP an haifi da su da StankDawg. Equation Group, da ke ƙarɓar aiki daga cikin Bincike na Ayyuka na Kasar Yankin America. Fancy Bear, a Russian cyberespionage group. Genocide2600, jama'a wanda suka samu hakan da suka kai wa tsare-tsaɓɓukar wasu ayyuka da ke tattare da tsarin tsare-tsaɓɓukar tsohuwar yara. Ghost Squad Hackers, ko ta hanyar abin da aka ce "GSH" wata jama'a mai tsaro masu cikakken hankali da aka haɗu a 2015. Global kOS, shi ne group mai mai yin hankali mai launin yana bi da rakiyar bugu a cikin shekara daga 1996 zuwa 2000. globalHell, shirin hackers mai suna GlobalHell, wanda ke dauke da yawan goma sha 60. Goatse Security (Goatsec), wani jama'a mai suna kuma hacktivist mai launin yana bi da shan ruwa na tsare-tsaɓɓukar a kaso. Hackweiser, wani jama'a mai suna ko labarin shirin hackers da kuma shirin mai yin hankali na aiki da kuma littattafai na haifin shekara ta 1999. Hafnium an ce an haifeshi ta kasar Sin ta hanyar kwararren bayanai na 2021 a cikin Microsoft Exchange Server. [[Hive (ransomware)|Hive]], shi ne wani dandali da ya dace a daga cikin ransomware a yankin Eastern Europe wanda ke gudanar da yawan jami'in kasuwanci. L0pht, shi ne jama'a da aka dace a cikin Bostan, Massachusetts a cikin shekara daga 1992 zuwa 2000. Lapsus$, wani jama'a mai suna Black-hat hacker mai tsaro da aka yi amfani da kayan ci gaba a farkon shekara na 2021, tare da haifuwan wasu hanyoyin masu ruɓe daga Microsoft, Samsung da Nvidia, kuma suka sace wasu maɓallin a watan Maris na 2022.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-67663128</ref><ref>https://therecord.media/lapsus$-hacker-sentencing-uk</ref> Lazarus Group, mai launin kai kan hukumar Korea dake a arewacin kudu, mai amsar kayan hana ruƙe masu tattara sadauki na Sony Pictures, boko na Bangladesh Bank da WannaCry ransomware attack. Legion of Doom; LOD shi ne wani jama'a mai suna Legion of Doom, wanda ya haife a cikin shekara goma sha 80 zuwa goma sha 90. Legion Hacktivist Group, wani jama'a mai launin yana bi da jami'in hoto da aka yafe daga sauran na jam'iyyar Yahoo da kuma online news portals na Indiya. Level Seven, wani jama'a mai suna Level Seven, wanda aka dace a farkon shekara zuwa shekara goma sha 2000 lokacin da 'vent' yake amsar da FBI a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 2000. Lizard Squad, an haife su da kuɗi ko daga cikin hoto da suka yi amfani da "distributed denial-of-service" (DDoS) domin natsu da jami'in sa'adu a kan hanyar gaba na gemu. Yanzu haka aka tashi. Lords of Dharmaraja, jama'a mai launin yana bi na Nijeriya wanda ya anka matsayin mai kyauta na bayyane da ɗaz'ewa na Norton Antivirus na Nijeriya. LulzSec, wani jama'a mai suna LulzSec, wanda ke haifar da haɗin haɗin na 2011 wanda aka ce zaɓi a matsayin ruƙar ruwa.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-19949624</ref> ==See also== *[[Hacker]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Hacker groups|*]] [[Category:Internet-related lists|hacker groups]] jejm7jfjplcveze5vvdsikth98u2zvj 970328 970231 2026-10-22T09:16:19Z Kamaf001 48297 970328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Anonymous, mai 2003, Anonymous an kasance group mai aiki ga mutane da ke tsoron sauƙin hankali.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080608050312/http://www.citypaper.com/columns/story.asp?id=15543</ref> Anonymous Sudan, mai 2003, Anonymous Sudan an hana hoto da mutane da ke hoto kan kai ga ayyukan doka, amma kuma an ce sun hada da wanda ya taimaka ga ƙasa na Rasha da ba da Rasha ba da Anonymous. Hacktivist Vanguard wani jama'a mai buƙatar tattaunawa na kungiyar shida a Indiya da aka saba kan abubuwan da ke faruwa na 'yan adawa a Bangiladas, Pakistan da Indunisiya.<ref>https://theblunttimes.in/pakistan-digital-blackout-hacktivist-vanguard-takes-down-gov-pk-domain/38813/</ref> Chaos Computer Club (CCC), an haifar da aka kasance na hackers masu girma a Turai da ke yankin Europe.<ref>https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/dispute-erupts-between-chaos-computer-club-and-germanys-cdu-after-activist-finds-alarming-data-leak</ref> Conti mai ƙwararru a cikin 2021, akan Harshen FBI.<ref>https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240605186904/en/Conti-Federal-Awarded-135.5M-Contract-to-Construct-B-21-Phase-Maintenance-Hangar-at-Ellsworth-Air-Force-Base</ref> Cozy Bear, an haifar da mai tarin Russia da ke ƙoƙarin gudanar da wani ko daga cikin asusun bayanai na Rasha. Croatian Revolution Hackers, group wanda aka ba da shi bayan da ya yi ƙungiya a Croatia. Cult of the Dead Cow, ko cDc ko cDc Communications, shirin hackers da kuma aiki da koyar da irin wannan da aka samu a Lubbock, Texas a shekarar 1984. Cyber Partisans, aikin hackers na Belarus wanda aka dace da aiki a cikin 2020, da suka yi aiki a tsakanin ƙasar Belarus da ayyukan jami'ar hukumar. DarkSide, group mai suna DarkSide mai gudanarwa a Yankin Eastern Europe, wanda ke gudanar da mutane da suka yi amfani da ransomware da kuma hanyar fata. DCLeaks, an ce a cikin "American hacktivists (ko inda aka samu abin da aka samu a Rasha) wanda aka yi aiki da shi a zaɓen wasu al'amuran al'umma, haramtaccen masu ruɓe da hana yin wasu tambayoyi masu cikakken hankali. Decocidio, wata jama'a mai ƙwarewarta mai yawa da ke aiki a cikin Earth First!, shirin dukan masu cikakken hankali na kwarai mai zuwa Climate Justice Action. Derp, wata jama'a mai ƙwarai da aka dace a cikin wasu shafukan wasu daga cikin nau'oi da suka gabata a shekara ta 2013. Digital DawgPound (DDP), DDP an haifi da su da StankDawg. Equation Group, da ke ƙarɓar aiki daga cikin Bincike na Ayyuka na Kasar Yankin America. Fancy Bear, a Russian cyberespionage group. Genocide2600, jama'a wanda suka samu hakan da suka kai wa tsare-tsaɓɓukar wasu ayyuka da ke tattare da tsarin tsare-tsaɓɓukar tsohuwar yara. Ghost Squad Hackers, ko ta hanyar abin da aka ce "GSH" wata jama'a mai tsaro masu cikakken hankali da aka haɗu a 2015. Global kOS, shi ne group mai mai yin hankali mai launin yana bi da rakiyar bugu a cikin shekara daga 1996 zuwa 2000. globalHell, shirin hackers mai suna GlobalHell, wanda ke dauke da yawan goma sha 60. Goatse Security (Goatsec), wani jama'a mai suna kuma hacktivist mai launin yana bi da shan ruwa na tsare-tsaɓɓukar a kaso. Hackweiser, wani jama'a mai suna ko labarin shirin hackers da kuma shirin mai yin hankali na aiki da kuma littattafai na haifin shekara ta 1999. Hafnium an ce an haifeshi ta kasar Sin ta hanyar kwararren bayanai na 2021 a cikin Microsoft Exchange Server. [[Hive (ransomware)|Hive]], shi ne wani dandali da ya dace a daga cikin ransomware a yankin Eastern Europe wanda ke gudanar da yawan jami'in kasuwanci. L0pht, shi ne jama'a da aka dace a cikin Bostan, Massachusetts a cikin shekara daga 1992 zuwa 2000. Lapsus$, wani jama'a mai suna Black-hat hacker mai tsaro da aka yi amfani da kayan ci gaba a farkon shekara na 2021, tare da haifuwan wasu hanyoyin masu ruɓe daga Microsoft, Samsung da Nvidia, kuma suka sace wasu maɓallin a watan Maris na 2022.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-67663128</ref><ref>https://therecord.media/lapsus$-hacker-sentencing-uk</ref> Lazarus Group, mai launin kai kan hukumar Korea dake a arewacin kudu, mai amsar kayan hana ruƙe masu tattara sadauki na Sony Pictures, boko na Bangladesh Bank da WannaCry ransomware attack. Legion of Doom; LOD shi ne wani jama'a mai suna Legion of Doom, wanda ya haife a cikin shekara goma sha 80 zuwa goma sha 90. Legion Hacktivist Group, wani jama'a mai launin yana bi da jami'in hoto da aka yafe daga sauran na jam'iyyar Yahoo da kuma online news portals na Indiya. Level Seven, wani jama'a mai suna Level Seven, wanda aka dace a farkon shekara zuwa shekara goma sha 2000 lokacin da 'vent' yake amsar da FBI a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 2000. Lizard Squad, an haife su da kuɗi ko daga cikin hoto da suka yi amfani da "distributed denial-of-service" (DDoS) domin natsu da jami'in sa'adu a kan hanyar gaba na gemu. Yanzu haka aka tashi. Lords of Dharmaraja, jama'a mai launin yana bi na Nijeriya wanda ya anka matsayin mai kyauta na bayyane da ɗaz'ewa na Norton Antivirus na Nijeriya. LulzSec, wani jama'a mai suna LulzSec, wanda ke haifar da haɗin haɗin na 2011 wanda aka ce zaɓi a matsayin ruƙar ruwa.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-19949624</ref> ==See also== *[[Hacker]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Hacker groups|*]] [[Category:Internet-related lists|hacker groups]] sjibb1l8ct5i9howyve5gy6dm3lu80p 0 90000 970246 885366 2026-10-21T22:25:37Z Nura Bello 24854 970246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lynn Ann Conway''' (Janairu 2, 1938 - Yuni 9, 2024) 'yar Amurka ce, masaniyar kimiyyar kwamfuta, injiniyan lantarki, kuma mai fafutukar hakkin masu sauya jinsi. A cikin shekarun 1960s, yayin da take aiki a IBM, Conway ta ƙirƙiri na'urar sarrafa kasuwanci na gabaɗaya, babban ci gaba da aka yi amfani da shi wajen aiwatar da siyayya, wanda galibin na'urorin sarrafa kwamfuta na zamani ke amfani da su don bunkasa aiki. IBM ta kori Conway a shekarar 1968 bayan ta bayyana aniyar ta na sauya jinsi, wanda kamfanin ya nemi afuwar ta a shekarar 2020. Bayan canza jinsin ta, Conway ta karɓi sabon suna da ainihi kuma ta sake aiki daga farko. Ta yi aiki a Xerox PARC daga 1973 zuwa 1983, inda ta jagoranci kungiyar "''LSI Systems''". Ta ƙaddamar da Mead–Conway VLSI, wani ingantaccen ƙirar microchip (VLSI), wanda ya sake fasalin filin ƙirar microchip a shekarun 1980s. Conway ta shiga Jami'ar [[Michigan]] a matsayin farfesa a fannin injiniyancin [[lantarki]] da kimiyyar [[kwamfuta]] a 1985. Ta yi ritaya daga aiki koyarwa da bincike a 1998 a matsayin farfesa Emerita. Conway ta fara tattaunawa a bainar jama'a game da canjin jinsi a cikin shekarar 1999 kuma ta kasance mai fafutukar canza [[jinsi]] har mutuwarta a 2024. ==Rayuwar farko da ilimi== An haifi Conway a Mount Vernon, [[New York]], a ranar 2 ga watan Janairu, a shekarar 1938 ga iyaye Christine Alice (née Burney) Savage (1904 – 1977) da Rufus Savage (1904 – 1966).<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/15/technology/lynn-conway-dead.html</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=8VVvtWrIxtAC</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141110182854/http://computer.org/computer-pioneers/conway.html</ref><ref>https://archive.org/details/internationalbio00john</ref> An raine shi a matsayin yaro namiji, Conway ya girma a Hartsdale da White Plains, [[New York]], a matsayin yaro mai kunya wanda ya kuma fuskanci matsalolin jinsi. Bayan iyayenta sun rabu a cikin 1945, Conway da ƙanenta, Blair Savage (1941-2022), mahaifiyarsu ta girma. Ilimin falaki ya burge Conway (gina na'urar hangen nesa mai nuni da girman inci 6 (150 mm) a lokacin rani ɗaya) kuma ya yi fice a fannin lissafi da kimiyya a makaranta.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective1.html</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta White Plains a 1955, Conway ta shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta [[Massachusetts]] kuma ta fara yunƙurin sauye-sauyen jinsi a 1957. Ta fuskanci rashin tallafin zamantakewa da na likitanci, ta janye daga MIT a 1959 kuma daga ƙarshe ta daina canzawa.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective1.html</ref> Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fasaha na lantarki na shekaru da yawa, Conway ya ci gaba da karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Jami'ar [[Columbia]], yana samun BS. da M.S.E.E. digiri a 1962 da 1963.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective1.html</ref><ref>https://www.electronicdesign.com/news/products/article/21795291/lynn-conway-a-trailblazer-on-professional-personal-levels</ref> ==Binciken farko a IBM== [[Fayil:Lynn Conway July 2006.jpg|thumb]] IBM Research ta dauki Conway aiki a Yorktown Heights, [[New York]], a cikin 1964, kuma nan da nan aka zaɓe shi don shiga ƙungiyar gine-ginen da ke zayyana babban kwamfuta, tare da John Cocke, Brian Randell, Herbert Schorr, Ed Sussenguth, Fran Allen da sauran masu bincike na IBM. a kan Advanced Computing Systems (ACS), ƙirƙira batutuwa masu yawa daga cikin tsari mai ƙarfi tsarawa yayin aiki a can.<ref>http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/acs.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150103172210/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/conway</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4Txvjia3p0</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233454/http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=D1E5F66F-2A45-4BF9-BE9E-001B49F7F67</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/ABC%20NEWS/ABCNEWS_com%20%20Wired%20Women%20Engineer%20Lynn%20Conway%27s%20Secret.htm</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Kwamfuta ya bayyana cewa "Tsarin gine-gine na ACS ... ya bayyana ya kasance farkon zane na 'superscalar' ".<ref>https://computerhistory.org/events/ibm-acs-system-pioneering-supercomputer/</ref> ==Canjin jinsi== Bayan koyo game da binciken farko na Harry Benjamin a fannin kiwon lafiya ga mata masu jima'i, wanda ya haɗa da yuwuwar tiyatar sake fasalin jima'i, Conway ya nemi taimakonsa. Yin gwagwarmaya tare da matsanancin damuwa na asibiti saboda dysphoria na jinsi, ta tuntubi Dr. Benjamin, wanda ya yarda ya ba da shawara da kuma maganin maye gurbin hormone, wanda Conway ya sake komawa a cikin 1967.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref> Yayin da yake fama da rayuwa a matsayin namiji, Conway ya auri mace a 1963 kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. A ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan shari'a a lokacin, an hana ta zuwa ga 'ya'yansu bayan canja wuri.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref> Ko da yake ta yi fatan za a ba ta damar yin sauyi kan aikin, IBM ta kori Conway a shekarar 1968 bayan ta bayyana aniyarta ta sauya sheka.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Lynn_Conway_VLSI_Reminiscences.pdf</ref> A cikin 2020, IBM a bainar jama'a ta nemi gafara ga Conway saboda harbe ta a wani taron jama'a tare da Diane Gherson, a lokacin babban mataimakiyar shugabar huldar dan Adam ta IBM. A wurin taron, an ba Conway lambar yabo ta IBM Lifetime Achievement Award saboda aikinta a IBM da kuma daga baya aiki.<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/?sh=25cf659667d5</ref><ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/</ref> ==Sana'ar canji== Bayan kammala canjin jinsinta a cikin 1968, Conway ta ɗauki sabon suna da ainihi kuma ta sake fara aikinta a yanayin ɓoyewa a matsayin mai tsara shirye-shiryen kwangila a Computer Applications, Inc. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara tsarin dijital da injiniyan kwamfuta a Memorex daga 1969 zuwa 1972.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective3.html</ref> Conway ta shiga Xerox PARC a cikin 1973, inda ta jagoranci rukunin "LSI Systems" a ƙarƙashin Bert Sutherland.<ref>Goldberg, Adele J. (September 1980). "About This Issue..." ACM Computing Surveys. 12 (3): 257–258. doi:10.1145/356819.356820. ISSN 0360-0300. S2CID 27661653. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=XA9Zx1bMH-oC&q=lynn-conway+parc+sutherland&pg=PT206</ref> Lokacin yana cikin PARC, Conway ya kafa fasahar wafers multiproject (MPW).<ref>https://www.aaas.org/sense-wonder-motivates-vlsi-chip-revolutionary-lynn-conway</ref> Haɗin kai tare da Ivan Sutherland da Carver Mead akan tsarin ƙira mai girma-girma (VLSI), ta haɗu da Gabatarwa ga Tsarin VLSI, wani aiki mai fa'ida wanda ba da daɗewa ba zai zama daidaitaccen littafin rubutu a ƙirar guntu, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a kusan jami'o'i 120 nan da 1983.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/BackgroundContext/Sutherland_Letter.html</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20081226130335/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9046420</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20061028031127/http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=D1E5F66F-2A45-4BF9-BE9E-001B49F7F67</ref> Tare da sayar da kwafi sama da 70,000, da sabon haɗin kai na sabbin abubuwan MPC79/MOSIS, juyin juya halin Mead da Conway ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙirar VLSI.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html</ref><ref>Miller, Chris (2022). Chip War: The Fight for the World's Most Critical Technology. Scribner. pp. 136–137, 140, 166, 378.</ref> A cikin 1978, Conway ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa mai ziyara a injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kwamfuta a MIT, yana koyar da sanannen kwas ɗin ƙira na VLSI dangane da daftarin rubutu na Mead-Conway.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref> Kwas ɗin ya inganta sabbin hanyoyin ƙira da littafin karatu kuma ya kafa tsarin koyarwa da littafin jagora da ake amfani da shi a cikin darussa na gaba a duniya.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/InstGuide/InstGuide.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://issuu.com/miteecs/docs/connector2014_acc15802878d20 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-31 |archive-date=2014-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809200331/http://issuu.com/miteecs/docs/connector2014_acc15802878d20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin gudummawar Conway akwai ƙirƙira ƙarancin ƙira, ƙa'idodin ƙira waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe ƙirar guntu da kayan aikin ƙira,<ref>https://www.electronicdesign.com/news/products/article/21795291/lynn-conway-a-trailblazer-on-professional-personal-levels</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150103172210/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/conway</ref><ref>Carliss Y. Baldwin and Kim B. Clark (2000). Design Rules: The Power of Modularity. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-02466-7.</ref> da ƙirƙira wani sabon nau'i na tushen abubuwan more rayuwa na intanet don saurin samfuri da ƙirƙira gajere adadi mai yawa na ƙirar guntu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150103172210/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/conway</ref><ref>National Research Council (1999), Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press (excerpt Archived February 17, 2023, at the Wayback Machine)</ref> Sun yi niyya don magance haɓakar sarƙaƙƙiyar ƙirar guntu, kamar yadda hanyoyin gargajiya ke gwagwarmaya don tafiya daidai da dokar Moore.<ref>https://interfaces.che.wisc.edu/lynn-conway/</ref> An kafa sabon kayan aikin a matsayin tsarin Metal Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Service (MOSIS) a cikin 1981. Mead da Conway sun sami lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara na nasara a mujallar Electronics a 1981.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mosis.com/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-31 |archive-date=2008-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822001846/http://www.mosis.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mai bincike na VLSI Charles Seitz yayi sharhi cewa "MOSIS ya wakilci lokaci na farko tun bayan aikin majagaba na Eckert da Mauchley akan ENIAC a ƙarshen 1940s cewa jami'o'i da ƙananan kamfanoni sun sami damar yin amfani da fasahar dijital ta zamani."<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/FundingaRevolution.html#anchor200964</ref>. Tasiri da hanyoyin bincike da ke haifar da ci gaban tsarin tsarin Mead-Conway VLSI da kuma samfurin MOSIS an yi cikakken bayani a cikin rahoton Xerox na 1981,<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/MPCAdv/MPCAdv.pdf</ref> da Euromicro Journal,<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/MPCAdv/MPCAdv-MM-TEJ.pdf</ref> da kuma tarihin tarihi da yawa na lissafi.<ref>National Research Council (1999), Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press (excerpt Archived February 17, 2023, at the Wayback Machine)</ref><ref>Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research</ref><ref>http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=5040</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html#Figure.II.13</ref><ref>http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4948.html</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html#Figure.II.13</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html#Figure.1.2</ref> Hanyoyin Mead-Conway suma sun zo ƙarƙashin binciken ƙabilanci a cikin 1980 daga masanin ilimin ɗan adam na PARC Lucy Suchman, wacce ta buga tambayoyinta da Conway a cikin 2021.<ref>Suchman, Lucy (March 1, 2021). "A Sociotechnical Exchange, Redux". Backchannels | Reflections. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021.</ref><ref>https://conwaysuchman-conv.pubpub.org/pub/93808pq4/release/4</ref> A cikin 1983, Conway ta bar Xerox don shiga DARPA, inda ta kasance mahimmin ƙirar ƙirar ƙira ta Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka.<ref>https://www.electronicdesign.com/news/products/article/21795291/lynn-conway-a-trailblazer-on-professional-personal-levels</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/CSE/SCI/HighTechnology4-85.pdf</ref> A cikin labarin USA Today na zamani game da shigar Conway DARPA, Mark Stefik, masanin kimiyyar Xerox wanda ya yi aiki tare da ita, ya ce "Lynn na son yin rayuwa biyar a cikin rayuwar daya".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140420032946/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/DARPA/USA_Today_6-07-83.pdf.https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/DARPA/USA_Today_6-07-83.pdf</ref> Douglas Fairbairn, tsohon abokin tarayya na Xerox, ya ce "Ta gano hanyar da kowa zai yi nasara."<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/DARPA/USA_Today_6-07-83.pdf.https://web.archive.org/web/20140420032946/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/DARPA/USA_Today_6-07-83.pdf{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin Tasirin Net, masanin ilimin zamantakewa Thomas Streeter ya rubuta cewa shawarar Conway ta shiga DARPA ya nuna rashin amincewa da 'yancin kai na antiwar. Conway ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1985 a matsayin farfesa a injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kwamfuta da kuma mataimakin shugaban injiniya. A can, ta ƙware a hanyoyin sadarwa na gani da ƙirƙira tsarin sarrafawa don haɗaɗɗun intanet da mu'amalar masu amfani da kebul na broadband.<ref>"The Net Effect, Romanticism, Capitalism, and the Internet" Archived March 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Thomas Steeter, New York University Press, 2011, p, 101.</ref> Ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa da bincike a cikin 1998 a matsayin farfesa Emerita a Michigan.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20031205144225/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Emerita.html</ref><ref>https://news.engin.umich.edu/2024/06/the-legacy-of-lynn-conway-chip-design-pioneer-and-transgender-rights-advocate/</ref> ==Ilimin na'ura mai kwakwalwa== Juyin juya halin guntu na Mead-Conway VLSI ya bazu cikin sauri ta hanyar jami'o'in bincike da masana'antar kwamfuta a cikin 1980s. Ya haɓaka haɓakar masana'antar ƙirar ƙirar lantarki, ta kafa ƙirar ƙira don ƙirar guntu da masana'anta, kuma ta haifar da tasirin farawar fasaha a cikin 1980s da 1990s.<ref>http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/acs.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150103172210/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/conway</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4Txvjia3p0</ref><ref>https://computerhistory.org/events/ibm-acs-system-pioneering-supercomputer/</ref><ref>Smotherman, Mark; Spicer, Dag (December 2010). "IBM's single-processor supercomputer efforts". Communications of the ACM. 53 (12): 28–30. doi:10.1145/1859204.1859216. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved June 7, 2024.</ref> A cikin faɗuwar 2012, IEEE ta buga fitowa ta musamman na IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine wanda aka keɓe ga aikin Conway,<ref>http://www.eecs.umich.edu/eecs/about/articles/2013/VLSI_Reminiscences.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.eecs.umich.edu/eecs/about/articles/2013/Conway_VLSI_memoir.html</ref> gami da tarihin aikin Conway<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Lynn_Conway_VLSI_Reminiscences.pdf</ref> da sharhin takwarorinsu ta Chuck House,<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/A_Paradigm_Shift_Was_Happening_by_Chuck_House.pdf</ref> tsohon Daraktan Injiniya a HP, Carlo Séquin,<ref>http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~sequin/PAPERS/2012_SSCM_VLSI.pdf</ref> da Kenneth L Shepard.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/Covering_by_Ken_Shepard.pdf</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/A_Paradigm_Shift_Was_Happening_by_Chuck_House.pdf</ref> James F. Gibbons ya bayyana a cikin harajin nasa cewa Conway, daga hangen nesa, "shi ne karfi guda daya bayan dukkanin ci gaban 'kafa' wanda ya samo asali."<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/A_Paradigm_Shift_Was_Happening_by_Chuck_House.pdf</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/Covering_by_Ken_Shepard.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cacm.acm.org/news/231829-lynn-conway-and-the-vlsi-revolution-in-microchip-design/fulltext |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-31 |archive-date=2021-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418014046/https://cacm.acm.org/news/231829-lynn-conway-and-the-vlsi-revolution-in-microchip-design/fulltext |url-status=dead }}</ref> "Tun da ban #LookLikeanEngineer ba, mutane kaɗan sun kama abin da nake yi a cikin 70s da 80s," in ji Conway daga baya.<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/</ref> A cikin 2020, Shugaban Cibiyar Injiniya ta Kasa John L. Anderson ya bayyana cewa "Lynn Conway ba majagaba ne kawai na juyin juya hali a cikin tsara tsarin VLSI ba ... Amma kamar yadda yake da mahimmanci, Lynn ta kasance mai jajircewa wajen ba da labarinta, kuma ita Juriya ya kasance tunatarwa ga al'umma cewa kada ta kasance makantar da sabbin abubuwa na mata, mutane masu launi, ko wasu waɗanda ba su dace da zamani ba - amma abin takaici, dagewa - hasashe na yadda injiniya yake kama da shi."<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/</ref> Conway ta ba da sunan abin mamaki na mata da mutane masu launi da ba a kula da su a cikin asusun tarihi na sababbin abubuwa "Tasirin Conway."<ref>https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2018/10/mco2018100066/17D45WXIkDI</ref>tarin fa’ida daga wadanda ake tsammanin za su yi sabon abu.<ref>https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2018/10/mco2018100066/17D45WXIkDI</ref> A cikin 2023, Lynn Conway ya haɗu tare da Jim Boulton don ƙirƙirar Layi a cikin Sand,<ref>Boulton, Jim (2024). Lines in the Sand, The Lynn Conway Story (Unsung Heroes of the Information Age). Unsung Heroes (published February 21, 2024). ASIN B0CW1LNGFD.</ref> ɗan gajeren littafin ban dariya wanda ke ba da labarin sabon VLSI. Taron ƙaddamarwa<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mw2jAZmnIqU</ref> ya faru ne a Cibiyar Tarihin Lissafi a kan Nuwamba 23, 2023. ==Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa== Conway ya auri mace a shekara ta 1963, kuma suna da ’ya’ya mata biyu tare. Bayan kisan aurensu a shekara ta 1968, an hana Conway shiga 'ya'yansu.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref> A cikin 1987, Conway ta sadu da mijinta Charles "Charlie" Rogers, ƙwararren injiniya wanda ya raba sha'awarta a waje, gami da kwale-kwalen ruwan farin ruwa da tseren motocross.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/ARTICLE.php?AID=44404 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-31 |archive-date=2014-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106121646/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/ARTICLE.php?AID=44404 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba suka fara zama tare suka sayi gida mai kadada 24 (haɗin 9.7) na makiyaya, marsh, da ciyayi a cikin karkarar Jackson, Michigan a cikin 1994.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref>. Sun yi aure a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 2002.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/ABC%20NEWS/ABCNEWS_com%20%20Wired%20Women%20Engineer%20Lynn%20Conway%27s%20Secret.htm</ref><ref>http://www.logoonline.com/shows/dyn/beautiful_daughters/personality.jhtml?personalityId=6829</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/MackinacIsland/MackinacIsland.html</ref> A cikin 2014, Mujallar tsofaffin ɗaliban Injiniya ta Jami'ar Michigan ta rubuta alaƙa tsakanin binciken injiniyan Conway da rayuwarta ta sirri.<ref>https://news.engin.umich.edu/2014/10/life-engineered/</ref><ref>Marcin Szczepanski and Evan Dougherty,"A Place to Be Wild Archived August 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine," Michigan Engineering, October 8, 2014.</ref> Conway ta mutu sakamakon ciwon zuciya a gidanta a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2024, tana da shekara 86.<ref>https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-06-11/lynn-conway-leading-computer-scientist-and-transgender-pioneer-dies-at-85</ref><ref>https://news.engin.umich.edu/2024/06/the-legacy-of-lynn-conway-chip-design-pioneer-and-transgender-rights-advocate/</ref> ==Manazarta== btn6kkt7xcujevl0aa1v3vn9edfn8l7 970319 970246 2026-10-22T09:09:30Z Kamaf001 48297 970319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lynn Ann Conway''' (Janairu 2, 1938 - ga watan Yuni 9, shekara ta 2024) 'yar Amurka ce, masaniyar kimiyyar kwamfuta, injiniyan lantarki, kuma mai fafutukar hakkin masu sauya jinsi. A cikin shekarun 1960s, yayin da take aiki a IBM, Conway ta ƙirƙiri na'urar sarrafa kasuwanci na gabaɗaya, babban ci gaba da aka yi amfani da shi wajen aiwatar da siyayya, wanda galibin na'urorin sarrafa kwamfuta na zamani ke amfani da su don bunkasa aiki. IBM ta kori Conway a shekarar 1968 bayan ta bayyana aniyar ta na sauya jinsi, wanda kamfanin ya nemi afuwar ta a shekarar 2020. Bayan canza jinsin ta, Conway ta karɓi sabon suna da ainihi kuma ta sake aiki daga farko. Ta yi aiki a Xerox PARC daga 1973 zuwa 1983, inda ta jagoranci kungiyar "''LSI Systems''". Ta ƙaddamar da Mead–Conway VLSI, wani ingantaccen ƙirar microchip (VLSI), wanda ya sake fasalin filin ƙirar microchip a shekarun 1980s. Conway ta shiga Jami'ar [[Michigan]] a matsayin farfesa a fannin injiniyancin [[lantarki]] da kimiyyar [[kwamfuta]] a 1985. Ta yi ritaya daga aiki koyarwa da bincike a 1998 a matsayin farfesa Emerita. Conway ta fara tattaunawa a bainar jama'a game da canjin jinsi a cikin shekarar 1999 kuma ta kasance mai fafutukar canza [[jinsi]] har mutuwarta a 2024. ==Rayuwar farko da ilimi== An haifi Conway a Mount Vernon, [[New York]], a ranar 2 ga watan Janairu, a shekarar 1938 ga iyaye Christine Alice (née Burney) Savage (1904 – 1977) da Rufus Savage (1904 – 1966).<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/15/technology/lynn-conway-dead.html</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=8VVvtWrIxtAC</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141110182854/http://computer.org/computer-pioneers/conway.html</ref><ref>https://archive.org/details/internationalbio00john</ref> An raine shi a matsayin yaro namiji, Conway ya girma a Hartsdale da White Plains, [[New York]], a matsayin yaro mai kunya wanda ya kuma fuskanci matsalolin jinsi. Bayan iyayenta sun rabu a cikin 1945, Conway da ƙanenta, Blair Savage (1941-2022), mahaifiyarsu ta girma. Ilimin falaki ya burge Conway (gina na'urar hangen nesa mai nuni da girman inci 6 (150 mm) a lokacin rani ɗaya) kuma ya yi fice a fannin lissafi da kimiyya a makaranta.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective1.html</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta White Plains a 1955, Conway ta shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta [[Massachusetts]] kuma ta fara yunƙurin sauye-sauyen jinsi a 1957. Ta fuskanci rashin tallafin zamantakewa da na likitanci, ta janye daga MIT a 1959 kuma daga ƙarshe ta daina canzawa.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective1.html</ref> Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fasaha na lantarki na shekaru da yawa, Conway ya ci gaba da karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Jami'ar [[Columbia]], yana samun BS. da M.S.E.E. digiri a 1962 da 1963.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective1.html</ref><ref>https://www.electronicdesign.com/news/products/article/21795291/lynn-conway-a-trailblazer-on-professional-personal-levels</ref> ==Binciken farko a IBM== [[Fayil:Lynn Conway July 2006.jpg|thumb]] IBM Research ta dauki Conway aiki a Yorktown Heights, [[New York]], a cikin 1964, kuma nan da nan aka zaɓe shi don shiga ƙungiyar gine-ginen da ke zayyana babban kwamfuta, tare da John Cocke, Brian Randell, Herbert Schorr, Ed Sussenguth, Fran Allen da sauran masu bincike na IBM. a kan Advanced Computing Systems (ACS), ƙirƙira batutuwa masu yawa daga cikin tsari mai ƙarfi tsarawa yayin aiki a can.<ref>http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/acs.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150103172210/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/conway</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4Txvjia3p0</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233454/http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=D1E5F66F-2A45-4BF9-BE9E-001B49F7F67</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/ABC%20NEWS/ABCNEWS_com%20%20Wired%20Women%20Engineer%20Lynn%20Conway%27s%20Secret.htm</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Kwamfuta ya bayyana cewa "Tsarin gine-gine na ACS ... ya bayyana ya kasance farkon zane na 'superscalar' ".<ref>https://computerhistory.org/events/ibm-acs-system-pioneering-supercomputer/</ref> ==Canjin jinsi== Bayan koyo game da binciken farko na Harry Benjamin a fannin kiwon lafiya ga mata masu jima'i, wanda ya haɗa da yuwuwar tiyatar sake fasalin jima'i, Conway ya nemi taimakonsa. Yin gwagwarmaya tare da matsanancin damuwa na asibiti saboda dysphoria na jinsi, ta tuntubi Dr. Benjamin, wanda ya yarda ya ba da shawara da kuma maganin maye gurbin hormone, wanda Conway ya sake komawa a cikin 1967.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref> Yayin da yake fama da rayuwa a matsayin namiji, Conway ya auri mace a 1963 kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. A ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan shari'a a lokacin, an hana ta zuwa ga 'ya'yansu bayan canja wuri.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref> Ko da yake ta yi fatan za a ba ta damar yin sauyi kan aikin, IBM ta kori Conway a shekarar 1968 bayan ta bayyana aniyarta ta sauya sheka.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Lynn_Conway_VLSI_Reminiscences.pdf</ref> A cikin 2020, IBM a bainar jama'a ta nemi gafara ga Conway saboda harbe ta a wani taron jama'a tare da Diane Gherson, a lokacin babban mataimakiyar shugabar huldar dan Adam ta IBM. A wurin taron, an ba Conway lambar yabo ta IBM Lifetime Achievement Award saboda aikinta a IBM da kuma daga baya aiki.<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/?sh=25cf659667d5</ref><ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/</ref> ==Sana'ar canji== Bayan kammala canjin jinsinta a cikin 1968, Conway ta ɗauki sabon suna da ainihi kuma ta sake fara aikinta a yanayin ɓoyewa a matsayin mai tsara shirye-shiryen kwangila a Computer Applications, Inc. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara tsarin dijital da injiniyan kwamfuta a Memorex daga 1969 zuwa 1972.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective3.html</ref> Conway ta shiga Xerox PARC a cikin 1973, inda ta jagoranci rukunin "LSI Systems" a ƙarƙashin Bert Sutherland.<ref>Goldberg, Adele J. (September 1980). "About This Issue..." ACM Computing Surveys. 12 (3): 257–258. doi:10.1145/356819.356820. ISSN 0360-0300. S2CID 27661653. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=XA9Zx1bMH-oC&q=lynn-conway+parc+sutherland&pg=PT206</ref> Lokacin yana cikin PARC, Conway ya kafa fasahar wafers multiproject (MPW).<ref>https://www.aaas.org/sense-wonder-motivates-vlsi-chip-revolutionary-lynn-conway</ref> Haɗin kai tare da Ivan Sutherland da Carver Mead akan tsarin ƙira mai girma-girma (VLSI), ta haɗu da Gabatarwa ga Tsarin VLSI, wani aiki mai fa'ida wanda ba da daɗewa ba zai zama daidaitaccen littafin rubutu a ƙirar guntu, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a kusan jami'o'i 120 nan da 1983.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/BackgroundContext/Sutherland_Letter.html</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20081226130335/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9046420</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20061028031127/http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=D1E5F66F-2A45-4BF9-BE9E-001B49F7F67</ref> Tare da sayar da kwafi sama da 70,000, da sabon haɗin kai na sabbin abubuwan MPC79/MOSIS, juyin juya halin Mead da Conway ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙirar VLSI.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html</ref><ref>Miller, Chris (2022). Chip War: The Fight for the World's Most Critical Technology. Scribner. pp. 136–137, 140, 166, 378.</ref> A cikin 1978, Conway ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa mai ziyara a injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kwamfuta a MIT, yana koyar da sanannen kwas ɗin ƙira na VLSI dangane da daftarin rubutu na Mead-Conway.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref> Kwas ɗin ya inganta sabbin hanyoyin ƙira da littafin karatu kuma ya kafa tsarin koyarwa da littafin jagora da ake amfani da shi a cikin darussa na gaba a duniya.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/InstGuide/InstGuide.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://issuu.com/miteecs/docs/connector2014_acc15802878d20 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-31 |archive-date=2014-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809200331/http://issuu.com/miteecs/docs/connector2014_acc15802878d20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin gudummawar Conway akwai ƙirƙira ƙarancin ƙira, ƙa'idodin ƙira waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe ƙirar guntu da kayan aikin ƙira,<ref>https://www.electronicdesign.com/news/products/article/21795291/lynn-conway-a-trailblazer-on-professional-personal-levels</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150103172210/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/conway</ref><ref>Carliss Y. Baldwin and Kim B. Clark (2000). Design Rules: The Power of Modularity. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-02466-7.</ref> da ƙirƙira wani sabon nau'i na tushen abubuwan more rayuwa na intanet don saurin samfuri da ƙirƙira gajere adadi mai yawa na ƙirar guntu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150103172210/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/conway</ref><ref>National Research Council (1999), Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press (excerpt Archived February 17, 2023, at the Wayback Machine)</ref> Sun yi niyya don magance haɓakar sarƙaƙƙiyar ƙirar guntu, kamar yadda hanyoyin gargajiya ke gwagwarmaya don tafiya daidai da dokar Moore.<ref>https://interfaces.che.wisc.edu/lynn-conway/</ref> An kafa sabon kayan aikin a matsayin tsarin Metal Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Service (MOSIS) a cikin 1981. Mead da Conway sun sami lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara na nasara a mujallar Electronics a 1981.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mosis.com/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-31 |archive-date=2008-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822001846/http://www.mosis.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mai bincike na VLSI Charles Seitz yayi sharhi cewa "MOSIS ya wakilci lokaci na farko tun bayan aikin majagaba na Eckert da Mauchley akan ENIAC a ƙarshen 1940s cewa jami'o'i da ƙananan kamfanoni sun sami damar yin amfani da fasahar dijital ta zamani."<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/FundingaRevolution.html#anchor200964</ref>. Tasiri da hanyoyin bincike da ke haifar da ci gaban tsarin tsarin Mead-Conway VLSI da kuma samfurin MOSIS an yi cikakken bayani a cikin rahoton Xerox na 1981,<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/MPCAdv/MPCAdv.pdf</ref> da Euromicro Journal,<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/MPCAdv/MPCAdv-MM-TEJ.pdf</ref> da kuma tarihin tarihi da yawa na lissafi.<ref>National Research Council (1999), Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press (excerpt Archived February 17, 2023, at the Wayback Machine)</ref><ref>Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research</ref><ref>http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=5040</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html#Figure.II.13</ref><ref>http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4948.html</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html#Figure.II.13</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html#Figure.1.2</ref> Hanyoyin Mead-Conway suma sun zo ƙarƙashin binciken ƙabilanci a cikin 1980 daga masanin ilimin ɗan adam na PARC Lucy Suchman, wacce ta buga tambayoyinta da Conway a cikin 2021.<ref>Suchman, Lucy (March 1, 2021). "A Sociotechnical Exchange, Redux". Backchannels | Reflections. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021.</ref><ref>https://conwaysuchman-conv.pubpub.org/pub/93808pq4/release/4</ref> A cikin 1983, Conway ta bar Xerox don shiga DARPA, inda ta kasance mahimmin ƙirar ƙirar ƙira ta Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka.<ref>https://www.electronicdesign.com/news/products/article/21795291/lynn-conway-a-trailblazer-on-professional-personal-levels</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/CSE/SCI/HighTechnology4-85.pdf</ref> A cikin labarin USA Today na zamani game da shigar Conway DARPA, Mark Stefik, masanin kimiyyar Xerox wanda ya yi aiki tare da ita, ya ce "Lynn na son yin rayuwa biyar a cikin rayuwar daya".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140420032946/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/DARPA/USA_Today_6-07-83.pdf.https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/DARPA/USA_Today_6-07-83.pdf</ref> Douglas Fairbairn, tsohon abokin tarayya na Xerox, ya ce "Ta gano hanyar da kowa zai yi nasara."<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/DARPA/USA_Today_6-07-83.pdf.https://web.archive.org/web/20140420032946/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/DARPA/USA_Today_6-07-83.pdf{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin Tasirin Net, masanin ilimin zamantakewa Thomas Streeter ya rubuta cewa shawarar Conway ta shiga DARPA ya nuna rashin amincewa da 'yancin kai na antiwar. Conway ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1985 a matsayin farfesa a injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kwamfuta da kuma mataimakin shugaban injiniya. A can, ta ƙware a hanyoyin sadarwa na gani da ƙirƙira tsarin sarrafawa don haɗaɗɗun intanet da mu'amalar masu amfani da kebul na broadband.<ref>"The Net Effect, Romanticism, Capitalism, and the Internet" Archived March 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Thomas Steeter, New York University Press, 2011, p, 101.</ref> Ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa da bincike a cikin 1998 a matsayin farfesa Emerita a Michigan.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20031205144225/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Emerita.html</ref><ref>https://news.engin.umich.edu/2024/06/the-legacy-of-lynn-conway-chip-design-pioneer-and-transgender-rights-advocate/</ref> ==Ilimin na'ura mai kwakwalwa== Juyin juya halin guntu na Mead-Conway VLSI ya bazu cikin sauri ta hanyar jami'o'in bincike da masana'antar kwamfuta a cikin 1980s. Ya haɓaka haɓakar masana'antar ƙirar ƙirar lantarki, ta kafa ƙirar ƙira don ƙirar guntu da masana'anta, kuma ta haifar da tasirin farawar fasaha a cikin 1980s da 1990s.<ref>http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/acs.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150103172210/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/conway</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4Txvjia3p0</ref><ref>https://computerhistory.org/events/ibm-acs-system-pioneering-supercomputer/</ref><ref>Smotherman, Mark; Spicer, Dag (December 2010). "IBM's single-processor supercomputer efforts". Communications of the ACM. 53 (12): 28–30. doi:10.1145/1859204.1859216. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved June 7, 2024.</ref> A cikin faɗuwar 2012, IEEE ta buga fitowa ta musamman na IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine wanda aka keɓe ga aikin Conway,<ref>http://www.eecs.umich.edu/eecs/about/articles/2013/VLSI_Reminiscences.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.eecs.umich.edu/eecs/about/articles/2013/Conway_VLSI_memoir.html</ref> gami da tarihin aikin Conway<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Lynn_Conway_VLSI_Reminiscences.pdf</ref> da sharhin takwarorinsu ta Chuck House,<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/A_Paradigm_Shift_Was_Happening_by_Chuck_House.pdf</ref> tsohon Daraktan Injiniya a HP, Carlo Séquin,<ref>http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~sequin/PAPERS/2012_SSCM_VLSI.pdf</ref> da Kenneth L Shepard.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/Covering_by_Ken_Shepard.pdf</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/A_Paradigm_Shift_Was_Happening_by_Chuck_House.pdf</ref> James F. Gibbons ya bayyana a cikin harajin nasa cewa Conway, daga hangen nesa, "shi ne karfi guda daya bayan dukkanin ci gaban 'kafa' wanda ya samo asali."<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/A_Paradigm_Shift_Was_Happening_by_Chuck_House.pdf</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/Covering_by_Ken_Shepard.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cacm.acm.org/news/231829-lynn-conway-and-the-vlsi-revolution-in-microchip-design/fulltext |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-31 |archive-date=2021-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418014046/https://cacm.acm.org/news/231829-lynn-conway-and-the-vlsi-revolution-in-microchip-design/fulltext |url-status=dead }}</ref> "Tun da ban #LookLikeanEngineer ba, mutane kaɗan sun kama abin da nake yi a cikin 70s da 80s," in ji Conway daga baya.<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/</ref> A cikin 2020, Shugaban Cibiyar Injiniya ta Kasa John L. Anderson ya bayyana cewa "Lynn Conway ba majagaba ne kawai na juyin juya hali a cikin tsara tsarin VLSI ba ... Amma kamar yadda yake da mahimmanci, Lynn ta kasance mai jajircewa wajen ba da labarinta, kuma ita Juriya ya kasance tunatarwa ga al'umma cewa kada ta kasance makantar da sabbin abubuwa na mata, mutane masu launi, ko wasu waɗanda ba su dace da zamani ba - amma abin takaici, dagewa - hasashe na yadda injiniya yake kama da shi."<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/</ref> Conway ta ba da sunan abin mamaki na mata da mutane masu launi da ba a kula da su a cikin asusun tarihi na sababbin abubuwa "Tasirin Conway."<ref>https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2018/10/mco2018100066/17D45WXIkDI</ref>tarin fa’ida daga wadanda ake tsammanin za su yi sabon abu.<ref>https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2018/10/mco2018100066/17D45WXIkDI</ref> A cikin 2023, Lynn Conway ya haɗu tare da Jim Boulton don ƙirƙirar Layi a cikin Sand,<ref>Boulton, Jim (2024). Lines in the Sand, The Lynn Conway Story (Unsung Heroes of the Information Age). Unsung Heroes (published February 21, 2024). ASIN B0CW1LNGFD.</ref> ɗan gajeren littafin ban dariya wanda ke ba da labarin sabon VLSI. Taron ƙaddamarwa<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mw2jAZmnIqU</ref> ya faru ne a Cibiyar Tarihin Lissafi a kan Nuwamba 23, 2023. ==Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa== Conway ya auri mace a shekara ta 1963, kuma suna da ’ya’ya mata biyu tare. Bayan kisan aurensu a shekara ta 1968, an hana Conway shiga 'ya'yansu.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref> A cikin 1987, Conway ta sadu da mijinta Charles "Charlie" Rogers, ƙwararren injiniya wanda ya raba sha'awarta a waje, gami da kwale-kwalen ruwan farin ruwa da tseren motocross.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/ARTICLE.php?AID=44404 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-31 |archive-date=2014-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106121646/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/ARTICLE.php?AID=44404 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba suka fara zama tare suka sayi gida mai kadada 24 (haɗin 9.7) na makiyaya, marsh, da ciyayi a cikin karkarar Jackson, Michigan a cikin 1994.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref>. Sun yi aure a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 2002.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/ABC%20NEWS/ABCNEWS_com%20%20Wired%20Women%20Engineer%20Lynn%20Conway%27s%20Secret.htm</ref><ref>http://www.logoonline.com/shows/dyn/beautiful_daughters/personality.jhtml?personalityId=6829</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/MackinacIsland/MackinacIsland.html</ref> A cikin 2014, Mujallar tsofaffin ɗaliban Injiniya ta Jami'ar Michigan ta rubuta alaƙa tsakanin binciken injiniyan Conway da rayuwarta ta sirri.<ref>https://news.engin.umich.edu/2014/10/life-engineered/</ref><ref>Marcin Szczepanski and Evan Dougherty,"A Place to Be Wild Archived August 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine," Michigan Engineering, October 8, 2014.</ref> Conway ta mutu sakamakon ciwon zuciya a gidanta a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2024, tana da shekara 86.<ref>https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-06-11/lynn-conway-leading-computer-scientist-and-transgender-pioneer-dies-at-85</ref><ref>https://news.engin.umich.edu/2024/06/the-legacy-of-lynn-conway-chip-design-pioneer-and-transgender-rights-advocate/</ref> ==Manazarta== jk3wssto0ncxsjnvbtan0pl1jzad2x9 0 102591 970145 640810 2026-10-21T16:10:43Z Martimcf08 46851 970145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Flag_map_of_Southern_Africa_in_1968.svg|thumb| Taswirar tuta na yankunan Portuguese, Rhodesian da Afirka ta Kudu a Kudancin Afirka, 1968.]] '''Alcora Exercise''' ko kuma a sauƙaƙe '''Alcora'''<ref>{{Cite book|title=A aliança secreta do apartheid, Rodésia e Portugal |last=Guardiola |first=Nicole |publisher=vho.org |year=2009 |language=pt}}</ref> ƙawancen asirce ne na soja na Portugal, [[Rhodesia]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda ke aiki a ƙa'ida tsakanin shekarun 1970 da 1974. Sunan lambar "Alcora" kasancewar gajarta ce ga " '''Al''' iança '''Co''' ntra as '''R''' ebeliões em '''Á''' frica" (furcin Portuguese yana nufin: "Alliance da 'yan tawaye a Afirka"). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barroso |first=Luís Fernando Machado |date=2013 |title=Da Desconfiança à Aliança: Portugal e a África do Sul na defesa do "Reduto Branco" |url=https://digitalcommons.asphs.net/bsphs/vol38/iss1/10/ |url-status=dead |journal=Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies |volume=38 |doi=10.26431/0739-182X.1125 |issn=0739-182X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310074326/https://digitalcommons.asphs.net/bsphs/vol38/iss1/10/ |archive-date=2018-03-10 |access-date=2021-04-02 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Manufar aikin Alcora a hukumance ita ce yin bincike kan matakai da hanyoyin da haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashen uku za su iya fuskantar barazanar juna ga yankunansu na [[Kudancin Afirka]]. Manufar nan da nan ita ce fuskantar ƙungiyoyin juyin juya hali na Afirka waɗanda suka yi yaƙin da hukumomin Portugal a Angola da Mozambique, don iyakance yaɗuwar ayyukan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a Rhodesia da Afirka ta Kudu maso yammacin Afirka da kuma shirya tsaron yankunan Portuguese, Rhodesian da Afirka ta Kudu a kan wani hari na al'ada na soji daga gwamnatocin maƙiyan ƙasashen Afirka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meneses |first1=Filipe Ribeiro de |last2=McNamara |first2=Robert |date=2013 |title=Exercício Alcora: O que sabemos, e não sabemos, sobre a Guerra Colonial |url=http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1645-91992013000200010&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt |journal=Relações Internacionais |number=38 |pages=125–133 |issn=1645-9199 |language=pt |access-date=2 April 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Alcora ita ce tsara yarjejeniyoyin da ba na yau da kullum ba game da haɗin gwiwar soja tsakanin Portuguese na gida, Rhodesian da umarnin soja na Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda ke aiki tun tsakiyar shekarun 1960. Alcora aka kiyaye sirri da kuma ake magana a kai a matsayin 'motsa jiki' (ba wani kawance ko yarjejeniya), yafi saboda da matsa lamba na gwamnatin Portuguese, cewa tsõron waje da na ciki siyasa al'amurran da suka shafi da za a taso idan ya bayyana da za a haɗe da 'yan tsiraru mulkin a Rhodesia da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata na Afirka ta Kudu, a saɓa wa hukuma Portuguese koyaswar na wanzuwar launin fata da kuma Mozambique. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Correia |first=Milton |date=28 December 2016 |title=Belicismo e desestabilização na África Austral: Exercício AlCORA e Operação Colt |url=https://www.revistas.usp.br/ceru/article/view/125075 |journal=Cadernos CERU |language=pt |volume=27 |pages=67–78 |doi=10.11606/issn.2595-2536.v27i2p67-78 |issn=1413-4519 |access-date=2 April 2021 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙarƙashin Alcora, Portugal, Rhodesia da Afirka ta Kudu sun yi haɗin gwiwa a yakin neman 'yancin kai na Angolan, [[Yakin 'yancin kai na Mozambique|yakin neman 'yancin kai na Mozambique]], [[Yakin Daji na Rhodesia|yakin Bush na Rhodesian]] da [[Yakin Iyaka na Afirka ta Kudu|yakin iyakar Afirka ta Kudu]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aniceto |first=Afonso |date=2009 |title=Guerra colonial : uma aliança escondida |url=http://comum.rcaap.pt/handle/10400.26/3603 |journal=Nação e Defesa |language=pt |issn=0870-757X |access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Alcora ta rushe saboda juyin juya halin Carnation na Portugal na 25 Afrilu 1974 da kuma 'yancin kai na Angola da Mozambique wanda ya biyo baya.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Afonso |first1=Aniceto |last2=Matos Gomes |first2=Carlos de |title=Alcora |isbn=978-989-8633-01-9 |year=2013 |publisher=Divina Comédia |language=pt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murtagh |first=Peter |date=25 April 2014 |title=A military alliance between Portugal and African states that few knew about |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/a-military-alliance-between-portugal-and-african-states-that-few-knew-about-1.1772940 |access-date=25 April 2014 |publisher=Irish Times}}</ref> == Manazarta == kogi7rr2kc6zdba3zhyrfei2wichhv4 0 103729 970143 932880 2026-10-21T14:44:31Z Ziv 32466 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Coat of arms of Burkina Faso (1984-2025).svg]] → [[File:Coat of arms of Burkina Faso (1997–2025).svg]] → The file was renamed on Commons, but the filename in the language versions was not changed ([[c:c:GR]]) 970143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka''' wadda aka fi sani da '''Majalisar shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kasashen Afirka''' ( '''AU-AHSG''' ), tana daya daga cikin kungiyoyi masu yanke shawara da dama a cikin [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] . Sauran hukumomin su ne [[Majalisar Dokokin Afirka|Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Tsakiya]] ; Majalisar zartaswa, ta ƙunshi ministocin harkokin waje na ƙasashe membobin AU; da [[Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka]] . Majalisar Tarayyar Afirka ta kunshi shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci 55 na kasashen. Majalisar tana yin taro sau ɗaya a shekara. Shugabar Majalisar ita ce ke jagorantar taron kolin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka na shekara-shekara da kuma majalisar wakilan kasashen Afirka a lokacin zabe da kuma rantsar da shugaban majalisar Pan-African. == Tarihi == Majalisar ta kafa ta ne a ranar 25 ga Mayun 1963, a matsayin wani bangare na amincewa da kungiyar hadin kan Afrika (OAU). Da farko dai Majalisar ta kunshi membobi 32 masu zaman kansu, shugabannin kasashen Afirka da suka samu ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1963. Har zuwa 2001, kundin tsarin mulki na Majalisar shine Yarjejeniya ta OAU. Majalisar yanzu tana karkashin dokar kungiyar da ta kafa [[Tarayyar Afrika|kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka]] . == Ayyuka == Majalisar tana da ayyuka na asali guda tara: # Saita manufofin kungiyar. # Yanke shawarar matakin da zaku ɗauka bayan la'akari da rahotanni da shawarwari daga sauran sassan ƙungiyar. # Yi la'akari da buƙatun zama memba a cikin Ƙungiyar. # Ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi don Ƙungiyar. # Kula da aiwatar da manufofi da yanke shawara na Ƙungiyar tare da tabbatar da bin duk ƙasashe membobin. # Ƙirƙirar kasafin kuɗin Ƙungiyar. # Bayar da jagoranci ga Majalisar Zartaswa game da rikice-rikice, yaƙe-yaƙe da sauran yanayi na gaggawa da maido da zaman lafiya. # Zabi alƙalai da kuma janye alkalan kotun shari'a. # A nada Shugaban Hukumar, Kwamishinonin Hukumar, da dukkan mataimakansu tare da tantance tsawon lokacin da za su yi aiki da irin ayyukan da za su yi. == Yanke shawara == [[Fayil:50th_Anniversary_African_Union_Summit_in_Addis_Ababa,_Ethiopia.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px| Taron kolin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka karo na 50 a birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha, 25 ga Mayu, 2013]] QMajalisar za ta yanke shawararta ta hanyar yarjejeniya ko, in ba haka ba, da kashi biyu bisa uku na Membobin Kungiyar. Koyaya, al'amuran tsari, gami da tambayar ko al'amari na kan hanya ne ko a'a, za a yanke hukunci da rinjaye mai sauƙi. Kashi biyu bisa uku na yawan membobin kungiyar za su samar da adadin kuri'u a kowane taro na Majalisar. Majalisar na iya ba da duk wani iko da ayyukanta ga kowace sashe na Ƙungiyar. == Membobi == Majalisar ta AU ta shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin kasashen AU ta kunshi shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatoci 55. Majalisar na yin taro sau daya a shekara a taron AU. Shugaban Majalisar na yanzu shine shugaban kasar Chadi Moussa Faki. Membobin AU-AHSG na yanzu sune: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:white;" width=100% |- !align=left|Ƙasar Memba !align=left|Wakili !align=left|Matsayi !align=left|Memba tun daga !class="unsortable" width=50px|Hoto |- |{{flag|Algeria}} |Abdelmadjid Tebboune |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2019|12|19}} |[[File:Abdelmadjid Tebboune (2023) (cropped).jpg|frameless|140x140px]] |- |{{flag|Angola}} |João Lourenço |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2017|9|26}} |[[File:2018-07-04 President João Lourenço-0555.jpg|100x180px]] |- |{{flag|Benin}} |Patrice Talon |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2016|4|6}} |[[File:Patrice Talon at the 52nd African Development Bank Annual Meeting in Gandhinagar (Cropped).jpg|121x121px]] |- |{{flag|Botswana}} |Duma Boko |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|11|1}} |[[File:Duma Boko 2025 (cropped).jpg|132x132px]] |- |{{flag|Burkina Faso}} |Babu |An dakatar da Membobinsu |{{dts|format=dmy|2022|1|31}} |[[File:Coat of arms of Burkina Faso (1997–2025).svg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Burundi}} |Évariste Ndayishimiye |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2020|6|18}} |[[File:Evariste Ndayishimiye (cropped).jpg|100x160px]] |- |{{flag|Cabo Verde}} |José Maria Neves |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|11|9}} |[[File:José Maria Neves.jpg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Cameroon}} |Paul Biya |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|1982|11|6}} |[[File:Paul Biya 2014.png|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Central African Republic}} |Faustin-Archange Touadéra |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2016|2|30}} |[[File:Faustin Touadera.jpg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Chad}} |Mahamat Déby Itno |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|4|20}} |[[File:Participation of Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission, in the 6th European Union Africa Union Summit (cropped).jpg|100px]] |- |{{flag|Comoros}} |Azali Assoumani |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2016|5|26}} |[[File:President Azali Assoumani.jpg|100x150px]] |- |{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} |Félix Tshisekedi |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2019|1|24}} |[[File:Félix Tshisekedi (september 2018).jpg|114x114px]] |- |{{flag|Republic of the Congo}} |Denis Sassou Nguesso |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|1997|8|25}} |[[File:Denis Sassou Nguesso 2014.png|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} |Alassane Ouattara |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2010|12|4}} |[[File:President Alassane Ouattara in Washington - 2017 (38244569701) (cropped).jpg|143x143px]] |- |{{flag|Djibouti}} |Ismail Omar Guelleh |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|1999|5|8}} |[[File:Ismail Omar Guelleh 2018.jpg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Egypt}} |Abdel Fattah el-Sisi |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2014|6|8}} |[[File:AbdelFattah Elsisi.jpg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} |Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|1979|8|3}} |[[File:Teodoro Obiang.png|100x130px]] |- |{{flag|Eritrea}} |Isaias Afwerki |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|1993|5|24}} |[[File:Isaias_Afwerki_in_2002.jpg|100x150px]] |- |{{flag|Eswatini}} |Mswati III |Sarki |{{dts|format=dmy|1986|4|25}} |[[File:King Mswati III 2014.jpg|100x160px]] |- |{{flag|Ethiopia}} |Abiy Ahmed |Firayim Minista |{{dts|format=dmy|2018|4|2}} |[[File:The state visit of Reuven Rivlin to Ethiopia, May 2018 (6810) (cropped).jpg|131x131px]] |- |{{flag|Gabon}} |Babu |An dakatar da Membobinsu |{{dts|format=dmy|2023|8|31}} |[[File:Coat of arms of Gabon.svg|99x99px]] |- |{{flag|The Gambia}} |Adama Barrow |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2017|1|19}} |[[File:Adama Barrow - 2018 (39774084330) (cropped).jpg|127x127px]] |- |{{flag|Ghana}} |John Mahama |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2025|1|7}} | |- |{{flag|Guinea}} |Babu |An dakatar da Membobinsu |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|9|10}} |[[File:Coat of Arms of Guinea.svg|100x100px]] |- |{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} |Umaro Sissoco Embaló |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2020|2|27}} |[[File:Umaro Sissoco Embaló (51315757792).jpg|141x141px]] |- |{{flag|Kenya}} |William Ruto |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2022|9|13}} |[[File:William Ruto 2023.jpg|137x137px]] |- |{{flag|Lesotho}} |Sam Matekane |Firayim Minista |{{dts|format=dmy|2022|10|28}} |[[File:Sam Matekane.jpg|125x125px]] |- |{{flag|Liberia}} |Joseph Boakai |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|1|22}} |[[File:President-elect Joseph Boakai (cropped).jpg|126x126px]] |- |{{flag|Libya}} |Mohamed al-Menfi |Shugaban Kwamitin Shugabanci |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|3|15}} | |- |{{flag|Madagascar}} |Andry Rajoelina |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2019|1|19}} |[[File:Andry Rajoelina greeting crowd (cropped).jpg|141x141px]] |- |{{flag|Malawi}} |Lazarus Chakwera |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2020|6|28}} |[[File:Lazarus Chakwera 2017.jpg|150x150px]] |- |{{flag|Mali}} |Babu |An dakatar da Membobinsu |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|6|2}} |[[File:Coat of arms of Mali.svg|100x100px]] |- |{{flag|Mauritania}} |Mohamed Ould Ghazouani |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2019|8|1}} |[[File:Hi Excellency Mohammed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani, President of Mauritania, at the UK-Africa Investment Summit, 20 January 2020 (cropped).jpg|126x126px]] |- |{{flag|Mauritius}} |Navin Ramgoolam |Firayim Minista |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|11|13}} |[[File:Mr. Navin Ramgoolam 2018 (cropped).jpg|128x128px]] |- |{{flag|Morocco}} |Mohammed VI |Sarki |{{dts|format=dmy|2017|1|31}} |[[File:Pedro Sánchez se reúne con el rey de Marruecos, Mohamed VI (1) (cropped).jpg|125x125px]] |- |{{flag|Mozambique}} |Daniel Chapo |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2025|1|15}} |[[File:Daniel Chapo 2016 (Cropped).jpg|124x124px]] |- |{{flag|Namibia}} |Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2025|3|21}} |[[File:Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah Namibia's Deputy Prime Minister (cropped).jpg|133x133px]] |- |{{flag|Niger}} |Babu |An dakatar da Membobinsu |{{dts|format=dmy|2023|7|26}} |[[File:Coat of arms of Niger.svg|100x100px]] |- |{{flag|Nigeria}} |Bola Tinubu |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2023|5|29}} |[[File:Bola Tinubu portrait.jpg|125x125px]] |- |{{flag|Rwanda}} |Paul Kagame |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2000|3|24}} |[[File:Paul Kagame 2014.jpg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Sahrawi Republic}} |Brahim Ghali |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2016|7|12}} |[[File:Brahim Ghali.jpg|100x160px]] |- |{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}} |Carlos Vila Nova |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|10|2}} |[[File:WSIS FORUM 2015 Day 2 - Carlos Vila Nova (cropped).jpg|119x119px]] |- |{{flag|Senegal}} |Bassirou Diomaye Faye |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|4|2}} |[[File:Bassirou Diomaye Faye - 2024 (cropped).jpg|149x149px]] |- |{{flag|Seychelles}} |Wavel Ramkalawan |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2020|10|26}} |[[File:Wavel Ramkalawan (face) 2020.jpg|121x121px]] |- |{{flag|Sierra Leone}} |Julius Maada Bio |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2018|4|4}} |[[File:Julius Maada Bio - 2023 (cropped).jpg|100px]] |- |{{flag|Somalia}} |Hassan Sheikh Mohamud |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2022|5|23}} |[[File:His Excellency President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud.jpg|117x117px]] |- |{{flag|South Africa}} |Cyril Ramaphosa |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2018|2|15}} |[[File:Cyril Ramaphosa.jpg|100x160px]] |- |{{flag|South Sudan}} |Salva Kiir Mayardit |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2011|7|9}} |[[File:Salva Kiir Mayardit at the White House (cropped).jpg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Sudan}} |Babu |An dakatar da Membobinsu |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|10|26}} |[[File:Emblem of Sudan.svg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Tanzania}} |Samia Suluhu Hassan |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|3|19}} |[[File:Samia Suluhu at the XXIX St Petersburg International Economic Forum - 2026 (cropped).jpg|118x118px]] |- |{{flag|Togo}} |Faure Gnassingbé |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2005|5|4}} |[[File:Faure Gnassingbé 2014.png|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Tunisia}} |Kais Saied |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2019|10|23}} |[[File:President Kais Saïed cropped.jpg|133x133px]] |- |{{flag|Uganda}} |Yoweri Museveni |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|1986|1|26}} |[[File:Museveni July 2012 Cropped.jpg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Zambia}} |Hakainde Hichilema |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|8|21}} |[[File:President of Zambia Hakainde Hichilema at the US SFRC (cropped).jpg|100x148px]] |- |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |Emmerson Mnangagwa |Shugaban Ƙasa |{{dts|format=dmy|2017|11|24}} |[[File:Emmerson Mnangagwa (2019-01-15).jpg|136x136px]] |} mcfcrks9inl02c5lvymdvl9t8cb1dnb 0 104618 970227 912819 2026-10-21T19:05:57Z Salma Raddah 45959 970227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hastings Ndlovu''' (2 [[Fabrairu]] 1961 - 16 [[Yuni]] 1976) ɗalibin Sakandare ne na [[Afirka]] ta Kudu wanda 'yan sanda suka kashe a rikicin Soweto na adawa da tsarin mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata a [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref name="hastings">{{Cite web |title=Home of Hastings Ndlovu |url=http://www.blueplaques.co.za/content/home-hastings-ndlovu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407230442/http://blueplaques.co.za/content/home-hastings-ndlovu |archive-date=2016-04-07 |access-date=2021-03-31 |publisher=Blue Plaques of South Africa}}</ref> == Mutuwa == An kashe ɗalibi Ndlovu ne a ranar 16 ga watan [[Yuni|Yunin]] 1976 a lokacin boren Soweto da kisan kiyashi a lokacin da ‘yan sandan Orlando suka buɗe wuta kan ɗaliban da ke zanga-zangar nuna adawa da sanya dokar [[Afrikaans]] a makarantarsu. Mutuwar sa ba ta yaɗu kamar yadda Hector Pieterson ta yi ba saboda babu wani mai ɗaukar hoto da ya halarci wajen naɗa ta.<ref name="hastings">{{Cite web |title=Home of Hastings Ndlovu |url=http://www.blueplaques.co.za/content/home-hastings-ndlovu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407230442/http://blueplaques.co.za/content/home-hastings-ndlovu |archive-date=2016-04-07 |access-date=2021-03-31 |publisher=Blue Plaques of South Africa}}</ref> Kwamandan 'yan sanda Kanar Kleingeld ya faɗa a hukumar Cillié cewa Ndlovu "yana tunzura jama'a". <ref name="hastings">{{Cite web |title=Home of Hastings Ndlovu |url=http://www.blueplaques.co.za/content/home-hastings-ndlovu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407230442/http://blueplaques.co.za/content/home-hastings-ndlovu |archive-date=2016-04-07 |access-date=2021-03-31 |publisher=Blue Plaques of South Africa}}</ref> Ndlovu yana da ’yan’uwa mata uku da ɗan’uwa. 'Yan uwansa mata sun bar ƙasar jim kaɗan bayan 16 ga watan Yuni, amma sun koma [[Johannesburg]] bayan ƴan shekaru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davie |first=Lucille |title=Hastings: forgotten hero of 1976 |url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/history/hastings-ndlovu-150605.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118053520if_/http://www.southafrica.info/about/history/hastings-ndlovu-150605.htm#.WC6TI-j7Q2w |archive-date=2016-11-18 |access-date=2021-04-02}}</ref> == Martaba == An binne Ndlovu tare da Pieterson a makabartar Avalon a Johannesburg. Gidan sa da ke Soweto yana da alluna mai shuɗi a manne da shi a ranar 16 ga watan Yuni 2012 don tunawa da mutuwarsa.<ref name="hastings">{{Cite web |title=Home of Hastings Ndlovu |url=http://www.blueplaques.co.za/content/home-hastings-ndlovu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407230442/http://blueplaques.co.za/content/home-hastings-ndlovu |archive-date=2016-04-07 |access-date=2021-03-31 |publisher=Blue Plaques of South Africa}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] 6ztqca71biglcwfgnagux8mncl6ljvb 0 106422 970171 686800 2026-10-21T17:27:34Z Salma Raddah 45959 970171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Manufofin kasashen waje na gwamnatin Mobutu Sese Seko''' ya jaddada kawancensa da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da kuma kasashen yammacin duniya yayin da ake kyautata zaton yana rike da matsayi maras tushe a cikin harkokin kasa da kasa. Mobutu ya [[Mulkin Sealand|mulki]] Jamhuriyar [[Kontomire stew|Kongo]] sannan Zaire a matsayin shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru 32, daga 1965 zuwa 1997. == Amurka == [[Fayil:Mobutu_meets_with_President_George_Bush_at_the_White_House,_June_1989,_The_White_House_-_David_Valdez.jpg|thumb|Mobutu Sese Seko da Shugaban Amurka George H. W. Bush a Washington, DC, 1989.]] Ga mafi yawancin, Zaire tana jin daɗin kyakkyawar dangantaka da Amurka. Amurka ita ce ta uku mafi girma da ke ba da gudummawa ga Zaire (bayan [[Beljik|Belgium]] da [[Faransa]]), kuma Mobutu ya yi abota da shugabannin Amurka da yawa, ciki har da [[John F. Kennedy]], Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, da George H. W. Bush. Dangantaka ta yi sanyi sosai tsakanin 1974 da 1975 a kan maganganun Mobutu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, gami da zarge-zargen da ya yi game da manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka, kuma ya fadi zuwa wani lokaci a lokacin rani na 1975 lokacin da Mobutu ya zargi CIA da makirci don hambarar da gwamnatinsa. An kama manyan janar din Za'iri goma sha ɗaya da fararen hula da yawa yayin da aka hukunta tsohon shugaban Babban Bankin (ba tare da shi ba). <ref name="Young and Turner 372" /> Koyaya, [[Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja|Nzongola-Ntalaja]], ɗaya daga cikin masu sukar Mobutu, ya yi hasashen cewa Mobutu ya ƙirƙiri makircin a matsayin uzuri don kawar da sojoji daga jami'an da za su iya haifar da barazana ga mulkinsa. Duk da wadannan cikas, dangantakar da ba ta da kyau ta narke da sauri a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Angola lokacin da gwamnatin Amurka ta fara taimakawa kungiyar 'yanci ta Angola (FNLA), karkashin jagorancin Mobutu's Holden Roberto. Saboda talaucin rikodin kare hakkin dan adam na Mobutu, gwamnatin Carter ta yi aiki don sanya nesa tsakanin kanta da gwamnatin [[Kinshasa]]; duk da haka, Zaire ta sami kusan rabin taimakon kasashen waje da Carter ya ba da Afirka ta kudu da Sahara. A lokacin mamayewar Shaba ta farko, Amurka ta taka rawar gani; sa hannun da ta yi a baya ya kunshi kadan fiye da isar da kayan da ba su da kisa. Amma a lokacin mamayewar Shaba ta biyu, Amurka ta taka muhimmiyar rawa ta hanyar samar da sufuri da tallafi ga 'yan fashi na Faransa da Belgium da aka tura don taimakawa Mobutu a kan 'yan tawaye. Carter ya sake maimaita zargin Mobutu (ba tare da hujja ba) na taimakon Soviet da Cuban ga 'yan tawaye, har sai da ya bayyana cewa babu wata hujja mai wuya da ta wanzu don tabbatar da ikirarinsa. A cikin 1980 Majalisar Wakilai ta kada kuri'a don dakatar da taimakon soja ga Zaire, amma Majalisar Dattijai ta dawo da kudaden, don mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga Carter da bukatun kasuwanci na Amurka a Zaire. Mobutu ya ji daɗin kyakkyawar dangantaka da Gwamnatin Reagan (ta hanyar bayar da gudummawar kuɗi); a lokacin shugabancin Ronald Reagan, Mobutu ya ziyarci [[White House|Fadar White House]] sau uku, kuma zargi da rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Zaire ta Amurka ya yi tasiri sosai. A lokacin ziyarar da Mobutu ya kai a shekarar 1983 Reagan ya yaba masa a matsayin "muryar kyakkyawar fahimta da kyakkyawar niyya". Mobutu kuma yana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da magajin Reagan, Bush; shi ne shugaban Afirka na farko da ya ziyarci Bush a Fadar White House . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johns |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Johns (policy analyst) |date=29 June 1989 |title=Zaire's Mobutu Visits America |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/africa/upload/91612_1.pdf |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721174238/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Africa/upload/91612_1.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2006 |publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, dangantakar Mobutu da Amurka ta canza sosai jim kadan bayan haka tare da ƙarshen [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]]; tare da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ta tafi, babu wani dalili na tallafawa Mobutu a matsayin kariya ga kwaminisanci. Dangane da haka, Amurka da sauran iko na Yamma sun fara matsawa Mobutu don dimokuradiyya da mulkin. Game da canjin halin Amurka ga mulkinsa, Mobutu ya ce: "Ni ne sabon wanda aka azabtar da yaƙin sanyi, wanda Amurka ba ta buƙata. Darasi shine cewa goyon baya ga manufofin Amurka ba shi da wani abu. " A cikin 1993 Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta hana Mobutu visa bayan ya nemi ziyartar Washington, DC. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan, Mobutu ta yi abota da mai wa'azin talabijin Pat Robertson, wanda ya yi alkawarin ƙoƙarin samun Ma'aikarar Jiha don ɗaga haramcin ta ga shugaban Afirka. == Angola == Mobutu ya goyi bayan abokinsa, Holden Roberto, shugaban National Liberation Front of Angola, a yakin neman 'yancin kai da gwagwarmayarsa ta adawa da kwaminisanci bayan 1975. Kasashen Yammacin Turai sun ɓoye taimako ga FNLA ta hanyar ba da shi ga Mobutu wanda ya canja shi ga Roberto. Dangantakar Mobutu da Roberto ta sanya FNLA ta zama wani ɓangare na sojojin Zairian. Mobutu ya sadu da António de Spínola, shugaban rikon kwarya na Portugal, a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1974 a [[Cape Verde]]">Tsibirin Sal a Cape Verde, yana shirya wani shiri don karfafa Roberto, [[Jonas Savimbi]] na National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ([[UNITA]]), da [[Daniel Chipenda]] na Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Gabas don 'Yanci na Angola ([[MPLA]]) a kan kudin MPLA yayin da suke riƙe da bangon hadin kan kasa. Mobutu da Spínola sun so su rage matsayin Neto kuma su gabatar da Chipenda a matsayin shugaban MPLA, Mobutu musamman ya fi son Chipenda zuwa Neto saboda Chipenda ta goyi bayan cin gashin kai ga Cabinda kuma Neto bai yi ba. Yankin Angola yana da manyan tanadin man fetur wanda aka kiyasta kusan tan miliyan 300 wanda Zaire, kuma ta haka ne gwamnatin Mobutu, ta dogara da shi don rayuwa ta tattalin arziki. == Belgium == Dangantaka tsakanin Zaire da [[Beljik|Belgium]] sun lalace tsakanin kusanci da nuna ƙiyayya a lokacin mulkin Mobutu. Dangantaka ta yi muni a farkon mulkin Mobutu game da rikice-rikice da suka shafi kasuwancin kasuwanci da masana'antu na Belgium a kasar, amma dangantakar ta yi zafi ba da daɗewa ba. An karɓi Mobutu da iyalinsa a matsayin baƙi na masarautar Belgium a 1968 kuma an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwar kimiyya da fasaha a wannan shekarar. A lokacin ziyarar da Sarki Baudouin ya yi nasara sosai zuwa Kinshasa a shekarar 1970 an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar abota da hadin kai tsakanin kasashen biyu. Koyaya, Mobutu ya fashe yarjejeniyar a cikin 1974 don nuna rashin amincewa da Belgium ta ƙi hana wani littafi mai adawa da Mobutu wanda lauyan hagu Jules Chomé ya rubuta. Manufar Mobutu ta "Zairianisation", wacce ta kwace kasuwancin kasashen waje kuma ta canja mallakar su ga Zairians, ta kara da damuwa. Duk da haka, daga baya a cikin shekarun 1970s, bangarorin biyu sun yi ƙoƙari don inganta dangantakar. A shekara ta 1976 Zaire ta yi alkawarin biyan Belgiumwa waɗanda suka rasa dukiya a lokacin "Zairianization", kuma ta ba da izinin baƙi waɗanda aka kwace dukiyarsu su dawo da kashi 60% na dukiyarsu, wanda ya haifar da sabuntawar Belgium na sha'awar saka hannun jari. Belgium kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga masu tsaron sama ga kare Mobutu a lokacin Shaba II a shekarar 1978. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan korafe-korafen Mobutu shine cewa an ba masu adawa, dalibai, da abokan adawar da aka yi gudun hijira damar yin aiki da bugawa a Belgium, kodayake Belgium ta kori François Lumumba (ɗan Patrice) a 1984 bayan an zarge shi da hannu a cikin fashewar bam na tashar Voice of Zaire da babban ofishin gidan waya na Kinshasa. A cikin 1988 Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Zaire ta yi barazanar karya dangantakar diflomasiyya da Belgium a matsayin martani ga zargin da kafofin watsa labarai na Belgium suka yi cewa Mobutu yana karbar kuɗin taimakon kasashen waje na Belgium. Daga shekara ta 1989 zuwa gaba dangantakar da ke tsakanin Zaire da Belgium ta kasance cikin damuwa a kan batutuwan da suka fara daga batun sake tsara bashin zuwa kisan kiyashi na Jami'ar Lubumbashi ta 1990. Belgium ta dakatar da duk taimakon jin kai ga Zaire, kuma a mayar da martani, Mobutu ya kori masu fasaha na Belgium 700 kuma ya rufe duk sai ofishin jakadancin Belgium guda daya a Zaire. A cikin 1991 da 1993, Belgium da Faransa sun tura sojoji zuwa Kinshasa don kwashe 'yan kasashen waje a lokacin tashin hankali da sojojin Zairian da ba a biya su ba. Belgium ta zama mafi kuskuren Mobutu, tare da karuwar yawan 'yan siyasa na Belgium suna kira ga Mobutu ya yi murabus. Belgium ta ba da alamar rashin amincewa da Mobutu lokacin da ta ki gayyatar shi zuwa jana'izar Sarki Baudouin a 1993. Kafin 1990, dangantakar Mobutu da Sarki Baudouin ta kasance mai kyau, amma dangantakar abokantaka tsakanin shugabannin kasashe biyu ta riga ta ragu bayan mutuwar matar Mobutu ta farko, Marie-Antoinette.<ref>Roosens, Claude et al. (2004) ''La politique étrangère: le modèle classique à l'épreuve''. Presses Universitaires Européennes. {{ISBN|9052012318}}. p. 228</ref> Bayan kisan kiyashi na Lubumbashi, da kuma wata sanarwa mai ƙarfin zuciya da Mobutu ya yi game da dangin sarauta na Belgium, fadar sarauta ta Belgium ta rabu gaba ɗaya da Mobutu, har ma da jakadan Zairian [[Kimbulu Moyanso|Kimbulu]] daga yanzu ba a gayyace shi zuwa liyafar sarauta ba.<ref>[[Walter Zinzen|Zinzen, Walter]] (1995) ''Mobutu: van mirakel tot malaise''. Hadewijch. {{ISBN|9789052403113}}. p. 163</ref> ==Faransa== A matsayinta na ƙasa mafi girma mai magana da Faransanci a ƙarƙashin Afirka - kuma ta biyu mafi girma a duniya masu amfani da harshen Faransanci,<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0171) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Relations with France"]</ref> Zaire tana da mahimmanci a siyasa ga Faransa.<ref>Martin Meredith, ''The Fate of Africa'', shafi na 525</ref> A lokacin zamanin Jamhuriyar Farko, Faransa ta fi goyon bayan masu ra'ayin tsarin tarayya da na adalci, sabanin masu ra'ayin dunkulewa kamar Lumumba.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Bayan nasarar murkushe fadan ballewar Katanga, Zaire (wanda ake kira Jamhuriyar Congo a lokacin), ta rattaba yarjejeniya ta haɗin gwiwar fasaha da al'adu da Faransa. A lokacin shugabancin Charles de Gaulle, dangantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu ta ƙara ƙarfafawa. A shekarar 1971, Ministan Kudi Valéry Giscard d'Estaing ya ziyarci Zaire. Daga baya, bayan ya zama Shugaban ƙasa, ya ƙulla alaƙar kusanci da Shugaba Mobutu kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokansa na ƙasashen waje. Lokacin hare-haren Shaba, Faransa ta goyi bayan Mobutu sosai: a lokacin hare-haren Shaba na farko, Faransa ta sauke sojoji maroka 1,500 ta hanyar jirgin sama zuwa Zaire, inda aka dakile 'yan tawaye.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0186) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Shaba I"]</ref> Shekara guda bayan haka, lokacin hare-haren Shaba na biyu, Faransa da kanta ta aika sojojinta don taimakawa Mobutu (tare da Belgium).<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/><ref>[http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/odom2/odom2.asp "Shaba II: Intervention na Faransa da Belgium a Zaire a 1978"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609181927/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/odom2/odom2.asp |date=2007-06-09 }} daga Lieutenant Colonel Thomas P. Odom</ref><ref>Sauvetage de Kolwezi</ref> Dangantaka ta ci gaba da kasancewa lafiya har zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Cewar Sanyi, kuma koda bayan Belgium da Amurka sun dakatar da duk wani taimako sai na jin kai ga Zaire, dangantaka tsakanin Faransa da Zaire ta ci gaba da kasancewa lafiya, kodayake Faransa ta shiga cikin matsin lamba da sauran ƙasashen yamma wajen tursasa Mobutu ya aiwatar da gyare-gyaren dimokuraɗiyya.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Bayan kisan kare dangi na Rwanda, da kuma ƙauracewar 'yan tawayen Hutu miliyan biyu zuwa gabashin Zaire, Faransa ta nemi taimakon ƙasa da ƙasa ga Mobutu, tana ganin shine kawai wanda zai iya warware matsalar 'yan gudun hijira.<ref>Meredith, shafi na 533-534</ref> Daga baya, a lokacin Yaƙin Congo na Farko, Faransa ta dage wajen neman shiga soja domin ceto gwamnatin Mobutu; duk da haka, saboda rashin iya shiga kai tsaye, hukumar leƙen asirin Faransa ta shirya kawo sojojin haya 300 daga Serbia (White Legion) domin taimakawa sojojin Mobutu, amma hakan bai yi tasiri ba.<ref>Meredith, shafi na 535</ref> Har zuwa rasuwarsa, Mobutu yana ganawa da shugabannin Faransa. A shekarar 1996 ya gana da Shugaban ƙasa Jacques Chirac a lokacin wani ziyarar sirri zuwa Faransa. (Mobutu yana da gidan hutu a Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, kusa da Nice).<ref>"[http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1996-04-23/1996-04-23-750512 Mobutu reçu à Paris])" J. C., ''Humanité'', 23 Afrilu 1996. (An duba 27 Disamba 2006)</ref> ==Tarayyar Soviet== Dangantakar Mobutu da Tarayyar Soviet ta kasance mai sanyi da ɗauke da tashin hankali. Mobutu, wanda ya ƙi ra'ayin komunizm, bai yarda da Soviet ba cikin sauƙi; yana da ƙwaƙwalwar goyon bayansu, ko da kuwa na baka ne kawai, ga Lumumba da 'yan tawaye na Simba. Duk da haka, don nuna rashin tsayawa gefe ɗaya, ya sabunta dangantaka a 1967; jakadan Soviet na farko ya zo ya gabatar da takardun shaidarsa a 1968 (Mobutu ya hada kai da Amurka wajen la’antar mamayar Soviet a Czechoslovakia a shekarar). Mobutu ya ga kasancewar Soviet a cikin ƙasa da amfani dalilai biyu: yana ba shi damar ci gaba da nuna rashin tsayawa gefe, kuma yana zama hanyar kauce wa laifin matsalolin cikin gida. Misali, a 1970, ya kori jakadu huɗu na Soviet saboda gudanar da "ayyukan cin amanar kasa", kuma a 1971, jami'ai ashirin na Soviet aka bayyana su persona non grata saboda zargin su da haddasa zanga-zangar ɗalibai a Jami’ar Lovanium. Moscow ce kawai babban birnin duniya da Mobutu bai taɓa ziyarta ba, ko da yake ya amince da gayyata a 1974; sai dai, saboda dalilai marasa bayyana, ya soke ziyarar a dakika na ƙarshe, ya zauna China da Koriya ta Arewa maimakon. Dangantaka ta kara sanyi a 1975, lokacin da ƙasashen biyu suka tsinci kansu a ɓangarori masu adawa a Yaƙin Basasa na Angola. Wannan ya shafi manufofin harkokin wajen Zaire sosai na tsawon shekara goma; Mobutu ya rasa ikonsa na shugabancin Afirka (shine ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka ƙi amincewa da gwamnati ta Marxist a Angola), sai ya juya sosai zuwa Amurka da ƙawayenta, yana ɗaukar matsayoyi masu goyon bayan Amurka akan batutuwa kamar mamayar Soviet na Afghanistan, matsayin Isra’ila a ƙungiyoyin duniya, da sauransu. Mobutu ya la’anta mamayar Soviet na Afghanistan a 1979, kuma a 1980, ƙasarsa ce ta farko a Afirka da ta shiga boycotting gasar Olympics ta bazara a Moscow tare da Amurka. Cikin shekarun 1980s, ya ci gaba da nuna rashin goyon bayan Soviet, yana adawa da ƙasashen da suka goyi bayan Soviet kamar Libya da Angola (yana ɓoye goyon bayansa ga 'yan tawaye na UNITA); a tsakiyar shekarun 1980s, ya bayyana Zaire a matsayin ƙasa da ke zagaye da "zobe ja" na ƙasashen komunisti da na socialist da ke goyon bayan Soviet. A 1987, Mobutu ya kori jakadu na Soviet da dama bayan da ya zarge su da leƙen asiri kan harkokin soja da ƙungiyoyin kwadago na ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-08-03-mn-532-story.html |title=Zaire Ousts 3 Soviet Envoys|work=Los Angeles Times|date=3 August 1987 }}</ref> A martani, Tarayyar Soviet ta kori Emany Mata Likambe, mai kula da ofishin jakadanci na Zaire, da ma’aikata biyu na fasaha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/ff19c09ad97d943edffdc5f59adf14bd |title=Soviets Order Three Zairian Diplomats Out of the Country|publisher=The Associated Press}}</ref> Raguwar da ƙarshe da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet ta haifar da matsaloli masu yawa ga Mobutu. Matsayinsa na rashin goyon bayan Soviet shi ne dalilin samun tallafin ƙasashen yammacin duniya; ba tare da wannan dalili ba, ba a ga dalilin ci gaba da tallafa masa ba. Kasashen yamma sun fara buƙatar ya kawo tsarin dimokuradiyya da inganta hakkin ɗan adam, wanda ya bar Zaire cikin ƙunci a harkokin duniya.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0173) Zaire: A Country Study, Relations with the Communist World]</ref> ==Jamhuriyar Jama’ar China== Da farko, dangantakar Zaire da Jamhuriyar Jama’ar China ba ta fi ta da Tarayyar Soviet ba. Mobutu yana da ƙwaƙwalwar taimakon China ga Mulele da sauran 'yan tawaye na Maoist a lardin Kwilu yayin tawagar Simba da ta gaza. Haka kuma ya ƙi amincewa da zama membar China a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Sai dai, zuwa 1972, Mobutu ya fara kallon China da wata fuska dabam, a matsayin masu daidaita tasirin Soviet da kuma ƙawayensa na kusa kamar Amurka, Isra’ila da Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="callagy">See Thomas M. Callagy, South Africa in Southern Africa: The Intensifying Vortex of Violence and the chapter "Zaire in the International Arena" in Zaire: Continuity and Political Change in an Oppressive State by Winsome J. Leslie</ref> A Nuwamba 1972, Mobutu ya amince da China (da kuma Jamhuriyar GDR da Koriya ta Arewa) a matsayin abokan hulɗar diflomasiya. A shekarar da ta biyo baya, Mobutu ya kai ziyara Beijing, inda ya gana da Shugaba Mao kuma ya samu alkawari na tallafin fasaha na $100 miliyan. A 1974, Mobutu ya yi mamakin ziyara zuwa China da Koriya ta Arewa, lokacin da ake sa ran zai kai ziyara zuwa Soviet. Bayan dawowarsa, siyasar da kalamansa sun zama masu tsauri; a wannan lokacin ne Mobutu ya fara suka ga Belgium da Amurka (na ƙarshe saboda rashin tsayin daka, a ra’ayin Mobutu, wajen yakar mulkin fari ba da yawa a Afirka ta Kudu da Rhodesia), ya gabatar da shirin "aikin ƙasa" da ake kira salongo, kuma ya fara "radicalization" (ci gaba da manufar "Zairianization" na 1973). Mobutu har ma ya aro wata lakabi – Helmsman – daga Mao. Abin da ya faru a karshen 1974 da farkon 1975 shi ne lokacin da bauta masa ta kai matsayi mafi girma. China da Zaire suna da manufa ɗaya a Afirka ta Tsakiya: hana samun rinjaye na Soviet a yankin. Saboda haka, Zaire da China duka suna bai wa FNLA (da kuma UNITA daga baya) taimako a ɓoye don dakatar da MPLA, wanda aka goya baya da ƙarfafa ta sojojin Cuba. Sojojin Cuba suna da tasiri a Afirka wajen goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa na ra’ayin hagu da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, kuma an tallafa musu sosai daga Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin. Bayan gayyatar Holden Roberto da sojojinsa zuwa Beijing don horo, China ta bai wa ‘yan tawaye makamai da kuɗi. Zaire ma ta kai hari Angola kafin lokaci don kafa gwamnati da ke goyon bayan Kinshasa, amma sojojin Cuba sun kore su. Wannan hari ya zama abin kunya mai faɗaɗa sakamako, musamman hare-haren Shaba I da Shaba II, duka China ta ƙi amincewa da su. China ta aika da taimakon soji ga Zaire a duk hare-haren, kuma ta zargi Soviet da Cuba da kokarin tayar da zaune tsaye a Afirka ta Tsakiya (kodayake wannan ya kasance tuhuma har yanzu). A 1983, yayin ziyarar ƙasashen Afirka guda 11, Firayim Minista Zhao Ziyang ya ziyarci Kinshasa, kuma ya sanar da soke bashi na $100 miliyan da Zaire ke bin China; kuɗin da aka aro za a sake saka su cikin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin China da Zaire. China ta ci gaba da bayar da kayan aiki na soja da horo har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980s. Bayan da yammacin duniya suka kaurace masa, China ta fi ƙarfin shiga cikin ƙasar; an ce masu fasaha na China kusan 1,000 sun kasance suna aiki a kan ayyukan noma da gandun daji a Zaire a farkon shekarun 1990s. ==Libiya== A cikin shekarun 1980, babban abokin gaba na Mobutu shi ne Muammar Gaddafi. A watan Mayu 1985, yayin da yake ziyara a Burundi, Gaddafi ya bukaci ’yan Zaire su tashi su “kawar da Mobutu da jiki.” Lokacin da aka dasa bama-bamai a Voice of Zaire da babban ofishin gidan waya na Kinshasa a 1984, gwamnatin Zaire ta zargi gwamnatin Gaddafi da alhakin hakan. Zaire ta ba da goyon bayan soja ga gwamnatin GUNT na Chadi, wadda Hissein Habré ke jagoranta, yayin rikicin da Chadi ke yi da Libiya. Babban fargabar Mobutu ita ce cewa wata gwamnati mai goyon bayan Gaddafi za ta karɓa a Chadi kuma ta zama barazana ga Sudan da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, waɗanda ke iyaka da Zaire. Mobutu ya kuma kasance da kyakkyawar alaka da Jaafar Nimeiry na Sudan, wanda shi ma abokin gaba ne ga gwamnatin Gaddafi.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0178) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', Relations with North Africa]</ref> By 1997, dangantaka da Libiya ta inganta, inda Gaddafi ya nuna goyon baya ga Mobutu a Yakin Congo na Farko.<ref>{{cite news|work=Reliefweb|date=19 February 1997|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/mobutu-commends-khadafi-support|title=Mobutu Commends Khadafi For Support}}</ref> ==Rwanda== Mobutu yana da dangantaka mai ƙarfi da Rwanda ƙarƙashin marigayi Shugaba Juvénal Habyarimana; a watan Oktoba 1990, Zaire ta shiga yaki tare da Faransa da Belgium domin taimaka wa gwamnatin Habyarimana daga hannun Rwandan Patriotic Front a yakin basasar kasar.<ref name="ReferenceC">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0177) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Relations with Other Neighbors"]</ref> ==Togo== Wani aboki na kusa kuma abokin Mobutu shi ne shugaban mulkin kama-karya na Togo, Gnassingbé Eyadéma. Bayan rikicin Shaba II, Togo na daga cikin ƙasashen da suka tura dakarun kiyaye zaman lafiya zuwa Zaire.<ref>Young and Turner, p. 258</ref> A 1986, Mobutu ya tura dakaru biyu na iska zuwa Lomé domin kwantar da tarzoma bayan ƙoƙarin juyin mulki da aka yi wa Eyadéma.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0199) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Zaire as a Military Aid Donor"]</ref><ref>Elliot and Dymally, p. 15</ref> Bayan an kifar da shi a 1997, Mobutu ya zauna na ɗan lokaci a Togo inda aka ba shi izini ya zauna a fadar shugaban ƙasa; amma saboda matsin lamba daga abokan hamayyarsa, Eyadéma ya ƙaura da Mobutu zuwa Morocco, inda ya kai shi a jirginsa na ƙasa.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9705/23/mobutu/ CNN: "Ousted Zairian president arrives in Morocco"]</ref> ==Romaniya== Daga cikin abokan Mobutu mafi kusa da shi akwai Nicolae Ceauşescu, shugaba mai mulki a Romaniya ta Kwamunisanci. Dangantaka ba ta tsaya ga jihohi kawai ba, har da dangantakar jam’iyyu – tsakanin Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR) da Romanian Communist Party (PCR). Wasu na zargin cewa shawarar Mobutu na “demokratanta” mulkinsa ya samo asali, a kalla a wani bangare, daga kisa da aka yi wa Ceauşescu a juyin juya halin Romaniya. <ref name="ReferenceB">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0173) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Relations with the Communist World"]</ref> ==Sauran dangantaka== Dangantakar Zaire da wasu makwabtanta – ciki har da Angola, <ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0175) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Involvement in the Angolan Civil War"]</ref><ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0176) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Relations with Angola since the War"]</ref> Zambia, Tanzania, da Uganda <ref name="ReferenceC"/> – ba su da kyau. Sauran ƙasashen da dangantakar Zaire ba ta yi daɗi da su sun haɗa da Cuba da East Germany; Zaire ta yanke hulɗar diflomasiyya da waɗannan ƙasashen a bazarar shekarar 1977, sakamakon zargin tallafin da suka bayar ga ‘yan tawaye masu adawa da Mobutu a lokacin Shaba I (ko da yake Mobutu ya dawo da dangantakar da Cuba bayan shekaru biyu, domin Zaire ta halarci taron 6th Summit na Non-Aligned Movement da aka gudanar a Havana a cikin wannan shekara). <ref name="ReferenceB"/> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ==Ƙara karatu== *Ayittey, George B.N. ''Africa in Chaos: A Comparative History''. [[Palgrave Macmillan]]. {{ISBN|0-312-21787-0}} *Callaghy, Thomas M. ''Politics and Culture in Zaire''. Center for Political Studies. ASIN B00071MTTW *Callaghy, Thomas M. ''State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective''. [[Columbia University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-231-05720-2}} *Close, William T. ''Beyond the Storm: Treating the Powerless & the Powerful in Mobutu's Congo/Zaire''. Meadowlark Springs Production. {{ISBN|0-9703371-4-0}} *[[Ludo De Witte|De Witte, Ludo]]. ''The Assassination of Lumumba''. [[Verso Books|Verso]]. {{ISBN|1-85984-410-3}} *[[Larry Devlin|Devlin, Larry]]. ''Chief of Station, Congo: Fighting the Cold War in a Hot Zone''. [[PublicAffairs]]. {{ISBN|1-58648-405-2}} *Edgerton, Robert. ''The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo''. [[St. Martin's Press]]. {{ISBN|0-312-30486-2}} *Elliot, Jeffrey M., and Mervyn M. Dymally (eds.). ''Voices of Zaire: Rhetoric or Reality''. Washington Institute Press. {{ISBN|0-88702-045-3}} *[[Howard W. French|French, Howard W.]] ''A Continent for the Taking: The Tragedy and Hope of Africa''. [[Vintage Books|Vintage]]. {{ISBN|1-4000-3027-7}} *Gould, David. ''Bureaucratic Corruption and Underdevelopment in the Third World: The Case of Zaire''. ASIN B0006E1JR8 *Gran, Guy, and Galen Hull (eds.). ''Zaire: The Political Economy of Underdevelopment''. {{ISBN|0-275-90358-3}} *Harden, Blaine. ''Africa: Dispatches from a Fragile Continent''. [[Houghton-Mifflin Company]]. {{ISBN|0-395-59746-3}} *Kelly, Sean. ''America's Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaire''. American University Press. {{ISBN|1-879383-17-9}} *Kingsolver, Barbara. ''The Poisonwood Bible''. Harper Collins. {{ISBN|0-606-19420-7}} *Lesie, Winsome J. ''Zaire: Continuity and Political Change in an Oppressive State''. [[Westview Press]]. {{ISBN|0-86531-298-2}} *MacGaffey, Janet (ed.). ''The Real Economy of Zaire: The Contribution of Smuggling and Other Unofficial Activities to National Wealth''. Philadelphia: [[University of Pennsylvania Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8122-1365-3}} *Meditz, Sandra W. and Tim Merrill. ''Zaire: A Country Study''. Claitor's Law Books and Publishing Division. {{ISBN|1-57980-162-5}} [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/zrtoc.html Available here] *Meredith, Martin. ''The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair''. PublicAffairs. {{ISBN|1-58648-246-7}} *Mokoli, Mondonga M. ''State Against Development: The Experience of Post-1965 Zaire''. New York: [[Greenwood Press]]. {{ISBN|0-313-28213-7}} *Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges. ''The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History''. [[Zed Books]]. {{ISBN|1-84277-053-5}} *Sandbrook, Richard (1985). ''The Politics of Africa's Economic Stagnation''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-521-31961-7}} *Schatzberg, Michael G. ''The Dialectics of Oppression in Zaire''. [[Indiana University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-253-20694-4}} *Schatzberg, Michael G. ''Mobutu or Chaos?'' [[University Press of America]]. {{ISBN|0-8191-8130-7}} *Taylor, Jeffrey. ''Facing the Congo: A Modern-Day Journey into the Heart of Darkness''. [[Three Rivers Press]]. 0609808265 *Wrong, Michela. ''In The Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo''. Perennial. {{ISBN|0-06-093443-3}} *[[M. Crawford Young|Young, Crawford]], and Thomas Turner. ''The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State''. [[University of Wisconsin Press]]. {{ISBN|0-299-10110-X}} kutd9j9u3ixf20nztufoj2j2g0weoo0 970172 970171 2026-10-21T17:28:46Z Salma Raddah 45959 970172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Manufofin kasashen waje na gwamnatin Mobutu Sese Seko''' ya jaddada kawancensa da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da kuma kasashen yammacin duniya yayin da ake kyautata zaton yana rike da matsayi maras tushe a cikin harkokin kasa da kasa. Mobutu ya [[Mulkin Sealand|mulki]] Jamhuriyar [[Kontomire stew|Kongo]] sannan Zaire a matsayin shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru 32, daga 1965 zuwa 1997. == Amurka == [[Fayil:Mobutu_meets_with_President_George_Bush_at_the_White_House,_June_1989,_The_White_House_-_David_Valdez.jpg|thumb|Mobutu Sese Seko da Shugaban Amurka George H. W. Bush a Washington, DC, 1989.]] Ga mafi yawancin, Zaire tana jin daɗin kyakkyawar dangantaka da Amurka. Amurka ita ce ta uku mafi girma da ke ba da gudummawa ga Zaire (bayan [[Beljik|Belgium]] da [[Faransa]]), kuma Mobutu ya yi abota da shugabannin Amurka da yawa, ciki har da [[John F. Kennedy]], Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, da George H. W. Bush. Dangantaka ta yi sanyi sosai tsakanin 1974 da 1975 a kan maganganun Mobutu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, gami da zarge-zargen da ya yi game da manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka, kuma ya fadi zuwa wani lokaci a lokacin rani na 1975 lokacin da Mobutu ya zargi CIA da makirci don hambarar da gwamnatinsa. An kama manyan janar din Za'iri goma sha ɗaya da fararen hula da yawa yayin da aka hukunta tsohon shugaban Babban Bankin (ba tare da shi ba). <ref name="Young and Turner 372" /> Koyaya, [[Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja|Nzongola-Ntalaja]], ɗaya daga cikin masu sukar Mobutu, ya yi hasashen cewa Mobutu ya ƙirƙiri makircin a matsayin uzuri don kawar da sojoji daga jami'an da za su iya haifar da barazana ga mulkinsa. Duk da wadannan cikas, dangantakar da ba ta da kyau ta narke da sauri a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Angola lokacin da gwamnatin Amurka ta fara taimakawa kungiyar 'yanci ta Angola (FNLA), karkashin jagorancin Mobutu's Holden Roberto. Saboda talaucin rikodin kare hakkin dan adam na Mobutu, gwamnatin Carter ta yi aiki don sanya nesa tsakanin kanta da gwamnatin [[Kinshasa]]; duk da haka, Zaire ta sami kusan rabin taimakon kasashen waje da Carter ya ba da Afirka ta kudu da Sahara. A lokacin mamayewar Shaba ta farko, Amurka ta taka rawar gani; sa hannun da ta yi a baya ya kunshi kadan fiye da isar da kayan da ba su da kisa. Amma a lokacin mamayewar Shaba ta biyu, Amurka ta taka muhimmiyar rawa ta hanyar samar da sufuri da tallafi ga 'yan fashi na Faransa da Belgium da aka tura don taimakawa Mobutu a kan 'yan tawaye. Carter ya sake maimaita zargin Mobutu (ba tare da hujja ba) na taimakon Soviet da Cuban ga 'yan tawaye, har sai da ya bayyana cewa babu wata hujja mai wuya da ta wanzu don tabbatar da ikirarinsa. A cikin 1980 Majalisar Wakilai ta kada kuri'a don dakatar da taimakon soja ga Zaire, amma Majalisar Dattijai ta dawo da kudaden, don mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga Carter da bukatun kasuwanci na Amurka a Zaire. Mobutu ya ji daɗin kyakkyawar dangantaka da Gwamnatin Reagan (ta hanyar bayar da gudummawar kuɗi); a lokacin shugabancin Ronald Reagan, Mobutu ya ziyarci [[White House|Fadar White House]] sau uku, kuma zargi da rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Zaire ta Amurka ya yi tasiri sosai. A lokacin ziyarar da Mobutu ya kai a shekarar 1983 Reagan ya yaba masa a matsayin "muryar kyakkyawar fahimta da kyakkyawar niyya". Mobutu kuma yana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da magajin Reagan, Bush; shi ne shugaban Afirka na farko da ya ziyarci Bush a Fadar White House . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johns |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Johns (policy analyst) |date=29 June 1989 |title=Zaire's Mobutu Visits America |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/africa/upload/91612_1.pdf |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721174238/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Africa/upload/91612_1.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2006 |publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, dangantakar Mobutu da Amurka ta canza sosai jim kadan bayan haka tare da ƙarshen [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]]; tare da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ta tafi, babu wani dalili na tallafawa Mobutu a matsayin kariya ga kwaminisanci. Dangane da haka, Amurka da sauran iko na Yamma sun fara matsawa Mobutu don dimokuradiyya da mulkin. Game da canjin halin Amurka ga mulkinsa, Mobutu ya ce: "Ni ne sabon wanda aka azabtar da yaƙin sanyi, wanda Amurka ba ta buƙata. Darasi shine cewa goyon baya ga manufofin Amurka ba shi da wani abu. " A cikin 1993 Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta hana Mobutu visa bayan ya nemi ziyartar Washington, DC. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan, Mobutu ta yi abota da mai wa'azin talabijin Pat Robertson, wanda ya yi alkawarin ƙoƙarin samun Ma'aikarar Jiha don ɗaga haramcin ta ga shugaban Afirka. == Angola == Mobutu ya goyi bayan abokinsa, Holden Roberto, shugaban National Liberation Front of Angola, a yakin neman 'yancin kai da gwagwarmayarsa ta adawa da kwaminisanci bayan 1975. Kasashen Yammacin Turai sun ɓoye taimako ga FNLA ta hanyar ba da shi ga Mobutu wanda ya canja shi ga Roberto. Dangantakar Mobutu da Roberto ta sanya FNLA ta zama wani ɓangare na sojojin Zairian. Mobutu ya sadu da António de Spínola, shugaban rikon kwarya na Portugal, a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1974 a [[Cape Verde]]">Tsibirin Sal a Cape Verde, yana shirya wani shiri don karfafa Roberto, [[Jonas Savimbi]] na National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ([[UNITA]]), da [[Daniel Chipenda]] na Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Gabas don 'Yanci na Angola ([[MPLA]]) a kan kudin MPLA yayin da suke riƙe da bangon hadin kan kasa. Mobutu da Spínola sun so su rage matsayin Neto kuma su gabatar da Chipenda a matsayin shugaban MPLA, Mobutu musamman ya fi son Chipenda zuwa Neto saboda Chipenda ta goyi bayan cin gashin kai ga Cabinda kuma Neto bai yi ba. Yankin Angola yana da manyan tanadin man fetur wanda aka kiyasta kusan tan miliyan 300 wanda Zaire, kuma ta haka ne gwamnatin Mobutu, ta dogara da shi don rayuwa ta tattalin arziki. == Belgium == Dangantaka tsakanin Zaire da [[Beljik|Belgium]] sun lalace tsakanin kusanci da nuna ƙiyayya a lokacin mulkin Mobutu. Dangantaka ta yi muni a farkon mulkin Mobutu game da rikice-rikice da suka shafi kasuwancin kasuwanci da masana'antu na Belgium a kasar, amma dangantakar ta yi zafi ba da daɗewa ba. An karɓi Mobutu da iyalinsa a matsayin baƙi na masarautar Belgium a 1968 kuma an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwar kimiyya da fasaha a wannan shekarar. A lokacin ziyarar da Sarki Baudouin ya yi nasara sosai zuwa Kinshasa a shekarar 1970 an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar abota da hadin kai tsakanin kasashen biyu. Koyaya, Mobutu ya fashe yarjejeniyar a cikin 1974 don nuna rashin amincewa da Belgium ta ƙi hana wani littafi mai adawa da Mobutu wanda lauyan hagu Jules Chomé ya rubuta. Manufar Mobutu ta "Zairianisation", wacce ta kwace kasuwancin kasashen waje kuma ta canja mallakar su ga Zairians, ta kara da damuwa. Duk da haka, daga baya a cikin shekarun 1970s, bangarorin biyu sun yi ƙoƙari don inganta dangantakar. A shekara ta 1976 Zaire ta yi alkawarin biyan Belgiumwa waɗanda suka rasa dukiya a lokacin "Zairianization", kuma ta ba da izinin baƙi waɗanda aka kwace dukiyarsu su dawo da kashi 60% na dukiyarsu, wanda ya haifar da sabuntawar Belgium na sha'awar saka hannun jari. Belgium kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga masu tsaron sama ga kare Mobutu a lokacin Shaba II a shekarar 1978. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan korafe-korafen Mobutu shine cewa an ba masu adawa, dalibai, da abokan adawar da aka yi gudun hijira damar yin aiki da bugawa a Belgium, kodayake Belgium ta kori François Lumumba (ɗan Patrice) a 1984 bayan an zarge shi da hannu a cikin fashewar bam na tashar Voice of Zaire da babban ofishin gidan waya na Kinshasa. A cikin 1988 Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Zaire ta yi barazanar karya dangantakar diflomasiyya da Belgium a matsayin martani ga zargin da kafofin watsa labarai na Belgium suka yi cewa Mobutu yana karbar kuɗin taimakon kasashen waje na Belgium. Daga shekara ta 1989 zuwa gaba dangantakar da ke tsakanin Zaire da Belgium ta kasance cikin damuwa a kan batutuwan da suka fara daga batun sake tsara bashin zuwa kisan kiyashi na Jami'ar Lubumbashi ta 1990. Belgium ta dakatar da duk taimakon jin kai ga Zaire, kuma a mayar da martani, Mobutu ya kori masu fasaha na Belgium 700 kuma ya rufe duk sai ofishin jakadancin Belgium guda daya a Zaire. A cikin 1991 da 1993, Belgium da Faransa sun tura sojoji zuwa Kinshasa don kwashe 'yan kasashen waje a lokacin tashin hankali da sojojin Zairian da ba a biya su ba. Belgium ta zama mafi kuskuren Mobutu, tare da karuwar yawan 'yan siyasa na Belgium suna kira ga Mobutu ya yi murabus. Belgium ta ba da alamar rashin amincewa da Mobutu lokacin da ta ki gayyatar shi zuwa jana'izar Sarki Baudouin a 1993. Kafin 1990, dangantakar Mobutu da Sarki Baudouin ta kasance mai kyau, amma dangantakar abokantaka tsakanin shugabannin kasashe biyu ta riga ta ragu bayan mutuwar matar Mobutu ta farko, Marie-Antoinette.<ref>Roosens, Claude et al. (2004) ''La politique étrangère: le modèle classique à l'épreuve''. Presses Universitaires Européennes. {{ISBN|9052012318}}. p. 228</ref> Bayan kisan kiyashi na Lubumbashi, da kuma wata sanarwa mai ƙarfin zuciya da Mobutu ya yi game da dangin sarauta na Belgium, fadar sarauta ta Belgium ta rabu gaba ɗaya da Mobutu, har ma da jakadan Zairian Kimbulu daga yanzu ba a gayyace shi zuwa liyafar sarauta ba.<ref>[[Walter Zinzen|Zinzen, Walter]] (1995) ''Mobutu: van mirakel tot malaise''. Hadewijch. {{ISBN|9789052403113}}. p. 163</ref> ==Faransa== A matsayinta na ƙasa mafi girma mai magana da Faransanci a ƙarƙashin Afirka - kuma ta biyu mafi girma a duniya masu amfani da harshen Faransanci,<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0171) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Relations with France"]</ref> Zaire tana da mahimmanci a siyasa ga Faransa.<ref>Martin Meredith, ''The Fate of Africa'', shafi na 525</ref> A lokacin zamanin Jamhuriyar Farko, Faransa ta fi goyon bayan masu ra'ayin tsarin tarayya da na adalci, sabanin masu ra'ayin dunkulewa kamar Lumumba.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Bayan nasarar murkushe fadan ballewar Katanga, Zaire (wanda ake kira Jamhuriyar Congo a lokacin), ta rattaba yarjejeniya ta haɗin gwiwar fasaha da al'adu da Faransa. A lokacin shugabancin Charles de Gaulle, dangantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu ta ƙara ƙarfafawa. A shekarar 1971, Ministan Kudi Valéry Giscard d'Estaing ya ziyarci Zaire. Daga baya, bayan ya zama Shugaban ƙasa, ya ƙulla alaƙar kusanci da Shugaba Mobutu kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokansa na ƙasashen waje. Lokacin hare-haren Shaba, Faransa ta goyi bayan Mobutu sosai: a lokacin hare-haren Shaba na farko, Faransa ta sauke sojoji maroka 1,500 ta hanyar jirgin sama zuwa Zaire, inda aka dakile 'yan tawaye.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0186) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Shaba I"]</ref> Shekara guda bayan haka, lokacin hare-haren Shaba na biyu, Faransa da kanta ta aika sojojinta don taimakawa Mobutu (tare da Belgium).<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/><ref>[http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/odom2/odom2.asp "Shaba II: Intervention na Faransa da Belgium a Zaire a 1978"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609181927/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/odom2/odom2.asp |date=2007-06-09 }} daga Lieutenant Colonel Thomas P. Odom</ref><ref>Sauvetage de Kolwezi</ref> Dangantaka ta ci gaba da kasancewa lafiya har zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Cewar Sanyi, kuma koda bayan Belgium da Amurka sun dakatar da duk wani taimako sai na jin kai ga Zaire, dangantaka tsakanin Faransa da Zaire ta ci gaba da kasancewa lafiya, kodayake Faransa ta shiga cikin matsin lamba da sauran ƙasashen yamma wajen tursasa Mobutu ya aiwatar da gyare-gyaren dimokuraɗiyya.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Bayan kisan kare dangi na Rwanda, da kuma ƙauracewar 'yan tawayen Hutu miliyan biyu zuwa gabashin Zaire, Faransa ta nemi taimakon ƙasa da ƙasa ga Mobutu, tana ganin shine kawai wanda zai iya warware matsalar 'yan gudun hijira.<ref>Meredith, shafi na 533-534</ref> Daga baya, a lokacin Yaƙin Congo na Farko, Faransa ta dage wajen neman shiga soja domin ceto gwamnatin Mobutu; duk da haka, saboda rashin iya shiga kai tsaye, hukumar leƙen asirin Faransa ta shirya kawo sojojin haya 300 daga Serbia (White Legion) domin taimakawa sojojin Mobutu, amma hakan bai yi tasiri ba.<ref>Meredith, shafi na 535</ref> Har zuwa rasuwarsa, Mobutu yana ganawa da shugabannin Faransa. A shekarar 1996 ya gana da Shugaban ƙasa Jacques Chirac a lokacin wani ziyarar sirri zuwa Faransa. (Mobutu yana da gidan hutu a Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, kusa da Nice).<ref>"[http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1996-04-23/1996-04-23-750512 Mobutu reçu à Paris])" J. C., ''Humanité'', 23 Afrilu 1996. (An duba 27 Disamba 2006)</ref> ==Tarayyar Soviet== Dangantakar Mobutu da Tarayyar Soviet ta kasance mai sanyi da ɗauke da tashin hankali. Mobutu, wanda ya ƙi ra'ayin komunizm, bai yarda da Soviet ba cikin sauƙi; yana da ƙwaƙwalwar goyon bayansu, ko da kuwa na baka ne kawai, ga Lumumba da 'yan tawaye na Simba. Duk da haka, don nuna rashin tsayawa gefe ɗaya, ya sabunta dangantaka a 1967; jakadan Soviet na farko ya zo ya gabatar da takardun shaidarsa a 1968 (Mobutu ya hada kai da Amurka wajen la’antar mamayar Soviet a Czechoslovakia a shekarar). Mobutu ya ga kasancewar Soviet a cikin ƙasa da amfani dalilai biyu: yana ba shi damar ci gaba da nuna rashin tsayawa gefe, kuma yana zama hanyar kauce wa laifin matsalolin cikin gida. Misali, a 1970, ya kori jakadu huɗu na Soviet saboda gudanar da "ayyukan cin amanar kasa", kuma a 1971, jami'ai ashirin na Soviet aka bayyana su persona non grata saboda zargin su da haddasa zanga-zangar ɗalibai a Jami’ar Lovanium. Moscow ce kawai babban birnin duniya da Mobutu bai taɓa ziyarta ba, ko da yake ya amince da gayyata a 1974; sai dai, saboda dalilai marasa bayyana, ya soke ziyarar a dakika na ƙarshe, ya zauna China da Koriya ta Arewa maimakon. Dangantaka ta kara sanyi a 1975, lokacin da ƙasashen biyu suka tsinci kansu a ɓangarori masu adawa a Yaƙin Basasa na Angola. Wannan ya shafi manufofin harkokin wajen Zaire sosai na tsawon shekara goma; Mobutu ya rasa ikonsa na shugabancin Afirka (shine ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka ƙi amincewa da gwamnati ta Marxist a Angola), sai ya juya sosai zuwa Amurka da ƙawayenta, yana ɗaukar matsayoyi masu goyon bayan Amurka akan batutuwa kamar mamayar Soviet na Afghanistan, matsayin Isra’ila a ƙungiyoyin duniya, da sauransu. Mobutu ya la’anta mamayar Soviet na Afghanistan a 1979, kuma a 1980, ƙasarsa ce ta farko a Afirka da ta shiga boycotting gasar Olympics ta bazara a Moscow tare da Amurka. Cikin shekarun 1980s, ya ci gaba da nuna rashin goyon bayan Soviet, yana adawa da ƙasashen da suka goyi bayan Soviet kamar Libya da Angola (yana ɓoye goyon bayansa ga 'yan tawaye na UNITA); a tsakiyar shekarun 1980s, ya bayyana Zaire a matsayin ƙasa da ke zagaye da "zobe ja" na ƙasashen komunisti da na socialist da ke goyon bayan Soviet. A 1987, Mobutu ya kori jakadu na Soviet da dama bayan da ya zarge su da leƙen asiri kan harkokin soja da ƙungiyoyin kwadago na ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-08-03-mn-532-story.html |title=Zaire Ousts 3 Soviet Envoys|work=Los Angeles Times|date=3 August 1987 }}</ref> A martani, Tarayyar Soviet ta kori Emany Mata Likambe, mai kula da ofishin jakadanci na Zaire, da ma’aikata biyu na fasaha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/ff19c09ad97d943edffdc5f59adf14bd |title=Soviets Order Three Zairian Diplomats Out of the Country|publisher=The Associated Press}}</ref> Raguwar da ƙarshe da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet ta haifar da matsaloli masu yawa ga Mobutu. Matsayinsa na rashin goyon bayan Soviet shi ne dalilin samun tallafin ƙasashen yammacin duniya; ba tare da wannan dalili ba, ba a ga dalilin ci gaba da tallafa masa ba. Kasashen yamma sun fara buƙatar ya kawo tsarin dimokuradiyya da inganta hakkin ɗan adam, wanda ya bar Zaire cikin ƙunci a harkokin duniya.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0173) Zaire: A Country Study, Relations with the Communist World]</ref> ==Jamhuriyar Jama’ar China== Da farko, dangantakar Zaire da Jamhuriyar Jama’ar China ba ta fi ta da Tarayyar Soviet ba. Mobutu yana da ƙwaƙwalwar taimakon China ga Mulele da sauran 'yan tawaye na Maoist a lardin Kwilu yayin tawagar Simba da ta gaza. Haka kuma ya ƙi amincewa da zama membar China a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Sai dai, zuwa 1972, Mobutu ya fara kallon China da wata fuska dabam, a matsayin masu daidaita tasirin Soviet da kuma ƙawayensa na kusa kamar Amurka, Isra’ila da Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="callagy">See Thomas M. Callagy, South Africa in Southern Africa: The Intensifying Vortex of Violence and the chapter "Zaire in the International Arena" in Zaire: Continuity and Political Change in an Oppressive State by Winsome J. Leslie</ref> A Nuwamba 1972, Mobutu ya amince da China (da kuma Jamhuriyar GDR da Koriya ta Arewa) a matsayin abokan hulɗar diflomasiya. A shekarar da ta biyo baya, Mobutu ya kai ziyara Beijing, inda ya gana da Shugaba Mao kuma ya samu alkawari na tallafin fasaha na $100 miliyan. A 1974, Mobutu ya yi mamakin ziyara zuwa China da Koriya ta Arewa, lokacin da ake sa ran zai kai ziyara zuwa Soviet. Bayan dawowarsa, siyasar da kalamansa sun zama masu tsauri; a wannan lokacin ne Mobutu ya fara suka ga Belgium da Amurka (na ƙarshe saboda rashin tsayin daka, a ra’ayin Mobutu, wajen yakar mulkin fari ba da yawa a Afirka ta Kudu da Rhodesia), ya gabatar da shirin "aikin ƙasa" da ake kira salongo, kuma ya fara "radicalization" (ci gaba da manufar "Zairianization" na 1973). Mobutu har ma ya aro wata lakabi – Helmsman – daga Mao. Abin da ya faru a karshen 1974 da farkon 1975 shi ne lokacin da bauta masa ta kai matsayi mafi girma. China da Zaire suna da manufa ɗaya a Afirka ta Tsakiya: hana samun rinjaye na Soviet a yankin. Saboda haka, Zaire da China duka suna bai wa FNLA (da kuma UNITA daga baya) taimako a ɓoye don dakatar da MPLA, wanda aka goya baya da ƙarfafa ta sojojin Cuba. Sojojin Cuba suna da tasiri a Afirka wajen goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa na ra’ayin hagu da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, kuma an tallafa musu sosai daga Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin. Bayan gayyatar Holden Roberto da sojojinsa zuwa Beijing don horo, China ta bai wa ‘yan tawaye makamai da kuɗi. Zaire ma ta kai hari Angola kafin lokaci don kafa gwamnati da ke goyon bayan Kinshasa, amma sojojin Cuba sun kore su. Wannan hari ya zama abin kunya mai faɗaɗa sakamako, musamman hare-haren Shaba I da Shaba II, duka China ta ƙi amincewa da su. China ta aika da taimakon soji ga Zaire a duk hare-haren, kuma ta zargi Soviet da Cuba da kokarin tayar da zaune tsaye a Afirka ta Tsakiya (kodayake wannan ya kasance tuhuma har yanzu). A 1983, yayin ziyarar ƙasashen Afirka guda 11, Firayim Minista Zhao Ziyang ya ziyarci Kinshasa, kuma ya sanar da soke bashi na $100 miliyan da Zaire ke bin China; kuɗin da aka aro za a sake saka su cikin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin China da Zaire. China ta ci gaba da bayar da kayan aiki na soja da horo har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980s. Bayan da yammacin duniya suka kaurace masa, China ta fi ƙarfin shiga cikin ƙasar; an ce masu fasaha na China kusan 1,000 sun kasance suna aiki a kan ayyukan noma da gandun daji a Zaire a farkon shekarun 1990s. ==Libiya== A cikin shekarun 1980, babban abokin gaba na Mobutu shi ne Muammar Gaddafi. A watan Mayu 1985, yayin da yake ziyara a Burundi, Gaddafi ya bukaci ’yan Zaire su tashi su “kawar da Mobutu da jiki.” Lokacin da aka dasa bama-bamai a Voice of Zaire da babban ofishin gidan waya na Kinshasa a 1984, gwamnatin Zaire ta zargi gwamnatin Gaddafi da alhakin hakan. Zaire ta ba da goyon bayan soja ga gwamnatin GUNT na Chadi, wadda Hissein Habré ke jagoranta, yayin rikicin da Chadi ke yi da Libiya. Babban fargabar Mobutu ita ce cewa wata gwamnati mai goyon bayan Gaddafi za ta karɓa a Chadi kuma ta zama barazana ga Sudan da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, waɗanda ke iyaka da Zaire. Mobutu ya kuma kasance da kyakkyawar alaka da Jaafar Nimeiry na Sudan, wanda shi ma abokin gaba ne ga gwamnatin Gaddafi.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0178) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', Relations with North Africa]</ref> By 1997, dangantaka da Libiya ta inganta, inda Gaddafi ya nuna goyon baya ga Mobutu a Yakin Congo na Farko.<ref>{{cite news|work=Reliefweb|date=19 February 1997|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/mobutu-commends-khadafi-support|title=Mobutu Commends Khadafi For Support}}</ref> ==Rwanda== Mobutu yana da dangantaka mai ƙarfi da Rwanda ƙarƙashin marigayi Shugaba Juvénal Habyarimana; a watan Oktoba 1990, Zaire ta shiga yaki tare da Faransa da Belgium domin taimaka wa gwamnatin Habyarimana daga hannun Rwandan Patriotic Front a yakin basasar kasar.<ref name="ReferenceC">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0177) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Relations with Other Neighbors"]</ref> ==Togo== Wani aboki na kusa kuma abokin Mobutu shi ne shugaban mulkin kama-karya na Togo, Gnassingbé Eyadéma. Bayan rikicin Shaba II, Togo na daga cikin ƙasashen da suka tura dakarun kiyaye zaman lafiya zuwa Zaire.<ref>Young and Turner, p. 258</ref> A 1986, Mobutu ya tura dakaru biyu na iska zuwa Lomé domin kwantar da tarzoma bayan ƙoƙarin juyin mulki da aka yi wa Eyadéma.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0199) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Zaire as a Military Aid Donor"]</ref><ref>Elliot and Dymally, p. 15</ref> Bayan an kifar da shi a 1997, Mobutu ya zauna na ɗan lokaci a Togo inda aka ba shi izini ya zauna a fadar shugaban ƙasa; amma saboda matsin lamba daga abokan hamayyarsa, Eyadéma ya ƙaura da Mobutu zuwa Morocco, inda ya kai shi a jirginsa na ƙasa.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9705/23/mobutu/ CNN: "Ousted Zairian president arrives in Morocco"]</ref> ==Romaniya== Daga cikin abokan Mobutu mafi kusa da shi akwai Nicolae Ceauşescu, shugaba mai mulki a Romaniya ta Kwamunisanci. Dangantaka ba ta tsaya ga jihohi kawai ba, har da dangantakar jam’iyyu – tsakanin Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR) da Romanian Communist Party (PCR). Wasu na zargin cewa shawarar Mobutu na “demokratanta” mulkinsa ya samo asali, a kalla a wani bangare, daga kisa da aka yi wa Ceauşescu a juyin juya halin Romaniya. <ref name="ReferenceB">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0173) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Relations with the Communist World"]</ref> ==Sauran dangantaka== Dangantakar Zaire da wasu makwabtanta – ciki har da Angola, <ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0175) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Involvement in the Angolan Civil War"]</ref><ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0176) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Relations with Angola since the War"]</ref> Zambia, Tanzania, da Uganda <ref name="ReferenceC"/> – ba su da kyau. Sauran ƙasashen da dangantakar Zaire ba ta yi daɗi da su sun haɗa da Cuba da East Germany; Zaire ta yanke hulɗar diflomasiyya da waɗannan ƙasashen a bazarar shekarar 1977, sakamakon zargin tallafin da suka bayar ga ‘yan tawaye masu adawa da Mobutu a lokacin Shaba I (ko da yake Mobutu ya dawo da dangantakar da Cuba bayan shekaru biyu, domin Zaire ta halarci taron 6th Summit na Non-Aligned Movement da aka gudanar a Havana a cikin wannan shekara). <ref name="ReferenceB"/> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ==Ƙara karatu== *Ayittey, George B.N. ''Africa in Chaos: A Comparative History''. [[Palgrave Macmillan]]. {{ISBN|0-312-21787-0}} *Callaghy, Thomas M. ''Politics and Culture in Zaire''. Center for Political Studies. ASIN B00071MTTW *Callaghy, Thomas M. ''State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective''. [[Columbia University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-231-05720-2}} *Close, William T. ''Beyond the Storm: Treating the Powerless & the Powerful in Mobutu's Congo/Zaire''. Meadowlark Springs Production. {{ISBN|0-9703371-4-0}} *[[Ludo De Witte|De Witte, Ludo]]. ''The Assassination of Lumumba''. [[Verso Books|Verso]]. {{ISBN|1-85984-410-3}} *[[Larry Devlin|Devlin, Larry]]. ''Chief of Station, Congo: Fighting the Cold War in a Hot Zone''. [[PublicAffairs]]. {{ISBN|1-58648-405-2}} *Edgerton, Robert. ''The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo''. [[St. Martin's Press]]. {{ISBN|0-312-30486-2}} *Elliot, Jeffrey M., and Mervyn M. Dymally (eds.). ''Voices of Zaire: Rhetoric or Reality''. Washington Institute Press. {{ISBN|0-88702-045-3}} *[[Howard W. French|French, Howard W.]] ''A Continent for the Taking: The Tragedy and Hope of Africa''. [[Vintage Books|Vintage]]. {{ISBN|1-4000-3027-7}} *Gould, David. ''Bureaucratic Corruption and Underdevelopment in the Third World: The Case of Zaire''. ASIN B0006E1JR8 *Gran, Guy, and Galen Hull (eds.). ''Zaire: The Political Economy of Underdevelopment''. {{ISBN|0-275-90358-3}} *Harden, Blaine. ''Africa: Dispatches from a Fragile Continent''. [[Houghton-Mifflin Company]]. {{ISBN|0-395-59746-3}} *Kelly, Sean. ''America's Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaire''. American University Press. {{ISBN|1-879383-17-9}} *Kingsolver, Barbara. ''The Poisonwood Bible''. Harper Collins. {{ISBN|0-606-19420-7}} *Lesie, Winsome J. ''Zaire: Continuity and Political Change in an Oppressive State''. [[Westview Press]]. {{ISBN|0-86531-298-2}} *MacGaffey, Janet (ed.). ''The Real Economy of Zaire: The Contribution of Smuggling and Other Unofficial Activities to National Wealth''. Philadelphia: [[University of Pennsylvania Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8122-1365-3}} *Meditz, Sandra W. and Tim Merrill. ''Zaire: A Country Study''. Claitor's Law Books and Publishing Division. {{ISBN|1-57980-162-5}} [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/zrtoc.html Available here] *Meredith, Martin. ''The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair''. PublicAffairs. {{ISBN|1-58648-246-7}} *Mokoli, Mondonga M. ''State Against Development: The Experience of Post-1965 Zaire''. New York: [[Greenwood Press]]. {{ISBN|0-313-28213-7}} *Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges. ''The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History''. [[Zed Books]]. {{ISBN|1-84277-053-5}} *Sandbrook, Richard (1985). ''The Politics of Africa's Economic Stagnation''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-521-31961-7}} *Schatzberg, Michael G. ''The Dialectics of Oppression in Zaire''. [[Indiana University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-253-20694-4}} *Schatzberg, Michael G. ''Mobutu or Chaos?'' [[University Press of America]]. {{ISBN|0-8191-8130-7}} *Taylor, Jeffrey. ''Facing the Congo: A Modern-Day Journey into the Heart of Darkness''. [[Three Rivers Press]]. 0609808265 *Wrong, Michela. ''In The Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo''. Perennial. {{ISBN|0-06-093443-3}} *[[M. Crawford Young|Young, Crawford]], and Thomas Turner. ''The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State''. [[University of Wisconsin Press]]. {{ISBN|0-299-10110-X}} molgec4ocp5tq6inhxm227m47uq95tp 970173 970172 2026-10-21T17:30:05Z Salma Raddah 45959 970173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Manufofin kasashen waje na gwamnatin Mobutu Sese Seko''' ya jaddada kawancensa da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da kuma kasashen yammacin duniya yayin da ake kyautata zaton yana rike da matsayi maras tushe a cikin harkokin kasa da kasa. Mobutu ya [[Mulkin Sealand|mulki]] Jamhuriyar [[Kontomire stew|Kongo]] sannan Zaire a matsayin shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru 32, daga 1965 zuwa 1997. == Amurka == [[Fayil:Mobutu_meets_with_President_George_Bush_at_the_White_House,_June_1989,_The_White_House_-_David_Valdez.jpg|thumb|Mobutu Sese Seko da Shugaban Amurka George H. W. Bush a Washington, DC, 1989.]] Ga mafi yawancin, Zaire tana jin daɗin kyakkyawar dangantaka da Amurka. Amurka ita ce ta uku mafi girma da ke ba da gudummawa ga Zaire (bayan [[Beljik|Belgium]] da [[Faransa]]), kuma Mobutu ya yi abota da shugabannin Amurka da yawa, ciki har da [[John F. Kennedy]], Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, da George H. W. Bush. Dangantaka ta yi sanyi sosai tsakanin 1974 da 1975 a kan maganganun Mobutu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, gami da zarge-zargen da ya yi game da manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka, kuma ya fadi zuwa wani lokaci a lokacin rani na 1975 lokacin da Mobutu ya zargi CIA da makirci don hambarar da gwamnatinsa. An kama manyan janar din Za'iri goma sha ɗaya da fararen hula da yawa yayin da aka hukunta tsohon shugaban Babban Bankin (ba tare da shi ba). <ref name="Young and Turner 372" /> Koyaya, [[Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja|Nzongola-Ntalaja]], ɗaya daga cikin masu sukar Mobutu, ya yi hasashen cewa Mobutu ya ƙirƙiri makircin a matsayin uzuri don kawar da sojoji daga jami'an da za su iya haifar da barazana ga mulkinsa. Duk da wadannan cikas, dangantakar da ba ta da kyau ta narke da sauri a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Angola lokacin da gwamnatin Amurka ta fara taimakawa kungiyar 'yanci ta Angola (FNLA), karkashin jagorancin Mobutu's Holden Roberto. Saboda talaucin rikodin kare hakkin dan adam na Mobutu, gwamnatin Carter ta yi aiki don sanya nesa tsakanin kanta da gwamnatin [[Kinshasa]]; duk da haka, Zaire ta sami kusan rabin taimakon kasashen waje da Carter ya ba da Afirka ta kudu da Sahara. A lokacin mamayewar Shaba ta farko, Amurka ta taka rawar gani; sa hannun da ta yi a baya ya kunshi kadan fiye da isar da kayan da ba su da kisa. Amma a lokacin mamayewar Shaba ta biyu, Amurka ta taka muhimmiyar rawa ta hanyar samar da sufuri da tallafi ga 'yan fashi na Faransa da Belgium da aka tura don taimakawa Mobutu a kan 'yan tawaye. Carter ya sake maimaita zargin Mobutu (ba tare da hujja ba) na taimakon Soviet da Cuban ga 'yan tawaye, har sai da ya bayyana cewa babu wata hujja mai wuya da ta wanzu don tabbatar da ikirarinsa. A cikin 1980 Majalisar Wakilai ta kada kuri'a don dakatar da taimakon soja ga Zaire, amma Majalisar Dattijai ta dawo da kudaden, don mayar da martani ga matsin lamba daga Carter da bukatun kasuwanci na Amurka a Zaire. Mobutu ya ji daɗin kyakkyawar dangantaka da Gwamnatin Reagan (ta hanyar bayar da gudummawar kuɗi); a lokacin shugabancin Ronald Reagan, Mobutu ya ziyarci [[White House|Fadar White House]] sau uku, kuma zargi da rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Zaire ta Amurka ya yi tasiri sosai. A lokacin ziyarar da Mobutu ya kai a shekarar 1983 Reagan ya yaba masa a matsayin "muryar kyakkyawar fahimta da kyakkyawar niyya". Mobutu kuma yana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da magajin Reagan, Bush; shi ne shugaban Afirka na farko da ya ziyarci Bush a Fadar White House . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johns |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Johns (policy analyst) |date=29 June 1989 |title=Zaire's Mobutu Visits America |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/africa/upload/91612_1.pdf |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721174238/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Africa/upload/91612_1.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2006 |publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, dangantakar Mobutu da Amurka ta canza sosai jim kadan bayan haka tare da ƙarshen [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]]; tare da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ta tafi, babu wani dalili na tallafawa Mobutu a matsayin kariya ga kwaminisanci. Dangane da haka, Amurka da sauran iko na Yamma sun fara matsawa Mobutu don dimokuradiyya da mulkin. Game da canjin halin Amurka ga mulkinsa, Mobutu ya ce: "Ni ne sabon wanda aka azabtar da yaƙin sanyi, wanda Amurka ba ta buƙata. Darasi shine cewa goyon baya ga manufofin Amurka ba shi da wani abu. " A cikin 1993 Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta hana Mobutu visa bayan ya nemi ziyartar Washington, DC. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan, Mobutu ta yi abota da mai wa'azin talabijin Pat Robertson, wanda ya yi alkawarin ƙoƙarin samun Ma'aikarar Jiha don ɗaga haramcin ta ga shugaban Afirka. == Angola == Mobutu ya goyi bayan abokinsa, Holden Roberto, shugaban National Liberation Front of Angola, a yakin neman 'yancin kai da gwagwarmayarsa ta adawa da kwaminisanci bayan 1975. Kasashen Yammacin Turai sun ɓoye taimako ga FNLA ta hanyar ba da shi ga Mobutu wanda ya canja shi ga Roberto. Dangantakar Mobutu da Roberto ta sanya FNLA ta zama wani ɓangare na sojojin Zairian. Mobutu ya sadu da António de Spínola, shugaban rikon kwarya na Portugal, a ranar 15 ga Satumba 1974 a [[Cape Verde]]">Tsibirin Sal a Cape Verde, yana shirya wani shiri don karfafa Roberto, [[Jonas Savimbi]] na National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ([[UNITA]]), da [[Daniel Chipenda]] na Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Gabas don 'Yanci na Angola ([[MPLA]]) a kan kudin MPLA yayin da suke riƙe da bangon hadin kan kasa. Mobutu da Spínola sun so su rage matsayin Neto kuma su gabatar da Chipenda a matsayin shugaban MPLA, Mobutu musamman ya fi son Chipenda zuwa Neto saboda Chipenda ta goyi bayan cin gashin kai ga Cabinda kuma Neto bai yi ba. Yankin Angola yana da manyan tanadin man fetur wanda aka kiyasta kusan tan miliyan 300 wanda Zaire, kuma ta haka ne gwamnatin Mobutu, ta dogara da shi don rayuwa ta tattalin arziki. == Belgium == Dangantaka tsakanin Zaire da [[Beljik|Belgium]] sun lalace tsakanin kusanci da nuna ƙiyayya a lokacin mulkin Mobutu. Dangantaka ta yi muni a farkon mulkin Mobutu game da rikice-rikice da suka shafi kasuwancin kasuwanci da masana'antu na Belgium a kasar, amma dangantakar ta yi zafi ba da daɗewa ba. An karɓi Mobutu da iyalinsa a matsayin baƙi na masarautar Belgium a 1968 kuma an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwar kimiyya da fasaha a wannan shekarar. A lokacin ziyarar da Sarki Baudouin ya yi nasara sosai zuwa Kinshasa a shekarar 1970 an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar abota da hadin kai tsakanin kasashen biyu. Koyaya, Mobutu ya fashe yarjejeniyar a cikin 1974 don nuna rashin amincewa da Belgium ta ƙi hana wani littafi mai adawa da Mobutu wanda lauyan hagu Jules Chomé ya rubuta. Manufar Mobutu ta "Zairianisation", wacce ta kwace kasuwancin kasashen waje kuma ta canja mallakar su ga Zairians, ta kara da damuwa. Duk da haka, daga baya a cikin shekarun 1970s, bangarorin biyu sun yi ƙoƙari don inganta dangantakar. A shekara ta 1976 Zaire ta yi alkawarin biyan Belgiumwa waɗanda suka rasa dukiya a lokacin "Zairianization", kuma ta ba da izinin baƙi waɗanda aka kwace dukiyarsu su dawo da kashi 60% na dukiyarsu, wanda ya haifar da sabuntawar Belgium na sha'awar saka hannun jari. Belgium kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga masu tsaron sama ga kare Mobutu a lokacin Shaba II a shekarar 1978. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan korafe-korafen Mobutu shine cewa an ba masu adawa, dalibai, da abokan adawar da aka yi gudun hijira damar yin aiki da bugawa a Belgium, kodayake Belgium ta kori François Lumumba (ɗan Patrice) a 1984 bayan an zarge shi da hannu a cikin fashewar bam na tashar Voice of Zaire da babban ofishin gidan waya na Kinshasa. A cikin 1988 Majalisar Dokokin Kasa ta Zaire ta yi barazanar karya dangantakar diflomasiyya da Belgium a matsayin martani ga zargin da kafofin watsa labarai na Belgium suka yi cewa Mobutu yana karbar kuɗin taimakon kasashen waje na Belgium. Daga shekara ta 1989 zuwa gaba dangantakar da ke tsakanin Zaire da Belgium ta kasance cikin damuwa a kan batutuwan da suka fara daga batun sake tsara bashin zuwa kisan kiyashi na Jami'ar Lubumbashi ta 1990. Belgium ta dakatar da duk taimakon jin kai ga Zaire, kuma a mayar da martani, Mobutu ya kori masu fasaha na Belgium 700 kuma ya rufe duk sai ofishin jakadancin Belgium guda daya a Zaire. A cikin 1991 da 1993, Belgium da Faransa sun tura sojoji zuwa Kinshasa don kwashe 'yan kasashen waje a lokacin tashin hankali da sojojin Zairian da ba a biya su ba. Belgium ta zama mafi kuskuren Mobutu, tare da karuwar yawan 'yan siyasa na Belgium suna kira ga Mobutu ya yi murabus. Belgium ta ba da alamar rashin amincewa da Mobutu lokacin da ta ki gayyatar shi zuwa jana'izar Sarki Baudouin a 1993. Kafin 1990, dangantakar Mobutu da Sarki Baudouin ta kasance mai kyau, amma dangantakar abokantaka tsakanin shugabannin kasashe biyu ta riga ta ragu bayan mutuwar matar Mobutu ta farko, Marie-Antoinette.<ref>Roosens, Claude et al. (2004) ''La politique étrangère: le modèle classique à l'épreuve''. Presses Universitaires Européennes. {{ISBN|9052012318}}. p. 228</ref> Bayan kisan kiyashi na Lubumbashi, da kuma wata sanarwa mai ƙarfin zuciya da Mobutu ya yi game da dangin sarauta na Belgium, fadar sarauta ta Belgium ta rabu gaba ɗaya da Mobutu, har ma da jakadan Zairian Kimbulu daga yanzu ba a gayyace shi zuwa liyafar sarauta ba.<ref>[[Walter Zinzen|Zinzen, Walter]] (1995) ''Mobutu: van mirakel tot malaise''. Hadewijch. {{ISBN|9789052403113}}. p. 163</ref> ==Faransa== A matsayinta na ƙasa mafi girma mai magana da Faransanci a ƙarƙashin Afirka - kuma ta biyu mafi girma a duniya masu amfani da harshen Faransanci,<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0171) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Relations with France"]</ref> Zaire tana da mahimmanci a siyasa ga Faransa.<ref>Martin Meredith, ''The Fate of Africa'', shafi na 525</ref> A lokacin zamanin Jamhuriyar Farko, Faransa ta fi goyon bayan masu ra'ayin tsarin tarayya da na adalci, sabanin masu ra'ayin dunkulewa kamar Lumumba.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Bayan nasarar murkushe fadan ballewar Katanga, Zaire (wanda ake kira Jamhuriyar Congo a lokacin), ta rattaba yarjejeniya ta haɗin gwiwar fasaha da al'adu da Faransa. A lokacin shugabancin Charles de Gaulle, dangantaka tsakanin kasashen biyu ta ƙara ƙarfafawa. A shekarar 1971, Ministan Kudi Valéry Giscard d'Estaing ya ziyarci Zaire. Daga baya, bayan ya zama Shugaban ƙasa, ya ƙulla alaƙar kusanci da Shugaba Mobutu kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokansa na ƙasashen waje. Lokacin hare-haren Shaba, Faransa ta goyi bayan Mobutu sosai: a lokacin hare-haren Shaba na farko, Faransa ta sauke sojoji maroka 1,500 ta hanyar jirgin sama zuwa Zaire, inda aka dakile 'yan tawaye.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0186) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Shaba I"]</ref> Shekara guda bayan haka, lokacin hare-haren Shaba na biyu, Faransa da kanta ta aika sojojinta don taimakawa Mobutu (tare da Belgium).<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/><ref>[http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/odom2/odom2.asp "Shaba II: Intervention na Faransa da Belgium a Zaire a 1978"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609181927/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/odom2/odom2.asp |date=2007-06-09 }} daga Lieutenant Colonel Thomas P. Odom</ref><ref>Sauvetage de Kolwezi</ref> Dangantaka ta ci gaba da kasancewa lafiya har zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Cewar Sanyi, kuma koda bayan Belgium da Amurka sun dakatar da duk wani taimako sai na jin kai ga Zaire, dangantaka tsakanin Faransa da Zaire ta ci gaba da kasancewa lafiya, kodayake Faransa ta shiga cikin matsin lamba da sauran ƙasashen yamma wajen tursasa Mobutu ya aiwatar da gyare-gyaren dimokuraɗiyya.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Bayan kisan kare dangi na Rwanda, da kuma ƙauracewar 'yan tawayen Hutu miliyan biyu zuwa gabashin Zaire, Faransa ta nemi taimakon ƙasa da ƙasa ga Mobutu, tana ganin shine kawai wanda zai iya warware matsalar 'yan gudun hijira.<ref>Meredith, shafi na 533-534</ref> Daga baya, a lokacin Yaƙin Congo na Farko, Faransa ta dage wajen neman shiga soja domin ceto gwamnatin Mobutu; duk da haka, saboda rashin iya shiga kai tsaye, hukumar leƙen asirin Faransa ta shirya kawo sojojin haya 300 daga Serbia (White Legion) domin taimakawa sojojin Mobutu, amma hakan bai yi tasiri ba.<ref>Meredith, shafi na 535</ref> Har zuwa rasuwarsa, Mobutu yana ganawa da shugabannin Faransa. A shekarar 1996 ya gana da Shugaban ƙasa Jacques Chirac a lokacin wani ziyarar sirri zuwa Faransa. (Mobutu yana da gidan hutu a Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, kusa da Nice).<ref>"[http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/1996-04-23/1996-04-23-750512 Mobutu reçu à Paris])" J. C., ''Humanité'', 23 Afrilu 1996. (An duba 27 Disamba 2006)</ref> ==Tarayyar Soviet== Dangantakar Mobutu da Tarayyar Soviet ta kasance mai sanyi da ɗauke da tashin hankali. Mobutu, wanda ya ƙi ra'ayin komunizm, bai yarda da Soviet ba cikin sauƙi; yana da ƙwaƙwalwar goyon bayansu, ko da kuwa na baka ne kawai, ga Lumumba da 'yan tawaye na Simba. Duk da haka, don nuna rashin tsayawa gefe ɗaya, ya sabunta dangantaka a 1967; jakadan Soviet na farko ya zo ya gabatar da takardun shaidarsa a 1968 (Mobutu ya hada kai da Amurka wajen la’antar mamayar Soviet a Czechoslovakia a shekarar). Mobutu ya ga kasancewar Soviet a cikin ƙasa da amfani dalilai biyu: yana ba shi damar ci gaba da nuna rashin tsayawa gefe, kuma yana zama hanyar kauce wa laifin matsalolin cikin gida. Misali, a 1970, ya kori jakadu huɗu na Soviet saboda gudanar da "ayyukan cin amanar kasa", kuma a 1971, jami'ai ashirin na Soviet aka bayyana su persona non grata saboda zargin su da haddasa zanga-zangar ɗalibai a Jami’ar Lovanium. Moscow ce kawai babban birnin duniya da Mobutu bai taɓa ziyarta ba, ko da yake ya amince da gayyata a 1974; sai dai, saboda dalilai marasa bayyana, ya soke ziyarar a dakika na ƙarshe, ya zauna China da Koriya ta Arewa maimakon. Dangantaka ta kara sanyi a 1975, lokacin da ƙasashen biyu suka tsinci kansu a ɓangarori masu adawa a Yaƙin Basasa na Angola. Wannan ya shafi manufofin harkokin wajen Zaire sosai na tsawon shekara goma; Mobutu ya rasa ikonsa na shugabancin Afirka (shine ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka ƙi amincewa da gwamnati ta Marxist a Angola), sai ya juya sosai zuwa Amurka da ƙawayenta, yana ɗaukar matsayoyi masu goyon bayan Amurka akan batutuwa kamar mamayar Soviet na Afghanistan, matsayin Isra’ila a ƙungiyoyin duniya, da sauransu. Mobutu ya la’anta mamayar Soviet na Afghanistan a 1979, kuma a 1980, ƙasarsa ce ta farko a Afirka da ta shiga boycotting gasar Olympics ta bazara a Moscow tare da Amurka. Cikin shekarun 1980s, ya ci gaba da nuna rashin goyon bayan Soviet, yana adawa da ƙasashen da suka goyi bayan Soviet kamar Libya da Angola (yana ɓoye goyon bayansa ga 'yan tawaye na UNITA); a tsakiyar shekarun 1980s, ya bayyana Zaire a matsayin ƙasa da ke zagaye da "zobe ja" na ƙasashen komunisti da na socialist da ke goyon bayan Soviet. A 1987, Mobutu ya kori jakadu na Soviet da dama bayan da ya zarge su da leƙen asiri kan harkokin soja da ƙungiyoyin kwadago na ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-08-03-mn-532-story.html |title=Zaire Ousts 3 Soviet Envoys|work=Los Angeles Times|date=3 August 1987 }}</ref> A martani, Tarayyar Soviet ta kori Emany Mata Likambe, mai kula da ofishin jakadanci na Zaire, da ma’aikata biyu na fasaha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/ff19c09ad97d943edffdc5f59adf14bd |title=Soviets Order Three Zairian Diplomats Out of the Country|publisher=The Associated Press}}</ref> Raguwar da ƙarshe da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet ta haifar da matsaloli masu yawa ga Mobutu. Matsayinsa na rashin goyon bayan Soviet shi ne dalilin samun tallafin ƙasashen yammacin duniya; ba tare da wannan dalili ba, ba a ga dalilin ci gaba da tallafa masa ba. Kasashen yamma sun fara buƙatar ya kawo tsarin dimokuradiyya da inganta hakkin ɗan adam, wanda ya bar Zaire cikin ƙunci a harkokin duniya.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0173) Zaire: A Country Study, Relations with the Communist World]</ref> ==Jamhuriyar Jama’ar China== Da farko, dangantakar Zaire da Jamhuriyar Jama’ar China ba ta fi ta da Tarayyar Soviet ba. Mobutu yana da ƙwaƙwalwar taimakon China ga Mulele da sauran 'yan tawaye na Maoist a lardin Kwilu yayin tawagar Simba da ta gaza. Haka kuma ya ƙi amincewa da zama membar China a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Sai dai, zuwa 1972, Mobutu ya fara kallon China da wata fuska dabam, a matsayin masu daidaita tasirin Soviet da kuma ƙawayensa na kusa kamar Amurka, Isra’ila da Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="callagy">See Thomas M. Callagy, South Africa in Southern Africa: The Intensifying Vortex of Violence and the chapter "Zaire in the International Arena" in Zaire: Continuity and Political Change in an Oppressive State by Winsome J. Leslie</ref> A Nuwamba 1972, Mobutu ya amince da China (da kuma Jamhuriyar GDR da Koriya ta Arewa) a matsayin abokan hulɗar diflomasiya. A shekarar da ta biyo baya, Mobutu ya kai ziyara Beijing, inda ya gana da Shugaba Mao kuma ya samu alkawari na tallafin fasaha na $100 miliyan. A 1974, Mobutu ya yi mamakin ziyara zuwa China da Koriya ta Arewa, lokacin da ake sa ran zai kai ziyara zuwa Soviet. Bayan dawowarsa, siyasar da kalamansa sun zama masu tsauri; a wannan lokacin ne Mobutu ya fara suka ga Belgium da Amurka (na ƙarshe saboda rashin tsayin daka, a ra’ayin Mobutu, wajen yakar mulkin fari ba da yawa a Afirka ta Kudu da Rhodesia), ya gabatar da shirin "aikin ƙasa" da ake kira salongo, kuma ya fara "radicalization" (ci gaba da manufar "Zairianization" na 1973). Mobutu har ma ya aro wata lakabi – Helmsman – daga Mao. Abin da ya faru a karshen 1974 da farkon 1975 shi ne lokacin da bauta masa ta kai matsayi mafi girma. China da Zaire suna da manufa ɗaya a Afirka ta Tsakiya: hana samun rinjaye na Soviet a yankin. Saboda haka, Zaire da China duka suna bai wa FNLA (da kuma UNITA daga baya) taimako a ɓoye don dakatar da MPLA, wanda aka goya baya da ƙarfafa ta sojojin Cuba. Sojojin Cuba suna da tasiri a Afirka wajen goyon bayan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa na ra’ayin hagu da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, kuma an tallafa musu sosai daga Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin. Bayan gayyatar Holden Roberto da sojojinsa zuwa Beijing don horo, China ta bai wa ‘yan tawaye makamai da kuɗi. Zaire ma ta kai hari Angola kafin lokaci don kafa gwamnati da ke goyon bayan Kinshasa, amma sojojin Cuba sun kore su. Wannan hari ya zama abin kunya mai faɗaɗa sakamako, musamman hare-haren Shaba I da Shaba II, duka China ta ƙi amincewa da su. China ta aika da taimakon soji ga Zaire a duk hare-haren, kuma ta zargi Soviet da Cuba da kokarin tayar da zaune tsaye a Afirka ta Tsakiya (kodayake wannan ya kasance tuhuma har yanzu). A 1983, yayin ziyarar ƙasashen Afirka guda 11, Firayim Minista Zhao Ziyang ya ziyarci Kinshasa, kuma ya sanar da soke bashi na $100 miliyan da Zaire ke bin China; kuɗin da aka aro za a sake saka su cikin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin China da Zaire. China ta ci gaba da bayar da kayan aiki na soja da horo har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980s. Bayan da yammacin duniya suka kaurace masa, China ta fi ƙarfin shiga cikin ƙasar; an ce masu fasaha na China kusan 1,000 sun kasance suna aiki a kan ayyukan noma da gandun daji a Zaire a farkon shekarun 1990s. ==Libiya== A cikin shekarun 1980, babban abokin gaba na Mobutu shi ne Muammar Gaddafi. A watan Mayu 1985, yayin da yake ziyara a Burundi, Gaddafi ya bukaci ’yan Zaire su tashi su “kawar da Mobutu da jiki.” Lokacin da aka dasa bama-bamai a Voice of Zaire da babban ofishin gidan waya na Kinshasa a 1984, gwamnatin Zaire ta zargi gwamnatin Gaddafi da alhakin hakan. Zaire ta ba da goyon bayan soja ga gwamnatin GUNT na Chadi, wadda Hissein Habré ke jagoranta, yayin rikicin da Chadi ke yi da Libiya. Babban fargabar Mobutu ita ce cewa wata gwamnati mai goyon bayan Gaddafi za ta karɓa a Chadi kuma ta zama barazana ga Sudan da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, waɗanda ke iyaka da Zaire. Mobutu ya kuma kasance da kyakkyawar alaka da Jaafar Nimeiry na Sudan, wanda shi ma abokin gaba ne ga gwamnatin Gaddafi.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0178) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', Relations with North Africa]</ref> By 1997, dangantaka da Libiya ta inganta, inda Gaddafi ya nuna goyon baya ga Mobutu a Yakin Congo na Farko.<ref>{{cite news|work=Reliefweb|date=19 February 1997|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/mobutu-commends-khadafi-support|title=Mobutu Commends Khadafi For Support}}</ref> ==Rwanda== Mobutu yana da dangantaka mai ƙarfi da Rwanda ƙarƙashin marigayi Shugaba Juvénal Habyarimana; a watan Oktoba 1990, Zaire ta shiga yaki tare da Faransa da Belgium domin taimaka wa gwamnatin Habyarimana daga hannun Rwandan Patriotic Front a yakin basasar kasar.<ref name="ReferenceC">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0177) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Relations with Other Neighbors"]</ref> ==Togo== Wani aboki na kusa kuma abokin Mobutu shi ne shugaban mulkin kama-karya na Togo, Gnassingbé Eyadéma. Bayan rikicin Shaba II, Togo na daga cikin ƙasashen da suka tura dakarun kiyaye zaman lafiya zuwa Zaire.<ref>Young and Turner, p. 258</ref> A 1986, Mobutu ya tura dakaru biyu na iska zuwa Lomé domin kwantar da tarzoma bayan ƙoƙarin juyin mulki da aka yi wa Eyadéma.<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0199) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Zaire as a Military Aid Donor"]</ref><ref>Elliot and Dymally, p. 15</ref> Bayan an kifar da shi a 1997, Mobutu ya zauna na ɗan lokaci a Togo inda aka ba shi izini ya zauna a fadar shugaban ƙasa; amma saboda matsin lamba daga abokan hamayyarsa, Eyadéma ya ƙaura da Mobutu zuwa Morocco, inda ya kai shi a jirginsa na ƙasa.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9705/23/mobutu/ CNN: "Ousted Zairian president arrives in Morocco"]</ref> ==Romaniya== Daga cikin abokan Mobutu mafi kusa da shi akwai Nicolae Ceauşescu, shugaba mai mulki a Romaniya ta Kwamunisanci. Dangantaka ba ta tsaya ga jihohi kawai ba, har da dangantakar jam’iyyu – tsakanin Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR) da Romanian Communist Party (PCR). Wasu na zargin cewa shawarar Mobutu na “demokratanta” mulkinsa ya samo asali, a kalla a wani bangare, daga kisa da aka yi wa Ceauşescu a juyin juya halin Romaniya.<ref name="ReferenceB">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0173) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Relations with the Communist World"]</ref> ==Sauran dangantaka== Dangantakar Zaire da wasu makwabtanta – ciki har da Angola, <ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0175) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Involvement in the Angolan Civil War"]</ref><ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0176) ''Zaire: A Country Study'', "Relations with Angola since the War"]</ref> Zambia, Tanzania, da Uganda <ref name="ReferenceC"/> – ba su da kyau. Sauran ƙasashen da dangantakar Zaire ba ta yi daɗi da su sun haɗa da Cuba da East Germany; Zaire ta yanke hulɗar diflomasiyya da waɗannan ƙasashen a bazarar shekarar 1977, sakamakon zargin tallafin da suka bayar ga ‘yan tawaye masu adawa da Mobutu a lokacin Shaba I (ko da yake Mobutu ya dawo da dangantakar da Cuba bayan shekaru biyu, domin Zaire ta halarci taron 6th Summit na Non-Aligned Movement da aka gudanar a Havana a cikin wannan shekara).<ref name="ReferenceB"/> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ==Ƙara karatu== *Ayittey, George B.N. ''Africa in Chaos: A Comparative History''. [[Palgrave Macmillan]]. {{ISBN|0-312-21787-0}} *Callaghy, Thomas M. ''Politics and Culture in Zaire''. Center for Political Studies. ASIN B00071MTTW *Callaghy, Thomas M. ''State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective''. [[Columbia University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-231-05720-2}} *Close, William T. ''Beyond the Storm: Treating the Powerless & the Powerful in Mobutu's Congo/Zaire''. Meadowlark Springs Production. {{ISBN|0-9703371-4-0}} *[[Ludo De Witte|De Witte, Ludo]]. ''The Assassination of Lumumba''. [[Verso Books|Verso]]. {{ISBN|1-85984-410-3}} *[[Larry Devlin|Devlin, Larry]]. ''Chief of Station, Congo: Fighting the Cold War in a Hot Zone''. [[PublicAffairs]]. {{ISBN|1-58648-405-2}} *Edgerton, Robert. ''The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo''. [[St. Martin's Press]]. {{ISBN|0-312-30486-2}} *Elliot, Jeffrey M., and Mervyn M. Dymally (eds.). ''Voices of Zaire: Rhetoric or Reality''. Washington Institute Press. {{ISBN|0-88702-045-3}} *[[Howard W. French|French, Howard W.]] ''A Continent for the Taking: The Tragedy and Hope of Africa''. [[Vintage Books|Vintage]]. {{ISBN|1-4000-3027-7}} *Gould, David. ''Bureaucratic Corruption and Underdevelopment in the Third World: The Case of Zaire''. ASIN B0006E1JR8 *Gran, Guy, and Galen Hull (eds.). ''Zaire: The Political Economy of Underdevelopment''. {{ISBN|0-275-90358-3}} *Harden, Blaine. ''Africa: Dispatches from a Fragile Continent''. [[Houghton-Mifflin Company]]. {{ISBN|0-395-59746-3}} *Kelly, Sean. ''America's Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaire''. American University Press. {{ISBN|1-879383-17-9}} *Kingsolver, Barbara. ''The Poisonwood Bible''. Harper Collins. {{ISBN|0-606-19420-7}} *Lesie, Winsome J. ''Zaire: Continuity and Political Change in an Oppressive State''. [[Westview Press]]. {{ISBN|0-86531-298-2}} *MacGaffey, Janet (ed.). ''The Real Economy of Zaire: The Contribution of Smuggling and Other Unofficial Activities to National Wealth''. Philadelphia: [[University of Pennsylvania Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8122-1365-3}} *Meditz, Sandra W. and Tim Merrill. ''Zaire: A Country Study''. Claitor's Law Books and Publishing Division. {{ISBN|1-57980-162-5}} [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/zrtoc.html Available here] *Meredith, Martin. ''The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair''. PublicAffairs. {{ISBN|1-58648-246-7}} *Mokoli, Mondonga M. ''State Against Development: The Experience of Post-1965 Zaire''. New York: [[Greenwood Press]]. {{ISBN|0-313-28213-7}} *Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges. ''The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History''. [[Zed Books]]. {{ISBN|1-84277-053-5}} *Sandbrook, Richard (1985). ''The Politics of Africa's Economic Stagnation''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-521-31961-7}} *Schatzberg, Michael G. ''The Dialectics of Oppression in Zaire''. [[Indiana University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-253-20694-4}} *Schatzberg, Michael G. ''Mobutu or Chaos?'' [[University Press of America]]. {{ISBN|0-8191-8130-7}} *Taylor, Jeffrey. ''Facing the Congo: A Modern-Day Journey into the Heart of Darkness''. [[Three Rivers Press]]. 0609808265 *Wrong, Michela. ''In The Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo''. Perennial. {{ISBN|0-06-093443-3}} *[[M. Crawford Young|Young, Crawford]], and Thomas Turner. ''The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State''. [[University of Wisconsin Press]]. {{ISBN|0-299-10110-X}} 45217dhu0kls5f9abnjfsc8acc6da0n 0 108800 970144 909642 2026-10-21T14:50:08Z Ziv 32466 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: [[File:Powrot z jasyru.jpg]] → [[File:Leopold Löffler - Return from bondage - MP 3010 MNW - National Museum in Warsaw.jpg]] Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[c::File:Leopold Löffler - Return from bondage - MP 3010 MNW - National Museum in Warsaw.jpg]] 970144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Avret Pazarları''' {{Refn|*In [[Ottoman Turkish language|(Ottoman) Turkish]], the term ''avret'' was typically used for common married or adult women, while ''hatun'' denoted more respected women.{{Sfn|Zilfi|1997}}{{Sfn|Flemming|2018|p=362}}{{full citation needed|date=January 2024}} During Ottoman times, unmarried adolescent girls were referred to as ''kiz.'' They enjoyed greater mobility and autonomy until marriage, but upon marriage and being labeled ''avret,'' their mobility and sexuality became subject to significant social control to prevent adultery and preserve male lineage rights and patriarchal honor.{{Sfn|Zilfi|1997}} Since the 20th century, in modern Turkish, the use of the term ''avret'' has been limited to [[Intimate parts in Islam|intimate body parts]].{{Sfn|Zilfi|1997}} <br />*''Pazarları'' is the plural form of ''Pazari,'' derived from the Persian word ''Bazaar,'' meaning market.}} ( Ottoman Turkish ), ko '''bawan bayi''', {{Sfn|Bulgaru|2010}} kasuwa ce ta bayi mata da ke [[Istanbul]], [[daular Usmaniyya]] ( [[Turkiyya|Turkiya]] ta zamani), tana aiki daga tsakiyar karni na 15 zuwa farkon karni na 20. {{Sfn|White|2012}} Yawancin gidaje sun mallaki bayi mata, suna yi musu aiki a matsayin bayin gida . Daular Ottoman ta kayyade harkokin kasuwancin bayi da kuma sanya haraji kan duk wani cinikin bayi. An kame mata daga yankuna daban-daban na Afirka, Asiya, da Turai kuma an yi ciniki a kasuwannin Istanbul. Sabanin bayi maza, mata galibi ana yin lalata da su, tare da ɗaukar jima'insu na mallakar masu su. Ana yawan daraja bayin mata bisa halaye na zahiri kamar kyau da basirar nishadi, musamman idan manyan mazaje suka zaba a matsayin bayi ko ƙwaraƙwara. {{Sfn|Faroqhi|2020}} An sayar da bayi ga jama'a da manyan mutane, ciki har da 'yan gidan sarauta. Kafofin yada labaran Turkiyya sukan yi watsi da matan da ba fitattu ko talakawa ba a cikin bauta, maimakon haka suna mai da hankali sosai kan bayi masu gata a cikin Daular Ottoman Harem . Duk da haka, kwatancin lokutan Ottoman sun ambaci bayin da jama'a suka mallaka a cikin labarun bayi na zamani, asusun matafiya, waƙoƙin jama'a, litattafan Turkiyya na Ottoman na marigayi, da kuma wakoki na karni na 20. An rufe kasuwar bayi ta Avret Pazarları a hukumance a lokacin da aka rushe kasuwar bayi a Istanbul a shekarar 1846-1847, ko da yake a aikace cinikin bayi a Istanbul ya ci gaba a boye har zuwa farkon karni na 20. == Tarihi da mahallin == [[Fayil:The_Aurut_Bazaar,_or_Slave_Market_-_Walsh_Robert_&_Allom_Thomas_-_1836.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Aurut Bazaar, wanda kuma aka sani da Kasuwar Bayi, wanda Walsh Robert & Allom Thomas suka nuna a cikin 1836.]] Ana kiran cinikin bayi na maza da mata da {{Transl|tr|Esir Pazari|}} . {{Sfn|Davis|2009}} {{Sfn|De Busbecq|2005}} {{Sfn|Zilfi|2010}} <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=The Ottoman Harem |url=https://www.allaboutturkey.com/harem.html |access-date=2020-10-15 |website=All About Turkey}}</ref> Mafi yawan bayin da aka yi ciniki a [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|cinikin bayin daular Usmaniyya]] mata ne; kowane gida mai mahimmanci da gidaje da yawa marasa amfani sun mallaki bayi mata, gami da da yawa a matsayin bayin gida . A cikin tarihi da kuma a cikin guraben karatu na al'ada kan tarihin Ottoman, bayi da mata waɗanda ba fitattu ba ba su da wakilci. {{Sfn|Hathaway|2020}} [[Fayil:William_Allan_(1782-1850)_-_The_Slave_Market,_Constantinople_-_NG_2400_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg|thumb|225x225px|William Allan (1782-1850) - Kasuwar Bayi a Constantinople - NG 2400 - National Galleries na Scotland]] Daular Usmaniyya ta rungumi dabi'u irin na sauran al'ummomin bayi, musamman ma kasashen da suka gabaci Musulunci kamar Halifancin al-Mu'tasim da Mamluk Sultanate . {{Sfn|Zilfi|1997}} A cikin [[Duniyar Musulunci|al'ummomin musulmi]] daban-daban, bautar da ake tafiyar da ita ta hanyar wani tsari na shari'a na gama gari wanda ya samo asali daga [[Shari'a|shari'ar Musulunci]] . Bautar Harem, musamman, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gidajen daular Ottoman na zamanin farko da iyalai masu daraja. {{Sfn|Zilfi|1997}} [[Fayil:Crimean_Khanate_1600.gif|right|thumb|225x225px|Bayi da aka shigo da su daga Crimean Khanate a kusa da 1600, wanda aka nuna akan taswirar siyasa. Yana da kyau a lura cewa yankunan da aka yiwa alama a matsayin Poland da musamman Muscovy an yi iƙirarin maimakon gudanar da su kuma suna da yawa.]] [[Fayil:Black_Sea_map.png|thumb|225x225px|Taswirar Bahar Maliya ta zamani]] A shekara ta 1453 miladiyya, Constantinople (Istanbul na yau) ya zama babban birnin daular Usmaniyya. Tsawon ƙarnuka da yawa, ta zama cibiyar bayi da aka kama, musamman mata. {{Sfn|Zilfi|2010}} Daga karni na 15 zuwa na 18, an kai adadi mai yawa na fursunoni mata zuwa Constantinople daga wurare daban-daban na yaki, ciki har da yankuna irin su [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], Balkans, arewa maso gabashin [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]], da sassan kudu maso gabashin Turai da ke kwance a arewacin [[Black Sea|Bahar Maliya]], irin su [[Georgia|Jojiya]] da Circassia na zamani. Waɗannan fursunoni sun kasance bayi ne, yawancinsu sun ƙare a cikin ƙwaraƙwara a cikin Imperial harem na sarakunan Ottoman. {{Sfn|Zilfi|1997}} Ba kamar [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|cinikin bayi na Atlantic]] ba, wanda yawanci yana da rabon maza da mata na 2: 1 ko 3: 1, cinikin bayin Ottoman yakan nuna mafi girman adadin mata ga maza, yana nuna fifikon fifiko ga bayi mata. Ƙarfafawa don shigo da bayi (sau da yawa Turai) mata bayi suna cikin ƙwaraƙwara da haifuwa, kodayake yawancin kuma an kawo su da farko don yin ayyukan gida . {{Sfn|Toledano|1998}} Avret Pazary ya zama cikakke a karni na 16. An kiyasta cewa adadin matan da Daular Usmaniyya ta kama da kuma bautar da su ya zarce dubu a kowace shekara. Bukatar matan da aka yi bauta ta samu ta hanyar kama matan [[Barbary pirates|Corsairs]], Tartars, da dillalan bayi daban-daban. Yawancin bayi ba sa bayyana a rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce sai dai in iyayengijinsu sun ruwaito, yawanci don gujewa. Saboda haka, yayin da sanin ainihin adadin da abubuwan da ke cikin bayi ya kasance mai wahala, bincike na masu tserewa na ƙarni na 16 daga bayanan Ottoman ya nuna cewa an kama wasu a yakin Ottoman a yankin Balkan, yayin da wasu da dama suka kama daga [[Rasha]] da [[Poland]] ta hanyar kutsawa na Crimean Khanate zuwa yankunan. Daga cikin bayin da suka tsere, kashi 39 cikin 100 'yan kasar Rasha ne, kashi 31 cikin 100 na Sabiyawan da Croat, kashi 11 kuma 'yan Bosniya ne, sauran kashi 19 kuma 'yan [[Hungariya|kasashen Hungary]], [[Bulgeriya]], da [[Wallachia|Walachia]] ne . {{Sfn|Toledano|2014}} Ottaviano Bon, wani jakadan Italiya a farkon karni na 17, ya yi tsokaci game da "Avret Pizary" a Istanbul: {{Blockquote|For such a purpose, there is an enclosed public market in [[Constantinople]] in which an open auction each Wednesday female slaves of every sort are bought and sold, and everybody freely goes there to buy them...{{Sfn|Davis|2009}}|Ottaviano Bon}} Bon ya ci gaba da cewa, an sayo bayi a Istanbul ana sayar da su kamar dabbobi - tare da tabbatar da kasarsu ta asali, tare da bincikar jikinsu sosai don tabbatar da cewa wanda ya saya ba ya jin an zamba. Budurwa da kyawawan ’yan mata sun sami ƙarin farashi, kuma ’yan kasuwa za su iya ɗaukar alhakin idan macen da aka bautar ba ta zama budurwa ba kamar yadda suka yi alkawari. {{Sfn|Davis|2009}} Yayin da matan Turkiyya 'yanta, watau, mata musulmi, ba za su iya zama bayi ba, kuma matan Turkiyya musulmi suna da wani matakin hakki na shari'a a kan cin zarafin jima'i, ba a ba da irin wannan kariya ga wadanda ba musulmi ba. Ba za a iya hukunta cin zarafin bayi mata ta hanyar doka ba. A shekara ta 1717, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, matar jakadan Birtaniya a Istanbul, ta ba da rahoto a cikin wasiƙar da ta buga daga baya cewa kasuwar bayi na Istanbul tana da ɗan raguwa. {{Sfn|Davis|2009}} Gwamnatin Ottoman ce ke kula da kuma biyan harajin kasuwar bayi. Gudanar da kasuwar bayi shine ikon wani jami'in da ake kira "esirci emini." An sanya madaidaicin kuɗin, wanda aka saita akan 1/40th na ƙimar bawa, azaman haraji. Akwai gungun 'yan kasuwan bayi (wanda aka sani da "esirci esnafi"), wanda [[Shehu|sheikh]] ("esirci seyhi") ke jagoranta. ’Yan kungiyar ne suka zabe shi, aka nada shi da umarnin Sarkin Musulmi. Baya ga Musulmai, Yahudawa ma suna shiga cikin kasuwar bayi, amma ba a sani ba ko an shirya su ne a cikin kungiyar. {{Sfn|Sarris|1990}} A cewar littafin tarihin Elviya Celebi, kungiyar dillalan bayi "esirci esnafi" tana da mambobi kusan 2000, kuma shagunansu na da dakunan bayi. {{Sfn|Conermann|Ağcagül|Şen|2020}} == Iyakar Bautar Mata== Duk da cewa ana ɗaukar bayi mata mafi yawansu daga wuraren yaƙi, kiran su da fursunonin yaƙi ba daidai ba ne. Yana da muhimmanci a lura cewa addinin mata bai dace da na waɗanda suka kama su ba, kuma mafi yawansu ba mayaƙa ba ne amma an kama su ne yayin da suke gudanar da harkokinsu na yau da kullum a matsayin fararen hula, duk da rashin nuna adawa.{{Sfn|Davis|2009}}{{Sfn|Broyles|2010}}{{Better source needed|date=Janairu 2024}} An kama matan daga sassan Afirka, Asiya da Turai sannan aka sayar da su a kasuwannin Istanbul. Kamar bayi maza, bayi mata ana ɗaukar su mallakar masu su ne.{{Sfn|Zilfi|2010|pp=189-209}}{{Sfn|Fleet|2016|pages=128–149}} Duk da cewa amfani da bayi mata don karuwanci yana da haramun a hukunci, ana iya sayar da baiwa ga wani namiji don jima'i, kuma bayi mata ba su da kariya ta doka a kan al'amuran jima'i.{{Sfn|Zilfi|2010|p=205}} Duk da cewa bayi za su iya kai ƙara a kotunan Musulunci kan duk wani rauni na jiki, batun jima'i na bayi mata ba nasu bane. Saboda haka, ba za su iya kai ƙara a kotu ko ga Sarki ba.{{Sfn|Zilfi|2010|pp=189-209}} A karkashin son zuciya da tsarin shari'ar Ottoman ya kawo, bayi mata, mafi yawansu wadanda ba Musulmi ba, ba a ba su damar zama shaidu a kan Musulmi.{{Sfn|Kuran|Lustig|2012|pages=631–666}} Rashin budurcin baiwa ba ya da alaka da kanta amma mallakinta, sabanin raunin jiki da ba mallakinta ba ya jawo mata rauni.{{Sfn|Zilfi|2010|pp=189-209}} A misali, a lokacin sanyi na shekara ta 1817 AD, wata mai baiwa ta samu diyya daga wani mutum wanda ya yi wa baiwar ta fyade saboda budurcinta ta lalace kuma ba za a iya sayar da ita a matsayin budurwa mai tsada ba.{{Sfn|Zilfi|2010|pp=189-209}} Rubuce-rubuce akan bayi da suka shafi Fatwa, ciki har da bayanin shari'a na Ottoman, suna cike da tattaunawa akan damar mallakar jima'i na bayi mata a baya, yanzu da gaba. Ana tambaya ana amsa game da batutuwan kama iyaye, karuwanci, zina, mallaka ta haɗin gwiwa na bayi, haihuwa, aure, fyade na bayi mata da waɗanda ba mallakinsu ba, da kuma yin jima'i da baiwar mata na mata ba tare da yardar matar ba.{{Sfn|Zilfi|2010|pp=189-209}} Malamai suna da karfi wajen bayar da ra'ayin addini, duba da cewa yanayin bayi a cikin gida yana da wahala.{{Sfn|Zilfi|2010|pp=189-209}} Wasu masana suna tattauna ko mutanen da ake kira bayi sun dace da fahimtar bauta ta yammacin duniya, amma masana sun tabbatar cewa akwai lokutan da bayi mata suka sha wahala kuma ba su da kariya ko hakkoki. Wasu tarihi sun kalubalanci bambance-bambancen shari'a da al'umma, amma shari'a tana samun tasiri daga al'umma, kuma shari'a da al'adun Musulunci suna dauke da tanade-tanade ga bayi, wanda ya taimaka musu wajen shigewa cikin al'umma. Duk da haka, duk da bambance-bambancen aikace-aikace, masu iko sukan yi amfani da tsarin shari'a don amfanin kansu. A hangen nesa na bayi, za a iya kallon wannan a matsayin katsalandan a kan ƙananan al'ummarsu.{{Sfn|Faroqhi|2020|pp=55-85}} Game da yadda tsarin shari'ar Ottoman ya kula da bayi, an takaita hakkokin mutum sosai. Cin zarafi da tauye hakki sun yawaita, kuma bayi mata ana daukar su a matsayin kayan mallaka, suna cikin jerin kayan gado tare da kayan gida ko dabbobi, ko kuma a bayyana su a kotu a matsayin kayayyaki.{{Sfn|Fleet|2016|pages=128–149}} Matan Turai na karni na goma sha tara sun lura cewa bayi mata a harems suna da hutu da 'yanci fiye da masu aikin gida a yammacin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allingham |first=Merryn |title=Bauta a Daular Ottoman |url=https://merrynallingham.com/19th-20th-century/slavery-in-the-ottoman-empire/}}</ref> Bayi mata suna da ƙarancin dama, yawanci bisa kyawun sura da baiwa wajen faranta maza da magana mai dadi.{{Sfn|Faroqhi|2020|pp=55-85}} Manyan maza sukan zaɓi wasu a matsayin bayi ko matan aure, wasu su ba da kyauta ga manyan mutane, kuma mafi kyawu su ke ajiyewa ga Sarki. Idan baiwa ta haifi ɗa namiji ga Sarki, tana samun gata, amma idan ba ta musulunta ba za a raba ta da ɗanta. Kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin matan aure da Sarki suka zama matarsa ta hukuma, kuma kaɗan ne suka zama matan da Sarki ya fi so. Daga cikinsu, wacce ɗanta ya zama Sarki zata zama "Walide" (Uwar Sarki).{{Sfn|Davis|2009}}<ref name=":4" /> A cewar Lidia Zhigunova, mata a yankin Caucasus sun fuskanci mallaka iri-iri a lokacin Daular Ottoman. Labaran yammacin duniya da Rasha sun fi mayar da hankali akan kyawun mata musamman na "kyawawan Circassian" a kasuwancin bayi, ba tare da la'akari da ikon su ko juriya ba. Zhigunova da Tlostanova suna jaddada cewa bauta a Daular Ottoman ba ta cire hakki da mutuncin bayi gaba daya ba. Bayi sun fi iya shiga cikin al'umma, musamman ta hanyar aure. Misali, idan baiwa ta haifi yaro daga mai ita, ba za a iya sayar da ita sauƙi ba, kuma 'ya'yanta ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin 'yanci. Idan mai ita ya amince su 'ya'yansa ne, suna da hakkin gado. Wannan ya taimaka wajen shigar da bayi cikin al'umma tsawon shekaru. Haka kuma, bayi mata na iya samun 'yanci a lokacin mutuwar mai ita ta hanyar "tedbir", inda mai ita ya yi alkawarin 'yantar da ita kafin mutuwa don samun lada.{{Sfn|White|Şen|2020|p=298}} Duk da haka, Zhigunova ta nuna misalan mata da aka ci zarafi. Misali, a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1854, wata baiwar Circassian mai suna Shemsigul ta bada shaida ga 'yan sandan Cairo game da cin zarafin da aka yi mata. An kawo ta daga kauyen ta zuwa Istanbul inda wani mai sayar da bayi ya yi mata fyade. Duk da cewa ta yi ciki daga gare shi, an sayar da ita sau da dama har ma tana da ciki. Duk da cewa doka ta haramta sayar da baiwa mai ciki, wannan mutum an yanke masa hukunci daga baya. Binciken Toledano ya nuna cewa kasuwancin bayi mata na Circassian ya yawaita a karni na 19, musamman bayan korar Circassians daga Rasha daga shekarun 1850. Neman mafaka tare da Ottoman na nufin shiga bauta. Lokacin da bukatar bayi mata farare ta ragu, an bar baki cikin halin rashin gata.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zhigunova|first=Lidia|date=2016|title=Daga Harem zuwa Feminocracy: Bayani akan hoton kasa na Circassian a cikin Adabi da Fasaha daga Lokutan Farko zuwa Bayan Soviet|url=https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane:51744|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Tulane Digital Library|archive-date=2023-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204132258/https://digitallibrary.tulane.edu/islandora/object/tulane:51744|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=Janairu 2024}}{{Sfn|Toledano|1993|pages=59–74}} Suraiya Faroqhi ta kwatanta ikon bayi na Ottoman da na bayi a Daular Mughal ta Kudancin Asiya. A Daular Ottoman, bayi mata suna da damar samun ikon kansu idan suka gamu da manyan masu mulki. A Daular Mughal, ana sanya sharudda a cikin kwangilar aure don tabbatar da cewa matan aure za su iya mallakar bayi matan mijinsu. Duk da haka, mata a Ottoman suna fuskantar hassada da hadarin korar su idan baiwa ta sami gata. A cikin al'ummar Ottoman, duk wani ikon da baiwa ta samu sau da yawa ya kasance a kan asarar ikon sauran mata. Ko da a karkashin shari'a, damar bayi ta iyakance.{{Sfn|Faroqhi|2020|pp=55-85}} Misali, tsarin "tedbir" na iya zama haɗari don samun 'yanci idan mai ita ya mutu, saboda ba zai iya yin amfani da kaso biyu cikin uku na dukiyarsa ba. Magada na iya cewa baiwar tana da daraja sosai don a 'yantar da ita gaba daya.{{Sfn|Faroqhi|2020|pp=55-85}} Maimakon a fassara bayi na Ottoman a matsayin bayi ko ba bayi ba, wasu masana suna ganin suna kan wani mataki ne. Misali, bayi maza masu mukami suna da rayuwa mai 'yanci da arziki, wanda ba zai dace da tsarin bauta na yammacin duniya ba. A gefe guda, bayi mata a harem suna da iko da arziki amma har yanzu suna fuskantar iyakoki. Bayi masu sauƙi suna fuskantar matsananciyar wahala da rashin dama.{{Sfn|Faroqhi|2020|pp=55-85}} Binciken Farhat Yasa na fatwa daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa na 18 ya nuna cewa a wasu yanayi, masu bayi na iya kashe bayinsu ba tare da tsoron hukunci ba a lahira. Duk da cewa wasu bayi mata na iya samun ikon kansu a cikin ƙananan iyaka, wasu kawai ana amfani da su ne a matsayin sutura. Saboda haka tattaunawa akan ikon bayi mata masu rauni ba ta dace ba.{{Sfn|Faroqhi|2020|pp=55-85}} A cewar Kate Fleet, bayi mata a Daular Ottoman suna da damar shiga wuraren jama'a fiye da mata Musulmai marasa bauta. Manyan mata sukan tafi tare da bayinsu idan babu namiji a kusa. Bayi mata suna iya samun ikon kansu a matsayin masu bayar da rahoto ko leƙen asiri.{{Sfn|Fleet|2016|pages=128–149}} Duk da haka, damar shiga wuraren jama'a ga bayi mata ba ta da daraja.{{Sfn|Fleet|2016|pages=128–149}} Bayi mata ba su da ikon sarrafa yadda ake kallon su; za a iya tsirara su a kasuwannin bayi ko kuma a mayar da su karuwai bisa son mai su.{{Sfn|Fleet|2016|pages=128–149}} == Yanayin Wuri, Matsuguni da Tattalin Arziki == Daular Krimean Khanate ta gabashin Turai ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kai hare-hare, kama bayi da kuma fitar da bayi na gabashin Turai ta hanyar kasuwancin bayi na Krimea, don biyan bukatun Daular Ottoman da ma fiye da haka.{{Sfn|Broyles|2010}}{{Better source needed|date=Janairu 2024}} Kasuwancin bayi, bautar bayi, da fansa sun zama muhimmiyar hanyar samun haraji ga Krimean Khanate da Daular Ottoman. Duk da cewa al'adar Musulunci tana janyo 'yantar da bayi da yawa, hakan ya kuma kara karfafa bukatar samun sabbin bayi.{{Sfn|Broyles|2010}}{{Better source needed|date=Janairu 2024}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-08-22|title=Tsawon tarihi|newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2015/08/22/the-persistence-of-history|access-date=2020-11-17|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Haka ma, 'yan kasuwar Yahudawa masu bayi suna da takunkumin addini; idan mai bayi ya yi jima'i da baiwa, dole ne ya sayar da ita ko ya 'yantar da ita, wanda hakan ya kara bukatar sabbin bayi.{{Sfn|Broyles|2010}} Wannan tsarin na Ottoman wani lokacin yana haifar da karuwar yawan jama'a, wanda yake kawo matsin tattalin arziki da kuma tayar da fitina da ake murkushewa. Yawancin bayi da aka 'yantar sun kasa samun rayuwa mai kyau, sun koma bara ko kuma bauta saboda rashin wasu hanyoyi. A Daular Ottoman, kabilun da suka fi sayar da mata a matsayin bayi na jima'i (da ake kira Cariye) sune Circassians, Suriyawa, da Nubians. 'Yan mata Circassian, wadanda aka bayyana a matsayin masu fata mai haske, sukan fi yawa ana bautar su daga Crimean Tatars sannan a sayar da su ga Daular Ottoman don yin aiki a harems. Su ne mafi tsada, suna kaiwa har fam 500 na sterling, kuma Turawa sun fi so sosai. 'Yan mata Suriyawa, masu idanu masu duhu, gashi mai duhu, da fata mai launin ruwan kasa mai haske, su ne na biyu a farin jini. Su kan fito daga yankunan bakin teku na Anatolia kuma suna iya kai farashin fam 30 na sterling. 'Yan mata Nubians su ne mafi arha da rashin farin jini, ana sayar da su har zuwa fam 20 na sterling.{{Sfn|Von Schierbrand|1886}} Matsayin jima'i da alamu a cikin al'ummar Ottoman na nuna karfi, inda harem na fadar sarki ke ware bayi mata daga sauran al'umma.{{Sfn|Peirce|1993}} Kasuwancin bayi na Ottoman da Kudancin Asiya ya kasance a hanyoyi biyu, kodayake bai kai na kasuwancin bayi na Uzbek ba a yankin. Duk da cewa yana biyan bukatar mata fararen fata a harems na manyan mutane a Kudancin Asiya, kasuwannin Kudancin Asiya sun fi samar da bayi mata wadanda ba Musulmi ba.{{Citation needed|date=Disamba 2023}} === Avret Pazari na Istanbul a Forum na Arcadius === File:Byzantine_Constantinople-en.png|thumb|150x150px|Taswirar Byzantine Constantinople (Kafin Ottoman). Tana nuna wurin Forum na Arcadius kusa da Masallacin Ese Kapi, wanda ke a gefen bangon Constantine da reshen kudu na ''Mese'', a kudu maso yammacin birnin kusa da tsauni na bakwai. Avret Pazari na Istanbul yana kusa da Forum na Arcadius.{{Sfn|Burford|1846|p=5}} Kusa da Avret Bazaar akwai karamin masallaci a yamma, da ake kira ''Masallacin Ese Kapi'', tare da titin kusa da shi mai suna Isa Kapoussi Sokaki.{{Sfn|Millingen|2010|p=22}} Tafiyar da Hobhouse ya bayyana ta faru a 1809–10, kuma "tawayen karshe" mai yiwuwa yana nufin tawayen Kabakçı Mustafa na 1807. An bayyana cewa "Aurat-Bazar" da Hobhouse ya ambata, wanda aka ce ya kone kafin 1810, an sake gina shi a wurin da ya kone. Ana bayyana wannan kasuwa a matsayin "kusa da ginin ginshikin da aka kone".{{Sfn|Allom|Walsh|1839}} Maganar ginshikin Arcadius ya fito fili daga wani aikin da Walsh ya rubuta tun farko.{{Sfn|Walsh|1836|p=353}} Har ila yau, wannan rubutun ya bayyana "Aurut Bazaar" a matsayin "wurin da aka saba sayar da bayi mata Circassian".{{Sfn|Walsh|1836|page=2}} A ziyarar ta a 1837, marubuciyar Ingila Julia Pardoe ta bayyana kasuwar bayi ta Istanbul a matsayin fili mai murabba'i wanda ke zagaye da dakunan dutse masu kasa a bangarori uku, tare da dogon tsani na katako a waje.{{Sfn|Pardoe|1845|p=111}} === Sauran wurare === Akwai wani titi a Gaziantep mai suna Avrat Pazarı. Yana tafe daidai da titin İnönü, a arewa da tsohuwar karamar hukumar da kuma Shıra Inn. Titin yana fara daga kofar yammacin Kemikli Bedestens kuma yana bude zuwa titin Şıhcan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Çizgi|first=Yeni|title=Fevzi Günenç|url=https://yenicizgihaber.com/koseyazisi/meger-neymissin-sen-avrat-pazari-yazisi-1035.html|access-date=2020-10-25|website=yenicizgihaber.com|language=Turanci}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wasu garuruwan Ottoman, kamar Belgrade, Sofia, Dimashk, da Aleppo, suma suna da kasuwannin bayi.{{Sfn|Sarris|1990|pp=336-337}} == Kama, dawo da gudu da tserewa == ===George na Hungary=== George na Hungary (kimanin 1422–1502){{Sfn|Burke|2012|pages=141–152}} bawan Ottoman ne da aka kama kuma aka sayar da shi a matsayin bawa lokacin da Turawan Ottoman suka mamaye garin Mühlbach (wanda yanzu ake kira Sebeș) a 1438. George ya samu damar tserewa sannan ya koma Kiristanci, daga baya ya rubuta tarihin abubuwan da ya fuskanta.{{Sfn|Dávid|Fodor|2007|p=6}} {{blockquote|"..A nan ake duba su kuma a cire musu kaya...sassan jikinsu na musamman na maza da mata ana taba su kuma a nuna su a gaban kowa. Tsirara, ana tilasta musu su fito a gaban kowa, su gudu, su yi tafiya, su yi tsalle, domin a ga fili ko suna da lafiya ko rashin lafiya, namiji ko mace, tsoho ko matashi, budurwa ko mara tsarki"... "A nan ana sayar da ɗa yayin da uwa mai baƙin ciki ke kallon sa. A nan ana jefa uwa cikin kunya da tozarci a gaban ɗanta. A nan ana izgili da matar aure a matsayin karuwa kuma a mika ta ga wani namiji, yayin da mijinta ke jin kunya. A nan ƙarami yana rabuwa da uwar sa yayin da ita kuma ake sayar da ita, zuciyarta na cike da tashin hankali." {{Sfn|Stevenson|2016|p=20}} }} ===Emily Ruete=== Babu isassun labaran bayi marasa gata ko adabin gargajiya daga mata Circassian. Labarin Emily Ruete akan sacewar da bautar da aka yi wa mahaifiyarta, Jilfidan, yana daga cikin shaidu kaɗan da ake da su akan baiwar mace da aka kama. Kafin a sayar da ita ga mahaifin Ruete, Jilfidan baiwa ce talaka, amma bayan mahaifin Ruete ya siya ta, ta zama baiwa ta musamman, wato matar ajiye. Ruete ta rubuta labarin bautar mahaifiyarta Jilfidan a rubuce-rubucenta. ::''...Mahaifiyata Circassian ce daga haihuwa, wacce a lokacin ƙuruciyarta aka raba ta da gidanta. Mahaifinta manomi ne, kuma tana zaune lafiya tare da iyayenta da ƙanenta da ƙanwarta. Yaƙi ya tashi kwatsam, ƙasarsu ta cika da masu yi wa mutane fashi; lokacin da suka kusanto, iyalin suka gudu zuwa wani wuri a karkashin ƙasa, wanda mahaifiyata ta kira shi — mai yiwuwa tana nufin ɗakin ajiya, wanda ba a sani a Zanzibar. Amma masu zalunci sun mamaye wurin da suke boye, aka kashe iyayenta, sannan aka kwashe yaran daga Arnauts guda uku da dawaki. Ɗaya daga cikinsu, tare da babban ɗan'uwanta, sun bace daga gani; sauran biyu, tare da mahaifiyata da ƙanwarta mai shekaru uku da ke kuka saboda uwarta, sun kasance tare har zuwa yamma, sannan su ma aka raba su, kuma mahaifiyata ba ta sake jin labarin waɗanda suka ɓace ba har ƙarshen rayuwarta.'' ::''Ta shiga hannun mahaifina tun tana ƙarama sosai, mai yiwuwa tana da shekaru bakwai ko takwas, saboda ta fitar da hakorinta na farko a gidajenmu...''{{Sfn|Ruete|1888|p=6}} ===Margaret Himfi=== Margaret Himfi, wata mata mai daraja ta Hungary, an sace ta kuma aka yi mata bauta ta hannun masu fashi na Ottoman a ƙarshen ƙarni na 14 da farkon ƙarni na 15. Daga baya ta zama baiwa mai kula da wani attajirin ɗan ƙasar Venice a Crete, inda ta haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu. Margaret ta samu damar komawa Hungary a 1405.{{Sfn|Dávid|Fodor|2007|p=6}} A lokacin daya daga cikin hare-haren farko na Ottoman a iyakar Daular Hungary, an sace Margaret daga garinsu na Egerszeg a Temes County (wanda yanzu yana cikin Vermeș a Romania).{{sfn|Csukovits|2005|p=80}} Zuwa 1405, an same ta tana tare da 'ya'ya biyu ƙanana. Kafin 1405, an sayar da ita a Crete, wata gabar ruwa da ke karkashin Daular Venice wadda aka fi sani da Daular Candia. Margaret ta zama baiwar Giorgio Darvasio, wani attajirin ɗan kasuwa daga iyalin 'yan kasuwa na Venice. Ta haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu tare da shi, Marieta da Iacoba, wadanda har yanzu ƙanana ne a 1405 da ma a 1408.{{sfn|Csukovits|2005|p=81}} Duk da kyakkyawar kulawa da ta samu daga Darvasio yayin bautarta, Margaret ba ta daina burin komawa Hungary ba. A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1405, an fitar da takardar hukuma a Crete kan Margaret. Darvasio ya yarda ya sake ta ba tare da fansa ba kuma ya samar mata da rakiyar komawa Hungary. Da farko, yana so ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yansu ta zauna a Crete, amma daga baya ya yarda da ziyarce-ziyarce zuwa Hungary don ganin Margaret da yaran.{{sfn|Kumorovitz|1983|p=944}} A cikin wannan takarda, Marcali ya bayyana niyyarsa ta komawa Crete don Margaret da yaran.{{sfn|Kovács|2009|p=105}} Darvasio ya kai Margaret da 'ya'yansu zuwa Venice don saukaka tafiyarsu zuwa Hungary. A can, ya mika su ga wani da ake cewa John na Redel, wanda ake zaton ɗan'uwan Margaret ne ta aure, sannan ya biya mata kuɗin tafiya. Margaret ta samu damar komawa Hungary bayan shekaru masu yawa kuma ta zauna a Buda tare da 'ya'yanta.{{sfn|Kumorovitz|1983|p=944}} ===Wasu misalai=== A shekarun 1460s, Ilona daga Garai, matar Tamas, an kama ta. Ta sami damar tserewa a lokacin da ya dace, amma daga baya aka sake kama ta kuma aka sayar da ita sau biyar daga Serbs kafin ta sake samun damar tserewa. Haka kuma, a 1471, Anna Nagy ta tsere daga bautar da take ciki, kodayake waɗannan lamura na musamman ne. Mata da dama da aka kama ba a sake samun su ba, duk da ƙoƙarin da iyalansu ko gwamnati suka yi don su biya fansa. A mafi yawan lokuta, matan ba su iya biyan fansa ba.{{Sfn|Dávid|Fodor|2007|p=6}} == Bayanan matafiya == A shekara ta 1592, jakadan Venetian Lorenzo Bernardo {{ill|it}} ya rubuta cewa ga Daular Ottoman, Adyghas da Mingrelians:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Natho|first=Kadir I.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eE2pDLgibVoC&q=slave&pg=PP2|title=Circassian History|date=2009-12-03|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4653-1699-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=E. S. Zevakin|first=A. Penčko|date=April 1986|others=translated from the Russian by Maria Teresa Dellacasa, in Miscellanea di studi storici, vol. 1, (Genoa: Fratelli Bozzi, 1969), pp. 7–98. (Also mentioned in Natho, Kadir I. (2009-12-03). Circassian History. |isbn=978-1-4653-1699-8|title=Ricerche sulla storia delle colonie genovesi nel Caucaso occidentale nei secoli XIII-XV)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0038713400118718|journal=Speculum|series=Miscellanea di studi storici, 2. (Collana Storica di Fonti e Studi, 38.) Genoa: Istituto di Medievistica, Università di Genova, 1983. Paper. Pp. 266.|volume=61|issue=2|pages=41|doi=10.1017/s0038713400118718|issn=0038-7134|via=|url-access=subscription}}</ref> {{blockquote| "... suna wakiltar wani abu kamar ma'adinan bayi ..., ana kai su Constantinople kamar dabbobi sannan a sayar da su a cikin gasa..."}} A ƙarni na 17, matafiyi na Ottoman Evliya Çelebi, wanda ya halarci wasu hare-hare kuma ya kama wasu fursunoni, ya rubuta game da tafiyarsa zuwa Krimean Khanate, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da bayi ga Ottoman. Ya bayyana kasuwar bayi ta Karasubazar kamar haka:{{blockquote|"... Duk wanda bai ga wannan kasuwa ba, bai ga komai a wannan duniya ba. Ana raba uwa da ɗanta da ‘yarta a nan, ana raba ɗa da mahaifinsa da ɗan'uwansa, kuma ana sayar da su a tsakanin kuka, roƙon taimako, hawaye da bakin ciki."<ref>{{cite journal|author=Mikhail Kizilov|title=Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources|url=https://www.academia.edu/2971600|journal=Oxford University|year=2007 |volume=11|issue=1|page=24}}</ref> }} Robert Walsh, wani marubuci daga asalin Irish wanda daga baya ya yi yakin kawar da bautar bayi, shi ne malamin coci na Ofishin Jakadancin Biritaniya a Constantinople daga kusan 1820 zuwa 1827. A wannan lokacin, ya shaida kuma ya bayyana halin sabbin bayi daga Chios bayan kisan kiyashi na 1822 da Ottomans suka yi daga tsibirin Helenawa mafi rinjaye kusa.{{Sfn|Walsh|1836}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKtKAAAAcAAJ&q=teskerai+slave&pg=PA142|title=The Edinburgh Review, Or Critical Journal|date=1837|publisher=Longmans, Green & Company|language=en}}</ref> A 1829, ya rubuta: {{blockquote|text= "Labari na farko game da waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru an kawo su Constantinople daga caiquegees, hummals, da sauran masu sa kai daga talakawa, waɗanda suka dawo da jiragen ruwa cike da ganima da bayi. Hanyar Gabas ta yin bayi da tabbatar da mallaka a kansu ita ce wannan. Duk wanda ya shiga wannan aikin a matsayin mai sa kai domin neman ganima, zai shiga gida, ya kunna wuta, ya kashe mazan da suka manyanta, sannan ya kwashe kayan gida, tare da matan da yara. Daga nan sai ya je ofishin kwastan na gaba, kuma bayan biyan piasters ashirin, ko kusan shiling goma, za su karɓi takardar teskerai, wadda take tabbatar da bautar bayi, sannan iyalan da ba su da sa'a su zama mallakar waɗanda suka kama su har abada, tare da zuriyarsu! Idan wani daga cikinsu ya so ya sayar da su gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare, zai mika musu teskerai ɗin da ya bayar da shi, wanda zai bai wa mai sayen mallaka har abada. An bayar da teskerais dubu arba'in da ɗaya ta wannan hanya don bayi na Sciote har zuwa 1 ga Mayu, wanda dubu biyar daga ciki aka bayar da su ga waɗanda za su je Constantinople kaɗai, kuma galibi daga talakawa. Wurin da aka fi sayar da bayi na Circassian shi ne Aurut Bazaar, ko Kasuwar Mata, a kusa da Burnt Column. A nan ba a karya ladabi sosai sai a lokacin sayarwa. Ginin murabba'i ne, tare da fili a tsakiya. A kusa da shi akwai dandamali inda bayi baki suke zama: a bayan akwai tagogin da aka lullube da ke haskaka dakunan da ake kulle fararen mata masu tsada har sai an sayar da su, kuma ana kiyaye ɗan ladabi a lokacin siye. Amma yawan bayi na Sciotes ya yi yawa, har suna nuna su don siye a kowane wuri na jama'a, har ma a tituna. Wurin da aka fi amfani da shi shi ne Baluk Bazaar, ko Kasuwar Kifi. A nan, ana nuna 'yan mata miskinai masu shekaru goma sha biyu ko goma sha huɗu, ana sayar da su kamar dabbobi a kasuwar Ingila. Da dama daga cikinsu ba su da wando ko tufafi da ya kamata. Tsoro da damuwa sun shafi su sosai, har suka nuna mafi muni na wahalar dan Adam da na taɓa gani, wanda ba za a iya bayyana shi ba; duk da haka, Turawa suna yi musu wulakanci kamar ba sa ganin suna da buƙatar nuna musu girmamawa da ladabi wanda ya kamata musulmi ya nuna wa kowace mace. Ana ɗaukar su kuma ana tabawa da ƙarfi kamar yadda masu yankan nama ke binciken ƙananan dabbobi, kuma ana sayar da su a farashin piasters ɗari, ko fam 3 kowace kai. An sayar da su guda dari biyar a nan ta wannan hanya, kuma an ga maza da mata na Turkiyya suna jagorantar bayin Kirista matasa zuwa gidajensu. Washegari, 16 ga Yuni, Lahadi ce, kuma an kafa kasuwar bayi a titin Pera, wanda ke kaiwa zuwa fadar mu. An kawo wasu daga cikin fursunonin a ranar da ta gabata, kuma wasu daga cikinsu an nuna su don siye a wannan wuri,..."{{Sfn|Walsh|1836}} (caiquegees = masu jirgin ruwa, hummals = maza masu ɗaukar kaya )}} A shekara ta 1828, Charles Macfarlane ya bayar da bayani game da Constantinople.{{sfn|MacFarlane|1829|p=74}} {{blockquote|text= "...wannan matar ta zo Chesmé, ta yi ciniki da Turkiyya don 'yancinta. Ya nemi piasters dubu ɗari da biyu; ba su iya tara piasters goma sha biyu ba; – amma suka nemi taimako daga Franks da suka zo Chesmé, kuma ta hanyar gudummawar su, haɗe da na kapitani da jami'an jirgin yaki na Ingila, "Jasper," da abin da na bayar, suka tara piasters dari takwas, wanda, bisa roƙon abokina, Mista W–, Turkiyya ya yarda ya karɓa. Miskin Sciote ta karɓi takardar 'yanci, wadda moollah da tsohon mallakinta suka sanya hannu da hatimi, sannan ta zo ta gode min saboda rawar da na taka wajen dawo mata da 'yanci."}} Admiral Sir Adolphus Slade CB (1804 – 13 Nuwamba 1877) babban hafsan sojin ruwa ne na Biritaniya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban hafsan sojin ruwa a Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Ottoman.<ref>{{cite web|last=Archives|first=The National|title=The Discovery Service|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/A2A/records.aspx?cat=168-ddsas_3&cid=-1&Gsm=2008-06-18#-1|access-date=14 December 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Slade|first=Adolphus|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Records_of_travels_in_Turkey,_Greece,_etc.,_and_of_a_cruise_in_the_Black_Sea,_with_the_capitan_pasha,_in_the_years_1829,_1830,_and_1831_(IA_b29350244_0002).pdf|title=Records of Travels, in Turkey Greece & c., And of cruise in the Black sea, with the captain Pasha, in the years 1829, 1830, and 1831|publisher=Saunders and Otley|year=1833|isbn=|volume=II|location=Conduit street, London|pages=242, 243}}</ref> {{blockquote|text= "Wani lokaci, ba zan musanta ba, abubuwan da suka matuƙar taba zuciya na faruwa, musamman ga fursunonin yaƙi, ko waɗanda aka kama daga tayar da hankali, an raba su da komai da suke so; amma waɗannan abubuwan ba su da yawa. Circassians da Georgians, waɗanda ke samar da bayi, kawai abin al'ada ne, suna zama ‘yan sadaukarwa; iyayensu masu son kuɗi suna haifar da su domin 'yan kasuwa. ... suna jiran lokacin tafiya zuwa Anapa, ko Poti, inda ake jigilar su zuwa Stamboul, ... A kasuwa suna zama a dakuna daban-daban, a boye sosai, inda a lokacin kasuwanci – tsakanin tara da goma sha biyu – masu son siye za su iya ziyartar su. Ba sai na rufe abin da ya biyo baya ba. Ana kiyaye ladabi. Mai son siye na iya duban fuskar baiwar, kuma hannunsa na iya jin shaida akan kirjinta. Rawar waltz tana ba da irin wannan ‘yanci a gaban idanu dari. Tabbas mai kasuwa yana ba da garantin sa, wanda, da wannan bayanin, ake kammala ciniki. Farashin da aka saba don baiwa mai kyau shi ne fam 100. Wasu suna kaiwa daruruwan ... waɗanda Kizlar Aga ke zaɓar. Bayi mata daga Nubia da Habasha suna bayyana a fili a dandamali, a ƙarƙashin tagwaye, a gaban ƙananan gidajen fararen kasusuwa. Su kan yi murmushi suna wasa da kowa, kuma sau da yawa suna cewa a fili "Saya ni." Ana sayar da su cikin sauƙi, kuma ba tare da wahala ba. Mata su ne masu siye mafi yawa, don masu taimakon gida. Ƙaramin dubawa ya isa. Baiwar tana tashi daga ƙasa, ta tattara kayan kafinta a kugunta, ta yi bankwana da abokan aikinta, kuma tana tafiya cikin farin ciki, ba ta saka takalma kuma ba ta rufe kai, tare da sabuwar uwarta, wacce nan take take sanya mata tufafi na Turkiyya kuma ta ɓoye baƙin jikinta da farin mayafi. Farashin baiwar kusan fam 16 ne. Ana siyar da maza a wani wuri daban – kullum matasa. Yara maza suna samun farashi mafi girma fiye da ‘yan mata, saboda dalilai bayyanannu: a Gabas, abin takaici, suna zama kayan jin daɗi ma, kuma idan sun girma suna da amfani a fannoni da yawa; idan suna da basira, suna iya kaiwa manyan mukamai; yayin da mace take kawai abin wasa ga Turawan Gabas, kuma, kamar abin wasa, idan aka watsar da ita, babu amfani."}} Marubucin [[Denmark]] Hans Christian Andersen ya ziyarta Istanbul a Afrilu 1841 kuma ya rubuta: {{blockquote|text= "...Ba nesa da babban kasuwa ba, mun isa wani wuri da ke zagaye da gine-ginen katako, yana samar da bude dakin da ake shawagi; rufin da ke tsaye yana goyon bayan katako; a ciki a gefen wannan dakin, akwai kananan dakuna inda 'yan kasuwa ke adana kayansu, kuma waɗannan kayayyaki mutane ne, bayi mata bakar fata da farare.{{refn|group=nb|Duk da cewa bayanin Hans Christian Andersen ya dace da Istanbul amma mai fassarar littafinsa na Turkiyya ya yi amfani da kalmar "Kızlarağası Hanı" (wanda ke nufin wani abu kamar "Gidan Ubangidan Mata"), amma wurin da aka sani da "Kızlarağası Hanı" yana cikin İzmir}} Yanzu muna cikin fili, rana na haskakawa, an shimfiɗa tabarma a ƙarƙashin bishiyoyi masu kore, kuma nan 'ya'yan mata na Asiya suna zaune da kwance. Uwa matashiya tana ba da nono ga jaririnta, kuma za a raba su biyun. A kan matakan da ke kaiwa zuwa dakin shawagi akwai wata bakar baiwa wacce ba ta fi shekaru goma sha huɗu ba; tana kusan tsirara; wani tsohon Baturen Turkiyya yana kallonta. Ya ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin kafafuwanta a hannunsa; tana dariya tana nuna hakoranta farare. Kada ka rufe kyawawan mata farare, kai tsoho mai ban tsoro; waɗannan ne muke so mu gani; kar ka tura su cikin keji; ba za mu kunyata su da ido mai tsauri ba kamar yadda kake tunani. Ga shi! wani matashin Turkiyya mai kallo mai zafi; bayi huɗu na bin sa; wasu tsofaffin mata Yahudawa biyu suna yin ciniki da shi. Wasu kyawawan ‘yan mata Tscherkasier sun zo; zai ga su suna rawa, ya ji su suna rera waka, sannan ya zaɓi ya saya! Zai iya ba mu bayani game da kasuwar bayi, wanda mu ba za mu iya bayarwa ba..." |source=A Poet's Bazaar. Hans Christian Andersen · 1871 <ref>{{Cite book|last=Andersen|first=Hans Christian|chapter= A ramble through Constantinople |title=A Poet's Bazaar |place=Hurd and Houghton, Cambridge |publisher=Riverside Press |year=1871|isbn= |pages=231, 232}}</ref> }} == Bayyanar Al'adu == === Sakewa a cikin wakokin gargajiya === {{See also|Souliotic songs|Duma (epic)}} Yawancin wakokin gargajiya na Rasha, Ukraine, da Poland daga zamanin Daular Ottoman suna nuna tasirin hare-hare ga talakawa a gabashin Turai da yankunan tekun Black Sea.{{Sfn|Broyles|2010}}{{Better source needed|date=Janairu 2024}} {{poemquote| Wuta tana ci a bayan kogi— Tatars suna raba fursunonin su An ƙone garinmu kuma an kwashe dukiyarmu. Tsohuwar uwa an sare ta da takobi Kuma masoyiyata an kama ta. ~ Wakar gargajiya ta Ukraine }} A cikin tarin wakokin gargajiya na Helenawa na Claude Fauriel, wanda aka wallafa a 1824–25, wasu wakoki sun ambaci bayi Helenawa na Turawa ko kuma haɗarin fada cikin bauta da yaki don kaucewa hakan. Wadannan wakoki sun bayyana abubuwan da suka faru kafin juyin juya halin (kafin 1821), musamman rikice-rikicen da ke tsakanin Souliotes da Ali Pasha na Jannina da Musulman [[Albaniya|Albania]]. Despo, matar shugaban Souliote Tzavellas, ana yabon ta a cikin wadannan wakoki saboda ta kashe kanta cikin mutunci tare da wasu mata, maimakon fuskantar kama da bautar bayi. A cikin wani yanayi mai tayar da hankali, lokacin da mata da yara suka sami kansu a cikin wani ƙaramin katanga ba tare da wata fata ta tsira ba, Despo ta kunna ganga mai dauke da fashewar harsashi. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Constantinides |first1=Elizabeth |title=Andreiomeni: The Female Warrior in Greek Folk Songs |journal=Journal of Modern Greek Studies |date=1983 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=63–72 |doi=10.1353/mgs.2010.0076|s2cid=143873840 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/264073|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Rubutun Helenanci na asali tare da fassarar Faransanci yana cikin aikin Fauriel.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fauriel |first1=Claude Charles |title=Chants populaires de la Grèce moderne |date=1824 |publisher=Dondey-Dupré, père et fils |pages=302–303 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OAGAAAAQAAJ |language=fr|volume=1|chapter="Guerres de Soulotes, 8"}}</ref> {{poemquote|... 'Ku zo, ya 'ya'ya na, ku zo tare da ni, Ba za mu rayu a matsayin bayi na Turawa ba.' Ta taɓa fashewar harsashi da fitila — Wuta ta cinye su baki ɗaya.}} === Adabi === [[File:Leopold Löffler - Return from bondage - MP 3010 MNW - National Museum in Warsaw.jpg|thumb|Dawowa daga bautar bayi a Daular Ottoman, wanda Leopold Loeffler ya zana.]] Bayyanar matsalolin bautar mata a cikin adabi ya fara a cikin labaran Daular Ottoman na karni na 19.<ref name=":8">{{cite book |last1=Akşit |first1=Elif |editor1-last=Fortna |editor1-first=Benjamin C. |title=Childhood in the Late Ottoman Empire and After |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-30580-9|pages=104–112 |language=en |chapter=Being a Girl in Ottoman Novels|doi=10.26530/OAPEN_613397|series=The Ottoman Empire and its Heritage|volume=59|s2cid=163014481 }}</ref> Bisa ga Elif Aksit, yayin da Samipaşazade Sezai, Ahmet Mithat, da Halit Ziya suka bayyana rayuwar bayi mata masu rauni da raɗaɗi, Fatma Aliye ta mai da hankali kan karfafa mata duk da bautar. Hanyar da marubutan farko uku suka bi ta nuna yanayi mai raɗaɗi da ban dariya domin samar da babban tasiri ga ra'ayin jama'a. <ref name=":8" /> Wani labari daga 1877 'Aşk-ı Vatan' (Soyayyar Ƙasa), wanda ya tattauna kewar gida na wata baiwa mace kuma Zafer Hanım ta rubuta, ana ɗauka a matsayin labari na farko da wata marubuciyar Turkiyya ta rubuta.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Direk|first=Zeynep|date=2018-09-01|title=Fatma Aliye Hanım: Gender Debates in Turkey|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/asia-2017-0075/html|journal=Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques|language=de|volume=72|issue=3|pages=693–716|doi=10.1515/asia-2017-0075|s2cid=105568574 |issn=2235-5871}}</ref> A cikin labari na farko na Namık Kemal, İntibah (Farkawa) (1876), wata mace mai suna Fatma ta saya wata baiwa mace mai suna Dilaşub don karkatar da hankalin ɗanta Ali daga wata mace, Mahpeyker. Amma lokacin da Dilaşub ta cika aikinta na karkatarwa, Fatma, mai ita, ta sake sayar da ita da zarar ta zargi cewa tana sha'awar wani namiji. Aksit ya lura cewa Dilaşub ta bayyana a matsayin mai kirki amma rauni kuma mai bin umarni, tana fuskantar sakamakon raunin wasu. Fatma tana sarrafa rayuwar ɗanta da ta baiwar ta ta hanyar siye da sayar da su gwargwadon bukatunta.<ref name=":8" /> Aksit ya ce farkon marubutan maza na Ottoman sau da yawa suna tausaya wa bayi mata, suna nuna rayuwarsu daga yarinta zuwa balaga, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin labarin Ahmet Mithat na jarumarsa, Rakım, wanda ya koya wa baiwar sa, Canan, sannan daga baya ya aure ta.<ref name=":8" /> Haka kuma, marubuci Halit Ziya a cikin labarinsa Sefile (Miskiniya) (1886–1887), ya bayyana wata baiwa mace mai kasada mai suna Mazlume (mace ta "Ƙunci") wadda aka sayar da ita ga mutane nagari da mugaye amma ta kasa tserewa daga kaddararta ta baiwa mace.<ref name=":8" /> A cikin labarin Samipaşazade Sezai na 1888 Sergüzeşt ("Tarihin Rayuwa" ko "Kasada"), an sayi baiwar mace mai suna Dilber kuma aka sake sayar da ita daga iyali ɗaya zuwa wani. A hankali, Dilber ta canza daga yarinya mai rauni zuwa kyakkyawar yarinya balaga. Aksit ya lura cewa, abin ban mamaki, yayin da raunin Dilber na farko ya kare ta daga hare-hare da ake so da ba a so, kyawunta da balaga sun zama haɗin haɗari tare da bautarta. A cikin gidan wani mai ita, inda ta isa a matsayin kyakkyawar yarinya, wani saurayi ya fara raina ta, amma daga baya ya fara zana hotonta, yana daukar ta a matsayin abu kawai. Dilber ta yi tawaye tana kuka, wanda ya sa ya gane cewa ita ma mutum ce. Daga baya suka fara soyayya. Amma matar gidan, mahaifiyarsa, ta sayar da Dilber a kasuwa don hana soyayya tsakanin baiwa da ɗan matsakaicin gida, wanda hakan ya sa Dilber ta yi tunanin kashe kanta saboda soyayya mara nasara.<ref name=":8" /> Duk da cewa marubuciyar Fatma Aliye (1862 – 1936) an dauke ta a matsayin mai cigaba a zamaninta, tana kallon bautar jima'i (tare da shirka) a matsayin nau'in cin zarafi, Zeynep Direk ya yi jayayya cewa martanin Aliye bai isa daga hangen nesa na mata ba. Wannan saboda Aliye ta fi mayar da hankali kan kare Ottomanism da Islamism, tana rage bayyana tilastawa, bautar bayi, zalunci, da cin zarafin jima'i na mata. Ta bayyana bautar mata a cikin yanayi mai kyau da soyayya kuma ba ta kira da a kawar da bautar ba, duk da cewa an kawar da shi a doka kafin haihuwar Fatma Aliye a 1847, kodayake har yanzu ana aikatawa.<ref name=":11" /> Duk da haka, iyakokin bautar mata a cikin labaran Aliye suna da sako-sako. Alal misali, a cikin labarin Muhadarat, wata mace ba baiwa ba, wadda ta auri attajiri, ta sayar da kanta cikin bauta don tserewa daga mijinta. A wani labari kuma, iyalin Enin suna so ɗansu ya auri baiwar mace, amma ɗan, wanda ke son wata, ya ƙi auren baiwar mace. A wani labari kuma, Dar'ul Muallimat, jarumar Refet, ‘yar baiwa mace talaka, tana halartar makarantar (Dar'ul Muallimat) don ta zama malama.<ref name=":11" /> Bisa ga Seteney Nil Dogan, tsararraki na biyu na 'yan hijira Circassian masu kishin ƙasa a shekarun 1970 sun bincika kuma suka soki Circassians da Turawa saboda safarar mutane, auren da aka tsara, da haɗin aure da ba a so ta hanyar mujalloli da fafutukar su. A 1975, a cikin mujallar Circassian Yamçı, wata marubuciya mace Circassian mai suna Karden D. ta bayyana fata don 'yantar da mata Circassian daga kallo a matsayin kayan sayarwa, ana sayar da su a mafi girman farashi.<ref name=":9" /> Bayan haka, Kanuko Cemil ya rubuta waka a wannan mujallar a 1976, yana nuna jigon da ake yawan tattaunawa na auren dole da safarar mutane a cikin mujallolin da 'yan hijira Circassian masu kishin ƙasa suka wallafa a shekarun 1970.<ref name=":9" /> {{poemquote|" ...Nesa... A Gabas Baiwar Circassian tana hannun baƙon waje ........ ........ A lokacin bazarar rayuwarta Baiwar Circassian tana da shekaru 19 Lokacin da aka sayar da ita cikin mugunta Baƙon ya ɗauki baiwar, yana da shekaru sittin ..... Abin bakin ciki ne amma gaskiyar abin nan ne [...] Uban gida yana kan madubin kunya. ~ Wakar Kanuko Cemil na 1976 a cikin mujallar Circassian Yamçı<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Doğan|first=Setenay Nil|date=Spring 2010|title=From national humiliation to difference: The image of the Circassian beauty in the discourses of Circassian diaspora nationalists|url=https://www.circassianworld.com/pdf/SNDogan_From_national_humiliation.pdf|journal=New Perspectives on Turkey|number=42|pages=91}}</ref>}} Dogan da Toledano sun lura cewa tattaunawa tsakanin zuriyar bayi bayan 2000 tana mai da hankali kan haɗawa cikin ainihin Turkiyya yayin ba da dama ga bambancin al'adu.<ref name=":9" /> === Talabijin === Shirye-shiryen talabijin na Turkiyya yawanci ba sa nuna bautar bayi tsakanin mata talakawa marasa gata, maimakon haka suna mai da hankali kan bautar mata masu gata a cikin fadar sarakunan Ottoman. Jerin shirye-shirye kamar Muhteşem Yüzyıl (Zamanin Maimaituwa) ana fitar da su zuwa kasashe da dama na Musulmi, suna fi mai da hankali kan bangaren bautar mata na manya a zamanin Ottoman. Sakamakon haka, sabuwar ƙarni na masu kallo ba sa sanin nau'o'in bautar jima'i na Musulunci kafin ƙarni na 20. Duk da amincewar malamai na addini, masu kallo na mazan jiya suna kira da a yi sigar da aka tsarkake wanda ba ya nuna kowace baiwar mace a zamanin Ottoman da rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rakhmani Inaya|first=Zakiab Adinda|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-46051-8_13|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|others=Kaptan, Yeșim,, Algan, Ece|title=Television in Turkey |chapter=Consuming Halal Turkish Television in Indonesia: A Closer Look at the Social Responses Towards Muhteşem Yüzyıl|year=2020|isbn=978-3-030-46051-8|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=245–265|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-46051-8_13|s2cid=226531970|oclc=1193329109}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Aiyukan da aka zaɓa== {{refbegin|30em}} *<!-- A --> {{cite book |last1=Allom |first1=Thomas |last2=Walsh |first2=Robert |title=Constantinople and the Scenery of the Seven Churches of Asia Minor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bh5fAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA37 |date=1839 |publisher=Fisher, Son and Co }} *<!-- B -->{{Cite thesis |last=Broyles |first=Shawn Christian |date=2010 |title=Slavery and the Ottoman-Crimean Khanate Connection |url=https://shareok.org/bitstream/handle/11244/14742/Broyles_okstate_0664M_13434.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Oklahoma State University |degree=MA |via=shareok.org/bitstream }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{cite book |last1=Bulgaru |first1=M. -M. Alexandrescu-Dersca |editor1-last=Bostom |editor1-first=Andrew G. |title=The Legacy of Jihad : Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. |date=2010 |publisher=Prometheus |location=Amherst |isbn=978-1-61592-017-4 |page=568 |language=en |chapter=49. The role of slaves in the fifteenth-century Turkish Romania}} *{{Cite book|last=Burford|first=Robert|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Getty_Research_Institute_(IA_descriptionofvie00burf_42).pdf|title=Description of a view of Constantinople with its European and Asiatic suburbs and a great extent of surrounding country|publisher=T. Brettell (Printer), Rupert Street, Haymarket|year=1846|isbn=|location=London|pages=5}} *{{cite book|last=Burke|first=Peter|title=Why Concepts Matter: Translating Social and Political Thought|chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004194908/B9789004194908_009.xml|chapter=Translating the Turks|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2012|pages=141–152|doi=10.1163/9789004194908_009|isbn=978-90-04-19490-8}} *<!-- C -->{{Cite book |title=Slaves and slave agency in the Ottoman Empire|last1=Conermann|first1=Stephan|last2=Ağcagül|first2=Sevgi|last3= Şen|first3=Gül|date=11 May 2020|isbn=978-3-8470-1037-1|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|location=Gottingen|oclc=1154547774}} * {{cite journal |last=Csukovits |first=Enikő |year=2005 |title=Csodás szabadulások a török rabságból [''Miraculous Escapes from Turkish Captivity''] |journal=Aetas |publisher=AETAS Könyv- és Lapkiadó Egyesület |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=78–90 |issn=0237-7934 |language=hu}} *<!-- D -->{{Cite book|last1=Dávid|first1=Géza|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00ZuXUdx2GgC&pg=PR7|title=Ransom Slavery Along the Ottoman Borders: (Early Fifteenth - Early Eighteenth Centuries)|last2=Fodor|first2=Pál|date=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-15704-0|language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Robert C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-B0CgAAQBAJ |title=Holy War and Human Bondage: Tales of Christian-Muslim Slavery in the Early-Modern Mediterranean: Tales of Christian-Muslim Slavery in the Early-Modern Mediterranean |date=2009-07-01 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-06540-8 |language=en }} *{{Cite book |last=De Busbecq |first=Ogier Ghislain |title=Turkish letters |date=2005 |publisher=Eland |others=Forster, E. S. (Edward Seymour), 1879-1950 |isbn=978-0-907871-69-9 |location=London |oclc=76961364}} *<!-- F -->{{cite book |last=Faroqhi|first=Suraiya |editor1-last=Conermann |editor1-first=Stephan |editor2-last=Ağcagül |editor2-first=Sevgi |editor3-last=Şen |editor3-first=Gül |title=Slaves and slave agency in the Ottoman Empire |publisher=V&R Unipress |location=Gottingen |isbn=9783847010371 |date=11 May 2020 |language=en |chapter=Slave agencies compared: to The Ottoman and Mughal Empires|series=Ottoman studies (Göttingen, Germany)|volume=7|oclc=1154547774}} *{{Cite book |last=Fleet |first=Kate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCgiDAAAQBAJ |title=The Extremes of Visibility: Slave Women in Ottoman Public Space (Ottoman Women in Public Space) |date=2016-05-09 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-31662-1 |language=en }} *{{cite book |last1=Flemming |first1=Barbara |title=Essays on Turkish literature and history |date=2018 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-29310-6 |page=362}} *<!-- H -->{{Cite book|last=Hathaway |first=Jane|title=The Arab lands under Ottoman rule : 1516-1800|year=2020 |isbn=978-1-003-01507-9|edition=Second|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|oclc=1135094891}} * <!-- K -->{{cite book |last=Kovács |first=Péter E |editor1-last=Neumann |editor1-first=Tibor |editor2-last=Rácz |editor2-first=György |title=Honoris causa. Tanulmányok Engel Pál tiszteletére (Analecta mediaevalia III) |publisher=PPKE Történettudományi Intézete |year=2009 |pages=105–123 |chapter=Egy magyar rabszolganő Krétán a 15. században [''A Hungarian Woman-Slave in Crete in the 15th Century''] |isbn=978-963-9627-25-3 |language=hu}} * {{cite journal |last=Kumorovitz |first=L. Bernát |year=1983 |title=I. Lajos királyunk 1375. évi havasalföldi hadjárata (és "török") háborúja [''Our King Louis I's Wallachian Campaign and ("Turkish") War of 1375''] |url=https://archive.org/details/szazadok_1983_117_5/page/919 |journal=Századok |publisher=Magyar Történelmi Társulat |volume=117 |issue=5 |pages=919–982 |issn=0039-8098 |language=hu }} *{{cite journal |last1=Kuran |first1=T. |last2=Lustig |first2=S. |year=2012 |title=Judicial biases in Ottoman Istanbul: Islamic justice and its compatibility with modern economic life |journal=Journal of Law and Economics |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=631–666 |doi=10.1086/665537 |jstor=665537 |s2cid=222321949}} *<!-- M -->{{cite book |last=MacFarlane |first=Charles |title=Constantinople in 1828: A Residence of Sixteen Months in the Turkish Capital and Provinces: with an Account of the Present State of the Naval and Military Power, and of the Resources of the Ottoman Empire |volume=1 |date=1829 |location=London |publisher=Saunders and Otley |url={{GBurl|b-4GAAAAQAAJ}} }} *{{Cite book|last=Millingen|first=Alexander Van|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9N39KZn2QAC&q=Isa+Kapoussi+Mesdjidi&pg=PA22|title=Byzantine Constantinople: The Walls of the City and Adjoining Historical Sites|date=2010-10-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-01456-4|location=|pages=22|language=en}} * <!-- N -->{{cite book|first=Neoklis |last=Sarris| title=Οσμανική πραγματικότητα |trans-title=Osmanic reality |date=1990 |volume=1 |language=Greek}}s *<!-- P -->{{Cite book|last=Pardoe|first=Julia S. H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqgBAAAAQAAJ|title=The city of the sultan; and domestic manners of the Turks, in 1836|date=1845|publisher=Clarke|isbn=|location=|language=en|volume=I}} *{{Cite book|last=Peirce |first=Leslie P |title=The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire|year=1993|isbn=978-0-19-507673-8|location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=27811454}} *<!-- R -->{{cite book |last1=Ruete |first1=Emily |title=Memoirs of an Arabian Princess |date=1888 |publisher=D. Appleton and Company |location=New York |page=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/memoirsanarabia00ruetgoog }} *<!-- S -->{{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=David |title=An English Translation of Georgius de Hungaria's Treatise on the Customs, Living Conditions, and Wickedness of the Turks (1481) |year=2016}} *<!-- T -->{{cite book |last1=Toledano |first1=Ehud R. |title=Struggle and survival in the modern Middle East |date=1993 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=London |isbn=978-1-85043-607-2 |language=en |chapter=Shemsigul: A Circassian Slave in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Cairo}} *{{Cite book|last=Toledano| first=Ehud R. |title=Slavery and abolition in the Ottoman Middle East|url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryabolition0000tole|publisher=[[University of Washington Press]]|year=1998|isbn=978-0-295-97642-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Toledano|first=Ehud R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=If1fAgAAQBAJ|title=Shifting Patterns Of Ottoman Enslavement in Early Modern Period (The Ottoman Middle East: studies in honor of Amnon Cohen Editors)|publisher=Brill|others=Cohen, Amnon, 1936-,Editors: Ginio, Eyal; Podeh, Elie|year=2014|isbn=978-90-04-26296-6|location=Leiden|pages=201 to 220|oclc=869281895}} *<!-- V -->{{cite news|author=Von Schierbrand|first=Wolf|author-link=Wolf Curt von Schierbrand|date=March 28, 1886|title=Slaves sold to the Turk; How the vile traffic is still carried on in the East. Sights our correspondent saw for twenty dollars--in the house of a grand old Turk of a dealer.|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1886/03/28/106300694.pdf|access-date=19 January 2011}} *<!-- W -->{{cite book |last1=Walsh |first1=Robert |title=A Residence at Constantinople: During a Period Including the Commencement, Progress, and Termination of the Greek and Turkish Revolutions |date=1836 |publisher=F. Westley & A.H. Davis |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMkGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA353 |language=en |volume=2 }} *{{Cite web |last=White |first=Joshua |date=2012-01-01 |title=Catch and Release: Piracy, Slavery, and Law in the Early Modern Ottoman Mediterranean. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295262678 }} *{{Cite book|last1=White|first1=Joshua M.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpriDwAAQBAJ&q=tedbir+Manumission&pg=PA298|chapter=Slavery, Manumission and freedom suits in early modern Ottoman Empire|last2=Şen|first2=Gül|date=2020-05-11|title=Slaves and Slave Agency in the Ottoman Empire|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=978-3-8470-1037-1|location=|language=en}} *<!-- Z -->{{Cite book|last=Zilfi|first=Madeline C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OOguGQQbmgC&q=define+%22avrat%22&pg=PA183|title=Women in the Ottoman Empire: Middle Eastern Women in the Early Modern Era|date=1997|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10804-2|language=en}} *{{Cite book |last=Zilfi |first=Madeline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oo_AetRkC9UC&q=women's+slave+market+in+Istanbul,+Turkey.&pg=PR7 |title=Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference |date=2010-03-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51583-2 |location= |language=en |quote=.. Female slaves .. were legally vulnerable to involuntary sexual use. .. Their second disadvantage as sexual beings were uniquely theirs .. from the moment of capture were legally subject to the disposition of male captors... (p.p.197-198)..female slaves were personal property of their masters. Unlike males, however, every female slave of whatever age or provenance by whatever label was also her master's sexual property. Women had no right of refusal or appeal with regard to their sexuality, although the law forbade owners to use women for outright prostitution. The notional, if not the legal, line between prostitution and the selling of a female slave to another male, who might sell her to yet another was whisper thin. ..p205 }} {{refend}} == Ƙara karatu == *{{cite book |last1=A ́goston |first1=Ga ́bor |last2=Masters |first2=Bruce Alan |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |date=21 May 2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC |language=en}} * Ahmed, Leila. "Chapter 6 Medieval Islam". ''Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate'', New Haven: Yale University Press, 2021, pp.&nbsp;102–124. {{doi|10.12987/9780300258172-009}} * {{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Concubinage and Consent |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |date=February 2017 |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=148–152 |doi=10.1017/S0020743816001203|s2cid=159722666 |doi-access=free }} *{{cite book| last1=Argit |first1=Ipsirli |last2=Betül |display-authors=etal |title=Slaves and Slave Agency in the Ottoman Empire |location=Germany |publisher=Bonn University Press |year=2020}} *{{cite book| last=Faroqhi |first=Suraiya |title=Women in the Ottoman Empire: A Social and Political History |location=United Kingdom |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-7556-3827-7}} * Gordon, Matthew S; Hain, Kathryn A. (eds.). ''Concubines and Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History''. Oxford University Press, 2017. {{ISBN|9780190622190}} *{{cite book|last=Gürsel |first=Burcu |chapter=Dissolving into the Nile, Ottoman Reformism and Maternal Slavery in Sergüzeşt| title=Narratives of Dislocation in the Arab World| publisher=Routledge |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-003-30177-6}} * Hirschler, Konrad. ''A Monument to Medieval Syrian Book Culture: The Library of Ibn ʹAbd El-Hādī''. Edinburgh University Press, 2020 {{ISBN|9781474451581}} * {{Citation|last=King|first=Charles|title=Chapter 1 Empires and boundaries|date=2008-03-20 |work=The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus |pages=42–63|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177756.003.0004 }} * Kizilov, Mikhail B. "The Black Sea and the Slave Trade: The Role of Crimean Maritime Towns in the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries1". ''Critical Readings on Global Slavery''. Leiden, The [[Holand|Netherlands]]: Brill, 2017. {{doi|10.1163/9789004346611_032}} * {{Cite book|last=Klarer |first=Mario |title=Mediterranean Slavery and World Literature: Captivity Genres Form Cervantes to Rousseau |isbn=978-1-351-96758-7 |location=New York, NY |oclc=1127928575}} * {{cite book |last1=Kozma |first1=Liat |title=Policing Egyptian Women: Sex, Law, and Medicine in Khedival Egypt |date=6 September 2011 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-5134-5 |language=en |chapter=3 |url=http://www.artsrn.ualberta.ca/amcdouga/Hist494_2014/readings/kozma_female_slaves.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book |last1=Kononenko |first1=Natalie |title=Ukrainian Epic and Historical Song: Folklore in Context |date=6 March 2019 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |isbn=978-1-4875-0263-8 |page=114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5iRDwAAQBAJ |language=en}} * Peirce, Leslie ''A Spectrum of Unfreedom: Captives and Slaves in the Ottoman Empire''. Central European University Press, 2021 {{ISBN|978-963-386-400-5}} * Powell, Eve Troutt. Tell This in My Memory: Stories of Enslavement from Egypt, Sudan, and the Ottoman Empire. United States, Stanford University Press, 2012. * Sonbol, Amira El-Azhary (ed.). ''Beyond the Exotic: Women's Histories in Islamic Societies''. Syracuse University Press, 2021. {{ISBN|9780815655435}} * {{cite book |author= Rough Guides |title=The Rough Guide to Istanbul |date=1 May 2015 |publisher=Rough Guides UK |isbn=978-0-241-21762-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtbtBgAAQBAJ |language=en}} *{{cite book|last=Toledano |first=Ehud R. |title=As If Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in the Islamic Middle East |url=https://archive.org/details/asifsilentabsent0000tole |location=United Kingdom |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007}} * {{cite book|last=Tuğ |first=Başak |title=Politics of Honor in Ottoman Anatolia: Sexual Violence and Socio-Legal Surveillance in the Eighteenth Century |location=Netherlands |publisher=Brill |year=2017 |isbn=978-90-04-33865-4}} * Urban, Elizabeth. ''Conquered Populations in Early Islam: Non-Arabs, Slaves and the Sons of Slave Mothers''. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. {{ISBN|9781474423229}} *{{cite journal|last=White |first=Joshua M |title=Slavery, Freedom Suits, and Legal Praxis in the Ottoman Empire, Ca. 1590–1710. |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History| volume=65 |issue=3 |date=2023 |pages=526–556 |doi=10.1017/S001041752300004X|doi-access=free }} 5kahooxu2bovo70uvhcdu3750vczhxx 0 111263 970228 691831 2026-10-21T19:08:43Z Salma Raddah 45959 970228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Gidan Tarihin Bautar bayi na Kasa da Kasa wanda aka aje wasu kayan gargajiya ne da ke Liverpool, Burtaniya, wanda ke mai da hankali kan tarihin da kuma gado na Cinikin bayi na Atlantic. Gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na Gidan Tarihi na Merseyside, ya ƙunshi manyan tashoshi uku waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan rayuwar mutane a Yammacin Afirka, bautarsu ta ƙarshe, da ci gaba da gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci. Bugu da ƙari gidan kayan gargajiya yana tattauna bautar a zamanin yau da kuma batutuwa game da wariyar launin fata da nuna bambanci.<ref>https://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423</ref> ==Tarihi== Asalin wani ɓangare na Gidan Tarihi na Merseyside, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1980, an tattauna tarihin cinikin bayi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin teku na birnin jim kadan kafin a kirkiro wani tashar bautar Transatlantic a cikin 1994 don bincika rawar da Liverpool ke takawa a cikin cinikin bayi.<ref>http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/about/index.aspx</ref> Shahararren daga cikin masu fafutuka don kafa gidan kayan gargajiya na bautar duniya a 1992 shine Dorothy Kuya.<ref>http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/about/creating-museum.aspx</ref> A farkon shekarun 2000 sha'awar kasa da kasa a cikin nune-nunen da kuma yawan baƙi ya haifar da yanke shawara don gidan kayan gargajiya da aka keɓe musamman ga tarihin bautar da za a kafa don bayyana bautar da gadonta. Sabon gidan kayan gargajiya ya buɗe a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 2007, ranar ranar tunawa da cinikin bayi na shekara-shekara da kuma kawar da shi wanda ke nuna farkon tashin hankali na bayi a Saint-Domingue. Shekarar 2007 ta kasance mai mahimmanci musamman saboda ita ce bikin cika shekaru 200 na Dokar Cinikin Bautar Burtaniya ta 1807, wanda ya soke cinikin bayi (ko da yake ba bautar kanta ba) a cikin Daular Burtaniya. Gidan Tarihin Jirgin Ruwa na Merseyside ya kasance yana da gidan baje kolin bautar Transatlantic. Mataki na 1 na Gidan Tarihin Bautar Kasa da Kasa ya haɗa da sake komawa nune-nunen yanzu zuwa bene na uku na gidan kayan gargajiya da ƙara sabbin nune-nun, wanda ya ninka sararin da aka keɓe ga batun. Gabashin Gabas yana da kusan waƙoƙi 400 da suka shafi kwarewar bautar da kiɗa na Afirka da kuma 'yan asalin Afirka.<ref>https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/activists-who-people-want-honoured-20056379</ref> An ba da kyautar £ 50,000 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018 don sayen da kuma mayar da zanen 'Ba Ni Mutum ne da Ɗan'uwa ba'. Hoton ya samo asali ne daga kusan 1800 kuma ya dogara ne akan ƙirar da Kwamitin Kaddamar da Cinikin Bauta ya ba da izini. An dauki hoton a matsayin daya daga cikin lokuta na farko na tambarin da aka tsara don siyasa, kuma an yi amfani da shi a kan tukwane na Josia A cikin 2024 an ba da sanarwar cewa za a yi gyare-gyare masu yawa, tare da haɗa tsohon Ofishin Jirgin Ruwa, yanzu ginin Dr Martin Luther King Jr. wanda ke kusa da Gidan Tarihi na Maritime. Za a haɗa gine-ginen biyu da gadar ƙarfe da gilashi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180307004331/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/about/mediacentre/2018/museum-awarded-50k.aspx</ref> Gidan kayan gargajiya ya rufe don gyare-gyare a farkon 2025 kuma ana sa ran sake buɗewa a cikin 2028. ==Nune-Nunen== Akwai wani sashi game da rayuwa da al'adu a Yammacin Afirka kafin Cinikin bayi na Atlantic, Tarihin bautar da kuma nune-nunen na musamman game da gado na bautar da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam na yanzu. ==Manazarta== jqgg7i909wz2nyiwue7dsd3bkr8ui2f 970329 970228 2026-10-22T09:16:45Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Tarihi */ 970329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Gidan Tarihin Bautar bayi na Kasa da Kasa wanda aka aje wasu kayan gargajiya ne da ke Liverpool, Burtaniya, wanda ke mai da hankali kan tarihin da kuma gado na Cinikin bayi na Atlantic. Gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na Gidan Tarihi na Merseyside, ya ƙunshi manyan tashoshi uku waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan rayuwar mutane a Yammacin Afirka, bautarsu ta ƙarshe, da ci gaba da gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci. Bugu da ƙari gidan kayan gargajiya yana tattauna bautar a zamanin yau da kuma batutuwa game da wariyar launin fata da nuna bambanci.<ref>https://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423</ref> ==Tarihi== Asalin wani ɓangare na Gidan Tarihi na Merseyside, wanda aka buɗe a cikin shelarara 1980, an tattauna tarihin cinikin bayi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin teku na birnin jim kadan kafin a kirkiro wani tashar bautar Transatlantic a cikin 1994 don bincika rawar da Liverpool ke takawa a cikin cinikin bayi.<ref>http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/about/index.aspx</ref> Shahararren daga cikin masu fafutuka don kafa gidan kayan gargajiya na bautar duniya a 1992 shine Dorothy Kuya.<ref>http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/about/creating-museum.aspx</ref> A farkon shekarun 2000 sha'awar kasa da kasa a cikin nune-nunen da kuma yawan baƙi ya haifar da yanke shawara don gidan kayan gargajiya da aka keɓe musamman ga tarihin bautar da za a kafa don bayyana bautar da gadonta. Sabon gidan kayan gargajiya ya buɗe a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 2007, ranar ranar tunawa da cinikin bayi na shekara-shekara da kuma kawar da shi wanda ke nuna farkon tashin hankali na bayi a Saint-Domingue. Shekarar 2007 ta kasance mai mahimmanci musamman saboda ita ce bikin cika shekaru 200 na Dokar Cinikin Bautar Burtaniya ta 1807, wanda ya soke cinikin bayi (ko da yake ba bautar kanta ba) a cikin Daular Burtaniya. Gidan Tarihin Jirgin Ruwa na Merseyside ya kasance yana da gidan baje kolin bautar Transatlantic. Mataki na 1 na Gidan Tarihin Bautar Kasa da Kasa ya haɗa da sake komawa nune-nunen yanzu zuwa bene na uku na gidan kayan gargajiya da ƙara sabbin nune-nun, wanda ya ninka sararin da aka keɓe ga batun. Gabashin Gabas yana da kusan waƙoƙi 400 da suka shafi kwarewar bautar da kiɗa na Afirka da kuma 'yan asalin Afirka.<ref>https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/activists-who-people-want-honoured-20056379</ref> An ba da kyautar £ 50,000 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018 don sayen da kuma mayar da zanen 'Ba Ni Mutum ne da Ɗan'uwa ba'. Hoton ya samo asali ne daga kusan 1800 kuma ya dogara ne akan ƙirar da Kwamitin Kaddamar da Cinikin Bauta ya ba da izini. An dauki hoton a matsayin daya daga cikin lokuta na farko na tambarin da aka tsara don siyasa, kuma an yi amfani da shi a kan tukwane na Josia A cikin 2024 an ba da sanarwar cewa za a yi gyare-gyare masu yawa, tare da haɗa tsohon Ofishin Jirgin Ruwa, yanzu ginin Dr Martin Luther King Jr. wanda ke kusa da Gidan Tarihi na Maritime. Za a haɗa gine-ginen biyu da gadar ƙarfe da gilashi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180307004331/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/about/mediacentre/2018/museum-awarded-50k.aspx</ref> Gidan kayan gargajiya ya rufe don gyare-gyare a farkon 2025 kuma ana sa ran sake buɗewa a cikin 2028. ==Nune-Nunen== Akwai wani sashi game da rayuwa da al'adu a Yammacin Afirka kafin Cinikin bayi na Atlantic, Tarihin bautar da kuma nune-nunen na musamman game da gado na bautar da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam na yanzu. ==Manazarta== 8fbh52vnzrah0qsg85xniy0tuthsbxx 970330 970329 2026-10-22T09:17:07Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Tarihi */ 970330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}Gidan Tarihin Bautar bayi na Kasa da Kasa wanda aka aje wasu kayan gargajiya ne da ke Liverpool, Burtaniya, wanda ke mai da hankali kan tarihin da kuma gado na Cinikin bayi na Atlantic. Gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na Gidan Tarihi na Merseyside, ya ƙunshi manyan tashoshi uku waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan rayuwar mutane a Yammacin Afirka, bautarsu ta ƙarshe, da ci gaba da gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci. Bugu da ƙari gidan kayan gargajiya yana tattauna bautar a zamanin yau da kuma batutuwa game da wariyar launin fata da nuna bambanci.<ref>https://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423</ref> ==Tarihi== Asalin wani ɓangare na Gidan Tarihi na Merseyside, wanda aka buɗe a cikin shekarar 1980, an tattauna tarihin cinikin bayi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin teku na birnin jim kadan kafin a kirkiro wani tashar bautar Transatlantic a cikin 1994 don bincika rawar da Liverpool ke takawa a cikin cinikin bayi.<ref>http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/about/index.aspx</ref> Shahararren daga cikin masu fafutuka don kafa gidan kayan gargajiya na bautar duniya a 1992 shine Dorothy Kuya.<ref>http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/about/creating-museum.aspx</ref> A farkon shekarun 2000 sha'awar kasa da kasa a cikin nune-nunen da kuma yawan baƙi ya haifar da yanke shawara don gidan kayan gargajiya da aka keɓe musamman ga tarihin bautar da za a kafa don bayyana bautar da gadonta. Sabon gidan kayan gargajiya ya buɗe a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta 2007, ranar ranar tunawa da cinikin bayi na shekara-shekara da kuma kawar da shi wanda ke nuna farkon tashin hankali na bayi a Saint-Domingue. Shekarar 2007 ta kasance mai mahimmanci musamman saboda ita ce bikin cika shekaru 200 na Dokar Cinikin Bautar Burtaniya ta 1807, wanda ya soke cinikin bayi (ko da yake ba bautar kanta ba) a cikin Daular Burtaniya. Gidan Tarihin Jirgin Ruwa na Merseyside ya kasance yana da gidan baje kolin bautar Transatlantic. Mataki na 1 na Gidan Tarihin Bautar Kasa da Kasa ya haɗa da sake komawa nune-nunen yanzu zuwa bene na uku na gidan kayan gargajiya da ƙara sabbin nune-nun, wanda ya ninka sararin da aka keɓe ga batun. Gabashin Gabas yana da kusan waƙoƙi 400 da suka shafi kwarewar bautar da kiɗa na Afirka da kuma 'yan asalin Afirka.<ref>https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/activists-who-people-want-honoured-20056379</ref> An ba da kyautar £ 50,000 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018 don sayen da kuma mayar da zanen 'Ba Ni Mutum ne da Ɗan'uwa ba'. Hoton ya samo asali ne daga kusan 1800 kuma ya dogara ne akan ƙirar da Kwamitin Kaddamar da Cinikin Bauta ya ba da izini. An dauki hoton a matsayin daya daga cikin lokuta na farko na tambarin da aka tsara don siyasa, kuma an yi amfani da shi a kan tukwane na Josia A cikin 2024 an ba da sanarwar cewa za a yi gyare-gyare masu yawa, tare da haɗa tsohon Ofishin Jirgin Ruwa, yanzu ginin Dr Martin Luther King Jr. wanda ke kusa da Gidan Tarihi na Maritime. Za a haɗa gine-ginen biyu da gadar ƙarfe da gilashi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180307004331/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/about/mediacentre/2018/museum-awarded-50k.aspx</ref> Gidan kayan gargajiya ya rufe don gyare-gyare a farkon 2025 kuma ana sa ran sake buɗewa a cikin 2028. ==Nune-Nunen== Akwai wani sashi game da rayuwa da al'adu a Yammacin Afirka kafin Cinikin bayi na Atlantic, Tarihin bautar da kuma nune-nunen na musamman game da gado na bautar da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam na yanzu. ==Manazarta== 0b2ozqijvd4qqolk22lkkactthg3cqw 0 114444 970252 914277 2026-10-21T23:11:45Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361382271|Rotimi Salami]]" 970252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rotimi Salami''' (listenⓘ) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Nollywood]] kuma mai shirya fina-finai wanda aka girmama shi ta hanyar [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] (AMVCA). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Shi ɗan asalin [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ne kuma ya kammala karatun zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Jihar Legos . Har ila yau, yana da takardar shaidar difloma daga Kwalejin Fim ta New York . == Ayyuka == Ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2007 inda ya fito a fim dinsa na farko, Unknown Revenge, kuma daga baya ya shiga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin. Fim dinsa na farko a matsayin darektan jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne da ake kira Kuti's career Palace == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya yi aure a 2015 ga Jumoke Salami kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu. == Hotunan fina-finai == Ya fito a cikin jerin daban-daban kamar [[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]], Superstory, Silent Night, About to Wed, Dear Mother, Kuti's Career Palace, Emerald, Alan Poza, Bella's Place, Leave My Boyfriend, 11th Hour, Papa Ajasco da Crack in the Wall; da kuma fina-finai daban-daban: * [[Omoye]] (2017) a matsayin Femi * Shadow Parties (2021) a matsayin Akinola * [[Just Not Married|Ba a Yi Aure Ba]] (2016) a matsayin Lati * Mirage (2019) * Saki Ba a Ba da izini ba (2018) a matsayin Joe * [[Fate of Alakada|Makomar Alakada]] (2020) a matsayin Lucky Accessbet * Magadan da ya ɓace (2018) * Jaridar wata Mace 'yar Najeriya mai banƙyama (2017) a matsayin Chibuzor * Fiye da Wasiƙu Hudu (2020) * Rashin Lokaci (2017) * Sarauniyar Afirka (2018) * Ba a Rarraba ba (2018) * [[Lugard (fim)|Lugard]] (2021) a matsayin Usman * Zuciya mai guguwa (2017) * [[The Miracle Centre|''Cibiyar Mu'ujiza'']] (2021) * Rashin Ruwa (2017) * A hankali (2017) a matsayin Udi * Rashin amincewa (2016) * Maƙiya a Cikin (1994) * Dare Kafin (2015) * Hey You (2022) a matsayin Lanre * Oko Rere (2023) a matsayin Alex * Rush (2023) a matsayin Banji * Open Marriage (2024) a matsayin Adeyanju * Hanyar Hanyar (2024) a matsayin Gbenga's Squad * Soja da ba a sani ba (2024) a matsayin Galala == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pkpo41liltp78yn4ok30kgvf6auun2q 970253 970252 2026-10-21T23:12:15Z Salma Raddah 45959 970253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rotimi Salami''' (listenⓘ) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Nollywood]] kuma mai shirya fina-finai wanda aka girmama shi ta hanyar [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] (AMVCA). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Shi ɗan asalin [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ne kuma ya kammala karatun zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Jihar Legos . Har ila yau, yana da takardar shaidar difloma daga Kwalejin Fim ta New York . == Ayyuka == Ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2007 inda ya fito a fim dinsa na farko, Unknown Revenge, kuma daga baya ya shiga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin. Fim dinsa na farko a matsayin darektan jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne da ake kira Kuti's career Palace == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya yi aure a 2015 ga Jumoke Salami kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu. == Hotunan fina-finai == Ya fito a cikin jerin daban-daban kamar [[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]], Superstory, Silent Night, About to Wed, Dear Mother, Kuti's Career Palace, Emerald, Alan Poza, Bella's Place, Leave My Boyfriend, 11th Hour, Papa Ajasco da Crack in the Wall; da kuma fina-finai daban-daban: * [[Omoye]] (2017) a matsayin Femi * Shadow Parties (2021) a matsayin Akinola * [[Just Not Married|Ba a Yi Aure Ba]] (2016) a matsayin Lati * Mirage (2019) * Saki Ba a Ba da izini ba (2018) a matsayin Joe * [[Fate of Alakada|Makomar Alakada]] (2020) a matsayin Lucky Accessbet * Magadan da ya ɓace (2018) * Jaridar wata Mace 'yar Najeriya mai banƙyama (2017) a matsayin Chibuzor * Fiye da Wasiƙu Hudu (2020) * Rashin Lokaci (2017) * Sarauniyar Afirka (2018) * Ba a Rarraba ba (2018) * [[Lugard (fim)|Lugard]] (2021) a matsayin Usman * Zuciya mai guguwa (2017) * [[The Miracle Centre|''Cibiyar Mu'ujiza'']] (2021) * Rashin Ruwa (2017) * A hankali (2017) a matsayin Udi * Rashin amincewa (2016) * Maƙiya a Cikin (1994) * Dare Kafin (2015) * Hey You (2022) a matsayin Lanre * Oko Rere (2023) a matsayin Alex * Rush (2023) a matsayin Banji * Open Marriage (2024) a matsayin Adeyanju * Hanyar Hanyar (2024) a matsayin Gbenga's Squad * Soja da ba a sani ba (2024) a matsayin Galala == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fa8ajyekho4jtmymiioieekbdrodeyo 970310 970253 2026-10-22T09:03:32Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Rayuwa ta mutum */ 970310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rotimi Salami''' (listenⓘ) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na [[Nollywood]] kuma mai shirya fina-finai wanda aka girmama shi ta hanyar [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] (AMVCA). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Shi ɗan asalin [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ne kuma ya kammala karatun zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Jihar Legos . Har ila yau, yana da takardar shaidar difloma daga Kwalejin Fim ta New York . == Ayyuka == Ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2007 inda ya fito a fim dinsa na farko, Unknown Revenge, kuma daga baya ya shiga cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin. Fim dinsa na farko a matsayin darektan jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne da ake kira Kuti's career Palace == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya yi aure a shekarar 2015 ga Jumoke Salami kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu. == Hotunan fina-finai == Ya fito a cikin jerin daban-daban kamar [[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]], Superstory, Silent Night, About to Wed, Dear Mother, Kuti's Career Palace, Emerald, Alan Poza, Bella's Place, Leave My Boyfriend, 11th Hour, Papa Ajasco da Crack in the Wall; da kuma fina-finai daban-daban: * [[Omoye]] (2017) a matsayin Femi * Shadow Parties (2021) a matsayin Akinola * [[Just Not Married|Ba a Yi Aure Ba]] (2016) a matsayin Lati * Mirage (2019) * Saki Ba a Ba da izini ba (2018) a matsayin Joe * [[Fate of Alakada|Makomar Alakada]] (2020) a matsayin Lucky Accessbet * Magadan da ya ɓace (2018) * Jaridar wata Mace 'yar Najeriya mai banƙyama (2017) a matsayin Chibuzor * Fiye da Wasiƙu Hudu (2020) * Rashin Lokaci (2017) * Sarauniyar Afirka (2018) * Ba a Rarraba ba (2018) * [[Lugard (fim)|Lugard]] (2021) a matsayin Usman * Zuciya mai guguwa (2017) * [[The Miracle Centre|''Cibiyar Mu'ujiza'']] (2021) * Rashin Ruwa (2017) * A hankali (2017) a matsayin Udi * Rashin amincewa (2016) * Maƙiya a Cikin (1994) * Dare Kafin (2015) * Hey You (2022) a matsayin Lanre * Oko Rere (2023) a matsayin Alex * Rush (2023) a matsayin Banji * Open Marriage (2024) a matsayin Adeyanju * Hanyar Hanyar (2024) a matsayin Gbenga's Squad * Soja da ba a sani ba (2024) a matsayin Galala == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1u4lrqpqjnusqf2oatx6hvp2dncmz1l 0 129158 970255 764450 2026-10-21T23:14:18Z Salma Raddah 45959 970255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Blanche Alethea Elizabeth Holt Crackanthorpe''' (1847 - 4 ga Yuni 1928) marubuciya ce kuma 'yar jarida 'yar Birtaniya mai rajin kare hakkin mata, wacce aka fi sani da rubutunta mai suna "The Revolt of the Daughters."<ref> name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Crackanthorpe |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/hubertcrackantho0000crac/ |title=Hubert Crackanthorpe and English realism in the 1890's |date=1977 |publisher=Columbia : University of Missouri Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8262-0224-6}}</ref> Blanche Alethea Elizabeth Holt 'yar Rev. Eardley Chauncy Holt ce ta East Sheen, Surrey. A shekara ta 1869, ta auri Montague Hughes Cookson, lauya kuma mai rajin kare muhalli. <ref name=":0" /> <ref> name=":1">{{Citation|journal=B.}}</ref> A shekara ta 1888, iyalin sun canza sunansu zuwa Crackanthorpe bayan Montague Cookson ya gaji gidan ɗan uwansa, William Crackanthorpe. Za su haifi 'ya'ya uku: marubuci Hubert Montague Crackanthorpe (1870–1896), jami'in diflomasiyya Dayrell Eardley Montague Crackanthorpe (1871–1950), da kuma jami'in soja Oliver Montague Crackanthorpe (1876–1934). <ref name=":1" /> Crackanthorpe ta rubuta game da adabi da batutuwan mata ga mujallu da dama ciki har da ''The Woman's World, The Fortnightly Review'', da kuma ''The Contemporary Review .'' Muƙalarta mafi shahara, "The Revolt of the Daughters," ta bayyana a cikin ''The Nineteenth Century'' a watan Janairun 1894, inda ta haifar da muhawara game da Sabuwar Mace da kuma wasu muƙaloli na martani, na ƙwarewa da na rashin dacewa. Crackanthorpe ta yi kira ga 'yancin mata, haƙƙinta na a ɗauke ta a matsayin "mutum ɗaya", ikon yin tafiya cikin 'yanci da guje wa aure da yara, da kuma ilimin sana'arsu. Ta buga wani muƙala mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, "Jima'i a cikin Adabin Zamani," a shekara mai zuwa, inda ta yi kira a madadin aikin marubuta George Moore da Thomas Hardy . <ref name=":3" /> An buga ɗan gajeren wasanta mai suna Other People's Shoes a cikin kundin waƙoƙin Dialogues for the Day (1895). Ofishin Lord Chamberlain ya haramta wasanta mai suna The Turn of the Wheel (1901), wataƙila saboda ra'ayoyinsa masu ban mamaki game da uwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnine0000unse_l0u0/ |title=Dictionary of nineteenth-century journalism in Great Britain and Ireland |date=2009 |publisher=Gent : Academia Press; London : British Library |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-90-382-1340-8}}</ref> Jarumin wasan kwaikwayo Isabel Broadwood yana da ɗa ba tare da aure ba kuma ba shi da sha'awar zama uwa ga yaron. [2] Littafinta mai suna Milly's Story: The New Moon (1895) wani barkwanci ne na The New Moon (1895) na Elizabeth Robins . A gidansu da ke kan ƙofar Rutland a Knightsbridge, Crackanthorpe ta karɓi baƙuncin marubutan adabi da abokanta, ciki har da Hardy, Henry James, da George Meredith . Blanche Alethea Crackanthorpe ta mutu a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1928. <ref name=":1">{{Citation|journal=B.}}</ref> == Littattafan tarihi == * ''Labarin Milly: Sabuwar Wata.'' London, William Heinemann, 1895. == Nassoshi == 8shtcgjydbfyjj3aqkm7sq2mfk86hx7 970256 970255 2026-10-21T23:15:19Z Salma Raddah 45959 970256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Blanche Alethea Elizabeth Holt Crackanthorpe''' (1847 - 4 ga Yuni 1928) marubuciya ce kuma 'yar jarida 'yar Birtaniya mai rajin kare hakkin mata, wacce aka fi sani da rubutunta mai suna "The Revolt of the Daughters."<ref> name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Crackanthorpe |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/hubertcrackantho0000crac/ |title=Hubert Crackanthorpe and English realism in the 1890's |date=1977 |publisher=Columbia : University of Missouri Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8262-0224-6}}</ref> Blanche Alethea Elizabeth Holt 'yar Rev. Eardley Chauncy Holt ce ta East Sheen, Surrey. A shekara ta 1869, ta auri Montague Hughes Cookson, lauya kuma mai rajin kare muhalli. <ref name=":0" /> <ref> name=":1">{{Citation|journal=B.}}</ref> A shekara ta 1888, iyalin sun canza sunansu zuwa Crackanthorpe bayan Montague Cookson ya gaji gidan ɗan uwansa, William Crackanthorpe. Za su haifi 'ya'ya uku: marubuci Hubert Montague Crackanthorpe (1870–1896), jami'in diflomasiyya Dayrell Eardley Montague Crackanthorpe (1871–1950), da kuma jami'in soja Oliver Montague Crackanthorpe (1876–1934).<ref name=":1" /> Crackanthorpe ta rubuta game da adabi da batutuwan mata ga mujallu da dama ciki har da ''The Woman's World, The Fortnightly Review'', da kuma ''The Contemporary Review .'' Muƙalarta mafi shahara, "The Revolt of the Daughters," ta bayyana a cikin ''The Nineteenth Century'' a watan Janairun 1894, inda ta haifar da muhawara game da Sabuwar Mace da kuma wasu muƙaloli na martani, na ƙwarewa da na rashin dacewa. Crackanthorpe ta yi kira ga 'yancin mata, haƙƙinta na a ɗauke ta a matsayin "mutum ɗaya", ikon yin tafiya cikin 'yanci da guje wa aure da yara, da kuma ilimin sana'arsu. Ta buga wani muƙala mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, "Jima'i a cikin Adabin Zamani," a shekara mai zuwa, inda ta yi kira a madadin aikin marubuta George Moore da Thomas Hardy . <ref name=":3" /> An buga ɗan gajeren wasanta mai suna Other People's Shoes a cikin kundin waƙoƙin Dialogues for the Day (1895). Ofishin Lord Chamberlain ya haramta wasanta mai suna The Turn of the Wheel (1901), wataƙila saboda ra'ayoyinsa masu ban mamaki game da uwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnine0000unse_l0u0/ |title=Dictionary of nineteenth-century journalism in Great Britain and Ireland |date=2009 |publisher=Gent : Academia Press; London : British Library |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-90-382-1340-8}}</ref> Jarumin wasan kwaikwayo Isabel Broadwood yana da ɗa ba tare da aure ba kuma ba shi da sha'awar zama uwa ga yaron. [2] Littafinta mai suna Milly's Story: The New Moon (1895) wani barkwanci ne na The New Moon (1895) na Elizabeth Robins . A gidansu da ke kan ƙofar Rutland a Knightsbridge, Crackanthorpe ta karɓi baƙuncin marubutan adabi da abokanta, ciki har da Hardy, Henry James, da George Meredith . Blanche Alethea Crackanthorpe ta mutu a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1928.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|journal=B.}}</ref> == Littattafan tarihi == * ''Labarin Milly: Sabuwar Wata.'' London, William Heinemann, 1895. == Nassoshi == 4ea8vm0o624gn3z7ve1l3lamwrgklfl 970305 970256 2026-10-22T09:01:28Z Kamaf001 48297 970305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Blanche Alethea Elizabeth Holt Crackanthorpe''' ( a shekara ta alif 1847 - 4 ga watan Yuni 1928) marubuciya ce kuma 'yar jarida 'yar Birtaniya mai rajin kare hakkin mata, wacce aka fi sani da rubutunta mai suna "The Revolt of the Daughters."<ref> name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Crackanthorpe |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/hubertcrackantho0000crac/ |title=Hubert Crackanthorpe and English realism in the 1890's |date=1977 |publisher=Columbia : University of Missouri Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8262-0224-6}}</ref> Blanche Alethea Elizabeth Holt 'yar Rev. Eardley Chauncy Holt ce ta East Sheen, Surrey. A shekara ta 1869, ta auri Montague Hughes Cookson, lauya kuma mai rajin kare muhalli. <ref name=":0" /> <ref> name=":1">{{Citation|journal=B.}}</ref> A shekara ta 1888, iyalin sun canza sunansu zuwa Crackanthorpe bayan Montague Cookson ya gaji gidan ɗan uwansa, William Crackanthorpe. Za su haifi 'ya'ya uku: marubuci Hubert Montague Crackanthorpe (1870–1896), jami'in diflomasiyya Dayrell Eardley Montague Crackanthorpe (1871–1950), da kuma jami'in soja Oliver Montague Crackanthorpe (1876–1934).<ref name=":1" /> Crackanthorpe ta rubuta game da adabi da batutuwan mata ga mujallu da dama ciki har da ''The Woman's World, The Fortnightly Review'', da kuma ''The Contemporary Review .'' Muƙalarta mafi shahara, "The Revolt of the Daughters," ta bayyana a cikin ''The Nineteenth Century'' a watan Janairun 1894, inda ta haifar da muhawara game da Sabuwar Mace da kuma wasu muƙaloli na martani, na ƙwarewa da na rashin dacewa. Crackanthorpe ta yi kira ga 'yancin mata, haƙƙinta na a ɗauke ta a matsayin "mutum ɗaya", ikon yin tafiya cikin 'yanci da guje wa aure da yara, da kuma ilimin sana'arsu. Ta buga wani muƙala mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, "Jima'i a cikin Adabin Zamani," a shekara mai zuwa, inda ta yi kira a madadin aikin marubuta George Moore da Thomas Hardy . <ref name=":3" /> An buga ɗan gajeren wasanta mai suna Other People's Shoes a cikin kundin waƙoƙin Dialogues for the Day (1895). Ofishin Lord Chamberlain ya haramta wasanta mai suna The Turn of the Wheel (1901), wataƙila saboda ra'ayoyinsa masu ban mamaki game da uwa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofnine0000unse_l0u0/ |title=Dictionary of nineteenth-century journalism in Great Britain and Ireland |date=2009 |publisher=Gent : Academia Press; London : British Library |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-90-382-1340-8}}</ref> Jarumin wasan kwaikwayo Isabel Broadwood yana da ɗa ba tare da aure ba kuma ba shi da sha'awar zama uwa ga yaron. [2] Littafinta mai suna Milly's Story: The New Moon (1895) wani barkwanci ne na The New Moon (1895) na Elizabeth Robins . A gidansu da ke kan ƙofar Rutland a Knightsbridge, Crackanthorpe ta karɓi baƙuncin marubutan adabi da abokanta, ciki har da Hardy, Henry James, da George Meredith . Blanche Alethea Crackanthorpe ta mutu a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1928.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|journal=B.}}</ref> == Littattafan tarihi == * ''Labarin Milly: Sabuwar Wata.'' London, William Heinemann, 1895. == Nassoshi == 15i91p7wrqktoicq31xj2sqiozba1fz 0 129316 970222 764856 2026-10-21T18:58:23Z Salma Raddah 45959 970222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan '''jerin wuraren Superfund ne a Delaware''' da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin Dokar Muhalli Mai Cikakken Amsawa, Diyya, da Alhaki (CERCLA). Dokar tarayya ta CERCLA ta 1980 ta ba wa [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka]] (EPA) izinin ƙirƙirar jerin wuraren da [[Gurbatar yanayi|suka gurɓata]] waɗanda ke buƙatar magani na dogon lokaci don tsaftace gurɓatattun abubuwa masu haɗari. Waɗannan wurare ana kiransu wuraren Superfund, kuma an sanya su a cikin Jerin Fifiko na Ƙasa (NPL). Hukumar NPL ce ke jagorantar EPA wajen "ƙayyade waɗanne wurare ne suka cancanci ƙarin bincike" don [[gyara muhalli]] . <ref name="NPL2">{{Cite web |title=National Priorities List |url=http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205073817/http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |access-date=December 16, 2010 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Tun daga ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2010, akwai wurare 14 na Superfund a cikin Jerin Fifiko na Ƙasa a [[Delaware]].<ref name="NPL2" /> An gabatar da ƙarin wuri guda don shiga cikin jerin. <ref name="NPL2">{{Cite web |title=National Priorities List |url=http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205073817/http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |access-date=December 16, 2010 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> An tsaftace wurare shida kuma an cire su daga jerin.<ref name="NPL2">{{Cite web |title=National Priorities List |url=http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205073817/http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |access-date=December 16, 2010 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> == Shafukan Superfund == : {{Legend inline|#fcf75e|Proposed for addition to National Priorities List}} : {{Legend inline|#d0f0c0|Deleted from National Priorities List}} {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" !CERCLIS ID !Name !County !Reason !Proposed !Listed !Construction<br /><br />completed !Partially<br /><br />deleted !Deleted |- |DED980714141 |[[Chem-Solv, Inc.]] |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615225939/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300124] |01/22/1987 |08/30/1990 |06/30/1998 |N/A |N/A |- |DED980704860 |[[Coker's Sanitation Service Landfills]] |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615225953/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300097] |04/10/1985 |07/22/1987 |09/29/1993 |N/A |N/A |- |DE8570024010 |Dover Air Force Base |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230001/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300191] |10/15/1984 |03/13/1989 |09/27/2006 |N/A |N/A |- |DED980693550 |[[Dover Gas Light Company]] |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230024/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300095] |01/22/1987 |10/04/1989 |N/A |N/A |N/A |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED980705545 |[[Tyler Refrigeration Pit]] |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230047/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300111] | | | | | |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED980704951 |[[Wildcat Landfill]] |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230055/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300101] | | | | | |- |DED980494496 |[[Army Creek Landfill]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230117/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300086] |12/30/1982 |09/08/1983 |04/29/1994 |N/A |N/A |- |DED980551667 |[[Delaware City PVC Plant]] |New Castle |[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090719024707/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300091] | | | | | |- |DED000605972 |[[Delaware Sand & Gravel Landfill]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230228/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300034] | | | | | |- |DED980555122 |[[E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. (Newport Pigment Plant Landfill)]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230658/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300093] | | | | | |- |DED980830954 |[[Halby Chemical]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230755/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300125] | | | | | |- |DED980713093 |[[Harvey & Knott Drum, Inc.]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230822/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300123] | | | | | |- |DED980552244 |Koppers Co., Inc. (Newport Plant) |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230858/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300092] |10/26/1989 |08/30/1990 |N/A |N/A |N/A |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED058980442 |[[New Castle Spill]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615231317/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300069] |12/30/1982 |09/08/1983 |07/19/1992 |N/A |06/12/1996 |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED980705255 |[[New Castle Steel]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615231353/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300106] | | | | | |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED981035520 |[[Sealand Limited]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615231421/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300137] | | | | | |- |DED041212473 |[[Standard Chlorine of Delaware, Inc.]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615231922/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300058] |09/18/1985 |07/22/1987 |N/A |N/A |N/A |- |DED000606079 |[[Tybouts Corner Landfill]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615232101/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300035] | | | | | |- |DED043958388 |NCR Corp. (Millsboro Plant) |Sussex |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615232134/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300061] | | | | | |- style="background:#fcf75e" |DEN000306645 |[[Millsboro TCE]] |Sussex |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615232230/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0306645] |09/23/2009 |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED980494637 |[[Sussex County Landfill No. 5]] |Sussex |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615232241/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300089] | | | | | |- |} == Manazarta == 5urlqy6wd42g6pvpyblk9ma3fb14rku 970223 970222 2026-10-21T19:00:21Z Salma Raddah 45959 970223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan '''jerin wuraren Superfund ne a Delaware''' da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin Dokar Muhalli Mai Cikakken Amsawa, Diyya, da Alhaki (CERCLA). Dokar tarayya ta CERCLA ta 1980 ta ba wa [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka]] (EPA) izinin ƙirƙirar jerin wuraren da [[Gurbatar yanayi|suka gurɓata]] waɗanda ke buƙatar magani na dogon lokaci don tsaftace gurɓatattun abubuwa masu haɗari. Waɗannan wurare ana kiransu wuraren Superfund, kuma an sanya su a cikin Jerin Fifiko na Ƙasa (NPL). Hukumar NPL ce ke jagorantar EPA wajen "ƙayyade waɗanne wurare ne suka cancanci ƙarin bincike" don [[gyara muhalli]] . <ref name="NPL2">{{Cite web |title=National Priorities List |url=http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205073817/http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |access-date=December 16, 2010 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Tun daga ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2010, akwai wurare 14 na Superfund a cikin Jerin Fifiko na Ƙasa a [[Delaware]].<ref name="NPL2" /> An gabatar da ƙarin wuri guda don shiga cikin jerin. <ref name="NPL2">{{Cite web |title=National Priorities List |url=http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205073817/http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |access-date=December 16, 2010 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> An tsaftace wurare shida kuma an cire su daga jerin.<ref name="NPL2">{{Cite web |title=National Priorities List |url=http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205073817/http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |access-date=December 16, 2010 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> == Shafukan Superfund == : {{Legend inline|#fcf75e|Proposed for addition to National Priorities List}} : {{Legend inline|#d0f0c0|Deleted from National Priorities List}} {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" !CERCLIS ID !Name !County !Reason !Proposed !Listed !Construction<br /><br />completed !Partially<br /><br />deleted !Deleted |- |DED980714141 |Chem-Solv, Inc. |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615225939/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300124] |01/22/1987 |08/30/1990 |06/30/1998 |N/A |N/A |- |DED980704860 |Coker's Sanitation Service Landfills |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615225953/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300097] |04/10/1985 |07/22/1987 |09/29/1993 |N/A |N/A |- |DE8570024010 |Dover Air Force Base |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230001/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300191] |10/15/1984 |03/13/1989 |09/27/2006 |N/A |N/A |- |DED980693550 |Dover Gas Light Company |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230024/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300095] |01/22/1987 |10/04/1989 |N/A |N/A |N/A |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED980705545 |[[Tyler Refrigeration Pit]] |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230047/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300111] | | | | | |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED980704951 |[[Wildcat Landfill]] |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230055/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300101] | | | | | |- |DED980494496 |[[Army Creek Landfill]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230117/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300086] |12/30/1982 |09/08/1983 |04/29/1994 |N/A |N/A |- |DED980551667 |[[Delaware City PVC Plant]] |New Castle |[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090719024707/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300091] | | | | | |- |DED000605972 |[[Delaware Sand & Gravel Landfill]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230228/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300034] | | | | | |- |DED980555122 |[[E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. (Newport Pigment Plant Landfill)]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230658/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300093] | | | | | |- |DED980830954 |[[Halby Chemical]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230755/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300125] | | | | | |- |DED980713093 |[[Harvey & Knott Drum, Inc.]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230822/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300123] | | | | | |- |DED980552244 |Koppers Co., Inc. (Newport Plant) |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230858/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300092] |10/26/1989 |08/30/1990 |N/A |N/A |N/A |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED058980442 |[[New Castle Spill]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615231317/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300069] |12/30/1982 |09/08/1983 |07/19/1992 |N/A |06/12/1996 |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED980705255 |[[New Castle Steel]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615231353/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300106] | | | | | |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED981035520 |[[Sealand Limited]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615231421/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300137] | | | | | |- |DED041212473 |[[Standard Chlorine of Delaware, Inc.]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615231922/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300058] |09/18/1985 |07/22/1987 |N/A |N/A |N/A |- |DED000606079 |[[Tybouts Corner Landfill]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615232101/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300035] | | | | | |- |DED043958388 |NCR Corp. (Millsboro Plant) |Sussex |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615232134/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300061] | | | | | |- style="background:#fcf75e" |DEN000306645 |[[Millsboro TCE]] |Sussex |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615232230/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0306645] |09/23/2009 |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED980494637 |[[Sussex County Landfill No. 5]] |Sussex |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615232241/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300089] | | | | | |- |} == Manazarta == ii3bpygx22emzex65yphdvwlcsf0zq5 970224 970223 2026-10-21T19:02:25Z Salma Raddah 45959 970224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan '''jerin wuraren Superfund ne a Delaware''' da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin Dokar Muhalli Mai Cikakken Amsawa, Diyya, da Alhaki (CERCLA). Dokar tarayya ta CERCLA ta 1980 ta ba wa [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka]] (EPA) izinin ƙirƙirar jerin wuraren da [[Gurbatar yanayi|suka gurɓata]] waɗanda ke buƙatar magani na dogon lokaci don tsaftace gurɓatattun abubuwa masu haɗari. Waɗannan wurare ana kiransu wuraren Superfund, kuma an sanya su a cikin Jerin Fifiko na Ƙasa (NPL). Hukumar NPL ce ke jagorantar EPA wajen "ƙayyade waɗanne wurare ne suka cancanci ƙarin bincike" don [[gyara muhalli]] . <ref name="NPL2">{{Cite web |title=National Priorities List |url=http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205073817/http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |access-date=December 16, 2010 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Tun daga ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2010, akwai wurare 14 na Superfund a cikin Jerin Fifiko na Ƙasa a [[Delaware]].<ref name="NPL2" /> An gabatar da ƙarin wuri guda don shiga cikin jerin. <ref name="NPL2">{{Cite web |title=National Priorities List |url=http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205073817/http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |access-date=December 16, 2010 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> An tsaftace wurare shida kuma an cire su daga jerin.<ref name="NPL2">{{Cite web |title=National Priorities List |url=http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205073817/http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |access-date=December 16, 2010 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> == Shafukan Superfund == : {{Legend inline|#fcf75e|Proposed for addition to National Priorities List}} : {{Legend inline|#d0f0c0|Deleted from National Priorities List}} {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" !CERCLIS ID !Name !County !Reason !Proposed !Listed !Construction<br /><br />completed !Partially<br /><br />deleted !Deleted |- |DED980714141 |Chem-Solv, Inc. |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615225939/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300124] |01/22/1987 |08/30/1990 |06/30/1998 |N/A |N/A |- |DED980704860 |Coker's Sanitation Service Landfills |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615225953/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300097] |04/10/1985 |07/22/1987 |09/29/1993 |N/A |N/A |- |DE8570024010 |Dover Air Force Base |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230001/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300191] |10/15/1984 |03/13/1989 |09/27/2006 |N/A |N/A |- |DED980693550 |Dover Gas Light Company |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230024/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300095] |01/22/1987 |10/04/1989 |N/A |N/A |N/A |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED980705545 |[[Tyler Refrigeration Pit]] |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230047/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300111] | | | | | |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED980704951 |[[Wildcat Landfill]] |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230055/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300101] | | | | | |- |DED980494496 |Army Creek Landfill |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230117/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300086] |12/30/1982 |09/08/1983 |04/29/1994 |N/A |N/A |- |DED980551667 |Delaware City PVC Plant |New Castle |[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090719024707/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300091] | | | | | |- |DED000605972 |Delaware Sand & Gravel Landfill |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230228/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300034] | | | | | |- |DED980555122 |E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. (Newport Pigment Plant Landfill) |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230658/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300093] | | | | | |- |DED980830954 |Halby Chemical |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230755/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300125] | | | | | |- |DED980713093 |Harvey & Knott Drum, Inc. |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230822/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300123] | | | | | |- |DED980552244 |Koppers Co., Inc. (Newport Plant) |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230858/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300092] |10/26/1989 |08/30/1990 |N/A |N/A |N/A |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED058980442 |[[New Castle Spill]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615231317/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300069] |12/30/1982 |09/08/1983 |07/19/1992 |N/A |06/12/1996 |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED980705255 |[[New Castle Steel]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615231353/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300106] | | | | | |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED981035520 |[[Sealand Limited]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615231421/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300137] | | | | | |- |DED041212473 |[[Standard Chlorine of Delaware, Inc.]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615231922/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300058] |09/18/1985 |07/22/1987 |N/A |N/A |N/A |- |DED000606079 |[[Tybouts Corner Landfill]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615232101/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300035] | | | | | |- |DED043958388 |NCR Corp. (Millsboro Plant) |Sussex |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615232134/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300061] | | | | | |- style="background:#fcf75e" |DEN000306645 |[[Millsboro TCE]] |Sussex |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615232230/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0306645] |09/23/2009 |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED980494637 |[[Sussex County Landfill No. 5]] |Sussex |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615232241/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300089] | | | | | |- |} == Manazarta == pidq6u0ri9mf17j830cvytwcm025t7f 970226 970224 2026-10-21T19:03:23Z Salma Raddah 45959 970226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan '''jerin wuraren Superfund ne a Delaware''' da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin Dokar Muhalli Mai Cikakken Amsawa, Diyya, da Alhaki (CERCLA). Dokar tarayya ta CERCLA ta 1980 ta ba wa [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka]] (EPA) izinin ƙirƙirar jerin wuraren da [[Gurbatar yanayi|suka gurɓata]] waɗanda ke buƙatar magani na dogon lokaci don tsaftace gurɓatattun abubuwa masu haɗari. Waɗannan wurare ana kiransu wuraren Superfund, kuma an sanya su a cikin Jerin Fifiko na Ƙasa (NPL). Hukumar NPL ce ke jagorantar EPA wajen "ƙayyade waɗanne wurare ne suka cancanci ƙarin bincike" don [[gyara muhalli]] . <ref name="NPL2">{{Cite web |title=National Priorities List |url=http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205073817/http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |access-date=December 16, 2010 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Tun daga ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2010, akwai wurare 14 na Superfund a cikin Jerin Fifiko na Ƙasa a [[Delaware]].<ref name="NPL2" /> An gabatar da ƙarin wuri guda don shiga cikin jerin. <ref name="NPL2">{{Cite web |title=National Priorities List |url=http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205073817/http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |access-date=December 16, 2010 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> An tsaftace wurare shida kuma an cire su daga jerin.<ref name="NPL2">{{Cite web |title=National Priorities List |url=http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205073817/http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/ |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |access-date=December 16, 2010 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> == Shafukan Superfund == : {{Legend inline|#fcf75e|Proposed for addition to National Priorities List}} : {{Legend inline|#d0f0c0|Deleted from National Priorities List}} {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" !CERCLIS ID !Name !County !Reason !Proposed !Listed !Construction<br /><br />completed !Partially<br /><br />deleted !Deleted |- |DED980714141 |Chem-Solv, Inc. |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615225939/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300124] |01/22/1987 |08/30/1990 |06/30/1998 |N/A |N/A |- |DED980704860 |Coker's Sanitation Service Landfills |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615225953/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300097] |04/10/1985 |07/22/1987 |09/29/1993 |N/A |N/A |- |DE8570024010 |Dover Air Force Base |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230001/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300191] |10/15/1984 |03/13/1989 |09/27/2006 |N/A |N/A |- |DED980693550 |Dover Gas Light Company |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230024/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300095] |01/22/1987 |10/04/1989 |N/A |N/A |N/A |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED980705545 |[[Tyler Refrigeration Pit]] |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230047/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300111] | | | | | |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED980704951 |[[Wildcat Landfill]] |Kent |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230055/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300101] | | | | | |- |DED980494496 |Army Creek Landfill |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230117/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300086] |12/30/1982 |09/08/1983 |04/29/1994 |N/A |N/A |- |DED980551667 |Delaware City PVC Plant |New Castle |[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090719024707/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300091] | | | | | |- |DED000605972 |Delaware Sand & Gravel Landfill |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230228/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300034] | | | | | |- |DED980555122 |E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. (Newport Pigment Plant Landfill) |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230658/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300093] | | | | | |- |DED980830954 |Halby Chemical |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230755/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300125] | | | | | |- |DED980713093 |Harvey & Knott Drum, Inc. |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230822/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300123] | | | | | |- |DED980552244 |Koppers Co., Inc. (Newport Plant) |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615230858/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300092] |10/26/1989 |08/30/1990 |N/A |N/A |N/A |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED058980442 |[[New Castle Spill]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615231317/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300069] |12/30/1982 |09/08/1983 |07/19/1992 |N/A |06/12/1996 |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED980705255 |[[New Castle Steel]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615231353/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300106] | | | | | |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED981035520 |[[Sealand Limited]] |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615231421/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300137] | | | | | |- |DED041212473 |Standard Chlorine of Delaware, Inc. |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615231922/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300058] |09/18/1985 |07/22/1987 |N/A |N/A |N/A |- |DED000606079 |Tybouts Corner Landfill |New Castle |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615232101/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300035] | | | | | |- |DED043958388 |NCR Corp. (Millsboro Plant) |Sussex |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615232134/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300061] | | | | | |- style="background:#fcf75e" |DEN000306645 |[[Millsboro TCE]] |Sussex |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615232230/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0306645] |09/23/2009 |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |- style="background:#d0f0c0" |DED980494637 |[[Sussex County Landfill No. 5]] |Sussex |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110615232241/http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300089] | | | | | |- |} == Manazarta == saufw09jvwyy9ujdeo9tijcka945mhd 0 131247 970251 769372 2026-10-21T23:10:34Z Salma Raddah 45959 970251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} '''Lynne Marie Stewart''' (Disamba 14, 1946 - Fabrairu 21, 2025) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, wacce aka fi sani da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Miss Yvonne, "Mace Mafi Kyawun A Cikin Ƙasar 'Yan Kwallo." Ta fara rawar a wasan kwaikwayo na 1981, ''The Pee-wee Herman Show'' . Ta ci gaba da taka rawar Miss Yvonne a shirin talabijin na CBS ''Pee-wee's Playhouse'', farfaɗowar mataki na Los Angeles na 2010, da kuma shirin Broadway wanda aka buɗe a watan Nuwamba 2010 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stephen Sondheim . Stewart kuma an san ta da rawar da ta taka a shirin talabijin na FX / FXX, ''It's Always Sunny a Philadelphia'' a matsayin mahaifiyar Charlie Kelly, Bonnie. <ref name="castcomplete" /> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Stewart a Lynwood, California, a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1946. <ref name="NYT">{{Cite web |last=Ruberg |first=Sara |date=February 24, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, Miss Yvonne on 'Pee-wee's Playhouse,' Dies at 78 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/23/arts/television/lynne-marie-stewart-dead.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224033556/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/23/arts/television/lynne-marie-stewart-dead.html |archive-date=February 24, 2025 |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Stewart ta yi karatun digiri a fannin fasahar wasan kwaikwayo a Kwalejin Birnin Los Angeles, inda ta haɗu da babbar kawarta, Cindy Williams . <ref name="USA Today">{{Cite web |last=Stahl |first=Jay |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' actress, dies at 78 after 'unexpected' illness |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2025/02/22/lynne-marie-stewart-miss-yvonne-always-sunny-star-death/79622388007/ |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> <ref name="NYT" /> == Sana'a == Stewart memba ne na The Groundlings a shekarun 1970, kuma ya haɗu da Paul Reubens da Phil Hartman a can. Stewart ta taka rawar ma'aikatan jinya daban-daban a shirin talabijin ''na M*A*S*H'' . <ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Coates |first=Lauren |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, 'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia' and 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' Actor, Dies at 78 |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/lynne-marie-stewart-dead-pee-wees-playhouse-its-always-sunny-in-philadelphia-1236316278/ |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawar gani a fim din ''American Graffiti'' na shekarar 1973 a matsayin Bobbie, wanda ya tuka motar 'yan matan da suka dauki Curt ( Richard Dreyfuss ) a wani yanayi. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Garner |first1=Glenn |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart Dies: 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' & 'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' Actress Was 78 |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222163334/https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |accessdate=February 22, 2025 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawar jarumai daban-daban a ''Laverne &amp;amp; Shirley'' . <ref name="Variety" /> Ta taka rawar muryar Shirley a cikin wani fim mai ban dariya na ''Mork &amp;amp; Mindy/Laverne &amp;amp; Shirley/Fonz Hour'' da ''Laverne &amp;amp; Shirley a cikin Soja'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, "Pee-wee's Playhouse" and "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia" actress, dies at 78 |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/lynne-marie-stewart-pee-wees-214507328.html |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[Yahoo Entertainment]] |publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da [[Tracey Ullman]] a cikin shirye-shiryen musamman na HBO da Showtime, gami da ''Tracey Ullman a cikin Trailer Tales'' da kuma ''Tracey Ullman's State of the Union'' . <ref name="Variety" /> <ref name="USA Today">{{Cite web |last=Stahl |first=Jay |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' actress, dies at 78 after 'unexpected' illness |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2025/02/22/lynne-marie-stewart-miss-yvonne-always-sunny-star-death/79622388007/ |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shayo |first=Lukas |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, Comedian & It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia Star, Dies At 78. |url=https://screenrant.com/lynne-marie-stewart-death-obituary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222211422/https://screenrant.com/lynne-marie-stewart-death-obituary/ |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en}}</ref> Stewart ta fito a shirin ''Alice (jerin talabijin na Amurka)'' S2.E5 mai taken "Single Belles". Ta taka rawar mazinaciya a wani shiri na kakar wasa ta shida na ''The Golden Girls'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 10, 1990 |title=How Do You Solve a Problem Like Sophia? – The Golden Girls (Season 6, Episode 8) |url=https://tv.apple.com/ca/episode/how-do-you-solve-a-problem-like-sophia/umc.cmc.55kf12viq3rhlmw0z7ra1mcmb?showId=umc.cmc.5685zdd91u9xjy9fa44h1q6xa |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[Apple TV app|Apple TV]] |language=en-CA}}</ref> Ta kasance cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Pee-wee's Playhouse a matsayin Miss Yvonne "Mace Mafi Kyawun A Cikin Ƙasar 'Yan Kwando". Halinta ya kasance mai fara'a musamman kuma an san shi da bayar da barkwanci mai kama da na manya ga shirin yara. [1] Halin Miss Yvonne mace ce mai sha'awar kyau da kayan kwalliya, wacce galibi tana yin soyayya da Pee-wee da sauran jaruman maza da yawa a shirin. An ba Miss Yvonne lakabin "mace mafi kyau a Puppetland" ta hanyar 'yan tsana (musamman Mr. Window wanda yawanci yakan gabatar da ita). Tana sanye da babban hular gashi mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa wanda ba ta son yin riguna masu laushi, masu kyau, da kuma diddige. Ta fara rawar a shirin wasan kwaikwayo na 1981 The Pee-wee Herman Show, ta ci gaba da shi a shirin talabijin na CBS Pee-wee's Playhouse, farfaɗowar mataki na Los Angeles na 2010, da kuma shirin Broadway wanda aka bude a watan Nuwamba 2010 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stephen Sondheim . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Stewart ba ta taɓa yin aure ba, kuma ba ta taɓa haihuwa ba. Ita da Paul Reubens sun kasance masu shiga cikin gidauniyar Make-a-Wish kuma sau da yawa suna bayyana a matsayin Miss Yvonne da Pee-wee don kawo farin ciki ga yaran da ke fama da rashin lafiya. Ita da Reubens sun kasance "abokai na kud da kud" har zuwa mutuwar Reubens a 2023, inda Stewart ya kula da Reubens jim kaɗan kafin ya mutu. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Garner |first1=Glenn |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart Dies: 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' & 'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' Actress Was 78 |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222163334/https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |accessdate=February 22, 2025 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Stewart ta mutu a Los Angeles a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2025, tana da shekaru 78 sakamakon cutar kansa, wadda aka gano kusa da hanta da mafitsara. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Garner |first1=Glenn |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart Dies: 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' & 'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' Actress Was 78 |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222163334/https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |accessdate=February 22, 2025 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] ===MANAZARTA=== rloazu7bgmhmiffcspomg4h5bh3268j 970311 970251 2026-10-22T09:04:06Z Kamaf001 48297 970311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} '''Lynne Marie Stewart''' ( a watan Disamba 14, shekarar 1946 - Fabrairu 21, 2025) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, wacce aka fi sani da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Miss Yvonne, "Mace Mafi Kyawun A Cikin Ƙasar 'Yan Kwallo." Ta fara rawar a wasan kwaikwayo na 1981, ''The Pee-wee Herman Show'' . Ta ci gaba da taka rawar Miss Yvonne a shirin talabijin na CBS ''Pee-wee's Playhouse'', farfaɗowar mataki na Los Angeles na 2010, da kuma shirin Broadway wanda aka buɗe a watan Nuwamba 2010 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stephen Sondheim . Stewart kuma an san ta da rawar da ta taka a shirin talabijin na FX / FXX, ''It's Always Sunny a Philadelphia'' a matsayin mahaifiyar Charlie Kelly, Bonnie. <ref name="castcomplete" /> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Stewart a Lynwood, California, a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1946. <ref name="NYT">{{Cite web |last=Ruberg |first=Sara |date=February 24, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, Miss Yvonne on 'Pee-wee's Playhouse,' Dies at 78 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/23/arts/television/lynne-marie-stewart-dead.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224033556/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/23/arts/television/lynne-marie-stewart-dead.html |archive-date=February 24, 2025 |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Stewart ta yi karatun digiri a fannin fasahar wasan kwaikwayo a Kwalejin Birnin Los Angeles, inda ta haɗu da babbar kawarta, Cindy Williams . <ref name="USA Today">{{Cite web |last=Stahl |first=Jay |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' actress, dies at 78 after 'unexpected' illness |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2025/02/22/lynne-marie-stewart-miss-yvonne-always-sunny-star-death/79622388007/ |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> <ref name="NYT" /> == Sana'a == Stewart memba ne na The Groundlings a shekarun 1970, kuma ya haɗu da Paul Reubens da Phil Hartman a can. Stewart ta taka rawar ma'aikatan jinya daban-daban a shirin talabijin ''na M*A*S*H'' . <ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Coates |first=Lauren |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, 'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia' and 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' Actor, Dies at 78 |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/lynne-marie-stewart-dead-pee-wees-playhouse-its-always-sunny-in-philadelphia-1236316278/ |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawar gani a fim din ''American Graffiti'' na shekarar 1973 a matsayin Bobbie, wanda ya tuka motar 'yan matan da suka dauki Curt ( Richard Dreyfuss ) a wani yanayi. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Garner |first1=Glenn |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart Dies: 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' & 'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' Actress Was 78 |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222163334/https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |accessdate=February 22, 2025 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawar jarumai daban-daban a ''Laverne &amp;amp; Shirley'' . <ref name="Variety" /> Ta taka rawar muryar Shirley a cikin wani fim mai ban dariya na ''Mork &amp;amp; Mindy/Laverne &amp;amp; Shirley/Fonz Hour'' da ''Laverne &amp;amp; Shirley a cikin Soja'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, "Pee-wee's Playhouse" and "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia" actress, dies at 78 |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/lynne-marie-stewart-pee-wees-214507328.html |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[Yahoo Entertainment]] |publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da [[Tracey Ullman]] a cikin shirye-shiryen musamman na HBO da Showtime, gami da ''Tracey Ullman a cikin Trailer Tales'' da kuma ''Tracey Ullman's State of the Union'' . <ref name="Variety" /> <ref name="USA Today">{{Cite web |last=Stahl |first=Jay |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' actress, dies at 78 after 'unexpected' illness |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2025/02/22/lynne-marie-stewart-miss-yvonne-always-sunny-star-death/79622388007/ |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shayo |first=Lukas |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, Comedian & It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia Star, Dies At 78. |url=https://screenrant.com/lynne-marie-stewart-death-obituary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222211422/https://screenrant.com/lynne-marie-stewart-death-obituary/ |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en}}</ref> Stewart ta fito a shirin ''Alice (jerin talabijin na Amurka)'' S2.E5 mai taken "Single Belles". Ta taka rawar mazinaciya a wani shiri na kakar wasa ta shida na ''The Golden Girls'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 10, 1990 |title=How Do You Solve a Problem Like Sophia? – The Golden Girls (Season 6, Episode 8) |url=https://tv.apple.com/ca/episode/how-do-you-solve-a-problem-like-sophia/umc.cmc.55kf12viq3rhlmw0z7ra1mcmb?showId=umc.cmc.5685zdd91u9xjy9fa44h1q6xa |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[Apple TV app|Apple TV]] |language=en-CA}}</ref> Ta kasance cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Pee-wee's Playhouse a matsayin Miss Yvonne "Mace Mafi Kyawun A Cikin Ƙasar 'Yan Kwando". Halinta ya kasance mai fara'a musamman kuma an san shi da bayar da barkwanci mai kama da na manya ga shirin yara. [1] Halin Miss Yvonne mace ce mai sha'awar kyau da kayan kwalliya, wacce galibi tana yin soyayya da Pee-wee da sauran jaruman maza da yawa a shirin. An ba Miss Yvonne lakabin "mace mafi kyau a Puppetland" ta hanyar 'yan tsana (musamman Mr. Window wanda yawanci yakan gabatar da ita). Tana sanye da babban hular gashi mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa wanda ba ta son yin riguna masu laushi, masu kyau, da kuma diddige. Ta fara rawar a shirin wasan kwaikwayo na 1981 The Pee-wee Herman Show, ta ci gaba da shi a shirin talabijin na CBS Pee-wee's Playhouse, farfaɗowar mataki na Los Angeles na 2010, da kuma shirin Broadway wanda aka bude a watan Nuwamba 2010 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stephen Sondheim . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Stewart ba ta taɓa yin aure ba, kuma ba ta taɓa haihuwa ba. Ita da Paul Reubens sun kasance masu shiga cikin gidauniyar Make-a-Wish kuma sau da yawa suna bayyana a matsayin Miss Yvonne da Pee-wee don kawo farin ciki ga yaran da ke fama da rashin lafiya. Ita da Reubens sun kasance "abokai na kud da kud" har zuwa mutuwar Reubens a 2023, inda Stewart ya kula da Reubens jim kaɗan kafin ya mutu. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Garner |first1=Glenn |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart Dies: 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' & 'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' Actress Was 78 |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222163334/https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |accessdate=February 22, 2025 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Stewart ta mutu a Los Angeles a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2025, tana da shekaru 78 sakamakon cutar kansa, wadda aka gano kusa da hanta da mafitsara. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Garner |first1=Glenn |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart Dies: 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' & 'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' Actress Was 78 |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222163334/https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |accessdate=February 22, 2025 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] ===MANAZARTA=== 3pww4lr1xfd8b586js5wzl8htre875k 970312 970311 2026-10-22T09:05:14Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Rayuwar farko */ 970312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} '''Lynne Marie Stewart''' ( a watan Disamba 14, shekarar 1946 - Fabrairu 21, 2025) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, wacce aka fi sani da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Miss Yvonne, "Mace Mafi Kyawun A Cikin Ƙasar 'Yan Kwallo." Ta fara rawar a wasan kwaikwayo na 1981, ''The Pee-wee Herman Show'' . Ta ci gaba da taka rawar Miss Yvonne a shirin talabijin na CBS ''Pee-wee's Playhouse'', farfaɗowar mataki na Los Angeles na 2010, da kuma shirin Broadway wanda aka buɗe a watan Nuwamba 2010 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stephen Sondheim . Stewart kuma an san ta da rawar da ta taka a shirin talabijin na FX / FXX, ''It's Always Sunny a Philadelphia'' a matsayin mahaifiyar Charlie Kelly, Bonnie. <ref name="castcomplete" /> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Stewart a Lynwood, California, a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, 1946. <ref name="NYT">{{Cite web |last=Ruberg |first=Sara |date=February 24, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, Miss Yvonne on 'Pee-wee's Playhouse,' Dies at 78 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/23/arts/television/lynne-marie-stewart-dead.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224033556/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/23/arts/television/lynne-marie-stewart-dead.html |archive-date=February 24, 2025 |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Stewart ta yi karatun digiri a fannin fasahar wasan kwaikwayo a Kwalejin Birnin Los Angeles, inda ta haɗu da babbar kawarta, Cindy Williams . <ref name="USA Today">{{Cite web |last=Stahl |first=Jay |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' actress, dies at 78 after 'unexpected' illness |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2025/02/22/lynne-marie-stewart-miss-yvonne-always-sunny-star-death/79622388007/ |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> <ref name="NYT" /> == Sana'a == Stewart memba ne na The Groundlings a shekarun 1970, kuma ya haɗu da Paul Reubens da Phil Hartman a can. Stewart ta taka rawar ma'aikatan jinya daban-daban a shirin talabijin ''na M*A*S*H'' . <ref name="Variety">{{Cite web |last=Coates |first=Lauren |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, 'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia' and 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' Actor, Dies at 78 |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/lynne-marie-stewart-dead-pee-wees-playhouse-its-always-sunny-in-philadelphia-1236316278/ |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawar gani a fim din ''American Graffiti'' na shekarar 1973 a matsayin Bobbie, wanda ya tuka motar 'yan matan da suka dauki Curt ( Richard Dreyfuss ) a wani yanayi. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Garner |first1=Glenn |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart Dies: 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' & 'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' Actress Was 78 |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222163334/https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |accessdate=February 22, 2025 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Ta taka rawar jarumai daban-daban a ''Laverne &amp;amp; Shirley'' . <ref name="Variety" /> Ta taka rawar muryar Shirley a cikin wani fim mai ban dariya na ''Mork &amp;amp; Mindy/Laverne &amp;amp; Shirley/Fonz Hour'' da ''Laverne &amp;amp; Shirley a cikin Soja'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, "Pee-wee's Playhouse" and "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia" actress, dies at 78 |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/lynne-marie-stewart-pee-wees-214507328.html |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[Yahoo Entertainment]] |publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da [[Tracey Ullman]] a cikin shirye-shiryen musamman na HBO da Showtime, gami da ''Tracey Ullman a cikin Trailer Tales'' da kuma ''Tracey Ullman's State of the Union'' . <ref name="Variety" /> <ref name="USA Today">{{Cite web |last=Stahl |first=Jay |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' actress, dies at 78 after 'unexpected' illness |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2025/02/22/lynne-marie-stewart-miss-yvonne-always-sunny-star-death/79622388007/ |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shayo |first=Lukas |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart, Comedian & It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia Star, Dies At 78. |url=https://screenrant.com/lynne-marie-stewart-death-obituary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222211422/https://screenrant.com/lynne-marie-stewart-death-obituary/ |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en}}</ref> Stewart ta fito a shirin ''Alice (jerin talabijin na Amurka)'' S2.E5 mai taken "Single Belles". Ta taka rawar mazinaciya a wani shiri na kakar wasa ta shida na ''The Golden Girls'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 10, 1990 |title=How Do You Solve a Problem Like Sophia? – The Golden Girls (Season 6, Episode 8) |url=https://tv.apple.com/ca/episode/how-do-you-solve-a-problem-like-sophia/umc.cmc.55kf12viq3rhlmw0z7ra1mcmb?showId=umc.cmc.5685zdd91u9xjy9fa44h1q6xa |access-date=February 24, 2025 |website=[[Apple TV app|Apple TV]] |language=en-CA}}</ref> Ta kasance cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Pee-wee's Playhouse a matsayin Miss Yvonne "Mace Mafi Kyawun A Cikin Ƙasar 'Yan Kwando". Halinta ya kasance mai fara'a musamman kuma an san shi da bayar da barkwanci mai kama da na manya ga shirin yara. [1] Halin Miss Yvonne mace ce mai sha'awar kyau da kayan kwalliya, wacce galibi tana yin soyayya da Pee-wee da sauran jaruman maza da yawa a shirin. An ba Miss Yvonne lakabin "mace mafi kyau a Puppetland" ta hanyar 'yan tsana (musamman Mr. Window wanda yawanci yakan gabatar da ita). Tana sanye da babban hular gashi mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa wanda ba ta son yin riguna masu laushi, masu kyau, da kuma diddige. Ta fara rawar a shirin wasan kwaikwayo na 1981 The Pee-wee Herman Show, ta ci gaba da shi a shirin talabijin na CBS Pee-wee's Playhouse, farfaɗowar mataki na Los Angeles na 2010, da kuma shirin Broadway wanda aka bude a watan Nuwamba 2010 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stephen Sondheim . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Stewart ba ta taɓa yin aure ba, kuma ba ta taɓa haihuwa ba. Ita da Paul Reubens sun kasance masu shiga cikin gidauniyar Make-a-Wish kuma sau da yawa suna bayyana a matsayin Miss Yvonne da Pee-wee don kawo farin ciki ga yaran da ke fama da rashin lafiya. Ita da Reubens sun kasance "abokai na kud da kud" har zuwa mutuwar Reubens a 2023, inda Stewart ya kula da Reubens jim kaɗan kafin ya mutu. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Garner |first1=Glenn |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart Dies: 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' & 'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' Actress Was 78 |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222163334/https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |accessdate=February 22, 2025 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Stewart ta mutu a Los Angeles a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2025, tana da shekaru 78 sakamakon cutar kansa, wadda aka gano kusa da hanta da mafitsara. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Garner |first1=Glenn |date=February 22, 2025 |title=Lynne Marie Stewart Dies: 'Pee-wee's Playhouse' & 'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' Actress Was 78 |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222163334/https://deadline.com/2025/02/lynne-marie-stewart-dies-78-1236298142/ |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |accessdate=February 22, 2025 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] ===MANAZARTA=== nq9pa37qr2cmblbdgr2tyf6406jgjm0 0 135530 970248 951726 2026-10-21T22:34:54Z Nura Bello 24854 970248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gordon Earle Moore''' (An haife shi 3 ga watan Janairu a shekarar, 1929 - Maris 24, 2023) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Amurka, masanin kimiyya, injiniya, kuma wanda ya kafa Intel Corporation tare da haɗin gwiwa kuma shugaban emeritus. Ya gabatar da [[dokar Moore]] wadda ta nuna cewa adadin transistor a cikin da'irar haɗin gwiwa (IC) yana ninka kusan kowace shekara biyu. <ref name="MooresLaw1965">{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Gordon |date=April 19, 1965 |title=Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits |journal=Electronics Magazine |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=114–117}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Gordon |date=January 1998 |title=Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits (Reprint) |url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~fussell/courses/cs352h/papers/moore.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=82–85 |doi=10.1109/jproc.1998.658762 |s2cid=6519532 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926001037/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~fussell/courses/cs352h/papers/moore.pdf |archive-date=September 26, 2016 |access-date=January 8, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=G. E. |author-link=Gordon Moore |year=1997 |title=The microprocessor: Engine of the technology revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_association-for-computing-machinery-communications_1997-02_40_2/page/112 |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=112–114 |doi=10.1145/253671.253746 |s2cid=74187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Gordon Moore ne a shekarar 1929 a matsayin ɗa na biyu ga Walter Harold Moore (sheriff a Gundumar San Mateo ) da Florence Almira "Mira" Williamson (mai gyaran gida). {{Sfn|Thackray|2015}} Lokacin da Moore ya fara makaranta a shekarar 1935, malaman makarantar sun lura da halayensa na rashin son kai. {{Sfn|Thackray|2015}} Mahaifinsa ya karɓi ci gaba zuwa mataimakin sheriff a shekarar 1938 kuma ya ƙaura da iyalin zuwa Redwood City, California . {{Sfn|Thackray|2015}} A shekarar 1940, Moore ya sami kyautar ilmin sunadarai a matsayin kyautar Kirsimeti, wanda hakan ya ba shi kwarin gwiwa ya zama masanin kimiyyar sinadarai. {{Sfn|Thackray|2015}} Daga 1942 zuwa 1946, Moore ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Sequoia, inda ya shiga cikin ayyukan wasanni. {{Sfn|Thackray|2015}} Moore ya halarci Kwalejin Jihar San José (a yanzu Jami'ar Jihar San José) daga 1946 zuwa 1947, yana karatun ilmin sunadarai. {{Sfn|Thackray|2015}} Ya koma Jami'ar California, Berkeley a 1948 kuma ya kammala karatunsa a 1950 tare da digirin farko na Kimiyya tare da babban digiri a fannin ilmin sunadarai. {{Sfn|Thackray|2015}} Moore ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California daga 1950 zuwa 1954, inda ya sami digirin Doctor of Falsafa a fannin sinadarai a 1954. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=G. E. |author-link=Gordon Moore |year=1997 |title=The microprocessor: Engine of the technology revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_association-for-computing-machinery-communications_1997-02_40_2/page/112 |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=112–114 |doi=10.1145/253671.253746 |s2cid=74187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Gordon |date=January 1998 |title=Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits (Reprint) |url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~fussell/courses/cs352h/papers/moore.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=82–85 |doi=10.1109/jproc.1998.658762 |s2cid=6519532 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926001037/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~fussell/courses/cs352h/papers/moore.pdf |archive-date=September 26, 2016 |access-date=January 8, 2015}}</ref> Moore ya gudanar da bincike na postdoctoral a dakin gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar lissafi na Applied Physics a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins daga 1953 zuwa 1956. <ref name="CHFOralHistory" /> == Aikin kimiyya == === Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Semiconductor na Fairchild ===   Moore ya shiga William Shockley, tsohon ɗalibi a MIT da Caltech a sashin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Shockley Semiconductor na Beckman Instruments, amma ya tafi tare da " masu cin amana takwas ," lokacin da Sherman Fairchild ya amince ya goyi bayansu kuma ya ƙirƙiri kamfanin Fairchild Semiconductor mai tasiri. [1] [2] === Dokar Moore === A shekarar 1965, Moore yana aiki a matsayin darektan bincike da ci gaba (R&D) a Fairchild Semiconductor. Mujallar Electronics ta tambaye shi ya yi hasashen abin da yake tunanin zai iya faruwa a masana'antar sassan semiconductor a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. A cikin wani labarin da aka buga a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1965, Moore ya lura cewa adadin abubuwan da ke cikin (transistors, resistor, diode, ko capacitors) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Gordon |date=January 1998 |title=Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits (Reprint) |url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~fussell/courses/cs352h/papers/moore.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=82–85 |doi=10.1109/jproc.1998.658762 |s2cid=6519532 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926001037/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~fussell/courses/cs352h/papers/moore.pdf |archive-date=September 26, 2016 |access-date=January 8, 2015}}</ref> a cikin da'irar da aka haɗa mai yawa ya ninka kusan kowace shekara kuma ya yi hasashen cewa zai ci gaba da yin hakan na akalla shekaru goma masu zuwa. A shekarar 1975, ya sake duba ƙimar hasashen zuwa kusan kowace shekara biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=G. E. |author-link=Gordon Moore |year=1997 |title=The microprocessor: Engine of the technology revolution |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=112–114 |doi=10.1145/253671.253746 |s2cid=74187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Carver Mead ya shahara da kalmar "Dokar Moore". Hasashen ya zama abin da ake nufi da rage yawan amfani da makamashi a masana'antar semiconductor kuma ya yi tasiri sosai a fannoni da yawa na canjin fasaha. <ref name="MooresLaw1965">{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Gordon |date=April 19, 1965 |title=Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits |journal=Electronics Magazine |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=114–117}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]] qarfy7ul3rnq4h62n6626flzmga3p7p 970314 970248 2026-10-22T09:06:59Z Kamaf001 48297 970314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gordon Earle Moore''' (An haife shi 3 ga watan Janairu a shekarar, alif 1929 - Maris 24, 2023) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Amurka, masanin kimiyya, injiniya, kuma wanda ya kafa Intel Corporation tare da haɗin gwiwa kuma shugaban emeritus. Ya gabatar da [[dokar Moore]] wadda ta nuna cewa adadin transistor a cikin da'irar haɗin gwiwa (IC) yana ninka kusan kowace shekara biyu. <ref name="MooresLaw1965">{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Gordon |date=April 19, 1965 |title=Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits |journal=Electronics Magazine |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=114–117}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Gordon |date=January 1998 |title=Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits (Reprint) |url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~fussell/courses/cs352h/papers/moore.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=82–85 |doi=10.1109/jproc.1998.658762 |s2cid=6519532 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926001037/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~fussell/courses/cs352h/papers/moore.pdf |archive-date=September 26, 2016 |access-date=January 8, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=G. E. |author-link=Gordon Moore |year=1997 |title=The microprocessor: Engine of the technology revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_association-for-computing-machinery-communications_1997-02_40_2/page/112 |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=112–114 |doi=10.1145/253671.253746 |s2cid=74187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Gordon Moore ne a shekarar 1929 a matsayin ɗa na biyu ga Walter Harold Moore (sheriff a Gundumar San Mateo ) da Florence Almira "Mira" Williamson (mai gyaran gida). {{Sfn|Thackray|2015}} Lokacin da Moore ya fara makaranta a shekarar 1935, malaman makarantar sun lura da halayensa na rashin son kai. {{Sfn|Thackray|2015}} Mahaifinsa ya karɓi ci gaba zuwa mataimakin sheriff a shekarar 1938 kuma ya ƙaura da iyalin zuwa Redwood City, California . {{Sfn|Thackray|2015}} A shekarar 1940, Moore ya sami kyautar ilmin sunadarai a matsayin kyautar Kirsimeti, wanda hakan ya ba shi kwarin gwiwa ya zama masanin kimiyyar sinadarai. {{Sfn|Thackray|2015}} Daga 1942 zuwa 1946, Moore ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Sequoia, inda ya shiga cikin ayyukan wasanni. {{Sfn|Thackray|2015}} Moore ya halarci Kwalejin Jihar San José (a yanzu Jami'ar Jihar San José) daga 1946 zuwa 1947, yana karatun ilmin sunadarai. {{Sfn|Thackray|2015}} Ya koma Jami'ar California, Berkeley a 1948 kuma ya kammala karatunsa a 1950 tare da digirin farko na Kimiyya tare da babban digiri a fannin ilmin sunadarai. {{Sfn|Thackray|2015}} Moore ya yi karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California daga 1950 zuwa 1954, inda ya sami digirin Doctor of Falsafa a fannin sinadarai a 1954. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=G. E. |author-link=Gordon Moore |year=1997 |title=The microprocessor: Engine of the technology revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_association-for-computing-machinery-communications_1997-02_40_2/page/112 |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=112–114 |doi=10.1145/253671.253746 |s2cid=74187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Gordon |date=January 1998 |title=Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits (Reprint) |url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~fussell/courses/cs352h/papers/moore.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=82–85 |doi=10.1109/jproc.1998.658762 |s2cid=6519532 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926001037/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~fussell/courses/cs352h/papers/moore.pdf |archive-date=September 26, 2016 |access-date=January 8, 2015}}</ref> Moore ya gudanar da bincike na postdoctoral a dakin gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar lissafi na Applied Physics a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins daga 1953 zuwa 1956. <ref name="CHFOralHistory" /> == Aikin kimiyya == === Dakin gwaje-gwaje na Semiconductor na Fairchild ===   Moore ya shiga William Shockley, tsohon ɗalibi a MIT da Caltech a sashin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Shockley Semiconductor na Beckman Instruments, amma ya tafi tare da " masu cin amana takwas ," lokacin da Sherman Fairchild ya amince ya goyi bayansu kuma ya ƙirƙiri kamfanin Fairchild Semiconductor mai tasiri. [1] [2] === Dokar Moore === A shekarar 1965, Moore yana aiki a matsayin darektan bincike da ci gaba (R&D) a Fairchild Semiconductor. Mujallar Electronics ta tambaye shi ya yi hasashen abin da yake tunanin zai iya faruwa a masana'antar sassan semiconductor a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. A cikin wani labarin da aka buga a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 1965, Moore ya lura cewa adadin abubuwan da ke cikin (transistors, resistor, diode, ko capacitors) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Gordon |date=January 1998 |title=Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits (Reprint) |url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~fussell/courses/cs352h/papers/moore.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=82–85 |doi=10.1109/jproc.1998.658762 |s2cid=6519532 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926001037/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~fussell/courses/cs352h/papers/moore.pdf |archive-date=September 26, 2016 |access-date=January 8, 2015}}</ref> a cikin da'irar da aka haɗa mai yawa ya ninka kusan kowace shekara kuma ya yi hasashen cewa zai ci gaba da yin hakan na akalla shekaru goma masu zuwa. A shekarar 1975, ya sake duba ƙimar hasashen zuwa kusan kowace shekara biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=G. E. |author-link=Gordon Moore |year=1997 |title=The microprocessor: Engine of the technology revolution |journal=Communications of the ACM |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=112–114 |doi=10.1145/253671.253746 |s2cid=74187 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Carver Mead ya shahara da kalmar "Dokar Moore". Hasashen ya zama abin da ake nufi da rage yawan amfani da makamashi a masana'antar semiconductor kuma ya yi tasiri sosai a fannoni da yawa na canjin fasaha. <ref name="MooresLaw1965">{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Gordon |date=April 19, 1965 |title=Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits |journal=Electronics Magazine |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=114–117}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]] mnvvscz3ded1qwjvwi8sjwbu6ikf2pa 0 136232 970254 839571 2026-10-21T23:13:53Z Salma Raddah 45959 970254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''David Elliot Shaw''' (an haife sMarne a ranar 29 ga Maris, 1951) masanin kimiyya ne na Amurka kuma tsohon manajan asusun hedge . Ya kafa DE Shaw &amp;amp; Co., wani kamfanin asusun hedge wanda mujallar ''Fortune'' ta taɓa siffanta shi a matsayin "ƙarfin da ya fi ban sha'awa da ban mamaki a Wall Street". <ref>name="fortune">{{Cite web |last=Aley |first=James |date=5 Feb 1996 |title=Wall Street's King Quant David Shaw's Secret Formulas Pile Up Money. Now He Wants a Piece of the Net. |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1996/02/05/207353/index.htm |access-date=21 Aug 2009 |website=Fortune |archive-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075444/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1996/02/05/207353/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Executive Profile: David Elliot Shaw Ph.D. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=232164 |publisher=BusinessWeek}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> Shaw, tsohon mataimakin farfesa a sashen kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Columbia, ya yi wa dukiyarsa amfani da rashin inganci a kasuwannin kuɗi tare da taimakon hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani na kwamfuta. A shekarar 1996, mujallar ''Fortune'' ta kira shi "King Quant" saboda rawar da kamfaninsa ya taka a harkar ciniki mai sauri. A shekarar 2001, Shaw ya koma binciken kimiyya na cikakken lokaci a fannin ilmin sinadarai na kwamfuta, musamman kwaikwayon ƙwayoyin halitta na sunadarai. == Rayuwar farko == Shaw ya girma a Los Angeles, California. Mahaifinsa masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne wanda ya ƙware a fannin jini da kwararar ruwa, kuma mahaifiyarsa mai fasaha ce kuma mai ilimi. Sun rabu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 12. Mahaifinsa na uba, Irving Pfeffer, farfesa ne a fannin kuɗi a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, kuma marubucin takardu da ke goyon bayan ingantaccen hasashen kasuwa . Shaw ya sami digirin farko na ''summa cum laude'' daga Jami'ar California, San Diego, digiri na biyu a fannin lissafi & kimiyyar lissafi da ilimin bayanai. Ya ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu, sannan digiri na uku daga [[Jami'ar Stanford]] a 1980, sannan ya zama mataimakin farfesa a sashen kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Executive Profile: David Elliot Shaw Ph.D. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=232164 |publisher=BusinessWeek}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=David E. Shaw |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/54/rich-list-09_David-E-Shaw_201Q.html |access-date=18 March 2013 |website=Forbes}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Columbia, Shaw ya gudanar da bincike kan kwamfuta mai layi daya da babban kwamfuta mai suna NON-VON. Wannan babbar kwamfuta ta ƙunshi abubuwan sarrafawa a cikin tsarin itace da aka yi niyya don amfani da su don binciken bayanai cikin sauri. A farkon aikinsa, ya kafa Kamfanin Stanford Systems Corporation. == Sana'ar saka hannun jari == A shekarar 1986, ya shiga Morgan Stanley, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Fasaha a ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Nunzio Tartaglia mai sarrafa kanta. A shekarar 1994, Shugaba Clinton ya naɗa Shaw a Majalisar Masu Ba da Shawara kan Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Shugaban Ƙasa, inda ya zama shugaban Kwamitin Fasaha ta Ilimi. A shekarar 2000, an zaɓe shi a kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin ta daga 2000 zuwa 2010. A shekarar 2007, an zaɓe Shaw a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka. A shekarar 2009, Shugaba [[Barack Obama|Obama]] ya sake naɗa shi a Majalisar Masu Ba da Shawara kan Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Shugaban Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Executive Profile: David Elliot Shaw Ph.D. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=232164 |publisher=BusinessWeek}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an zaɓe shi a Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa kuma a shekarar 2014 an zaɓe shi a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa. === DE Shaw === A shekarar 1988 ya fara asusun ajiyarsa na hedge, DE Shaw & Co, wanda ke amfani da algorithms na mallakar kamfanoni don cinikin tsaro. A shekarar 2018, Forbes ta kiyasta cewa dukiyarsa ta kai dala biliyan 6.2. Haka kuma babban jami'in bincike ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu da Kimiyyar Halittu ta Kwamfuta a Jami'ar Columbia, kuma farfesa ne na ilimin kimiyyar halittu a makarantar likitanci ta Columbia. Shaw babban masanin kimiyya ne na DE Shaw Research, wanda ke gudanar da bincike tsakanin fannoni daban-daban a fannin ilmin sunadarai na kwamfuta. A cewar rahoton mujallar Alpha ta Institutional Investor's a shekarar 2014, DE Shaw, wanda ya sami dala miliyan 530 a shekarar 2014, da James H. Simons na Renaissance Technologies waɗanda suka sami dala biliyan 1.2 suna cikin manyan masu samun kuɗi 25 a masana'antar asusun hedge. Dukansu "masu dabarun ƙididdigewa ne waɗanda suka kafa kamfanonin da ke gina algorithms don ciniki." == Gudummawar siyasa da ta agaji == Shaw ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 2.25 ga Priority USA Action, wata babbar kungiyar PAC mai goyon bayan 'yar takarar shugabancin jam'iyyar Democrat Hillary Clinton da kuma dala miliyan 1 ga kungiyar Organizing for Action . <ref>name="NPQ">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rick |author-link= |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Philanthropically Speaking, Who are the Donors to Organizing for Action? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/06/20/the-philanthropic-identities-of-donors-to-organizing-for-action/ |access-date= |publisher=[[Nonprofit Quarterly]]}}</ref> Ta hanyar Asusun Tallafawa Iyali na Shaw, nan da shekarar 2014 shi da matarsa sun bayar da gudummawar dala 400,000 ga Synagogue na Stephen Wise Free, da dala 400,000 ga Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Memorial Sloan Kettering, da kuma dala 800,000 ga Makarantar Horace Mann . <ref>name="NPQ">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rick |author-link= |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Philanthropically Speaking, Who are the Donors to Organizing for Action? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/06/20/the-philanthropic-identities-of-donors-to-organizing-for-action/ |access-date= |publisher=[[Nonprofit Quarterly]]}}</ref> Daga 2011 zuwa 2017, Asusun ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 1 ga Jami'ar Yale, [[Jami'ar Stanford]], [[Jami'ar Harvard]], Jami'ar Princeton, da kuma dala 500,000 ga Jami'ar Columbia da Jami'ar Brown . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Executive Profile: David Elliot Shaw Ph.D. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=232164 |publisher=BusinessWeek}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> Gudummawar da aka bayar a kwalejin ta wakilci sama da kashi 60% na ayyukan agaji na Asusun, wanda jimillarsu ya kai dala miliyan 37.3. <ref> name="propub">{{Cite web |last=Kofman |first=Ava |last2=Golden |first2=Daniel |date=28 September 2019 |title=The Hedge Fund Billionaire's Guide to Buying Your Kids a Better Shot at Not Just One Elite College, but Lots of Them |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/hedge-fund-billionaires-donations-college-admissions-elite-universities |website=ProPublica}}</ref> Gudummawar ta kuma yi daidai da lokacin da 'ya'yan Shaw uku za su fara neman shiga jami'a, tun daga shekarar 2014. An karɓe biyu daga cikin 'ya'yan Shaw zuwa Yale. Shaw yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka . <ref> name="NPQ">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rick |author-link= |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Philanthropically Speaking, Who are the Donors to Organizing for Action? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/06/20/the-philanthropic-identities-of-donors-to-organizing-for-action/ |access-date= |publisher=[[Nonprofit Quarterly]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shaw ya auri mai sharhi kan harkokin kuɗi kuma 'yar jarida Beth Kobliner a shekarar 1993. <ref>name="NPQ">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rick |author-link= |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Philanthropically Speaking, Who are the Donors to Organizing for Action? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/06/20/the-philanthropic-identities-of-donors-to-organizing-for-action/ |access-date= |publisher=[[Nonprofit Quarterly]]}}</ref> <ref>name="propub">{{Cite web |last=Kofman |first=Ava |last2=Golden |first2=Daniel |date=28 September 2019 |title=The Hedge Fund Billionaire's Guide to Buying Your Kids a Better Shot at Not Just One Elite College, but Lots of Them |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/hedge-fund-billionaires-donations-college-admissions-elite-universities |website=ProPublica}}</ref> Shaw Bayahudiya ce kuma shi da matarsa membobin majami'ar Stephen Wise Free da ke New York. <ref>{{Cite web |title=David E. Shaw |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/54/rich-list-09_David-E-Shaw_201Q.html |access-date=18 March 2013 |website=Forbes}}</ref> 'Yarsu ita ce Rebecca Shaw, tsohuwar ɗaliba a Yale kuma tsohuwar marubuciyar ''Tonight Show'' wacce ta haɗa kai wajen ƙirƙirar jerin fina-finan FX ''Adults'' tare da mijinta, surukin Shaws, Ben Kronengold. Ɗan tsohon mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi na Amurka kuma marubucin ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' Adam Shaw ne.<ref> name="Forbes profile">{{Cite web |title=Forbes profile: David Shaw |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/david-shaw/?sh=42eb5b415094 |access-date=6 March 2021 |website=Forbes}}</ref> <ref name="Hollywood Reporter">{{Cite web |title=FX Picks Up ‘Snowflakes’ Comedy from ‘Tonight Show’ Duo, Nick Kroll |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/fx-snowflakes-comedy-series-nick-kroll-1235960788 |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=Forbes}}</ref> <ref>name="Time">{{Cite web |title=Stanford Economists: Trump’s New Tariff Rules Will Fuel Inflation |url=https://time.com/7312977/stanford-economists-trump-tariff-inflation |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=Time |archive-date=28 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828191919/https://time.com/7312977/stanford-economists-trump-tariff-inflation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Shaw ya sayi gidaje da dama a Westchester County, New York kuma ya haɗa su da wani babban gida wanda ya sami kulawar manema labarai. == Duba kuma == * Jerin masana kimiyyar kwamfuta * Sinadarin kwamfuta == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] snfyoa58ytwaqwugg15v9bhs8uy2fr8 970307 970254 2026-10-22T09:02:28Z Kamaf001 48297 970307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''David Elliot Shaw''' (an haife sMarne a ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 1951) masanin kimiyya ne na Amurka kuma tsohon manajan asusun hedge . Ya kafa DE Shaw &amp;amp; Co., wani kamfanin asusun hedge wanda mujallar ''Fortune'' ta taɓa siffanta shi a matsayin "ƙarfin da ya fi ban sha'awa da ban mamaki a Wall Street". <ref>name="fortune">{{Cite web |last=Aley |first=James |date=5 Feb 1996 |title=Wall Street's King Quant David Shaw's Secret Formulas Pile Up Money. Now He Wants a Piece of the Net. |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1996/02/05/207353/index.htm |access-date=21 Aug 2009 |website=Fortune |archive-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075444/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1996/02/05/207353/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Executive Profile: David Elliot Shaw Ph.D. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=232164 |publisher=BusinessWeek}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> Shaw, tsohon mataimakin farfesa a sashen kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Columbia, ya yi wa dukiyarsa amfani da rashin inganci a kasuwannin kuɗi tare da taimakon hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani na kwamfuta. A shekarar 1996, mujallar ''Fortune'' ta kira shi "King Quant" saboda rawar da kamfaninsa ya taka a harkar ciniki mai sauri. A shekarar 2001, Shaw ya koma binciken kimiyya na cikakken lokaci a fannin ilmin sinadarai na kwamfuta, musamman kwaikwayon ƙwayoyin halitta na sunadarai. == Rayuwar farko == Shaw ya girma a Los Angeles, California. Mahaifinsa masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne wanda ya ƙware a fannin jini da kwararar ruwa, kuma mahaifiyarsa mai fasaha ce kuma mai ilimi. Sun rabu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 12. Mahaifinsa na uba, Irving Pfeffer, farfesa ne a fannin kuɗi a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, kuma marubucin takardu da ke goyon bayan ingantaccen hasashen kasuwa . Shaw ya sami digirin farko na ''summa cum laude'' daga Jami'ar California, San Diego, digiri na biyu a fannin lissafi & kimiyyar lissafi da ilimin bayanai. Ya ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu, sannan digiri na uku daga [[Jami'ar Stanford]] a 1980, sannan ya zama mataimakin farfesa a sashen kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Executive Profile: David Elliot Shaw Ph.D. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=232164 |publisher=BusinessWeek}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=David E. Shaw |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/54/rich-list-09_David-E-Shaw_201Q.html |access-date=18 March 2013 |website=Forbes}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Columbia, Shaw ya gudanar da bincike kan kwamfuta mai layi daya da babban kwamfuta mai suna NON-VON. Wannan babbar kwamfuta ta ƙunshi abubuwan sarrafawa a cikin tsarin itace da aka yi niyya don amfani da su don binciken bayanai cikin sauri. A farkon aikinsa, ya kafa Kamfanin Stanford Systems Corporation. == Sana'ar saka hannun jari == A shekarar 1986, ya shiga Morgan Stanley, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Fasaha a ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Nunzio Tartaglia mai sarrafa kanta. A shekarar 1994, Shugaba Clinton ya naɗa Shaw a Majalisar Masu Ba da Shawara kan Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Shugaban Ƙasa, inda ya zama shugaban Kwamitin Fasaha ta Ilimi. A shekarar 2000, an zaɓe shi a kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin ta daga 2000 zuwa 2010. A shekarar 2007, an zaɓe Shaw a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka. A shekarar 2009, Shugaba [[Barack Obama|Obama]] ya sake naɗa shi a Majalisar Masu Ba da Shawara kan Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Shugaban Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Executive Profile: David Elliot Shaw Ph.D. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=232164 |publisher=BusinessWeek}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an zaɓe shi a Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa kuma a shekarar 2014 an zaɓe shi a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa. === DE Shaw === A shekarar 1988 ya fara asusun ajiyarsa na hedge, DE Shaw & Co, wanda ke amfani da algorithms na mallakar kamfanoni don cinikin tsaro. A shekarar 2018, Forbes ta kiyasta cewa dukiyarsa ta kai dala biliyan 6.2. Haka kuma babban jami'in bincike ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu da Kimiyyar Halittu ta Kwamfuta a Jami'ar Columbia, kuma farfesa ne na ilimin kimiyyar halittu a makarantar likitanci ta Columbia. Shaw babban masanin kimiyya ne na DE Shaw Research, wanda ke gudanar da bincike tsakanin fannoni daban-daban a fannin ilmin sunadarai na kwamfuta. A cewar rahoton mujallar Alpha ta Institutional Investor's a shekarar 2014, DE Shaw, wanda ya sami dala miliyan 530 a shekarar 2014, da James H. Simons na Renaissance Technologies waɗanda suka sami dala biliyan 1.2 suna cikin manyan masu samun kuɗi 25 a masana'antar asusun hedge. Dukansu "masu dabarun ƙididdigewa ne waɗanda suka kafa kamfanonin da ke gina algorithms don ciniki." == Gudummawar siyasa da ta agaji == Shaw ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 2.25 ga Priority USA Action, wata babbar kungiyar PAC mai goyon bayan 'yar takarar shugabancin jam'iyyar Democrat Hillary Clinton da kuma dala miliyan 1 ga kungiyar Organizing for Action . <ref>name="NPQ">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rick |author-link= |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Philanthropically Speaking, Who are the Donors to Organizing for Action? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/06/20/the-philanthropic-identities-of-donors-to-organizing-for-action/ |access-date= |publisher=[[Nonprofit Quarterly]]}}</ref> Ta hanyar Asusun Tallafawa Iyali na Shaw, nan da shekarar 2014 shi da matarsa sun bayar da gudummawar dala 400,000 ga Synagogue na Stephen Wise Free, da dala 400,000 ga Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Memorial Sloan Kettering, da kuma dala 800,000 ga Makarantar Horace Mann . <ref>name="NPQ">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rick |author-link= |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Philanthropically Speaking, Who are the Donors to Organizing for Action? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/06/20/the-philanthropic-identities-of-donors-to-organizing-for-action/ |access-date= |publisher=[[Nonprofit Quarterly]]}}</ref> Daga 2011 zuwa 2017, Asusun ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 1 ga Jami'ar Yale, [[Jami'ar Stanford]], [[Jami'ar Harvard]], Jami'ar Princeton, da kuma dala 500,000 ga Jami'ar Columbia da Jami'ar Brown . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Executive Profile: David Elliot Shaw Ph.D. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=232164 |publisher=BusinessWeek}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> Gudummawar da aka bayar a kwalejin ta wakilci sama da kashi 60% na ayyukan agaji na Asusun, wanda jimillarsu ya kai dala miliyan 37.3. <ref> name="propub">{{Cite web |last=Kofman |first=Ava |last2=Golden |first2=Daniel |date=28 September 2019 |title=The Hedge Fund Billionaire's Guide to Buying Your Kids a Better Shot at Not Just One Elite College, but Lots of Them |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/hedge-fund-billionaires-donations-college-admissions-elite-universities |website=ProPublica}}</ref> Gudummawar ta kuma yi daidai da lokacin da 'ya'yan Shaw uku za su fara neman shiga jami'a, tun daga shekarar 2014. An karɓe biyu daga cikin 'ya'yan Shaw zuwa Yale. Shaw yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka . <ref> name="NPQ">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rick |author-link= |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Philanthropically Speaking, Who are the Donors to Organizing for Action? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/06/20/the-philanthropic-identities-of-donors-to-organizing-for-action/ |access-date= |publisher=[[Nonprofit Quarterly]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shaw ya auri mai sharhi kan harkokin kuɗi kuma 'yar jarida Beth Kobliner a shekarar 1993. <ref>name="NPQ">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rick |author-link= |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Philanthropically Speaking, Who are the Donors to Organizing for Action? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/06/20/the-philanthropic-identities-of-donors-to-organizing-for-action/ |access-date= |publisher=[[Nonprofit Quarterly]]}}</ref> <ref>name="propub">{{Cite web |last=Kofman |first=Ava |last2=Golden |first2=Daniel |date=28 September 2019 |title=The Hedge Fund Billionaire's Guide to Buying Your Kids a Better Shot at Not Just One Elite College, but Lots of Them |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/hedge-fund-billionaires-donations-college-admissions-elite-universities |website=ProPublica}}</ref> Shaw Bayahudiya ce kuma shi da matarsa membobin majami'ar Stephen Wise Free da ke New York. <ref>{{Cite web |title=David E. Shaw |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/54/rich-list-09_David-E-Shaw_201Q.html |access-date=18 March 2013 |website=Forbes}}</ref> 'Yarsu ita ce Rebecca Shaw, tsohuwar ɗaliba a Yale kuma tsohuwar marubuciyar ''Tonight Show'' wacce ta haɗa kai wajen ƙirƙirar jerin fina-finan FX ''Adults'' tare da mijinta, surukin Shaws, Ben Kronengold. Ɗan tsohon mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi na Amurka kuma marubucin ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' Adam Shaw ne.<ref> name="Forbes profile">{{Cite web |title=Forbes profile: David Shaw |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/david-shaw/?sh=42eb5b415094 |access-date=6 March 2021 |website=Forbes}}</ref> <ref name="Hollywood Reporter">{{Cite web |title=FX Picks Up ‘Snowflakes’ Comedy from ‘Tonight Show’ Duo, Nick Kroll |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/fx-snowflakes-comedy-series-nick-kroll-1235960788 |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=Forbes}}</ref> <ref>name="Time">{{Cite web |title=Stanford Economists: Trump’s New Tariff Rules Will Fuel Inflation |url=https://time.com/7312977/stanford-economists-trump-tariff-inflation |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=Time |archive-date=28 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828191919/https://time.com/7312977/stanford-economists-trump-tariff-inflation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Shaw ya sayi gidaje da dama a Westchester County, New York kuma ya haɗa su da wani babban gida wanda ya sami kulawar manema labarai. == Duba kuma == * Jerin masana kimiyyar kwamfuta * Sinadarin kwamfuta == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] jaqf1i5tajetl3z53uldnrtozb5yyzd 970308 970307 2026-10-22T09:02:42Z Kamaf001 48297 970308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''David Elliot Shaw''' (an haife sMarne a ranar 29 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta 1951) masanin kimiyya ne na Amurka kuma tsohon manajan asusun hedge . Ya kafa DE Shaw &amp;amp; Co., wani kamfanin asusun hedge wanda mujallar ''Fortune'' ta taɓa siffanta shi a matsayin "ƙarfin da ya fi ban sha'awa da ban mamaki a Wall Street". <ref>name="fortune">{{Cite web |last=Aley |first=James |date=5 Feb 1996 |title=Wall Street's King Quant David Shaw's Secret Formulas Pile Up Money. Now He Wants a Piece of the Net. |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1996/02/05/207353/index.htm |access-date=21 Aug 2009 |website=Fortune |archive-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075444/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1996/02/05/207353/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Executive Profile: David Elliot Shaw Ph.D. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=232164 |publisher=BusinessWeek}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> Shaw, tsohon mataimakin farfesa a sashen kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Columbia, ya yi wa dukiyarsa amfani da rashin inganci a kasuwannin kuɗi tare da taimakon hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani na kwamfuta. A shekarar 1996, mujallar ''Fortune'' ta kira shi "King Quant" saboda rawar da kamfaninsa ya taka a harkar ciniki mai sauri. A shekarar 2001, Shaw ya koma binciken kimiyya na cikakken lokaci a fannin ilmin sinadarai na kwamfuta, musamman kwaikwayon ƙwayoyin halitta na sunadarai. == Rayuwar farko == Shaw ya girma a Los Angeles, California. Mahaifinsa masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne wanda ya ƙware a fannin jini da kwararar ruwa, kuma mahaifiyarsa mai fasaha ce kuma mai ilimi. Sun rabu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 12. Mahaifinsa na uba, Irving Pfeffer, farfesa ne a fannin kuɗi a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, kuma marubucin takardu da ke goyon bayan ingantaccen hasashen kasuwa . Shaw ya sami digirin farko na ''summa cum laude'' daga Jami'ar California, San Diego, digiri na biyu a fannin lissafi & kimiyyar lissafi da ilimin bayanai. Ya ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu, sannan digiri na uku daga [[Jami'ar Stanford]] a 1980, sannan ya zama mataimakin farfesa a sashen kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Executive Profile: David Elliot Shaw Ph.D. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=232164 |publisher=BusinessWeek}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=David E. Shaw |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/54/rich-list-09_David-E-Shaw_201Q.html |access-date=18 March 2013 |website=Forbes}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Columbia, Shaw ya gudanar da bincike kan kwamfuta mai layi daya da babban kwamfuta mai suna NON-VON. Wannan babbar kwamfuta ta ƙunshi abubuwan sarrafawa a cikin tsarin itace da aka yi niyya don amfani da su don binciken bayanai cikin sauri. A farkon aikinsa, ya kafa Kamfanin Stanford Systems Corporation. == Sana'ar saka hannun jari == A shekarar 1986, ya shiga Morgan Stanley, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Fasaha a ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Nunzio Tartaglia mai sarrafa kanta. A shekarar 1994, Shugaba Clinton ya naɗa Shaw a Majalisar Masu Ba da Shawara kan Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Shugaban Ƙasa, inda ya zama shugaban Kwamitin Fasaha ta Ilimi. A shekarar 2000, an zaɓe shi a kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin ta daga 2000 zuwa 2010. A shekarar 2007, an zaɓe Shaw a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka. A shekarar 2009, Shugaba [[Barack Obama|Obama]] ya sake naɗa shi a Majalisar Masu Ba da Shawara kan Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Shugaban Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Executive Profile: David Elliot Shaw Ph.D. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=232164 |publisher=BusinessWeek}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an zaɓe shi a Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa kuma a shekarar 2014 an zaɓe shi a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa. === DE Shaw === A shekarar 1988 ya fara asusun ajiyarsa na hedge, DE Shaw & Co, wanda ke amfani da algorithms na mallakar kamfanoni don cinikin tsaro. A shekarar 2018, Forbes ta kiyasta cewa dukiyarsa ta kai dala biliyan 6.2. Haka kuma babban jami'in bincike ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu da Kimiyyar Halittu ta Kwamfuta a Jami'ar Columbia, kuma farfesa ne na ilimin kimiyyar halittu a makarantar likitanci ta Columbia. Shaw babban masanin kimiyya ne na DE Shaw Research, wanda ke gudanar da bincike tsakanin fannoni daban-daban a fannin ilmin sunadarai na kwamfuta. A cewar rahoton mujallar Alpha ta Institutional Investor's a shekarar 2014, DE Shaw, wanda ya sami dala miliyan 530 a shekarar 2014, da James H. Simons na Renaissance Technologies waɗanda suka sami dala biliyan 1.2 suna cikin manyan masu samun kuɗi 25 a masana'antar asusun hedge. Dukansu "masu dabarun ƙididdigewa ne waɗanda suka kafa kamfanonin da ke gina algorithms don ciniki." == Gudummawar siyasa da ta agaji == Shaw ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 2.25 ga Priority USA Action, wata babbar kungiyar PAC mai goyon bayan 'yar takarar shugabancin jam'iyyar Democrat Hillary Clinton da kuma dala miliyan 1 ga kungiyar Organizing for Action . <ref>name="NPQ">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rick |author-link= |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Philanthropically Speaking, Who are the Donors to Organizing for Action? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/06/20/the-philanthropic-identities-of-donors-to-organizing-for-action/ |access-date= |publisher=[[Nonprofit Quarterly]]}}</ref> Ta hanyar Asusun Tallafawa Iyali na Shaw, nan da shekarar 2014 shi da matarsa sun bayar da gudummawar dala 400,000 ga Synagogue na Stephen Wise Free, da dala 400,000 ga Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Memorial Sloan Kettering, da kuma dala 800,000 ga Makarantar Horace Mann . <ref>name="NPQ">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rick |author-link= |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Philanthropically Speaking, Who are the Donors to Organizing for Action? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/06/20/the-philanthropic-identities-of-donors-to-organizing-for-action/ |access-date= |publisher=[[Nonprofit Quarterly]]}}</ref> Daga 2011 zuwa 2017, Asusun ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 1 ga Jami'ar Yale, [[Jami'ar Stanford]], [[Jami'ar Harvard]], Jami'ar Princeton, da kuma dala 500,000 ga Jami'ar Columbia da Jami'ar Brown . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Executive Profile: David Elliot Shaw Ph.D. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=232164 |publisher=BusinessWeek}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> Gudummawar da aka bayar a kwalejin ta wakilci sama da kashi 60% na ayyukan agaji na Asusun, wanda jimillarsu ya kai dala miliyan 37.3. <ref> name="propub">{{Cite web |last=Kofman |first=Ava |last2=Golden |first2=Daniel |date=28 September 2019 |title=The Hedge Fund Billionaire's Guide to Buying Your Kids a Better Shot at Not Just One Elite College, but Lots of Them |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/hedge-fund-billionaires-donations-college-admissions-elite-universities |website=ProPublica}}</ref> Gudummawar ta kuma yi daidai da lokacin da 'ya'yan Shaw uku za su fara neman shiga jami'a, tun daga shekarar 2014. An karɓe biyu daga cikin 'ya'yan Shaw zuwa Yale. Shaw yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka . <ref> name="NPQ">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rick |author-link= |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Philanthropically Speaking, Who are the Donors to Organizing for Action? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/06/20/the-philanthropic-identities-of-donors-to-organizing-for-action/ |access-date= |publisher=[[Nonprofit Quarterly]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shaw ya auri mai sharhi kan harkokin kuɗi kuma 'yar jarida Beth Kobliner a shekarar 1993. <ref>name="NPQ">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rick |author-link= |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Philanthropically Speaking, Who are the Donors to Organizing for Action? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/06/20/the-philanthropic-identities-of-donors-to-organizing-for-action/ |access-date= |publisher=[[Nonprofit Quarterly]]}}</ref> <ref>name="propub">{{Cite web |last=Kofman |first=Ava |last2=Golden |first2=Daniel |date=28 September 2019 |title=The Hedge Fund Billionaire's Guide to Buying Your Kids a Better Shot at Not Just One Elite College, but Lots of Them |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/hedge-fund-billionaires-donations-college-admissions-elite-universities |website=ProPublica}}</ref> Shaw Bayahudiya ce kuma shi da matarsa membobin majami'ar Stephen Wise Free da ke New York. <ref>{{Cite web |title=David E. Shaw |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/54/rich-list-09_David-E-Shaw_201Q.html |access-date=18 March 2013 |website=Forbes}}</ref> 'Yarsu ita ce Rebecca Shaw, tsohuwar ɗaliba a Yale kuma tsohuwar marubuciyar ''Tonight Show'' wacce ta haɗa kai wajen ƙirƙirar jerin fina-finan FX ''Adults'' tare da mijinta, surukin Shaws, Ben Kronengold. Ɗan tsohon mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi na Amurka kuma marubucin ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' Adam Shaw ne.<ref> name="Forbes profile">{{Cite web |title=Forbes profile: David Shaw |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/david-shaw/?sh=42eb5b415094 |access-date=6 March 2021 |website=Forbes}}</ref> <ref name="Hollywood Reporter">{{Cite web |title=FX Picks Up ‘Snowflakes’ Comedy from ‘Tonight Show’ Duo, Nick Kroll |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/fx-snowflakes-comedy-series-nick-kroll-1235960788 |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=Forbes}}</ref> <ref>name="Time">{{Cite web |title=Stanford Economists: Trump’s New Tariff Rules Will Fuel Inflation |url=https://time.com/7312977/stanford-economists-trump-tariff-inflation |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=Time |archive-date=28 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828191919/https://time.com/7312977/stanford-economists-trump-tariff-inflation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Shaw ya sayi gidaje da dama a Westchester County, New York kuma ya haɗa su da wani babban gida wanda ya sami kulawar manema labarai. == Duba kuma == * Jerin masana kimiyyar kwamfuta * Sinadarin kwamfuta == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] gq68a2vyk74h24nkczhfaeuygqwi0j5 970309 970308 2026-10-22T09:03:00Z Kamaf001 48297 970309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''David Elliot Shaw''' (an haife sMarne a ranar 29 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta alif 1951) masanin kimiyya ne na Amurka kuma tsohon manajan asusun hedge . Ya kafa DE Shaw &amp;amp; Co., wani kamfanin asusun hedge wanda mujallar ''Fortune'' ta taɓa siffanta shi a matsayin "ƙarfin da ya fi ban sha'awa da ban mamaki a Wall Street". <ref>name="fortune">{{Cite web |last=Aley |first=James |date=5 Feb 1996 |title=Wall Street's King Quant David Shaw's Secret Formulas Pile Up Money. Now He Wants a Piece of the Net. |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1996/02/05/207353/index.htm |access-date=21 Aug 2009 |website=Fortune |archive-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075444/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1996/02/05/207353/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Executive Profile: David Elliot Shaw Ph.D. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=232164 |publisher=BusinessWeek}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> Shaw, tsohon mataimakin farfesa a sashen kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Columbia, ya yi wa dukiyarsa amfani da rashin inganci a kasuwannin kuɗi tare da taimakon hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani na kwamfuta. A shekarar 1996, mujallar ''Fortune'' ta kira shi "King Quant" saboda rawar da kamfaninsa ya taka a harkar ciniki mai sauri. A shekarar 2001, Shaw ya koma binciken kimiyya na cikakken lokaci a fannin ilmin sinadarai na kwamfuta, musamman kwaikwayon ƙwayoyin halitta na sunadarai. == Rayuwar farko == Shaw ya girma a Los Angeles, California. Mahaifinsa masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne wanda ya ƙware a fannin jini da kwararar ruwa, kuma mahaifiyarsa mai fasaha ce kuma mai ilimi. Sun rabu lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 12. Mahaifinsa na uba, Irving Pfeffer, farfesa ne a fannin kuɗi a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles, kuma marubucin takardu da ke goyon bayan ingantaccen hasashen kasuwa . Shaw ya sami digirin farko na ''summa cum laude'' daga Jami'ar California, San Diego, digiri na biyu a fannin lissafi & kimiyyar lissafi da ilimin bayanai. Ya ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu, sannan digiri na uku daga [[Jami'ar Stanford]] a 1980, sannan ya zama mataimakin farfesa a sashen kimiyyar kwamfuta a Jami'ar Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Executive Profile: David Elliot Shaw Ph.D. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=232164 |publisher=BusinessWeek}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=David E. Shaw |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/54/rich-list-09_David-E-Shaw_201Q.html |access-date=18 March 2013 |website=Forbes}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Columbia, Shaw ya gudanar da bincike kan kwamfuta mai layi daya da babban kwamfuta mai suna NON-VON. Wannan babbar kwamfuta ta ƙunshi abubuwan sarrafawa a cikin tsarin itace da aka yi niyya don amfani da su don binciken bayanai cikin sauri. A farkon aikinsa, ya kafa Kamfanin Stanford Systems Corporation. == Sana'ar saka hannun jari == A shekarar 1986, ya shiga Morgan Stanley, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Fasaha a ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Nunzio Tartaglia mai sarrafa kanta. A shekarar 1994, Shugaba Clinton ya naɗa Shaw a Majalisar Masu Ba da Shawara kan Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Shugaban Ƙasa, inda ya zama shugaban Kwamitin Fasaha ta Ilimi. A shekarar 2000, an zaɓe shi a kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin ta daga 2000 zuwa 2010. A shekarar 2007, an zaɓe Shaw a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka. A shekarar 2009, Shugaba [[Barack Obama|Obama]] ya sake naɗa shi a Majalisar Masu Ba da Shawara kan Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Shugaban Ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Executive Profile: David Elliot Shaw Ph.D. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=232164 |publisher=BusinessWeek}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an zaɓe shi a Kwalejin Injiniya ta Ƙasa kuma a shekarar 2014 an zaɓe shi a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa. === DE Shaw === A shekarar 1988 ya fara asusun ajiyarsa na hedge, DE Shaw & Co, wanda ke amfani da algorithms na mallakar kamfanoni don cinikin tsaro. A shekarar 2018, Forbes ta kiyasta cewa dukiyarsa ta kai dala biliyan 6.2. Haka kuma babban jami'in bincike ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu da Kimiyyar Halittu ta Kwamfuta a Jami'ar Columbia, kuma farfesa ne na ilimin kimiyyar halittu a makarantar likitanci ta Columbia. Shaw babban masanin kimiyya ne na DE Shaw Research, wanda ke gudanar da bincike tsakanin fannoni daban-daban a fannin ilmin sunadarai na kwamfuta. A cewar rahoton mujallar Alpha ta Institutional Investor's a shekarar 2014, DE Shaw, wanda ya sami dala miliyan 530 a shekarar 2014, da James H. Simons na Renaissance Technologies waɗanda suka sami dala biliyan 1.2 suna cikin manyan masu samun kuɗi 25 a masana'antar asusun hedge. Dukansu "masu dabarun ƙididdigewa ne waɗanda suka kafa kamfanonin da ke gina algorithms don ciniki." == Gudummawar siyasa da ta agaji == Shaw ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 2.25 ga Priority USA Action, wata babbar kungiyar PAC mai goyon bayan 'yar takarar shugabancin jam'iyyar Democrat Hillary Clinton da kuma dala miliyan 1 ga kungiyar Organizing for Action . <ref>name="NPQ">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rick |author-link= |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Philanthropically Speaking, Who are the Donors to Organizing for Action? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/06/20/the-philanthropic-identities-of-donors-to-organizing-for-action/ |access-date= |publisher=[[Nonprofit Quarterly]]}}</ref> Ta hanyar Asusun Tallafawa Iyali na Shaw, nan da shekarar 2014 shi da matarsa sun bayar da gudummawar dala 400,000 ga Synagogue na Stephen Wise Free, da dala 400,000 ga Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Memorial Sloan Kettering, da kuma dala 800,000 ga Makarantar Horace Mann . <ref>name="NPQ">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rick |author-link= |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Philanthropically Speaking, Who are the Donors to Organizing for Action? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/06/20/the-philanthropic-identities-of-donors-to-organizing-for-action/ |access-date= |publisher=[[Nonprofit Quarterly]]}}</ref> Daga 2011 zuwa 2017, Asusun ya bayar da gudummawar dala miliyan 1 ga Jami'ar Yale, [[Jami'ar Stanford]], [[Jami'ar Harvard]], Jami'ar Princeton, da kuma dala 500,000 ga Jami'ar Columbia da Jami'ar Brown . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Executive Profile: David Elliot Shaw Ph.D. |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=232164 |publisher=BusinessWeek}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023}}</ref> Gudummawar da aka bayar a kwalejin ta wakilci sama da kashi 60% na ayyukan agaji na Asusun, wanda jimillarsu ya kai dala miliyan 37.3. <ref> name="propub">{{Cite web |last=Kofman |first=Ava |last2=Golden |first2=Daniel |date=28 September 2019 |title=The Hedge Fund Billionaire's Guide to Buying Your Kids a Better Shot at Not Just One Elite College, but Lots of Them |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/hedge-fund-billionaires-donations-college-admissions-elite-universities |website=ProPublica}}</ref> Gudummawar ta kuma yi daidai da lokacin da 'ya'yan Shaw uku za su fara neman shiga jami'a, tun daga shekarar 2014. An karɓe biyu daga cikin 'ya'yan Shaw zuwa Yale. Shaw yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Kimiyya ta Amurka . <ref> name="NPQ">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rick |author-link= |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Philanthropically Speaking, Who are the Donors to Organizing for Action? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/06/20/the-philanthropic-identities-of-donors-to-organizing-for-action/ |access-date= |publisher=[[Nonprofit Quarterly]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shaw ya auri mai sharhi kan harkokin kuɗi kuma 'yar jarida Beth Kobliner a shekarar 1993. <ref>name="NPQ">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Rick |author-link= |date=June 20, 2014 |title=Philanthropically Speaking, Who are the Donors to Organizing for Action? |url=https://nonprofitquarterly.org/2014/06/20/the-philanthropic-identities-of-donors-to-organizing-for-action/ |access-date= |publisher=[[Nonprofit Quarterly]]}}</ref> <ref>name="propub">{{Cite web |last=Kofman |first=Ava |last2=Golden |first2=Daniel |date=28 September 2019 |title=The Hedge Fund Billionaire's Guide to Buying Your Kids a Better Shot at Not Just One Elite College, but Lots of Them |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/hedge-fund-billionaires-donations-college-admissions-elite-universities |website=ProPublica}}</ref> Shaw Bayahudiya ce kuma shi da matarsa membobin majami'ar Stephen Wise Free da ke New York. <ref>{{Cite web |title=David E. Shaw |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/54/rich-list-09_David-E-Shaw_201Q.html |access-date=18 March 2013 |website=Forbes}}</ref> 'Yarsu ita ce Rebecca Shaw, tsohuwar ɗaliba a Yale kuma tsohuwar marubuciyar ''Tonight Show'' wacce ta haɗa kai wajen ƙirƙirar jerin fina-finan FX ''Adults'' tare da mijinta, surukin Shaws, Ben Kronengold. Ɗan tsohon mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kuɗi na Amurka kuma marubucin ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' Adam Shaw ne.<ref> name="Forbes profile">{{Cite web |title=Forbes profile: David Shaw |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/david-shaw/?sh=42eb5b415094 |access-date=6 March 2021 |website=Forbes}}</ref> <ref name="Hollywood Reporter">{{Cite web |title=FX Picks Up ‘Snowflakes’ Comedy from ‘Tonight Show’ Duo, Nick Kroll |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/fx-snowflakes-comedy-series-nick-kroll-1235960788 |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=Forbes}}</ref> <ref>name="Time">{{Cite web |title=Stanford Economists: Trump’s New Tariff Rules Will Fuel Inflation |url=https://time.com/7312977/stanford-economists-trump-tariff-inflation |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=Time |archive-date=28 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828191919/https://time.com/7312977/stanford-economists-trump-tariff-inflation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2014, Shaw ya sayi gidaje da dama a Westchester County, New York kuma ya haɗa su da wani babban gida wanda ya sami kulawar manema labarai. == Duba kuma == * Jerin masana kimiyyar kwamfuta * Sinadarin kwamfuta == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] 72jra5vs5hcmodjpz7rubm84xqz4jhc 0 136688 970247 799842 2026-10-21T22:27:09Z Nura Bello 24854 970247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carver Andress Mead''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu a shekarar 1934) masanin kimiyya ne kuma injiniya ɗan ƙasar Amurka. A halin yanzu yana riƙe da matsayin Farfesa Gordon da Betty Moore na Injiniya da Kimiyyar Aiwatarwa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California (Caltech), bayan ya koyar a can sama da shekaru 40. <ref name="CHMuseum">{{Cite web |title=Carver Mead 2002 Fellow |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Carver,Mead/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308025739/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Carver,Mead/ |archive-date=March 8, 2013 |access-date=June 4, 2015 |website=Computer History Museum}}</ref> Mead, wanda ya kafa fasahar zamani ta microelectronics, ya bayar da gudummawa ga haɓakawa da tsara semiconductors, kwakwalwan dijital, da masu haɗa silicon, fasahar da ke samar da tushen ƙirar guntu mai haɗaka ta zamani mai girma . Mead ya kuma shiga cikin kafa kamfanoni sama da 20. A shekarun 1980, Mead ya mayar da hankali kan tsarin lantarki na ilimin jijiyoyi da ilmin halitta na ɗan adam, yana ƙirƙirar " tsarin lantarki na neuromorphic ." Kwanan nan, ya yi kira da a sake fahimtar kimiyyar kimiyyar zamani, yana sake duba muhawarar ka'idar [[Niels Bohr]], [[Albert Einstein]] da sauransu dangane da gwaje-gwajen da ci gaban kayan aiki daga baya. <ref name="Spectator2001">{{Cite journal |date=2001 |title=Carver Mead |url=http://worrydream.com/refs/Mead%20-%20American%20Spectator%20Interview.html |journal=American Spectator |volume=34 |issue=7 |page=68 |access-date=June 8, 2015}}</ref> Gudummawar da Mead ya bayar a matsayinsa na malami sun haɗa da littafin tarihi na ''Gabatarwa ga Tsarin VLSI'' (1980), wanda ya rubuta tare da [[Lynn Conway]] . Ya kuma koyar da Deborah Chung, mace ta farko da ta kammala karatun injiniya a Caltech, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Forty-Five Years Since Their Graduation, Three of Caltech's First Female BS Recipients Look Back |url=https://www.cce.caltech.edu/news-and-events/news/forty-five-years-their-graduation-three-caltechs-first-female-bs-recipients-look-back-81687 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707072104/http://cce.caltech.edu/news-and-events/news/forty-five-years-their-graduation-three-caltechs-first-female-bs-recipients-look-back-81687 |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=March 10, 2021}}</ref> sannan ya ba wa Louise Kirkbride shawara, daliba ta farko da ta fara karatun injiniyan lantarki a makarantar. <ref name="Lifer">{{Cite web |date=May 2014 |title=The Life of a Caltech "Lifer" |url=https://www.caltech.edu/news/life-caltech-lifer-42727 |access-date=May 1, 2014 |website=Caltech |publisher=Caltech News and Events}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Louise Kirkbride {{!}} Lemelson |url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/louise-kirkbride |access-date=2021-12-01 |website=lemelson.mit.edu}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Carver Andress Mead a Bakersfield, California, kuma ya girma a Kernville, California . Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a wata tashar wutar lantarki a Big Creek Hydroelectric Project, mallakar Kamfanin Southern California Edison . <ref name="Spectator2001">{{Cite journal |date=2001 |title=Carver Mead |url=http://worrydream.com/refs/Mead%20-%20American%20Spectator%20Interview.html |journal=American Spectator |volume=34 |issue=7 |page=68 |access-date=June 8, 2015}}</ref> Carver ya halarci wata ƙaramar makaranta ta gida tsawon wasu shekaru, sannan ya koma [[Fresno, California]] don zama tare da kakarsa don ya halarci babbar makarantar sakandare. <ref name="Lifer">{{Cite web |date=May 2014 |title=The Life of a Caltech "Lifer" |url=https://www.caltech.edu/news/life-caltech-lifer-42727 |access-date=May 1, 2014 |website=Caltech |publisher=Caltech News and Events}}</ref> Ya fara sha'awar wutar lantarki da kayan lantarki tun yana ƙarami, yana ganin aikin a tashar wutar lantarki, yana gwaji da kayan lantarki, yana cancanta don lasisin rediyo na ɗan lokaci, kuma yana makarantar sakandare yana aiki a tashoshin rediyo na gida. Mead ya yi karatun injiniyan lantarki a Caltech, inda ya sami digirinsa na farko a shekarar 1956, digirinsa na biyu a shekarar 1957, sannan digirinsa na uku a shekarar 1960. == Microelectronics == Gudunmawar Mead ta samo asali ne daga amfani da kimiyyar lissafi ta asali zuwa ga haɓaka na'urorin lantarki, sau da yawa ta hanyoyi masu ban mamaki. A cikin shekarun 1960, ya gudanar da bincike mai tsari kan halayen makamashin electrons a cikin insulators da semiconductors, yana haɓaka fahimtar zurfin ramin electrons, halayen shinge da jigilar electrons mai zafi . <ref name="Contributions" /> A cikin 1960, shi ne mutum na farko da ya bayyana kuma ya nuna na'urar ƙasa mai ƙarfi ta tashoshi uku bisa ga ka'idodin aiki na ramin electrons da jigilar electrons mai zafi. <ref name="Triode">{{Cite journal |last=Mead |first=C. A. |date=1960 |title=The Tunnel-Emission Amplifier |url=http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150126-165741502 |journal=Proceedings of the IRE |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=359–361 |doi=10.1109/jrproc.1960.287608 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2015}}</ref> A cikin 1962 ya nuna cewa ta amfani da fitar da iskar rami, electrons masu zafi suna riƙe da kuzari lokacin tafiya nisan nanometer a cikin zinare. <ref name="HotGold">{{Cite journal |last=Mead |first=C. A. |date=July 1, 1962 |title=Transport of Hot Electrons in Thin Gold Films. |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/7581/1/MEAprl62.pdf |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=46 |bibcode=1962PhRvL...9...46M |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.9.46}}</ref> Nazarinsa na mahaɗan III-V (tare da WG Spitzer) ya tabbatar da mahimmancin yanayin haɗin gwiwa, yana shimfida harsashin injiniyan band-gap da haɓaka na'urorin heterojunction . <ref name="Contributions">{{Cite web |last=Mead |first=Carver A. |title=Brief sketch of contributions |url=http://www.cns.caltech.edu/people/faculty/mead/carver-contributions.pdf |access-date=June 9, 2015 |website=Caltech}}</ref> <ref name="Barrier">{{Cite journal |last=Spitzer |first=W. G. |last2=Mead |first2=C. A. |date=1963 |title=Barrier Height Studies on Metal-Semiconductor Systems |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/52912/1/1.1729121.pdf |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=34 |issue=10 |page=3061 |bibcode=1963JAP....34.3061S |doi=10.1063/1.1729121}}</ref> <ref name="Fermi">{{Cite journal |last=Mead |first=C. A. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=May 4, 1964 |title=Fermi Level Position at Metal-Semiconductor Interfaces |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/54185/1/PhysRev.134.A713.pdf |journal=Physical Review |volume=134 |issue=3A |pages=A713–A716 |bibcode=1964PhRv..134..713M |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.134.A713}}</ref> === GaAs MESFET === A shekarar 1966, Mead ya ƙera transistor na farko na gallium arsenide field-effect ta amfani da diode mai shinge na Schottky don ware ƙofar daga tashar. <ref name="Mead1966">{{Cite journal |last=Mead |first=C.A. |date=1966 |title=Schottky barrier gate field effect transistor |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/54042/1/01446591.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=307–308 |doi=10.1109/PROC.1966.4661}}</ref> A matsayin kayan aiki, GaAs yana ba da mafi girman motsi na lantarki da saurin jikewa fiye da silicon. <ref name="Voinigescu" /> GaAs MESFET ya zama babban na'urar semiconductor ta microwave, wacce ake amfani da ita a cikin nau'ikan na'urorin lantarki marasa waya iri-iri, gami da tsarin sadarwa na microwave a cikin na'urorin hangen nesa na rediyo, kwano na tauraron dan adam da wayoyin salula. Aikin Carver akan MESFETs shi ma ya zama tushen haɓaka HEMTs daga baya ta Fujitsu a 1980. HEMTs, kamar MESFETs, na'urori ne na yanayin tarawa da ake amfani da su a cikin masu karɓar microwave da tsarin sadarwa. === Dokar Moore === [[Gordon Moore]] ya yaba wa Mead da cewa ya ƙirƙiro kalmar [[dokar Moore]], don nuna hasashen da Moore ya yi a shekarar 1965 game da ƙaruwar yawan adadin sassan, "wani abu da ya kasance transistor, resistor, diode ko capacitor," <ref name="Moore1995">{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Gordon E. |year=1995 |title=Lithography and the future of Moore's law |url=http://www.lithoguru.com/scientist/CHE323/Moore1995.pdf |access-date=May 27, 2014 |publisher=[[SPIE]]}}</ref> ya dace da da'ira ɗaya mai haɗawa. Moore da Mead sun fara haɗin gwiwa a kusan 1959 lokacin da Moore ya ba wa Mead transistors "kwaskwarima" daga Fairchild Semiconductor don ɗalibansa su yi amfani da su a cikin azuzuwan sa. A cikin shekarun 1960, Mead ya yi ziyara ta mako-mako zuwa Fairchild, yana ziyartar dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike da haɓakawa kuma yana tattauna aikinsu da Moore. A lokacin ɗaya daga cikin tattaunawarsu, Moore ya tambayi Mead ko ramin lantarki zai iya iyakance girman transistor mai aiki. Lokacin da aka gaya masa cewa zai yi, ya tambayi menene iyaka. Da tambayar Moore ta motsa shi, Mead da ɗalibansa suka fara nazarin abubuwan da za su iya faruwa ta hanyar kimiyyar lissafi, suna ƙoƙarin tantance ƙanƙantar iyaka ga Dokar Moore. A shekarar 1968, Mead ya nuna, sabanin zato na yau da kullun, cewa yayin da transistors ke raguwa a girma, ba za su zama masu rauni ko zafi ko tsada ko jinkiri ba. Maimakon haka, ya yi jayayya cewa transistors za su yi sauri, mafi kyau, sanyi da rahusa yayin da aka rage su. Sakamakonsa ya fara fuskantar shakku mai yawa, amma yayin da masu ƙira suka gwada, sakamakon ya goyi bayan ikirarinsa. A shekarar 1972, Mead da ɗalibin digiri Bruce Hoeneisen sun annabta cewa za a iya yin transistors ƙanƙanta har zuwa microns 0.15. Wannan ƙarancin iyaka ga girman transistor ya yi ƙanƙanta fiye da yadda aka zata gabaɗaya. <ref name="Fabulous" /> Duk da shakku na farko, hasashen Mead ya shafi ci gaban masana'antar kwamfuta na fasahar submicron. <ref name="IntelInterview" /> Lokacin da aka cimma burin da Mead ya annabta a cikin ainihin ci gaban transistor a shekarar 2000, transistor ɗin ya yi kama da wanda Mead ya bayyana a farko. === Tsarin VLSI na Mead-Conway === Mead shi ne na farko da ya yi hasashen yiwuwar ƙirƙirar miliyoyin transistors a kan guntu. Hasashensa ya nuna cewa dole ne a sami manyan canje-canje a fasaha don cimma irin wannan ƙarfin haɓakawa. Mead yana ɗaya daga cikin masu bincike na farko da suka binciki dabarun haɗakarwa mai girma, ƙira da ƙirƙirar ƙananan kwakwalwan kwamfuta masu rikitarwa. <ref name="Electronics1981">{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Martin |last2=Waller |first2=Larry |last3=Wolff |first3=Howard |date=October 20, 1981 |title=The 1981 Achievement Award |url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Electronics/ElectAchiev.html |journal=Electronics |access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref> Ya koyar da kwas ɗin ƙira na LSI na farko a duniya, a Caltech a shekarar 1970. A cikin shekarun 1970, tare da shiga da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka samu daga azuzuwan da suka biyo baya, Mead ya haɓaka ra'ayoyinsa na ƙirar da'ira da tsarin da aka haɗa. Ya yi aiki tare da Ivan Sutherland da [[Frederick B. Thompson]] don kafa kimiyyar kwamfuta a matsayin sashe a Caltech, wanda ya faru a hukumance a shekarar 1976. <ref name="Thompson">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Frederick B. Thompson 1922–2014 |url=https://www.caltech.edu/news/frederick-b-thompson-43160 |access-date=June 10, 2015 |website=Caltech}}</ref> <ref name="HistoryCaltech">{{Cite web |title=Computer Science @ Caltech: History |url=http://calyptus.caltech.edu/cs25/history.html |access-date=June 10, 2015 |website=50th Anniversary Celebration}}</ref> Haka kuma a shekarar 1976, Mead ya rubuta rahoton DARPA tare da Ivan Sutherland da Thomas Eugene Everhart, inda ya tantance iyakokin ƙera na'urorin lantarki na zamani kuma ya ba da shawarar yin bincike kan tasirin ƙirar tsarin na "da'irori masu girma da aka haɗa". Tun daga shekarar 1975, Carver Mead ya yi aiki tare da [[Lynn Conway]] daga Xerox PARC . <ref name="Electronics1981">{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Martin |last2=Waller |first2=Larry |last3=Wolff |first3=Howard |date=October 20, 1981 |title=The 1981 Achievement Award |url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Electronics/ElectAchiev.html |journal=Electronics |access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref> Sun ƙirƙiro rubutun da ya zama muhimmin abu ''Gabatarwa ga tsarin VLSI'', wanda aka buga a shekarar 1979, muhimmin jagora na juyin juya halin Mead da Conway . Littafin karatu ne na farko, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ilimin da'ira na VLSI a duk faɗin duniya tsawon shekaru da yawa. Yaɗuwar babi na farko na bugawa a cikin azuzuwa da sauran masu bincike ya jawo hankalin jama'a sosai kuma ya haifar da al'umma ta mutane masu sha'awar hanyar. <ref name="Conway">{{Cite web |last=Conway |first=Lynn |title=Drafts of the Mead-Conway textbook, Introduction to VLSI Systems |url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/VLSIText/VLSIText.html |access-date=June 9, 2015 |website=University of Michigan}}</ref> Sun kuma nuna yuwuwar hanyar raba-wafer mai ayyuka da yawa, suna ƙirƙirar guntu ga ɗalibai a cikin azuzuwan su. <ref name="MOSIS">{{Cite web |title=MPWs: Catalyst of IC Production Innovation |url=https://www.mosis.com/pages/about/mpw-narrative |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610174631/https://www.mosis.com/pages/about/mpw-narrative |archive-date=June 10, 2015 |access-date=June 9, 2015 |website=The MOSIS Service}}</ref> <ref name="Shift">{{Cite journal |last=House |first=Chuck |date=2012 |title=A Paradigm Shift Was Happening All Around Us |url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/A_Paradigm_Shift_Was_Happening_by_Chuck_House.pdf |journal=IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=32–35 |bibcode=2012ISSCM...4...32H |doi=10.1109/mssc.2012.2215759 |s2cid=8738682 |access-date=June 10, 2015}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2f9ou09ppb35wp6ikid5n18m4zxl1zr 970315 970247 2026-10-22T09:07:33Z Kamaf001 48297 970315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carver Andress Mead''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu a shekarar alif 1934) masanin kimiyya ne kuma injiniya ɗan ƙasar Amurka. A halin yanzu yana riƙe da matsayin Farfesa Gordon da Betty Moore na Injiniya da Kimiyyar Aiwatarwa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California (Caltech), bayan ya koyar a can sama da shekaru 40. <ref name="CHMuseum">{{Cite web |title=Carver Mead 2002 Fellow |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Carver,Mead/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308025739/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Carver,Mead/ |archive-date=March 8, 2013 |access-date=June 4, 2015 |website=Computer History Museum}}</ref> Mead, wanda ya kafa fasahar zamani ta microelectronics, ya bayar da gudummawa ga haɓakawa da tsara semiconductors, kwakwalwan dijital, da masu haɗa silicon, fasahar da ke samar da tushen ƙirar guntu mai haɗaka ta zamani mai girma . Mead ya kuma shiga cikin kafa kamfanoni sama da 20. A shekarun 1980, Mead ya mayar da hankali kan tsarin lantarki na ilimin jijiyoyi da ilmin halitta na ɗan adam, yana ƙirƙirar " tsarin lantarki na neuromorphic ." Kwanan nan, ya yi kira da a sake fahimtar kimiyyar kimiyyar zamani, yana sake duba muhawarar ka'idar [[Niels Bohr]], [[Albert Einstein]] da sauransu dangane da gwaje-gwajen da ci gaban kayan aiki daga baya. <ref name="Spectator2001">{{Cite journal |date=2001 |title=Carver Mead |url=http://worrydream.com/refs/Mead%20-%20American%20Spectator%20Interview.html |journal=American Spectator |volume=34 |issue=7 |page=68 |access-date=June 8, 2015}}</ref> Gudummawar da Mead ya bayar a matsayinsa na malami sun haɗa da littafin tarihi na ''Gabatarwa ga Tsarin VLSI'' (1980), wanda ya rubuta tare da [[Lynn Conway]] . Ya kuma koyar da Deborah Chung, mace ta farko da ta kammala karatun injiniya a Caltech, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Forty-Five Years Since Their Graduation, Three of Caltech's First Female BS Recipients Look Back |url=https://www.cce.caltech.edu/news-and-events/news/forty-five-years-their-graduation-three-caltechs-first-female-bs-recipients-look-back-81687 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707072104/http://cce.caltech.edu/news-and-events/news/forty-five-years-their-graduation-three-caltechs-first-female-bs-recipients-look-back-81687 |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=March 10, 2021}}</ref> sannan ya ba wa Louise Kirkbride shawara, daliba ta farko da ta fara karatun injiniyan lantarki a makarantar. <ref name="Lifer">{{Cite web |date=May 2014 |title=The Life of a Caltech "Lifer" |url=https://www.caltech.edu/news/life-caltech-lifer-42727 |access-date=May 1, 2014 |website=Caltech |publisher=Caltech News and Events}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Louise Kirkbride {{!}} Lemelson |url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/louise-kirkbride |access-date=2021-12-01 |website=lemelson.mit.edu}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Carver Andress Mead a Bakersfield, California, kuma ya girma a Kernville, California . Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a wata tashar wutar lantarki a Big Creek Hydroelectric Project, mallakar Kamfanin Southern California Edison . <ref name="Spectator2001">{{Cite journal |date=2001 |title=Carver Mead |url=http://worrydream.com/refs/Mead%20-%20American%20Spectator%20Interview.html |journal=American Spectator |volume=34 |issue=7 |page=68 |access-date=June 8, 2015}}</ref> Carver ya halarci wata ƙaramar makaranta ta gida tsawon wasu shekaru, sannan ya koma [[Fresno, California]] don zama tare da kakarsa don ya halarci babbar makarantar sakandare. <ref name="Lifer">{{Cite web |date=May 2014 |title=The Life of a Caltech "Lifer" |url=https://www.caltech.edu/news/life-caltech-lifer-42727 |access-date=May 1, 2014 |website=Caltech |publisher=Caltech News and Events}}</ref> Ya fara sha'awar wutar lantarki da kayan lantarki tun yana ƙarami, yana ganin aikin a tashar wutar lantarki, yana gwaji da kayan lantarki, yana cancanta don lasisin rediyo na ɗan lokaci, kuma yana makarantar sakandare yana aiki a tashoshin rediyo na gida. Mead ya yi karatun injiniyan lantarki a Caltech, inda ya sami digirinsa na farko a shekarar 1956, digirinsa na biyu a shekarar 1957, sannan digirinsa na uku a shekarar 1960. == Microelectronics == Gudunmawar Mead ta samo asali ne daga amfani da kimiyyar lissafi ta asali zuwa ga haɓaka na'urorin lantarki, sau da yawa ta hanyoyi masu ban mamaki. A cikin shekarun 1960, ya gudanar da bincike mai tsari kan halayen makamashin electrons a cikin insulators da semiconductors, yana haɓaka fahimtar zurfin ramin electrons, halayen shinge da jigilar electrons mai zafi . <ref name="Contributions" /> A cikin 1960, shi ne mutum na farko da ya bayyana kuma ya nuna na'urar ƙasa mai ƙarfi ta tashoshi uku bisa ga ka'idodin aiki na ramin electrons da jigilar electrons mai zafi. <ref name="Triode">{{Cite journal |last=Mead |first=C. A. |date=1960 |title=The Tunnel-Emission Amplifier |url=http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150126-165741502 |journal=Proceedings of the IRE |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=359–361 |doi=10.1109/jrproc.1960.287608 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2015}}</ref> A cikin 1962 ya nuna cewa ta amfani da fitar da iskar rami, electrons masu zafi suna riƙe da kuzari lokacin tafiya nisan nanometer a cikin zinare. <ref name="HotGold">{{Cite journal |last=Mead |first=C. A. |date=July 1, 1962 |title=Transport of Hot Electrons in Thin Gold Films. |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/7581/1/MEAprl62.pdf |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=46 |bibcode=1962PhRvL...9...46M |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.9.46}}</ref> Nazarinsa na mahaɗan III-V (tare da WG Spitzer) ya tabbatar da mahimmancin yanayin haɗin gwiwa, yana shimfida harsashin injiniyan band-gap da haɓaka na'urorin heterojunction . <ref name="Contributions">{{Cite web |last=Mead |first=Carver A. |title=Brief sketch of contributions |url=http://www.cns.caltech.edu/people/faculty/mead/carver-contributions.pdf |access-date=June 9, 2015 |website=Caltech}}</ref> <ref name="Barrier">{{Cite journal |last=Spitzer |first=W. G. |last2=Mead |first2=C. A. |date=1963 |title=Barrier Height Studies on Metal-Semiconductor Systems |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/52912/1/1.1729121.pdf |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=34 |issue=10 |page=3061 |bibcode=1963JAP....34.3061S |doi=10.1063/1.1729121}}</ref> <ref name="Fermi">{{Cite journal |last=Mead |first=C. A. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=May 4, 1964 |title=Fermi Level Position at Metal-Semiconductor Interfaces |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/54185/1/PhysRev.134.A713.pdf |journal=Physical Review |volume=134 |issue=3A |pages=A713–A716 |bibcode=1964PhRv..134..713M |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.134.A713}}</ref> === GaAs MESFET === A shekarar 1966, Mead ya ƙera transistor na farko na gallium arsenide field-effect ta amfani da diode mai shinge na Schottky don ware ƙofar daga tashar. <ref name="Mead1966">{{Cite journal |last=Mead |first=C.A. |date=1966 |title=Schottky barrier gate field effect transistor |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/54042/1/01446591.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=307–308 |doi=10.1109/PROC.1966.4661}}</ref> A matsayin kayan aiki, GaAs yana ba da mafi girman motsi na lantarki da saurin jikewa fiye da silicon. <ref name="Voinigescu" /> GaAs MESFET ya zama babban na'urar semiconductor ta microwave, wacce ake amfani da ita a cikin nau'ikan na'urorin lantarki marasa waya iri-iri, gami da tsarin sadarwa na microwave a cikin na'urorin hangen nesa na rediyo, kwano na tauraron dan adam da wayoyin salula. Aikin Carver akan MESFETs shi ma ya zama tushen haɓaka HEMTs daga baya ta Fujitsu a 1980. HEMTs, kamar MESFETs, na'urori ne na yanayin tarawa da ake amfani da su a cikin masu karɓar microwave da tsarin sadarwa. === Dokar Moore === [[Gordon Moore]] ya yaba wa Mead da cewa ya ƙirƙiro kalmar [[dokar Moore]], don nuna hasashen da Moore ya yi a shekarar 1965 game da ƙaruwar yawan adadin sassan, "wani abu da ya kasance transistor, resistor, diode ko capacitor," <ref name="Moore1995">{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Gordon E. |year=1995 |title=Lithography and the future of Moore's law |url=http://www.lithoguru.com/scientist/CHE323/Moore1995.pdf |access-date=May 27, 2014 |publisher=[[SPIE]]}}</ref> ya dace da da'ira ɗaya mai haɗawa. Moore da Mead sun fara haɗin gwiwa a kusan 1959 lokacin da Moore ya ba wa Mead transistors "kwaskwarima" daga Fairchild Semiconductor don ɗalibansa su yi amfani da su a cikin azuzuwan sa. A cikin shekarun 1960, Mead ya yi ziyara ta mako-mako zuwa Fairchild, yana ziyartar dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike da haɓakawa kuma yana tattauna aikinsu da Moore. A lokacin ɗaya daga cikin tattaunawarsu, Moore ya tambayi Mead ko ramin lantarki zai iya iyakance girman transistor mai aiki. Lokacin da aka gaya masa cewa zai yi, ya tambayi menene iyaka. Da tambayar Moore ta motsa shi, Mead da ɗalibansa suka fara nazarin abubuwan da za su iya faruwa ta hanyar kimiyyar lissafi, suna ƙoƙarin tantance ƙanƙantar iyaka ga Dokar Moore. A shekarar 1968, Mead ya nuna, sabanin zato na yau da kullun, cewa yayin da transistors ke raguwa a girma, ba za su zama masu rauni ko zafi ko tsada ko jinkiri ba. Maimakon haka, ya yi jayayya cewa transistors za su yi sauri, mafi kyau, sanyi da rahusa yayin da aka rage su. Sakamakonsa ya fara fuskantar shakku mai yawa, amma yayin da masu ƙira suka gwada, sakamakon ya goyi bayan ikirarinsa. A shekarar 1972, Mead da ɗalibin digiri Bruce Hoeneisen sun annabta cewa za a iya yin transistors ƙanƙanta har zuwa microns 0.15. Wannan ƙarancin iyaka ga girman transistor ya yi ƙanƙanta fiye da yadda aka zata gabaɗaya. <ref name="Fabulous" /> Duk da shakku na farko, hasashen Mead ya shafi ci gaban masana'antar kwamfuta na fasahar submicron. <ref name="IntelInterview" /> Lokacin da aka cimma burin da Mead ya annabta a cikin ainihin ci gaban transistor a shekarar 2000, transistor ɗin ya yi kama da wanda Mead ya bayyana a farko. === Tsarin VLSI na Mead-Conway === Mead shi ne na farko da ya yi hasashen yiwuwar ƙirƙirar miliyoyin transistors a kan guntu. Hasashensa ya nuna cewa dole ne a sami manyan canje-canje a fasaha don cimma irin wannan ƙarfin haɓakawa. Mead yana ɗaya daga cikin masu bincike na farko da suka binciki dabarun haɗakarwa mai girma, ƙira da ƙirƙirar ƙananan kwakwalwan kwamfuta masu rikitarwa. <ref name="Electronics1981">{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Martin |last2=Waller |first2=Larry |last3=Wolff |first3=Howard |date=October 20, 1981 |title=The 1981 Achievement Award |url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Electronics/ElectAchiev.html |journal=Electronics |access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref> Ya koyar da kwas ɗin ƙira na LSI na farko a duniya, a Caltech a shekarar 1970. A cikin shekarun 1970, tare da shiga da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka samu daga azuzuwan da suka biyo baya, Mead ya haɓaka ra'ayoyinsa na ƙirar da'ira da tsarin da aka haɗa. Ya yi aiki tare da Ivan Sutherland da [[Frederick B. Thompson]] don kafa kimiyyar kwamfuta a matsayin sashe a Caltech, wanda ya faru a hukumance a shekarar 1976. <ref name="Thompson">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Frederick B. Thompson 1922–2014 |url=https://www.caltech.edu/news/frederick-b-thompson-43160 |access-date=June 10, 2015 |website=Caltech}}</ref> <ref name="HistoryCaltech">{{Cite web |title=Computer Science @ Caltech: History |url=http://calyptus.caltech.edu/cs25/history.html |access-date=June 10, 2015 |website=50th Anniversary Celebration}}</ref> Haka kuma a shekarar 1976, Mead ya rubuta rahoton DARPA tare da Ivan Sutherland da Thomas Eugene Everhart, inda ya tantance iyakokin ƙera na'urorin lantarki na zamani kuma ya ba da shawarar yin bincike kan tasirin ƙirar tsarin na "da'irori masu girma da aka haɗa". Tun daga shekarar 1975, Carver Mead ya yi aiki tare da [[Lynn Conway]] daga Xerox PARC . <ref name="Electronics1981">{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Martin |last2=Waller |first2=Larry |last3=Wolff |first3=Howard |date=October 20, 1981 |title=The 1981 Achievement Award |url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Electronics/ElectAchiev.html |journal=Electronics |access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref> Sun ƙirƙiro rubutun da ya zama muhimmin abu ''Gabatarwa ga tsarin VLSI'', wanda aka buga a shekarar 1979, muhimmin jagora na juyin juya halin Mead da Conway . Littafin karatu ne na farko, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ilimin da'ira na VLSI a duk faɗin duniya tsawon shekaru da yawa. Yaɗuwar babi na farko na bugawa a cikin azuzuwa da sauran masu bincike ya jawo hankalin jama'a sosai kuma ya haifar da al'umma ta mutane masu sha'awar hanyar. <ref name="Conway">{{Cite web |last=Conway |first=Lynn |title=Drafts of the Mead-Conway textbook, Introduction to VLSI Systems |url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/VLSIText/VLSIText.html |access-date=June 9, 2015 |website=University of Michigan}}</ref> Sun kuma nuna yuwuwar hanyar raba-wafer mai ayyuka da yawa, suna ƙirƙirar guntu ga ɗalibai a cikin azuzuwan su. <ref name="MOSIS">{{Cite web |title=MPWs: Catalyst of IC Production Innovation |url=https://www.mosis.com/pages/about/mpw-narrative |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610174631/https://www.mosis.com/pages/about/mpw-narrative |archive-date=June 10, 2015 |access-date=June 9, 2015 |website=The MOSIS Service}}</ref> <ref name="Shift">{{Cite journal |last=House |first=Chuck |date=2012 |title=A Paradigm Shift Was Happening All Around Us |url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/A_Paradigm_Shift_Was_Happening_by_Chuck_House.pdf |journal=IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=32–35 |bibcode=2012ISSCM...4...32H |doi=10.1109/mssc.2012.2215759 |s2cid=8738682 |access-date=June 10, 2015}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mv4xfydkoeimk6cex7hkgpjhq56jcgq 970316 970315 2026-10-22T09:07:53Z Kamaf001 48297 /* GaAs MESFET */ 970316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carver Andress Mead''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu a shekarar alif 1934) masanin kimiyya ne kuma injiniya ɗan ƙasar Amurka. A halin yanzu yana riƙe da matsayin Farfesa Gordon da Betty Moore na Injiniya da Kimiyyar Aiwatarwa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California (Caltech), bayan ya koyar a can sama da shekaru 40. <ref name="CHMuseum">{{Cite web |title=Carver Mead 2002 Fellow |url=http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Carver,Mead/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308025739/http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Carver,Mead/ |archive-date=March 8, 2013 |access-date=June 4, 2015 |website=Computer History Museum}}</ref> Mead, wanda ya kafa fasahar zamani ta microelectronics, ya bayar da gudummawa ga haɓakawa da tsara semiconductors, kwakwalwan dijital, da masu haɗa silicon, fasahar da ke samar da tushen ƙirar guntu mai haɗaka ta zamani mai girma . Mead ya kuma shiga cikin kafa kamfanoni sama da 20. A shekarun 1980, Mead ya mayar da hankali kan tsarin lantarki na ilimin jijiyoyi da ilmin halitta na ɗan adam, yana ƙirƙirar " tsarin lantarki na neuromorphic ." Kwanan nan, ya yi kira da a sake fahimtar kimiyyar kimiyyar zamani, yana sake duba muhawarar ka'idar [[Niels Bohr]], [[Albert Einstein]] da sauransu dangane da gwaje-gwajen da ci gaban kayan aiki daga baya. <ref name="Spectator2001">{{Cite journal |date=2001 |title=Carver Mead |url=http://worrydream.com/refs/Mead%20-%20American%20Spectator%20Interview.html |journal=American Spectator |volume=34 |issue=7 |page=68 |access-date=June 8, 2015}}</ref> Gudummawar da Mead ya bayar a matsayinsa na malami sun haɗa da littafin tarihi na ''Gabatarwa ga Tsarin VLSI'' (1980), wanda ya rubuta tare da [[Lynn Conway]] . Ya kuma koyar da Deborah Chung, mace ta farko da ta kammala karatun injiniya a Caltech, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Forty-Five Years Since Their Graduation, Three of Caltech's First Female BS Recipients Look Back |url=https://www.cce.caltech.edu/news-and-events/news/forty-five-years-their-graduation-three-caltechs-first-female-bs-recipients-look-back-81687 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707072104/http://cce.caltech.edu/news-and-events/news/forty-five-years-their-graduation-three-caltechs-first-female-bs-recipients-look-back-81687 |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |access-date=March 10, 2021}}</ref> sannan ya ba wa Louise Kirkbride shawara, daliba ta farko da ta fara karatun injiniyan lantarki a makarantar. <ref name="Lifer">{{Cite web |date=May 2014 |title=The Life of a Caltech "Lifer" |url=https://www.caltech.edu/news/life-caltech-lifer-42727 |access-date=May 1, 2014 |website=Caltech |publisher=Caltech News and Events}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Louise Kirkbride {{!}} Lemelson |url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/louise-kirkbride |access-date=2021-12-01 |website=lemelson.mit.edu}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Carver Andress Mead a Bakersfield, California, kuma ya girma a Kernville, California . Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a wata tashar wutar lantarki a Big Creek Hydroelectric Project, mallakar Kamfanin Southern California Edison . <ref name="Spectator2001">{{Cite journal |date=2001 |title=Carver Mead |url=http://worrydream.com/refs/Mead%20-%20American%20Spectator%20Interview.html |journal=American Spectator |volume=34 |issue=7 |page=68 |access-date=June 8, 2015}}</ref> Carver ya halarci wata ƙaramar makaranta ta gida tsawon wasu shekaru, sannan ya koma [[Fresno, California]] don zama tare da kakarsa don ya halarci babbar makarantar sakandare. <ref name="Lifer">{{Cite web |date=May 2014 |title=The Life of a Caltech "Lifer" |url=https://www.caltech.edu/news/life-caltech-lifer-42727 |access-date=May 1, 2014 |website=Caltech |publisher=Caltech News and Events}}</ref> Ya fara sha'awar wutar lantarki da kayan lantarki tun yana ƙarami, yana ganin aikin a tashar wutar lantarki, yana gwaji da kayan lantarki, yana cancanta don lasisin rediyo na ɗan lokaci, kuma yana makarantar sakandare yana aiki a tashoshin rediyo na gida. Mead ya yi karatun injiniyan lantarki a Caltech, inda ya sami digirinsa na farko a shekarar 1956, digirinsa na biyu a shekarar 1957, sannan digirinsa na uku a shekarar 1960. == Microelectronics == Gudunmawar Mead ta samo asali ne daga amfani da kimiyyar lissafi ta asali zuwa ga haɓaka na'urorin lantarki, sau da yawa ta hanyoyi masu ban mamaki. A cikin shekarun 1960, ya gudanar da bincike mai tsari kan halayen makamashin electrons a cikin insulators da semiconductors, yana haɓaka fahimtar zurfin ramin electrons, halayen shinge da jigilar electrons mai zafi . <ref name="Contributions" /> A cikin 1960, shi ne mutum na farko da ya bayyana kuma ya nuna na'urar ƙasa mai ƙarfi ta tashoshi uku bisa ga ka'idodin aiki na ramin electrons da jigilar electrons mai zafi. <ref name="Triode">{{Cite journal |last=Mead |first=C. A. |date=1960 |title=The Tunnel-Emission Amplifier |url=http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20150126-165741502 |journal=Proceedings of the IRE |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=359–361 |doi=10.1109/jrproc.1960.287608 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 10, 2015}}</ref> A cikin 1962 ya nuna cewa ta amfani da fitar da iskar rami, electrons masu zafi suna riƙe da kuzari lokacin tafiya nisan nanometer a cikin zinare. <ref name="HotGold">{{Cite journal |last=Mead |first=C. A. |date=July 1, 1962 |title=Transport of Hot Electrons in Thin Gold Films. |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/7581/1/MEAprl62.pdf |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=46 |bibcode=1962PhRvL...9...46M |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.9.46}}</ref> Nazarinsa na mahaɗan III-V (tare da WG Spitzer) ya tabbatar da mahimmancin yanayin haɗin gwiwa, yana shimfida harsashin injiniyan band-gap da haɓaka na'urorin heterojunction . <ref name="Contributions">{{Cite web |last=Mead |first=Carver A. |title=Brief sketch of contributions |url=http://www.cns.caltech.edu/people/faculty/mead/carver-contributions.pdf |access-date=June 9, 2015 |website=Caltech}}</ref> <ref name="Barrier">{{Cite journal |last=Spitzer |first=W. G. |last2=Mead |first2=C. A. |date=1963 |title=Barrier Height Studies on Metal-Semiconductor Systems |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/52912/1/1.1729121.pdf |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=34 |issue=10 |page=3061 |bibcode=1963JAP....34.3061S |doi=10.1063/1.1729121}}</ref> <ref name="Fermi">{{Cite journal |last=Mead |first=C. A. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=May 4, 1964 |title=Fermi Level Position at Metal-Semiconductor Interfaces |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/54185/1/PhysRev.134.A713.pdf |journal=Physical Review |volume=134 |issue=3A |pages=A713–A716 |bibcode=1964PhRv..134..713M |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.134.A713}}</ref> === GaAs MESFET === A shekarar alif 1966, Mead ya ƙera transistor na farko na gallium arsenide field-effect ta amfani da diode mai shinge na Schottky don ware ƙofar daga tashar. <ref name="Mead1966">{{Cite journal |last=Mead |first=C.A. |date=1966 |title=Schottky barrier gate field effect transistor |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/54042/1/01446591.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=307–308 |doi=10.1109/PROC.1966.4661}}</ref> A matsayin kayan aiki, GaAs yana ba da mafi girman motsi na lantarki da saurin jikewa fiye da silicon. <ref name="Voinigescu" /> GaAs MESFET ya zama babban na'urar semiconductor ta microwave, wacce ake amfani da ita a cikin nau'ikan na'urorin lantarki marasa waya iri-iri, gami da tsarin sadarwa na microwave a cikin na'urorin hangen nesa na rediyo, kwano na tauraron dan adam da wayoyin salula. Aikin Carver akan MESFETs shi ma ya zama tushen haɓaka HEMTs daga baya ta Fujitsu a 1980. HEMTs, kamar MESFETs, na'urori ne na yanayin tarawa da ake amfani da su a cikin masu karɓar microwave da tsarin sadarwa. === Dokar Moore === [[Gordon Moore]] ya yaba wa Mead da cewa ya ƙirƙiro kalmar [[dokar Moore]], don nuna hasashen da Moore ya yi a shekarar 1965 game da ƙaruwar yawan adadin sassan, "wani abu da ya kasance transistor, resistor, diode ko capacitor," <ref name="Moore1995">{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Gordon E. |year=1995 |title=Lithography and the future of Moore's law |url=http://www.lithoguru.com/scientist/CHE323/Moore1995.pdf |access-date=May 27, 2014 |publisher=[[SPIE]]}}</ref> ya dace da da'ira ɗaya mai haɗawa. Moore da Mead sun fara haɗin gwiwa a kusan 1959 lokacin da Moore ya ba wa Mead transistors "kwaskwarima" daga Fairchild Semiconductor don ɗalibansa su yi amfani da su a cikin azuzuwan sa. A cikin shekarun 1960, Mead ya yi ziyara ta mako-mako zuwa Fairchild, yana ziyartar dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike da haɓakawa kuma yana tattauna aikinsu da Moore. A lokacin ɗaya daga cikin tattaunawarsu, Moore ya tambayi Mead ko ramin lantarki zai iya iyakance girman transistor mai aiki. Lokacin da aka gaya masa cewa zai yi, ya tambayi menene iyaka. Da tambayar Moore ta motsa shi, Mead da ɗalibansa suka fara nazarin abubuwan da za su iya faruwa ta hanyar kimiyyar lissafi, suna ƙoƙarin tantance ƙanƙantar iyaka ga Dokar Moore. A shekarar 1968, Mead ya nuna, sabanin zato na yau da kullun, cewa yayin da transistors ke raguwa a girma, ba za su zama masu rauni ko zafi ko tsada ko jinkiri ba. Maimakon haka, ya yi jayayya cewa transistors za su yi sauri, mafi kyau, sanyi da rahusa yayin da aka rage su. Sakamakonsa ya fara fuskantar shakku mai yawa, amma yayin da masu ƙira suka gwada, sakamakon ya goyi bayan ikirarinsa. A shekarar 1972, Mead da ɗalibin digiri Bruce Hoeneisen sun annabta cewa za a iya yin transistors ƙanƙanta har zuwa microns 0.15. Wannan ƙarancin iyaka ga girman transistor ya yi ƙanƙanta fiye da yadda aka zata gabaɗaya. <ref name="Fabulous" /> Duk da shakku na farko, hasashen Mead ya shafi ci gaban masana'antar kwamfuta na fasahar submicron. <ref name="IntelInterview" /> Lokacin da aka cimma burin da Mead ya annabta a cikin ainihin ci gaban transistor a shekarar 2000, transistor ɗin ya yi kama da wanda Mead ya bayyana a farko. === Tsarin VLSI na Mead-Conway === Mead shi ne na farko da ya yi hasashen yiwuwar ƙirƙirar miliyoyin transistors a kan guntu. Hasashensa ya nuna cewa dole ne a sami manyan canje-canje a fasaha don cimma irin wannan ƙarfin haɓakawa. Mead yana ɗaya daga cikin masu bincike na farko da suka binciki dabarun haɗakarwa mai girma, ƙira da ƙirƙirar ƙananan kwakwalwan kwamfuta masu rikitarwa. <ref name="Electronics1981">{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Martin |last2=Waller |first2=Larry |last3=Wolff |first3=Howard |date=October 20, 1981 |title=The 1981 Achievement Award |url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Electronics/ElectAchiev.html |journal=Electronics |access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref> Ya koyar da kwas ɗin ƙira na LSI na farko a duniya, a Caltech a shekarar 1970. A cikin shekarun 1970, tare da shiga da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka samu daga azuzuwan da suka biyo baya, Mead ya haɓaka ra'ayoyinsa na ƙirar da'ira da tsarin da aka haɗa. Ya yi aiki tare da Ivan Sutherland da [[Frederick B. Thompson]] don kafa kimiyyar kwamfuta a matsayin sashe a Caltech, wanda ya faru a hukumance a shekarar 1976. <ref name="Thompson">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Frederick B. Thompson 1922–2014 |url=https://www.caltech.edu/news/frederick-b-thompson-43160 |access-date=June 10, 2015 |website=Caltech}}</ref> <ref name="HistoryCaltech">{{Cite web |title=Computer Science @ Caltech: History |url=http://calyptus.caltech.edu/cs25/history.html |access-date=June 10, 2015 |website=50th Anniversary Celebration}}</ref> Haka kuma a shekarar 1976, Mead ya rubuta rahoton DARPA tare da Ivan Sutherland da Thomas Eugene Everhart, inda ya tantance iyakokin ƙera na'urorin lantarki na zamani kuma ya ba da shawarar yin bincike kan tasirin ƙirar tsarin na "da'irori masu girma da aka haɗa". Tun daga shekarar 1975, Carver Mead ya yi aiki tare da [[Lynn Conway]] daga Xerox PARC . <ref name="Electronics1981">{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Martin |last2=Waller |first2=Larry |last3=Wolff |first3=Howard |date=October 20, 1981 |title=The 1981 Achievement Award |url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Electronics/ElectAchiev.html |journal=Electronics |access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref> Sun ƙirƙiro rubutun da ya zama muhimmin abu ''Gabatarwa ga tsarin VLSI'', wanda aka buga a shekarar 1979, muhimmin jagora na juyin juya halin Mead da Conway . Littafin karatu ne na farko, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ilimin da'ira na VLSI a duk faɗin duniya tsawon shekaru da yawa. Yaɗuwar babi na farko na bugawa a cikin azuzuwa da sauran masu bincike ya jawo hankalin jama'a sosai kuma ya haifar da al'umma ta mutane masu sha'awar hanyar. <ref name="Conway">{{Cite web |last=Conway |first=Lynn |title=Drafts of the Mead-Conway textbook, Introduction to VLSI Systems |url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/VLSIText/VLSIText.html |access-date=June 9, 2015 |website=University of Michigan}}</ref> Sun kuma nuna yuwuwar hanyar raba-wafer mai ayyuka da yawa, suna ƙirƙirar guntu ga ɗalibai a cikin azuzuwan su. <ref name="MOSIS">{{Cite web |title=MPWs: Catalyst of IC Production Innovation |url=https://www.mosis.com/pages/about/mpw-narrative |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610174631/https://www.mosis.com/pages/about/mpw-narrative |archive-date=June 10, 2015 |access-date=June 9, 2015 |website=The MOSIS Service}}</ref> <ref name="Shift">{{Cite journal |last=House |first=Chuck |date=2012 |title=A Paradigm Shift Was Happening All Around Us |url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/A_Paradigm_Shift_Was_Happening_by_Chuck_House.pdf |journal=IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=32–35 |bibcode=2012ISSCM...4...32H |doi=10.1109/mssc.2012.2215759 |s2cid=8738682 |access-date=June 10, 2015}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ns9zr7i8qneut7xc5fviogoiw5xrxce 0 143833 970257 805259 2026-10-21T23:16:37Z Salma Raddah 45959 970257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Friedrich Ch. Zauner''' (19 Satumba 1936, a Rainbach im Innkreis - 30 Nuwamba 2022, a Shärding) marubuci ne kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasar Austria, wanda aka fi tunawa da shi saboda tarihin rayuwarsa mai suna Das Ende der Ewigkeit, wanda aka buga tsakanin 1992 da 1996. Ya kasance mai karɓar Kulturpreis des Landes Oberösterreich da kuma Kyautar Heinrich Gleißner. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] c1308rx9bwdy00p20lbt3m1pq3yg3nz 970306 970257 2026-10-22T09:02:05Z Kamaf001 48297 970306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Friedrich Ch. Zauner''' (19 watan Satumba a shekara ta 1936, a Rainbach im Innkreis - 30 Nuwamba 2022, a Shärding) marubuci ne kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasar Austria, wanda aka fi tunawa da shi saboda tarihin rayuwarsa mai suna Das Ende der Ewigkeit, wanda aka buga tsakanin 1992 da 1996. Ya kasance mai karɓar Kulturpreis des Landes Oberösterreich da kuma Kyautar Heinrich Gleißner. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] pipvlbcdqxrzfcngxk37dmkjpbx6grr 0 151914 970167 878592 2026-10-21T17:23:15Z Salma Raddah 45959 970167 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isah Ladan Bosso''' (an haife shi ranar 5 Oktoba 1967 a Jihar Neja, Najeriya) ƙwararren mai horas da ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan Najeriya. Ya shahara wajen horas da ƙungiyoyin matasa na Najeriya musamman kungiyar ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Najeriya wadda aka fi sani da ''Flying Eagles''. Bosso ya kuma jagoranci kungiyoyi daban-daban a gasar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladan_Bosso |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ladan Bosso a Jihar Neja da ke Najeriya. Tun yana matashi ya nuna sha’awa sosai a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa, musamman a bangaren horaswa da kula da ci gaban matasa masu tasowa a wasan. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso Manager Profile |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/ladan-bosso/profil/trainer/70029 |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Aikin horaswa == Bosso ya samu karɓuwa sosai bayan da aka naɗa shi a matsayin kocin kungiyar Najeriya ta ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 a shekarar 2007. Ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa wasan kusa da na kusa da karshe a gasar FIFA U-20 World Cup ta shekarar 2007. Duk da haka, tawagarsa ta sha suka bayan rashin lashe gasar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladan_Bosso |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> Bayan barinsa daga Flying Eagles, Bosso ya horas da kungiyoyi da dama a gasar firimiya ta Najeriya ciki har da Kano Pillars, Wikki Tourists, Bayelsa United, Abia Warriors da El-Kanemi Warriors. Ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun masu horaswa masu gogewa a Najeriya saboda yawan kungiyoyin da ya jagoranta.<ref>{{cite web |title=NPFL: Bayelsa United unveil new head coach, Ladan Bosso |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/07/16/npfl-bayelsa-united-unveil-new-head-coach-ladan-bosso/ |website=Daily Post Nigeria |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya (NFF) ta sake nada shi a matsayin kocin Flying Eagles bayan shekaru fiye da goma da barinsa mukamin. Wannan nadin ya nuna yadda ake ganin yana da kwarewa wajen bunkasa matasan ‘yan wasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Flying Eagles : Identities Of New Head Coach Revealed |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=37478 |website=All Nigeria Soccer |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> Bosso ya jagoranci Flying Eagles a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 ta shekarar 2023 inda kungiyar ta kai matakin kusa da na karshe kuma ta samu tikitin shiga gasar FIFA U-20 World Cup. An yaba masa kan tsarin wasansa mai mayar da hankali kan tsaro da kuma horar da matasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladan_Bosso |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Cece-kuce == A shekarar 2007, Bosso ya jawo cece-kuce bayan ya zargi alkalin wasa ɗan Ingila Howard Webb da nuna wariyar launin fata bayan Najeriya ta sha kashi a hannun Chile a gasar FIFA U-20 World Cup. Hukumar FIFA ta hukunta shi da dakatarwa na watanni hudu tare da tara saboda kalaman nasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian coach levies racism charge against ref |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/nigerian-coach-levies-racism-charge-against-ref-1.676604 |website=CBC Sports |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Salon horaswa == Ana kallon Ladan Bosso a matsayin mai horaswa mai amfani da tsari mai karfi a bangaren tsaro da kuma bai wa matasa dama. Ya taka rawa wajen gano da bunkasa hazikan ‘yan wasa da dama a Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Coach Ladan Bosso: The Mentor Behind Daniel Bameyi’s Meteoric Rise |url=https://moys.by.gov.ng/coach-ladan-bosso-the-mentor-behind-daniel-bameyis-meteoric-rise/ |website=Bayelsa State Ministry of Sports Development |access-date=21 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria national under-20 football team]] * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Bayelsa United F.C.]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 54dnm91thjeaco25hpenvbnwh3el8ri 970168 970167 2026-10-21T17:24:25Z Salma Raddah 45959 970168 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isah Ladan Bosso''' (an haife shi ranar 5 Oktoba 1967 a Jihar Neja, Najeriya) ƙwararren mai horas da ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan Najeriya. Ya shahara wajen horas da ƙungiyoyin matasa na Najeriya musamman kungiyar ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Najeriya wadda aka fi sani da ''Flying Eagles''. Bosso ya kuma jagoranci kungiyoyi daban-daban a gasar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladan_Bosso |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ladan Bosso a Jihar Neja da ke Najeriya. Tun yana matashi ya nuna sha’awa sosai a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa, musamman a bangaren horaswa da kula da ci gaban matasa masu tasowa a wasan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso Manager Profile |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/ladan-bosso/profil/trainer/70029 |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Aikin horaswa == Bosso ya samu karɓuwa sosai bayan da aka naɗa shi a matsayin kocin kungiyar Najeriya ta ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 a shekarar 2007. Ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa wasan kusa da na kusa da karshe a gasar FIFA U-20 World Cup ta shekarar 2007. Duk da haka, tawagarsa ta sha suka bayan rashin lashe gasar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladan_Bosso |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> Bayan barinsa daga Flying Eagles, Bosso ya horas da kungiyoyi da dama a gasar firimiya ta Najeriya ciki har da Kano Pillars, Wikki Tourists, Bayelsa United, Abia Warriors da El-Kanemi Warriors. Ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun masu horaswa masu gogewa a Najeriya saboda yawan kungiyoyin da ya jagoranta.<ref>{{cite web |title=NPFL: Bayelsa United unveil new head coach, Ladan Bosso |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/07/16/npfl-bayelsa-united-unveil-new-head-coach-ladan-bosso/ |website=Daily Post Nigeria |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya (NFF) ta sake nada shi a matsayin kocin Flying Eagles bayan shekaru fiye da goma da barinsa mukamin. Wannan nadin ya nuna yadda ake ganin yana da kwarewa wajen bunkasa matasan ‘yan wasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Flying Eagles : Identities Of New Head Coach Revealed |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=37478 |website=All Nigeria Soccer |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> Bosso ya jagoranci Flying Eagles a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 ta shekarar 2023 inda kungiyar ta kai matakin kusa da na karshe kuma ta samu tikitin shiga gasar FIFA U-20 World Cup. An yaba masa kan tsarin wasansa mai mayar da hankali kan tsaro da kuma horar da matasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladan_Bosso |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Cece-kuce == A shekarar 2007, Bosso ya jawo cece-kuce bayan ya zargi alkalin wasa ɗan Ingila Howard Webb da nuna wariyar launin fata bayan Najeriya ta sha kashi a hannun Chile a gasar FIFA U-20 World Cup. Hukumar FIFA ta hukunta shi da dakatarwa na watanni hudu tare da tara saboda kalaman nasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian coach levies racism charge against ref |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/nigerian-coach-levies-racism-charge-against-ref-1.676604 |website=CBC Sports |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Salon horaswa == Ana kallon Ladan Bosso a matsayin mai horaswa mai amfani da tsari mai karfi a bangaren tsaro da kuma bai wa matasa dama. Ya taka rawa wajen gano da bunkasa hazikan ‘yan wasa da dama a Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Coach Ladan Bosso: The Mentor Behind Daniel Bameyi’s Meteoric Rise |url=https://moys.by.gov.ng/coach-ladan-bosso-the-mentor-behind-daniel-bameyis-meteoric-rise/ |website=Bayelsa State Ministry of Sports Development |access-date=21 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria national under-20 football team]] * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Bayelsa United F.C.]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fgszmrrvl1gefzanxpzbrakzmdnq3p2 970169 970168 2026-10-21T17:25:13Z Salma Raddah 45959 970169 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isah Ladan Bosso''' (an haife shi ranar 5 Oktoba 1967 a Jihar Neja, Najeriya) ƙwararren mai horas da ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan Najeriya. Ya shahara wajen horas da ƙungiyoyin matasa na Najeriya musamman kungiyar ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Najeriya wadda aka fi sani da ''Flying Eagles''. Bosso ya kuma jagoranci kungiyoyi daban-daban a gasar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladan_Bosso |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ladan Bosso a Jihar Neja da ke Najeriya. Tun yana matashi ya nuna sha’awa sosai a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa, musamman a bangaren horaswa da kula da ci gaban matasa masu tasowa a wasan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso Manager Profile |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/ladan-bosso/profil/trainer/70029 |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Aikin horaswa == Bosso ya samu karɓuwa sosai bayan da aka naɗa shi a matsayin kocin kungiyar Najeriya ta ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 a shekarar 2007. Ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa wasan kusa da na kusa da karshe a gasar FIFA U-20 World Cup ta shekarar 2007. Duk da haka, tawagarsa ta sha suka bayan rashin lashe gasar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladan_Bosso |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> Bayan barinsa daga Flying Eagles, Bosso ya horas da kungiyoyi da dama a gasar firimiya ta Najeriya ciki har da Kano Pillars, Wikki Tourists, Bayelsa United, Abia Warriors da El-Kanemi Warriors. Ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun masu horaswa masu gogewa a Najeriya saboda yawan kungiyoyin da ya jagoranta.<ref>{{cite web |title=NPFL: Bayelsa United unveil new head coach, Ladan Bosso |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/07/16/npfl-bayelsa-united-unveil-new-head-coach-ladan-bosso/ |website=Daily Post Nigeria |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya (NFF) ta sake nada shi a matsayin kocin Flying Eagles bayan shekaru fiye da goma da barinsa mukamin. Wannan nadin ya nuna yadda ake ganin yana da kwarewa wajen bunkasa matasan ‘yan wasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flying Eagles : Identities Of New Head Coach Revealed |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=37478 |website=All Nigeria Soccer |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> Bosso ya jagoranci Flying Eagles a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 ta shekarar 2023 inda kungiyar ta kai matakin kusa da na karshe kuma ta samu tikitin shiga gasar FIFA U-20 World Cup. An yaba masa kan tsarin wasansa mai mayar da hankali kan tsaro da kuma horar da matasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladan_Bosso |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Cece-kuce == A shekarar 2007, Bosso ya jawo cece-kuce bayan ya zargi alkalin wasa ɗan Ingila Howard Webb da nuna wariyar launin fata bayan Najeriya ta sha kashi a hannun Chile a gasar FIFA U-20 World Cup. Hukumar FIFA ta hukunta shi da dakatarwa na watanni hudu tare da tara saboda kalaman nasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian coach levies racism charge against ref |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/nigerian-coach-levies-racism-charge-against-ref-1.676604 |website=CBC Sports |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Salon horaswa == Ana kallon Ladan Bosso a matsayin mai horaswa mai amfani da tsari mai karfi a bangaren tsaro da kuma bai wa matasa dama. Ya taka rawa wajen gano da bunkasa hazikan ‘yan wasa da dama a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coach Ladan Bosso: The Mentor Behind Daniel Bameyi’s Meteoric Rise |url=https://moys.by.gov.ng/coach-ladan-bosso-the-mentor-behind-daniel-bameyis-meteoric-rise/ |website=Bayelsa State Ministry of Sports Development |access-date=21 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria national under-20 football team]] * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Bayelsa United F.C.]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} n2cf5m0r5k9a1qcfb1ob4hydf6r727x 970170 970169 2026-10-21T17:25:40Z Salma Raddah 45959 970170 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isah Ladan Bosso''' (an haife shi ranar 5 Oktoba 1967 a Jihar Neja, Najeriya) ƙwararren mai horas da ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan Najeriya. Ya shahara wajen horas da ƙungiyoyin matasa na Najeriya musamman kungiyar ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Najeriya wadda aka fi sani da ''Flying Eagles''. Bosso ya kuma jagoranci kungiyoyi daban-daban a gasar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladan_Bosso |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ladan Bosso a Jihar Neja da ke Najeriya. Tun yana matashi ya nuna sha’awa sosai a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa, musamman a bangaren horaswa da kula da ci gaban matasa masu tasowa a wasan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso Manager Profile |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/ladan-bosso/profil/trainer/70029 |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Aikin horaswa == Bosso ya samu karɓuwa sosai bayan da aka naɗa shi a matsayin kocin kungiyar Najeriya ta ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 a shekarar 2007. Ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa wasan kusa da na kusa da karshe a gasar FIFA U-20 World Cup ta shekarar 2007. Duk da haka, tawagarsa ta sha suka bayan rashin lashe gasar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladan_Bosso |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> Bayan barinsa daga Flying Eagles, Bosso ya horas da kungiyoyi da dama a gasar firimiya ta Najeriya ciki har da Kano Pillars, Wikki Tourists, Bayelsa United, Abia Warriors da El-Kanemi Warriors. Ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun masu horaswa masu gogewa a Najeriya saboda yawan kungiyoyin da ya jagoranta.<ref>{{cite web |title=NPFL: Bayelsa United unveil new head coach, Ladan Bosso |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/07/16/npfl-bayelsa-united-unveil-new-head-coach-ladan-bosso/ |website=Daily Post Nigeria |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya (NFF) ta sake nada shi a matsayin kocin Flying Eagles bayan shekaru fiye da goma da barinsa mukamin. Wannan nadin ya nuna yadda ake ganin yana da kwarewa wajen bunkasa matasan ‘yan wasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flying Eagles : Identities Of New Head Coach Revealed |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=37478 |website=All Nigeria Soccer |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> Bosso ya jagoranci Flying Eagles a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 ta shekarar 2023 inda kungiyar ta kai matakin kusa da na karshe kuma ta samu tikitin shiga gasar FIFA U-20 World Cup. An yaba masa kan tsarin wasansa mai mayar da hankali kan tsaro da kuma horar da matasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladan_Bosso |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Cece-kuce == A shekarar 2007, Bosso ya jawo cece-kuce bayan ya zargi alkalin wasa ɗan Ingila Howard Webb da nuna wariyar launin fata bayan Najeriya ta sha kashi a hannun Chile a gasar FIFA U-20 World Cup. Hukumar FIFA ta hukunta shi da dakatarwa na watanni hudu tare da tara saboda kalaman nasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian coach levies racism charge against ref |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/nigerian-coach-levies-racism-charge-against-ref-1.676604 |website=CBC Sports |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Salon horaswa == Ana kallon Ladan Bosso a matsayin mai horaswa mai amfani da tsari mai karfi a bangaren tsaro da kuma bai wa matasa dama. Ya taka rawa wajen gano da bunkasa hazikan ‘yan wasa da dama a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coach Ladan Bosso: The Mentor Behind Daniel Bameyi’s Meteoric Rise |url=https://moys.by.gov.ng/coach-ladan-bosso-the-mentor-behind-daniel-bameyis-meteoric-rise/ |website=Bayelsa State Ministry of Sports Development |access-date=21 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Nigeria national under-20 football team * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Bayelsa United F.C.]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} l5atrqgb6hzultdegnpir5ltan6bl4h 970332 970170 2026-10-22T09:18:20Z Kamaf001 48297 970332 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isah Ladan Bosso''' (an haife shi ranar 5 a watan Oktoba 1967 a Jihar Neja, Najeriya) ƙwararren mai horas da ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan Najeriya. Ya shahara wajen horas da ƙungiyoyin matasa na Najeriya musamman kungiyar ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Najeriya wadda aka fi sani da ''Flying Eagles''. Bosso ya kuma jagoranci kungiyoyi daban-daban a gasar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladan_Bosso |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ladan Bosso a Jihar Neja da ke Najeriya. Tun yana matashi ya nuna sha’awa sosai a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa, musamman a bangaren horaswa da kula da ci gaban matasa masu tasowa a wasan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso Manager Profile |url=https://www.transfermarkt.com/ladan-bosso/profil/trainer/70029 |website=Transfermarkt |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Aikin horaswa == Bosso ya samu karɓuwa sosai bayan da aka naɗa shi a matsayin kocin kungiyar Najeriya ta ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 a shekarar 2007. Ya jagoranci kungiyar zuwa wasan kusa da na kusa da karshe a gasar FIFA U-20 World Cup ta shekarar 2007. Duk da haka, tawagarsa ta sha suka bayan rashin lashe gasar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladan_Bosso |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> Bayan barinsa daga Flying Eagles, Bosso ya horas da kungiyoyi da dama a gasar firimiya ta Najeriya ciki har da Kano Pillars, Wikki Tourists, Bayelsa United, Abia Warriors da El-Kanemi Warriors. Ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun masu horaswa masu gogewa a Najeriya saboda yawan kungiyoyin da ya jagoranta.<ref>{{cite web |title=NPFL: Bayelsa United unveil new head coach, Ladan Bosso |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/07/16/npfl-bayelsa-united-unveil-new-head-coach-ladan-bosso/ |website=Daily Post Nigeria |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya (NFF) ta sake nada shi a matsayin kocin Flying Eagles bayan shekaru fiye da goma da barinsa mukamin. Wannan nadin ya nuna yadda ake ganin yana da kwarewa wajen bunkasa matasan ‘yan wasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flying Eagles : Identities Of New Head Coach Revealed |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=37478 |website=All Nigeria Soccer |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> Bosso ya jagoranci Flying Eagles a gasar cin kofin Afirka ta ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 ta shekarar 2023 inda kungiyar ta kai matakin kusa da na karshe kuma ta samu tikitin shiga gasar FIFA U-20 World Cup. An yaba masa kan tsarin wasansa mai mayar da hankali kan tsaro da kuma horar da matasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ladan Bosso |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladan_Bosso |website=Wikipedia |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Cece-kuce == A shekarar 2007, Bosso ya jawo cece-kuce bayan ya zargi alkalin wasa ɗan Ingila Howard Webb da nuna wariyar launin fata bayan Najeriya ta sha kashi a hannun Chile a gasar FIFA U-20 World Cup. Hukumar FIFA ta hukunta shi da dakatarwa na watanni hudu tare da tara saboda kalaman nasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian coach levies racism charge against ref |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/nigerian-coach-levies-racism-charge-against-ref-1.676604 |website=CBC Sports |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Salon horaswa == Ana kallon Ladan Bosso a matsayin mai horaswa mai amfani da tsari mai karfi a bangaren tsaro da kuma bai wa matasa dama. Ya taka rawa wajen gano da bunkasa hazikan ‘yan wasa da dama a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coach Ladan Bosso: The Mentor Behind Daniel Bameyi’s Meteoric Rise |url=https://moys.by.gov.ng/coach-ladan-bosso-the-mentor-behind-daniel-bameyis-meteoric-rise/ |website=Bayelsa State Ministry of Sports Development |access-date=21 May 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Nigeria national under-20 football team * [[Nigeria Football Federation]] * [[Bayelsa United F.C.]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ib1hrskztbofm2u6zk0qpng9664zhtc 0 152108 970130 970049 2026-10-21T13:15:18Z Salma Raddah 45959 970130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Amina''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Izu Ojukwu]] ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumi na mulkin [[Zazzau]] na karni na 16 [[Sarauniya Amina]] . ''Amina'' ta fara fitowa a [[Netflix]] a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021. Fim din ya sami mafi yawan gabatarwa a Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022. == Makirci == Fim din ya fara ne da duel tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma . Bayan ta ga yakin, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana so ta zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo tare da juriya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Makircin ya ci gaba ne a kan abubuwan da suka haifar da hawan Amina zuwa kursiyin Zazzau . == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina * [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma * [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] a matsayin Zumbura * Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa * Okonkwo David Chibuzor a matsayin Ogaga * Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Igala Princess * Usman Tijani Abubakar a matsayin Ibrahim * Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero * Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima * Sani Danja a matsayin Soja * Lawandi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma * Debua Goodness a matsayin Firist na Igala * Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki * Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki * Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zaria * Asabe Madaki a matsayin Aladi Ameh An soki fim din saboda kasancewa a cikin Hausa da kuma jagorancin dan wasan da ba Hausa ba ne. An kuma soki shi saboda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ba daidai ba ne na tarihi. Ojukwu ya amsa cewa rashin isasshen tarihin da bayanai don abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Najeriya ya sa ya zama da wahala a samar da fim din. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="13" |2022 | rowspan="13" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |Clarion Chukwura|{{Nom}} | rowspan="13" | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |Magaji Mijinyawa|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Daraktan Fasaha |Tunji Afolayan|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai tsara kayan ado |Millicent T. Jack|{{Won}} |- |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau |Stanley Ibegbu Okechukwu|{{Nom}} |- |Editan Sauti mafi kyau |Jim Lively da James Nelson|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti |Dabs Agwom|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Shirye-shiryen |Dagogo Diminas da Gabriel Okorie Gabazzini|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |Frank Chinedu Uba|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai shirya fina-finai |Peter Kreil, Wale Adebayo, Samuel Jonathan da Moruf Fadaro|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka |Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |Izu Ojukwu da Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Won}} |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |Izu Ojukwu|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> r91cxm5ll32g7oz4611xu5leum9n81z 970133 970130 2026-10-21T13:18:02Z Salma Raddah 45959 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362226030|Amina (2021 film)]]" 970133 wikitext text/x-wiki   Amina fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda Izu Ojukwu ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumi na mulkin Zazzau na karni na 16 Sarauniya Amina . Amina ta fara fitowa a Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.[1] Fim din ya sami mafi yawan gabatarwa a Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022.[2] == Makirci == Fim din ya fara ne da duel tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma . Bayan ta ga yakin, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana so ta zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo tare da juriya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Makircin ya ci gaba ne a kan abubuwan da suka haifar da hawan Amina zuwa kursiyin Zazzau == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina * [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma * [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] a matsayin Zumbura * Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa * Okonkwo David Chibuzor a matsayin Ogaga * Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Igala Princess * Usman Tijani Abubakar a matsayin Ibrahim * Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero * Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima * Sani Danja a matsayin Soja * Lawandi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma * Debua Goodness a matsayin Firist na Igala * Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki * Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki * Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zaria * Asabe Madaki a matsayin Aladi Ameh == Karɓar baƙi == An soki fim din saboda kasancewa a cikin Hausa da kuma jagorancin dan wasan da ba Hausa ba ne. An kuma soki shi saboda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ba daidai ba ne na tarihi. Ojukwu ya amsa cewa rashin isasshen tarihin da bayanai don abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Najeriya ya sa ya zama da wahala a samar da fim din. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="13" |2022 | rowspan="13" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |Clarion Chukwura|{{Nom}} | rowspan="13" | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |Magaji Mijinyawa|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Daraktan Fasaha |Tunji Afolayan|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai tsara kayan ado |Millicent T. Jack|{{Won}} |- |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau |Stanley Ibegbu Okechukwu|{{Nom}} |- |Editan Sauti mafi kyau |Jim Lively da James Nelson|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti |Dabs Agwom|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Shirye-shiryen |Dagogo Diminas da Gabriel Okorie Gabazzini|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |Frank Chinedu Uba|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai shirya fina-finai |Peter Kreil, Wale Adebayo, Samuel Jonathan da Moruf Fadaro|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka |Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |Izu Ojukwu da Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Won}} |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |Izu Ojukwu|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == 4vldyxclodsizffa5karujn0fcfk79w 970134 970133 2026-10-21T13:18:28Z Salma Raddah 45959 970134 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Amina fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda Izu Ojukwu ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumi na mulkin Zazzau na karni na 16 Sarauniya Amina . Amina ta fara fitowa a Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.[1] Fim din ya sami mafi yawan gabatarwa a Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022.[2] == Makirci == Fim din ya fara ne da duel tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma . Bayan ta ga yakin, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana so ta zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo tare da juriya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Makircin ya ci gaba ne a kan abubuwan da suka haifar da hawan Amina zuwa kursiyin Zazzau == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina * [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma * [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] a matsayin Zumbura * Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa * Okonkwo David Chibuzor a matsayin Ogaga * Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Igala Princess * Usman Tijani Abubakar a matsayin Ibrahim * Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero * Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima * Sani Danja a matsayin Soja * Lawandi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma * Debua Goodness a matsayin Firist na Igala * Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki * Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki * Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zaria * Asabe Madaki a matsayin Aladi Ameh == Karɓar baƙi == An soki fim din saboda kasancewa a cikin Hausa da kuma jagorancin dan wasan da ba Hausa ba ne. An kuma soki shi saboda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ba daidai ba ne na tarihi. Ojukwu ya amsa cewa rashin isasshen tarihin da bayanai don abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Najeriya ya sa ya zama da wahala a samar da fim din. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="13" |2022 | rowspan="13" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |Clarion Chukwura|{{Nom}} | rowspan="13" | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |Magaji Mijinyawa|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Daraktan Fasaha |Tunji Afolayan|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai tsara kayan ado |Millicent T. Jack|{{Won}} |- |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau |Stanley Ibegbu Okechukwu|{{Nom}} |- |Editan Sauti mafi kyau |Jim Lively da James Nelson|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti |Dabs Agwom|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Shirye-shiryen |Dagogo Diminas da Gabriel Okorie Gabazzini|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |Frank Chinedu Uba|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai shirya fina-finai |Peter Kreil, Wale Adebayo, Samuel Jonathan da Moruf Fadaro|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka |Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |Izu Ojukwu da Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Won}} |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |Izu Ojukwu|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == smvs9n2dzb4012n4bzgvq3am4mieign 970135 970134 2026-10-21T13:34:45Z DanJuuma 14836 970135 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Amina fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda Izu Ojukwu ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumi na mulkin Zazzau na karni na 16 Sarauniya Amina . Amina ta fara fitowa a Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021. Fim din ya sami mafi yawan gabatarwa a Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022.[2] == Makirci == Fim din ya fara ne da duel tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma . Bayan ta ga yakin, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana so ta zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo tare da juriya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Makircin ya ci gaba ne a kan abubuwan da suka haifar da hawan Amina zuwa kursiyin Zazzau == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina * [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma * [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] a matsayin Zumbura * Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa * Okonkwo David Chibuzor a matsayin Ogaga * Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Igala Princess * Usman Tijani Abubakar a matsayin Ibrahim * Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero * Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima * Sani Danja a matsayin Soja * Lawandi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma * Debua Goodness a matsayin Firist na Igala * Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki * Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki * Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zaria * Asabe Madaki a matsayin Aladi Ameh == Karɓar baƙi == An soki fim din saboda kasancewa a cikin Hausa da kuma jagorancin dan wasan da ba Hausa ba ne. An kuma soki shi saboda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ba daidai ba ne na tarihi. Ojukwu ya amsa cewa rashin isasshen tarihin da bayanai don abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Najeriya ya sa ya zama da wahala a samar da fim din. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="13" |2022 | rowspan="13" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |Clarion Chukwura|{{Nom}} | rowspan="13" | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |Magaji Mijinyawa|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Daraktan Fasaha |Tunji Afolayan|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai tsara kayan ado |Millicent T. Jack|{{Won}} |- |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau |Stanley Ibegbu Okechukwu|{{Nom}} |- |Editan Sauti mafi kyau |Jim Lively da James Nelson|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti |Dabs Agwom|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Shirye-shiryen |Dagogo Diminas da Gabriel Okorie Gabazzini|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |Frank Chinedu Uba|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai shirya fina-finai |Peter Kreil, Wale Adebayo, Samuel Jonathan da Moruf Fadaro|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka |Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |Izu Ojukwu da Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Won}} |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |Izu Ojukwu|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == 9vlyl8bwyh7ufmnvubqyvoavowhl82z 970136 970135 2026-10-21T13:35:06Z DanJuuma 14836 970136 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Amina fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda Izu Ojukwu ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumi na mulkin Zazzau na karni na 16 Sarauniya Amina . Amina ta fara fitowa a Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021. Fim din ya sami mafi yawan gabatarwa a Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022. == Makirci == Fim din ya fara ne da duel tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma . Bayan ta ga yakin, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana so ta zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo tare da juriya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Makircin ya ci gaba ne a kan abubuwan da suka haifar da hawan Amina zuwa kursiyin Zazzau == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina * [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma * [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] a matsayin Zumbura * Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa * Okonkwo David Chibuzor a matsayin Ogaga * Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Igala Princess * Usman Tijani Abubakar a matsayin Ibrahim * Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero * Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima * Sani Danja a matsayin Soja * Lawandi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma * Debua Goodness a matsayin Firist na Igala * Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki * Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki * Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zaria * Asabe Madaki a matsayin Aladi Ameh == Karɓar baƙi == An soki fim din saboda kasancewa a cikin Hausa da kuma jagorancin dan wasan da ba Hausa ba ne. An kuma soki shi saboda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ba daidai ba ne na tarihi. Ojukwu ya amsa cewa rashin isasshen tarihin da bayanai don abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Najeriya ya sa ya zama da wahala a samar da fim din. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="13" |2022 | rowspan="13" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |Clarion Chukwura|{{Nom}} | rowspan="13" | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |Magaji Mijinyawa|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Daraktan Fasaha |Tunji Afolayan|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai tsara kayan ado |Millicent T. Jack|{{Won}} |- |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau |Stanley Ibegbu Okechukwu|{{Nom}} |- |Editan Sauti mafi kyau |Jim Lively da James Nelson|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti |Dabs Agwom|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Shirye-shiryen |Dagogo Diminas da Gabriel Okorie Gabazzini|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |Frank Chinedu Uba|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai shirya fina-finai |Peter Kreil, Wale Adebayo, Samuel Jonathan da Moruf Fadaro|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka |Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |Izu Ojukwu da Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Won}} |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |Izu Ojukwu|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == nf3yzkzdo9dr2acis6frsf4e12d0g5v 970137 970136 2026-10-21T13:36:53Z DanJuuma 14836 970137 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Amina fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda Izu Ojukwu ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumi na mulkin Zazzau na karni na 16 Sarauniya Amina . Amina ta fara fitowa a Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nwogu |first=Precious 'Mamazeus' |date=2021-11-04 |title=''Amina'': Izu Ojukwu showers ''Living In Bondage'' writer Okey Ogunjiofor with accolades |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/amina-izu-ojukwu-reveals-okey-ogunjiofor-wrote-new-netflix-movie/cf7l3fb |access-date=2022-06-24 |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> Fim din ya sami mafi yawan gabatarwa a Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022. == Makirci == Fim din ya fara ne da duel tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma . Bayan ta ga yakin, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana so ta zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo tare da juriya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Makircin ya ci gaba ne a kan abubuwan da suka haifar da hawan Amina zuwa kursiyin Zazzau == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina * [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma * [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] a matsayin Zumbura * Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa * Okonkwo David Chibuzor a matsayin Ogaga * Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Igala Princess * Usman Tijani Abubakar a matsayin Ibrahim * Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero * Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima * Sani Danja a matsayin Soja * Lawandi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma * Debua Goodness a matsayin Firist na Igala * Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki * Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki * Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zaria * Asabe Madaki a matsayin Aladi Ameh == Karɓar baƙi == An soki fim din saboda kasancewa a cikin Hausa da kuma jagorancin dan wasan da ba Hausa ba ne. An kuma soki shi saboda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ba daidai ba ne na tarihi. Ojukwu ya amsa cewa rashin isasshen tarihin da bayanai don abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Najeriya ya sa ya zama da wahala a samar da fim din. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="13" |2022 | rowspan="13" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |Clarion Chukwura|{{Nom}} | rowspan="13" | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |Magaji Mijinyawa|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Daraktan Fasaha |Tunji Afolayan|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai tsara kayan ado |Millicent T. Jack|{{Won}} |- |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau |Stanley Ibegbu Okechukwu|{{Nom}} |- |Editan Sauti mafi kyau |Jim Lively da James Nelson|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti |Dabs Agwom|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Shirye-shiryen |Dagogo Diminas da Gabriel Okorie Gabazzini|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |Frank Chinedu Uba|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai shirya fina-finai |Peter Kreil, Wale Adebayo, Samuel Jonathan da Moruf Fadaro|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka |Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |Izu Ojukwu da Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Won}} |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |Izu Ojukwu|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == n7tmw38xland6tfdciadcwvm1587nw1 970138 970137 2026-10-21T13:38:27Z DanJuuma 14836 Sanya manazarta 970138 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Amina fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda Izu Ojukwu ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumi na mulkin Zazzau na karni na 16 Sarauniya Amina . Amina ta fara fitowa a Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nwogu |first=Precious 'Mamazeus' |date=2021-11-04 |title=''Amina'': Izu Ojukwu showers ''Living In Bondage'' writer Okey Ogunjiofor with accolades |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/amina-izu-ojukwu-reveals-okey-ogunjiofor-wrote-new-netflix-movie/cf7l3fb |access-date=2022-06-24 |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> Fim din ya sami mafi yawan gabatarwa a Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Okechukwu Ogunjiofor's ''Amina'' leads AMVCA 2022 with 13 nominations |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/okechukwu-ogunjiofors-amina-leads-amvca-2022-with-13-nominations/amp/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Makirci == Fim din ya fara ne da duel tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma . Bayan ta ga yakin, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana so ta zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo tare da juriya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Makircin ya ci gaba ne a kan abubuwan da suka haifar da hawan Amina zuwa kursiyin Zazzau == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina * [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma * [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] a matsayin Zumbura * Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa * Okonkwo David Chibuzor a matsayin Ogaga * Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Igala Princess * Usman Tijani Abubakar a matsayin Ibrahim * Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero * Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima * Sani Danja a matsayin Soja * Lawandi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma * Debua Goodness a matsayin Firist na Igala * Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki * Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki * Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zaria * Asabe Madaki a matsayin Aladi Ameh == Karɓar baƙi == An soki fim din saboda kasancewa a cikin Hausa da kuma jagorancin dan wasan da ba Hausa ba ne. An kuma soki shi saboda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ba daidai ba ne na tarihi. Ojukwu ya amsa cewa rashin isasshen tarihin da bayanai don abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Najeriya ya sa ya zama da wahala a samar da fim din. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="13" |2022 | rowspan="13" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |Clarion Chukwura|{{Nom}} | rowspan="13" | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |Magaji Mijinyawa|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Daraktan Fasaha |Tunji Afolayan|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai tsara kayan ado |Millicent T. Jack|{{Won}} |- |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau |Stanley Ibegbu Okechukwu|{{Nom}} |- |Editan Sauti mafi kyau |Jim Lively da James Nelson|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti |Dabs Agwom|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Shirye-shiryen |Dagogo Diminas da Gabriel Okorie Gabazzini|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |Frank Chinedu Uba|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai shirya fina-finai |Peter Kreil, Wale Adebayo, Samuel Jonathan da Moruf Fadaro|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka |Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |Izu Ojukwu da Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Won}} |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |Izu Ojukwu|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == 4cvm162j6biy0c2jgj91v4nxlwdjcmb 970139 970138 2026-10-21T13:39:25Z DanJuuma 14836 /* Makirci */ 970139 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Amina fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2021 wanda Izu Ojukwu ya jagoranta. Ya dogara ne akan labarin rayuwar jarumi na mulkin Zazzau na karni na 16 Sarauniya Amina . Amina ta fara fitowa a Netflix a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nwogu |first=Precious 'Mamazeus' |date=2021-11-04 |title=''Amina'': Izu Ojukwu showers ''Living In Bondage'' writer Okey Ogunjiofor with accolades |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/amina-izu-ojukwu-reveals-okey-ogunjiofor-wrote-new-netflix-movie/cf7l3fb |access-date=2022-06-24 |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> Fim din ya sami mafi yawan gabatarwa a Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Okechukwu Ogunjiofor's ''Amina'' leads AMVCA 2022 with 13 nominations |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/okechukwu-ogunjiofors-amina-leads-amvca-2022-with-13-nominations/amp/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Makirci == Fim ɗin ya fara ne da duel tsakanin zakaran Zazzau Kabarkai da Danjuma . Bayan ta ga yakin, wata matashiya Amina ta ci gaba da gaya wa mahaifinta, Sarkin Zazzau (Abu Chris Gbakann) cewa tana so ta zama jarumi. Wannan ya zo tare da juriya daga Magaji Mjinyawa wanda ya ba da shawara cewa sojojin Zazzau ba su taɓa ɗaukar mace ba. Makircin ya ci gaba ne a kan abubuwan da suka haifar da hawan Amina zuwa kursiyin Zazzau == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lucy Ameh]] a matsayin Amina * [[Ali Nuhu]] a matsayin Danjuma * [[Clarion Chukwura|Clarion Chukwurah]] a matsayin Zumbura * Paul Adubazi a matsayin Sarkin Busa * Okonkwo David Chibuzor a matsayin Ogaga * Jennifer Ezekiel Ade a matsayin Igala Princess * Usman Tijani Abubakar a matsayin Ibrahim * Victoria Nweke Ekene a matsayin Mero * Dan Chris Ebie a matsayin Galadima * Sani Danja a matsayin Soja * Lawandi Bashir Datti a matsayin Matashi Danjuma * Debua Goodness a matsayin Firist na Igala * Abu Chris Gbakann a matsayin Sarki * Magaji Mijinyawa a matsayin Madaki * Habiba Ummi Mohammed a matsayin Zaria * Asabe Madaki a matsayin Aladi Ameh == Karɓar baƙi == An soki fim din saboda kasancewa a cikin Hausa da kuma jagorancin dan wasan da ba Hausa ba ne. An kuma soki shi saboda ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ba daidai ba ne na tarihi. Ojukwu ya amsa cewa rashin isasshen tarihin da bayanai don abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Najeriya ya sa ya zama da wahala a samar da fim din. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="13" |2022 | rowspan="13" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |Clarion Chukwura|{{Nom}} | rowspan="13" | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Taimako |Magaji Mijinyawa|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Daraktan Fasaha |Tunji Afolayan|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai tsara kayan ado |Millicent T. Jack|{{Won}} |- |Mai tsara Haske mafi kyau |Stanley Ibegbu Okechukwu|{{Nom}} |- |Editan Sauti mafi kyau |Jim Lively da James Nelson|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Sauti |Dabs Agwom|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Shirye-shiryen |Dagogo Diminas da Gabriel Okorie Gabazzini|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci |Frank Chinedu Uba|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai shirya fina-finai |Peter Kreil, Wale Adebayo, Samuel Jonathan da Moruf Fadaro|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka |Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim |Izu Ojukwu da Okey Ogunjiofor|{{Won}} |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu |Izu Ojukwu|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == gxj5dhjn3hxbdq8txvvf76bc8x7ljq8 0 155567 970174 849892 2026-10-21T17:32:13Z Salma Raddah 45959 970174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lukuledi''' wani kogi ne a cikin Jamhuriyar Tarayyar [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], yankin kudu maso gabashin Afirka . Tare da jimlar tsawon kilomita 160, ya tashi daga iyakar tsakanin yankunan Lindi da Mtwara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindat.org |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-878194.html |access-date=2021-05-16 |website=www.mindat.org}}</ref>&nbsp; Lukuledi yana gudana daga gabas zuwa arewa maso gabas a yankin Lindi, yana shiga cikin [[Tekun Indiya]] kusa da Lindi. Ya raba tsaunukan Rondo da Makonde. A lokacin fari, fitar da shi yana raguwa sosai, kuma kawai kilomita 40 na ƙarshe na kogin ba su taɓa bushewa gaba ɗaya ba. Yankin yamma, ko sama, na tafkin Lukuledi yana cikin yankin dajin Miombo na Gabashin ƙasar . Yankin gabas ko ƙasa na tafkin yana cikin yankin dajin bakin teku na Kudancin Zanzibar-Inhambane mai siffar mosaic. == Manazarta == du5d44rh3pbal6bfswh8r7xjeo70ixm 0 157017 970177 969968 2026-10-21T17:45:07Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative and clev == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == i841sn7a5r3zdx3j2p313q2ei17uvhu 970178 970177 2026-10-21T17:45:28Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an imaginative == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == 21p5hxaytj48l5fohr7ik90x85bf3cj 970179 970178 2026-10-21T17:45:53Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" is an == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == 301ttffx12ed8c5dk1aqaj8cskknpuw 970180 970179 2026-10-21T17:46:09Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her Day" == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == fe2mc2l40nkpvz7k4cajdf72tiwnozk 970181 970180 2026-10-21T17:46:22Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's Her == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == 5feif9sozwyw8e3r47jia4i0w4745ax 970182 970181 2026-10-21T17:46:42Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title="It's == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == 3gijimc15v7w85ewzonfwaqev6q4v99 970183 970182 2026-10-21T17:47:01Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == 2ykqcyfr2pi336yl38pvvtw7zmw40zt 970184 970183 2026-10-21T17:47:14Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == 8ci14gmy6latu3otdtojhzwt9qj2g70 970185 970184 2026-10-21T17:47:43Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == 6eoxwnq9npuprj40i4midp8r9dq6ycc 970186 970185 2026-10-21T17:48:05Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == q8k2yu7dbt81573m0rnhj2b12lhtzse 970187 970186 2026-10-21T17:48:31Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Puls == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == m4goql1lb5q9xabvmudwss57z19jftu 970188 970187 2026-10-21T17:48:44Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |author- == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == 52m8q6biqtznfqaxbv0d54j8f1u205v 970189 970188 2026-10-21T17:48:57Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <nowiki><ref>{{Cite == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == g9gb5bmh772fionalr8y99skv6a0j4w 970190 970189 2026-10-21T17:49:11Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <nowiki. == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == 3okxd65pfe3xfww53l4f2hn5k0orm8h 970191 970190 2026-10-21T17:50:05Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2016 <ref>{ game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <nowiki. == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == carpymd8xjun3ttzq6bmam57ivbzxer 970192 970191 2026-10-21T17:50:28Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na, game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. <nowiki. == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == ieydecqdjonhcbje3dxar5rqrv7j88u 970193 970192 2026-10-21T17:50:57Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} I {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na, game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == 6zai2on3kmnbnyga2rjl8et98lnkufq 970194 970193 2026-10-21T17:51:22Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} t's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na, game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == m8un982sds7723lu9c31cxsmqfmeo08 970195 970194 2026-10-21T17:51:36Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 970195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na, game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == s3dj35f5j69iloa8oa70osoiv3n9ixo 970334 970195 2026-10-22T09:19:30Z Kamaf001 48297 970334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} It's Her Day fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na, game da ma'aurata masu aure daga bangarori daban-daban na zamantakewa da gwagwarmayar da suka haɗu yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu na ƙarshe. Bovi Ugboma ya taka rawar Victor, wani sabon mutum da ya yi alkawari wanda aka matsa masa ya ba budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ([[Ini Dima-Okojie]]) bikin auren almara mai ban sha'awa. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni kuma an fara shi a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. == Bayani game da shi == Victor ya isa gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri budurwarsa, Nicole Hernández mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ba ya ɓata lokaci yana shirin bikin auren mafarkinta. Tare da mahaifiyar Nicole mai girman kai tana tsoma baki a kan kowane daki-daki, Victor ya ga farashin ya wuce kasafin kudin sa. Duk da gargadi akai-akai daga abokinsa mafi kyau Omonigho wanda Nicole ta ƙi - tare da danginsa na Warri ciki har da Aunty Foweh - Victor yana matsawa ya kwantar da hankali ba kawai Nicole da mahaifiyarta ba har ma da 'yan uwan Hernández masu bukata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon babban mai tsara bikin aure, Hernándezes sun yi watsi da kowane daki-daki na babban ranar Nicole, yayin da ake watsi da shawarwarin Victor ko kuma a yi ma Matsalar ta faru a bikin auren ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya yayyafa amaryarsa da [[Naira|bayanan naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi gafara, amma bukatun Nicole na ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadama da ya rabu da Angela, tsohuwar budurwa da ya bar Nicole, kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ita. Koyaya, ta ga fuskarsa kuma ta shawarce shi da ya yi tsayayya da kasancewa da bayyanar don tasiri. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta mai da hankali kan Candy Crush kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki Omonigho ya amince, amma bayan ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon mutum, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole. Victor ya tara abokansa don su tsaya a matsayin yaudara ta hanyar tattaunawar waya tare da Hernándezes bayan sun dage kan yin rajistar shahararrun masu fasahar kiɗa don yin bikin aure. An gudanar da wani biki, kuma washegari Victor, wanda ya yi fama da rashin jin daɗi daga daren da ya gabata, ya firgita cewa ya makara zuwa bikin. Ma'aikatansa sun kara tsananta yanayin ta hanyar hayar ''kekes'' don kai shi da ma'aikatansa zuwa coci, cika tsohuwar yarjejeniya. Sun isa tsakiyar hira da Mista Hernández ya yi da HipTV, wanda ya sa ta kunya kai tsaye a cikin iska, kuma ta buge shi a gaban abokansa masu tsoro. Bayan ya fahimci cewa Nicole za ta kasance mai girman kai har abada bayan ta ƙi zobe dinsa, Victor ya jefa ta a bagaden kuma ya fita. Victor da ango sun isa gidan Angela kuma sun roƙe ta ta yi la'akari da sake farfado da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Ko da yake ta yarda da neman gafara, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta jimre ba bayan ya watsar da ita, kuma ta kore su da bulala. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena / Victor Smith * [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] a matsayin Nicole Hernández * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] a matsayin Mrs Hernández * Toni Tones a matsayin Stacy Hernández * Thelma Ezeamaka a matsayin Augusta Hernández * [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] a matsayin Nancy Hernández * [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai shirya bikin aure * [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigho * Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede * Wannan Lami George a matsayin Victoria * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela == Fitarwa == [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya samar da fim din. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni. A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda aka rarraba ta Silverbird Distribution. == Saki == An fara fim din ne a Legas, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. == Manazarta == 3xw4psgnocsx8u52cfttol4le1430sy 3 162553 970146 962962 2026-10-21T16:49:33Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Gyara */ Mayarwa 970146 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Baffa ali! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Baffa ali|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake yin gyara cikin ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 30 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Contributions in English == Hi Baffa ali I've noticed your contributions and reverted some of them. You are contributing in English, but this is not the English Wikipedia. Please refrain from contributing in other languages then Hausa here. Regards [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 19:04, 9 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) == Hujja == Sannu da aiki @[[User:Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] wannan mukalar mai taken [[MAI BINCIKE]], kayi gaggawar saka mata hujjoji kafin a gogeta. Wikipedia tana tafiya ne da tsarin hujja a kowane aiki. Bissala....[[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 09:03, 1 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Gyara == Sannu da aiki @[[User:Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] kana cire muhimman bayanai a jikin muƙala, kuma hakan ya saɓa ƙa'ida.muyi ƙoƙarin gyarawa ba lalatawa ba. Duba [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Haskins&curid=177574&diff=960441&oldid=960439 Nan] domin fahimtar kuskuren ka Nagode. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 09:29, 30 Satumba 2026 (UTC) :nima na gode [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-52505-26|~2026-52505-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-52505-26|talk]]) 09:32, 30 Satumba 2026 (UTC) :nima nagode [[User:Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) 16:49, 21 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) == Cire bayanai == Barka @[[User:Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] sannu da kokari, idan zaka kirkiri mukala kayi sabuwa wadda babu ita, idan akwai ta sedai ka inganta ba cire muhimman bayanai ba. A wannan [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al%27umma&curid=81499&diff=962944&oldid=962871 mukalar] ka cire bayanai sosai, kuma hakan kuskure ne. Saboda haka ya kamata a gyara domin aiki mai inganci. Idan kana bukatar taimako ka mun magana ko kuma wani kwararren edita na kusa. Bissalam [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 09:08, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) :sir ayahakuri matsala aka samu kuma banana mesaba idan na wallafa sai inga tayi haka bansa mai yasaba [[User:Baffa ali|Baffa ali]] ([[User talk:Baffa ali|talk]]) 09:34, 4 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) e1pywd18t03t9sjo0it7ekmn2jw7q40 0 170499 970175 964155 2026-10-21T17:33:06Z Salma Raddah 45959 970175 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ustad_performance_babulilm.jpg|thumb|Sibt-e-Jaafar (a tsakiya) yana jawabi ga majalis]]{{Databox}} [[Sayyid]] '''Sibte Jaffar Zaidi''' (Urdu) ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da Ustad Sibte Jaffar (Urdu: اُستاد سبطِ__hau____hau____hau__) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957) farfesa ne na Pakistan, mawaki, lauya, shugaban, mai karatun addini, marubuci kuma ma'aikacin zamantakewa.<ref name="thenews.com.pk">{{Cite web |title=The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-166042-Educationist-Sibte-Jafar-shot-dead |website=The News International |access-date=2026-09-13 |archive-date=2015-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206210642/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-166042-Educationist-Sibte-Jafar-shot-dead |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{Cite web |date=19 March 2013 |title=No one spared: Liaquatabad college loses its principal in shooting – The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/522884/no-one-spared-liaquatabad-college-loses-its-principal-in-shooting/}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2013 |title=Prof. Sibte Jafar laid to rest amid more attacks – The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/523440/prof-sibte-jafar-laid-to-rest-amid-more-attacks}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Sibt-e-Jaafar Zaidi a ranar 7 ga Maris 1957 a [[Karachi]], Sindh, Pakistan . Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar gwamnati a Liaquatabad kafin ya bi karatun sakandare a fannin fasaha da kimiyyar zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sibt-e-Jaafar Zaidi, Date of Birth, Place of Birth, Date of Death |url=https://www.bornglorious.com/person/?pi=7902167 |url-status=live |website=BornGlorious.com}}</ref> Baya ga rawar da ya taka a matsayin shugaban kwaleji da farfesa, Sibt‐e‐Jaafar Zaidi ya cancanci jarrabawar aikin gwamnati, gami da CSS (Central Superior Services) - ƙwarewar ƙwararru a Pakistan - kodayake ya zaɓi ya keɓe rayuwarsa ga ilimi da aikin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=smg_admin |date=2023-01-17 |title=Sibte Jaffar Hussain Zaidi: Victim of Slow Genocide Campaign – Sadiq Suleman Shia Muslim Genocide |url=https://shiamuslimgenocide.com/sibte-jaffar-hussain-zaidi-victim-of-slow-genocide-campaign-sadiq-suleman/,%20https://shiamuslimgenocide.com/sibte-jaffar-hussain-zaidi-victim-of-slow-genocide-campaign-sadiq-suleman/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya fara kwalejoji bakwai a cikin Sindh, kowannensu yana da tsada kusan Rs miliyan 6. Ya kafa cibiyoyin ilimi. Baya ga kula da fuka-fukan ilimi na kusan kungiyoyi biyar na jin dadin jama'a, ya kula da kungiyoyin agaji da yawa da marayu. Ya sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa daga Jami'ar Harvard . Ya gudanar da makaranta a Tando Adam inda Musulmi da Hindu suka yi karatu kyauta. Ya kasance mawaki, mai ilimi, shugaban kwaleji. An harbe shi lokacin da yake dawowa daga kwalejinsa a kan kekensa.[1] == Ayyukan zamantakewa == Sayyid Sibte Jaffar Zaidi ya shiga cikin kafa shirye-shiryen jin daɗi da ilimi. A shekara ta 2009, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gidauniyar JDC ta Pakistan, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan ayyukan gaggawa, kiwon lafiya, da tallafin ilimi a Pakistan. == Ayyuka da Littattafai == Sayyid Sibte Jaffar Zaidi ya rubuta kuma ya tattara littattafai da yawa na ilimi da na addini, gami da matani na ilimi don Nazarin Pakistan da Ilimin zamantakewa a matsakaici da matakan digiri, da kuma tarin waƙoƙin addini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dedicated to the Martyrs - KhanwadeAbuTalib.com |url=https://www.khanwadeabutalib.com/public/ilm/article/Dedicated-to-the-Martyrs/734/78 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.khanwadeabutalib.com}}</ref> Ayyukan da aka danganta shi sun haɗa da: == Manqabats == * Abu Turab Aaty Hain * Zahoor Ka Waqat Aa Gaya Ha * Jab Imam Ayenge * Jab Khuda Ko Pukara Ali Aa Gae * Ashaab They Kya Buzar O Salman Wagaira * Gar Ali Nahi Aatay Zindagi Nahi Aati == Mutuwa == [[File:Wadi-e-Hussain_Cemetery_(Karachi,_Pakistan).jpg|alt=Garveyard|thumb|415x415px|Kabarin Shaheed Ustad Sibt-e-jaafar yana cikin Kabarin Wadi-e-Hussain]] Mutane biyu ne suka harbe Sibt e Jaafar a kan babur a Liaquatabad, Karachi a ranar 18 ga Maris 2013.<ref name="thenews.com.pk" /><ref name="tribune.com.pk" /><ref name="ReferenceA" /> A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2013, an kama mutane biyu da ake zargi a Karachi.<ref name="thenews.com.pk" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2013-03-18 |title=No one spared: Liaquatabad college loses its principal in shooting |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/522884/no-one-spared-liaquatabad-college-loses-its-principal-in-shooting |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]] a8musf0btxjn1kqknuw3ne2b07jq7qv 0 174846 970258 947494 2026-10-21T23:18:11Z Salma Raddah 45959 970258 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Neraudia sericea''''' wani nau'in shuka ne mai fure wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa a cikin dangin nettle ba, wanda aka fi sani da '''Woodland ma'oloa''' . Yana da yawa a [[Hawaii]] . An samo shi a tsibiran Molokai, Maui, Lanai, da Kahoolawe, amma kwanan nan aka gan shi a Molokai da Maui. Mutane ƙasa da 200 ne suka rage. Wannan [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|nau'in halittar Amurka ne da aka lissafa a matsayin wacce ke fuskantar barazanar tsaro]] . Itace ce mai tsayin mita 3 zuwa 5 (ƙafa 10 zuwa 16) mai rassan gashi masu yawa. Ganyen mai siffar ellipse ko oval suna da tsayi tsakanin 4.5 da 13 cm (1.7 da 5.1 inci) kuma suna da gefuna masu santsi ko gefuna masu ɗan haƙori a kan ƙananan ganye. Saman ganyen yana da ɗan gashi kaɗan, kuma saman ganyen yana da yawa da gashin da ba a saba gani ba, launin toka zuwa fari mai laushi har zuwa tsawon mm 1 (inci 0.04) a kan jijiyoyin. Furannin mazan na iya zama marasa tushe ko kuma suna da gajerun ganye. Furannin mace ba su da ƙwaya kuma suna da calyx mai gashi mai yawa wanda ko dai yana da haƙori, kamar wuya, ko kuma ya rabu zuwa ƙananan sassa marasa daidaito. 'Ya'yan itacen suna da tsawon 1 mm (inci 0.04) tare da wani yanki mai kauri da aka raba daga ɓangaren tushe ta hanyar matsewa mai zurfi. Tsaba suna da siffar oval tare da takura a saman rabin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Woodland Ma'oloa (Neraudia sericea) |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/woodland-maoloa-neraudia-sericea |website=[[US Fish and Wildlife Service]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q6995937}}{{Clear}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gf7tc1sqmqt0wvnndw5uk05uerg1co0 970304 970258 2026-10-22T09:00:54Z Kamaf001 48297 970304 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Neraudia sericea''''' wani nau'in shuka ne mai fure wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa a cikin dangin nettle ba, wanda aka fi sani da '''Woodland ma'oloa''' . Yana da yawa a [[Hawaii]] . An samo shi a tsibiran Molokai, Maui, Lanai, da Kahoolawe, amma kwanan nan aka gan shi a Molokai da Maui. Mutane ƙasa da 200 ne suka rage. Wannan [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|nau'in halittar Amurka ne da aka lissafa a matsayin wacce ke fuskantar barazanar tsaro]] . Itace ce mai tsayin mita 3 zuwa 5 (ƙafa 10 zuwa 16) mai rassan gashi masu yawa. Ganyen mai siffar ellipse ko oval suna da tsayi tsakanin 4.5 da 13 cm {{1.7 da 5.1 inci}} kuma suna da gefuna masu santsi ko gefuna masu ɗan haƙori a kan ƙananan ganye. Saman ganyen yana da ɗan gashi kaɗan, kuma saman ganyen yana da yawa da gashin da ba a saba gani ba, launin toka zuwa fari mai laushi har zuwa tsawon mm 1 (inci 0.04) a kan jijiyoyin. Furannin mazan na iya zama marasa tushe ko kuma suna da gajerun ganye. Furannin mace ba su da ƙwaya kuma suna da calyx mai gashi mai yawa wanda ko dai yana da haƙori, kamar wuya, ko kuma ya rabu zuwa ƙananan sassa marasa daidaito. 'Ya'yan itacen suna da tsawon 1 mm (inci 0.04) tare da wani yanki mai kauri da aka raba daga ɓangaren tushe ta hanyar matsewa mai zurfi. Tsaba suna da siffar oval tare da takura a saman rabin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Woodland Ma'oloa (Neraudia sericea) |url=https://www.fws.gov/species/woodland-maoloa-neraudia-sericea |website=[[US Fish and Wildlife Service]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q6995937}}{{Clear}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 11ygpec39aysf788mvyml2n28i1k50b 0 175957 970259 950802 2026-10-21T23:19:54Z Salma Raddah 45959 970259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gidan adanawa na tsibirin Parramore wani yanki ne mai girman kadada 7,000 ( ) wanda ke cikin [[Virginia]]" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Accomack County, Virginia">Gundumar Accomack, Virginia, Amurka. Yana kan ɗayan tsibirai masu shingen da ke kusa da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]], shine mafi girman Yankin Yanayi na Jihar. Fiye da kilomita 7.5 (12.1 tsawo, yana da [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]] da yawa, dunes, scrubs, marshes, da al'ummomin halitta.<ref name="DCR_PINAP">{{Cite web |title=Parramore Island Natural Area Preserve |url=http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/natural-area-preserves/parramore |access-date=December 25, 2016 |publisher=Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation}}</ref> The Nature Conservancy ne ke mallakar ajiyar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Virginia Coast Reserve, wanda ya haɗa da ƙarin tsibirai 13 da ba a zaune ba. Kodayake ba a bude shi ga jama'a ba, ana iya samun damar yin bincike ko dalilai na ilimi daga The Nature Conservancy.<ref name="DCR_PINAP" /> == Manazarta == hffn81pfjde4489ex6v15cx0tks1hn7 970303 970259 2026-10-22T09:00:05Z Kamaf001 48297 970303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gidan adanawa na tsibirin Parramore wani yanki ne mai girman kadada 7,000 wanda ke cikin [[Virginia]]" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Accomack County, Virginia">Gundumar Accomack, Virginia, Amurka. Yana kan ɗayan tsibirai masu shingen da ke kusa da [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]], shine mafi girman Yankin Yanayi na Jihar. Fiye da kilomita 7.5 (12.1 tsawo, yana da [[Bakin teku|rairayin bakin teku]] da yawa, dunes, scrubs, marshes, da al'ummomin halitta.<ref name="DCR_PINAP">{{Cite web |title=Parramore Island Natural Area Preserve |url=http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural-heritage/natural-area-preserves/parramore |access-date=December 25, 2016 |publisher=Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation}}</ref> The Nature Conservancy ne ke mallakar ajiyar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Virginia Coast Reserve, wanda ya haɗa da ƙarin tsibirai 13 da ba a zaune ba. Kodayake ba a bude shi ga jama'a ba, ana iya samun damar yin bincike ko dalilai na ilimi daga The Nature Conservancy.<ref name="DCR_PINAP" /> == Manazarta == 1p10x7b9sow5fy1ckpmgt11ouix7q1q 0 179733 970337 970094 2026-10-22T09:21:34Z Kamaf001 48297 970337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Halyciae''' (Halykiai, Halykiae) shine tsohon sunan daya daga cikin ƙauyukan Elymians a tsibirin [[Sisiliya|Sicily]], wanda aka sani da ''Alicia'' a cikin ƙwarewar Italiyanci na baya-bayan nan. Kodayake ba a san inda yake a yanzu ba, binciken da Michael Kolb na Jami'ar Arewacin Illinois ya gudanar a Sicily ya nuna cewa an gina birnin Salemi na yanzu a lardin Trapani a kan rushewar tsohuwar Halyciae.[1] Abubuwan da aka gano sun rubuta kasancewar sauran ayyukan karni na 6 BC da kuma karni na (4th-3rd BC), suna ba da tabbaci ga ra'ayin cewa Salemi tsohuwar Halyciae ce. Duk da ƙarni na zamani da na zamani, kasancewar yumbu na zamanin Girka da mosaics a ko'ina cikin tsohon garin Salemi ya nuna kasancewar babban cibiyar kasuwanci da zama ta ƙarni na 4 BC.<ref>The Lost Settlement of Halikyai</ref> An kuma gudanar da tonowa a wani shafin da ke kusa da shi da aka sani da Monte Polizzo ta hanyar masu binciken tarihi daga Jami'ar Oslo da Soprintendenza di Trapani, tare da taimako daga Jami'an Gothenburg da [[Jami'ar Stanford]] da kuma ƙungiyar daga MiT. == Manazarta == q8uda4qpk41akszrtoydcpxhq7qak6k 0 179735 970336 970112 2026-10-22T09:20:59Z Kamaf001 48297 970336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bahija Jallal''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, a shekara ta 1961) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Meddings |first=Sabah |date=2021-05-02 |title=Interview: Bahija Jallal — Immunocore's cancer pioneer who hit the New York jackpot |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/interview-bahija-jallal-immunocores-cancer-pioneer-who-hit-the-new-york-jackpot-bm0jxk5cn |url-access=subscription |website=The Sunday Times}}</ref> ta kasance babban jami'ar zartarwa kuma darektan kwamitin Immunocore . Ta kasance shugabar MedImmune da AstraZeneca a baya. Kuma Ita memba ce ta majalisa ta Kwamitin Binciken Gwamnati-Jami'a-Masana'antu na Kwalejin Kimiyya, Injiniya da Magunguna na Kasa. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Jallal ta girma ne a [[Moroko|Maroko]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Immunocore's Bahija Jallal: 'There was fantastic science, but without financing, we could not go anywhere' |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f575e537-3d18-4aea-b19e-abb320a02b68 |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.ft.com}}</ref> Tana ɗaya daga cikin yara bakwai, kuma mahaifiyarta ta yi renonsu ita kaɗai saboda mahaifinta ta mutu tun tana ƙarama. Ta zama mai sha'awar kimiyya, ta fara samun karatun digiri a fannin ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Paris VI . Ta kasance mai bincike na postdoctoral a cikin ilmin halitta da oncology a Cibiyar Max Planck ta Biochemistry . <ref name=":0" /> == Bincike da kulawa == Jallal ta koma Amurka kuma ta koma masana'antar biotechnology.<ref name=":0" /> kuma ta fara shiga SUGEN, inda ta yi aiki a kan ƙananan kwayoyin anticancer kinase inhibitors. A farkon shekarun 2000 ta fara aiki a kan rigakafin monoclonal, a Kamfanin Chiron da MedImmune . A Chiron an sanya ta Mataimakin Shugaban Ci gaban Magunguna, kuma ta haɓaka ƙungiyar mai da hankali kan maganin fassara. A cikin 2019 an nada Jallal a matsayin shugaban zartarwa na Immunocore, wanda ke mai da hankali kan Masu karɓar T-cell don maganin salula. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=2019-03-08 |title=Bahija Jallal |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-019-00050-7 |journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery |language=en |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=246–247 |doi=10.1038/d41573-019-00050-7 |pmid=30936512 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Immunocore's Bahija Jallal embraced the 'a-ha' moment of promising science |url=https://www.pharmavoice.com/news/Immunocore-Bahija-Jalla-PRAME-platform/649500/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=PharmaVoice |language=en-US}}</ref> Sauran kamfanonin warkarwa na salula sun kasance Masu karɓar T-cell a kan sel na T ex vivo, Immunocore ta gano dabarun amfani da TCRs don ƙwayoyin halitta masu narkewa.<ref name=":1" /> Immunocore ta tara $ 320m na tallafin farko na jerin A, kuma an sanya Jallal alhakin tabbatar da ƙarin kuɗi. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> TCRs suna ba da dabarun sake tura sel T zuwa cikin kumburi.<ref name=":1" /> Immunocore sun haɓaka rigakafin cutar kansa wanda ke tattara monoclonal TCRs (ImmTACs), waɗanda ke da nau'i-nau'i (suna da iyakar halittu guda biyu). An tsara ƙarshen ɗaya don samun alaƙa da wani abu mai ƙayyade antigenic, kuma yana amfani da antigens don juya su cikin kayan aikin rigakafin cutar kansa. Sauran antigen yana da Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody don shiga tare da Kwayoyin T na polyclonal. Wannan yana nufin za su iya ɗaukar kowane CD3-positive T cells zuwa ciwon daji.<ref name=":1" /> Ana iya bayyana ImmTACs ɗin su ta hanyar escherichia coli, wanda ke sa su zama masu sauƙi da arha don sikelin. Baya ga yaki da ciwon daji, aikin haɗin CD3 yana ba da alkawari don amfani da tsarin rigakafi don yaki da cututtukan cututtuka, kuma canza aikin mai tasiri yana ba da bege na magance cutar autoimmune.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin 2023 Jallal ta fito tare da Jim Al-Khalili a kan The Life Scientific . <ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – The Life Scientific, Bahija Jallal on the biotech revolution in cancer therapies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001q670 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * 2017 Kungiyar Mata ta Kasuwanci ta Shekara <ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 Bahija Jallal {{!}} Healthcare Businesswomen's Association |url=https://hbanet.org/2017-bahija-jallal |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=hbanet.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2018 |title=Bahija Jallal: pharma's Woman of the Year in a landmark 12 months |url=https://pharmaphorum.com/views-analysis-oncology/bahija-jallal-pharmas-women-of-the-year-in-a-landmark-12-months |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=pharmaphorum |language=en}}</ref> * 2017 Shugaba na Kungiyar Mata a Kimiyya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Association for Women in Science Elects New Board Members to Focus on Innovation and Entrepreneurship in STEM |url=https://www.newswise.com/articles/association-for-women-in-science-elects-new-board-members-to-focus-on-innovation-and-entrepreneurship-in-stem |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=www.newswise.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] b6shfqnpkigonfsyud71inoecg4e2f1 0 179738 970147 2026-10-21T16:54:20Z Smshika 14840 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1380896443|River Ribble]]" 970147 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogin Ribble''' wani kogi ne wanda ke gudana ta Arewacin Yorkshire da koma Lancashire a Arewacin Ingila . Yana da tsawon kusan kilomita 75 (kilomita 121) daga asalinsa kusa da Selside a Ribblesdale zuwa bakin kogin Irish. Daga asalinsa, Ribble yana gudana a cikin kudu da ya wuce Settle, sannan ya juya kudu maso yamma kusa da Gisburn kuma yana gudana ta Clitheroe, Ribchester da Preston. Bakinsa yana kan Tekun Irish tsakanin Lytham St Annes da Southport . Yankunansa sun hada da Hodder da Calder, waɗanda suka haɗu da kogi ƙasa da mil 1 (1.6 kilomita) a nesa da Whalley a Lancashire; Darwen, wanda ya haɗu a Walton-le-Dale; da Douglas, wanda ya shiga kusa da Bankin Hesketh. Ribble ita ce kawai babbar kogi da ke tasowa a Yorkshire wanda ke gudana zuwa yamma. Kogin Ribble yana da muhimmancin muhalli. Ya zama wani ɓangare na Ribble da Alt Estuaries Ramsar site <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS): Ribble and Alt Estuaries |url=https://jncc.gov.uk/jncc-assets/RIS/UK11057.pdf |access-date=2026-03-23 |publisher=Joint Nature Conservation Committee}}</ref> da Ribble da Alto Estuaries Special Protection Area (SPA). <ref name="SPA">{{Cite web |title=Ribble and Alt Estuaries |url=https://jncc.gov.uk/jncc-assets/SPA-N2K/UK9005103.pdf |access-date=2026-03-23 |publisher=Joint Nature Conservation Committee}}</ref> Har ila yau, an haɗa kogin a cikin Yankin Kula da Ruwa na Ribble (MCZ), Yankin Ribble Estuary na Musamman na Kimiyya (SSSI), da kuma Yankin Yankin Ribbles.<ref name="MCZ">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-31 |title=Marine Conservation Zones: Ribble Estuary |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/marine-conservation-zones-ribble-estuary |access-date=2026-03-23 |publisher=Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs; Joint Nature Conservation Committee; Natural England}}</ref><ref name="SSSI">{{Cite web |date=2015-09-04 |title=Ribble Estuary SSSI / Ribble & Alt SPA Intertidal sediments condition monitoring (IPENS022) |url=https://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6272061418766336 |access-date=2026-03-23 |publisher=Natural England}}</ref><ref name="NNR">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-09 |title=Ribble Estuary National Nature Reserve: changes to site area and management |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ribble-estuary-national-nature-reserve-changes-to-site-area-and-management |access-date=2026-03-23 |publisher=Natural England}}</ref> == Magana == Sunan ''Ribble'' na iya zama tsari na Brittonic.<ref name="bliton">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Alan |title=A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence |url=https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2019_Edition.pdf |access-date=13 October 2019 |website=SPNS – The Brittonic Language in the Old North}}</ref> Abu na biyu shine sunan ''*pol'', tare da ma'ana ciki har da "puddle, tafki, upland-stream" ([[Harshen Welsh|Welsh]] ''pwll''). <ref name="bliton" /> Na farko shine ''rö-'', prefix mai zurfi, tare da sunaye ma'anar "babban" (Welsh ''rhy-'', Cornish re-). <ref name="bliton" /> Ribble na iya kasancewa sananne a matsayin ''*Bremetonā-'', wanda ke haifar da sunan ''Bremetenacum'', sansanin Romawa a Ribchester . <ref name="bliton" /> An haɗa shi a nan shine tushen Brittonic ''*breμ-'', ma'ana "dariya" (cf. Welsh ''brefu''), <ref name="bliton" /> kamar yadda aka lura a sunayen kogin Breamish a Northumberland, <ref name="bliton" /> Braan a Scotland da Brefi a Wales.<ref name="bliton" /> == Tarihi == Abubuwan Neolithic zuwa Saxon da aka gano daga Kogin Ribble yayin kirkirar Preston Docks da sauransu sun nuna cewa mutum ya kasance a yankin na dogon lokaci. Kogin Ribble ya bambanta gaba ɗaya a lokacin kuma iyakar bakin teku mai yiwuwa ta kasance a cikin ƙasa fiye da yadda yake a yanzu inda aka dawo da ƙasa kuma marsh ɗin ya faɗaɗa zuwa cikin Kogin Ribbles saboda lalacewa. Ribble zai bayyana cewa an san shi a zamanin Roman a matsayin Belisama, mai yiwuwa ya ba da sunansa ga Samlesbury. "Belisama aest" na Ptolemy da alama yana wakiltar bakin kogin Ribble. Bremetennacum wani sansanin soja ne na Romawa wanda ke kula da hanyar ƙetare kogi a Ribchester . An gano ragowar wani shafin Roman a Walton-le-Dale a tsakiyar karni na 19. An gano Cuerdale Hoard, mafi girman kayan azurfa na Viking da aka taɓa samu a waje da [[Rasha]] a cikin 1840 a gefen kudancin kogin, a Cuerdale kusa da Preston . Yayinda aka samo azurfa na Mitton Hoard a kusa da inda wannan kogi ya haɗu da Kogin Hodder a cikin 2009. A wani lokaci Ribble ya nuna iyakar arewacin tsohuwar masarautar Mercia . <ref name="factsheet">{{Cite web |title=River Ribble Factsheet (pdf file) |url=http://merseybasin.org.uk/archive/assets/6/original/RIVER_RIBBLE_FACTSHEET.pdf |access-date=15 August 2015 |publisher=Mersey Basin Campaign Official Website}}</ref> A lokacin Domesday Book, kogin ya zama iyakar arewacin wani yanki na ƙasa (wanda aka sani da ''Inter Ripam da Mersam'') wanda aka haɗa shi a cikin bayanan Domesday na Cheshire, kodayake mai yiwuwa ba a cikin gundumar Cheshire ba. <ref>Harris and Thacker (1987). write on page 252: {{Blockquote|Certainly there were links between Cheshire and south Lancashire before 1000, when [[Wulfric Spot]] held lands in both territories. Wulfric's estates remained grouped together after his death, when they were left to his brother [[Ælfhelm of York|Aelfhelm]], and indeed there still seems to have been some kind of connexion in 1086, when south Lancashire was surveyed together with Cheshire by the Domesday commissioners. Nevertheless, the two territories do seem to have been distinguished from one another in some way and it is not certain that the [[Shire court|shire-moot]] and the [[Reeve (England)|reeves]] referred to in the south Lancashire section of Domesday were the Cheshire ones.}}</ref><ref>Crosby, A. (1996). writes on page 31: {{Blockquote|The Domesday Survey (1086) included south Lancashire with Cheshire for convenience, but the Mersey, the name of which means 'boundary river' is known to have divided the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia and there is no doubt that this was the real boundary.}}</ref> Magoya bayan Cistercian ne suka kafa Sawley Abbey a cikin 1147, a wani karkata a cikin kogi. An yi tunanin cewa 'yan majami'a sun gina wani weir don samar da tseren niƙa wanda ke ba da wutar lantarki ga niƙa masara a cikin yankin abbey. [[File:Weir_at_Waddow_Hall_on_the_River_Ribble_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2224722.jpg|thumb|Brungerley Weir kusa da Waddow Hall .]] Bayan da aka ci shi a Yaƙin Hexham a cikin 1464 (a lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Roses), Sarki Henry VI ya ɓoye a gidaje da yawa na magoya bayansa. Kadan fiye da shekara guda bayan haka ya kasance a Waddington Hall a Waddton . A ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1465, wani rukuni na Yorkists, ciki har da ɗan'uwan mai mallakar, sun isa zauren don kama shi. Da yake tserewa cikin dazuzzuka da ke kusa, an kama Henry ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya haye kogi a tsoffin duwatsu a Brungerley . A kusa da shekara ta 1785, an gina babban weir a fadin kogi, dan kadan a cikin Waddow Hall, don samar da ruwa ga ma'aikatar auduga a Low Moor. Shafin ya dogara da wutar lantarki har zuwa rufewa a kusa da 1930, kodayake ƙafafun ruwa a hankali sun ba da damar Turbines na ruwa kuma an kara su da injunan tururi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ashmore |first=Owen |year=1963–1964 |title=Low Moor, Clitheroe: A Nineteenth-Century Factory Community |journal=Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society |location=Manchester |volume=73–74 |pages=125–128, 132–133, 138}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2009, an gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Archimedean a Settle weir kusa da Bridge End Mill. An gina shi ne don kamfani mallakar al'umma, Settle Hydro, shafin ya fara aiki a ƙarshen shekara. Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2024, janareta ya samar da kWh miliyan 1.2 na wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Settle Hydro – A pioneering, community-owned, hydroelectric scheme |url=https://www.settlehydro.org.uk/ |publisher=Settle Hydro Limited}}</ref> An gina Samlesbury Weir a cikin shekarun 1970s a matsayin tashar ma'aunin ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin ruwa na gida don manufar auna ƙananan ruwa a kan Kogin Ribble. Tsarin daga baya ya zama mara amfani. A cikin 2020 an cire shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin sabunta kogi da aka nufa don kara yawan halittu da kuma sauƙaƙe wucewar kyauta na nau'in kifi masu ƙaura, gami da salmon, smelt da eels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2020 |title=Work has started to remove Samlesbury Weir on the River Ribble |url=https://www.blogpreston.co.uk/2020/05/work-has-started-to-remove-samlesbury-weir-on-the-river-ribble/ |access-date=18 March 2026 |website=Blog Preston}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Samlesbury Weir, Ribble River, UK |url=https://damremoval.eu/portfolio/samlesbury-weir-ribble-river-uk/ |access-date=18 March 2026 |website=Dam Removal Europe}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Stainforth_Force_-_geograph.org.uk_-_433067.jpg|thumb|Ƙarfin Stainforth]] Ribble ya fara ne a wurin haɗuwa ''Gayle Beck'' da Batty Wife Beck kusa da viaduct a Ribblehead, a cikin inuwa na Yorkshire Three Peaks. Ita ce kawai babbar kogi da ke tasowa a Yorkshire wanda ke gudana zuwa yamma. Yana gudana ta hanyar Settle, Clitheroe, Ribchester da Preston, kafin ya shiga cikin Tekun Irish tsakanin Lytham St Annes da Southport, tsawon mil 75 (kilomita 121). Babban maɓuɓɓugarsa sune Hodder da Calder waɗanda suka haɗu da kogi kusa da Great Mitton, Kogin Darwen wanda ya haɗu a Walton-le-Dale da Kogin Douglas wanda ya haɗuwa kusa da Bankin Hesketh. Sama da Hellifield kwarin kogin an san shi da Ribblesdale . Hanyar Ribble hanya ce mai nisa wacce ke bin kogi don yawancin tafiyarsa. Kogin yana da alaƙa da Leeds da Liverpool Canal da Lancaster Canal (ta hanyar Ribble Link). Kogin da ke ƙasa da Preston an haƙa shi sosai lokacin da Preston ya kasance tashar jiragen ruwa mai aiki; wannan ba a sake yin shi ba kuma yaduwa daga kogin yanzu yana yaduwa a kan rairayin bakin teku (sand) a kusa da [[Lytham St Annes#St Annes|St Annes]]">Fairhaven da St Annes. Koginsa mai faɗin kilomita 10 (16 ya zama wani ɓangare na Ribble da Alt Estuaries Special Protection Area for wildlife. Matsakaicin tsuntsayen ruwa 340,000 a cikin hunturu a cikin bakin teku yana mai da shi mafi mahimmancin wuri mai laushi a Burtaniya. Ribble kuma muhimmiyar wurin kiwo ce ga Salmon na Atlantic da ke cikin haɗari.<ref name="factsheet" /> Mutane miliyan 1.25 suna zaune a yankin Ribble.<ref name="factsheet" /> == Tsarin ruwa da hanyoyin ruwa == Yankin Tushen Ruwa na al'ada (NTL) na kogin yana a Fishwick Bottoms, tsakanin Preston da Walton-le-Dale, mil 11 (18 daga teku.<ref name="factsheet" /> Kogin Ribble yana da raƙuman ruwa na uku mafi girma a Ingila, tare da raƙummai da ke gudana a {{Convert|4|kn|mph km/h|0}} mph; 7 km / h) da kewayon raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa a bakin kogin na {{Convert|9|m}} a lokacin raƙuman bazara. [[File:River_Ribble_bore.jpg|alt=A tidal bore wave moves along the River Ribble between the entrance to the river Douglas and Preston.|thumb|Ruwa ya tashi a kan Ribble, tsakanin Kogin Douglas da Preston]] The estuary is strongly flood-dominant. At Preston the flood tide lasts approximately 2.5 hours compared with an ebb duration of around 10 hours, and peak flood velocities exceed those of the ebb. On spring tides, a tidal bore can travel upstream as far as Preston Dock at speeds of approximately {{Convert|4|kn|mph km/h|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eccles |first=J. |title=Ribble Pilot |url=https://prestonmarina.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Ribble-Pilot-J-Eccles-Preston-Marina.pdf |access-date=18 March 2026 |publisher=Preston Marina |page=16}}</ref> The bore's wave height at Hutton Sands can be {{Convert|3|feet}} and decreases as it travels further up-river.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} A kan Kogin Ribble, ruwan da ke gudana yana aiki ne a matsayin "gaba," na hydrodynamic wanda ke nuna sauyawa daga tsawo mai zurfi zuwa ambaliyar ruwa. Yayinda Tekun Irish ya tashi sama da sa'o'i shida, ƙarancin ganuwar horo na ƙarni na 19 ya sa hawan ruwa ya zama mai yawa, yana matse lokacin ambaliyar a Preston zuwa kusan minti 90. Rashin yawanci ya isa iyakar ruwa na minti 60-90 Kifi Babban Ruwa; kodayake guguwar da ake gani sau da yawa tana ɓacewa sosai kafin ta kai ga sandstone a Fishwick, isowarta tana ba da ƙarfin hydraulic wanda ke fitar da halin yanzu a kan kwararar da ke akwai. Wannan yana kula da halayyar kogin "daga lokaci", inda halin yanzu ke ci gaba da gudana cikin ƙasa koda bayan matakin ruwa na tsaye ya kai matsakaicin tsawo. A bakin bakin kogin, kusa da Lytham St Annes, sake zagayowar ruwa yana bin daidaitattun ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, tare da ambaliyar ruwa da lokacin raguwa kusan daidai. Koyaya, yayin da hawan ruwa ke tafiya mil 15 (24 a cikin ƙasa zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Preston da bayan haka, yana canzawa zuwa ƙuƙwalwar saw-tooth. Wani abu mai mahimmanci na wannan karkatarwa a iyakar ruwa shine Babban Ruwa, "dutse mai tsaye" inda matakin ruwa ya kasance a tsaye a matsakaicin tsawo na minti 45-60. Wannan tsayawa yawanci ya kai kusan mil daya daga cikin ruwa daga iyakar ruwa a Fishwick Bottoms, inda dutsen sandstone mai tasowa ya haifar da tasirin "ruwa" na ruwa. A wannan lokacin, tsawo na tsaye da kwarara na kwance ba su da wani lokaci; ambaliyar ruwa na iya ci gaba da gudana sama saboda karfin hydraulic ko da bayan "Stand" na tsaye ya fara. Kodayake matakin ruwa ya daina tashi, wannan ci gaba da shigowa yana haifar da "haɗuwa ta kwarara," inda ƙarfin ruwa mai shigowa ya ɓace akan girman ruwa mai dawowa. Wannan yana haifar da dogon lokaci na Ruwa mai laushi (na yanzu mai saurin gaske) wanda zai iya ɗaukar kusan awa ɗaya a iyakar ruwa, idan aka kwatanta da ɗan gajeren canjin minti 15 da aka lura a bakin tekun. Tun lokacin da kogin Ribble ya daina, kogin yana cike da yashi kuma yana haɓaka hanyar da ke motsawa, dangane da raƙuman ruwa da kogin kogin. Bugu da kari, yawancin masu ba da gudummawa suna gudana cikin babban tashar ciki har da Savick Brook / Ribble Link, yayin da Kogin Douglas, yana da tasiri sosai a kan jigilar turɓaya da hydrodynamics na bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2007 |title=A Vertically Resolving Model Of Sediment And Radionuclide Transport For The Ribble Estuary |url=http://www.srp-uk.org/srpcdrom/p8-4.doc |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018024442/http://www.srp-uk.org/srpcdrom/p8-4.doc |archive-date=18 October 2007 |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> == Jirgin Sama na zamani == Bayan rufe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Preston zuwa zirga-zirgar kasuwanci a cikin 1981, kewayawa a kan Kogin Ribble ya sauya zuwa nishaɗi da amfani da nishaɗi da iyakantaccen isar da kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2016 |title=How time was called on Preston Docks |url=https://www.lep.co.uk/news/how-time-was-called-on-preston-docks-765403 |access-date=18 March 2026 |website=Lancashire Evening Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2024 |title=Preston Docks closure as huge electrical transformer being delivered |url=https://www.blogpreston.co.uk/2024/08/preston-docks-closure-as-huge-electrical-transformer-being-delivered/ |access-date=18 March 2026 |website=Blog Preston}}</ref> Kogin yana gabatar da manyan ƙalubale saboda yanayin macro-tidal, wanda ke nuna raƙuman ruwa 4 da na uku mafi girma a Ingila. Tun lokacin da aka dakatar da harkar kasuwanci a farkon shekarun 1980, tashar ta fara cikawa da laka kuma sake kafa hanyar da ke yawo, yana sa kewayawa ta dogara sosai da windows na ruwa mai zurfi Millennium Ribble Link yana ba da haɗin zamani mai mahimmanci, yana ba da damar jirgin ruwa na ciki don tsallaka Ribble don isa tsarin tashar da aka raba a baya.<ref name="RRT">{{Cite web |title=The River Ribble and it's tributaries |url=https://ribbletrust.org.uk/our-rivers/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Ribble Rivers Trust}}</ref><ref name="vdw2002">{{Cite journal |last=van der Wal |first=D. |last2=Pye |first2=K. |last3=Neal |first3=A. |year=2002 |title=Long-term morphological change in the Ribble Estuary, northwest England |journal=Marine Geology |volume=189 |issue=3–4 |pages=249–266 |doi=10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00476-0}}</ref><ref name="CRT">{{Cite web |title=Ribble Link |url=https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/canals-and-rivers/ribble-link |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Canal & River Trust}}</ref><ref name="IWA">{{Cite web |title=Ribble Link |url=https://waterways.org.uk/waterways/discover-the-waterways/ribble-link |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Inland Waterways Association}}</ref> === Tekun Irish zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Preston === Gudun ruwa daga Tekun Irish zuwa tsohon tashar jiragen ruwa na Preston (yanzu Preston Marina) yana buƙatar bin ka'idoji da kuma lokutan ruwa saboda sauyawa yashi da kasancewar ganuwar horo a cikin ruwa.<ref name="RibblePilot">{{Cite web |last=Eccles |first=J. |title=The Ribble Pilot: Sailing Directions for the River Ribble to Preston Marina |url=https://prestonmarina.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Ribble-Pilot-J-Eccles-Preston-Marina.pdf |access-date=18 March 2024 |publisher=Preston Marina}}</ref> '''Gut Buoy''' (53° 42.45' N, 03° 04.30' W) alama ce ta sauyawa daga bakin teku na waje zuwa ga karamin tashar "Gut", yana aiki a matsayin ƙofar teku zuwa ga hanyar da aka ƙuntata ta bangon horo na dutse. === Hanyar Hanyar Hadin Gida === Millennium Ribble Link yana ba da hanyar tafiya tsakanin Leeds da Liverpool Canal (ta hanyar Kogin Douglas) da Lancaster Canal (ta wurin Savick Brook). <ref name="RibbleLink">{{Cite web |title=Navigating the Millennium Ribble Link |url=https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/canals-and-rivers/ribble-link |access-date=18 March 2024 |publisher=[[Canal & River Trust]]}}</ref> Gudanar da ƙetarewar ruwa ana jagorantar ta Asland Lamp (ma'aunin kilomita 5), wanda ake amfani dashi azaman ma'anar kewayawa a cikin umarnin sashi don Ribble Link . == Hanyar wucewa == Akwai gadar a Edisford, Clitheroe a cikin 1339. Ba a san shekarun gadar sandstone ta yanzu ba, amma sassan suna dauke da siffofi da ke nuna cewa suna iya kasancewa zuwa ƙarshen zamanin da. Babbar Ribchester ta yanzu ta kasance daga shekara ta 1774. Ya maye gurbin wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1669, wanda kuma yana da wanda ya riga shi na shekarun da ba a sani ba. Shaidar gada tsakanin Preston da Walton-le-Dale ta faru ne a cikin wani aiki a farkon karni na 13. An gina gadar dutse a farkon 1400s, mai yiwuwa a yammacin Walton Bridge na yanzu wanda aka kammala a 1781. Har zuwa 1755 wannan ita ce kawai gada a kan Ribble a Preston . An kammala yunkurin farko na gina gada kai tsaye zuwa Penwortham a cikin 1755, kawai don rushewa a shekara mai zuwa. An buɗe Tsohon gadar Penwortham a cikin 1759 don maye gurbin ta. A cikin 1802 Kamfanin Lancaster Canal ya kammala gadar katako don sauƙaƙe Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta wucin gadi don haɗa ɓangarorin biyu na tashar. Ba a kammala ɓangaren da ya ɓace ba kuma, kodayake an canza shi sosai, Old Tram Bridge da ba a amfani da shi ba har yanzu yana tsaye a yau. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kd1d2uwmmkf6ee6yi4u2cjt1ndr86j6 970148 970147 2026-10-21T16:55:13Z Smshika 14840 970148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Ribble''' wani kogi ne wanda ke gudana ta Arewacin Yorkshire da koma Lancashire a Arewacin Ingila . Yana da tsawon kusan kilomita 75 (kilomita 121) daga asalinsa kusa da Selside a Ribblesdale zuwa bakin kogin Irish. Daga asalinsa, Ribble yana gudana a cikin kudu da ya wuce Settle, sannan ya juya kudu maso yamma kusa da Gisburn kuma yana gudana ta Clitheroe, Ribchester da Preston. Bakinsa yana kan Tekun Irish tsakanin Lytham St Annes da Southport . Yankunansa sun hada da Hodder da Calder, waɗanda suka haɗu da kogi ƙasa da mil 1 (1.6 kilomita) a nesa da Whalley a Lancashire; Darwen, wanda ya haɗu a Walton-le-Dale; da Douglas, wanda ya shiga kusa da Bankin Hesketh. Ribble ita ce kawai babbar kogi da ke tasowa a Yorkshire wanda ke gudana zuwa yamma. Kogin Ribble yana da muhimmancin muhalli. Ya zama wani ɓangare na Ribble da Alt Estuaries Ramsar site <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS): Ribble and Alt Estuaries |url=https://jncc.gov.uk/jncc-assets/RIS/UK11057.pdf |access-date=2026-03-23 |publisher=Joint Nature Conservation Committee}}</ref> da Ribble da Alto Estuaries Special Protection Area (SPA). <ref name="SPA">{{Cite web |title=Ribble and Alt Estuaries |url=https://jncc.gov.uk/jncc-assets/SPA-N2K/UK9005103.pdf |access-date=2026-03-23 |publisher=Joint Nature Conservation Committee}}</ref> Har ila yau, an haɗa kogin a cikin Yankin Kula da Ruwa na Ribble (MCZ), Yankin Ribble Estuary na Musamman na Kimiyya (SSSI), da kuma Yankin Yankin Ribbles.<ref name="MCZ">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-31 |title=Marine Conservation Zones: Ribble Estuary |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/marine-conservation-zones-ribble-estuary |access-date=2026-03-23 |publisher=Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs; Joint Nature Conservation Committee; Natural England}}</ref><ref name="SSSI">{{Cite web |date=2015-09-04 |title=Ribble Estuary SSSI / Ribble & Alt SPA Intertidal sediments condition monitoring (IPENS022) |url=https://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6272061418766336 |access-date=2026-03-23 |publisher=Natural England}}</ref><ref name="NNR">{{Cite web |date=2020-12-09 |title=Ribble Estuary National Nature Reserve: changes to site area and management |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ribble-estuary-national-nature-reserve-changes-to-site-area-and-management |access-date=2026-03-23 |publisher=Natural England}}</ref> == Magana == Sunan ''Ribble'' na iya zama tsari na Brittonic.<ref name="bliton">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Alan |title=A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence |url=https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2019_Edition.pdf |access-date=13 October 2019 |website=SPNS – The Brittonic Language in the Old North}}</ref> Abu na biyu shine sunan ''*pol'', tare da ma'ana ciki har da "puddle, tafki, upland-stream" ([[Harshen Welsh|Welsh]] ''pwll''). <ref name="bliton" /> Na farko shine ''rö-'', prefix mai zurfi, tare da sunaye ma'anar "babban" (Welsh ''rhy-'', Cornish re-). <ref name="bliton" /> Ribble na iya kasancewa sananne a matsayin ''*Bremetonā-'', wanda ke haifar da sunan ''Bremetenacum'', sansanin Romawa a Ribchester . <ref name="bliton" /> An haɗa shi a nan shine tushen Brittonic ''*breμ-'', ma'ana "dariya" (cf. Welsh ''brefu''), <ref name="bliton" /> kamar yadda aka lura a sunayen kogin Breamish a Northumberland, <ref name="bliton" /> Braan a Scotland da Brefi a Wales.<ref name="bliton" /> == Tarihi == Abubuwan Neolithic zuwa Saxon da aka gano daga Kogin Ribble yayin kirkirar Preston Docks da sauransu sun nuna cewa mutum ya kasance a yankin na dogon lokaci. Kogin Ribble ya bambanta gaba ɗaya a lokacin kuma iyakar bakin teku mai yiwuwa ta kasance a cikin ƙasa fiye da yadda yake a yanzu inda aka dawo da ƙasa kuma marsh ɗin ya faɗaɗa zuwa cikin Kogin Ribbles saboda lalacewa. Ribble zai bayyana cewa an san shi a zamanin Roman a matsayin Belisama, mai yiwuwa ya ba da sunansa ga Samlesbury. "Belisama aest" na Ptolemy da alama yana wakiltar bakin kogin Ribble. Bremetennacum wani sansanin soja ne na Romawa wanda ke kula da hanyar ƙetare kogi a Ribchester . An gano ragowar wani shafin Roman a Walton-le-Dale a tsakiyar karni na 19. An gano Cuerdale Hoard, mafi girman kayan azurfa na Viking da aka taɓa samu a waje da [[Rasha]] a cikin 1840 a gefen kudancin kogin, a Cuerdale kusa da Preston . Yayinda aka samo azurfa na Mitton Hoard a kusa da inda wannan kogi ya haɗu da Kogin Hodder a cikin 2009. A wani lokaci Ribble ya nuna iyakar arewacin tsohuwar masarautar Mercia . <ref name="factsheet">{{Cite web |title=River Ribble Factsheet (pdf file) |url=http://merseybasin.org.uk/archive/assets/6/original/RIVER_RIBBLE_FACTSHEET.pdf |access-date=15 August 2015 |publisher=Mersey Basin Campaign Official Website}}</ref> A lokacin Domesday Book, kogin ya zama iyakar arewacin wani yanki na ƙasa (wanda aka sani da ''Inter Ripam da Mersam'') wanda aka haɗa shi a cikin bayanan Domesday na Cheshire, kodayake mai yiwuwa ba a cikin gundumar Cheshire ba. <ref>Harris and Thacker (1987). write on page 252: {{Blockquote|Certainly there were links between Cheshire and south Lancashire before 1000, when [[Wulfric Spot]] held lands in both territories. Wulfric's estates remained grouped together after his death, when they were left to his brother [[Ælfhelm of York|Aelfhelm]], and indeed there still seems to have been some kind of connexion in 1086, when south Lancashire was surveyed together with Cheshire by the Domesday commissioners. Nevertheless, the two territories do seem to have been distinguished from one another in some way and it is not certain that the [[Shire court|shire-moot]] and the [[Reeve (England)|reeves]] referred to in the south Lancashire section of Domesday were the Cheshire ones.}}</ref><ref>Crosby, A. (1996). writes on page 31: {{Blockquote|The Domesday Survey (1086) included south Lancashire with Cheshire for convenience, but the Mersey, the name of which means 'boundary river' is known to have divided the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia and there is no doubt that this was the real boundary.}}</ref> Magoya bayan Cistercian ne suka kafa Sawley Abbey a cikin 1147, a wani karkata a cikin kogi. An yi tunanin cewa 'yan majami'a sun gina wani weir don samar da tseren niƙa wanda ke ba da wutar lantarki ga niƙa masara a cikin yankin abbey. [[File:Weir_at_Waddow_Hall_on_the_River_Ribble_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2224722.jpg|thumb|Brungerley Weir kusa da Waddow Hall .]] Bayan da aka ci shi a Yaƙin Hexham a cikin 1464 (a lokacin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Roses), Sarki Henry VI ya ɓoye a gidaje da yawa na magoya bayansa. Kadan fiye da shekara guda bayan haka ya kasance a Waddington Hall a Waddton . A ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1465, wani rukuni na Yorkists, ciki har da ɗan'uwan mai mallakar, sun isa zauren don kama shi. Da yake tserewa cikin dazuzzuka da ke kusa, an kama Henry ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya haye kogi a tsoffin duwatsu a Brungerley . A kusa da shekara ta 1785, an gina babban weir a fadin kogi, dan kadan a cikin Waddow Hall, don samar da ruwa ga ma'aikatar auduga a Low Moor. Shafin ya dogara da wutar lantarki har zuwa rufewa a kusa da 1930, kodayake ƙafafun ruwa a hankali sun ba da damar Turbines na ruwa kuma an kara su da injunan tururi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ashmore |first=Owen |year=1963–1964 |title=Low Moor, Clitheroe: A Nineteenth-Century Factory Community |journal=Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society |location=Manchester |volume=73–74 |pages=125–128, 132–133, 138}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2009, an gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Archimedean a Settle weir kusa da Bridge End Mill. An gina shi ne don kamfani mallakar al'umma, Settle Hydro, shafin ya fara aiki a ƙarshen shekara. Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2024, janareta ya samar da kWh miliyan 1.2 na wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Settle Hydro – A pioneering, community-owned, hydroelectric scheme |url=https://www.settlehydro.org.uk/ |publisher=Settle Hydro Limited}}</ref> An gina Samlesbury Weir a cikin shekarun 1970s a matsayin tashar ma'aunin ruwa ta hanyar hukumomin ruwa na gida don manufar auna ƙananan ruwa a kan Kogin Ribble. Tsarin daga baya ya zama mara amfani. A cikin 2020 an cire shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin sabunta kogi da aka nufa don kara yawan halittu da kuma sauƙaƙe wucewar kyauta na nau'in kifi masu ƙaura, gami da salmon, smelt da eels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2020 |title=Work has started to remove Samlesbury Weir on the River Ribble |url=https://www.blogpreston.co.uk/2020/05/work-has-started-to-remove-samlesbury-weir-on-the-river-ribble/ |access-date=18 March 2026 |website=Blog Preston}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Samlesbury Weir, Ribble River, UK |url=https://damremoval.eu/portfolio/samlesbury-weir-ribble-river-uk/ |access-date=18 March 2026 |website=Dam Removal Europe}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Stainforth_Force_-_geograph.org.uk_-_433067.jpg|thumb|Ƙarfin Stainforth]] Ribble ya fara ne a wurin haɗuwa ''Gayle Beck'' da Batty Wife Beck kusa da viaduct a Ribblehead, a cikin inuwa na Yorkshire Three Peaks. Ita ce kawai babbar kogi da ke tasowa a Yorkshire wanda ke gudana zuwa yamma. Yana gudana ta hanyar Settle, Clitheroe, Ribchester da Preston, kafin ya shiga cikin Tekun Irish tsakanin Lytham St Annes da Southport, tsawon mil 75 (kilomita 121). Babban maɓuɓɓugarsa sune Hodder da Calder waɗanda suka haɗu da kogi kusa da Great Mitton, Kogin Darwen wanda ya haɗu a Walton-le-Dale da Kogin Douglas wanda ya haɗuwa kusa da Bankin Hesketh. Sama da Hellifield kwarin kogin an san shi da Ribblesdale . Hanyar Ribble hanya ce mai nisa wacce ke bin kogi don yawancin tafiyarsa. Kogin yana da alaƙa da Leeds da Liverpool Canal da Lancaster Canal (ta hanyar Ribble Link). Kogin da ke ƙasa da Preston an haƙa shi sosai lokacin da Preston ya kasance tashar jiragen ruwa mai aiki; wannan ba a sake yin shi ba kuma yaduwa daga kogin yanzu yana yaduwa a kan rairayin bakin teku (sand) a kusa da [[Lytham St Annes#St Annes|St Annes]]">Fairhaven da St Annes. Koginsa mai faɗin kilomita 10 (16 ya zama wani ɓangare na Ribble da Alt Estuaries Special Protection Area for wildlife. Matsakaicin tsuntsayen ruwa 340,000 a cikin hunturu a cikin bakin teku yana mai da shi mafi mahimmancin wuri mai laushi a Burtaniya. Ribble kuma muhimmiyar wurin kiwo ce ga Salmon na Atlantic da ke cikin haɗari.<ref name="factsheet" /> Mutane miliyan 1.25 suna zaune a yankin Ribble.<ref name="factsheet" /> == Tsarin ruwa da hanyoyin ruwa == Yankin Tushen Ruwa na al'ada (NTL) na kogin yana a Fishwick Bottoms, tsakanin Preston da Walton-le-Dale, mil 11 (18 daga teku.<ref name="factsheet" /> Kogin Ribble yana da raƙuman ruwa na uku mafi girma a Ingila, tare da raƙummai da ke gudana a {{Convert|4|kn|mph km/h|0}} mph; 7 km / h) da kewayon raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa a bakin kogin na {{Convert|9|m}} a lokacin raƙuman bazara. [[File:River_Ribble_bore.jpg|alt=A tidal bore wave moves along the River Ribble between the entrance to the river Douglas and Preston.|thumb|Ruwa ya tashi a kan Ribble, tsakanin Kogin Douglas da Preston]] The estuary is strongly flood-dominant. At Preston the flood tide lasts approximately 2.5 hours compared with an ebb duration of around 10 hours, and peak flood velocities exceed those of the ebb. On spring tides, a tidal bore can travel upstream as far as Preston Dock at speeds of approximately {{Convert|4|kn|mph km/h|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eccles |first=J. |title=Ribble Pilot |url=https://prestonmarina.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Ribble-Pilot-J-Eccles-Preston-Marina.pdf |access-date=18 March 2026 |publisher=Preston Marina |page=16}}</ref> The bore's wave height at Hutton Sands can be {{Convert|3|feet}} and decreases as it travels further up-river.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2026}} A kan Kogin Ribble, ruwan da ke gudana yana aiki ne a matsayin "gaba," na hydrodynamic wanda ke nuna sauyawa daga tsawo mai zurfi zuwa ambaliyar ruwa. Yayinda Tekun Irish ya tashi sama da sa'o'i shida, ƙarancin ganuwar horo na ƙarni na 19 ya sa hawan ruwa ya zama mai yawa, yana matse lokacin ambaliyar a Preston zuwa kusan minti 90. Rashin yawanci ya isa iyakar ruwa na minti 60-90 Kifi Babban Ruwa; kodayake guguwar da ake gani sau da yawa tana ɓacewa sosai kafin ta kai ga sandstone a Fishwick, isowarta tana ba da ƙarfin hydraulic wanda ke fitar da halin yanzu a kan kwararar da ke akwai. Wannan yana kula da halayyar kogin "daga lokaci", inda halin yanzu ke ci gaba da gudana cikin ƙasa koda bayan matakin ruwa na tsaye ya kai matsakaicin tsawo. A bakin bakin kogin, kusa da Lytham St Annes, sake zagayowar ruwa yana bin daidaitattun ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, tare da ambaliyar ruwa da lokacin raguwa kusan daidai. Koyaya, yayin da hawan ruwa ke tafiya mil 15 (24 a cikin ƙasa zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Preston da bayan haka, yana canzawa zuwa ƙuƙwalwar saw-tooth. Wani abu mai mahimmanci na wannan karkatarwa a iyakar ruwa shine Babban Ruwa, "dutse mai tsaye" inda matakin ruwa ya kasance a tsaye a matsakaicin tsawo na minti 45-60. Wannan tsayawa yawanci ya kai kusan mil daya daga cikin ruwa daga iyakar ruwa a Fishwick Bottoms, inda dutsen sandstone mai tasowa ya haifar da tasirin "ruwa" na ruwa. A wannan lokacin, tsawo na tsaye da kwarara na kwance ba su da wani lokaci; ambaliyar ruwa na iya ci gaba da gudana sama saboda karfin hydraulic ko da bayan "Stand" na tsaye ya fara. Kodayake matakin ruwa ya daina tashi, wannan ci gaba da shigowa yana haifar da "haɗuwa ta kwarara," inda ƙarfin ruwa mai shigowa ya ɓace akan girman ruwa mai dawowa. Wannan yana haifar da dogon lokaci na Ruwa mai laushi (na yanzu mai saurin gaske) wanda zai iya ɗaukar kusan awa ɗaya a iyakar ruwa, idan aka kwatanta da ɗan gajeren canjin minti 15 da aka lura a bakin tekun. Tun lokacin da kogin Ribble ya daina, kogin yana cike da yashi kuma yana haɓaka hanyar da ke motsawa, dangane da raƙuman ruwa da kogin kogin. Bugu da kari, yawancin masu ba da gudummawa suna gudana cikin babban tashar ciki har da Savick Brook / Ribble Link, yayin da Kogin Douglas, yana da tasiri sosai a kan jigilar turɓaya da hydrodynamics na bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2007 |title=A Vertically Resolving Model Of Sediment And Radionuclide Transport For The Ribble Estuary |url=http://www.srp-uk.org/srpcdrom/p8-4.doc |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018024442/http://www.srp-uk.org/srpcdrom/p8-4.doc |archive-date=18 October 2007 |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> == Jirgin Sama na zamani == Bayan rufe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Preston zuwa zirga-zirgar kasuwanci a cikin 1981, kewayawa a kan Kogin Ribble ya sauya zuwa nishaɗi da amfani da nishaɗi da iyakantaccen isar da kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2016 |title=How time was called on Preston Docks |url=https://www.lep.co.uk/news/how-time-was-called-on-preston-docks-765403 |access-date=18 March 2026 |website=Lancashire Evening Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2024 |title=Preston Docks closure as huge electrical transformer being delivered |url=https://www.blogpreston.co.uk/2024/08/preston-docks-closure-as-huge-electrical-transformer-being-delivered/ |access-date=18 March 2026 |website=Blog Preston}}</ref> Kogin yana gabatar da manyan ƙalubale saboda yanayin macro-tidal, wanda ke nuna raƙuman ruwa 4 da na uku mafi girma a Ingila. Tun lokacin da aka dakatar da harkar kasuwanci a farkon shekarun 1980, tashar ta fara cikawa da laka kuma sake kafa hanyar da ke yawo, yana sa kewayawa ta dogara sosai da windows na ruwa mai zurfi Millennium Ribble Link yana ba da haɗin zamani mai mahimmanci, yana ba da damar jirgin ruwa na ciki don tsallaka Ribble don isa tsarin tashar da aka raba a baya.<ref name="RRT">{{Cite web |title=The River Ribble and it's tributaries |url=https://ribbletrust.org.uk/our-rivers/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Ribble Rivers Trust}}</ref><ref name="vdw2002">{{Cite journal |last=van der Wal |first=D. |last2=Pye |first2=K. |last3=Neal |first3=A. |year=2002 |title=Long-term morphological change in the Ribble Estuary, northwest England |journal=Marine Geology |volume=189 |issue=3–4 |pages=249–266 |doi=10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00476-0}}</ref><ref name="CRT">{{Cite web |title=Ribble Link |url=https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/canals-and-rivers/ribble-link |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Canal & River Trust}}</ref><ref name="IWA">{{Cite web |title=Ribble Link |url=https://waterways.org.uk/waterways/discover-the-waterways/ribble-link |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Inland Waterways Association}}</ref> === Tekun Irish zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Preston === Gudun ruwa daga Tekun Irish zuwa tsohon tashar jiragen ruwa na Preston (yanzu Preston Marina) yana buƙatar bin ka'idoji da kuma lokutan ruwa saboda sauyawa yashi da kasancewar ganuwar horo a cikin ruwa.<ref name="RibblePilot">{{Cite web |last=Eccles |first=J. |title=The Ribble Pilot: Sailing Directions for the River Ribble to Preston Marina |url=https://prestonmarina.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Ribble-Pilot-J-Eccles-Preston-Marina.pdf |access-date=18 March 2024 |publisher=Preston Marina}}</ref> '''Gut Buoy''' (53° 42.45' N, 03° 04.30' W) alama ce ta sauyawa daga bakin teku na waje zuwa ga karamin tashar "Gut", yana aiki a matsayin ƙofar teku zuwa ga hanyar da aka ƙuntata ta bangon horo na dutse. === Hanyar Hanyar Hadin Gida === Millennium Ribble Link yana ba da hanyar tafiya tsakanin Leeds da Liverpool Canal (ta hanyar Kogin Douglas) da Lancaster Canal (ta wurin Savick Brook). <ref name="RibbleLink">{{Cite web |title=Navigating the Millennium Ribble Link |url=https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/canals-and-rivers/ribble-link |access-date=18 March 2024 |publisher=[[Canal & River Trust]]}}</ref> Gudanar da ƙetarewar ruwa ana jagorantar ta Asland Lamp (ma'aunin kilomita 5), wanda ake amfani dashi azaman ma'anar kewayawa a cikin umarnin sashi don Ribble Link . == Hanyar wucewa == Akwai gadar a Edisford, Clitheroe a cikin 1339. Ba a san shekarun gadar sandstone ta yanzu ba, amma sassan suna dauke da siffofi da ke nuna cewa suna iya kasancewa zuwa ƙarshen zamanin da. Babbar Ribchester ta yanzu ta kasance daga shekara ta 1774. Ya maye gurbin wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1669, wanda kuma yana da wanda ya riga shi na shekarun da ba a sani ba. Shaidar gada tsakanin Preston da Walton-le-Dale ta faru ne a cikin wani aiki a farkon karni na 13. An gina gadar dutse a farkon 1400s, mai yiwuwa a yammacin Walton Bridge na yanzu wanda aka kammala a 1781. Har zuwa 1755 wannan ita ce kawai gada a kan Ribble a Preston . An kammala yunkurin farko na gina gada kai tsaye zuwa Penwortham a cikin 1755, kawai don rushewa a shekara mai zuwa. An buɗe Tsohon gadar Penwortham a cikin 1759 don maye gurbin ta. A cikin 1802 Kamfanin Lancaster Canal ya kammala gadar katako don sauƙaƙe Hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta wucin gadi don haɗa ɓangarorin biyu na tashar. Ba a kammala ɓangaren da ya ɓace ba kuma, kodayake an canza shi sosai, Old Tram Bridge da ba a amfani da shi ba har yanzu yana tsaye a yau. ==manazarta== [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r6xv2tytzr32o5klbpgy0op5pxcfhp2 0 179739 970149 2026-10-21T16:58:00Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368396480|Fowler Museum at UCLA]]" 970149 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gidan Tarihi na Fowler da ke UCLA''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''The Fowler''', wanda a da '''Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Al'adu''' da '''Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Al'adu na Fowler''' ) gidan tarihi ne da ke harabar Jami'ar California, Los Angeles (UCLA) wanda ke bincika al'adun fasaha da kayan tarihi musamman daga [[Afirka]], [[Asiya]], [[Tekun Pacific|Pacific]], da [[Amurka]], na baya da na yanzu. Fowler gida ne ga nunin kayan tarihi guda biyu na dindindin. Wasu gidajen tarihi guda huɗu a gidan tarihi suna ɗaukar nauyin baje kolin fasaha na ɗan lokaci, sau da yawa a lokaci guda. Wurin kuma yana aiki a matsayin wurin da za a yi laccoci, wasannin kwaikwayo na kiɗa, bita na fasaha, shirye-shiryen iyali, bukukuwa, da sauransu. Fowler yana arewacin harabar Westwood ta UCLA, kusa da Royce Hall da Gloya Kaufman Hall. Gidan Tarihi na Fowler kuma gida ne ga Cibiyar Nazarin Kayan Tarihi ta UCLA Cotsen, wadda ke a ƙasan bene. Ana gudanar da gidan kayan tarihi a ƙarƙashin ikon Makarantar Fasaha da Gine-gine ta UCLA . == Tarihi == [[File:Fowler_Museum_Construction_stg_extracted.jpg|thumb| Tsarin Gidan Tarihi na Fowler ta Savrann]] [[File:Fowler_Museum_Construction_stg2.jpg|thumb| Ana gina Gidan Tarihin Fowler]] An kafa gidan tarihin a shekarar 1963 ta hannun shugaban jami'ar UCLA na wancan lokacin Franklin D. Murphy a matsayin Gidan Tarihi da Dakunan Gwaje-gwaje na Fasaha da Ƙabilu. Gidansa na farko yana cikin ginshiki na Haines Hall a harabar UCLA. Manufar wannan sabon gidan tarihi ita ce a haɗa tarin kayan tarihi da kayan tarihi daban-daban da ba na Yammacin duniya ba a harabar jami'ar. Baya ga tattara bayanai masu inganci, gidan kayan tarihi ya fara ayyukan bincike, ayyukan filin, nune-nunen da wallafe-wallafe. A shekarar 1971, an canza sunan zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Al'adu kuma a shekarar 1975, tarin kayan tarihin, a adadi da inganci, sun sanya shi cikin manyan gidajen tarihi guda huɗu na jami'o'i a ƙasar, matsayin da yake riƙe da shi har zuwa yau. A shekarar 1981, Shugaban Jami'ar UCLA, Charles E. Young, tare da daraktan gidan tarihi, Christopher B. Donnan, sun ƙirƙiro wani shiri na gina sabon gini don nuna tarin kayan. Ginin da aka yi wa ado da dala miliyan 22, wanda masu gine-gine Arnold C. Savrann da John Carl Warnecke suka tsara, an yi shi ne da kyaututtukan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kuma albarkatun gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=UCLA Alumni |author-link=UCLA Alumni |title=Sept. 30, 1992 Gallery of World Arts Unveiled |url=http://alumni.ucla.edu/share/ucla-history/tmih-sep-fowler.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233109/http://alumni.ucla.edu/share/ucla-history/tmih-sep-fowler.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=3 July 2014 |website=UCLA History |publisher=UCLA Alumni}}</ref> Bayan kammala ginin, an sake sanya wa gidan tarihin suna zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Al'adu na Fowler, wanda aka buɗe a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1992, an sanya masa suna don girmama tallafin gubar da Gidauniyar Fowler da iyalan mai tarawa da mai ƙirƙira Francis E. Fowler Jr., tsohon mai Southern Comfort suka bayar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When the World Came to Westwood: The Fowler Museum at 50 |url=http://magazine.ucla.edu/features/when-the-world-came-to-westwood/ |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=UCLA Magazine}}</ref> A shekarar 1996, Doran H. Ross ya zama darektan Fowler. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berns |first=Marla |date=October 23, 2020 |title=In memoriam: Doran Ross, 73, Fowler Museum's former director and Ghanaian art scholar |url=https://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/in-memoriam-doran-ross-73-fowler-museums-former-director-and-ghanaian-art-scholar |access-date=July 13, 2022 |website=[[UCLA]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an canza sunan gidan tarihi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Fowler da ke UCLA. [[File:Fowler_courtyard.jpg|right|thumb| Farfajiyar ciki ta Fowler.]] A shekarar 2024, gidan adana kayan tarihi ya mayar wa [[Ghana|Jamhuriyar Ghana]] kayayyakin tarihi guda bakwai na masarautar daga [[Daular Ashanti]] waɗanda sojojin masarautar Burtaniya suka mallaka a baya ta hanyar kwace musu kayayyaki a ƙarni na 19. Waɗannan sun haɗa da wushin wutsiyar giwa, kujera mai ado da aka yi da itace, fata da ƙarfe, kayan ado na kujerun zinare guda biyu, sarƙar zinariya da mundaye guda biyu. An dawo da kayayyakin tarihi a ranar cika shekaru 150 da kama Kumasi (1874) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. museum returns artifacts to Ghana that were looted 150 years ago by British forces |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/u-s-museum-returns-artifacts-to-ghana-that-were-looted-150-years-ago-by-british-forces |access-date=2026-08-08 |website=Pbs.org}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya]] da Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert sun amince su ba da rancen wasu kayan tarihi na zinariya da azurfa daga tarin kayan tarihinsu waɗanda [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] ta mallaka ta hanyar kwacewa na tsawon shekaru shida ga ƙasar. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Federal Register :: Request Access |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/01/07/2026-00073/notice-of-intended-repatriation-fowler-museum-university-of-california-los-angeles-los-angeles-ca |access-date=2026-08-08 |website=Federalregister.gov}}</ref> Duk da haka, Fowler bai sanya wani sharaɗi ba game da kula da kayayyakin kuma ya mayar wa ƙasar cikakken mallakar su. Haka kuma a shekarar 2024, gidan tarihi ya mayar da abubuwa 20 zuwa ga al'ummar Waramungu da ke Ostiraliya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Riefe |first=Jordan |date=2024-07-24 |title=UCLA Fowler Museum repatriates artworks to Aboriginal community in Australia |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2024-07-24/ucla-fowler-museum-repatriates-artworks-to-indigenous-australian-community |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, gidan tarihi ya mayar da jimillar kayayyakin al'adu 766 da suka tattara zuwa ga Yuhaaviatam na San Manuel Nation . <ref name="auto1" /> == Tarin abubuwa == Tarin Fowler ya ƙunshi fiye da zane-zane da zane-zane na al'adu 120,000 da kuma kayan tarihi 600,000 waɗanda ke wakiltar al'adun gargajiya, na Afirka, 'Yan Asalin Amirka da Latin Amurka, da Asiya da Pacific. Yawancin kadarorin Fowler an same su ne ta hanyar gudummawar da mutane suka bayar. Tarin Sir Henry Wellcome na abubuwa 30,000, <ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Hasinoff |first=Erin L. |date=November 2011 |title=An Infinity of Things: How Sir Henry Wellcome Collected the World. Frances Larson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. |url=https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/mar/article/view/1218/1382 |journal=Museum Anthropology Review |location=Bloomington, IN |publisher=Mathers Museum of World Cultures |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |pages=140–143}}</ref> wanda Sir Henry Wellcome ya tattara a farkon karni na 20 kuma aka ba shi gidan tarihi a shekarar 1965, shine ginshiƙin mallakarsa a Afirka da Pacific kuma yana wakiltar babbar kyauta guda ɗaya. Wannan wani ɓangare ne na tarwatsa tarin kayan Wellcome, wanda ya haɗa da abubuwa sama da 120,000 da aka bayar a kan aro na dogon lokaci zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya da ke Landan, wanda yanzu aka adana a wurin shakatawa na Kimiyya da Ƙirƙira . <ref name="auto" /> Yadi sama da 15,000 sun bi diddigin tarihin yadi tsawon shekaru dubu biyu da kuma a nahiyoyi biyar. Abubuwan da aka samo daga tarin Azurfa na Fowler Family sun haɗa da ayyuka 400 da ke wakiltar ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19 na Turai da Amurka. Daga cikin waɗannan akwai jiragen ruwa daga bita na Paul de Lamerie, Karl Fabergé, da Paul Revere . A shekarar 1969, jarumar fina-finan Hollywood, Natalie Wood, ta bayar da gudummawar tarin tsoffin kayan yumbu na Chupícuaro na Mexico ga Gidan Tarihi na Fowler. A shekarar 2013, Gidan Tarihi na Fowler ya sami kyaututtuka da dama domin girmama cika shekaru hamsin da kafa shi. An kiyasta cewa kyautar da aka bayar ta kai kimanin dala miliyan 14, daga Jay Last, majagaba a fannin tara kuɗi kuma majagaba a Silicon Valley. Kamar yadda jaridar Los Angeles Times ta ruwaito, kyautar ta ƙunshi abubuwa 92 na itace da hauren giwa daga mutanen Lega na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. An tattara mafi yawan kadarorin a fagen kuma an rubuta su cikin tsari, suna ba da bayanai game da mahallin. Yayin da gidan tarihi ke ƙara shirye-shiryensa don biyan buƙatun jama'ar Latin Amurka da ke ƙaruwa a birnin, ayyukan tattarawa a wannan yanki sun ƙaru. An bayar da gudummawar tarin ayyukan Mexico sama da 900 a shekarar 1997 ta hannun iyalan Daniel, kuma sun haɗa da zane-zanen bishiyoyin rayuwa na yumbu, siffofi [[Ranar Matattu|na Ranar Matattu]], da kuma abin rufe fuska daga Metepec, Oaxaca, Michoacan, Jalisco, Puebla, da Guanajuato. == Nunin Nunin == === Nunin Dindindin === Fowler tana karbar bakuncin baje kolin kayayyaki guda biyu na dindindin. * Mahadar: Fasaha ta Duniya, Rayuwar Gida * Al'adu Mai Nuna Tunani: Tarin Azurfa na Francis E. Fowler, Jr. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reflecting Culture: The Francis E. Fowler, Jr. Collection of Silver {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/reflecting-culture/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102001659/http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/reflecting-culture |archive-date=2011-01-02 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> === Nunin da ya gabata da na yanzu === * Ruwan Duwatsu: Shinkafa da Asalin Ƙasa a Arewacin Luzon Highlands, Philippines, 2026 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mountain Spirits: Rice and Indigeneity in the Northern Luzon Highlands, Philippines {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/mountain-spirits/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228111154/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/mountain-spirits/ |archive-date=2025-12-28 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Tsohon Canji, 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-Change {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/ex-change/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814110844/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/ex-change/ |archive-date=2025-08-14 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Gine-gine, Sana'a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction, Occupation {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/construction-occupation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210192048/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/construction-occupation/ |archive-date=2025-02-10 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Dangantakar Gobara: Ilimin Halittu da Fasaha na 'Yan Asalin Kudancin California, 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire Kinship: Southern California Native Ecology and Art {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/fire-kinship/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722134049/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/fire-kinship/ |archive-date=2024-07-22 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Sangre de Nopal: Tanya Aguiñiga da Porfirio Gutiérrez a cikin Tattaunawa, 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangre de Nopal/Blood of the Nopal {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/sangre-de-nopal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229015709/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/sangre-de-nopal/ |archive-date=2024-02-29 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Rage Hamada: Juriya, Addini, da Kakannin Da suka Gabata a Tsohon Peru <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Taming the Desert: Resilience, Religion, and Ancestors in Ancient Peru {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/taming-the-desert/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527211206/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/taming-the-desert/ |archive-date=2024-05-27 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Zan Sake Haɗuwa Da Ku: Zane-zanen Sikh na Zamani <ref name="auto2" /> * Gidan Ya Yi Ƙarami: Fasahar Alfarma ta Yarabawa Daga Afirka da Ƙasashen Waje, 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=The House Was Too Small: Sacred Yoruba Arts from Africa and Beyond {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/the-house-was-too-small-sacred-yoruba-arts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602113052/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/the-house-was-too-small-sacred-yoruba-arts/ |archive-date=2023-06-02 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Yadda Ake Daidaita Duniya: Fasahar Firistoci da Shamans daga Vietnam da Kudancin China, 2017/2018 * Salon Bugawa na Afirka Yanzu: Labari na Ɗanɗano, Tarihi, da Salo, 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fowler Museum {{!}} Free Admission. Easy Parking. {{!}} African-Print Fashion Now! A Story of Taste, Globalization, and Style |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/african-print-fashion-now/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321210010/http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/african-print-fashion-now/ |archive-date=2017-03-21 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Tafiya ta Zagaye: Keke a Asiya Ƙananan, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Round Trip: Bicycling Asia Minor, 1891 {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/round-trip-bicycling-asia-minor-1891/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215022734/http://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/round-trip-bicycling-asia-minor-1891 |archive-date=2015-02-15 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Waliyyai Masu Zunubi da Masu Zunubi Masu Tsarki a Yankin Amurka, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinful Saints and Saintly Sinners at the Margins of the Americas {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/sinful-saints-and-saintly-sinners-at-the-margins-of-the-americas/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803104827/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/sinful-saints-and-saintly-sinners-at-the-margins-of-the-americas/ |archive-date=2021-08-03 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Rifts na Nahiyar: Ayyukan Afirka na Zamani na Lokaci, 2009 == Manyan abubuwan da aka zaɓa na tarin == <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="3"> File:Chief’s_Mask_from_Haida_peoples.jpg|alt=Chief's Mask, Haida people, British Columbia, 19th century,| ''Abin Rufe Ido na Babban Sarki'', mutanen Haida, British Columbia, ƙarni na 19, File:Buddha_from_Sagaing,_Burma.jpg|alt=Buddha, Sagaing, Burma, 17th century| ''Buddha'', Sagaing, Burma, ƙarni na 17 File:Bamileke_Mask_(tsesah).jpg|alt=Mask (tsesah), Bamileke people, Bamendjo, Cameroon, Late 19th century| ''Abin rufe fuska (tsesah)'', mutanen Bamileke, Bamendjo, Kamaru, ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 File:Headdress_from_Efut_peoples.jpg|alt=Headdress, Efut peoples, Calabar, Nigeria, 19th century| ''Rigar kai'', mutanen Efut, Calabar, Najeriya, ƙarni na 19 File:Hornbill_Figure_from_Borneo.jpg|alt=Hornbill figure, Iban, Borneo, 19th century| ''Siffar Hornbill'', Iban, Borneo, ƙarni na 19 File:Moche_portrait_vessel_from_Peru.jpg|alt=Portrait vessel, Moche style, north coast Peru,100–800 C.E.| ''Jirgin ruwa mai hoto'', salon Moche, gabar tekun arewa na Peru, 100-800 CE File:Ornament_for_a_sacred_flute_from_Mundugumor_peoples.jpg|alt=Ornament for a sacred flute, Mundugumor people, Yuat River, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, 19th century| ''Kayan ado na sarewa mai tsarki'', mutanen Mundugumor, Kogin Yuat, Lardin Gabashin Sepik, Papua New Guinea, ƙarni na 19 File:Yombe_Power_Figure_(Nkisi).jpg|alt=Power figure (nkisi nkondi), Yombe peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 18th–19th century| ''Mutum mai iko'' (nkisi nkondi), mutanen Yombe, Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo, ƙarni na 18-19 File:Odundo_Ceramic.jpg|alt=Ceramic, Magdalene Odundo (Kenya, b. 1950)| ''Gilashin yumbu'', Magdalene Odundo (Kenya, an haife ta a 1950) File:Puppet_the_Blind_Scholar.jpg|alt=Hand puppet, the Blind Scholar, Chinese, Taiwan, Early–mid-20th century| ''<nowiki/>'Yar tsana ta hannu, Makaho Malami'', 'yar China, Taiwan, Farkon-tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 File:Santo,_Virgin_of_the_Rosary_from_Guatemala.jpg|alt=Santo, Virgin of the Rosary, Guatemala, Early 20th century| ''Santo, Budurwar Rosary'', Guatemala, Farkon ƙarni na 20 File:Mask_(amiilk)_from_Tsimshian_peoples.jpg|alt=Mask (amiilk), Tsimshian peoples, British Columbia, Canada, 19th century| ''Abin rufe fuska (amiilk)'', mutanen Tsimshian, British Columbia, Kanada, ƙarni na 19 </gallery> == Daraktoci == * Christopher B. Donnan (1981-1996) * Doran H. Ross (1996–2001) <ref name="choi" /> * Marla C. Berns (2001-2021) * Silvia Forni (2022-yanzu) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Silvia Forni named director of the Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/silvia-forni-named-director-of-the-fowler-museum-at-ucla |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=UCLA |language=en-us}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, an bai wa Berns matsayinta ta hanyar gudummawar dala miliyan 1 daga Shirley da Ralph Shapiro, masu ba da agaji na Los Angeles, don girmama gudummawar da ta bayar ga UCLA da al'umma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luther |first=Claudia |date=Jun 1, 2014 |title=Bringing World Cultures to Campus |url=http://magazine.ucla.edu/features/backing-brilliance/index1.html |journal=UCLA Magazine}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Berns ya sami lambar yabo ta Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters of the French Republic a wani biki da Stéphane Martin, shugaban gidan tarihi na Quai Branly ya gudanar. An gudanar da bikin a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Quai Branly da ke birnin Paris a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, a lokacin bude taron ''Secrets d'ivoire: L'art des Lega d'Afrique centrale'', wani baje kolin tarin kayan tarihi na Afirka na gidan adana kayan tarihi na Fowler da mutanen Lega na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo suka yi, wanda masu tattara kayan tarihi Jay T. da Deborah R. Last suka bayar ga Fowler == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://fowler.ucla.edu/collections Bayani game da Tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fowler] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 985ujikr96m2bv82do3m6didl9sy4xk 970150 970149 2026-10-21T17:02:20Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tarin abubuwa */ 970150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gidan Tarihi na Fowler da ke UCLA''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''The Fowler''', wanda a da '''Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Al'adu''' da '''Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Al'adu na Fowler''' ) gidan tarihi ne da ke harabar Jami'ar California, Los Angeles (UCLA) wanda ke bincika al'adun fasaha da kayan tarihi musamman daga [[Afirka]], [[Asiya]], [[Tekun Pacific|Pacific]], da [[Amurka]], na baya da na yanzu. Fowler gida ne ga nunin kayan tarihi guda biyu na dindindin. Wasu gidajen tarihi guda huɗu a gidan tarihi suna ɗaukar nauyin baje kolin fasaha na ɗan lokaci, sau da yawa a lokaci guda. Wurin kuma yana aiki a matsayin wurin da za a yi laccoci, wasannin kwaikwayo na kiɗa, bita na fasaha, shirye-shiryen iyali, bukukuwa, da sauransu. Fowler yana arewacin harabar Westwood ta UCLA, kusa da Royce Hall da Gloya Kaufman Hall. Gidan Tarihi na Fowler kuma gida ne ga Cibiyar Nazarin Kayan Tarihi ta UCLA Cotsen, wadda ke a ƙasan bene. Ana gudanar da gidan kayan tarihi a ƙarƙashin ikon Makarantar Fasaha da Gine-gine ta UCLA . == Tarihi == [[File:Fowler_Museum_Construction_stg_extracted.jpg|thumb| Tsarin Gidan Tarihi na Fowler ta Savrann]] [[File:Fowler_Museum_Construction_stg2.jpg|thumb| Ana gina Gidan Tarihin Fowler]] An kafa gidan tarihin a shekarar 1963 ta hannun shugaban jami'ar UCLA na wancan lokacin Franklin D. Murphy a matsayin Gidan Tarihi da Dakunan Gwaje-gwaje na Fasaha da Ƙabilu. Gidansa na farko yana cikin ginshiki na Haines Hall a harabar UCLA. Manufar wannan sabon gidan tarihi ita ce a haɗa tarin kayan tarihi da kayan tarihi daban-daban da ba na Yammacin duniya ba a harabar jami'ar. Baya ga tattara bayanai masu inganci, gidan kayan tarihi ya fara ayyukan bincike, ayyukan filin, nune-nunen da wallafe-wallafe. A shekarar 1971, an canza sunan zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Al'adu kuma a shekarar 1975, tarin kayan tarihin, a adadi da inganci, sun sanya shi cikin manyan gidajen tarihi guda huɗu na jami'o'i a ƙasar, matsayin da yake riƙe da shi har zuwa yau. A shekarar 1981, Shugaban Jami'ar UCLA, Charles E. Young, tare da daraktan gidan tarihi, Christopher B. Donnan, sun ƙirƙiro wani shiri na gina sabon gini don nuna tarin kayan. Ginin da aka yi wa ado da dala miliyan 22, wanda masu gine-gine Arnold C. Savrann da John Carl Warnecke suka tsara, an yi shi ne da kyaututtukan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kuma albarkatun gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=UCLA Alumni |author-link=UCLA Alumni |title=Sept. 30, 1992 Gallery of World Arts Unveiled |url=http://alumni.ucla.edu/share/ucla-history/tmih-sep-fowler.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233109/http://alumni.ucla.edu/share/ucla-history/tmih-sep-fowler.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=3 July 2014 |website=UCLA History |publisher=UCLA Alumni}}</ref> Bayan kammala ginin, an sake sanya wa gidan tarihin suna zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Al'adu na Fowler, wanda aka buɗe a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1992, an sanya masa suna don girmama tallafin gubar da Gidauniyar Fowler da iyalan mai tarawa da mai ƙirƙira Francis E. Fowler Jr., tsohon mai Southern Comfort suka bayar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When the World Came to Westwood: The Fowler Museum at 50 |url=http://magazine.ucla.edu/features/when-the-world-came-to-westwood/ |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=UCLA Magazine}}</ref> A shekarar 1996, Doran H. Ross ya zama darektan Fowler. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berns |first=Marla |date=October 23, 2020 |title=In memoriam: Doran Ross, 73, Fowler Museum's former director and Ghanaian art scholar |url=https://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/in-memoriam-doran-ross-73-fowler-museums-former-director-and-ghanaian-art-scholar |access-date=July 13, 2022 |website=[[UCLA]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an canza sunan gidan tarihi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Fowler da ke UCLA. [[File:Fowler_courtyard.jpg|right|thumb| Farfajiyar ciki ta Fowler.]] A shekarar 2024, gidan adana kayan tarihi ya mayar wa [[Ghana|Jamhuriyar Ghana]] kayayyakin tarihi guda bakwai na masarautar daga [[Daular Ashanti]] waɗanda sojojin masarautar Burtaniya suka mallaka a baya ta hanyar kwace musu kayayyaki a ƙarni na 19. Waɗannan sun haɗa da wushin wutsiyar giwa, kujera mai ado da aka yi da itace, fata da ƙarfe, kayan ado na kujerun zinare guda biyu, sarƙar zinariya da mundaye guda biyu. An dawo da kayayyakin tarihi a ranar cika shekaru 150 da kama Kumasi (1874) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. museum returns artifacts to Ghana that were looted 150 years ago by British forces |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/u-s-museum-returns-artifacts-to-ghana-that-were-looted-150-years-ago-by-british-forces |access-date=2026-08-08 |website=Pbs.org}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya]] da Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert sun amince su ba da rancen wasu kayan tarihi na zinariya da azurfa daga tarin kayan tarihinsu waɗanda [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] ta mallaka ta hanyar kwacewa na tsawon shekaru shida ga ƙasar. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Federal Register :: Request Access |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/01/07/2026-00073/notice-of-intended-repatriation-fowler-museum-university-of-california-los-angeles-los-angeles-ca |access-date=2026-08-08 |website=Federalregister.gov}}</ref> Duk da haka, Fowler bai sanya wani sharaɗi ba game da kula da kayayyakin kuma ya mayar wa ƙasar cikakken mallakar su. Haka kuma a shekarar 2024, gidan tarihi ya mayar da abubuwa 20 zuwa ga al'ummar Waramungu da ke Ostiraliya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Riefe |first=Jordan |date=2024-07-24 |title=UCLA Fowler Museum repatriates artworks to Aboriginal community in Australia |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2024-07-24/ucla-fowler-museum-repatriates-artworks-to-indigenous-australian-community |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, gidan tarihi ya mayar da jimillar kayayyakin al'adu 766 da suka tattara zuwa ga Yuhaaviatam na San Manuel Nation . <ref name="auto1" /> == Tarin abubuwa == Tarin Fowler ya ƙunshi fiye da zane-zane da zane-zane na al'adu 120,000 da kuma kayan tarihi 600,000 waɗanda ke wakiltar al'adun gargajiya, na Afirka, 'Yan Asalin Amirka da Latin Amurka, da Asiya da Pacific. Yawancin kadarorin Fowler an same su ne ta hanyar gudummawar da mutane suka bayar. Tarin Sir Henry Wellcome na abubuwa 30,000, <ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Hasinoff |first=Erin L. |date=November 2011 |title=An Infinity of Things: How Sir Henry Wellcome Collected the World. Frances Larson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. |url=https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/mar/article/view/1218/1382 |journal=Museum Anthropology Review |location=Bloomington, IN |publisher=Mathers Museum of World Cultures |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |pages=140–143}}</ref> wanda Sir Henry Wellcome ya tattara a farkon karni na 20 kuma aka ba shi gidan tarihi a shekarar 1965, shine ginshiƙin mallakarsa a Afirka da Pacific kuma yana wakiltar babbar kyauta guda ɗaya. Wannan wani ɓangare ne na tarwatsa tarin kayan Wellcome, wanda ya haɗa da abubuwa sama da 120,000 da aka bayar a kan aro na dogon lokaci zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya da ke Landan, wanda yanzu aka adana a wurin shakatawa na Kimiyya da Ƙirƙira . <ref name="auto" /> Yadi sama da 15,000 sun bi diddigin tarihin yadi tsawon shekaru dubu biyu da kuma a nahiyoyi biyar. Abubuwan da aka samo daga tarin Azurfa na Fowler Family sun haɗa da ayyuka 400 da ke wakiltar ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19 na Turai da Amurka. Daga cikin waɗannan akwai jiragen ruwa daga bita na Paul de Lamerie, Karl Fabergé, da Paul Revere . A shekarar 1969, jarumar fina-finan Hollywood, Natalie Wood, ta bayar da gudummawar tarin tsoffin kayan yumbu na Chupícuaro na Mexico ga Gidan Tarihi na Fowler. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Green|first1=Natalie|title=Q&A: Victoria Lyall discusses Chupícuaro pottery, upcoming Fowler lecture|url=http://dailybruin.com/2014/01/09/qcuaro-pottery-upcoming-fowler-lecture/|access-date=3 July 2014|work=Daily Bruin|date=January 9, 2014|location=Los Angeles, CA}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Gidan Tarihi na Fowler ya sami kyaututtuka da dama domin girmama cika shekaru hamsin da kafa shi. An kiyasta cewa kyautar da aka bayar ta kai kimanin dala miliyan 14, daga Jay Last, majagaba a fannin tara kuɗi kuma majagaba a Silicon Valley. Kamar yadda jaridar Los Angeles Times ta ruwaito, kyautar ta ƙunshi abubuwa 92 na itace da hauren giwa daga mutanen Lega na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. An tattara mafi yawan kadarorin a fagen kuma an rubuta su cikin tsari, suna ba da bayanai game da mahallin. Yayin da gidan tarihi ke ƙara shirye-shiryensa don biyan buƙatun jama'ar Latin Amurka da ke ƙaruwa a birnin, ayyukan tattarawa a wannan yanki sun ƙaru. An bayar da gudummawar tarin ayyukan Mexico sama da 900 a shekarar 1997 ta hannun iyalan Daniel, kuma sun haɗa da zane-zanen bishiyoyin rayuwa na yumbu, siffofi [[Ranar Matattu|na Ranar Matattu]], da kuma abin rufe fuska daga Metepec, Oaxaca, Michoacan, Jalisco, Puebla, da Guanajuato. == Nunin Nunin == === Nunin Dindindin === Fowler tana karbar bakuncin baje kolin kayayyaki guda biyu na dindindin. * Mahadar: Fasaha ta Duniya, Rayuwar Gida * Al'adu Mai Nuna Tunani: Tarin Azurfa na Francis E. Fowler, Jr. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reflecting Culture: The Francis E. Fowler, Jr. Collection of Silver {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/reflecting-culture/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102001659/http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/reflecting-culture |archive-date=2011-01-02 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> === Nunin da ya gabata da na yanzu === * Ruwan Duwatsu: Shinkafa da Asalin Ƙasa a Arewacin Luzon Highlands, Philippines, 2026 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mountain Spirits: Rice and Indigeneity in the Northern Luzon Highlands, Philippines {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/mountain-spirits/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228111154/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/mountain-spirits/ |archive-date=2025-12-28 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Tsohon Canji, 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-Change {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/ex-change/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814110844/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/ex-change/ |archive-date=2025-08-14 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Gine-gine, Sana'a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction, Occupation {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/construction-occupation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210192048/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/construction-occupation/ |archive-date=2025-02-10 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Dangantakar Gobara: Ilimin Halittu da Fasaha na 'Yan Asalin Kudancin California, 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire Kinship: Southern California Native Ecology and Art {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/fire-kinship/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722134049/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/fire-kinship/ |archive-date=2024-07-22 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Sangre de Nopal: Tanya Aguiñiga da Porfirio Gutiérrez a cikin Tattaunawa, 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangre de Nopal/Blood of the Nopal {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/sangre-de-nopal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229015709/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/sangre-de-nopal/ |archive-date=2024-02-29 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Rage Hamada: Juriya, Addini, da Kakannin Da suka Gabata a Tsohon Peru <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Taming the Desert: Resilience, Religion, and Ancestors in Ancient Peru {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/taming-the-desert/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527211206/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/taming-the-desert/ |archive-date=2024-05-27 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Zan Sake Haɗuwa Da Ku: Zane-zanen Sikh na Zamani <ref name="auto2" /> * Gidan Ya Yi Ƙarami: Fasahar Alfarma ta Yarabawa Daga Afirka da Ƙasashen Waje, 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=The House Was Too Small: Sacred Yoruba Arts from Africa and Beyond {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/the-house-was-too-small-sacred-yoruba-arts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602113052/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/the-house-was-too-small-sacred-yoruba-arts/ |archive-date=2023-06-02 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Yadda Ake Daidaita Duniya: Fasahar Firistoci da Shamans daga Vietnam da Kudancin China, 2017/2018 * Salon Bugawa na Afirka Yanzu: Labari na Ɗanɗano, Tarihi, da Salo, 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fowler Museum {{!}} Free Admission. Easy Parking. {{!}} African-Print Fashion Now! A Story of Taste, Globalization, and Style |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/african-print-fashion-now/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321210010/http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/african-print-fashion-now/ |archive-date=2017-03-21 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Tafiya ta Zagaye: Keke a Asiya Ƙananan, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Round Trip: Bicycling Asia Minor, 1891 {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/round-trip-bicycling-asia-minor-1891/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215022734/http://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/round-trip-bicycling-asia-minor-1891 |archive-date=2015-02-15 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Waliyyai Masu Zunubi da Masu Zunubi Masu Tsarki a Yankin Amurka, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinful Saints and Saintly Sinners at the Margins of the Americas {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/sinful-saints-and-saintly-sinners-at-the-margins-of-the-americas/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803104827/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/sinful-saints-and-saintly-sinners-at-the-margins-of-the-americas/ |archive-date=2021-08-03 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Rifts na Nahiyar: Ayyukan Afirka na Zamani na Lokaci, 2009 == Manyan abubuwan da aka zaɓa na tarin == <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="3"> File:Chief’s_Mask_from_Haida_peoples.jpg|alt=Chief's Mask, Haida people, British Columbia, 19th century,| ''Abin Rufe Ido na Babban Sarki'', mutanen Haida, British Columbia, ƙarni na 19, File:Buddha_from_Sagaing,_Burma.jpg|alt=Buddha, Sagaing, Burma, 17th century| ''Buddha'', Sagaing, Burma, ƙarni na 17 File:Bamileke_Mask_(tsesah).jpg|alt=Mask (tsesah), Bamileke people, Bamendjo, Cameroon, Late 19th century| ''Abin rufe fuska (tsesah)'', mutanen Bamileke, Bamendjo, Kamaru, ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 File:Headdress_from_Efut_peoples.jpg|alt=Headdress, Efut peoples, Calabar, Nigeria, 19th century| ''Rigar kai'', mutanen Efut, Calabar, Najeriya, ƙarni na 19 File:Hornbill_Figure_from_Borneo.jpg|alt=Hornbill figure, Iban, Borneo, 19th century| ''Siffar Hornbill'', Iban, Borneo, ƙarni na 19 File:Moche_portrait_vessel_from_Peru.jpg|alt=Portrait vessel, Moche style, north coast Peru,100–800 C.E.| ''Jirgin ruwa mai hoto'', salon Moche, gabar tekun arewa na Peru, 100-800 CE File:Ornament_for_a_sacred_flute_from_Mundugumor_peoples.jpg|alt=Ornament for a sacred flute, Mundugumor people, Yuat River, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, 19th century| ''Kayan ado na sarewa mai tsarki'', mutanen Mundugumor, Kogin Yuat, Lardin Gabashin Sepik, Papua New Guinea, ƙarni na 19 File:Yombe_Power_Figure_(Nkisi).jpg|alt=Power figure (nkisi nkondi), Yombe peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 18th–19th century| ''Mutum mai iko'' (nkisi nkondi), mutanen Yombe, Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo, ƙarni na 18-19 File:Odundo_Ceramic.jpg|alt=Ceramic, Magdalene Odundo (Kenya, b. 1950)| ''Gilashin yumbu'', Magdalene Odundo (Kenya, an haife ta a 1950) File:Puppet_the_Blind_Scholar.jpg|alt=Hand puppet, the Blind Scholar, Chinese, Taiwan, Early–mid-20th century| ''<nowiki/>'Yar tsana ta hannu, Makaho Malami'', 'yar China, Taiwan, Farkon-tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 File:Santo,_Virgin_of_the_Rosary_from_Guatemala.jpg|alt=Santo, Virgin of the Rosary, Guatemala, Early 20th century| ''Santo, Budurwar Rosary'', Guatemala, Farkon ƙarni na 20 File:Mask_(amiilk)_from_Tsimshian_peoples.jpg|alt=Mask (amiilk), Tsimshian peoples, British Columbia, Canada, 19th century| ''Abin rufe fuska (amiilk)'', mutanen Tsimshian, British Columbia, Kanada, ƙarni na 19 </gallery> == Daraktoci == * Christopher B. Donnan (1981-1996) * Doran H. Ross (1996–2001) <ref name="choi" /> * Marla C. Berns (2001-2021) * Silvia Forni (2022-yanzu) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Silvia Forni named director of the Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/silvia-forni-named-director-of-the-fowler-museum-at-ucla |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=UCLA |language=en-us}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, an bai wa Berns matsayinta ta hanyar gudummawar dala miliyan 1 daga Shirley da Ralph Shapiro, masu ba da agaji na Los Angeles, don girmama gudummawar da ta bayar ga UCLA da al'umma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luther |first=Claudia |date=Jun 1, 2014 |title=Bringing World Cultures to Campus |url=http://magazine.ucla.edu/features/backing-brilliance/index1.html |journal=UCLA Magazine}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Berns ya sami lambar yabo ta Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters of the French Republic a wani biki da Stéphane Martin, shugaban gidan tarihi na Quai Branly ya gudanar. An gudanar da bikin a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Quai Branly da ke birnin Paris a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, a lokacin bude taron ''Secrets d'ivoire: L'art des Lega d'Afrique centrale'', wani baje kolin tarin kayan tarihi na Afirka na gidan adana kayan tarihi na Fowler da mutanen Lega na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo suka yi, wanda masu tattara kayan tarihi Jay T. da Deborah R. Last suka bayar ga Fowler == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://fowler.ucla.edu/collections Bayani game da Tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fowler] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6ro3k9ynd1xxf05l5iqno70i34jxv0h 970151 970150 2026-10-21T17:03:49Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tarin abubuwa */ 970151 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gidan Tarihi na Fowler da ke UCLA''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''The Fowler''', wanda a da '''Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Al'adu''' da '''Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Al'adu na Fowler''' ) gidan tarihi ne da ke harabar Jami'ar California, Los Angeles (UCLA) wanda ke bincika al'adun fasaha da kayan tarihi musamman daga [[Afirka]], [[Asiya]], [[Tekun Pacific|Pacific]], da [[Amurka]], na baya da na yanzu. Fowler gida ne ga nunin kayan tarihi guda biyu na dindindin. Wasu gidajen tarihi guda huɗu a gidan tarihi suna ɗaukar nauyin baje kolin fasaha na ɗan lokaci, sau da yawa a lokaci guda. Wurin kuma yana aiki a matsayin wurin da za a yi laccoci, wasannin kwaikwayo na kiɗa, bita na fasaha, shirye-shiryen iyali, bukukuwa, da sauransu. Fowler yana arewacin harabar Westwood ta UCLA, kusa da Royce Hall da Gloya Kaufman Hall. Gidan Tarihi na Fowler kuma gida ne ga Cibiyar Nazarin Kayan Tarihi ta UCLA Cotsen, wadda ke a ƙasan bene. Ana gudanar da gidan kayan tarihi a ƙarƙashin ikon Makarantar Fasaha da Gine-gine ta UCLA . == Tarihi == [[File:Fowler_Museum_Construction_stg_extracted.jpg|thumb| Tsarin Gidan Tarihi na Fowler ta Savrann]] [[File:Fowler_Museum_Construction_stg2.jpg|thumb| Ana gina Gidan Tarihin Fowler]] An kafa gidan tarihin a shekarar 1963 ta hannun shugaban jami'ar UCLA na wancan lokacin Franklin D. Murphy a matsayin Gidan Tarihi da Dakunan Gwaje-gwaje na Fasaha da Ƙabilu. Gidansa na farko yana cikin ginshiki na Haines Hall a harabar UCLA. Manufar wannan sabon gidan tarihi ita ce a haɗa tarin kayan tarihi da kayan tarihi daban-daban da ba na Yammacin duniya ba a harabar jami'ar. Baya ga tattara bayanai masu inganci, gidan kayan tarihi ya fara ayyukan bincike, ayyukan filin, nune-nunen da wallafe-wallafe. A shekarar 1971, an canza sunan zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Al'adu kuma a shekarar 1975, tarin kayan tarihin, a adadi da inganci, sun sanya shi cikin manyan gidajen tarihi guda huɗu na jami'o'i a ƙasar, matsayin da yake riƙe da shi har zuwa yau. A shekarar 1981, Shugaban Jami'ar UCLA, Charles E. Young, tare da daraktan gidan tarihi, Christopher B. Donnan, sun ƙirƙiro wani shiri na gina sabon gini don nuna tarin kayan. Ginin da aka yi wa ado da dala miliyan 22, wanda masu gine-gine Arnold C. Savrann da John Carl Warnecke suka tsara, an yi shi ne da kyaututtukan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kuma albarkatun gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=UCLA Alumni |author-link=UCLA Alumni |title=Sept. 30, 1992 Gallery of World Arts Unveiled |url=http://alumni.ucla.edu/share/ucla-history/tmih-sep-fowler.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233109/http://alumni.ucla.edu/share/ucla-history/tmih-sep-fowler.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=3 July 2014 |website=UCLA History |publisher=UCLA Alumni}}</ref> Bayan kammala ginin, an sake sanya wa gidan tarihin suna zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Al'adu na Fowler, wanda aka buɗe a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1992, an sanya masa suna don girmama tallafin gubar da Gidauniyar Fowler da iyalan mai tarawa da mai ƙirƙira Francis E. Fowler Jr., tsohon mai Southern Comfort suka bayar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When the World Came to Westwood: The Fowler Museum at 50 |url=http://magazine.ucla.edu/features/when-the-world-came-to-westwood/ |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=UCLA Magazine}}</ref> A shekarar 1996, Doran H. Ross ya zama darektan Fowler. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berns |first=Marla |date=October 23, 2020 |title=In memoriam: Doran Ross, 73, Fowler Museum's former director and Ghanaian art scholar |url=https://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/in-memoriam-doran-ross-73-fowler-museums-former-director-and-ghanaian-art-scholar |access-date=July 13, 2022 |website=[[UCLA]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an canza sunan gidan tarihi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Fowler da ke UCLA. [[File:Fowler_courtyard.jpg|right|thumb| Farfajiyar ciki ta Fowler.]] A shekarar 2024, gidan adana kayan tarihi ya mayar wa [[Ghana|Jamhuriyar Ghana]] kayayyakin tarihi guda bakwai na masarautar daga [[Daular Ashanti]] waɗanda sojojin masarautar Burtaniya suka mallaka a baya ta hanyar kwace musu kayayyaki a ƙarni na 19. Waɗannan sun haɗa da wushin wutsiyar giwa, kujera mai ado da aka yi da itace, fata da ƙarfe, kayan ado na kujerun zinare guda biyu, sarƙar zinariya da mundaye guda biyu. An dawo da kayayyakin tarihi a ranar cika shekaru 150 da kama Kumasi (1874) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. museum returns artifacts to Ghana that were looted 150 years ago by British forces |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/u-s-museum-returns-artifacts-to-ghana-that-were-looted-150-years-ago-by-british-forces |access-date=2026-08-08 |website=Pbs.org}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya]] da Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert sun amince su ba da rancen wasu kayan tarihi na zinariya da azurfa daga tarin kayan tarihinsu waɗanda [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] ta mallaka ta hanyar kwacewa na tsawon shekaru shida ga ƙasar. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Federal Register :: Request Access |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/01/07/2026-00073/notice-of-intended-repatriation-fowler-museum-university-of-california-los-angeles-los-angeles-ca |access-date=2026-08-08 |website=Federalregister.gov}}</ref> Duk da haka, Fowler bai sanya wani sharaɗi ba game da kula da kayayyakin kuma ya mayar wa ƙasar cikakken mallakar su. Haka kuma a shekarar 2024, gidan tarihi ya mayar da abubuwa 20 zuwa ga al'ummar Waramungu da ke Ostiraliya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Riefe |first=Jordan |date=2024-07-24 |title=UCLA Fowler Museum repatriates artworks to Aboriginal community in Australia |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2024-07-24/ucla-fowler-museum-repatriates-artworks-to-indigenous-australian-community |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, gidan tarihi ya mayar da jimillar kayayyakin al'adu 766 da suka tattara zuwa ga Yuhaaviatam na San Manuel Nation . <ref name="auto1" /> == Tarin abubuwa == Tarin Fowler ya ƙunshi fiye da zane-zane da zane-zane na al'adu 120,000 da kuma kayan tarihi 600,000 waɗanda ke wakiltar al'adun gargajiya, na Afirka, 'Yan Asalin Amirka da Latin Amurka, da Asiya da Pacific. Yawancin kadarorin Fowler an same su ne ta hanyar gudummawar da mutane suka bayar. Tarin Sir Henry Wellcome na abubuwa 30,000, <ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Hasinoff |first=Erin L. |date=November 2011 |title=An Infinity of Things: How Sir Henry Wellcome Collected the World. Frances Larson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. |url=https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/mar/article/view/1218/1382 |journal=Museum Anthropology Review |location=Bloomington, IN |publisher=Mathers Museum of World Cultures |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |pages=140–143}}</ref> wanda Sir Henry Wellcome ya tattara a farkon karni na 20 kuma aka ba shi gidan tarihi a shekarar 1965, shine ginshiƙin mallakarsa a Afirka da Pacific kuma yana wakiltar babbar kyauta guda ɗaya. Wannan wani ɓangare ne na tarwatsa tarin kayan Wellcome, wanda ya haɗa da abubuwa sama da 120,000 da aka bayar a kan aro na dogon lokaci zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya da ke Landan, wanda yanzu aka adana a wurin shakatawa na Kimiyya da Ƙirƙira . <ref name="auto" /> Yadi sama da 15,000 sun bi diddigin tarihin yadi tsawon shekaru dubu biyu da kuma a nahiyoyi biyar. Abubuwan da aka samo daga tarin Azurfa na Fowler Family sun haɗa da ayyuka 400 da ke wakiltar ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19 na Turai da Amurka. Daga cikin waɗannan akwai jiragen ruwa daga bita na Paul de Lamerie, Karl Fabergé, da Paul Revere . A shekarar 1969, jarumar fina-finan Hollywood, Natalie Wood, ta bayar da gudummawar tarin tsoffin kayan yumbu na Chupícuaro na Mexico ga Gidan Tarihi na Fowler. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Green|first1=Natalie|title=Q&A: Victoria Lyall discusses Chupícuaro pottery, upcoming Fowler lecture|url=http://dailybruin.com/2014/01/09/qcuaro-pottery-upcoming-fowler-lecture/|access-date=3 July 2014|work=Daily Bruin|date=January 9, 2014|location=Los Angeles, CA}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Gidan Tarihi na Fowler ya sami kyaututtuka da dama domin girmama cika shekaru hamsin da kafa shi. An kiyasta cewa kyautar da aka bayar ta kai kimanin dala miliyan 14, daga Jay Last, majagaba a fannin tara kuɗi kuma majagaba a Silicon Valley. Kamar yadda jaridar Los Angeles Times ta ruwaito, kyautar ta ƙunshi abubuwa 92 na itace da hauren giwa daga mutanen Lega na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ng|first1=David|title=Fowler Museum at UCLA receives art gift estimated at $14 million|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-fowler-museum-ucla-20131022-story.html|website=Los Angeles Times|date=22 October 2013 |access-date=3 July 2014}}</ref> An tattara mafi yawan kadarorin a fagen kuma an rubuta su cikin tsari, suna ba da bayanai game da mahallin. Yayin da gidan tarihi ke ƙara shirye-shiryensa don biyan buƙatun jama'ar Latin Amurka da ke ƙaruwa a birnin, ayyukan tattarawa a wannan yanki sun ƙaru. An bayar da gudummawar tarin ayyukan Mexico sama da 900 a shekarar 1997 ta hannun iyalan Daniel, kuma sun haɗa da zane-zanen bishiyoyin rayuwa na yumbu, siffofi [[Ranar Matattu|na Ranar Matattu]], da kuma abin rufe fuska daga Metepec, Oaxaca, Michoacan, Jalisco, Puebla, da Guanajuato. == Nunin Nunin == === Nunin Dindindin === Fowler tana karbar bakuncin baje kolin kayayyaki guda biyu na dindindin. * Mahadar: Fasaha ta Duniya, Rayuwar Gida * Al'adu Mai Nuna Tunani: Tarin Azurfa na Francis E. Fowler, Jr. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reflecting Culture: The Francis E. Fowler, Jr. Collection of Silver {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/reflecting-culture/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102001659/http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/reflecting-culture |archive-date=2011-01-02 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> === Nunin da ya gabata da na yanzu === * Ruwan Duwatsu: Shinkafa da Asalin Ƙasa a Arewacin Luzon Highlands, Philippines, 2026 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mountain Spirits: Rice and Indigeneity in the Northern Luzon Highlands, Philippines {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/mountain-spirits/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228111154/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/mountain-spirits/ |archive-date=2025-12-28 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Tsohon Canji, 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-Change {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/ex-change/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814110844/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/ex-change/ |archive-date=2025-08-14 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Gine-gine, Sana'a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction, Occupation {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/construction-occupation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210192048/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/construction-occupation/ |archive-date=2025-02-10 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Dangantakar Gobara: Ilimin Halittu da Fasaha na 'Yan Asalin Kudancin California, 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire Kinship: Southern California Native Ecology and Art {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/fire-kinship/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722134049/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/fire-kinship/ |archive-date=2024-07-22 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Sangre de Nopal: Tanya Aguiñiga da Porfirio Gutiérrez a cikin Tattaunawa, 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangre de Nopal/Blood of the Nopal {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/sangre-de-nopal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229015709/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/sangre-de-nopal/ |archive-date=2024-02-29 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Rage Hamada: Juriya, Addini, da Kakannin Da suka Gabata a Tsohon Peru <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Taming the Desert: Resilience, Religion, and Ancestors in Ancient Peru {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/taming-the-desert/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527211206/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/taming-the-desert/ |archive-date=2024-05-27 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Zan Sake Haɗuwa Da Ku: Zane-zanen Sikh na Zamani <ref name="auto2" /> * Gidan Ya Yi Ƙarami: Fasahar Alfarma ta Yarabawa Daga Afirka da Ƙasashen Waje, 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=The House Was Too Small: Sacred Yoruba Arts from Africa and Beyond {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/the-house-was-too-small-sacred-yoruba-arts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602113052/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/the-house-was-too-small-sacred-yoruba-arts/ |archive-date=2023-06-02 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Yadda Ake Daidaita Duniya: Fasahar Firistoci da Shamans daga Vietnam da Kudancin China, 2017/2018 * Salon Bugawa na Afirka Yanzu: Labari na Ɗanɗano, Tarihi, da Salo, 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fowler Museum {{!}} Free Admission. Easy Parking. {{!}} African-Print Fashion Now! A Story of Taste, Globalization, and Style |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/african-print-fashion-now/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321210010/http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/african-print-fashion-now/ |archive-date=2017-03-21 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Tafiya ta Zagaye: Keke a Asiya Ƙananan, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Round Trip: Bicycling Asia Minor, 1891 {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/round-trip-bicycling-asia-minor-1891/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215022734/http://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/round-trip-bicycling-asia-minor-1891 |archive-date=2015-02-15 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Waliyyai Masu Zunubi da Masu Zunubi Masu Tsarki a Yankin Amurka, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinful Saints and Saintly Sinners at the Margins of the Americas {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/sinful-saints-and-saintly-sinners-at-the-margins-of-the-americas/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803104827/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/sinful-saints-and-saintly-sinners-at-the-margins-of-the-americas/ |archive-date=2021-08-03 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Rifts na Nahiyar: Ayyukan Afirka na Zamani na Lokaci, 2009 == Manyan abubuwan da aka zaɓa na tarin == <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="3"> File:Chief’s_Mask_from_Haida_peoples.jpg|alt=Chief's Mask, Haida people, British Columbia, 19th century,| ''Abin Rufe Ido na Babban Sarki'', mutanen Haida, British Columbia, ƙarni na 19, File:Buddha_from_Sagaing,_Burma.jpg|alt=Buddha, Sagaing, Burma, 17th century| ''Buddha'', Sagaing, Burma, ƙarni na 17 File:Bamileke_Mask_(tsesah).jpg|alt=Mask (tsesah), Bamileke people, Bamendjo, Cameroon, Late 19th century| ''Abin rufe fuska (tsesah)'', mutanen Bamileke, Bamendjo, Kamaru, ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 File:Headdress_from_Efut_peoples.jpg|alt=Headdress, Efut peoples, Calabar, Nigeria, 19th century| ''Rigar kai'', mutanen Efut, Calabar, Najeriya, ƙarni na 19 File:Hornbill_Figure_from_Borneo.jpg|alt=Hornbill figure, Iban, Borneo, 19th century| ''Siffar Hornbill'', Iban, Borneo, ƙarni na 19 File:Moche_portrait_vessel_from_Peru.jpg|alt=Portrait vessel, Moche style, north coast Peru,100–800 C.E.| ''Jirgin ruwa mai hoto'', salon Moche, gabar tekun arewa na Peru, 100-800 CE File:Ornament_for_a_sacred_flute_from_Mundugumor_peoples.jpg|alt=Ornament for a sacred flute, Mundugumor people, Yuat River, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, 19th century| ''Kayan ado na sarewa mai tsarki'', mutanen Mundugumor, Kogin Yuat, Lardin Gabashin Sepik, Papua New Guinea, ƙarni na 19 File:Yombe_Power_Figure_(Nkisi).jpg|alt=Power figure (nkisi nkondi), Yombe peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 18th–19th century| ''Mutum mai iko'' (nkisi nkondi), mutanen Yombe, Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo, ƙarni na 18-19 File:Odundo_Ceramic.jpg|alt=Ceramic, Magdalene Odundo (Kenya, b. 1950)| ''Gilashin yumbu'', Magdalene Odundo (Kenya, an haife ta a 1950) File:Puppet_the_Blind_Scholar.jpg|alt=Hand puppet, the Blind Scholar, Chinese, Taiwan, Early–mid-20th century| ''<nowiki/>'Yar tsana ta hannu, Makaho Malami'', 'yar China, Taiwan, Farkon-tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 File:Santo,_Virgin_of_the_Rosary_from_Guatemala.jpg|alt=Santo, Virgin of the Rosary, Guatemala, Early 20th century| ''Santo, Budurwar Rosary'', Guatemala, Farkon ƙarni na 20 File:Mask_(amiilk)_from_Tsimshian_peoples.jpg|alt=Mask (amiilk), Tsimshian peoples, British Columbia, Canada, 19th century| ''Abin rufe fuska (amiilk)'', mutanen Tsimshian, British Columbia, Kanada, ƙarni na 19 </gallery> == Daraktoci == * Christopher B. Donnan (1981-1996) * Doran H. Ross (1996–2001) <ref name="choi" /> * Marla C. Berns (2001-2021) * Silvia Forni (2022-yanzu) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Silvia Forni named director of the Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/silvia-forni-named-director-of-the-fowler-museum-at-ucla |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=UCLA |language=en-us}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, an bai wa Berns matsayinta ta hanyar gudummawar dala miliyan 1 daga Shirley da Ralph Shapiro, masu ba da agaji na Los Angeles, don girmama gudummawar da ta bayar ga UCLA da al'umma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luther |first=Claudia |date=Jun 1, 2014 |title=Bringing World Cultures to Campus |url=http://magazine.ucla.edu/features/backing-brilliance/index1.html |journal=UCLA Magazine}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Berns ya sami lambar yabo ta Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters of the French Republic a wani biki da Stéphane Martin, shugaban gidan tarihi na Quai Branly ya gudanar. An gudanar da bikin a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Quai Branly da ke birnin Paris a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, a lokacin bude taron ''Secrets d'ivoire: L'art des Lega d'Afrique centrale'', wani baje kolin tarin kayan tarihi na Afirka na gidan adana kayan tarihi na Fowler da mutanen Lega na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo suka yi, wanda masu tattara kayan tarihi Jay T. da Deborah R. Last suka bayar ga Fowler == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://fowler.ucla.edu/collections Bayani game da Tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fowler] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pazao5nt1cufjrecbpm8vw9o4qkr830 970152 970151 2026-10-21T17:05:16Z Baffa ali 47435 970152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan Tarihi na Fowler da ke UCLA''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''The Fowler''', wanda a da '''Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Al'adu''' da '''Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Al'adu na Fowler''' ) gidan tarihi ne da ke harabar Jami'ar California, Los Angeles (UCLA) wanda ke bincika al'adun fasaha da kayan tarihi musamman daga [[Afirka]], [[Asiya]], [[Tekun Pacific|Pacific]], da [[Amurka]], na baya da na yanzu. Fowler gida ne ga nunin kayan tarihi guda biyu na dindindin. Wasu gidajen tarihi guda huɗu a gidan tarihi suna ɗaukar nauyin baje kolin fasaha na ɗan lokaci, sau da yawa a lokaci guda. Wurin kuma yana aiki a matsayin wurin da za a yi laccoci, wasannin kwaikwayo na kiɗa, bita na fasaha, shirye-shiryen iyali, bukukuwa, da sauransu. Fowler yana arewacin harabar Westwood ta UCLA, kusa da Royce Hall da Gloya Kaufman Hall. Gidan Tarihi na Fowler kuma gida ne ga Cibiyar Nazarin Kayan Tarihi ta UCLA Cotsen, wadda ke a ƙasan bene. Ana gudanar da gidan kayan tarihi a ƙarƙashin ikon Makarantar Fasaha da Gine-gine ta UCLA . == Tarihi == [[File:Fowler_Museum_Construction_stg_extracted.jpg|thumb| Tsarin Gidan Tarihi na Fowler ta Savrann]] [[File:Fowler_Museum_Construction_stg2.jpg|thumb| Ana gina Gidan Tarihin Fowler]] An kafa gidan tarihin a shekarar 1963 ta hannun shugaban jami'ar UCLA na wancan lokacin Franklin D. Murphy a matsayin Gidan Tarihi da Dakunan Gwaje-gwaje na Fasaha da Ƙabilu. Gidansa na farko yana cikin ginshiki na Haines Hall a harabar UCLA. Manufar wannan sabon gidan tarihi ita ce a haɗa tarin kayan tarihi da kayan tarihi daban-daban da ba na Yammacin duniya ba a harabar jami'ar. Baya ga tattara bayanai masu inganci, gidan kayan tarihi ya fara ayyukan bincike, ayyukan filin, nune-nunen da wallafe-wallafe. A shekarar 1971, an canza sunan zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Al'adu kuma a shekarar 1975, tarin kayan tarihin, a adadi da inganci, sun sanya shi cikin manyan gidajen tarihi guda huɗu na jami'o'i a ƙasar, matsayin da yake riƙe da shi har zuwa yau. A shekarar 1981, Shugaban Jami'ar UCLA, Charles E. Young, tare da daraktan gidan tarihi, Christopher B. Donnan, sun ƙirƙiro wani shiri na gina sabon gini don nuna tarin kayan. Ginin da aka yi wa ado da dala miliyan 22, wanda masu gine-gine Arnold C. Savrann da John Carl Warnecke suka tsara, an yi shi ne da kyaututtukan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kuma albarkatun gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=UCLA Alumni |author-link=UCLA Alumni |title=Sept. 30, 1992 Gallery of World Arts Unveiled |url=http://alumni.ucla.edu/share/ucla-history/tmih-sep-fowler.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233109/http://alumni.ucla.edu/share/ucla-history/tmih-sep-fowler.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=3 July 2014 |website=UCLA History |publisher=UCLA Alumni}}</ref> Bayan kammala ginin, an sake sanya wa gidan tarihin suna zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Al'adu na Fowler, wanda aka buɗe a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1992, an sanya masa suna don girmama tallafin gubar da Gidauniyar Fowler da iyalan mai tarawa da mai ƙirƙira Francis E. Fowler Jr., tsohon mai Southern Comfort suka bayar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=When the World Came to Westwood: The Fowler Museum at 50 |url=http://magazine.ucla.edu/features/when-the-world-came-to-westwood/ |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=UCLA Magazine}}</ref> A shekarar 1996, Doran H. Ross ya zama darektan Fowler. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berns |first=Marla |date=October 23, 2020 |title=In memoriam: Doran Ross, 73, Fowler Museum's former director and Ghanaian art scholar |url=https://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/in-memoriam-doran-ross-73-fowler-museums-former-director-and-ghanaian-art-scholar |access-date=July 13, 2022 |website=[[UCLA]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an canza sunan gidan tarihi zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Fowler da ke UCLA. [[File:Fowler_courtyard.jpg|right|thumb| Farfajiyar ciki ta Fowler.]] A shekarar 2024, gidan adana kayan tarihi ya mayar wa [[Ghana|Jamhuriyar Ghana]] kayayyakin tarihi guda bakwai na masarautar daga [[Daular Ashanti]] waɗanda sojojin masarautar Burtaniya suka mallaka a baya ta hanyar kwace musu kayayyaki a ƙarni na 19. Waɗannan sun haɗa da wushin wutsiyar giwa, kujera mai ado da aka yi da itace, fata da ƙarfe, kayan ado na kujerun zinare guda biyu, sarƙar zinariya da mundaye guda biyu. An dawo da kayayyakin tarihi a ranar cika shekaru 150 da kama Kumasi (1874) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. museum returns artifacts to Ghana that were looted 150 years ago by British forces |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/u-s-museum-returns-artifacts-to-ghana-that-were-looted-150-years-ago-by-british-forces |access-date=2026-08-08 |website=Pbs.org}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya]] da Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert sun amince su ba da rancen wasu kayan tarihi na zinariya da azurfa daga tarin kayan tarihinsu waɗanda [[Daular Biritaniya|Daular Burtaniya]] ta mallaka ta hanyar kwacewa na tsawon shekaru shida ga ƙasar. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Federal Register :: Request Access |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/01/07/2026-00073/notice-of-intended-repatriation-fowler-museum-university-of-california-los-angeles-los-angeles-ca |access-date=2026-08-08 |website=Federalregister.gov}}</ref> Duk da haka, Fowler bai sanya wani sharaɗi ba game da kula da kayayyakin kuma ya mayar wa ƙasar cikakken mallakar su. Haka kuma a shekarar 2024, gidan tarihi ya mayar da abubuwa 20 zuwa ga al'ummar Waramungu da ke Ostiraliya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Riefe |first=Jordan |date=2024-07-24 |title=UCLA Fowler Museum repatriates artworks to Aboriginal community in Australia |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2024-07-24/ucla-fowler-museum-repatriates-artworks-to-indigenous-australian-community |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, gidan tarihi ya mayar da jimillar kayayyakin al'adu 766 da suka tattara zuwa ga Yuhaaviatam na San Manuel Nation . <ref name="auto1" /> == Tarin abubuwa == Tarin Fowler ya ƙunshi fiye da zane-zane da zane-zane na al'adu 120,000 da kuma kayan tarihi 600,000 waɗanda ke wakiltar al'adun gargajiya, na Afirka, 'Yan Asalin Amirka da Latin Amurka, da Asiya da Pacific. Yawancin kadarorin Fowler an same su ne ta hanyar gudummawar da mutane suka bayar. Tarin Sir Henry Wellcome na abubuwa 30,000, <ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Hasinoff |first=Erin L. |date=November 2011 |title=An Infinity of Things: How Sir Henry Wellcome Collected the World. Frances Larson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. |url=https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/mar/article/view/1218/1382 |journal=Museum Anthropology Review |location=Bloomington, IN |publisher=Mathers Museum of World Cultures |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |pages=140–143}}</ref> wanda Sir Henry Wellcome ya tattara a farkon karni na 20 kuma aka ba shi gidan tarihi a shekarar 1965, shine ginshiƙin mallakarsa a Afirka da Pacific kuma yana wakiltar babbar kyauta guda ɗaya. Wannan wani ɓangare ne na tarwatsa tarin kayan Wellcome, wanda ya haɗa da abubuwa sama da 120,000 da aka bayar a kan aro na dogon lokaci zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya da ke Landan, wanda yanzu aka adana a wurin shakatawa na Kimiyya da Ƙirƙira . <ref name="auto" /> Yadi sama da 15,000 sun bi diddigin tarihin yadi tsawon shekaru dubu biyu da kuma a nahiyoyi biyar. Abubuwan da aka samo daga tarin Azurfa na Fowler Family sun haɗa da ayyuka 400 da ke wakiltar ƙarni na 16 zuwa 19 na Turai da Amurka. Daga cikin waɗannan akwai jiragen ruwa daga bita na Paul de Lamerie, Karl Fabergé, da Paul Revere . A shekarar 1969, jarumar fina-finan Hollywood, Natalie Wood, ta bayar da gudummawar tarin tsoffin kayan yumbu na Chupícuaro na Mexico ga Gidan Tarihi na Fowler. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Green|first1=Natalie|title=Q&A: Victoria Lyall discusses Chupícuaro pottery, upcoming Fowler lecture|url=http://dailybruin.com/2014/01/09/qcuaro-pottery-upcoming-fowler-lecture/|access-date=3 July 2014|work=Daily Bruin|date=January 9, 2014|location=Los Angeles, CA}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Gidan Tarihi na Fowler ya sami kyaututtuka da dama domin girmama cika shekaru hamsin da kafa shi. An kiyasta cewa kyautar da aka bayar ta kai kimanin dala miliyan 14, daga Jay Last, majagaba a fannin tara kuɗi kuma majagaba a Silicon Valley. Kamar yadda jaridar Los Angeles Times ta ruwaito, kyautar ta ƙunshi abubuwa 92 na itace da hauren giwa daga mutanen Lega na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ng|first1=David|title=Fowler Museum at UCLA receives art gift estimated at $14 million|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-fowler-museum-ucla-20131022-story.html|website=Los Angeles Times|date=22 October 2013 |access-date=3 July 2014}}</ref> An tattara mafi yawan kadarorin a fagen kuma an rubuta su cikin tsari, suna ba da bayanai game da mahallin. Yayin da gidan tarihi ke ƙara shirye-shiryensa don biyan buƙatun jama'ar Latin Amurka da ke ƙaruwa a birnin, ayyukan tattarawa a wannan yanki sun ƙaru. An bayar da gudummawar tarin ayyukan Mexico sama da 900 a shekarar 1997 ta hannun iyalan Daniel, kuma sun haɗa da zane-zanen bishiyoyin rayuwa na yumbu, siffofi [[Ranar Matattu|na Ranar Matattu]], da kuma abin rufe fuska daga Metepec, Oaxaca, Michoacan, Jalisco, Puebla, da Guanajuato. == Nunin Nunin == === Nunin Dindindin === Fowler tana karbar bakuncin baje kolin kayayyaki guda biyu na dindindin. * Mahadar: Fasaha ta Duniya, Rayuwar Gida * Al'adu Mai Nuna Tunani: Tarin Azurfa na Francis E. Fowler, Jr. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reflecting Culture: The Francis E. Fowler, Jr. Collection of Silver {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/reflecting-culture/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102001659/http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/reflecting-culture |archive-date=2011-01-02 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> === Nunin da ya gabata da na yanzu === * Ruwan Duwatsu: Shinkafa da Asalin Ƙasa a Arewacin Luzon Highlands, Philippines, 2026 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mountain Spirits: Rice and Indigeneity in the Northern Luzon Highlands, Philippines {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/mountain-spirits/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228111154/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/mountain-spirits/ |archive-date=2025-12-28 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Tsohon Canji, 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-Change {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/ex-change/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814110844/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/ex-change/ |archive-date=2025-08-14 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Gine-gine, Sana'a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction, Occupation {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/construction-occupation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210192048/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/construction-occupation/ |archive-date=2025-02-10 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Dangantakar Gobara: Ilimin Halittu da Fasaha na 'Yan Asalin Kudancin California, 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire Kinship: Southern California Native Ecology and Art {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/fire-kinship/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722134049/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/fire-kinship/ |archive-date=2024-07-22 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Sangre de Nopal: Tanya Aguiñiga da Porfirio Gutiérrez a cikin Tattaunawa, 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangre de Nopal/Blood of the Nopal {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/sangre-de-nopal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229015709/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/sangre-de-nopal/ |archive-date=2024-02-29 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Rage Hamada: Juriya, Addini, da Kakannin Da suka Gabata a Tsohon Peru <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Taming the Desert: Resilience, Religion, and Ancestors in Ancient Peru {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/taming-the-desert/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527211206/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/taming-the-desert/ |archive-date=2024-05-27 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Zan Sake Haɗuwa Da Ku: Zane-zanen Sikh na Zamani <ref name="auto2" /> * Gidan Ya Yi Ƙarami: Fasahar Alfarma ta Yarabawa Daga Afirka da Ƙasashen Waje, 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=The House Was Too Small: Sacred Yoruba Arts from Africa and Beyond {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/the-house-was-too-small-sacred-yoruba-arts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602113052/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/the-house-was-too-small-sacred-yoruba-arts/ |archive-date=2023-06-02 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Yadda Ake Daidaita Duniya: Fasahar Firistoci da Shamans daga Vietnam da Kudancin China, 2017/2018 * Salon Bugawa na Afirka Yanzu: Labari na Ɗanɗano, Tarihi, da Salo, 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fowler Museum {{!}} Free Admission. Easy Parking. {{!}} African-Print Fashion Now! A Story of Taste, Globalization, and Style |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/african-print-fashion-now/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321210010/http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/african-print-fashion-now/ |archive-date=2017-03-21 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Tafiya ta Zagaye: Keke a Asiya Ƙananan, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Round Trip: Bicycling Asia Minor, 1891 {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/round-trip-bicycling-asia-minor-1891/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215022734/http://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/round-trip-bicycling-asia-minor-1891 |archive-date=2015-02-15 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Waliyyai Masu Zunubi da Masu Zunubi Masu Tsarki a Yankin Amurka, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinful Saints and Saintly Sinners at the Margins of the Americas {{!}} Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/sinful-saints-and-saintly-sinners-at-the-margins-of-the-americas/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803104827/https://fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/sinful-saints-and-saintly-sinners-at-the-margins-of-the-americas/ |archive-date=2021-08-03 |access-date=2026-08-08}}</ref> * Rifts na Nahiyar: Ayyukan Afirka na Zamani na Lokaci, 2009 == Manyan abubuwan da aka zaɓa na tarin == <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="3"> File:Chief’s_Mask_from_Haida_peoples.jpg|alt=Chief's Mask, Haida people, British Columbia, 19th century,| ''Abin Rufe Ido na Babban Sarki'', mutanen Haida, British Columbia, ƙarni na 19, File:Buddha_from_Sagaing,_Burma.jpg|alt=Buddha, Sagaing, Burma, 17th century| ''Buddha'', Sagaing, Burma, ƙarni na 17 File:Bamileke_Mask_(tsesah).jpg|alt=Mask (tsesah), Bamileke people, Bamendjo, Cameroon, Late 19th century| ''Abin rufe fuska (tsesah)'', mutanen Bamileke, Bamendjo, Kamaru, ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 File:Headdress_from_Efut_peoples.jpg|alt=Headdress, Efut peoples, Calabar, Nigeria, 19th century| ''Rigar kai'', mutanen Efut, Calabar, Najeriya, ƙarni na 19 File:Hornbill_Figure_from_Borneo.jpg|alt=Hornbill figure, Iban, Borneo, 19th century| ''Siffar Hornbill'', Iban, Borneo, ƙarni na 19 File:Moche_portrait_vessel_from_Peru.jpg|alt=Portrait vessel, Moche style, north coast Peru,100–800 C.E.| ''Jirgin ruwa mai hoto'', salon Moche, gabar tekun arewa na Peru, 100-800 CE File:Ornament_for_a_sacred_flute_from_Mundugumor_peoples.jpg|alt=Ornament for a sacred flute, Mundugumor people, Yuat River, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, 19th century| ''Kayan ado na sarewa mai tsarki'', mutanen Mundugumor, Kogin Yuat, Lardin Gabashin Sepik, Papua New Guinea, ƙarni na 19 File:Yombe_Power_Figure_(Nkisi).jpg|alt=Power figure (nkisi nkondi), Yombe peoples, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 18th–19th century| ''Mutum mai iko'' (nkisi nkondi), mutanen Yombe, Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo, ƙarni na 18-19 File:Odundo_Ceramic.jpg|alt=Ceramic, Magdalene Odundo (Kenya, b. 1950)| ''Gilashin yumbu'', Magdalene Odundo (Kenya, an haife ta a 1950) File:Puppet_the_Blind_Scholar.jpg|alt=Hand puppet, the Blind Scholar, Chinese, Taiwan, Early–mid-20th century| ''<nowiki/>'Yar tsana ta hannu, Makaho Malami'', 'yar China, Taiwan, Farkon-tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 File:Santo,_Virgin_of_the_Rosary_from_Guatemala.jpg|alt=Santo, Virgin of the Rosary, Guatemala, Early 20th century| ''Santo, Budurwar Rosary'', Guatemala, Farkon ƙarni na 20 File:Mask_(amiilk)_from_Tsimshian_peoples.jpg|alt=Mask (amiilk), Tsimshian peoples, British Columbia, Canada, 19th century| ''Abin rufe fuska (amiilk)'', mutanen Tsimshian, British Columbia, Kanada, ƙarni na 19 </gallery> == Daraktoci == * Christopher B. Donnan (1981-1996) * Doran H. Ross (1996–2001) <ref name="choi" /> * Marla C. Berns (2001-2021) * Silvia Forni (2022-yanzu) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Silvia Forni named director of the Fowler Museum at UCLA |url=https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/silvia-forni-named-director-of-the-fowler-museum-at-ucla |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=UCLA |language=en-us}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, an bai wa Berns matsayinta ta hanyar gudummawar dala miliyan 1 daga Shirley da Ralph Shapiro, masu ba da agaji na Los Angeles, don girmama gudummawar da ta bayar ga UCLA da al'umma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luther |first=Claudia |date=Jun 1, 2014 |title=Bringing World Cultures to Campus |url=http://magazine.ucla.edu/features/backing-brilliance/index1.html |journal=UCLA Magazine}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, Berns ya sami lambar yabo ta Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters of the French Republic a wani biki da Stéphane Martin, shugaban gidan tarihi na Quai Branly ya gudanar. An gudanar da bikin a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Quai Branly da ke birnin Paris a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, a lokacin bude taron ''Secrets d'ivoire: L'art des Lega d'Afrique centrale'', wani baje kolin tarin kayan tarihi na Afirka na gidan adana kayan tarihi na Fowler da mutanen Lega na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo suka yi, wanda masu tattara kayan tarihi Jay T. da Deborah R. Last suka bayar ga Fowler == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://fowler.ucla.edu/collections Bayani game da Tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fowler] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == b8i6cfdzu9gcbszxnqlhek0dxa23btv 0 179740 970196 2026-10-21T18:01:54Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316119915|The Boat Race 1922]]" 970196 wikitext text/x-wiki Gasar tseren kwale-kwale ta 74 ta gudana ne a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1922. Gasar tseren kwale-kwale, wacce ake gudanarwa kowace shekara, gasa ce ta kwale-kwale tsakanin ma'aikata daga Jami'o'in Oxford da Cambridge a gefen Kogin Thames . Cambridge ta shiga gasar a matsayin zakara, bayan ta lashe gasar bara, kuma tana da ma'aikata masu nauyi sosai. Hudu daga cikin ma'aikatan Oxford da kuma uku daga cikin ma'aikatan Cambridge sun taɓa samun gogewa a tseren jirgin ruwa. A gasar ta wannan shekarar, wadda tsohon ɗan wasan kwale-kwale Frederick I. Pitman ya jagoranta, Cambridge ta yi nasara da a cikin minti 19 da daƙiƙa 27. Wannan nasara ce ta huɗu a jere da Cambridge ta samu, mafi girman tazarar nasara tun 1914 kuma mafi sauri lokacin nasara tun 1911. == Bayani == [[File:Swann_SE_Vanity_Fair_1912-04-03.jpg|right|thumb| Sidney Swann ne ya horar da ma'aikatan Cambridge.]] Gasar tseren kwale-kwale gasa ce ta gefen-da-gefe tsakanin [[Jami'ar Oxford]] (wani lokacin ana kiranta da "Dark Blues") <ref name="blues">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2003 |title=Dark Blues aim to punch above their weight |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/apr/06/theobserver |access-date=20 August 2014 |website=[[The Observer]]}}</ref> da Jami'ar Cambridge (wani lokacin ana kiranta da "Light Blues"). <ref name="blues" /> An fara gudanar da tseren ne a shekarar 1829, kuma tun daga shekarar 1845 ake yin tseren a kan {{Convert|4.2|mi|km}} Filin Gasar Zakarun Turai a Kogin Thames a kudu maso yammacin London. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Oliver |date=25 March 2014 |title=University Boat Race 2014: spectators' guide |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/uk/london/10719622/University-Boat-Race-2014-spectators-guide.html |access-date=20 June 2014 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Course |url=http://theboatraces.org/the-course |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028142856/http://theboatraces.org/the-course |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=24 July 2014 |publisher=The Boat Race Company Limited}}</ref> Gasar dai babbar alama ce ta girmamawa tsakanin jami'o'in biyu; ana bin ta a duk faɗin Burtaniya, kuma tun daga shekarar 2014, ana watsa ta a duk faɗin duniya. Cambridge ta shiga gasar a matsayin zakarun da ke kan gaba, bayan ta lashe tseren 1921 da tsayi ɗaya, yayin da Oxford ta jagoranci gaba ɗaya da nasarori 39 zuwa ga Cambridge da maki 33 (ban da "zafin da ya mutu" na 1877 ). <ref name="results">{{Cite web |title=Boat Race – Results |url=http://theboatraces.org/results |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028142809/http://theboatraces.org/classic-moments-the-1877-dead-heat |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=25 August 2014 |publisher=The Boat Race Company Limited}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Classic moments – the 1877 dead heat |url=http://theboatraces.org/classic-moments-the-1877-dead-heat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028142809/http://theboatraces.org/classic-moments-the-1877-dead-heat |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=20 August 2014 |publisher=The Boat Race Company Limited}}</ref> Masu horar da Oxford su ne George Drinkwater wanda ya yi kwale-kwale a Oxford a tseren 1902 da 1903, da ED Horsfall (wanda ya yi kwale-kwale a tseren uku kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] ) da kuma RPP Rowe wanda ya yi kwale-kwale sau huɗu tsakanin 1889 da 1892. An horar da Cambridge ta hanyar H. Peake (wanda ya halarci gasar Peace Regattas ta 1919), Sidney Swann (wanda ya yi tseren kwale-kwale a tsere huɗu daga 1911 zuwa 1914) da kuma GL Thomson. A shekara ta goma sha huɗu, alkalin wasa shi ne tsohon ɗan Etonian Frederick I. Pitman wanda ya yi kwale-kwale a Cambridge a tseren 1884, 1885 da 1886. == Ma'aikata == [[File:AndrewIrvine.jpg|right|thumb| AC Irvine ta yi nasarar shiga matsayi na 2 a gasar Oxford.]] Ma'aikatan Cambridge sun auna matsakaicin nauyin 12&nbsp;st 11&nbsp;lb (81.0)&nbsp;kilogiram), {{Convert|7|lb|kg|1}} fiye da abokan hamayyarsu a kowace matuƙi. Biyar daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin Oxford sun taɓa samun gogewa a tseren Boat Race, ciki har da cox WH Porritt wanda ya bayyana a karo na uku a gasar. Ma'aikatan Cambridge sun kuma haɗa da mutane biyar waɗanda suka wakilci jami'ar a baya, ciki har da Humphrey Playford da PHG HS. Hartley waɗanda ke tuƙa kwale-kwale don Light Blues a shekara ta uku a jere. <ref name="burn71" /> Biyu daga cikin mahalarta gasar sun lashe lambobin azurfa a gasar maza takwas a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1920 : Sebastian Earl na Oxford, da Guy Oliver Nickalls . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Britain Rowing at the 1920 Antwerpen Summer Games |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/GBR/summer/1920/ROW/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417113301/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/GBR/summer/1920/ROW/ |archive-date=17 April 2020 |access-date=29 January 2015 |publisher=[[Sports Reference]]}}</ref> Duk mahalarta gasar an yi musu rijista a matsayin 'yan Birtaniya. {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Seat ! colspan="3" scope="col" |Oxford <br /><br /> [[File:Oxford-University-Circlet.svg|38x38px]] ! colspan="3" scope="col" |Cambridge <br /><br /> [[File:University_of_Cambridge_coat_of_arms.svg|35x35px]] |- !Name !College !Weight !Name !College !Weight |- |Bow |P. C. Mallam |Queen's |11 st 6 lb |T. D. A. Collet |Pembroke |12 st 3 lb |- |2 |A. C. Irvine |Merton |12 st 8 lb |A. J. Hodgkin |1st Trinity |12 st 6.5 lb |- |3 |S. Earl |Magdalen |12 st 6.5 lb |K. N. Craig |Pembroke |12 st 8.5 lb |- |4 |J. E. Pedder |Worcester |12 st 9 lb |A. D. B. Pearson |1st Trinity |13 st 10.5 lb |- |5 |G. O. Nickalls |Magdalen |12 st 8 lb |H. B. Playford (P) |Jesus |13 st 10.5 lb |- |6 |D. T. Raikes (P) |Merton |13 st 6.5 lb |B. G. Ivory |Pembroke |13 st 8 lb |- |7 |G. Milling |Merton |11 st 10 lb |Hon. J. W. H. Fremantle |3rd Trinity |12 st 6.5 lb |- |Stroke |A. V. Campbell |Christ Church |11 st 5.5 lb |P. H. G. H.-S. Hartley |Lady Margaret Boat Club |11 st 6 lb |- |Cox |W. H. Porritt |Magdalen |8 st 10 lb |L. E. Stephens |Trinity Hall |9 st 4 lb |- ! colspan="7" |Source:<br /><br />(P) &#x2013; boat club president |} == Tseren == [[File:University_Boat_Race_Thames_map.svg|right|thumb| Filin Gasar da ake fafatawa a Gasar Jirgin Ruwa]] Cambridge ta yi nasara a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida kuma aka zaɓe ta ta fara daga tashar Middlesex, inda ta bai wa Cambridge gefen kogin Surrey. Cikin iska mai sauƙi da kuma ruwa mai kyau, alkalin wasa Pitman ya fara tseren da ƙarfe 4:40&nbsp;pm, wanda ya haifar da rashin nasara, inda aka saki Cambridge daga hannun jarinsu nan ba da jimawa ba. Bayan sake fara wasan, Cambridge ta yi nasara a hannun Mile Post kuma ta wuce Oxford tsawon lokaci kafin ma'aikatan jirgin su wuce ƙarƙashin Hammersmith Bridge . A cewar bow na Oxford, George Drinkwater, Cambridge tana "yin tuƙi sosai a cikin kansu" kuma ta wuce matakin ƙarshe na tsawon minti 19 da daƙiƙa 27. Wannan ita ce nasara ta huɗu a jere, mafi girman tazarar nasara tun tseren 1914 da kuma lokacin da ya fi sauri na cin nasara tun tseren 1911 . Nasarar ta kai ga jimlar tarihin gasar zuwa 39 &#x2013; 34, wanda hakan ya bai wa Oxford nasara. <ref name="results" /> == Manazarta == '''Littattafan tarihi''' * {{Cite book|last3=Dickie Burnell}} *   *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://theboatraces.org/ Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma] lfwmwj0sep8k144kri311ejqm29iyoo 970197 970196 2026-10-21T18:02:59Z Baffa ali 47435 970197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gasar tseren kwale-kwale ta 74 ta gudana ne a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1922. Gasar tseren kwale-kwale, wacce ake gudanarwa kowace shekara, gasa ce ta kwale-kwale tsakanin ma'aikata daga Jami'o'in Oxford da Cambridge a gefen Kogin Thames . Cambridge ta shiga gasar a matsayin zakara, bayan ta lashe gasar bara, kuma tana da ma'aikata masu nauyi sosai. Hudu daga cikin ma'aikatan Oxford da kuma uku daga cikin ma'aikatan Cambridge sun taɓa samun gogewa a tseren jirgin ruwa. A gasar ta wannan shekarar, wadda tsohon ɗan wasan kwale-kwale Frederick I. Pitman ya jagoranta, Cambridge ta yi nasara da a cikin minti 19 da daƙiƙa 27. Wannan nasara ce ta huɗu a jere da Cambridge ta samu, mafi girman tazarar nasara tun 1914 kuma mafi sauri lokacin nasara tun 1911. == Bayani == [[File:Swann_SE_Vanity_Fair_1912-04-03.jpg|right|thumb| Sidney Swann ne ya horar da ma'aikatan Cambridge.]] Gasar tseren kwale-kwale gasa ce ta gefen-da-gefe tsakanin [[Jami'ar Oxford]] (wani lokacin ana kiranta da "Dark Blues") <ref name="blues">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2003 |title=Dark Blues aim to punch above their weight |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2003/apr/06/theobserver |access-date=20 August 2014 |website=[[The Observer]]}}</ref> da Jami'ar Cambridge (wani lokacin ana kiranta da "Light Blues"). <ref name="blues" /> An fara gudanar da tseren ne a shekarar 1829, kuma tun daga shekarar 1845 ake yin tseren a kan {{Convert|4.2|mi|km}} Filin Gasar Zakarun Turai a Kogin Thames a kudu maso yammacin London. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Oliver |date=25 March 2014 |title=University Boat Race 2014: spectators' guide |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/uk/london/10719622/University-Boat-Race-2014-spectators-guide.html |access-date=20 June 2014 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Course |url=http://theboatraces.org/the-course |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028142856/http://theboatraces.org/the-course |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=24 July 2014 |publisher=The Boat Race Company Limited}}</ref> Gasar dai babbar alama ce ta girmamawa tsakanin jami'o'in biyu; ana bin ta a duk faɗin Burtaniya, kuma tun daga shekarar 2014, ana watsa ta a duk faɗin duniya. Cambridge ta shiga gasar a matsayin zakarun da ke kan gaba, bayan ta lashe tseren 1921 da tsayi ɗaya, yayin da Oxford ta jagoranci gaba ɗaya da nasarori 39 zuwa ga Cambridge da maki 33 (ban da "zafin da ya mutu" na 1877 ). <ref name="results">{{Cite web |title=Boat Race – Results |url=http://theboatraces.org/results |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028142809/http://theboatraces.org/classic-moments-the-1877-dead-heat |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=25 August 2014 |publisher=The Boat Race Company Limited}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Classic moments – the 1877 dead heat |url=http://theboatraces.org/classic-moments-the-1877-dead-heat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028142809/http://theboatraces.org/classic-moments-the-1877-dead-heat |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=20 August 2014 |publisher=The Boat Race Company Limited}}</ref> Masu horar da Oxford su ne George Drinkwater wanda ya yi kwale-kwale a Oxford a tseren 1902 da 1903, da ED Horsfall (wanda ya yi kwale-kwale a tseren uku kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] ) da kuma RPP Rowe wanda ya yi kwale-kwale sau huɗu tsakanin 1889 da 1892. An horar da Cambridge ta hanyar H. Peake (wanda ya halarci gasar Peace Regattas ta 1919), Sidney Swann (wanda ya yi tseren kwale-kwale a tsere huɗu daga 1911 zuwa 1914) da kuma GL Thomson. A shekara ta goma sha huɗu, alkalin wasa shi ne tsohon ɗan Etonian Frederick I. Pitman wanda ya yi kwale-kwale a Cambridge a tseren 1884, 1885 da 1886. == Ma'aikata == [[File:AndrewIrvine.jpg|right|thumb| AC Irvine ta yi nasarar shiga matsayi na 2 a gasar Oxford.]] Ma'aikatan Cambridge sun auna matsakaicin nauyin 12&nbsp;st 11&nbsp;lb (81.0)&nbsp;kilogiram), {{Convert|7|lb|kg|1}} fiye da abokan hamayyarsu a kowace matuƙi. Biyar daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin Oxford sun taɓa samun gogewa a tseren Boat Race, ciki har da cox WH Porritt wanda ya bayyana a karo na uku a gasar. Ma'aikatan Cambridge sun kuma haɗa da mutane biyar waɗanda suka wakilci jami'ar a baya, ciki har da Humphrey Playford da PHG HS. Hartley waɗanda ke tuƙa kwale-kwale don Light Blues a shekara ta uku a jere. <ref name="burn71" /> Biyu daga cikin mahalarta gasar sun lashe lambobin azurfa a gasar maza takwas a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1920 : Sebastian Earl na Oxford, da Guy Oliver Nickalls . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Britain Rowing at the 1920 Antwerpen Summer Games |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/GBR/summer/1920/ROW/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417113301/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/GBR/summer/1920/ROW/ |archive-date=17 April 2020 |access-date=29 January 2015 |publisher=[[Sports Reference]]}}</ref> Duk mahalarta gasar an yi musu rijista a matsayin 'yan Birtaniya. {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Seat ! colspan="3" scope="col" |Oxford <br /><br /> [[File:Oxford-University-Circlet.svg|38x38px]] ! colspan="3" scope="col" |Cambridge <br /><br /> [[File:University_of_Cambridge_coat_of_arms.svg|35x35px]] |- !Name !College !Weight !Name !College !Weight |- |Bow |P. C. Mallam |Queen's |11 st 6 lb |T. D. A. Collet |Pembroke |12 st 3 lb |- |2 |A. C. Irvine |Merton |12 st 8 lb |A. J. Hodgkin |1st Trinity |12 st 6.5 lb |- |3 |S. Earl |Magdalen |12 st 6.5 lb |K. N. Craig |Pembroke |12 st 8.5 lb |- |4 |J. E. Pedder |Worcester |12 st 9 lb |A. D. B. Pearson |1st Trinity |13 st 10.5 lb |- |5 |G. O. Nickalls |Magdalen |12 st 8 lb |H. B. Playford (P) |Jesus |13 st 10.5 lb |- |6 |D. T. Raikes (P) |Merton |13 st 6.5 lb |B. G. Ivory |Pembroke |13 st 8 lb |- |7 |G. Milling |Merton |11 st 10 lb |Hon. J. W. H. Fremantle |3rd Trinity |12 st 6.5 lb |- |Stroke |A. V. Campbell |Christ Church |11 st 5.5 lb |P. H. G. H.-S. Hartley |Lady Margaret Boat Club |11 st 6 lb |- |Cox |W. H. Porritt |Magdalen |8 st 10 lb |L. E. Stephens |Trinity Hall |9 st 4 lb |- ! colspan="7" |Source:<br /><br />(P) &#x2013; boat club president |} == Tseren == [[File:University_Boat_Race_Thames_map.svg|right|thumb| Filin Gasar da ake fafatawa a Gasar Jirgin Ruwa]] Cambridge ta yi nasara a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida kuma aka zaɓe ta ta fara daga tashar Middlesex, inda ta bai wa Cambridge gefen kogin Surrey. Cikin iska mai sauƙi da kuma ruwa mai kyau, alkalin wasa Pitman ya fara tseren da ƙarfe 4:40&nbsp;pm, wanda ya haifar da rashin nasara, inda aka saki Cambridge daga hannun jarinsu nan ba da jimawa ba. Bayan sake fara wasan, Cambridge ta yi nasara a hannun Mile Post kuma ta wuce Oxford tsawon lokaci kafin ma'aikatan jirgin su wuce ƙarƙashin Hammersmith Bridge . A cewar bow na Oxford, George Drinkwater, Cambridge tana "yin tuƙi sosai a cikin kansu" kuma ta wuce matakin ƙarshe na tsawon minti 19 da daƙiƙa 27. Wannan ita ce nasara ta huɗu a jere, mafi girman tazarar nasara tun tseren 1914 da kuma lokacin da ya fi sauri na cin nasara tun tseren 1911 . Nasarar ta kai ga jimlar tarihin gasar zuwa 39 &#x2013; 34, wanda hakan ya bai wa Oxford nasara. <ref name="results" /> '''Littattafan tarihi''' * {{Cite book|last3=Dickie Burnell}} *   *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://theboatraces.org/ Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma] == Manazarta == 0qzztrwjy7zmnmmr4er9odscc19sfz1 0 179741 970198 2026-10-21T18:04:50Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357264504|The Whistler (newspaper)]]" 970198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad The Whistler [[jarida]] Najeriya ce wacce ke cikin Ƙungiyar Masu Buga Littattafan Kan layi na Kamfanoni (Guild of Corporate Online Publishers) (GOCOP). <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=GOCOP MEMBER'S ORGANISATION |url=https://gocop.com.ng/gocop-members-organisation/}}</ref> == Tarihi == The Whistler an kafa ta ne a cikin 2014 ta hanyar The Whistler Communications Limited . Hedikwatar ta a [[Abuja]], tana buga labarai, rahotanni na bincike, da bincike a duk faɗin siyasa, kasuwanci, da batutuwan zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Whistler |url=https://muckrack.com/media-outlet/thewhistler}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, The Whistler ya ba da rahoton cewa tsohon Gwamnan [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]] [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] ya yi zargin ya yi amfani da N10 biliyan don aikin filin jirgin sama wanda ba ya wanzu, wanda aka biya kamfanin Ferotex Construction Company, bisa ga binciken binciken binciken KPMG Advisory Services wanda Gwamna Alex Otti ya ba da umarni, wanda ya haifar da kira ga binciken [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|EFCC]]. <ref name="WestAfricaWeekly">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2024 |title=WHISTLER Exposes Ex-Abia Governor's N10bn Misappropriation for Non-existent Airport Project |url=https://westafricaweekly.com/whistler-exposes-ex-abia-governors-n10bn-misappropriation-for-non-existent-airport-project/ |access-date= |website=West Africa Weekly}}</ref> <ref name="ReliableSource">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=How Former Abia Governor Allegedly Misappropriates N10bn for Non-existent Airport Project |url=https://reliablesource.com.ng/how-former-abia-governor-allegedly-misappropriates-n10bn-for-non-existent-airport-project/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Reliable Source NG}}</ref><ref name="PuoReports">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=How Forensic Audit Report Indicted Ex-Governor Ikpeazu, Ferotex |url=https://puoreports.ng/how-forensic-audit-report-indicted-ex-governor-ikpeazu-ferotex/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Puo Reports}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2024, 'yan sanda na Najeriya sun kama jaridanta Kasarachi Aniagolu yayin da yake rufe wani hari kan masu gudanar da canji a Wuse Zone 4, Abuja, kuma an sake shi bayan sa'o'i takwas a tsare, wanda ya sa The Whistler ya bukaci binciken' yan sanda da neman gafara saboda keta 'yancin' yan jarida.<ref name="Akelicious">{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Police arrest journalist covering EFCC raid of Abuja BDC operators |url=https://www.akelicious.net/police-arrest-journalist-covering-efcc-raid-of-abuja-bdc-operators/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Akelicious}}</ref> Kungiyar hadin gwiwa don kare masu ba da labari da 'yancin yada labarai sun yi Allah wadai da lamarin a matsayin keta 'yancin' yan jarida.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2024 |title=CWPPF Condemns Unlawful Arrest, Assault and Detention of Journalist Kasarachi Aniagolu While on Duty |url=https://thecjid.org/cwppf-condemns-unlawful-arrest-assault-and-detention-of-journalist-kasarachi-aniagolu-while-on-duty/ |journal=CJID}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen == A cikin 2020, The Whistler Communications Limited ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Derasoft Consulting don shirya sansanin layi na makonni shida, #CodeCamp for Youths . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2020 |title=The Whistler, Derasoft Consult Partner to Empower Youths with Digital Skills |url=https://thesightnews.com/2020/07/23/the-whistler-derasoft-consult-partner-to-empower-youths-with-digital-skills/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2020 |title=Derasoft Consulting, The Whistler holds 6-week immersive digital skills training for youths |url=https://www.theoctopusnews.com/derasoft-consulting-the-whistler-hold-6-week-immersive-digital-skills-training-for-youths/}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Wanda ya kafa kuma ya wallafa The Whistler ya karbi kyautar [[Gani Fawehinmi]] Impact and Integrity Awards (GFIIA) daga Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Dan Adam da Muhalli (HEDA) da Kyautar Ambassadors of God daga Cocin Presbyterian na Najeriya, Ketu Parish, [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]], a cikin 2023. A cikin 2023, The Whistler ya dauki bakuncin taron bayar da kyaututtuka na shekara-shekara a [[Abuja]], yana gabatar da Kyautar Bayyanawa da Innovation ga Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya Ltd. (NPC Ltd.), wanda tsohon Babban Jami'in Kungiyar [[Mele Kyari]] daga Gwamnan [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]] [[Alex Otti]] ya karɓa.<ref name="BusinessHilights">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=NNPC Ltd. Wins The Whistler's Transparency, Innovation Award |url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/nnpc-ltd-wins-the-whistlers-transparency-innovation-award/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Business Hilights}}</ref> == Manazarta == 062btt310amdnbxv1mjkf6a4z1qh8gd 970199 970198 2026-10-21T18:07:48Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 970199 wikitext text/x-wiki The Whistler [[jarida]] Najeriya ce wacce ke cikin Ƙungiyar Masu Buga Littattafan Kan layi na Kamfanoni (Guild of Corporate Online Publishers) (GOCOP). <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=GOCOP MEMBER'S ORGANISATION |url=https://gocop.com.ng/gocop-members-organisation/}}</ref> == Tarihi == The Whistler an kafa ta ne a cikin 2014 ta hanyar The Whistler Communications Limited . Hedikwatar ta a [[Abuja]], tana buga labarai, rahotanni na bincike, da bincike a duk faɗin siyasa, kasuwanci, da batutuwan zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Whistler |url=https://muckrack.com/media-outlet/thewhistler}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, The Whistler ya ba da rahoton cewa tsohon Gwamnan [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]] [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] ya yi zargin ya yi amfani da N10 biliyan don aikin filin jirgin sama wanda ba ya wanzu, wanda aka biya kamfanin Ferotex Construction Company, bisa ga binciken binciken binciken KPMG Advisory Services wanda Gwamna Alex Otti ya ba da umarni, wanda ya haifar da kira ga binciken [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|EFCC]]. <ref name="WestAfricaWeekly">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2024 |title=WHISTLER Exposes Ex-Abia Governor's N10bn Misappropriation for Non-existent Airport Project |url=https://westafricaweekly.com/whistler-exposes-ex-abia-governors-n10bn-misappropriation-for-non-existent-airport-project/ |access-date= |website=West Africa Weekly}}</ref> <ref name="ReliableSource">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=How Former Abia Governor Allegedly Misappropriates N10bn for Non-existent Airport Project |url=https://reliablesource.com.ng/how-former-abia-governor-allegedly-misappropriates-n10bn-for-non-existent-airport-project/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Reliable Source NG}}</ref><ref name="PuoReports">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=How Forensic Audit Report Indicted Ex-Governor Ikpeazu, Ferotex |url=https://puoreports.ng/how-forensic-audit-report-indicted-ex-governor-ikpeazu-ferotex/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Puo Reports}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2024, 'yan sanda na Najeriya sun kama jaridanta Kasarachi Aniagolu yayin da yake rufe wani hari kan masu gudanar da canji a Wuse Zone 4, Abuja, kuma an sake shi bayan sa'o'i takwas a tsare, wanda ya sa The Whistler ya bukaci binciken' yan sanda da neman gafara saboda keta 'yancin' yan jarida.<ref name="Akelicious">{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Police arrest journalist covering EFCC raid of Abuja BDC operators |url=https://www.akelicious.net/police-arrest-journalist-covering-efcc-raid-of-abuja-bdc-operators/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Akelicious}}</ref> Kungiyar hadin gwiwa don kare masu ba da labari da 'yancin yada labarai sun yi Allah wadai da lamarin a matsayin keta 'yancin' yan jarida.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2024 |title=CWPPF Condemns Unlawful Arrest, Assault and Detention of Journalist Kasarachi Aniagolu While on Duty |url=https://thecjid.org/cwppf-condemns-unlawful-arrest-assault-and-detention-of-journalist-kasarachi-aniagolu-while-on-duty/ |journal=CJID}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen == A cikin 2020, The Whistler Communications Limited ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Derasoft Consulting don shirya sansanin layi na makonni shida, #CodeCamp for Youths . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2020 |title=The Whistler, Derasoft Consult Partner to Empower Youths with Digital Skills |url=https://thesightnews.com/2020/07/23/the-whistler-derasoft-consult-partner-to-empower-youths-with-digital-skills/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2020 |title=Derasoft Consulting, The Whistler holds 6-week immersive digital skills training for youths |url=https://www.theoctopusnews.com/derasoft-consulting-the-whistler-hold-6-week-immersive-digital-skills-training-for-youths/}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Wanda ya kafa kuma ya wallafa The Whistler ya karbi kyautar [[Gani Fawehinmi]] Impact and Integrity Awards (GFIIA) daga Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Dan Adam da Muhalli (HEDA) da Kyautar Ambassadors of God daga Cocin Presbyterian na Najeriya, Ketu Parish, [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]], a cikin 2023. A cikin 2023, The Whistler ya dauki bakuncin taron bayar da kyaututtuka na shekara-shekara a [[Abuja]], yana gabatar da Kyautar Bayyanawa da Innovation ga Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya Ltd. (NPC Ltd.), wanda tsohon Babban Jami'in Kungiyar [[Mele Kyari]] daga Gwamnan [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]] [[Alex Otti]] ya karɓa.<ref name="BusinessHilights">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=NNPC Ltd. Wins The Whistler's Transparency, Innovation Award |url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/nnpc-ltd-wins-the-whistlers-transparency-innovation-award/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Business Hilights}}</ref> == Manazarta == 1w3avam5m5bdycntlz9ze6b7ders6ux 970200 970199 2026-10-21T18:09:54Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Bayyanawa */ 970200 wikitext text/x-wiki The Whistler [[jarida]] Najeriya ce wacce ke cikin Ƙungiyar Masu Buga Littattafan Kan layi na Kamfanoni (Guild of Corporate Online Publishers) (GOCOP). <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=GOCOP MEMBER'S ORGANISATION |url=https://gocop.com.ng/gocop-members-organisation/}}</ref> == Tarihi == The Whistler an kafa ta ne a cikin 2014 ta hanyar The Whistler Communications Limited . Hedikwatar ta a [[Abuja]], tana buga labarai, rahotanni na bincike, da bincike a duk faɗin siyasa, kasuwanci, da batutuwan zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Whistler |url=https://muckrack.com/media-outlet/thewhistler}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, The Whistler ya ba da rahoton cewa tsohon Gwamnan [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]] [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] ya yi zargin ya yi amfani da N10 biliyan don aikin filin jirgin sama wanda ba ya wanzu, wanda aka biya kamfanin Ferotex Construction Company, bisa ga binciken binciken binciken KPMG Advisory Services wanda Gwamna Alex Otti ya ba da umarni, wanda ya haifar da kira ga binciken [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|EFCC]]. <ref name="WestAfricaWeekly">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2024 |title=WHISTLER Exposes Ex-Abia Governor's N10bn Misappropriation for Non-existent Airport Project |url=https://westafricaweekly.com/whistler-exposes-ex-abia-governors-n10bn-misappropriation-for-non-existent-airport-project/ |access-date= |website=West Africa Weekly}}</ref> <ref name="ReliableSource">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=How Former Abia Governor Allegedly Misappropriates N10bn for Non-existent Airport Project |url=https://reliablesource.com.ng/how-former-abia-governor-allegedly-misappropriates-n10bn-for-non-existent-airport-project/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Reliable Source NG}}</ref><ref name="PuoReports">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=How Forensic Audit Report Indicted Ex-Governor Ikpeazu, Ferotex |url=https://puoreports.ng/how-forensic-audit-report-indicted-ex-governor-ikpeazu-ferotex/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Puo Reports}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2024, 'yan sanda na Najeriya sun kama jaridanta Kasarachi Aniagolu yayin da yake rufe wani hari kan masu gudanar da canji a Wuse Zone 4, Abuja, kuma an sake shi bayan sa'o'i takwas a tsare, wanda ya sa The Whistler ya bukaci binciken' yan sanda da neman gafara saboda keta 'yancin' yan jarida.<ref name="TheCable2024">{{Cite news |title=Police arrest The Whistler journalist covering EFCC raid of Abuja BDC operators |url=https://www.thecable.ng/police-arrest-the-whistler-journalist-covering-efcc-raid-of-abuja-bdc-operators/ |newspaper=[[TheCable]]|date=2024-02-21 |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref><ref name="TheCableRelease">{{Cite news |title=Police release The Whistler journalist after 8 hours in detention |url=https://www.thecable.ng/police-release-the-whistler-journalist-after-8-hours-in-detention/ |newspaper=[[TheCable]]|date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref><ref name="Akelicious">{{Cite web |title=Police arrest journalist covering EFCC raid of Abuja BDC operators |url=https://www.akelicious.net/police-arrest-journalist-covering-efcc-raid-of-abuja-bdc-operators/ |website=Akelicious |date=22 February 2024 |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref> Kungiyar hadin gwiwa don kare masu ba da labari da 'yancin yada labarai sun yi Allah wadai da lamarin a matsayin keta 'yancin' yan jarida.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2024 |title=CWPPF Condemns Unlawful Arrest, Assault and Detention of Journalist Kasarachi Aniagolu While on Duty |url=https://thecjid.org/cwppf-condemns-unlawful-arrest-assault-and-detention-of-journalist-kasarachi-aniagolu-while-on-duty/ |journal=CJID}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen == A cikin 2020, The Whistler Communications Limited ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Derasoft Consulting don shirya sansanin layi na makonni shida, #CodeCamp for Youths . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2020 |title=The Whistler, Derasoft Consult Partner to Empower Youths with Digital Skills |url=https://thesightnews.com/2020/07/23/the-whistler-derasoft-consult-partner-to-empower-youths-with-digital-skills/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2020 |title=Derasoft Consulting, The Whistler holds 6-week immersive digital skills training for youths |url=https://www.theoctopusnews.com/derasoft-consulting-the-whistler-hold-6-week-immersive-digital-skills-training-for-youths/}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Wanda ya kafa kuma ya wallafa The Whistler ya karbi kyautar [[Gani Fawehinmi]] Impact and Integrity Awards (GFIIA) daga Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Dan Adam da Muhalli (HEDA) da Kyautar Ambassadors of God daga Cocin Presbyterian na Najeriya, Ketu Parish, [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]], a cikin 2023. A cikin 2023, The Whistler ya dauki bakuncin taron bayar da kyaututtuka na shekara-shekara a [[Abuja]], yana gabatar da Kyautar Bayyanawa da Innovation ga Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya Ltd. (NPC Ltd.), wanda tsohon Babban Jami'in Kungiyar [[Mele Kyari]] daga Gwamnan [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]] [[Alex Otti]] ya karɓa.<ref name="BusinessHilights">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=NNPC Ltd. Wins The Whistler's Transparency, Innovation Award |url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/nnpc-ltd-wins-the-whistlers-transparency-innovation-award/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Business Hilights}}</ref> == Manazarta == 02naa5o6alep2czwctager3m7pl5v80 970201 970200 2026-10-21T18:11:29Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 970201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''The Whistler''' [[jarida]] Najeriya ce wacce ke cikin Ƙungiyar Masu Buga Littattafan Kan layi na Kamfanoni (Guild of Corporate Online Publishers) (GOCOP). <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=GOCOP MEMBER'S ORGANISATION |url=https://gocop.com.ng/gocop-members-organisation/}}</ref> == Tarihi == The Whistler an kafa ta ne a cikin 2014 ta hanyar The Whistler Communications Limited . Hedikwatar ta a [[Abuja]], tana buga labarai, rahotanni na bincike, da bincike a duk faɗin siyasa, kasuwanci, da batutuwan zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Whistler |url=https://muckrack.com/media-outlet/thewhistler}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, The Whistler ya ba da rahoton cewa tsohon Gwamnan [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]] [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] ya yi zargin ya yi amfani da N10 biliyan don aikin filin jirgin sama wanda ba ya wanzu, wanda aka biya kamfanin Ferotex Construction Company, bisa ga binciken binciken binciken KPMG Advisory Services wanda Gwamna Alex Otti ya ba da umarni, wanda ya haifar da kira ga binciken [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|EFCC]]. <ref name="WestAfricaWeekly">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2024 |title=WHISTLER Exposes Ex-Abia Governor's N10bn Misappropriation for Non-existent Airport Project |url=https://westafricaweekly.com/whistler-exposes-ex-abia-governors-n10bn-misappropriation-for-non-existent-airport-project/ |access-date= |website=West Africa Weekly}}</ref> <ref name="ReliableSource">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=How Former Abia Governor Allegedly Misappropriates N10bn for Non-existent Airport Project |url=https://reliablesource.com.ng/how-former-abia-governor-allegedly-misappropriates-n10bn-for-non-existent-airport-project/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Reliable Source NG}}</ref><ref name="PuoReports">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=How Forensic Audit Report Indicted Ex-Governor Ikpeazu, Ferotex |url=https://puoreports.ng/how-forensic-audit-report-indicted-ex-governor-ikpeazu-ferotex/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Puo Reports}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2024, 'yan sanda na Najeriya sun kama jaridanta Kasarachi Aniagolu yayin da yake rufe wani hari kan masu gudanar da canji a Wuse Zone 4, Abuja, kuma an sake shi bayan sa'o'i takwas a tsare, wanda ya sa The Whistler ya bukaci binciken' yan sanda da neman gafara saboda keta 'yancin' yan jarida.<ref name="TheCable2024">{{Cite news |title=Police arrest The Whistler journalist covering EFCC raid of Abuja BDC operators |url=https://www.thecable.ng/police-arrest-the-whistler-journalist-covering-efcc-raid-of-abuja-bdc-operators/ |newspaper=[[TheCable]]|date=2024-02-21 |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref><ref name="TheCableRelease">{{Cite news |title=Police release The Whistler journalist after 8 hours in detention |url=https://www.thecable.ng/police-release-the-whistler-journalist-after-8-hours-in-detention/ |newspaper=[[TheCable]]|date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref><ref name="Akelicious">{{Cite web |title=Police arrest journalist covering EFCC raid of Abuja BDC operators |url=https://www.akelicious.net/police-arrest-journalist-covering-efcc-raid-of-abuja-bdc-operators/ |website=Akelicious |date=22 February 2024 |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref> Kungiyar hadin gwiwa don kare masu ba da labari da 'yancin yada labarai sun yi Allah wadai da lamarin a matsayin keta 'yancin' yan jarida.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2024 |title=CWPPF Condemns Unlawful Arrest, Assault and Detention of Journalist Kasarachi Aniagolu While on Duty |url=https://thecjid.org/cwppf-condemns-unlawful-arrest-assault-and-detention-of-journalist-kasarachi-aniagolu-while-on-duty/ |journal=CJID}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen == A cikin 2020, The Whistler Communications Limited ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Derasoft Consulting don shirya sansanin layi na makonni shida, #CodeCamp for Youths . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2020 |title=The Whistler, Derasoft Consult Partner to Empower Youths with Digital Skills |url=https://thesightnews.com/2020/07/23/the-whistler-derasoft-consult-partner-to-empower-youths-with-digital-skills/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2020 |title=Derasoft Consulting, The Whistler holds 6-week immersive digital skills training for youths |url=https://www.theoctopusnews.com/derasoft-consulting-the-whistler-hold-6-week-immersive-digital-skills-training-for-youths/}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Wanda ya kafa kuma ya wallafa The Whistler ya karbi kyautar [[Gani Fawehinmi]] Impact and Integrity Awards (GFIIA) daga Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Dan Adam da Muhalli (HEDA) da Kyautar Ambassadors of God daga Cocin Presbyterian na Najeriya, Ketu Parish, [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]], a cikin 2023. A cikin 2023, The Whistler ya dauki bakuncin taron bayar da kyaututtuka na shekara-shekara a [[Abuja]], yana gabatar da Kyautar Bayyanawa da Innovation ga Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya Ltd. (NPC Ltd.), wanda tsohon Babban Jami'in Kungiyar [[Mele Kyari]] daga Gwamnan [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]] [[Alex Otti]] ya karɓa.<ref name="BusinessHilights">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=NNPC Ltd. Wins The Whistler's Transparency, Innovation Award |url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/nnpc-ltd-wins-the-whistlers-transparency-innovation-award/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Business Hilights}}</ref> == Manazarta == 27036id4np3att1ehcrgpo4fh4s4y8y 970333 970201 2026-10-22T09:18:41Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Tarihi */ 970333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''The Whistler''' [[jarida]] Najeriya ce wacce ke cikin Ƙungiyar Masu Buga Littattafan Kan layi na Kamfanoni (Guild of Corporate Online Publishers) (GOCOP). <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2024 |title=GOCOP MEMBER'S ORGANISATION |url=https://gocop.com.ng/gocop-members-organisation/}}</ref> == Tarihi == The Whistler an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar 2014 ta hanyar The Whistler Communications Limited . Hedikwatar ta a [[Abuja]], tana buga labarai, rahotanni na bincike, da bincike a duk faɗin siyasa, kasuwanci, da batutuwan zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Whistler |url=https://muckrack.com/media-outlet/thewhistler}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, The Whistler ya ba da rahoton cewa tsohon Gwamnan [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]] [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] ya yi zargin ya yi amfani da N10 biliyan don aikin filin jirgin sama wanda ba ya wanzu, wanda aka biya kamfanin Ferotex Construction Company, bisa ga binciken binciken binciken KPMG Advisory Services wanda Gwamna Alex Otti ya ba da umarni, wanda ya haifar da kira ga binciken [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta EFCC|EFCC]]. <ref name="WestAfricaWeekly">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2024 |title=WHISTLER Exposes Ex-Abia Governor's N10bn Misappropriation for Non-existent Airport Project |url=https://westafricaweekly.com/whistler-exposes-ex-abia-governors-n10bn-misappropriation-for-non-existent-airport-project/ |access-date= |website=West Africa Weekly}}</ref> <ref name="ReliableSource">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=How Former Abia Governor Allegedly Misappropriates N10bn for Non-existent Airport Project |url=https://reliablesource.com.ng/how-former-abia-governor-allegedly-misappropriates-n10bn-for-non-existent-airport-project/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Reliable Source NG}}</ref><ref name="PuoReports">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=How Forensic Audit Report Indicted Ex-Governor Ikpeazu, Ferotex |url=https://puoreports.ng/how-forensic-audit-report-indicted-ex-governor-ikpeazu-ferotex/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Puo Reports}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2024, 'yan sanda na Najeriya sun kama jaridanta Kasarachi Aniagolu yayin da yake rufe wani hari kan masu gudanar da canji a Wuse Zone 4, Abuja, kuma an sake shi bayan sa'o'i takwas a tsare, wanda ya sa The Whistler ya bukaci binciken' yan sanda da neman gafara saboda keta 'yancin' yan jarida.<ref name="TheCable2024">{{Cite news |title=Police arrest The Whistler journalist covering EFCC raid of Abuja BDC operators |url=https://www.thecable.ng/police-arrest-the-whistler-journalist-covering-efcc-raid-of-abuja-bdc-operators/ |newspaper=[[TheCable]]|date=2024-02-21 |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref><ref name="TheCableRelease">{{Cite news |title=Police release The Whistler journalist after 8 hours in detention |url=https://www.thecable.ng/police-release-the-whistler-journalist-after-8-hours-in-detention/ |newspaper=[[TheCable]]|date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref><ref name="Akelicious">{{Cite web |title=Police arrest journalist covering EFCC raid of Abuja BDC operators |url=https://www.akelicious.net/police-arrest-journalist-covering-efcc-raid-of-abuja-bdc-operators/ |website=Akelicious |date=22 February 2024 |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref> Kungiyar hadin gwiwa don kare masu ba da labari da 'yancin yada labarai sun yi Allah wadai da lamarin a matsayin keta 'yancin' yan jarida.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2024 |title=CWPPF Condemns Unlawful Arrest, Assault and Detention of Journalist Kasarachi Aniagolu While on Duty |url=https://thecjid.org/cwppf-condemns-unlawful-arrest-assault-and-detention-of-journalist-kasarachi-aniagolu-while-on-duty/ |journal=CJID}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen == A cikin 2020, The Whistler Communications Limited ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Derasoft Consulting don shirya sansanin layi na makonni shida, #CodeCamp for Youths . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2020 |title=The Whistler, Derasoft Consult Partner to Empower Youths with Digital Skills |url=https://thesightnews.com/2020/07/23/the-whistler-derasoft-consult-partner-to-empower-youths-with-digital-skills/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2020 |title=Derasoft Consulting, The Whistler holds 6-week immersive digital skills training for youths |url=https://www.theoctopusnews.com/derasoft-consulting-the-whistler-hold-6-week-immersive-digital-skills-training-for-youths/}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Wanda ya kafa kuma ya wallafa The Whistler ya karbi kyautar [[Gani Fawehinmi]] Impact and Integrity Awards (GFIIA) daga Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Dan Adam da Muhalli (HEDA) da Kyautar Ambassadors of God daga Cocin Presbyterian na Najeriya, Ketu Parish, [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]], a cikin 2023. A cikin 2023, The Whistler ya dauki bakuncin taron bayar da kyaututtuka na shekara-shekara a [[Abuja]], yana gabatar da Kyautar Bayyanawa da Innovation ga Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya Ltd. (NPC Ltd.), wanda tsohon Babban Jami'in Kungiyar [[Mele Kyari]] daga Gwamnan [[Abiya|Jihar Abia]] [[Alex Otti]] ya karɓa.<ref name="BusinessHilights">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=NNPC Ltd. Wins The Whistler's Transparency, Innovation Award |url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/nnpc-ltd-wins-the-whistlers-transparency-innovation-award/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Business Hilights}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7phs4jd0zqa75g8kpjgft40hov1uaow 0 179742 970202 2026-10-21T18:21:53Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354868966|Separatist movements of Nigeria]]" 970202 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen Najeriya suna so su cimma burin raba ƙasar, wanda shine daga cikin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jihohin Najeriya]] daga jihar ta Tarayyar Najeriya. Ayyukan rabuwa guda daya a Najeriya ya faru ne daga 1967 zuwa 1970 a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]], lokacin da jamhuriya ta [[Biyafara|Biafra]] ta bayyana 'yancin kanta daga Najeriya kuma daga karshe an ci nasara. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Najeriya ta fuskanci fitowar ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da ke neman' yancin Biafra da sauran jihohin da aka tsara. == Tarihi == === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === ==== 1914 ==== Ra'ayoyin rabuwa sun fara faruwa ne a shekara ta 1914, lokacin da [[Frederick Lugard]] ya haɗa [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] (yawanci Musulmi) da [[Yankin Kudancin Najeriya|Kudancin Najeriya]] (mafi yawan arna / animist da Kirista) a cikin mulkin mallaka guda na Najeriya. [[Ahmadu Bello]] a cikin tarihin kansa ya lura da rashin shahara a Arewacin Najeriya na haɗuwa, mai yiwuwa yana nufin sarakunan Islama na Arewacin Najeriya. ==== Shekaru na 1950 ==== Yayin da Najeriya ke sauyawa zuwa mulkin kai a cikin shekarun 1950, sabbin shirye-shiryen kundin tsarin mulki da gasa tsakanin jam'iyyun siyasa sun kara karfin maganganun rabuwa. Wani batu na jayayya ya kasance a kusa da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], wanda shine babban birnin Najeriya a lokacin. Wakilan daga yankin Gabashin Igbo sun dauki Legas a matsayin "ƙasar mutum ba", yayin da wakilan daga yankin Yoruba na Yamma suka dauki Legas birni ne na al'adun Yoruba da za a gudanar da shi sosai bisa ga sharuddan su. [[Obafemi Awolowo]], Firayim Minista na Yammacin Yamma, ya aika da wasika wanda ya bayyana 'yancin Yammacin ya "ƙayyade ko za su kasance a cikin Tarayyar Najeriya da aka tsara", wanda ke barazanar rabuwa. === Bayan samun 'yancin kai === Ra'ayoyin rabuwa sun sake fitowa a lokacin zaben tarayya na Disamba 1964 da kuma zaben Yammacin Yammacin 1965. Shugaba [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya ce: {{Blockquote|It is better for us and for our admirers abroad that we should disintegrate in peace and not in pieces. Should the politicians fail to heed this warning, then I will venture the prediction that the [[Congo Crisis|experience of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] will be child's play if it ever comes to our turn to play such a tragic role}} Koyaya, a mayar da martani, Ahmadu Bello ya sake jaddada kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 na Najeriya ba shi da tanadi don rabuwa. == Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye == Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye sun haɗa da:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adibe |first=Jideofor |date=2017-07-12 |title=Separatist agitations in Nigeria: Causes and trajectories |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2017/07/12/separatist-agitations-in-nigeria-causes-and-trajectories/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223183320/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2017/07/12/separatist-agitations-in-nigeria-causes-and-trajectories/ |archive-date=2021-12-23 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="cfr">{{Cite web |title=What’s Behind Growing Separatism in Nigeria? |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/whats-behind-growing-separatism-nigeria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112205658/https://www.cfr.org/article/whats-behind-growing-separatism-nigeria |archive-date=2022-01-12 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Nigeria, Rising Insecurity Leads to Growing Separatist Calls |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_nigeria-rising-insecurity-leads-growing-separatist-calls/6206192.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218140153/https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_nigeria-rising-insecurity-leads-growing-separatist-calls/6206192.html |archive-date=2022-02-18 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> * 'Yan asalin Biafra (IPOB) da bangaren sa na [[Cibiyar Tsaro ta Gabas]] waɗanda ke tallafawa' yancin Biafra. Suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Kamaru ta Anglophone.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Craig |first=Jess |title=Separatist Movements in Nigeria and Cameroon Are Joining Forces |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/20/separatists-nigeria-cameroon-biafra-ipob-ambazonia-anglophone-joining-forces/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303062356/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/20/separatists-nigeria-cameroon-biafra-ipob-ambazonia-anglophone-joining-forces/ |archive-date=2022-03-03 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Kasar Yarbawa|Jamhuriyar Oduduwa]], ƙungiyar [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ce ta rabuwa. A cikin 2024, 'yan tawaye na Yoruba sun yi ƙoƙari Ka hambarar da gwamnati a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim Adeyemi |date=23 April 2024 |title=The Curious Journey Of Woman Who Declared Yoruba Independence From Nigeria |url=https://humanglemedia.com/the-curious-journey-of-woman-who-declared-yoruba-independence-from-nigeria/ |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=HumAngle}}</ref> * [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Jamhuriyar Arewa]], a Arewacin kasar * Jamhuriyar Nijar Delta, da goyon bayan Niger Delta Liberation Front da Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, wanda ya haifar da rikici na 2016 Niger Delta. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushe == * {{Cite journal |last=Tamuno |first=Tekena N. |date=1970 |title=Separatist Agitations in Nigeria since 1914 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/159090 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=563–584 |issn=0022-278X}} 6w3lbn469rgeqwv3b3uqb1247atkt2p 970203 970202 2026-10-21T18:22:18Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 970203 wikitext text/x-wiki Kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen Najeriya suna so su cimma burin raba ƙasar, wanda shine daga cikin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jihohin Najeriya]] daga jihar ta Tarayyar Najeriya. Ayyukan rabuwa guda daya a Najeriya ya faru ne daga 1967 zuwa 1970 a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]], lokacin da jamhuriya ta [[Biyafara|Biafra]] ta bayyana 'yancin kanta daga Najeriya kuma daga karshe an ci nasara. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Najeriya ta fuskanci fitowar ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da ke neman' yancin Biafra da sauran jihohin da aka tsara. == Tarihi == === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === ==== 1914 ==== Ra'ayoyin rabuwa sun fara faruwa ne a shekara ta 1914, lokacin da [[Frederick Lugard]] ya haɗa [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] (yawanci Musulmi) da [[Yankin Kudancin Najeriya|Kudancin Najeriya]] (mafi yawan arna / animist da Kirista) a cikin mulkin mallaka guda na Najeriya. [[Ahmadu Bello]] a cikin tarihin kansa ya lura da rashin shahara a Arewacin Najeriya na haɗuwa, mai yiwuwa yana nufin sarakunan Islama na Arewacin Najeriya. ==== Shekaru na 1950 ==== Yayin da Najeriya ke sauyawa zuwa mulkin kai a cikin shekarun 1950, sabbin shirye-shiryen kundin tsarin mulki da gasa tsakanin jam'iyyun siyasa sun kara karfin maganganun rabuwa. Wani batu na jayayya ya kasance a kusa da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], wanda shine babban birnin Najeriya a lokacin. Wakilan daga yankin Gabashin Igbo sun dauki Legas a matsayin "ƙasar mutum ba", yayin da wakilan daga yankin Yoruba na Yamma suka dauki Legas birni ne na al'adun Yoruba da za a gudanar da shi sosai bisa ga sharuddan su. [[Obafemi Awolowo]], Firayim Minista na Yammacin Yamma, ya aika da wasika wanda ya bayyana 'yancin Yammacin ya "ƙayyade ko za su kasance a cikin Tarayyar Najeriya da aka tsara", wanda ke barazanar rabuwa. === Bayan samun 'yancin kai === Ra'ayoyin rabuwa sun sake fitowa a lokacin zaben tarayya na Disamba 1964 da kuma zaben Yammacin Yammacin 1965. Shugaba [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya ce: {{Blockquote|It is better for us and for our admirers abroad that we should disintegrate in peace and not in pieces. Should the politicians fail to heed this warning, then I will venture the prediction that the [[Congo Crisis|experience of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] will be child's play if it ever comes to our turn to play such a tragic role}} Koyaya, a mayar da martani, Ahmadu Bello ya sake jaddada kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 na Najeriya ba shi da tanadi don rabuwa. == Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye == Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye sun haɗa da:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adibe |first=Jideofor |date=2017-07-12 |title=Separatist agitations in Nigeria: Causes and trajectories |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2017/07/12/separatist-agitations-in-nigeria-causes-and-trajectories/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223183320/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2017/07/12/separatist-agitations-in-nigeria-causes-and-trajectories/ |archive-date=2021-12-23 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="cfr">{{Cite web |title=What’s Behind Growing Separatism in Nigeria? |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/whats-behind-growing-separatism-nigeria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112205658/https://www.cfr.org/article/whats-behind-growing-separatism-nigeria |archive-date=2022-01-12 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Nigeria, Rising Insecurity Leads to Growing Separatist Calls |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_nigeria-rising-insecurity-leads-growing-separatist-calls/6206192.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218140153/https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_nigeria-rising-insecurity-leads-growing-separatist-calls/6206192.html |archive-date=2022-02-18 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> * 'Yan asalin Biafra (IPOB) da bangaren sa na [[Cibiyar Tsaro ta Gabas]] waɗanda ke tallafawa' yancin Biafra. Suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Kamaru ta Anglophone.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Craig |first=Jess |title=Separatist Movements in Nigeria and Cameroon Are Joining Forces |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/20/separatists-nigeria-cameroon-biafra-ipob-ambazonia-anglophone-joining-forces/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303062356/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/20/separatists-nigeria-cameroon-biafra-ipob-ambazonia-anglophone-joining-forces/ |archive-date=2022-03-03 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Kasar Yarbawa|Jamhuriyar Oduduwa]], ƙungiyar [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ce ta rabuwa. A cikin 2024, 'yan tawaye na Yoruba sun yi ƙoƙari Ka hambarar da gwamnati a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim Adeyemi |date=23 April 2024 |title=The Curious Journey Of Woman Who Declared Yoruba Independence From Nigeria |url=https://humanglemedia.com/the-curious-journey-of-woman-who-declared-yoruba-independence-from-nigeria/ |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=HumAngle}}</ref> * [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Jamhuriyar Arewa]], a Arewacin kasar * Jamhuriyar Nijar Delta, da goyon bayan Niger Delta Liberation Front da Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, wanda ya haifar da rikici na 2016 Niger Delta. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushe == * {{Cite journal |last=Tamuno |first=Tekena N. |date=1970 |title=Separatist Agitations in Nigeria since 1914 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/159090 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=563–584 |issn=0022-278X}} 6kvpngrx3uh6lmoegsk53svi2k9ueea 970204 970203 2026-10-21T18:23:13Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye */ 970204 wikitext text/x-wiki Kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen Najeriya suna so su cimma burin raba ƙasar, wanda shine daga cikin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jihohin Najeriya]] daga jihar ta Tarayyar Najeriya. Ayyukan rabuwa guda daya a Najeriya ya faru ne daga 1967 zuwa 1970 a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]], lokacin da jamhuriya ta [[Biyafara|Biafra]] ta bayyana 'yancin kanta daga Najeriya kuma daga karshe an ci nasara. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Najeriya ta fuskanci fitowar ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da ke neman' yancin Biafra da sauran jihohin da aka tsara. == Tarihi == === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === ==== 1914 ==== Ra'ayoyin rabuwa sun fara faruwa ne a shekara ta 1914, lokacin da [[Frederick Lugard]] ya haɗa [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] (yawanci Musulmi) da [[Yankin Kudancin Najeriya|Kudancin Najeriya]] (mafi yawan arna / animist da Kirista) a cikin mulkin mallaka guda na Najeriya. [[Ahmadu Bello]] a cikin tarihin kansa ya lura da rashin shahara a Arewacin Najeriya na haɗuwa, mai yiwuwa yana nufin sarakunan Islama na Arewacin Najeriya. ==== Shekaru na 1950 ==== Yayin da Najeriya ke sauyawa zuwa mulkin kai a cikin shekarun 1950, sabbin shirye-shiryen kundin tsarin mulki da gasa tsakanin jam'iyyun siyasa sun kara karfin maganganun rabuwa. Wani batu na jayayya ya kasance a kusa da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], wanda shine babban birnin Najeriya a lokacin. Wakilan daga yankin Gabashin Igbo sun dauki Legas a matsayin "ƙasar mutum ba", yayin da wakilan daga yankin Yoruba na Yamma suka dauki Legas birni ne na al'adun Yoruba da za a gudanar da shi sosai bisa ga sharuddan su. [[Obafemi Awolowo]], Firayim Minista na Yammacin Yamma, ya aika da wasika wanda ya bayyana 'yancin Yammacin ya "ƙayyade ko za su kasance a cikin Tarayyar Najeriya da aka tsara", wanda ke barazanar rabuwa. === Bayan samun 'yancin kai === Ra'ayoyin rabuwa sun sake fitowa a lokacin zaben tarayya na Disamba 1964 da kuma zaben Yammacin Yammacin 1965. Shugaba [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya ce: {{Blockquote|It is better for us and for our admirers abroad that we should disintegrate in peace and not in pieces. Should the politicians fail to heed this warning, then I will venture the prediction that the [[Congo Crisis|experience of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] will be child's play if it ever comes to our turn to play such a tragic role}} Koyaya, a mayar da martani, Ahmadu Bello ya sake jaddada kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 na Najeriya ba shi da tanadi don rabuwa. == Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye == Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye sun haɗa da:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adibe |first=Jideofor |date=2017-07-12 |title=Separatist agitations in Nigeria: Causes and trajectories |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2017/07/12/separatist-agitations-in-nigeria-causes-and-trajectories/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223183320/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2017/07/12/separatist-agitations-in-nigeria-causes-and-trajectories/ |archive-date=2021-12-23 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="cfr">{{Cite web |title=What’s Behind Growing Separatism in Nigeria? |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/whats-behind-growing-separatism-nigeria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112205658/https://www.cfr.org/article/whats-behind-growing-separatism-nigeria |archive-date=2022-01-12 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Nigeria, Rising Insecurity Leads to Growing Separatist Calls |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_nigeria-rising-insecurity-leads-growing-separatist-calls/6206192.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218140153/https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_nigeria-rising-insecurity-leads-growing-separatist-calls/6206192.html |archive-date=2022-02-18 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> * 'Yan asalin Biafra (IPOB) da bangaren sa na [[Cibiyar Tsaro ta Gabas]] waɗanda ke tallafawa' yancin Biafra. Suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Kamaru ta Anglophone.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Craig |first=Jess |title=Separatist Movements in Nigeria and Cameroon Are Joining Forces |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/20/separatists-nigeria-cameroon-biafra-ipob-ambazonia-anglophone-joining-forces/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303062356/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/20/separatists-nigeria-cameroon-biafra-ipob-ambazonia-anglophone-joining-forces/ |archive-date=2022-03-03 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Kasar Yarbawa|Jamhuriyar Oduduwa]], ƙungiyar [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ce ta rabuwa. A cikin 2024, 'yan tawaye na Yoruba sun yi ƙoƙari Ka hambarar da gwamnati a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim Adeyemi |date=23 April 2024 |title=The Curious Journey Of Woman Who Declared Yoruba Independence From Nigeria |url=https://humanglemedia.com/the-curious-journey-of-woman-who-declared-yoruba-independence-from-nigeria/ |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=HumAngle}}</ref> * [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Jamhuriyar Arewa]], a Arewacin kasar * Jamhuriyar Nijar Delta, da goyon bayan Niger Delta Liberation Front da Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, wanda ya haifar da rikici na 2016 Niger Delta.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-01 |title=Adaka Boro Avengers abandon bid to declare N-Delta Republic |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/adaka-boro-avengers-abandon-bid-declare-n-delta-republic/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-03-14 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US |archive-date=2021-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309155224/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/adaka-boro-avengers-abandon-bid-declare-n-delta-republic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushe == * {{Cite journal |last=Tamuno |first=Tekena N. |date=1970 |title=Separatist Agitations in Nigeria since 1914 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/159090 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=563–584 |issn=0022-278X}} 7baz6bvyykpuy2pzpj9cw55z7mgaqdt 970205 970204 2026-10-21T18:23:35Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 970205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen Najeriya suna so su cimma burin raba ƙasar, wanda shine daga cikin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jihohin Najeriya]] daga jihar ta Tarayyar Najeriya. Ayyukan rabuwa guda daya a Najeriya ya faru ne daga 1967 zuwa 1970 a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]], lokacin da jamhuriya ta [[Biyafara|Biafra]] ta bayyana 'yancin kanta daga Najeriya kuma daga karshe an ci nasara. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Najeriya ta fuskanci fitowar ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da ke neman' yancin Biafra da sauran jihohin da aka tsara. == Tarihi == === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === ==== 1914 ==== Ra'ayoyin rabuwa sun fara faruwa ne a shekara ta 1914, lokacin da [[Frederick Lugard]] ya haɗa [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] (yawanci Musulmi) da [[Yankin Kudancin Najeriya|Kudancin Najeriya]] (mafi yawan arna / animist da Kirista) a cikin mulkin mallaka guda na Najeriya. [[Ahmadu Bello]] a cikin tarihin kansa ya lura da rashin shahara a Arewacin Najeriya na haɗuwa, mai yiwuwa yana nufin sarakunan Islama na Arewacin Najeriya. ==== Shekaru na 1950 ==== Yayin da Najeriya ke sauyawa zuwa mulkin kai a cikin shekarun 1950, sabbin shirye-shiryen kundin tsarin mulki da gasa tsakanin jam'iyyun siyasa sun kara karfin maganganun rabuwa. Wani batu na jayayya ya kasance a kusa da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], wanda shine babban birnin Najeriya a lokacin. Wakilan daga yankin Gabashin Igbo sun dauki Legas a matsayin "ƙasar mutum ba", yayin da wakilan daga yankin Yoruba na Yamma suka dauki Legas birni ne na al'adun Yoruba da za a gudanar da shi sosai bisa ga sharuddan su. [[Obafemi Awolowo]], Firayim Minista na Yammacin Yamma, ya aika da wasika wanda ya bayyana 'yancin Yammacin ya "ƙayyade ko za su kasance a cikin Tarayyar Najeriya da aka tsara", wanda ke barazanar rabuwa. === Bayan samun 'yancin kai === Ra'ayoyin rabuwa sun sake fitowa a lokacin zaben tarayya na Disamba 1964 da kuma zaben Yammacin Yammacin 1965. Shugaba [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya ce: {{Blockquote|It is better for us and for our admirers abroad that we should disintegrate in peace and not in pieces. Should the politicians fail to heed this warning, then I will venture the prediction that the [[Congo Crisis|experience of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] will be child's play if it ever comes to our turn to play such a tragic role}} Koyaya, a mayar da martani, Ahmadu Bello ya sake jaddada kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 na Najeriya ba shi da tanadi don rabuwa. == Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye == Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye sun haɗa da:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adibe |first=Jideofor |date=2017-07-12 |title=Separatist agitations in Nigeria: Causes and trajectories |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2017/07/12/separatist-agitations-in-nigeria-causes-and-trajectories/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223183320/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2017/07/12/separatist-agitations-in-nigeria-causes-and-trajectories/ |archive-date=2021-12-23 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="cfr">{{Cite web |title=What’s Behind Growing Separatism in Nigeria? |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/whats-behind-growing-separatism-nigeria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112205658/https://www.cfr.org/article/whats-behind-growing-separatism-nigeria |archive-date=2022-01-12 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Nigeria, Rising Insecurity Leads to Growing Separatist Calls |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_nigeria-rising-insecurity-leads-growing-separatist-calls/6206192.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218140153/https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_nigeria-rising-insecurity-leads-growing-separatist-calls/6206192.html |archive-date=2022-02-18 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> * 'Yan asalin Biafra (IPOB) da bangaren sa na [[Cibiyar Tsaro ta Gabas]] waɗanda ke tallafawa' yancin Biafra. Suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Kamaru ta Anglophone.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Craig |first=Jess |title=Separatist Movements in Nigeria and Cameroon Are Joining Forces |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/20/separatists-nigeria-cameroon-biafra-ipob-ambazonia-anglophone-joining-forces/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303062356/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/20/separatists-nigeria-cameroon-biafra-ipob-ambazonia-anglophone-joining-forces/ |archive-date=2022-03-03 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Kasar Yarbawa|Jamhuriyar Oduduwa]], ƙungiyar [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ce ta rabuwa. A cikin 2024, 'yan tawaye na Yoruba sun yi ƙoƙari Ka hambarar da gwamnati a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim Adeyemi |date=23 April 2024 |title=The Curious Journey Of Woman Who Declared Yoruba Independence From Nigeria |url=https://humanglemedia.com/the-curious-journey-of-woman-who-declared-yoruba-independence-from-nigeria/ |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=HumAngle}}</ref> * [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Jamhuriyar Arewa]], a Arewacin kasar * Jamhuriyar Nijar Delta, da goyon bayan Niger Delta Liberation Front da Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, wanda ya haifar da rikici na 2016 Niger Delta.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-01 |title=Adaka Boro Avengers abandon bid to declare N-Delta Republic |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/adaka-boro-avengers-abandon-bid-declare-n-delta-republic/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-03-14 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US |archive-date=2021-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309155224/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/adaka-boro-avengers-abandon-bid-declare-n-delta-republic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushe == * {{Cite journal |last=Tamuno |first=Tekena N. |date=1970 |title=Separatist Agitations in Nigeria since 1914 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/159090 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=563–584 |issn=0022-278X}} jio670xmsgyhm3rv7ewbqzj11w6pgee 970206 970205 2026-10-21T18:26:12Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Bayan samun 'yancin kai */ 970206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen Najeriya suna so su cimma burin raba ƙasar, wanda shine daga cikin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jihohin Najeriya]] daga jihar ta Tarayyar Najeriya. Ayyukan rabuwa guda daya a Najeriya ya faru ne daga 1967 zuwa 1970 a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]], lokacin da jamhuriya ta [[Biyafara|Biafra]] ta bayyana 'yancin kanta daga Najeriya kuma daga karshe an ci nasara. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Najeriya ta fuskanci fitowar ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da ke neman' yancin Biafra da sauran jihohin da aka tsara. == Tarihi == === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === ==== 1914 ==== Ra'ayoyin rabuwa sun fara faruwa ne a shekara ta 1914, lokacin da [[Frederick Lugard]] ya haɗa [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] (yawanci Musulmi) da [[Yankin Kudancin Najeriya|Kudancin Najeriya]] (mafi yawan arna / animist da Kirista) a cikin mulkin mallaka guda na Najeriya. [[Ahmadu Bello]] a cikin tarihin kansa ya lura da rashin shahara a Arewacin Najeriya na haɗuwa, mai yiwuwa yana nufin sarakunan Islama na Arewacin Najeriya. ==== Shekaru na 1950 ==== Yayin da Najeriya ke sauyawa zuwa mulkin kai a cikin shekarun 1950, sabbin shirye-shiryen kundin tsarin mulki da gasa tsakanin jam'iyyun siyasa sun kara karfin maganganun rabuwa. Wani batu na jayayya ya kasance a kusa da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], wanda shine babban birnin Najeriya a lokacin. Wakilan daga yankin Gabashin Igbo sun dauki Legas a matsayin "ƙasar mutum ba", yayin da wakilan daga yankin Yoruba na Yamma suka dauki Legas birni ne na al'adun Yoruba da za a gudanar da shi sosai bisa ga sharuddan su. [[Obafemi Awolowo]], Firayim Minista na Yammacin Yamma, ya aika da wasika wanda ya bayyana 'yancin Yammacin ya "ƙayyade ko za su kasance a cikin Tarayyar Najeriya da aka tsara", wanda ke barazanar rabuwa. === Bayan samun 'yancin kai === Ra'ayoyin rabuwa sun sake fitowa a lokacin zaben tarayya na Disamba 1964 da kuma zaben Yammacin Yammacin 1965. Shugaba [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya ce: {{Blockquote|Ya fi kyau a gare mu da kuma ga masu sha'awarmu a ƙasashen waje mu wargaje cikin kwanciyar hankali ba gutsuttsura ba. Idan 'yan siyasa suka kasa bin wannan gargaɗin, to zan yi hasashen cewa abin da ya faru a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo zai zama wasan yara idan ya zo lokacinmu na taka irin wannan rawar da ba ta dace ba.}} Koyaya, a mayar da martani, Ahmadu Bello ya sake jaddada kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 na Najeriya ba shi da tanadi don rabuwa. == Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye == Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye sun haɗa da:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adibe |first=Jideofor |date=2017-07-12 |title=Separatist agitations in Nigeria: Causes and trajectories |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2017/07/12/separatist-agitations-in-nigeria-causes-and-trajectories/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223183320/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2017/07/12/separatist-agitations-in-nigeria-causes-and-trajectories/ |archive-date=2021-12-23 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="cfr">{{Cite web |title=What’s Behind Growing Separatism in Nigeria? |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/whats-behind-growing-separatism-nigeria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112205658/https://www.cfr.org/article/whats-behind-growing-separatism-nigeria |archive-date=2022-01-12 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Nigeria, Rising Insecurity Leads to Growing Separatist Calls |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_nigeria-rising-insecurity-leads-growing-separatist-calls/6206192.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218140153/https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_nigeria-rising-insecurity-leads-growing-separatist-calls/6206192.html |archive-date=2022-02-18 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> * 'Yan asalin Biafra (IPOB) da bangaren sa na [[Cibiyar Tsaro ta Gabas]] waɗanda ke tallafawa' yancin Biafra. Suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Kamaru ta Anglophone.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Craig |first=Jess |title=Separatist Movements in Nigeria and Cameroon Are Joining Forces |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/20/separatists-nigeria-cameroon-biafra-ipob-ambazonia-anglophone-joining-forces/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303062356/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/20/separatists-nigeria-cameroon-biafra-ipob-ambazonia-anglophone-joining-forces/ |archive-date=2022-03-03 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Kasar Yarbawa|Jamhuriyar Oduduwa]], ƙungiyar [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ce ta rabuwa. A cikin 2024, 'yan tawaye na Yoruba sun yi ƙoƙari Ka hambarar da gwamnati a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim Adeyemi |date=23 April 2024 |title=The Curious Journey Of Woman Who Declared Yoruba Independence From Nigeria |url=https://humanglemedia.com/the-curious-journey-of-woman-who-declared-yoruba-independence-from-nigeria/ |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=HumAngle}}</ref> * [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Jamhuriyar Arewa]], a Arewacin kasar * Jamhuriyar Nijar Delta, da goyon bayan Niger Delta Liberation Front da Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, wanda ya haifar da rikici na 2016 Niger Delta.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-01 |title=Adaka Boro Avengers abandon bid to declare N-Delta Republic |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/adaka-boro-avengers-abandon-bid-declare-n-delta-republic/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-03-14 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US |archive-date=2021-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309155224/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/adaka-boro-avengers-abandon-bid-declare-n-delta-republic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushe == * {{Cite journal |last=Tamuno |first=Tekena N. |date=1970 |title=Separatist Agitations in Nigeria since 1914 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/159090 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=563–584 |issn=0022-278X}} 0qp211h26p4bqsu8mqpmayod8pi7280 970207 970206 2026-10-21T18:27:02Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Bayan samun 'yancin kai */ 970207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen Najeriya suna so su cimma burin raba ƙasar, wanda shine daga cikin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jihohin Najeriya]] daga jihar ta Tarayyar Najeriya. Ayyukan rabuwa guda daya a Najeriya ya faru ne daga 1967 zuwa 1970 a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]], lokacin da jamhuriya ta [[Biyafara|Biafra]] ta bayyana 'yancin kanta daga Najeriya kuma daga karshe an ci nasara. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Najeriya ta fuskanci fitowar ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da ke neman' yancin Biafra da sauran jihohin da aka tsara. == Tarihi == === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === ==== 1914 ==== Ra'ayoyin rabuwa sun fara faruwa ne a shekara ta 1914, lokacin da [[Frederick Lugard]] ya haɗa [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] (yawanci Musulmi) da [[Yankin Kudancin Najeriya|Kudancin Najeriya]] (mafi yawan arna / animist da Kirista) a cikin mulkin mallaka guda na Najeriya. [[Ahmadu Bello]] a cikin tarihin kansa ya lura da rashin shahara a Arewacin Najeriya na haɗuwa, mai yiwuwa yana nufin sarakunan Islama na Arewacin Najeriya. ==== Shekaru na 1950 ==== Yayin da Najeriya ke sauyawa zuwa mulkin kai a cikin shekarun 1950, sabbin shirye-shiryen kundin tsarin mulki da gasa tsakanin jam'iyyun siyasa sun kara karfin maganganun rabuwa. Wani batu na jayayya ya kasance a kusa da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], wanda shine babban birnin Najeriya a lokacin. Wakilan daga yankin Gabashin Igbo sun dauki Legas a matsayin "ƙasar mutum ba", yayin da wakilan daga yankin Yoruba na Yamma suka dauki Legas birni ne na al'adun Yoruba da za a gudanar da shi sosai bisa ga sharuddan su. [[Obafemi Awolowo]], Firayim Minista na Yammacin Yamma, ya aika da wasika wanda ya bayyana 'yancin Yammacin ya "ƙayyade ko za su kasance a cikin Tarayyar Najeriya da aka tsara", wanda ke barazanar rabuwa. === Bayan samun 'yancin kai === Ra'ayoyin rabuwa sun sake fitowa a lokacin zaben tarayya na Disamba 1964 da kuma zaben Yammacin Yammacin 1965. Shugaba [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya ce: "Ya fi kyau a gare mu da kuma ga masu sha'awarmu a ƙasashen waje mu wargaje cikin kwanciyar hankali ba gutsuttsura ba. Idan 'yan siyasa suka kasa bin wannan gargaɗin, to zan yi hasashen cewa abin da ya faru a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo zai zama wasan yara idan ya zo lokacinmu na taka irin wannan rawar da ba ta dace ba." Koyaya, a mayar da martani, Ahmadu Bello ya sake jaddada kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 na Najeriya ba shi da tanadi don rabuwa. == Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye == Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye sun haɗa da:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adibe |first=Jideofor |date=2017-07-12 |title=Separatist agitations in Nigeria: Causes and trajectories |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2017/07/12/separatist-agitations-in-nigeria-causes-and-trajectories/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223183320/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2017/07/12/separatist-agitations-in-nigeria-causes-and-trajectories/ |archive-date=2021-12-23 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="cfr">{{Cite web |title=What’s Behind Growing Separatism in Nigeria? |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/whats-behind-growing-separatism-nigeria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112205658/https://www.cfr.org/article/whats-behind-growing-separatism-nigeria |archive-date=2022-01-12 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Nigeria, Rising Insecurity Leads to Growing Separatist Calls |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_nigeria-rising-insecurity-leads-growing-separatist-calls/6206192.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218140153/https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_nigeria-rising-insecurity-leads-growing-separatist-calls/6206192.html |archive-date=2022-02-18 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> * 'Yan asalin Biafra (IPOB) da bangaren sa na [[Cibiyar Tsaro ta Gabas]] waɗanda ke tallafawa' yancin Biafra. Suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Kamaru ta Anglophone.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Craig |first=Jess |title=Separatist Movements in Nigeria and Cameroon Are Joining Forces |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/20/separatists-nigeria-cameroon-biafra-ipob-ambazonia-anglophone-joining-forces/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303062356/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/20/separatists-nigeria-cameroon-biafra-ipob-ambazonia-anglophone-joining-forces/ |archive-date=2022-03-03 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Kasar Yarbawa|Jamhuriyar Oduduwa]], ƙungiyar [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ce ta rabuwa. A cikin 2024, 'yan tawaye na Yoruba sun yi ƙoƙari Ka hambarar da gwamnati a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim Adeyemi |date=23 April 2024 |title=The Curious Journey Of Woman Who Declared Yoruba Independence From Nigeria |url=https://humanglemedia.com/the-curious-journey-of-woman-who-declared-yoruba-independence-from-nigeria/ |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=HumAngle}}</ref> * [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Jamhuriyar Arewa]], a Arewacin kasar * Jamhuriyar Nijar Delta, da goyon bayan Niger Delta Liberation Front da Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, wanda ya haifar da rikici na 2016 Niger Delta.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-01 |title=Adaka Boro Avengers abandon bid to declare N-Delta Republic |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/adaka-boro-avengers-abandon-bid-declare-n-delta-republic/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-03-14 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US |archive-date=2021-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309155224/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/adaka-boro-avengers-abandon-bid-declare-n-delta-republic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushe == * {{Cite journal |last=Tamuno |first=Tekena N. |date=1970 |title=Separatist Agitations in Nigeria since 1914 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/159090 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=563–584 |issn=0022-278X}} kg8g7aywuaaeqxk8pzhswdofykns6od 970331 970207 2026-10-22T09:17:49Z Kamaf001 48297 970331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen Najeriya suna so su cimma burin raba ƙasar, wanda shine daga cikin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jihohin Najeriya]] daga jihar ta Tarayyar Najeriya. Ayyukan rabuwa guda daya a Najeriya ya faru ne daga shekaraun 1967 zuwa 1970 a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]], lokacin da jamhuriya ta [[Biyafara|Biafra]] ta bayyana 'yancin kanta daga Najeriya kuma daga karshe an ci nasara. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Najeriya ta fuskanci fitowar ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da ke neman' yancin Biafra da sauran jihohin da aka tsara. == Tarihi == === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === ==== 1914 ==== Ra'ayoyin rabuwa sun fara faruwa ne a shekara ta 1914, lokacin da [[Frederick Lugard]] ya haɗa [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] (yawanci Musulmi) da [[Yankin Kudancin Najeriya|Kudancin Najeriya]] (mafi yawan arna / animist da Kirista) a cikin mulkin mallaka guda na Najeriya. [[Ahmadu Bello]] a cikin tarihin kansa ya lura da rashin shahara a Arewacin Najeriya na haɗuwa, mai yiwuwa yana nufin sarakunan Islama na Arewacin Najeriya. ==== Shekaru na 1950 ==== Yayin da Najeriya ke sauyawa zuwa mulkin kai a cikin shekarun 1950, sabbin shirye-shiryen kundin tsarin mulki da gasa tsakanin jam'iyyun siyasa sun kara karfin maganganun rabuwa. Wani batu na jayayya ya kasance a kusa da [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], wanda shine babban birnin Najeriya a lokacin. Wakilan daga yankin Gabashin Igbo sun dauki Legas a matsayin "ƙasar mutum ba", yayin da wakilan daga yankin Yoruba na Yamma suka dauki Legas birni ne na al'adun Yoruba da za a gudanar da shi sosai bisa ga sharuddan su. [[Obafemi Awolowo]], Firayim Minista na Yammacin Yamma, ya aika da wasika wanda ya bayyana 'yancin Yammacin ya "ƙayyade ko za su kasance a cikin Tarayyar Najeriya da aka tsara", wanda ke barazanar rabuwa. === Bayan samun 'yancin kai === Ra'ayoyin rabuwa sun sake fitowa a lokacin zaben tarayya na Disamba 1964 da kuma zaben Yammacin Yammacin 1965. Shugaba [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ya ce: "Ya fi kyau a gare mu da kuma ga masu sha'awarmu a ƙasashen waje mu wargaje cikin kwanciyar hankali ba gutsuttsura ba. Idan 'yan siyasa suka kasa bin wannan gargaɗin, to zan yi hasashen cewa abin da ya faru a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo zai zama wasan yara idan ya zo lokacinmu na taka irin wannan rawar da ba ta dace ba." Koyaya, a mayar da martani, Ahmadu Bello ya sake jaddada kundin tsarin mulkin 1963 na Najeriya ba shi da tanadi don rabuwa. == Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye == Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye sun haɗa da:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adibe |first=Jideofor |date=2017-07-12 |title=Separatist agitations in Nigeria: Causes and trajectories |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2017/07/12/separatist-agitations-in-nigeria-causes-and-trajectories/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223183320/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2017/07/12/separatist-agitations-in-nigeria-causes-and-trajectories/ |archive-date=2021-12-23 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="cfr">{{Cite web |title=What’s Behind Growing Separatism in Nigeria? |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/whats-behind-growing-separatism-nigeria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112205658/https://www.cfr.org/article/whats-behind-growing-separatism-nigeria |archive-date=2022-01-12 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Nigeria, Rising Insecurity Leads to Growing Separatist Calls |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_nigeria-rising-insecurity-leads-growing-separatist-calls/6206192.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218140153/https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_nigeria-rising-insecurity-leads-growing-separatist-calls/6206192.html |archive-date=2022-02-18 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> * 'Yan asalin Biafra (IPOB) da bangaren sa na [[Cibiyar Tsaro ta Gabas]] waɗanda ke tallafawa' yancin Biafra. Suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Kamaru ta Anglophone.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Craig |first=Jess |title=Separatist Movements in Nigeria and Cameroon Are Joining Forces |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/20/separatists-nigeria-cameroon-biafra-ipob-ambazonia-anglophone-joining-forces/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303062356/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/20/separatists-nigeria-cameroon-biafra-ipob-ambazonia-anglophone-joining-forces/ |archive-date=2022-03-03 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Kasar Yarbawa|Jamhuriyar Oduduwa]], ƙungiyar [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] ce ta rabuwa. A cikin 2024, 'yan tawaye na Yoruba sun yi ƙoƙari Ka hambarar da gwamnati a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim Adeyemi |date=23 April 2024 |title=The Curious Journey Of Woman Who Declared Yoruba Independence From Nigeria |url=https://humanglemedia.com/the-curious-journey-of-woman-who-declared-yoruba-independence-from-nigeria/ |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=HumAngle}}</ref> * [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Jamhuriyar Arewa]], a Arewacin kasar * Jamhuriyar Nijar Delta, da goyon bayan Niger Delta Liberation Front da Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, wanda ya haifar da rikici na 2016 Niger Delta.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-01 |title=Adaka Boro Avengers abandon bid to declare N-Delta Republic |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/adaka-boro-avengers-abandon-bid-declare-n-delta-republic/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-03-14 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US |archive-date=2021-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309155224/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/08/adaka-boro-avengers-abandon-bid-declare-n-delta-republic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushe == * {{Cite journal |last=Tamuno |first=Tekena N. |date=1970 |title=Separatist Agitations in Nigeria since 1914 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/159090 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=563–584 |issn=0022-278X}} m1syzwvodbexb2ds5ftmj8ntuhi4g7q 0 179743 970208 2026-10-21T18:29:52Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360794239|King Charles N. Lambert]]" 970208 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Sarki Charles N. Lambert''' ɗan gwagwarmayar tattalin arziki ne na Pan-Afirka, ɗan kasuwa, kuma wanda ya kafa tsarin Compassionate Capitalism da dandalin Black Wall Street . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Lambert a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1973, a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onna |first=David |date=2024-02-14 |title=Africa's leading Innovator, King Charles Lambert introduces CEO Forum |url=https://www.gistreel.com/africas-leading-innovator-king-charles-lambert-introduces-ceo-forum/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=GistReel |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya auri Caroline Lambert, kuma suna da 'ya'ya takwas. == Ayyuka == Lambert shine Sarkin Black Wall Street (BWS). BWS ta aiwatar da salon shugabanci na zamanin d ̄ a na Ibrananci. Ya haɓaka Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Kasuwanci (CCES), tsarin tattalin arziki wanda ya haɗu da jari-hujja na gargajiya tare da alhakin zamantakewa, a cikin 2002. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan ka'idar cewa masu amfani na iya aiki a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, suna ba da damar ayyukan tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, kamar sayen kayayyaki da aiyuka, don ba da gudummawa ga saka hannun jari da ci gaba. Sauran ayyukan Afirka da Lambert ya ƙaddamar sun haɗa da: * Taron Shugaba na Pan African * Cibiyoyin Ayyuka na Pan African * Shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Compassionate Capitalism Economic System Offers 'Poverty Vaccine' to African Families |url=https://newswirengr.com/2024/02/16/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-offers-poverty-vaccine-to-african-families/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US}}</ref> * Cibiyar Redirect Mall <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa to become Super Power by 2034 - Charles N Lambert {{!}} The Kampala Post |url=https://kampalapost.com/content/africa-become-super-power-2034-charles-n-lambert |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=kampalapost.com}}</ref> * Afrowood Ya kuma rubuta littattafai da yawa don ci gaba da yunkurinsa na Pan-African, gami da Lokacin da Samba ya Broke, wanda ya haɗu da ikon ba da labari tare da kiran 'yanci da canji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-29 |title=King Lambert’s new play 'When the Samba Broke', inspires Africans to break free from old chains |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lamberts-new-play-when-the-samba-broke-inspires-africans-to-break-free-from-old-chains/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Littafinsa na biyu, Wait Until Dawn , masu sukar sun bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya dace da ayyukan wallafe-wallafen [[Ola Rotimi]], The Gods Are Not to be Blame, da kuma Laureate Nobel na Najeriya, [[Wole Soyinka]]'s King's Horseman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-27 |title=King Lambert debuts new African traditional theatre masterpiece — 'Wait Until Dawn' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lambert-debuts-new-african-traditional-theatre-masterpiece-wait-until-dawn/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tmkegk969swcbrffk7asdyvsob4h18r 970209 970208 2026-10-21T18:30:27Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 970209 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarki Charles N. Lambert''' ɗan gwagwarmayar tattalin arziki ne na Pan-Afirka, ɗan kasuwa, kuma wanda ya kafa tsarin Compassionate Capitalism da dandalin Black Wall Street . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Lambert a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1973, a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onna |first=David |date=2024-02-14 |title=Africa's leading Innovator, King Charles Lambert introduces CEO Forum |url=https://www.gistreel.com/africas-leading-innovator-king-charles-lambert-introduces-ceo-forum/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=GistReel |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya auri Caroline Lambert, kuma suna da 'ya'ya takwas. == Ayyuka == Lambert shine Sarkin Black Wall Street (BWS). BWS ta aiwatar da salon shugabanci na zamanin d ̄ a na Ibrananci. Ya haɓaka Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Kasuwanci (CCES), tsarin tattalin arziki wanda ya haɗu da jari-hujja na gargajiya tare da alhakin zamantakewa, a cikin 2002. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan ka'idar cewa masu amfani na iya aiki a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, suna ba da damar ayyukan tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, kamar sayen kayayyaki da aiyuka, don ba da gudummawa ga saka hannun jari da ci gaba. Sauran ayyukan Afirka da Lambert ya ƙaddamar sun haɗa da: * Taron Shugaba na Pan African * Cibiyoyin Ayyuka na Pan African * Shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Compassionate Capitalism Economic System Offers 'Poverty Vaccine' to African Families |url=https://newswirengr.com/2024/02/16/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-offers-poverty-vaccine-to-african-families/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US}}</ref> * Cibiyar Redirect Mall <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa to become Super Power by 2034 - Charles N Lambert {{!}} The Kampala Post |url=https://kampalapost.com/content/africa-become-super-power-2034-charles-n-lambert |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=kampalapost.com}}</ref> * Afrowood Ya kuma rubuta littattafai da yawa don ci gaba da yunkurinsa na Pan-African, gami da Lokacin da Samba ya Broke, wanda ya haɗu da ikon ba da labari tare da kiran 'yanci da canji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-29 |title=King Lambert’s new play 'When the Samba Broke', inspires Africans to break free from old chains |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lamberts-new-play-when-the-samba-broke-inspires-africans-to-break-free-from-old-chains/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Littafinsa na biyu, Wait Until Dawn , masu sukar sun bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya dace da ayyukan wallafe-wallafen [[Ola Rotimi]], The Gods Are Not to be Blame, da kuma Laureate Nobel na Najeriya, [[Wole Soyinka]]'s King's Horseman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-27 |title=King Lambert debuts new African traditional theatre masterpiece — 'Wait Until Dawn' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lambert-debuts-new-african-traditional-theatre-masterpiece-wait-until-dawn/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hhjdfiut0e5e6wfmfi4bwamtuwqpptx 970210 970209 2026-10-21T18:31:25Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 970210 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarki Charles N. Lambert''' ɗan gwagwarmayar tattalin arziki ne na Pan-Afirka, ɗan kasuwa, kuma wanda ya kafa tsarin Compassionate Capitalism da dandalin Black Wall Street .<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2024-02-15 |title=Compassionate capitalism economic system launches CEO forum |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-launches-ceo-forum/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Lambert a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1973, a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onna |first=David |date=2024-02-14 |title=Africa's leading Innovator, King Charles Lambert introduces CEO Forum |url=https://www.gistreel.com/africas-leading-innovator-king-charles-lambert-introduces-ceo-forum/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=GistReel |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya auri Caroline Lambert, kuma suna da 'ya'ya takwas. == Ayyuka == Lambert shine Sarkin Black Wall Street (BWS). BWS ta aiwatar da salon shugabanci na zamanin d ̄ a na Ibrananci. Ya haɓaka Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Kasuwanci (CCES), tsarin tattalin arziki wanda ya haɗu da jari-hujja na gargajiya tare da alhakin zamantakewa, a cikin 2002. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan ka'idar cewa masu amfani na iya aiki a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, suna ba da damar ayyukan tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, kamar sayen kayayyaki da aiyuka, don ba da gudummawa ga saka hannun jari da ci gaba. Sauran ayyukan Afirka da Lambert ya ƙaddamar sun haɗa da: * Taron Shugaba na Pan African * Cibiyoyin Ayyuka na Pan African * Shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Compassionate Capitalism Economic System Offers 'Poverty Vaccine' to African Families |url=https://newswirengr.com/2024/02/16/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-offers-poverty-vaccine-to-african-families/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US}}</ref> * Cibiyar Redirect Mall <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa to become Super Power by 2034 - Charles N Lambert {{!}} The Kampala Post |url=https://kampalapost.com/content/africa-become-super-power-2034-charles-n-lambert |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=kampalapost.com}}</ref> * Afrowood Ya kuma rubuta littattafai da yawa don ci gaba da yunkurinsa na Pan-African, gami da Lokacin da Samba ya Broke, wanda ya haɗu da ikon ba da labari tare da kiran 'yanci da canji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-29 |title=King Lambert’s new play 'When the Samba Broke', inspires Africans to break free from old chains |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lamberts-new-play-when-the-samba-broke-inspires-africans-to-break-free-from-old-chains/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Littafinsa na biyu, Wait Until Dawn , masu sukar sun bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya dace da ayyukan wallafe-wallafen [[Ola Rotimi]], The Gods Are Not to be Blame, da kuma Laureate Nobel na Najeriya, [[Wole Soyinka]]'s King's Horseman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-27 |title=King Lambert debuts new African traditional theatre masterpiece — 'Wait Until Dawn' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lambert-debuts-new-african-traditional-theatre-masterpiece-wait-until-dawn/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0bfakw1c824nmsf2d4qqj8yzjeze4o6 970211 970210 2026-10-21T18:32:21Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 970211 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarki Charles N. Lambert''' ɗan gwagwarmayar tattalin arziki ne na Pan-Afirka, ɗan kasuwa, kuma wanda ya kafa tsarin Compassionate Capitalism da dandalin Black Wall Street .<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2024-02-15 |title=Compassionate capitalism economic system launches CEO forum |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-launches-ceo-forum/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Lambert a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1973, a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onna |first=David |date=2024-02-14 |title=Africa's leading Innovator, King Charles Lambert introduces CEO Forum |url=https://www.gistreel.com/africas-leading-innovator-king-charles-lambert-introduces-ceo-forum/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=GistReel |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya auri Caroline Lambert, kuma suna da 'ya'ya takwas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Royal |first=David O. |date=2021-05-11 |title=Leader of Africa's first Economic War, Lambert announces plans to build Africa's Air Taxi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/leader-of-africas-first-economic-war-lambert-announces-plans-to-build-africas-air-taxi/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Lambert shine Sarkin Black Wall Street (BWS). BWS ta aiwatar da salon shugabanci na zamanin d ̄ a na Ibrananci. Ya haɓaka Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Kasuwanci (CCES), tsarin tattalin arziki wanda ya haɗu da jari-hujja na gargajiya tare da alhakin zamantakewa, a cikin 2002. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan ka'idar cewa masu amfani na iya aiki a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, suna ba da damar ayyukan tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, kamar sayen kayayyaki da aiyuka, don ba da gudummawa ga saka hannun jari da ci gaba. Sauran ayyukan Afirka da Lambert ya ƙaddamar sun haɗa da: * Taron Shugaba na Pan African * Cibiyoyin Ayyuka na Pan African * Shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Compassionate Capitalism Economic System Offers 'Poverty Vaccine' to African Families |url=https://newswirengr.com/2024/02/16/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-offers-poverty-vaccine-to-african-families/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US}}</ref> * Cibiyar Redirect Mall <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa to become Super Power by 2034 - Charles N Lambert {{!}} The Kampala Post |url=https://kampalapost.com/content/africa-become-super-power-2034-charles-n-lambert |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=kampalapost.com}}</ref> * Afrowood Ya kuma rubuta littattafai da yawa don ci gaba da yunkurinsa na Pan-African, gami da Lokacin da Samba ya Broke, wanda ya haɗu da ikon ba da labari tare da kiran 'yanci da canji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-29 |title=King Lambert’s new play 'When the Samba Broke', inspires Africans to break free from old chains |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lamberts-new-play-when-the-samba-broke-inspires-africans-to-break-free-from-old-chains/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Littafinsa na biyu, Wait Until Dawn , masu sukar sun bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya dace da ayyukan wallafe-wallafen [[Ola Rotimi]], The Gods Are Not to be Blame, da kuma Laureate Nobel na Najeriya, [[Wole Soyinka]]'s King's Horseman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-27 |title=King Lambert debuts new African traditional theatre masterpiece — 'Wait Until Dawn' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lambert-debuts-new-african-traditional-theatre-masterpiece-wait-until-dawn/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hixwi6fhb47r2mftifea3a263452r20 970212 970211 2026-10-21T18:33:38Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Ayyuka */ 970212 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarki Charles N. Lambert''' ɗan gwagwarmayar tattalin arziki ne na Pan-Afirka, ɗan kasuwa, kuma wanda ya kafa tsarin Compassionate Capitalism da dandalin Black Wall Street .<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2024-02-15 |title=Compassionate capitalism economic system launches CEO forum |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-launches-ceo-forum/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Lambert a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1973, a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onna |first=David |date=2024-02-14 |title=Africa's leading Innovator, King Charles Lambert introduces CEO Forum |url=https://www.gistreel.com/africas-leading-innovator-king-charles-lambert-introduces-ceo-forum/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=GistReel |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya auri Caroline Lambert, kuma suna da 'ya'ya takwas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Royal |first=David O. |date=2021-05-11 |title=Leader of Africa's first Economic War, Lambert announces plans to build Africa's Air Taxi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/leader-of-africas-first-economic-war-lambert-announces-plans-to-build-africas-air-taxi/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Lambert shine Sarkin Black Wall Street (BWS). BWS ta aiwatar da salon shugabanci na zamanin d ̄ a na Ibrananci. Ya haɓaka Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Kasuwanci (CCES), tsarin tattalin arziki wanda ya haɗu da jari-hujja na gargajiya tare da alhakin zamantakewa, a cikin 2002. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan ka'idar cewa masu amfani na iya aiki a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, suna ba da damar ayyukan tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, kamar sayen kayayyaki da aiyuka, don ba da gudummawa ga saka hannun jari da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-23 |title=Who is King Charles N. Lambert? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/who-is-king-charles-n-lambert/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Sauran ayyukan Afirka da Lambert ya ƙaddamar sun haɗa da: * Taron Shugaba na Pan African * Cibiyoyin Ayyuka na Pan African * Shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Compassionate Capitalism Economic System Offers 'Poverty Vaccine' to African Families |url=https://newswirengr.com/2024/02/16/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-offers-poverty-vaccine-to-african-families/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US}}</ref> * Cibiyar Redirect Mall <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa to become Super Power by 2034 - Charles N Lambert {{!}} The Kampala Post |url=https://kampalapost.com/content/africa-become-super-power-2034-charles-n-lambert |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=kampalapost.com}}</ref> * Afrowood Ya kuma rubuta littattafai da yawa don ci gaba da yunkurinsa na Pan-African, gami da Lokacin da Samba ya Broke, wanda ya haɗu da ikon ba da labari tare da kiran 'yanci da canji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-29 |title=King Lambert’s new play 'When the Samba Broke', inspires Africans to break free from old chains |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lamberts-new-play-when-the-samba-broke-inspires-africans-to-break-free-from-old-chains/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Littafinsa na biyu, Wait Until Dawn , masu sukar sun bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya dace da ayyukan wallafe-wallafen [[Ola Rotimi]], The Gods Are Not to be Blame, da kuma Laureate Nobel na Najeriya, [[Wole Soyinka]]'s King's Horseman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-27 |title=King Lambert debuts new African traditional theatre masterpiece — 'Wait Until Dawn' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lambert-debuts-new-african-traditional-theatre-masterpiece-wait-until-dawn/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sxhsy6uxq4mqi34krzkbj384v1a61uc 970213 970212 2026-10-21T18:34:46Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Ayyuka */ 970213 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarki Charles N. Lambert''' ɗan gwagwarmayar tattalin arziki ne na Pan-Afirka, ɗan kasuwa, kuma wanda ya kafa tsarin Compassionate Capitalism da dandalin Black Wall Street .<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2024-02-15 |title=Compassionate capitalism economic system launches CEO forum |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-launches-ceo-forum/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Lambert a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1973, a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onna |first=David |date=2024-02-14 |title=Africa's leading Innovator, King Charles Lambert introduces CEO Forum |url=https://www.gistreel.com/africas-leading-innovator-king-charles-lambert-introduces-ceo-forum/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=GistReel |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya auri Caroline Lambert, kuma suna da 'ya'ya takwas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Royal |first=David O. |date=2021-05-11 |title=Leader of Africa's first Economic War, Lambert announces plans to build Africa's Air Taxi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/leader-of-africas-first-economic-war-lambert-announces-plans-to-build-africas-air-taxi/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Lambert shine Sarkin Black Wall Street (BWS). BWS ta aiwatar da salon shugabanci na zamanin d ̄ a na Ibrananci. Ya haɓaka Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Kasuwanci (CCES), tsarin tattalin arziki wanda ya haɗu da jari-hujja na gargajiya tare da alhakin zamantakewa, a cikin 2002. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan ka'idar cewa masu amfani na iya aiki a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, suna ba da damar ayyukan tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, kamar sayen kayayyaki da aiyuka, don ba da gudummawa ga saka hannun jari da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-23 |title=Who is King Charles N. Lambert? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/who-is-king-charles-n-lambert/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Sauran ayyukan Afirka da Lambert ya ƙaddamar sun haɗa da: * Taron Shugaba na Pan African <ref>{{Cite news |last=Oboh |date=2025-06-29 |title=Africa's leading innovator King Lambert, creates CEO Forum powered by Intentional Venture Capital |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/africas-leading-innovator-king-lambert-creates-ceo-forum-powered-by-intentional-venture-capital/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Cibiyoyin Ayyuka na Pan African * Shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Compassionate Capitalism Economic System Offers 'Poverty Vaccine' to African Families |url=https://newswirengr.com/2024/02/16/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-offers-poverty-vaccine-to-african-families/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US}}</ref> * Cibiyar Redirect Mall <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa to become Super Power by 2034 - Charles N Lambert {{!}} The Kampala Post |url=https://kampalapost.com/content/africa-become-super-power-2034-charles-n-lambert |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=kampalapost.com}}</ref> * Afrowood Ya kuma rubuta littattafai da yawa don ci gaba da yunkurinsa na Pan-African, gami da Lokacin da Samba ya Broke, wanda ya haɗu da ikon ba da labari tare da kiran 'yanci da canji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-29 |title=King Lambert’s new play 'When the Samba Broke', inspires Africans to break free from old chains |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lamberts-new-play-when-the-samba-broke-inspires-africans-to-break-free-from-old-chains/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Littafinsa na biyu, Wait Until Dawn , masu sukar sun bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya dace da ayyukan wallafe-wallafen [[Ola Rotimi]], The Gods Are Not to be Blame, da kuma Laureate Nobel na Najeriya, [[Wole Soyinka]]'s King's Horseman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-27 |title=King Lambert debuts new African traditional theatre masterpiece — 'Wait Until Dawn' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lambert-debuts-new-african-traditional-theatre-masterpiece-wait-until-dawn/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] q2jncuwqez385h2rm45y1zy4ud4uphs 970214 970213 2026-10-21T18:35:34Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Ayyuka */ 970214 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarki Charles N. Lambert''' ɗan gwagwarmayar tattalin arziki ne na Pan-Afirka, ɗan kasuwa, kuma wanda ya kafa tsarin Compassionate Capitalism da dandalin Black Wall Street .<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2024-02-15 |title=Compassionate capitalism economic system launches CEO forum |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-launches-ceo-forum/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Lambert a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1973, a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onna |first=David |date=2024-02-14 |title=Africa's leading Innovator, King Charles Lambert introduces CEO Forum |url=https://www.gistreel.com/africas-leading-innovator-king-charles-lambert-introduces-ceo-forum/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=GistReel |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya auri Caroline Lambert, kuma suna da 'ya'ya takwas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Royal |first=David O. |date=2021-05-11 |title=Leader of Africa's first Economic War, Lambert announces plans to build Africa's Air Taxi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/leader-of-africas-first-economic-war-lambert-announces-plans-to-build-africas-air-taxi/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Lambert shine Sarkin Black Wall Street (BWS). BWS ta aiwatar da salon shugabanci na zamanin d ̄ a na Ibrananci. Ya haɓaka Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Kasuwanci (CCES), tsarin tattalin arziki wanda ya haɗu da jari-hujja na gargajiya tare da alhakin zamantakewa, a cikin 2002. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan ka'idar cewa masu amfani na iya aiki a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, suna ba da damar ayyukan tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, kamar sayen kayayyaki da aiyuka, don ba da gudummawa ga saka hannun jari da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-23 |title=Who is King Charles N. Lambert? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/who-is-king-charles-n-lambert/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Sauran ayyukan Afirka da Lambert ya ƙaddamar sun haɗa da: * Taron Shugaba na Pan African <ref>{{Cite news |last=Oboh |date=2025-06-29 |title=Africa's leading innovator King Lambert, creates CEO Forum powered by Intentional Venture Capital |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/africas-leading-innovator-king-lambert-creates-ceo-forum-powered-by-intentional-venture-capital/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Cibiyoyin Ayyuka na Pan African <ref>{{Cite news |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2023-01-19 |title=King Charles Lambert announces 300 million jobs for African youths. |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/king-charles-lambert-announces-300-million-jobs-for-african-youths/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Compassionate Capitalism Economic System Offers 'Poverty Vaccine' to African Families |url=https://newswirengr.com/2024/02/16/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-offers-poverty-vaccine-to-african-families/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US}}</ref> * Cibiyar Redirect Mall <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa to become Super Power by 2034 - Charles N Lambert {{!}} The Kampala Post |url=https://kampalapost.com/content/africa-become-super-power-2034-charles-n-lambert |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=kampalapost.com}}</ref> * Afrowood Ya kuma rubuta littattafai da yawa don ci gaba da yunkurinsa na Pan-African, gami da Lokacin da Samba ya Broke, wanda ya haɗu da ikon ba da labari tare da kiran 'yanci da canji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-29 |title=King Lambert’s new play 'When the Samba Broke', inspires Africans to break free from old chains |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lamberts-new-play-when-the-samba-broke-inspires-africans-to-break-free-from-old-chains/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Littafinsa na biyu, Wait Until Dawn , masu sukar sun bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya dace da ayyukan wallafe-wallafen [[Ola Rotimi]], The Gods Are Not to be Blame, da kuma Laureate Nobel na Najeriya, [[Wole Soyinka]]'s King's Horseman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-27 |title=King Lambert debuts new African traditional theatre masterpiece — 'Wait Until Dawn' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lambert-debuts-new-african-traditional-theatre-masterpiece-wait-until-dawn/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ff3w04dm39cot4ony2w3zmm08leelk6 970218 970214 2026-10-21T18:48:56Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Ayyuka */ 970218 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarki Charles N. Lambert''' ɗan gwagwarmayar tattalin arziki ne na Pan-Afirka, ɗan kasuwa, kuma wanda ya kafa tsarin Compassionate Capitalism da dandalin Black Wall Street .<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2024-02-15 |title=Compassionate capitalism economic system launches CEO forum |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-launches-ceo-forum/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Lambert a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1973, a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onna |first=David |date=2024-02-14 |title=Africa's leading Innovator, King Charles Lambert introduces CEO Forum |url=https://www.gistreel.com/africas-leading-innovator-king-charles-lambert-introduces-ceo-forum/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=GistReel |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya auri Caroline Lambert, kuma suna da 'ya'ya takwas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Royal |first=David O. |date=2021-05-11 |title=Leader of Africa's first Economic War, Lambert announces plans to build Africa's Air Taxi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/leader-of-africas-first-economic-war-lambert-announces-plans-to-build-africas-air-taxi/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Lambert shine Sarkin Black Wall Street (BWS). BWS ta aiwatar da salon shugabanci na zamanin d ̄ a na Ibrananci. Ya haɓaka Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Kasuwanci (CCES), tsarin tattalin arziki wanda ya haɗu da jari-hujja na gargajiya tare da alhakin zamantakewa, a cikin 2002. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan ka'idar cewa masu amfani na iya aiki a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, suna ba da damar ayyukan tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, kamar sayen kayayyaki da aiyuka, don ba da gudummawa ga saka hannun jari da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-23 |title=Who is King Charles N. Lambert? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/who-is-king-charles-n-lambert/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Sauran ayyukan Afirka da Lambert ya ƙaddamar sun haɗa da: * Taron Shugaba na Pan African <ref>{{Cite news |last=Oboh |date=2025-06-29 |title=Africa's leading innovator King Lambert, creates CEO Forum powered by Intentional Venture Capital |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/africas-leading-innovator-king-lambert-creates-ceo-forum-powered-by-intentional-venture-capital/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Cibiyoyin Ayyuka na Pan African <ref>{{Cite news |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2023-01-19 |title=King Charles Lambert announces 300 million jobs for African youths. |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/king-charles-lambert-announces-300-million-jobs-for-african-youths/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Compassionate Capitalism Economic System Offers 'Poverty Vaccine' to African Families |url=https://newswirengr.com/2024/02/16/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-offers-poverty-vaccine-to-african-families/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US}}</ref> * Cibiyar Redirect Mall <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa to become Super Power by 2034 - Charles N Lambert {{!}} The Kampala Post |url=https://kampalapost.com/content/africa-become-super-power-2034-charles-n-lambert |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=kampalapost.com}}</ref> * Afrowood <ref>{{Cite news |title=Retired Supreme Court Justice Urges Africans to Support King Lambert's Vision for Economic Growth|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/11/01/retired-supreme-court-justice-urges-africans-to-support-king-lamberts-vision-for-economic-growth/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Ya kuma rubuta littattafai da yawa don ci gaba da yunkurinsa na Pan-African, gami da Lokacin da Samba ya Broke, wanda ya haɗu da ikon ba da labari tare da kiran 'yanci da canji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-29 |title=King Lambert’s new play 'When the Samba Broke', inspires Africans to break free from old chains |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lamberts-new-play-when-the-samba-broke-inspires-africans-to-break-free-from-old-chains/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Littafinsa na biyu, Wait Until Dawn , masu sukar sun bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya dace da ayyukan wallafe-wallafen [[Ola Rotimi]], The Gods Are Not to be Blame, da kuma Laureate Nobel na Najeriya, [[Wole Soyinka]]'s King's Horseman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-27 |title=King Lambert debuts new African traditional theatre masterpiece — 'Wait Until Dawn' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lambert-debuts-new-african-traditional-theatre-masterpiece-wait-until-dawn/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6z5e9lxggd4e1qdcr1dq9bj2o642aoo 970219 970218 2026-10-21T18:51:56Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Ayyuka */ 970219 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarki Charles N. Lambert''' ɗan gwagwarmayar tattalin arziki ne na Pan-Afirka, ɗan kasuwa, kuma wanda ya kafa tsarin Compassionate Capitalism da dandalin Black Wall Street .<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2024-02-15 |title=Compassionate capitalism economic system launches CEO forum |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-launches-ceo-forum/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Lambert a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1973, a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onna |first=David |date=2024-02-14 |title=Africa's leading Innovator, King Charles Lambert introduces CEO Forum |url=https://www.gistreel.com/africas-leading-innovator-king-charles-lambert-introduces-ceo-forum/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=GistReel |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya auri Caroline Lambert, kuma suna da 'ya'ya takwas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Royal |first=David O. |date=2021-05-11 |title=Leader of Africa's first Economic War, Lambert announces plans to build Africa's Air Taxi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/leader-of-africas-first-economic-war-lambert-announces-plans-to-build-africas-air-taxi/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Lambert shine Sarkin Black Wall Street (BWS). BWS ta aiwatar da salon shugabanci na zamanin d ̄ a na Ibrananci. Ya haɓaka Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Kasuwanci (CCES), tsarin tattalin arziki wanda ya haɗu da jari-hujja na gargajiya tare da alhakin zamantakewa, a cikin 2002. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan ka'idar cewa masu amfani na iya aiki a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, suna ba da damar ayyukan tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, kamar sayen kayayyaki da aiyuka, don ba da gudummawa ga saka hannun jari da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-23 |title=Who is King Charles N. Lambert? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/who-is-king-charles-n-lambert/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Sauran ayyukan Afirka da Lambert ya ƙaddamar sun haɗa da: * Taron Shugaba na Pan African <ref>{{Cite news |last=Oboh |date=2025-06-29 |title=Africa's leading innovator King Lambert, creates CEO Forum powered by Intentional Venture Capital |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/africas-leading-innovator-king-lambert-creates-ceo-forum-powered-by-intentional-venture-capital/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Cibiyoyin Ayyuka na Pan African <ref>{{Cite news |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2023-01-19 |title=King Charles Lambert announces 300 million jobs for African youths. |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/king-charles-lambert-announces-300-million-jobs-for-african-youths/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Compassionate Capitalism Economic System Offers 'Poverty Vaccine' to African Families |url=https://newswirengr.com/2024/02/16/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-offers-poverty-vaccine-to-african-families/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US}}</ref> * Cibiyar Redirect Mall <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa to become Super Power by 2034 - Charles N Lambert {{!}} The Kampala Post |url=https://kampalapost.com/content/africa-become-super-power-2034-charles-n-lambert |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=kampalapost.com}}</ref> * Afrowood <ref>{{Cite news |title=Retired Supreme Court Justice Urges Africans to Support King Lambert's Vision for Economic Growth|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/11/01/retired-supreme-court-justice-urges-africans-to-support-king-lamberts-vision-for-economic-growth/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Ya kuma rubuta littattafai da yawa don ci gaba da yunkurinsa na Pan-African, gami da Lokacin da Samba ya Broke, wanda ya haɗu da ikon ba da labari tare da kiran 'yanci da canji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-29 |title=King Lambert’s new play 'When the Samba Broke', inspires Africans to break free from old chains |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lamberts-new-play-when-the-samba-broke-inspires-africans-to-break-free-from-old-chains/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Littafinsa na biyu, Wait Until Dawn<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-27 |title=King Lambert debuts new African traditional theatre masterpiece — 'Wait Until Dawn' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lambert-debuts-new-african-traditional-theatre-masterpiece-wait-until-dawn/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> , masu sukar sun bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya dace da ayyukan wallafe-wallafen [[Ola Rotimi]], The Gods Are Not to be Blame, da kuma Laureate Nobel na Najeriya, [[Wole Soyinka]]'s King's Horseman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-27 |title=King Lambert debuts new African traditional theatre masterpiece — 'Wait Until Dawn' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lambert-debuts-new-african-traditional-theatre-masterpiece-wait-until-dawn/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qud9c5hke9q9bg4nk7jsmm9wm7a1n7c 970220 970219 2026-10-21T18:52:21Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 970220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sarki Charles N. Lambert''' ɗan gwagwarmayar tattalin arziki ne na Pan-Afirka, ɗan kasuwa, kuma wanda ya kafa tsarin Compassionate Capitalism da dandalin Black Wall Street .<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2024-02-15 |title=Compassionate capitalism economic system launches CEO forum |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-launches-ceo-forum/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Lambert a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1973, a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onna |first=David |date=2024-02-14 |title=Africa's leading Innovator, King Charles Lambert introduces CEO Forum |url=https://www.gistreel.com/africas-leading-innovator-king-charles-lambert-introduces-ceo-forum/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=GistReel |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya auri Caroline Lambert, kuma suna da 'ya'ya takwas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Royal |first=David O. |date=2021-05-11 |title=Leader of Africa's first Economic War, Lambert announces plans to build Africa's Air Taxi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/leader-of-africas-first-economic-war-lambert-announces-plans-to-build-africas-air-taxi/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Lambert shine Sarkin Black Wall Street (BWS). BWS ta aiwatar da salon shugabanci na zamanin d ̄ a na Ibrananci. Ya haɓaka Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Kasuwanci (CCES), tsarin tattalin arziki wanda ya haɗu da jari-hujja na gargajiya tare da alhakin zamantakewa, a cikin 2002. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan ka'idar cewa masu amfani na iya aiki a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, suna ba da damar ayyukan tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, kamar sayen kayayyaki da aiyuka, don ba da gudummawa ga saka hannun jari da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-23 |title=Who is King Charles N. Lambert? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/who-is-king-charles-n-lambert/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Sauran ayyukan Afirka da Lambert ya ƙaddamar sun haɗa da: * Taron Shugaba na Pan African <ref>{{Cite news |last=Oboh |date=2025-06-29 |title=Africa's leading innovator King Lambert, creates CEO Forum powered by Intentional Venture Capital |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/africas-leading-innovator-king-lambert-creates-ceo-forum-powered-by-intentional-venture-capital/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Cibiyoyin Ayyuka na Pan African <ref>{{Cite news |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2023-01-19 |title=King Charles Lambert announces 300 million jobs for African youths. |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/king-charles-lambert-announces-300-million-jobs-for-african-youths/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Compassionate Capitalism Economic System Offers 'Poverty Vaccine' to African Families |url=https://newswirengr.com/2024/02/16/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-offers-poverty-vaccine-to-african-families/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US}}</ref> * Cibiyar Redirect Mall <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa to become Super Power by 2034 - Charles N Lambert {{!}} The Kampala Post |url=https://kampalapost.com/content/africa-become-super-power-2034-charles-n-lambert |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=kampalapost.com}}</ref> * Afrowood <ref>{{Cite news |title=Retired Supreme Court Justice Urges Africans to Support King Lambert's Vision for Economic Growth|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/11/01/retired-supreme-court-justice-urges-africans-to-support-king-lamberts-vision-for-economic-growth/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Ya kuma rubuta littattafai da yawa don ci gaba da yunkurinsa na Pan-African, gami da Lokacin da Samba ya Broke, wanda ya haɗu da ikon ba da labari tare da kiran 'yanci da canji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-29 |title=King Lambert’s new play 'When the Samba Broke', inspires Africans to break free from old chains |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lamberts-new-play-when-the-samba-broke-inspires-africans-to-break-free-from-old-chains/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Littafinsa na biyu, Wait Until Dawn<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-27 |title=King Lambert debuts new African traditional theatre masterpiece — 'Wait Until Dawn' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lambert-debuts-new-african-traditional-theatre-masterpiece-wait-until-dawn/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> , masu sukar sun bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya dace da ayyukan wallafe-wallafen [[Ola Rotimi]], The Gods Are Not to be Blame, da kuma Laureate Nobel na Najeriya, [[Wole Soyinka]]'s King's Horseman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-27 |title=King Lambert debuts new African traditional theatre masterpiece — 'Wait Until Dawn' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lambert-debuts-new-african-traditional-theatre-masterpiece-wait-until-dawn/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] f5k82zpo7fukjxsq002567nyol7g24s 970326 970220 2026-10-22T09:13:55Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 970326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sarki Charles N. Lambert''' ɗan gwagwarmayar tattalin arziki ne na Pan-Afirka, ɗan kasuwa, kuma wanda ya kafa tsarin Compassionate Capitalism da dandalin Black Wall Street .<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2024-02-15 |title=Compassionate capitalism economic system launches CEO forum |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-launches-ceo-forum/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Lambert a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, a shekara ta 1973, a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onna |first=David |date=2024-02-14 |title=Africa's leading Innovator, King Charles Lambert introduces CEO Forum |url=https://www.gistreel.com/africas-leading-innovator-king-charles-lambert-introduces-ceo-forum/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=GistReel |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya auri Caroline Lambert, kuma suna da 'ya'ya takwas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Royal |first=David O. |date=2021-05-11 |title=Leader of Africa's first Economic War, Lambert announces plans to build Africa's Air Taxi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/leader-of-africas-first-economic-war-lambert-announces-plans-to-build-africas-air-taxi/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Lambert shine Sarkin Black Wall Street (BWS). BWS ta aiwatar da salon shugabanci na zamanin d ̄ a na Ibrananci. Ya haɓaka Tsarin Tattalin Arziki na Kasuwanci (CCES), tsarin tattalin arziki wanda ya haɗu da jari-hujja na gargajiya tare da alhakin zamantakewa, a cikin 2002. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan ka'idar cewa masu amfani na iya aiki a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, suna ba da damar ayyukan tattalin arziki na yau da kullun, kamar sayen kayayyaki da aiyuka, don ba da gudummawa ga saka hannun jari da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-23 |title=Who is King Charles N. Lambert? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/who-is-king-charles-n-lambert/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Sauran ayyukan Afirka da Lambert ya ƙaddamar sun haɗa da: * Taron Shugaba na Pan African <ref>{{Cite news |last=Oboh |date=2025-06-29 |title=Africa's leading innovator King Lambert, creates CEO Forum powered by Intentional Venture Capital |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/africas-leading-innovator-king-lambert-creates-ceo-forum-powered-by-intentional-venture-capital/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Cibiyoyin Ayyuka na Pan African <ref>{{Cite news |last=Online |first=Tribune |date=2023-01-19 |title=King Charles Lambert announces 300 million jobs for African youths. |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/king-charles-lambert-announces-300-million-jobs-for-african-youths/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Shirye-shiryen karfafa matasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Compassionate Capitalism Economic System Offers 'Poverty Vaccine' to African Families |url=https://newswirengr.com/2024/02/16/compassionate-capitalism-economic-system-offers-poverty-vaccine-to-african-families/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US}}</ref> * Cibiyar Redirect Mall <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa to become Super Power by 2034 - Charles N Lambert {{!}} The Kampala Post |url=https://kampalapost.com/content/africa-become-super-power-2034-charles-n-lambert |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=kampalapost.com}}</ref> * Afrowood <ref>{{Cite news |title=Retired Supreme Court Justice Urges Africans to Support King Lambert's Vision for Economic Growth|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/11/01/retired-supreme-court-justice-urges-africans-to-support-king-lamberts-vision-for-economic-growth/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> Ya kuma rubuta littattafai da yawa don ci gaba da yunkurinsa na Pan-African, gami da Lokacin da Samba ya Broke, wanda ya haɗu da ikon ba da labari tare da kiran 'yanci da canji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-29 |title=King Lambert’s new play 'When the Samba Broke', inspires Africans to break free from old chains |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lamberts-new-play-when-the-samba-broke-inspires-africans-to-break-free-from-old-chains/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Littafinsa na biyu, Wait Until Dawn<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-27 |title=King Lambert debuts new African traditional theatre masterpiece — 'Wait Until Dawn' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lambert-debuts-new-african-traditional-theatre-masterpiece-wait-until-dawn/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> , masu sukar sun bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya dace da ayyukan wallafe-wallafen [[Ola Rotimi]], The Gods Are Not to be Blame, da kuma Laureate Nobel na Najeriya, [[Wole Soyinka]]'s King's Horseman . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oboh |date=2025-10-27 |title=King Lambert debuts new African traditional theatre masterpiece — 'Wait Until Dawn' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/king-lambert-debuts-new-african-traditional-theatre-masterpiece-wait-until-dawn/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fooguadpmrdypw7ncu02od07mruf4zq 0 179744 970215 2026-10-21T18:38:28Z IB Muazzam 15405 Sabon shafi: Hon. Ali Isah shanono ya kasance dan siyasa ne a jihar Kano Najeriya an haife shi a shekarar 1955 a garin shanono. Ya halarci makarantar firamare dake a cikin garin shanono. 970215 wikitext text/x-wiki Hon. Ali Isah shanono ya kasance dan siyasa ne a jihar Kano Najeriya an haife shi a shekarar 1955 a garin shanono. Ya halarci makarantar firamare dake a cikin garin shanono. swutr458udavb6swk0os5ib47b8kgxq 970216 970215 2026-10-21T18:38:58Z IB Muazzam 15405 970216 wikitext text/x-wiki Hon. Ali Isah shanono ya kasance dan siyasa ne a jihar Kano Najeriya an haife shi a shekarar 1955 a garin shanono. Ya halarci makarantar firamare dake a cikin garin shanono. == Manazarta== gt1sjvez2nv6rzfmds8c6mknmo1dseu 970217 970216 2026-10-21T18:40:49Z IB Muazzam 15405 Na sanya manazarta 970217 wikitext text/x-wiki Hon. Ali Isah shanono ya kasance dan siyasa ne a jihar Kano Najeriya an haife shi a shekarar 1955 a garin shanono. Ya halarci makarantar firamare dake a cikin garin shanono.<ref><nowiki>https://kanoassembly.wordpress.com/ali-ibrahim-isa/</nowiki></ref> == Manazarta== q9w322aa886kd314r6y2cn4pyqmjqyw 970240 970217 2026-10-21T21:53:13Z IB Muazzam 15405 Na sanya manazarta 970240 wikitext text/x-wiki An haifi Hon. Ali Ibrahim Isah a shekarar 1955, a yankin ƙaramar hukumar Shanono, da ke Jihar Kano. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Shanono, inda ya samu takardar shaidar kammala karatun firamare a shekarar 1972. Bayan kammala karatun firamare, ya shiga Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Kano (Kano Teachers College), inda ya samu takardar shaidar koyarwa ta mataki na biyu (Teacher Grade II Certificate) a shekarar 1977.<ref><nowiki>https://kanoassembly.wordpress.com/ali-ibrahim-isa/</nowiki></ref> == Manazarta== 3hyd62tx5es8m09l7q6fpc4e2fdqu5x 970241 970240 2026-10-21T21:56:56Z IB Muazzam 15405 970241 wikitext text/x-wiki An haifi Hon. Ali Ibrahim Isah a shekarar 1955, a yankin ƙaramar hukumar Shanono, da ke Jihar Kano. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Shanono, inda ya samu takardar shaidar kammala karatun firamare a shekarar 1972. Bayan kammala karatun firamare, ya shiga Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Kano (Kano Teachers College), inda ya samu takardar shaidar koyarwa ta mataki na biyu (Teacher Grade II Certificate) a shekarar 1977.<ref>Saboda ƙwazon da ya nuna a jarabawar takardar shaidar koyarwa ta Grade II, an naɗa shi shugaban makarantar firamare ta Shakogi da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Shanono. Hon. Ali Ibrahim ya koyar a makarantu firamare da sakandare da dama. Ya samu ƙwarewa a fannin ilimi, inda ya fara aikinsa a matsayin malamin aji, daga baya kuma ya samu ɗaukaka zuwa matsayin shugaban makarantu a sakandare daban-daban. Daga bisani, an ƙara masa girma zuwa matsayin sakataren ilimi na Ƙaramar Hukumar Shanono.<nowiki>https://kanoassembly.wordpress.com/ali-ibrahim-isa/</nowiki></ref> == Manazarta== dj7lckkmlnmesnl0c9d1hxyk5wh5f89 970242 970241 2026-10-21T21:58:00Z IB Muazzam 15405 970242 wikitext text/x-wiki An haifi Hon. Ali Ibrahim Isah a shekarar 1955, a yankin ƙaramar hukumar Shanono, da ke Jihar Kano. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Shanono, inda ya samu takardar shaidar kammala karatun firamare a shekarar 1972. Bayan kammala karatun firamare, ya shiga Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Kano (Kano Teachers College), inda ya samu takardar shaidar koyarwa ta mataki na biyu (Teacher Grade II Certificate) a shekarar 1977. Saboda ƙwazon da ya nuna a jarabawar takardar shaidar koyarwa ta Grade II, an naɗa shi shugaban makarantar firamare ta Shakogi da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Shanono. Hon. Ali Ibrahim ya koyar a makarantu firamare da sakandare da dama. Ya samu ƙwarewa a fannin ilimi, inda ya fara aikinsa a matsayin malamin aji, daga baya kuma ya samu ɗaukaka zuwa matsayin shugaban makarantu a sakandare daban-daban. Daga bisani, an ƙara masa girma zuwa matsayin sakataren ilimi na Ƙaramar Hukumar Shanono.<ref><nowiki>https://kanoassembly.wordpress.com/ali-ibrahim-isa/</nowiki></ref> == Manazarta== np6ti52pv2pwj8nsuzu2c4144x3j0m6 970321 970242 2026-10-22T09:10:51Z Kamaf001 48297 970321 wikitext text/x-wiki An haifi Hon. Ali Ibrahim Isah a shekarar alif 1955, a yankin ƙaramar hukumar Shanono, da ke Jihar Kano. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Shanono, inda ya samu takardar shaidar kammala karatun firamare a shekarar 1972. Bayan kammala karatun firamare, ya shiga Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Kano (Kano Teachers College), inda ya samu takardar shaidar koyarwa ta mataki na biyu (Teacher Grade II Certificate) a shekarar 1977. Saboda ƙwazon da ya nuna a jarabawar takardar shaidar koyarwa ta Grade II, an naɗa shi shugaban makarantar firamare ta Shakogi da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Shanono. Hon. Ali Ibrahim ya koyar a makarantu firamare da sakandare da dama. Ya samu ƙwarewa a fannin ilimi, inda ya fara aikinsa a matsayin malamin aji, daga baya kuma ya samu ɗaukaka zuwa matsayin shugaban makarantu a sakandare daban-daban. Daga bisani, an ƙara masa girma zuwa matsayin sakataren ilimi na Ƙaramar Hukumar Shanono.<ref><nowiki>https://kanoassembly.wordpress.com/ali-ibrahim-isa/</nowiki></ref> == Manazarta== kwxhc880nweihnk8rzcumy9f1wa4f3n 0 179745 970221 2026-10-21T18:53:17Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379955911|Alvania oliverioi]]" 970221 wikitext text/x-wiki Alvania oliverioi nau'in ƙadan zuma ne na teku, mollusk na gastropod na ruwa ko micromollusk a cikin dangin Rissoidae . == Bayani ==   Tsawon harsashin ya bambanta tsakanin 1.5&nbsp;mm da 2&nbsp;mm. == Rarrabawa == Wannan nau'in yana zaune a Tekun Bahar Rum kusa da [[Cyprus]] . == Manazarta == * Buzzurro, G. (2003). Akwai nau'ikan Alvania di Cipro. La Conchiglia. 308: 43-46. q75midvpxo0rsvdpkthjtqnglht9hsx 970225 970221 2026-10-21T19:02:31Z Baffa ali 47435 970225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Alvania oliverioi nau'in ƙadan zuma ne na teku, mollusk na gastropod na ruwa ko micromollusk a cikin dangin Rissoidae . == Bayani ==   Tsawon harsashin ya bambanta tsakanin 1.5&nbsp;mm da 2&nbsp;mm. == Rarrabawa == Wannan nau'in yana zaune a Tekun Bahar Rum kusa da [[Cyprus]] . == Manazarta == * Buzzurro, G. (2003). Akwai nau'ikan Alvania di Cipro. La Conchiglia. 308: 43-46. ljj375e6ivnm106xnm4nrvemahbvwzi 0 179746 970232 2026-10-21T21:33:33Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332647534|Electronic beam curing]]" 970232 wikitext text/x-wiki Electronic Beam curing (EBC) tsari ne na warkarwa a cikin ƙera allon laminate mai matsin lamba (HPL). Shirin yana amfani da launi ga takarda guda ɗaya na Kraft wanda aka manne wa allon HPL ta hanyar da zai ci gaba da launi yayin da yake kasancewa mai tsayayya. Ba kamar sauran hanyoyin kirkirar HPL ba, EBC ba ta amfani da zafi. Injin EBC da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin warkarwa yana ba da allon HPL da aka gama wani wuri wanda ke da tsayayya da launi kuma yana da tsayayyar lalacewa. Tsarin yana aiki ta hanyar haɗakar launi na farko zuwa launi da ake so sannan a yi amfani da shi zuwa takarda guda ɗaya na kraft. Ana sanya wannan substrate a cikin na'urar EBC tare da takalmin kariya. A cikin na'urar ana harba wannan takardar tare da electrons a irin wannan saurin da launi da aka cika takarda ya yi tauri kusan nan take. Bayan an adana su a cikin ɗakin da ke sarrafa zafin jiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci, takardun suna shirye don mannewa ga allon HPL da ba a gama ba a cikin tsari da ake kira bushewa. qiso1usi8txt22mm11v4rsyg8hu564w 970234 970232 2026-10-21T21:34:01Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332647534|Electronic beam curing]]" 970234 wikitext text/x-wiki Electronic Beam curing (EBC) tsari ne na warkarwa a cikin ƙera allon laminate mai matsin lamba (HPL). Shirin yana amfani da launi ga takarda guda ɗaya na Kraft wanda aka manne wa allon HPL ta hanyar da zai ci gaba da launi yayin da yake kasancewa mai tsayayya. Ba kamar sauran hanyoyin kirkirar HPL ba, EBC ba ta amfani da zafi.<ref>[http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cpr/pres/105990.pdf Electronic Beam Curing of Composites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004103447/http://www.ornl.gov/~webworks/cpr/pres/105990.pdf|date=2003-10-04}} on [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] website</ref> Injin EBC da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin warkarwa yana ba da allon HPL da aka gama wani wuri wanda ke da tsayayya da launi kuma yana da tsayayyar lalacewa. Tsarin yana aiki ta hanyar haɗakar launi na farko zuwa launi da ake so sannan a yi amfani da shi zuwa takarda guda ɗaya na kraft. Ana sanya wannan substrate a cikin na'urar EBC tare da takalmin kariya. A cikin na'urar ana harba wannan takardar tare da electrons a irin wannan saurin da launi da aka cika takarda ya yi tauri kusan nan take. Bayan an adana su a cikin ɗakin da ke sarrafa zafin jiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci, takardun suna shirye don mannewa ga allon HPL da ba a gama ba a cikin tsari da ake kira bushewa. == Manazarta == 2ymun7m58ozf86ta1wx5m73qzsveps4 0 179747 970236 2026-10-21T21:39:18Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379221246|Glucono-δ-lactone]]" 970236 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Glucono-δ-lactone''' ('''GDL'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''gluconolactone''', wani fili ne na kwayoyin halitta tare da tsari −CH (CH2OH) (CHOH) 3C (O) O− .  Wani abu ne mara launi, wani abu ne mai tsami na glucose. Yawanci ana samar da shi ta hanyar oxidation na glucose a gaban enzyme glucose oxidase. Juyin juya halin yana haifar da hydrogen peroxide, wanda shine sau da yawa mahimmin samfurin enzyme: :   Gluconolactone ya zama hydrolyzes zuwa gluconic acid: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Chun Ming |last2=Wong |first2=Kwun Hei |last3=Chen |first3=Xiao Dong |date=2008 |title=Glucose oxidase: Natural Occurrence, Function, Properties and Industrial Applications |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=927–938 |doi=10.1007/s00253-008-1407-4 |pmid=18330562 |s2cid=2246466}}</ref> :  {{chem2|C6H10O6 + H2O -> C6H12O7}} == Aikace-aikacen == Gluconolactone kayan abinci ne tare da Lambar E <ref>{{Cite web |title=Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers |url=https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/approved-additives-and-e-numbers#:~:text=E575,lactone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422201759/https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/approved-additives-and-e-numbers |archive-date=22 April 2022 |publisher=[[Food Standards Agency]]}}</ref> wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman mai tsayarwa, mai ƙwayoyin cuta, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=F. |last2=Cayot |first2=N. |last3=Marin |first3=A. |last4=Journaux |first4=L. |last5=Cayot |first5=P. |last6=Gervais |first6=P. |last7=Cachon |first7=R. |display-authors=3 |year=2009 |title=Effect of oxidoreduction potential and of gas bubbling on rheological properties and microstructure of acid skim milk gels acidified with glucono-δ-lactone |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191294/file/publi_2559_%7B40AD2DFA-2D5E-4727-A4C1-201FC5A3210E%7D.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Dairy Science |volume=92 |issue=12 |pages=5898–5906 |doi=10.3168/jds.2009-2491 |pmid=19923593 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311074809/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191294/file/publi_2559_%7B40AD2DFA-2D5E-4727-A4C1-201FC5A3210E%7D.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-11 |access-date=2019-08-16 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ko mai warkarwa, pickling, ko wakili mai yisti. Yana <small>D</small> lactone na D-gluconic acid. Pure GDL fararen ƙanshi ne mara ƙanshi. An sayar da GDL don amfani a cikin cuku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blythman |first=Joanna |date=21 February 2015 |title=Inside the food industry: the surprising truth about what you eat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/21/a-feast-of-engineering-whats-really-in-your-food |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813231549/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/21/a-feast-of-engineering-whats-really-in-your-food |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> GDL yana da pH-neutral, amma hydrolyses a cikin ruwa zuwa gluconic acid wanda yake acidic, yana ƙara ɗanɗano ga abinci, kodayake yana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙamshi na citric acid. Ana sarrafa shi zuwa 6-phospho-D-gluconate; gram ɗaya na GDL yana samar da kusan adadin makamashi na metabolism kamar gram ɗaya na [[sukari]]. Bayan da aka kara da ruwa, GDL an haɗa shi da wani ɓangare zuwa gluconic acid, tare da ma'auni tsakanin nau'in lactone da nau'in acid da aka kafa a matsayin daidaitattun sunadarai. Yawan hydrolysis na GDL yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar zafi da pH mai girma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pocker |first=Y. |last2=Green |first2=Edmond |year=1973 |title=Hydrolysis of D-Glucono-δ-lactone. I. General Acid–Base Catalysis, Solvent Deuterium Isotope Effects, and Transition State Characterization |journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc. |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=113–19 |bibcode=1973JAChS..95..113P |doi=10.1021/ja00782a019 |pmid=4682891}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da yisti ''Maudiozyma bulderi'' don yisti gluconolactone zuwa ethanol da carbon dioxide. Darajar pH tana shafar ci gaban al'adu sosai. Gluconolactone a 1 ko 2% a cikin maganin kafofin watsa labarai na ma'adinai yana haifar da pH ya sauka ƙasa da 3.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Dijken |first=J. P. |last2=Van Tuijl |first2=A. |last3=Luttik |first3=M. A. |last4=Middelhoven |first4=W. J. |last5=Pronk |first5=J. T. |year=2002 |title=Novel pathway for alcoholic fermentation of delta-gluconolactone in the yeast Saccharomyces bulderi |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=184 |issue=3 |pages=672–678 |doi=10.1128/JB.184.3.672-678.2002 |pmc=139522 |pmid=11790736}}</ref> Har ila yau, cikakkiyar mai hana enzyme amygdalin beta-glucosidase ne a cikin 1 mM.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petruccioli |first=M. |last2=Brimer |first2=L. |last3=Cicalini |first3=A. R. |last4=Federici |first4=F. |year=1999 |title=Production and Properties of the Linamarase and Amygdalase Activities of Penicillium aurantiogriseum P35 |journal=Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=805–812 |doi=10.1271/bbb.63.805 |pmid=10380623 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == Glucuronolactone 294osqn57t1ihsgddda7dszek2jeaef 970237 970236 2026-10-21T21:39:52Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1379221246|Glucono-δ-lactone]]" 970237 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Glucono-δ-lactone''' ('''GDL'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''gluconolactone''', wani fili ne na kwayoyin halitta tare da tsari −CH (CH2OH) (CHOH) 3C (O) O− .  Wani abu ne mara launi, wani abu ne mai tsami na glucose. Yawanci ana samar da shi ta hanyar oxidation na glucose a gaban enzyme glucose oxidase. Juyin juya halin yana haifar da hydrogen peroxide, wanda shine sau da yawa mahimmin samfurin enzyme: :   Gluconolactone ya zama hydrolyzes zuwa gluconic acid: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Chun Ming |last2=Wong |first2=Kwun Hei |last3=Chen |first3=Xiao Dong |date=2008 |title=Glucose oxidase: Natural Occurrence, Function, Properties and Industrial Applications |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=927–938 |doi=10.1007/s00253-008-1407-4 |pmid=18330562 |s2cid=2246466}}</ref> :  {{chem2|C6H10O6 + H2O -> C6H12O7}} == Aikace-aikacen == Gluconolactone kayan abinci ne tare da Lambar E <ref>{{Cite web |title=Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers |url=https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/approved-additives-and-e-numbers#:~:text=E575,lactone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422201759/https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/approved-additives-and-e-numbers |archive-date=22 April 2022 |publisher=[[Food Standards Agency]]}}</ref> wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman mai tsayarwa, mai ƙwayoyin cuta, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=F. |last2=Cayot |first2=N. |last3=Marin |first3=A. |last4=Journaux |first4=L. |last5=Cayot |first5=P. |last6=Gervais |first6=P. |last7=Cachon |first7=R. |display-authors=3 |year=2009 |title=Effect of oxidoreduction potential and of gas bubbling on rheological properties and microstructure of acid skim milk gels acidified with glucono-δ-lactone |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191294/file/publi_2559_%7B40AD2DFA-2D5E-4727-A4C1-201FC5A3210E%7D.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Dairy Science |volume=92 |issue=12 |pages=5898–5906 |doi=10.3168/jds.2009-2491 |pmid=19923593 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311074809/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191294/file/publi_2559_%7B40AD2DFA-2D5E-4727-A4C1-201FC5A3210E%7D.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-11 |access-date=2019-08-16 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ko mai warkarwa, pickling, ko wakili mai yisti. Yana <small>D</small> lactone na D-gluconic acid. Pure GDL fararen ƙanshi ne mara ƙanshi. An sayar da GDL don amfani a cikin cuku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blythman |first=Joanna |date=21 February 2015 |title=Inside the food industry: the surprising truth about what you eat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/21/a-feast-of-engineering-whats-really-in-your-food |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813231549/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/21/a-feast-of-engineering-whats-really-in-your-food |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> GDL yana da pH-neutral, amma hydrolyses a cikin ruwa zuwa gluconic acid wanda yake acidic, yana ƙara ɗanɗano ga abinci, kodayake yana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙamshi na citric acid. Ana sarrafa shi zuwa 6-phospho-D-gluconate; gram ɗaya na GDL yana samar da kusan adadin makamashi na metabolism kamar gram ɗaya na [[sukari]]. Bayan da aka kara da ruwa, GDL an haɗa shi da wani ɓangare zuwa gluconic acid, tare da ma'auni tsakanin nau'in lactone da nau'in acid da aka kafa a matsayin daidaitattun sunadarai. Yawan hydrolysis na GDL yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar zafi da pH mai girma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pocker |first=Y. |last2=Green |first2=Edmond |year=1973 |title=Hydrolysis of D-Glucono-δ-lactone. I. General Acid–Base Catalysis, Solvent Deuterium Isotope Effects, and Transition State Characterization |journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc. |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=113–19 |bibcode=1973JAChS..95..113P |doi=10.1021/ja00782a019 |pmid=4682891}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da yisti ''Maudiozyma bulderi'' don yisti gluconolactone zuwa ethanol da carbon dioxide. Darajar pH tana shafar ci gaban al'adu sosai. Gluconolactone a 1 ko 2% a cikin maganin kafofin watsa labarai na ma'adinai yana haifar da pH ya sauka ƙasa da 3.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Dijken |first=J. P. |last2=Van Tuijl |first2=A. |last3=Luttik |first3=M. A. |last4=Middelhoven |first4=W. J. |last5=Pronk |first5=J. T. |year=2002 |title=Novel pathway for alcoholic fermentation of delta-gluconolactone in the yeast Saccharomyces bulderi |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=184 |issue=3 |pages=672–678 |doi=10.1128/JB.184.3.672-678.2002 |pmc=139522 |pmid=11790736}}</ref> Har ila yau, cikakkiyar mai hana enzyme amygdalin beta-glucosidase ne a cikin 1 mM.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petruccioli |first=M. |last2=Brimer |first2=L. |last3=Cicalini |first3=A. R. |last4=Federici |first4=F. |year=1999 |title=Production and Properties of the Linamarase and Amygdalase Activities of Penicillium aurantiogriseum P35 |journal=Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=805–812 |doi=10.1271/bbb.63.805 |pmid=10380623 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == Glucuronolactone == Manazarta == pd24dmjq1wtiqg4gcfv3guvpkgi5ifg 970238 970237 2026-10-21T21:41:08Z Saad Nuhu 43323 970238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Glucono-δ-lactone''' ('''GDL'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''gluconolactone''', wani fili ne na kwayoyin halitta tare da tsari −CH (CH2OH) (CHOH) 3C (O) O− .  Wani abu ne mara launi, wani abu ne mai tsami na glucose. Yawanci ana samar da shi ta hanyar oxidation na glucose a gaban enzyme glucose oxidase. Juyin juya halin yana haifar da hydrogen peroxide, wanda shine sau da yawa mahimmin samfurin enzyme: :   Gluconolactone ya zama hydrolyzes zuwa gluconic acid: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Chun Ming |last2=Wong |first2=Kwun Hei |last3=Chen |first3=Xiao Dong |date=2008 |title=Glucose oxidase: Natural Occurrence, Function, Properties and Industrial Applications |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=927–938 |doi=10.1007/s00253-008-1407-4 |pmid=18330562 |s2cid=2246466}}</ref> :  {{chem2|C6H10O6 + H2O -> C6H12O7}} == Aikace-aikacen == Gluconolactone kayan abinci ne tare da Lambar E <ref>{{Cite web |title=Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers |url=https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/approved-additives-and-e-numbers#:~:text=E575,lactone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422201759/https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/approved-additives-and-e-numbers |archive-date=22 April 2022 |publisher=[[Food Standards Agency]]}}</ref> wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman mai tsayarwa, mai ƙwayoyin cuta, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=F. |last2=Cayot |first2=N. |last3=Marin |first3=A. |last4=Journaux |first4=L. |last5=Cayot |first5=P. |last6=Gervais |first6=P. |last7=Cachon |first7=R. |display-authors=3 |year=2009 |title=Effect of oxidoreduction potential and of gas bubbling on rheological properties and microstructure of acid skim milk gels acidified with glucono-δ-lactone |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191294/file/publi_2559_%7B40AD2DFA-2D5E-4727-A4C1-201FC5A3210E%7D.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Dairy Science |volume=92 |issue=12 |pages=5898–5906 |doi=10.3168/jds.2009-2491 |pmid=19923593 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311074809/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191294/file/publi_2559_%7B40AD2DFA-2D5E-4727-A4C1-201FC5A3210E%7D.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-11 |access-date=2019-08-16 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ko mai warkarwa, pickling, ko wakili mai yisti. Yana <small>D</small> lactone na D-gluconic acid. Pure GDL fararen ƙanshi ne mara ƙanshi. An sayar da GDL don amfani a cikin cuku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blythman |first=Joanna |date=21 February 2015 |title=Inside the food industry: the surprising truth about what you eat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/21/a-feast-of-engineering-whats-really-in-your-food |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813231549/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/21/a-feast-of-engineering-whats-really-in-your-food |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> GDL yana da pH-neutral, amma hydrolyses a cikin ruwa zuwa gluconic acid wanda yake acidic, yana ƙara ɗanɗano ga abinci, kodayake yana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙamshi na citric acid. Ana sarrafa shi zuwa 6-phospho-D-gluconate; gram ɗaya na GDL yana samar da kusan adadin makamashi na metabolism kamar gram ɗaya na [[sukari]]. Bayan da aka kara da ruwa, GDL an haɗa shi da wani ɓangare zuwa gluconic acid, tare da ma'auni tsakanin nau'in lactone da nau'in acid da aka kafa a matsayin daidaitattun sunadarai. Yawan hydrolysis na GDL yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar zafi da pH mai girma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pocker |first=Y. |last2=Green |first2=Edmond |year=1973 |title=Hydrolysis of D-Glucono-δ-lactone. I. General Acid–Base Catalysis, Solvent Deuterium Isotope Effects, and Transition State Characterization |journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc. |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=113–19 |bibcode=1973JAChS..95..113P |doi=10.1021/ja00782a019 |pmid=4682891}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da yisti ''Maudiozyma bulderi'' don yisti gluconolactone zuwa ethanol da carbon dioxide. Darajar pH tana shafar ci gaban al'adu sosai. Gluconolactone a 1 ko 2% a cikin maganin kafofin watsa labarai na ma'adinai yana haifar da pH ya sauka ƙasa da 3.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Dijken |first=J. P. |last2=Van Tuijl |first2=A. |last3=Luttik |first3=M. A. |last4=Middelhoven |first4=W. J. |last5=Pronk |first5=J. T. |year=2002 |title=Novel pathway for alcoholic fermentation of delta-gluconolactone in the yeast Saccharomyces bulderi |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=184 |issue=3 |pages=672–678 |doi=10.1128/JB.184.3.672-678.2002 |pmc=139522 |pmid=11790736}}</ref> Har ila yau, cikakkiyar mai hana enzyme amygdalin beta-glucosidase ne a cikin 1 mM.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petruccioli |first=M. |last2=Brimer |first2=L. |last3=Cicalini |first3=A. R. |last4=Federici |first4=F. |year=1999 |title=Production and Properties of the Linamarase and Amygdalase Activities of Penicillium aurantiogriseum P35 |journal=Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=805–812 |doi=10.1271/bbb.63.805 |pmid=10380623 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == Glucuronolactone == Manazarta == nragrvwsjutty1t010nyidfun8nhcwg 970239 970238 2026-10-21T21:42:47Z Saad Nuhu 43323 970239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Glucono-δ-lactone''' ('''GDL'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''gluconolactone''', wani fili ne na kwayoyin halitta tare da tsari −CH (CH2OH) (CHOH) 3C (O) O− .  Wani abu ne mara launi, wani abu ne mai tsami na glucose. Yawanci ana samar da shi ta hanyar oxidation na glucose a gaban enzyme glucose oxidase. Juyin juya halin yana haifar da hydrogen peroxide, wanda shine sau da yawa mahimmin samfurin enzyme:  C6H12O6 + O2 → C6H10O6 + H2O2 Gluconolactone ya zama hydrolyzes zuwa gluconic acid: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Chun Ming |last2=Wong |first2=Kwun Hei |last3=Chen |first3=Xiao Dong |date=2008 |title=Glucose oxidase: Natural Occurrence, Function, Properties and Industrial Applications |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=927–938 |doi=10.1007/s00253-008-1407-4 |pmid=18330562 |s2cid=2246466}}</ref> chem2|C6H10O6 + H2O -> C6H12O7 == Aikace-aikacen == Gluconolactone kayan abinci ne tare da Lambar E <ref>{{Cite web |title=Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers |url=https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/approved-additives-and-e-numbers#:~:text=E575,lactone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422201759/https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/approved-additives-and-e-numbers |archive-date=22 April 2022 |publisher=[[Food Standards Agency]]}}</ref> wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman mai tsayarwa, mai ƙwayoyin cuta, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=F. |last2=Cayot |first2=N. |last3=Marin |first3=A. |last4=Journaux |first4=L. |last5=Cayot |first5=P. |last6=Gervais |first6=P. |last7=Cachon |first7=R. |display-authors=3 |year=2009 |title=Effect of oxidoreduction potential and of gas bubbling on rheological properties and microstructure of acid skim milk gels acidified with glucono-δ-lactone |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191294/file/publi_2559_%7B40AD2DFA-2D5E-4727-A4C1-201FC5A3210E%7D.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Dairy Science |volume=92 |issue=12 |pages=5898–5906 |doi=10.3168/jds.2009-2491 |pmid=19923593 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311074809/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191294/file/publi_2559_%7B40AD2DFA-2D5E-4727-A4C1-201FC5A3210E%7D.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-11 |access-date=2019-08-16 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ko mai warkarwa, pickling, ko wakili mai yisti. Yana <small>D</small> lactone na D-gluconic acid. Pure GDL fararen ƙanshi ne mara ƙanshi. An sayar da GDL don amfani a cikin cuku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blythman |first=Joanna |date=21 February 2015 |title=Inside the food industry: the surprising truth about what you eat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/21/a-feast-of-engineering-whats-really-in-your-food |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813231549/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/21/a-feast-of-engineering-whats-really-in-your-food |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> GDL yana da pH-neutral, amma hydrolyses a cikin ruwa zuwa gluconic acid wanda yake acidic, yana ƙara ɗanɗano ga abinci, kodayake yana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙamshi na citric acid. Ana sarrafa shi zuwa 6-phospho-D-gluconate; gram ɗaya na GDL yana samar da kusan adadin makamashi na metabolism kamar gram ɗaya na [[sukari]]. Bayan da aka kara da ruwa, GDL an haɗa shi da wani ɓangare zuwa gluconic acid, tare da ma'auni tsakanin nau'in lactone da nau'in acid da aka kafa a matsayin daidaitattun sunadarai. Yawan hydrolysis na GDL yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar zafi da pH mai girma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pocker |first=Y. |last2=Green |first2=Edmond |year=1973 |title=Hydrolysis of D-Glucono-δ-lactone. I. General Acid–Base Catalysis, Solvent Deuterium Isotope Effects, and Transition State Characterization |journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc. |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=113–19 |bibcode=1973JAChS..95..113P |doi=10.1021/ja00782a019 |pmid=4682891}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da yisti ''Maudiozyma bulderi'' don yisti gluconolactone zuwa ethanol da carbon dioxide. Darajar pH tana shafar ci gaban al'adu sosai. Gluconolactone a 1 ko 2% a cikin maganin kafofin watsa labarai na ma'adinai yana haifar da pH ya sauka ƙasa da 3.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Dijken |first=J. P. |last2=Van Tuijl |first2=A. |last3=Luttik |first3=M. A. |last4=Middelhoven |first4=W. J. |last5=Pronk |first5=J. T. |year=2002 |title=Novel pathway for alcoholic fermentation of delta-gluconolactone in the yeast Saccharomyces bulderi |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=184 |issue=3 |pages=672–678 |doi=10.1128/JB.184.3.672-678.2002 |pmc=139522 |pmid=11790736}}</ref> Har ila yau, cikakkiyar mai hana enzyme amygdalin beta-glucosidase ne a cikin 1 mM.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petruccioli |first=M. |last2=Brimer |first2=L. |last3=Cicalini |first3=A. R. |last4=Federici |first4=F. |year=1999 |title=Production and Properties of the Linamarase and Amygdalase Activities of Penicillium aurantiogriseum P35 |journal=Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=805–812 |doi=10.1271/bbb.63.805 |pmid=10380623 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == Glucuronolactone == Manazarta == 6ouv5gcebehdg1y0c453pw2afs5b8se 970324 970239 2026-10-22T09:13:01Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Aikace-aikacen */ 970324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Glucono-δ-lactone''' ('''GDL'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''gluconolactone''', wani fili ne na kwayoyin halitta tare da tsari −CH (CH2OH) (CHOH) 3C (O) O− .  Wani abu ne mara launi, wani abu ne mai tsami na glucose. Yawanci ana samar da shi ta hanyar oxidation na glucose a gaban enzyme glucose oxidase. Juyin juya halin yana haifar da hydrogen peroxide, wanda shine sau da yawa mahimmin samfurin enzyme:  C6H12O6 + O2 → C6H10O6 + H2O2 Gluconolactone ya zama hydrolyzes zuwa gluconic acid: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Chun Ming |last2=Wong |first2=Kwun Hei |last3=Chen |first3=Xiao Dong |date=2008 |title=Glucose oxidase: Natural Occurrence, Function, Properties and Industrial Applications |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=927–938 |doi=10.1007/s00253-008-1407-4 |pmid=18330562 |s2cid=2246466}}</ref> chem2|C6H10O6 + H2O -> C6H12O7 == Aikace-aikacen == {{Gluconolactone}} kayan abinci ne tare da Lambar E <ref>{{Cite web |title=Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers |url=https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/approved-additives-and-e-numbers#:~:text=E575,lactone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422201759/https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/approved-additives-and-e-numbers |archive-date=22 April 2022 |publisher=[[Food Standards Agency]]}}</ref> wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman mai tsayarwa, mai ƙwayoyin cuta, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=F. |last2=Cayot |first2=N. |last3=Marin |first3=A. |last4=Journaux |first4=L. |last5=Cayot |first5=P. |last6=Gervais |first6=P. |last7=Cachon |first7=R. |display-authors=3 |year=2009 |title=Effect of oxidoreduction potential and of gas bubbling on rheological properties and microstructure of acid skim milk gels acidified with glucono-δ-lactone |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191294/file/publi_2559_%7B40AD2DFA-2D5E-4727-A4C1-201FC5A3210E%7D.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Dairy Science |volume=92 |issue=12 |pages=5898–5906 |doi=10.3168/jds.2009-2491 |pmid=19923593 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311074809/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191294/file/publi_2559_%7B40AD2DFA-2D5E-4727-A4C1-201FC5A3210E%7D.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-11 |access-date=2019-08-16 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ko mai warkarwa, pickling, ko wakili mai yisti. Yana <small>D</small> lactone na D-gluconic acid. Pure GDL fararen ƙanshi ne mara ƙanshi. An sayar da GDL don amfani a cikin cuku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blythman |first=Joanna |date=21 February 2015 |title=Inside the food industry: the surprising truth about what you eat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/21/a-feast-of-engineering-whats-really-in-your-food |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813231549/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/21/a-feast-of-engineering-whats-really-in-your-food |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> GDL yana da pH-neutral, amma hydrolyses a cikin ruwa zuwa gluconic acid wanda yake acidic, yana ƙara ɗanɗano ga abinci, kodayake yana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙamshi na citric acid. Ana sarrafa shi zuwa 6-phospho-D-gluconate; gram ɗaya na GDL yana samar da kusan adadin makamashi na metabolism kamar gram ɗaya na [[sukari]]. Bayan da aka kara da ruwa, GDL an haɗa shi da wani ɓangare zuwa gluconic acid, tare da ma'auni tsakanin nau'in lactone da nau'in acid da aka kafa a matsayin daidaitattun sunadarai. Yawan hydrolysis na GDL yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar zafi da pH mai girma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pocker |first=Y. |last2=Green |first2=Edmond |year=1973 |title=Hydrolysis of D-Glucono-δ-lactone. I. General Acid–Base Catalysis, Solvent Deuterium Isotope Effects, and Transition State Characterization |journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc. |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=113–19 |bibcode=1973JAChS..95..113P |doi=10.1021/ja00782a019 |pmid=4682891}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da yisti ''Maudiozyma bulderi'' don yisti gluconolactone zuwa ethanol da carbon dioxide. Darajar pH tana shafar ci gaban al'adu sosai. Gluconolactone a 1 ko 2% a cikin maganin kafofin watsa labarai na ma'adinai yana haifar da pH ya sauka ƙasa da 3.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Dijken |first=J. P. |last2=Van Tuijl |first2=A. |last3=Luttik |first3=M. A. |last4=Middelhoven |first4=W. J. |last5=Pronk |first5=J. T. |year=2002 |title=Novel pathway for alcoholic fermentation of delta-gluconolactone in the yeast Saccharomyces bulderi |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=184 |issue=3 |pages=672–678 |doi=10.1128/JB.184.3.672-678.2002 |pmc=139522 |pmid=11790736}}</ref> Har ila yau, cikakkiyar mai hana enzyme amygdalin beta-glucosidase ne a cikin 1 mM.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petruccioli |first=M. |last2=Brimer |first2=L. |last3=Cicalini |first3=A. R. |last4=Federici |first4=F. |year=1999 |title=Production and Properties of the Linamarase and Amygdalase Activities of Penicillium aurantiogriseum P35 |journal=Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=805–812 |doi=10.1271/bbb.63.805 |pmid=10380623 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == Glucuronolactone == Manazarta == f8i3i6oa9sj2z51ag7mmt9wjmfa1a31 970325 970324 2026-10-22T09:13:25Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Aikace-aikacen */ 970325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Glucono-δ-lactone''' ('''GDL'''), wanda aka fi sani da '''gluconolactone''', wani fili ne na kwayoyin halitta tare da tsari −CH (CH2OH) (CHOH) 3C (O) O− .  Wani abu ne mara launi, wani abu ne mai tsami na glucose. Yawanci ana samar da shi ta hanyar oxidation na glucose a gaban enzyme glucose oxidase. Juyin juya halin yana haifar da hydrogen peroxide, wanda shine sau da yawa mahimmin samfurin enzyme:  C6H12O6 + O2 → C6H10O6 + H2O2 Gluconolactone ya zama hydrolyzes zuwa gluconic acid: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Chun Ming |last2=Wong |first2=Kwun Hei |last3=Chen |first3=Xiao Dong |date=2008 |title=Glucose oxidase: Natural Occurrence, Function, Properties and Industrial Applications |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=927–938 |doi=10.1007/s00253-008-1407-4 |pmid=18330562 |s2cid=2246466}}</ref> chem2|C6H10O6 + H2O -> C6H12O7 == Aikace-aikacen == Gluconolactone kayan abinci ne tare da Lambar E <ref>{{Cite web |title=Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers |url=https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/approved-additives-and-e-numbers#:~:text=E575,lactone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422201759/https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/approved-additives-and-e-numbers |archive-date=22 April 2022 |publisher=[[Food Standards Agency]]}}</ref> wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman mai tsayarwa, mai ƙwayoyin cuta, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=F. |last2=Cayot |first2=N. |last3=Marin |first3=A. |last4=Journaux |first4=L. |last5=Cayot |first5=P. |last6=Gervais |first6=P. |last7=Cachon |first7=R. |display-authors=3 |year=2009 |title=Effect of oxidoreduction potential and of gas bubbling on rheological properties and microstructure of acid skim milk gels acidified with glucono-δ-lactone |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191294/file/publi_2559_%7B40AD2DFA-2D5E-4727-A4C1-201FC5A3210E%7D.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Dairy Science |volume=92 |issue=12 |pages=5898–5906 |doi=10.3168/jds.2009-2491 |pmid=19923593 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311074809/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191294/file/publi_2559_%7B40AD2DFA-2D5E-4727-A4C1-201FC5A3210E%7D.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-11 |access-date=2019-08-16 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ko mai warkarwa, pickling, ko wakili mai yisti. Yana <small>D</small> lactone na D-gluconic acid. Pure GDL fararen ƙanshi ne mara ƙanshi. An sayar da GDL don amfani a cikin cuku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blythman |first=Joanna |date=21 February 2015 |title=Inside the food industry: the surprising truth about what you eat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/21/a-feast-of-engineering-whats-really-in-your-food |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813231549/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/feb/21/a-feast-of-engineering-whats-really-in-your-food |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> GDL yana da pH-neutral, amma hydrolyses a cikin ruwa zuwa gluconic acid wanda yake acidic, yana ƙara ɗanɗano ga abinci, kodayake yana da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙamshi na citric acid. Ana sarrafa shi zuwa 6-phospho-D-gluconate; gram ɗaya na GDL yana samar da kusan adadin makamashi na metabolism kamar gram ɗaya na [[sukari]]. Bayan da aka kara da ruwa, GDL an haɗa shi da wani ɓangare zuwa gluconic acid, tare da ma'auni tsakanin nau'in lactone da nau'in acid da aka kafa a matsayin daidaitattun sunadarai. Yawan hydrolysis na GDL yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar zafi da pH mai girma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pocker |first=Y. |last2=Green |first2=Edmond |year=1973 |title=Hydrolysis of D-Glucono-δ-lactone. I. General Acid–Base Catalysis, Solvent Deuterium Isotope Effects, and Transition State Characterization |journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc. |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=113–19 |bibcode=1973JAChS..95..113P |doi=10.1021/ja00782a019 |pmid=4682891}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da yisti ''Maudiozyma bulderi'' don yisti gluconolactone zuwa ethanol da carbon dioxide. Darajar pH tana shafar ci gaban al'adu sosai. Gluconolactone a 1 ko 2% a cikin maganin kafofin watsa labarai na ma'adinai yana haifar da pH ya sauka ƙasa da 3.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Dijken |first=J. P. |last2=Van Tuijl |first2=A. |last3=Luttik |first3=M. A. |last4=Middelhoven |first4=W. J. |last5=Pronk |first5=J. T. |year=2002 |title=Novel pathway for alcoholic fermentation of delta-gluconolactone in the yeast Saccharomyces bulderi |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=184 |issue=3 |pages=672–678 |doi=10.1128/JB.184.3.672-678.2002 |pmc=139522 |pmid=11790736}}</ref> Har ila yau, cikakkiyar mai hana enzyme amygdalin beta-glucosidase ne a cikin 1 mM.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petruccioli |first=M. |last2=Brimer |first2=L. |last3=Cicalini |first3=A. R. |last4=Federici |first4=F. |year=1999 |title=Production and Properties of the Linamarase and Amygdalase Activities of Penicillium aurantiogriseum P35 |journal=Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=805–812 |doi=10.1271/bbb.63.805 |pmid=10380623 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == Glucuronolactone == Manazarta == 6ouv5gcebehdg1y0c453pw2afs5b8se 0 179748 970261 2026-10-22T04:35:25Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376627975|Nitrite]]" 970261 wikitext text/x-wiki ion na '''nitrite''' yana da tsarin sunadarai NO₂- . Nitrite (yawanci sodium nitrite) ana amfani dashi sosai a duk masana'antun sunadarai da magunguna. Nitrite anion wani matsakaici ne a cikin sake zagayowar nitrogen a cikin yanayi. Sunan nitrite kuma yana nufin mahadi na kwayoyin da ke da ƙungiyar -ONO, waɗanda sune esters na nitrous acid. == Fitarwa == Sodium nitrite ana yin shi ta hanyar masana'antu ta hanyar wucewa da cakuda nitrogen oxides zuwa ruwa sodium hydroxide ko sodium carbonate solution:<ref name="Ullmann2">{{Ullmann|first1=Wolfgang|last1=Laue|first2=Michael|last2=Thiemann|first3=Erich|last3=Scheibler|first4=Karl Wilhelm|last4=Wiegand|title=Nitrates and Nitrites|year=2006|doi=10.1002/14356007.a17_265}}</ref><ref name="p4612">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|pages=461–464}}</ref> :  {{chem2|NO + NO2 + 2 NaOH -> 2 NaNO2 + H2O}} :  {{chem2|NO + NO2 + Na2CO3 -> 2 NaNO2 + CO2}} Ana tsarkake samfurin ta hanyar sake fasalin. Alkali metal nitrites suna da tsayayyen zafi har zuwa kuma bayan inda suke narkewa ({{Convert|441|C}} ° C (826 ° F) don ).  Ana iya yin Ammonium nitrite daga dinitrogen trioxide, , wanda shine ainihin anhydride na nitrous acid:  :   == Tsarinsa == [[File:Nitrite-ion-canonical-structures.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|200x200px|2" href="./Resonance_(chemistry)#Resonance_as_a_diagrammatic_tool" id="mwPA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Resonance (chemistry)">Tsarin canonical guda biyu na NO2-, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga haɗin resonance don nitrite ion]] [[File:Trans-nitrous-acid-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|200x200px|Girman ''trans''-HONO (daga bakan microwave) ]] Ioni na nitrite yana da tsari mai daidaituwa (C2v), tare da haɗin N-O da ke da daidaitattun tsawon da kusurwar haɗin kusan 115 °.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goddard |first=John D. |last2=Klein |first2=Michael L. |date=1983-08-01 |title=Structure of the nitrite ion |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.28.1141 |journal=Physical Review A |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=1141–1143 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.28.1141 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin ka'idar haɗin valence, an bayyana shi azaman haɗin resonance tare da gudummawa daidai daga siffofi biyu na canonical waɗanda suke hotunan madubi na juna. A cikin ka'idar kwayoyin halitta, akwai haɗin sigma tsakanin kowane atom na oxygen da atom na nitrogen, da kuma haɗin pi da aka yi daga p orbitals akan nitrogen da atom na oxygen, wanda ke tsaye zuwa jirgin saman kwayar halitta. Rashin cajin ion ɗin yana rarraba daidai a kan atoms ɗin oxygen guda biyu. Dukansu atoms na nitrogen da oxygen suna ɗauke da nau'ikan electrons guda biyu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Molecular Orbital Theory|work=General Chemistry for Organic and Biological Chemistry|url=https://iu.pressbooks.pub/genchemfororg/chapter/chapter-1/|access-date=2026-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109172349/https://iu.pressbooks.pub/genchemfororg/chapter/chapter-1/|archive-date=2026-01-09|language=en}}</ref> Sabili da haka, ion na nitrite shine Tushen Lewis. In the gas phase, it exists predominantly as a ''trans''-planar molecule.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026}} == Halin da aka yi == === Abubuwan da ke cikin acid === Nitrite shine tushen haɗin gwiwa na acid nitrous acid mai rauni: : + + NO2-; [[Acid dissociation constant|pKa]] ≈ 3.16 a {{Convert|25|C}} <ref>{{Cite journal |last=da Silva |first=Gabriel |last2=Kennedy |first2=Eric M. |last3=Dlugogorski |first3=Bogdan Z. |date=2006-10-01 |title=Ab Initio Procedure for Aqueous-Phase pKa Calculation:  The Acidity of Nitrous Acid |url=https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0639243 |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry A |volume=110 |issue=39 |pages=11371–11376 |doi=10.1021/jp0639243 |issn=1089-5639 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> {{Spaces|5}} Nitrous acid kuma ba shi da daidaituwa sosai, yana da alaƙa da rashin daidaituwa: : + NO3- ^– Wannan martani yana da jinkiri a {{Convert|0|C}} ° C (32 ° F). Ƙara acid zuwa mafita na nitrite a gaban wakili mai ragewa, kamar ƙarfe (II), hanya ce ta yin nitric oxide (NO) a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. === Oxidation da raguwa === Yanayin oxidation na atom din nitrogen a cikin nitrite shine +3. Wannan yana nufin ana iya yin amfani da shi zuwa yanayin oxidation +4 da +5 ko rage shi zuwa ƙasa kamar -3. Matsakaicin yiwuwar ragewa don halayen da ke da alaƙa da nitrous acid kai tsaye an nuna su a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa:<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|page=431}}</ref> : H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 ''E'' N2 + 2 S2O; E{{Sup|0}} = +2.{{Val|+2.65}} {{Spaces|5}} : 5 NO₂- + 2 MnO₄- + <span about="#mwt7<sub id=" mwwa="">3" class="chemf nowrap" data-ve-ignore="" id="mwvw">6 H+ → <sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> Mn²⁺ + 3 H2O</span> + 5 NO3- ^– Samfurori na raguwa tare da ion na nitrite sun bambanta dangane da wakili mai ragewa da aka yi amfani da shi da ƙarfinsa. Tare da sulfur dioxide, samfuran sune NO da ; tare da tin (II) () samfurin shine hyponitrous acid (); raguwa duk hanyar zuwa ammonia () yana faruwa tare da hydrogen sulfide.     Tare da hydrazinium cation (N₂+) samfurin rage nitrite shine hydrazoic acid (), wani fili mai saurin tashi da fashewa:  : N₂+ + HNO2 → HN3 + H2O + H3O+  wanda kuma zai iya kara amsawa tare da nitrite: :  {{chem2|HNO2 + HN3 -> N2O + N2 + H2O}} Wannan martani ba sabon abu ba ne saboda ya haɗa da mahadi tare da nitrogen a cikin jihohi huɗu daban-daban na oxidation.<ref name="p4613">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|pages=461–464}}</ref> === Binciken nitrite === An gano Nitrite kuma an bincika shi ta hanyar Griess Reaction, wanda ya haɗa da samar da launi mai launin ja mai zurfi a kan maganin NO₂ - wanda ke dauke da samfurin tare da sulfanilic acid da naphthyl-1-amine a gaban acid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ivanov |first=V. M. |date=2004-10-01 |title=The 125th Anniversary of the Griess Reagent |journal=Journal of Analytical Chemistry |language=en |volume=59 |issue=10 |pages=1002–1005 |doi=10.1023/B:JANC.0000043920.77446.d7 |issn=1608-3199 |s2cid=98768756}}</ref> === Matsakaicin daidaitawa === Nitrite wani ligand ne mai laushi kuma yana iya samar da nau'ikan hadin gwiwa iri-iri ta hanyar ɗaurewa ga ions na ƙarfe a hanyoyi da yawa. Misali, jan nitrito pentaamminecobalt complex yana da metastable, isomerizing zuwa yellow nitro complex [Co.NH3) 5,NO2) ]2+ .  Nitrite ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar enzymes da yawa, dukansu suna amfani da hadaddun hadin gwiwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2025}} === Halin haɗari === Lokacin da aka dumama shi da cyanides ko thiosulfates, nitrites suna fashewa sosai. == Biochemistry == [[File:Nitrogen_Cycle_-_Reactions_and_Enzymes.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Bayani na tsari na sake zagayowar nitrogen na microbial.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sparacino-Watkins |first=Courtney |last2=Stolz |first2=John F. |last3=Basu |first3=Partha |date=2013-12-16 |title=Nitrate and periplasmic nitrate reductases |journal=Chem. Soc. Rev. |language=en |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=676–706 |doi=10.1039/c3cs60249d |issn=1460-4744 |pmc=4080430 |pmid=24141308}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simon |first=Jörg |last2=Klotz |first2=Martin G. |year=2013 |title=Diversity and evolution of bioenergetic systems involved in microbial nitrogen compound transformations |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics |language=en |volume=1827 |issue=2 |pages=114–135 |doi=10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.07.005 |pmid=22842521 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ANAMMOX shine anaerobic ammonium oxidation, [[Rage nitrate zuwa ammonium|DNRA]] shine raguwar nitrate zuwa ammonium, kuma COMMAMOX shine cikakken ammonium oxide.]] A cikin nitrification, ana canza ammonium zuwa nitrite. Muhimman nau'o'in sun hada da ''Nitrosomonas'' . Sauran nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar ''Nitrobacter'', suna da alhakin oxidizing nitrite zuwa nitrate. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2025}} Ana iya rage Nitrite zuwa nitric oxide ko ammoniya ta hanyar nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa. A karkashin yanayin hypoxic, nitrite na iya fitar da nitric oxide, wanda ke haifar da vasodilation mai ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2023 |title=Nitric oxide |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554485/ |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine}}</ref> An bayyana hanyoyi da yawa don sauya nitrite zuwa NO, gami da rage enzymatic ta hanyar xanthine oxidoreductase, nitrite reductase, da NO synthase (NOS), da kuma halayen rashin daidaituwa na acidic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2025}} == Amfani da shi == === Maganin sunadarai === Azo dyes da sauran masu launi ana shirya su ta hanyar tsarin da ake kira diazotization, wanda ke buƙatar nitrite. === Gudanar da nama da haɗarin ciwon daji === Ƙara nitrites da nitrates zuwa nama da aka sarrafa, kamar ham, naman alade, da sausages, yana inganta warkarwa da nama, yana inganta sashi, yana ba da launi mai kyau, yana hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta da guba, kuma yana fadada rayuwar ajiya.<ref name="cfia">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2021 |title=Preventive control recommendations on the use of nitrites in the curing of meat products |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/en/preventive-controls/meat/nitrites |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Government of Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Soomin |last2=Lee |first2=Heeyoung |last3=Kim |first3=Sejeong |last4=Lee |first4=Jeeyeon |last5=Ha |first5=Jimyeong |last6=Choi |first6=Yukyung |last7=Oh |first7=Hyemin |last8=Choi |first8=Kyoung-Hee |last9=Yoon |first9=Yohan |date=August 2018 |title=Microbiological safety of processed meat products formulated with low nitrite concentration — A review |journal=Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=1073–1077 |doi=10.5713/ajas.17.0675 |issn=1011-2367 |pmc=6043430 |pmid=29531192}}</ref> Nitrite yana amsawa tare da myoglobin na nama ta hanyar haɗewa da kwayar ƙarfe na heme yayin dafa abinci, samar da nitrosomyoglobin mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma launi mai launin ruwan hoda "sabon" na mahaɗan N-nitroso, wanda zai iya lalata ƙwayoyin hanji, wanda zai yiwu ya haifar da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|Ciwon daji na hanji]].<ref name="ccs">{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Limit red and processed meat |url=https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/reduce-your-risk/eat-well/limit-red-and-processed-meat |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=Canadian Cancer Society}}</ref><ref name="aicr">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Processed Meat (Sausages, Ham, Bacon, Hot Dogs, Salami) |url=https://www.aicr.org/cancer-prevention/food-facts/processed-meat/ |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=American Institute for Cancer Research}}</ref><ref name="acs">{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Red and Processed Meat and Cancer |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/diet-physical-activity/how-diet-and-physical-activity-impact-cancer-risk/red-meat-and-cancer.html |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=American Cancer Society}}</ref> Shan taba, warkarwa, gishiri, fermenting ko ƙara preservatives ga nama na iya fara samar da abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon daji.<ref name="ccs" /><ref name="aicr" /><ref name="acs" /><ref name="cruk">{{Cite web |date=15 April 2025 |title=Does processed and red meat cause cancer? |url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/diet-and-cancer/does-processed-and-red-meat-cause-cancer |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=Cancer Research UK}}</ref> Ana iya kera kayayyakin nama da aka warkar ba tare da nitrate ko nitrite ba, kamar Parma ham, wanda aka ruwaito a cikin 2018 a matsayin samfurin lafiya ba tare da gurɓataccen guba ba. Sauran hanyoyin masana'antu ba sa tabbatar da rage sakamakon nitrite a cikin samar da guba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lebrun |first=S. |last2=Van Nieuwenhuysen |first2=T. |last3=Crèvecoeur |first3=S. |last4=Vanleyssem |first4=R. |last5=Thimister |first5=J. |last6=Denayer |first6=S. |last7=Jeuge |first7=S. |last8=Daube |first8=G. |last9=Clinquart |first9=A. |last10=Fremaux |first10=B. |date=December 2020 |title=Influence of reduced levels or suppression of sodium nitrite on the outgrowth and toxinogenesis of psychrotrophic ''Clostridium botulinum'' Group II type B in cooked ham |journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology |volume=334 |doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108853 |pmid=32932195}}</ref> == Organic nitrites == [[File:Nitrite-group-2D.svg|right|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Ester na nitrite]] A cikin [[Organic chemistry|ilmin sunadarai na kwayoyin halitta]], alkyl nitrites sune esters na nitrous acid kuma suna dauke da ƙungiyar aiki ta nitrosoxy. Magungunan Nitro suna dauke da ƙungiyar .  Nitrites suna da tsari na gaba ɗaya RONO, inda R shine aryl ko ƙungiyar alkyl. Amyl nitrite da sauran alkyl nitrites suna da aikin vasodilating kuma dole ne a sarrafa su a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da taka tsantsan. Ana amfani da su a wasu lokuta a magani don magance cututtukan zuciya. Halin da ake kira na gargajiya don kira na alkyl nitrites shine kira na Meyer wanda alkyl halides ke amsawa tare da nitrites na ƙarfe zuwa cakuda nitroalkanes da nitrits.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Victor Meyer |author-link=Victor Meyer |year=1872 |title=Über die Nitroverbindungen der Fettreihe |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1427331 |journal=[[Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie]] |language=german |volume=171 |issue=1 |pages=1–56 |doi=10.1002/jlac.18741710102}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=R.B. |last2=Adkins |first2=H. |year=1929 |title=The Relationship of the Constitution of Certain Alky Halides to the Formation of Nitroparaffins and Alkyl Nitrites |journal=[[Journal of the American Chemical Society]] |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=279–287 |bibcode=1929JAChS..51..279R |doi=10.1021/ja01376a037}}</ref> == Tsaro == Babban allurai na nitrites yana haifar da guba mai tsanani a cikin nau'in methemoglobinemia, wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Katabami K, Hayakawa M, Gando S |date=3 August 2016 |title=Severe Methemoglobinemia due to Sodium Nitrite Poisoning |journal=Case Reports in Emergency Medicine |volume=2016 |doi=10.1155/2016/9013816 |pmc=4987464 |pmid=27563472 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Curing (tsaron abinci) * Alkyl nitrites == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sd0c2ub6l04mxar9px1m7c3loylgog1 970301 970261 2026-10-22T08:58:33Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Organic nitrites */ 970301 wikitext text/x-wiki ion na '''nitrite''' yana da tsarin sunadarai NO₂- . Nitrite (yawanci sodium nitrite) ana amfani dashi sosai a duk masana'antun sunadarai da magunguna. Nitrite anion wani matsakaici ne a cikin sake zagayowar nitrogen a cikin yanayi. Sunan nitrite kuma yana nufin mahadi na kwayoyin da ke da ƙungiyar -ONO, waɗanda sune esters na nitrous acid. == Fitarwa == Sodium nitrite ana yin shi ta hanyar masana'antu ta hanyar wucewa da cakuda nitrogen oxides zuwa ruwa sodium hydroxide ko sodium carbonate solution:<ref name="Ullmann2">{{Ullmann|first1=Wolfgang|last1=Laue|first2=Michael|last2=Thiemann|first3=Erich|last3=Scheibler|first4=Karl Wilhelm|last4=Wiegand|title=Nitrates and Nitrites|year=2006|doi=10.1002/14356007.a17_265}}</ref><ref name="p4612">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|pages=461–464}}</ref> :  {{chem2|NO + NO2 + 2 NaOH -> 2 NaNO2 + H2O}} :  {{chem2|NO + NO2 + Na2CO3 -> 2 NaNO2 + CO2}} Ana tsarkake samfurin ta hanyar sake fasalin. Alkali metal nitrites suna da tsayayyen zafi har zuwa kuma bayan inda suke narkewa ({{Convert|441|C}} ° C (826 ° F) don ).  Ana iya yin Ammonium nitrite daga dinitrogen trioxide, , wanda shine ainihin anhydride na nitrous acid:  :   == Tsarinsa == [[File:Nitrite-ion-canonical-structures.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|200x200px|2" href="./Resonance_(chemistry)#Resonance_as_a_diagrammatic_tool" id="mwPA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Resonance (chemistry)">Tsarin canonical guda biyu na NO2-, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga haɗin resonance don nitrite ion]] [[File:Trans-nitrous-acid-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|200x200px|Girman ''trans''-HONO (daga bakan microwave) ]] Ioni na nitrite yana da tsari mai daidaituwa (C2v), tare da haɗin N-O da ke da daidaitattun tsawon da kusurwar haɗin kusan 115 °.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goddard |first=John D. |last2=Klein |first2=Michael L. |date=1983-08-01 |title=Structure of the nitrite ion |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.28.1141 |journal=Physical Review A |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=1141–1143 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.28.1141 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin ka'idar haɗin valence, an bayyana shi azaman haɗin resonance tare da gudummawa daidai daga siffofi biyu na canonical waɗanda suke hotunan madubi na juna. A cikin ka'idar kwayoyin halitta, akwai haɗin sigma tsakanin kowane atom na oxygen da atom na nitrogen, da kuma haɗin pi da aka yi daga p orbitals akan nitrogen da atom na oxygen, wanda ke tsaye zuwa jirgin saman kwayar halitta. Rashin cajin ion ɗin yana rarraba daidai a kan atoms ɗin oxygen guda biyu. Dukansu atoms na nitrogen da oxygen suna ɗauke da nau'ikan electrons guda biyu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Molecular Orbital Theory|work=General Chemistry for Organic and Biological Chemistry|url=https://iu.pressbooks.pub/genchemfororg/chapter/chapter-1/|access-date=2026-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109172349/https://iu.pressbooks.pub/genchemfororg/chapter/chapter-1/|archive-date=2026-01-09|language=en}}</ref> Sabili da haka, ion na nitrite shine Tushen Lewis. In the gas phase, it exists predominantly as a ''trans''-planar molecule.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026}} == Halin da aka yi == === Abubuwan da ke cikin acid === Nitrite shine tushen haɗin gwiwa na acid nitrous acid mai rauni: : + + NO2-; [[Acid dissociation constant|pKa]] ≈ 3.16 a {{Convert|25|C}} <ref>{{Cite journal |last=da Silva |first=Gabriel |last2=Kennedy |first2=Eric M. |last3=Dlugogorski |first3=Bogdan Z. |date=2006-10-01 |title=Ab Initio Procedure for Aqueous-Phase pKa Calculation:  The Acidity of Nitrous Acid |url=https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0639243 |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry A |volume=110 |issue=39 |pages=11371–11376 |doi=10.1021/jp0639243 |issn=1089-5639 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> {{Spaces|5}} Nitrous acid kuma ba shi da daidaituwa sosai, yana da alaƙa da rashin daidaituwa: : + NO3- ^– Wannan martani yana da jinkiri a {{Convert|0|C}} ° C (32 ° F). Ƙara acid zuwa mafita na nitrite a gaban wakili mai ragewa, kamar ƙarfe (II), hanya ce ta yin nitric oxide (NO) a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. === Oxidation da raguwa === Yanayin oxidation na atom din nitrogen a cikin nitrite shine +3. Wannan yana nufin ana iya yin amfani da shi zuwa yanayin oxidation +4 da +5 ko rage shi zuwa ƙasa kamar -3. Matsakaicin yiwuwar ragewa don halayen da ke da alaƙa da nitrous acid kai tsaye an nuna su a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa:<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|page=431}}</ref> : H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 ''E'' N2 + 2 S2O; E{{Sup|0}} = +2.{{Val|+2.65}} {{Spaces|5}} : 5 NO₂- + 2 MnO₄- + <span about="#mwt7<sub id=" mwwa="">3" class="chemf nowrap" data-ve-ignore="" id="mwvw">6 H+ → <sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> Mn²⁺ + 3 H2O</span> + 5 NO3- ^– Samfurori na raguwa tare da ion na nitrite sun bambanta dangane da wakili mai ragewa da aka yi amfani da shi da ƙarfinsa. Tare da sulfur dioxide, samfuran sune NO da ; tare da tin (II) () samfurin shine hyponitrous acid (); raguwa duk hanyar zuwa ammonia () yana faruwa tare da hydrogen sulfide.     Tare da hydrazinium cation (N₂+) samfurin rage nitrite shine hydrazoic acid (), wani fili mai saurin tashi da fashewa:  : N₂+ + HNO2 → HN3 + H2O + H3O+  wanda kuma zai iya kara amsawa tare da nitrite: :  {{chem2|HNO2 + HN3 -> N2O + N2 + H2O}} Wannan martani ba sabon abu ba ne saboda ya haɗa da mahadi tare da nitrogen a cikin jihohi huɗu daban-daban na oxidation.<ref name="p4613">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|pages=461–464}}</ref> === Binciken nitrite === An gano Nitrite kuma an bincika shi ta hanyar Griess Reaction, wanda ya haɗa da samar da launi mai launin ja mai zurfi a kan maganin NO₂ - wanda ke dauke da samfurin tare da sulfanilic acid da naphthyl-1-amine a gaban acid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ivanov |first=V. M. |date=2004-10-01 |title=The 125th Anniversary of the Griess Reagent |journal=Journal of Analytical Chemistry |language=en |volume=59 |issue=10 |pages=1002–1005 |doi=10.1023/B:JANC.0000043920.77446.d7 |issn=1608-3199 |s2cid=98768756}}</ref> === Matsakaicin daidaitawa === Nitrite wani ligand ne mai laushi kuma yana iya samar da nau'ikan hadin gwiwa iri-iri ta hanyar ɗaurewa ga ions na ƙarfe a hanyoyi da yawa. Misali, jan nitrito pentaamminecobalt complex yana da metastable, isomerizing zuwa yellow nitro complex [Co.NH3) 5,NO2) ]2+ .  Nitrite ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar enzymes da yawa, dukansu suna amfani da hadaddun hadin gwiwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2025}} === Halin haɗari === Lokacin da aka dumama shi da cyanides ko thiosulfates, nitrites suna fashewa sosai. == Biochemistry == [[File:Nitrogen_Cycle_-_Reactions_and_Enzymes.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Bayani na tsari na sake zagayowar nitrogen na microbial.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sparacino-Watkins |first=Courtney |last2=Stolz |first2=John F. |last3=Basu |first3=Partha |date=2013-12-16 |title=Nitrate and periplasmic nitrate reductases |journal=Chem. Soc. Rev. |language=en |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=676–706 |doi=10.1039/c3cs60249d |issn=1460-4744 |pmc=4080430 |pmid=24141308}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simon |first=Jörg |last2=Klotz |first2=Martin G. |year=2013 |title=Diversity and evolution of bioenergetic systems involved in microbial nitrogen compound transformations |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics |language=en |volume=1827 |issue=2 |pages=114–135 |doi=10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.07.005 |pmid=22842521 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ANAMMOX shine anaerobic ammonium oxidation, [[Rage nitrate zuwa ammonium|DNRA]] shine raguwar nitrate zuwa ammonium, kuma COMMAMOX shine cikakken ammonium oxide.]] A cikin nitrification, ana canza ammonium zuwa nitrite. Muhimman nau'o'in sun hada da ''Nitrosomonas'' . Sauran nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar ''Nitrobacter'', suna da alhakin oxidizing nitrite zuwa nitrate. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2025}} Ana iya rage Nitrite zuwa nitric oxide ko ammoniya ta hanyar nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa. A karkashin yanayin hypoxic, nitrite na iya fitar da nitric oxide, wanda ke haifar da vasodilation mai ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2023 |title=Nitric oxide |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554485/ |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine}}</ref> An bayyana hanyoyi da yawa don sauya nitrite zuwa NO, gami da rage enzymatic ta hanyar xanthine oxidoreductase, nitrite reductase, da NO synthase (NOS), da kuma halayen rashin daidaituwa na acidic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2025}} == Amfani da shi == === Maganin sunadarai === Azo dyes da sauran masu launi ana shirya su ta hanyar tsarin da ake kira diazotization, wanda ke buƙatar nitrite. === Gudanar da nama da haɗarin ciwon daji === Ƙara nitrites da nitrates zuwa nama da aka sarrafa, kamar ham, naman alade, da sausages, yana inganta warkarwa da nama, yana inganta sashi, yana ba da launi mai kyau, yana hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta da guba, kuma yana fadada rayuwar ajiya.<ref name="cfia">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2021 |title=Preventive control recommendations on the use of nitrites in the curing of meat products |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/en/preventive-controls/meat/nitrites |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Government of Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Soomin |last2=Lee |first2=Heeyoung |last3=Kim |first3=Sejeong |last4=Lee |first4=Jeeyeon |last5=Ha |first5=Jimyeong |last6=Choi |first6=Yukyung |last7=Oh |first7=Hyemin |last8=Choi |first8=Kyoung-Hee |last9=Yoon |first9=Yohan |date=August 2018 |title=Microbiological safety of processed meat products formulated with low nitrite concentration — A review |journal=Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=1073–1077 |doi=10.5713/ajas.17.0675 |issn=1011-2367 |pmc=6043430 |pmid=29531192}}</ref> Nitrite yana amsawa tare da myoglobin na nama ta hanyar haɗewa da kwayar ƙarfe na heme yayin dafa abinci, samar da nitrosomyoglobin mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma launi mai launin ruwan hoda "sabon" na mahaɗan N-nitroso, wanda zai iya lalata ƙwayoyin hanji, wanda zai yiwu ya haifar da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|Ciwon daji na hanji]].<ref name="ccs">{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Limit red and processed meat |url=https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/reduce-your-risk/eat-well/limit-red-and-processed-meat |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=Canadian Cancer Society}}</ref><ref name="aicr">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Processed Meat (Sausages, Ham, Bacon, Hot Dogs, Salami) |url=https://www.aicr.org/cancer-prevention/food-facts/processed-meat/ |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=American Institute for Cancer Research}}</ref><ref name="acs">{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Red and Processed Meat and Cancer |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/diet-physical-activity/how-diet-and-physical-activity-impact-cancer-risk/red-meat-and-cancer.html |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=American Cancer Society}}</ref> Shan taba, warkarwa, gishiri, fermenting ko ƙara preservatives ga nama na iya fara samar da abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon daji.<ref name="ccs" /><ref name="aicr" /><ref name="acs" /><ref name="cruk">{{Cite web |date=15 April 2025 |title=Does processed and red meat cause cancer? |url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/diet-and-cancer/does-processed-and-red-meat-cause-cancer |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=Cancer Research UK}}</ref> Ana iya kera kayayyakin nama da aka warkar ba tare da nitrate ko nitrite ba, kamar Parma ham, wanda aka ruwaito a cikin 2018 a matsayin samfurin lafiya ba tare da gurɓataccen guba ba. Sauran hanyoyin masana'antu ba sa tabbatar da rage sakamakon nitrite a cikin samar da guba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lebrun |first=S. |last2=Van Nieuwenhuysen |first2=T. |last3=Crèvecoeur |first3=S. |last4=Vanleyssem |first4=R. |last5=Thimister |first5=J. |last6=Denayer |first6=S. |last7=Jeuge |first7=S. |last8=Daube |first8=G. |last9=Clinquart |first9=A. |last10=Fremaux |first10=B. |date=December 2020 |title=Influence of reduced levels or suppression of sodium nitrite on the outgrowth and toxinogenesis of psychrotrophic ''Clostridium botulinum'' Group II type B in cooked ham |journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology |volume=334 |doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108853 |pmid=32932195}}</ref> == Organic nitrites == [[File:Nitrite-group-2D.svg|right|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Ester na nitrite]] A cikin [[Organic chemistry|ilmin sunadarai na kwayoyin halitta]], alkyl nitrites sune esters na nitrous acid kuma suna dauke da ƙungiyar aiki ta nitrosoxy. Magungunan Nitro suna dauke da ƙungiyar .  Nitrites suna da tsari na gaba ɗaya RONO, inda R shine aryl ko ƙungiyar alkyl. Amyl nitrite da sauran alkyl nitrites suna da aikin vasodilating kuma dole ne a sarrafa su a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da taka tsantsan. Ana amfani da su a wasu lokuta a magani don magance cututtukan zuciya. Halin da ake kira na gargajiya don kira na alkyl nitrites shine kira na Meyer wanda alkyl halides ke amsawa tare da nitrites na ƙarfe zuwa cakuda nitroalkanes da nitrits.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Victor Meyer |author-link=Victor Meyer |year=1872 |title=Über die Nitroverbindungen der Fettreihe ..|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1427331 |journal=[[Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie]] |language=german |volume=171 |issue=1 |pages=1–56 |doi=10.1002/jlac.18741710102}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=R.B. |last2=Adkins |first2=H. |year=1929 |title=The Relationship of the Constitution of Certain Alky Halides to the Formation of Nitroparaffins and Alkyl Nitrites |journal=[[Journal of the American Chemical Society]] |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=279–287 |bibcode=1929JAChS..51..279R |doi=10.1021/ja01376a037}}</ref> == Tsaro == Babban allurai na nitrites yana haifar da guba mai tsanani a cikin nau'in methemoglobinemia, wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Katabami K, Hayakawa M, Gando S |date=3 August 2016 |title=Severe Methemoglobinemia due to Sodium Nitrite Poisoning |journal=Case Reports in Emergency Medicine |volume=2016 |doi=10.1155/2016/9013816 |pmc=4987464 |pmid=27563472 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Curing (tsaron abinci) * Alkyl nitrites == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eizwyk9cxngh42gprd04tl918a5pmrp 970302 970301 2026-10-22T08:58:47Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Organic nitrites */ 970302 wikitext text/x-wiki ion na '''nitrite''' yana da tsarin sunadarai NO₂- . Nitrite (yawanci sodium nitrite) ana amfani dashi sosai a duk masana'antun sunadarai da magunguna. Nitrite anion wani matsakaici ne a cikin sake zagayowar nitrogen a cikin yanayi. Sunan nitrite kuma yana nufin mahadi na kwayoyin da ke da ƙungiyar -ONO, waɗanda sune esters na nitrous acid. == Fitarwa == Sodium nitrite ana yin shi ta hanyar masana'antu ta hanyar wucewa da cakuda nitrogen oxides zuwa ruwa sodium hydroxide ko sodium carbonate solution:<ref name="Ullmann2">{{Ullmann|first1=Wolfgang|last1=Laue|first2=Michael|last2=Thiemann|first3=Erich|last3=Scheibler|first4=Karl Wilhelm|last4=Wiegand|title=Nitrates and Nitrites|year=2006|doi=10.1002/14356007.a17_265}}</ref><ref name="p4612">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|pages=461–464}}</ref> :  {{chem2|NO + NO2 + 2 NaOH -> 2 NaNO2 + H2O}} :  {{chem2|NO + NO2 + Na2CO3 -> 2 NaNO2 + CO2}} Ana tsarkake samfurin ta hanyar sake fasalin. Alkali metal nitrites suna da tsayayyen zafi har zuwa kuma bayan inda suke narkewa ({{Convert|441|C}} ° C (826 ° F) don ).  Ana iya yin Ammonium nitrite daga dinitrogen trioxide, , wanda shine ainihin anhydride na nitrous acid:  :   == Tsarinsa == [[File:Nitrite-ion-canonical-structures.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|200x200px|2" href="./Resonance_(chemistry)#Resonance_as_a_diagrammatic_tool" id="mwPA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Resonance (chemistry)">Tsarin canonical guda biyu na NO2-, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga haɗin resonance don nitrite ion]] [[File:Trans-nitrous-acid-2D-dimensions.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|200x200px|Girman ''trans''-HONO (daga bakan microwave) ]] Ioni na nitrite yana da tsari mai daidaituwa (C2v), tare da haɗin N-O da ke da daidaitattun tsawon da kusurwar haɗin kusan 115 °.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goddard |first=John D. |last2=Klein |first2=Michael L. |date=1983-08-01 |title=Structure of the nitrite ion |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.28.1141 |journal=Physical Review A |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=1141–1143 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.28.1141 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin ka'idar haɗin valence, an bayyana shi azaman haɗin resonance tare da gudummawa daidai daga siffofi biyu na canonical waɗanda suke hotunan madubi na juna. A cikin ka'idar kwayoyin halitta, akwai haɗin sigma tsakanin kowane atom na oxygen da atom na nitrogen, da kuma haɗin pi da aka yi daga p orbitals akan nitrogen da atom na oxygen, wanda ke tsaye zuwa jirgin saman kwayar halitta. Rashin cajin ion ɗin yana rarraba daidai a kan atoms ɗin oxygen guda biyu. Dukansu atoms na nitrogen da oxygen suna ɗauke da nau'ikan electrons guda biyu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Molecular Orbital Theory|work=General Chemistry for Organic and Biological Chemistry|url=https://iu.pressbooks.pub/genchemfororg/chapter/chapter-1/|access-date=2026-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109172349/https://iu.pressbooks.pub/genchemfororg/chapter/chapter-1/|archive-date=2026-01-09|language=en}}</ref> Sabili da haka, ion na nitrite shine Tushen Lewis. In the gas phase, it exists predominantly as a ''trans''-planar molecule.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2026}} == Halin da aka yi == === Abubuwan da ke cikin acid === Nitrite shine tushen haɗin gwiwa na acid nitrous acid mai rauni: : + + NO2-; [[Acid dissociation constant|pKa]] ≈ 3.16 a {{Convert|25|C}} <ref>{{Cite journal |last=da Silva |first=Gabriel |last2=Kennedy |first2=Eric M. |last3=Dlugogorski |first3=Bogdan Z. |date=2006-10-01 |title=Ab Initio Procedure for Aqueous-Phase pKa Calculation:  The Acidity of Nitrous Acid |url=https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0639243 |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry A |volume=110 |issue=39 |pages=11371–11376 |doi=10.1021/jp0639243 |issn=1089-5639 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> {{Spaces|5}} Nitrous acid kuma ba shi da daidaituwa sosai, yana da alaƙa da rashin daidaituwa: : + NO3- ^– Wannan martani yana da jinkiri a {{Convert|0|C}} ° C (32 ° F). Ƙara acid zuwa mafita na nitrite a gaban wakili mai ragewa, kamar ƙarfe (II), hanya ce ta yin nitric oxide (NO) a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. === Oxidation da raguwa === Yanayin oxidation na atom din nitrogen a cikin nitrite shine +3. Wannan yana nufin ana iya yin amfani da shi zuwa yanayin oxidation +4 da +5 ko rage shi zuwa ƙasa kamar -3. Matsakaicin yiwuwar ragewa don halayen da ke da alaƙa da nitrous acid kai tsaye an nuna su a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa:<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|page=431}}</ref> : H2N2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 ''E'' N2 + 2 S2O; E{{Sup|0}} = +2.{{Val|+2.65}} {{Spaces|5}} : 5 NO₂- + 2 MnO₄- + <span about="#mwt7<sub id=" mwwa="">3" class="chemf nowrap" data-ve-ignore="" id="mwvw">6 H+ → <sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> Mn²⁺ + 3 H2O</span> + 5 NO3- ^– Samfurori na raguwa tare da ion na nitrite sun bambanta dangane da wakili mai ragewa da aka yi amfani da shi da ƙarfinsa. Tare da sulfur dioxide, samfuran sune NO da ; tare da tin (II) () samfurin shine hyponitrous acid (); raguwa duk hanyar zuwa ammonia () yana faruwa tare da hydrogen sulfide.     Tare da hydrazinium cation (N₂+) samfurin rage nitrite shine hydrazoic acid (), wani fili mai saurin tashi da fashewa:  : N₂+ + HNO2 → HN3 + H2O + H3O+  wanda kuma zai iya kara amsawa tare da nitrite: :  {{chem2|HNO2 + HN3 -> N2O + N2 + H2O}} Wannan martani ba sabon abu ba ne saboda ya haɗa da mahadi tare da nitrogen a cikin jihohi huɗu daban-daban na oxidation.<ref name="p4613">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|pages=461–464}}</ref> === Binciken nitrite === An gano Nitrite kuma an bincika shi ta hanyar Griess Reaction, wanda ya haɗa da samar da launi mai launin ja mai zurfi a kan maganin NO₂ - wanda ke dauke da samfurin tare da sulfanilic acid da naphthyl-1-amine a gaban acid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ivanov |first=V. M. |date=2004-10-01 |title=The 125th Anniversary of the Griess Reagent |journal=Journal of Analytical Chemistry |language=en |volume=59 |issue=10 |pages=1002–1005 |doi=10.1023/B:JANC.0000043920.77446.d7 |issn=1608-3199 |s2cid=98768756}}</ref> === Matsakaicin daidaitawa === Nitrite wani ligand ne mai laushi kuma yana iya samar da nau'ikan hadin gwiwa iri-iri ta hanyar ɗaurewa ga ions na ƙarfe a hanyoyi da yawa. Misali, jan nitrito pentaamminecobalt complex yana da metastable, isomerizing zuwa yellow nitro complex [Co.NH3) 5,NO2) ]2+ .  Nitrite ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar enzymes da yawa, dukansu suna amfani da hadaddun hadin gwiwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2025}} === Halin haɗari === Lokacin da aka dumama shi da cyanides ko thiosulfates, nitrites suna fashewa sosai. == Biochemistry == [[File:Nitrogen_Cycle_-_Reactions_and_Enzymes.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Bayani na tsari na sake zagayowar nitrogen na microbial.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sparacino-Watkins |first=Courtney |last2=Stolz |first2=John F. |last3=Basu |first3=Partha |date=2013-12-16 |title=Nitrate and periplasmic nitrate reductases |journal=Chem. Soc. Rev. |language=en |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=676–706 |doi=10.1039/c3cs60249d |issn=1460-4744 |pmc=4080430 |pmid=24141308}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simon |first=Jörg |last2=Klotz |first2=Martin G. |year=2013 |title=Diversity and evolution of bioenergetic systems involved in microbial nitrogen compound transformations |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics |language=en |volume=1827 |issue=2 |pages=114–135 |doi=10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.07.005 |pmid=22842521 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ANAMMOX shine anaerobic ammonium oxidation, [[Rage nitrate zuwa ammonium|DNRA]] shine raguwar nitrate zuwa ammonium, kuma COMMAMOX shine cikakken ammonium oxide.]] A cikin nitrification, ana canza ammonium zuwa nitrite. Muhimman nau'o'in sun hada da ''Nitrosomonas'' . Sauran nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar ''Nitrobacter'', suna da alhakin oxidizing nitrite zuwa nitrate. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2025}} Ana iya rage Nitrite zuwa nitric oxide ko ammoniya ta hanyar nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa. A karkashin yanayin hypoxic, nitrite na iya fitar da nitric oxide, wanda ke haifar da vasodilation mai ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2023 |title=Nitric oxide |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554485/ |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine}}</ref> An bayyana hanyoyi da yawa don sauya nitrite zuwa NO, gami da rage enzymatic ta hanyar xanthine oxidoreductase, nitrite reductase, da NO synthase (NOS), da kuma halayen rashin daidaituwa na acidic. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2025}} == Amfani da shi == === Maganin sunadarai === Azo dyes da sauran masu launi ana shirya su ta hanyar tsarin da ake kira diazotization, wanda ke buƙatar nitrite. === Gudanar da nama da haɗarin ciwon daji === Ƙara nitrites da nitrates zuwa nama da aka sarrafa, kamar ham, naman alade, da sausages, yana inganta warkarwa da nama, yana inganta sashi, yana ba da launi mai kyau, yana hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta da guba, kuma yana fadada rayuwar ajiya.<ref name="cfia">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2021 |title=Preventive control recommendations on the use of nitrites in the curing of meat products |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/en/preventive-controls/meat/nitrites |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Government of Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Soomin |last2=Lee |first2=Heeyoung |last3=Kim |first3=Sejeong |last4=Lee |first4=Jeeyeon |last5=Ha |first5=Jimyeong |last6=Choi |first6=Yukyung |last7=Oh |first7=Hyemin |last8=Choi |first8=Kyoung-Hee |last9=Yoon |first9=Yohan |date=August 2018 |title=Microbiological safety of processed meat products formulated with low nitrite concentration — A review |journal=Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=1073–1077 |doi=10.5713/ajas.17.0675 |issn=1011-2367 |pmc=6043430 |pmid=29531192}}</ref> Nitrite yana amsawa tare da myoglobin na nama ta hanyar haɗewa da kwayar ƙarfe na heme yayin dafa abinci, samar da nitrosomyoglobin mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma launi mai launin ruwan hoda "sabon" na mahaɗan N-nitroso, wanda zai iya lalata ƙwayoyin hanji, wanda zai yiwu ya haifar da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|Ciwon daji na hanji]].<ref name="ccs">{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Limit red and processed meat |url=https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/reduce-your-risk/eat-well/limit-red-and-processed-meat |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=Canadian Cancer Society}}</ref><ref name="aicr">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Processed Meat (Sausages, Ham, Bacon, Hot Dogs, Salami) |url=https://www.aicr.org/cancer-prevention/food-facts/processed-meat/ |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=American Institute for Cancer Research}}</ref><ref name="acs">{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Red and Processed Meat and Cancer |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/diet-physical-activity/how-diet-and-physical-activity-impact-cancer-risk/red-meat-and-cancer.html |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=American Cancer Society}}</ref> Shan taba, warkarwa, gishiri, fermenting ko ƙara preservatives ga nama na iya fara samar da abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon daji.<ref name="ccs" /><ref name="aicr" /><ref name="acs" /><ref name="cruk">{{Cite web |date=15 April 2025 |title=Does processed and red meat cause cancer? |url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/diet-and-cancer/does-processed-and-red-meat-cause-cancer |access-date=28 June 2026 |publisher=Cancer Research UK}}</ref> Ana iya kera kayayyakin nama da aka warkar ba tare da nitrate ko nitrite ba, kamar Parma ham, wanda aka ruwaito a cikin 2018 a matsayin samfurin lafiya ba tare da gurɓataccen guba ba. Sauran hanyoyin masana'antu ba sa tabbatar da rage sakamakon nitrite a cikin samar da guba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lebrun |first=S. |last2=Van Nieuwenhuysen |first2=T. |last3=Crèvecoeur |first3=S. |last4=Vanleyssem |first4=R. |last5=Thimister |first5=J. |last6=Denayer |first6=S. |last7=Jeuge |first7=S. |last8=Daube |first8=G. |last9=Clinquart |first9=A. |last10=Fremaux |first10=B. |date=December 2020 |title=Influence of reduced levels or suppression of sodium nitrite on the outgrowth and toxinogenesis of psychrotrophic ''Clostridium botulinum'' Group II type B in cooked ham |journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology |volume=334 |doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108853 |pmid=32932195}}</ref> == Organic nitrites == [[File:Nitrite-group-2D.svg|right|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Ester na nitrite]] A cikin [[Organic chemistry|ilmin sunadarai na kwayoyin halitta]], alkyl nitrites sune esters na nitrous acid kuma suna dauke da ƙungiyar aiki ta nitrosoxy. Magungunan Nitro suna dauke da ƙungiyar .  Nitrites suna da tsari na gaba ɗaya RONO, inda R shine aryl ko ƙungiyar alkyl. Amyl nitrite da sauran alkyl nitrites suna da aikin vasodilating kuma dole ne a sarrafa su a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje tare da taka tsantsan. Ana amfani da su a wasu lokuta a magani don magance cututtukan zuciya. Halin da ake kira na gargajiya don kira na alkyl nitrites shine kira na Meyer wanda alkyl halides ke amsawa tare da nitrites na ƙarfe zuwa cakuda nitroalkanes da nitrits.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Victor Meyer |author-link=Victor Meyer |year=1872 |title=Über die Nitroverbindungen der Fettreihe |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1427331 |journal=[[Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie]] |language=german |volume=171 |issue=1 |pages=1–56 |doi=10.1002/jlac.18741710102}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=R.B. |last2=Adkins |first2=H. |year=1929 |title=The Relationship of the Constitution of Certain Alky Halides to the Formation of Nitroparaffins and Alkyl Nitrites |journal=[[Journal of the American Chemical Society]] |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=279–287 |bibcode=1929JAChS..51..279R |doi=10.1021/ja01376a037}}</ref> == Tsaro == Babban allurai na nitrites yana haifar da guba mai tsanani a cikin nau'in methemoglobinemia, wanda zai iya haifar da mutuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Katabami K, Hayakawa M, Gando S |date=3 August 2016 |title=Severe Methemoglobinemia due to Sodium Nitrite Poisoning |journal=Case Reports in Emergency Medicine |volume=2016 |doi=10.1155/2016/9013816 |pmc=4987464 |pmid=27563472 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Curing (tsaron abinci) * Alkyl nitrites == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sd0c2ub6l04mxar9px1m7c3loylgog1 0 179749 970262 2026-10-22T04:38:05Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373664237|UV curing]]" 970262 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:UV_Curing_Process.jpg|thumb|Polymerization da haɗin giciye yana faruwa yayin warkar da UV]] UV warkarwa (ultraviolet warkarwa) shine tsari wanda Hasken ultraviolet ke fara aikin photochemical wanda ke haifar da cibiyar sadarwa ta polymers ta hanyar polymerization mai zurfi ko cationic polymerization.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carroll |first=Gregory T. |last2=Tripltt |first2=L. Devon |last3=Moscatelli |first3=Alberto |last4=Koberstein |first4=Jeffrey T. |last5=Turro |first5=Nicholas J. |date=2011-04-20 |title=Photogeneration of gelatinous networks from pre-existing polymers |url=http://turroserver.chem.columbia.edu/PDF_db/publications_901_950/NJT942.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Journal of Applied Polymer Science]] |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=168–174 |bibcode=2011JAPS..122..168C |doi=10.1002/app.34133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124171843/http://turroserver.chem.columbia.edu/PDF_db/publications_901_950/NJT942.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-24 |access-date=January 20, 2018}}</ref> Magani na UV yana iya daidaitawa da bugawa, Rufewa, kayan ado, Stereolithography, da kuma a cikin taron samfuran da kayan aiki iri-iri. Magani na UV tsari ne mai ƙarancin zafin jiki, mai saurin gudu, da kuma ba tare da narkewa ba yayin da warkarwa ke faruwa ta hanyar polymerization.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stowe|first1=Richard W.|chapter=High-power UV lamps for industrial UV curing applications|editor-first1=Robert E.|editor-first2=Christos G.|editor-last1=Huffman|editor-last2=Stergis|date=1996-11-08|title=Ultraviolet Atmospheric and Space Remote Sensing: Methods and Instrumentation|journal=Proceedings of the SPIE|volume=2831|pages=208–219|doi=10.1117/12.257198|bibcode=1996SPIE.2831..208S|s2cid=137436887}}</ref> Asalin da aka gabatar a cikin shekarun 1960, wannan fasahar ta daidaita kuma ta kara yawan sarrafa kansa a masana'antu da yawa a bangaren masana'antu. == Aikace-aikacen == [[File:UV_curing_glue_kit_for_Huawei-Screen.jpg|thumb|Kayan warkarwa na UV don gyaran allo na Huawei]] Ana amfani da warkar da UV don juyawa ko warkar da tawada, adhesives, da murfin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Baars |first=Carin |title=Decorad - Short impression page |url=https://www.decorad.com/en/projects/short-impression |website=decorad.com |publisher=Carin Baars}}</ref> Maganin da aka warkar da UV ya zama maye gurbin saurin sauri don magunguna na kashi biyu, yana kawar da buƙatar cire mai narkewa, haɗuwa da rabo, da damuwa mai yuwuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salerni Marotta |first=Christine |title=Advancements in Light Cure Adhesive Technology |url=http://na.henkel-adhesives.com/us/content_data/Advances_in_Light_Cure_Technology_for_Medical_Device_Assembly293057.pdf |access-date=January 20, 2018 |publisher=[[Henkel]]}}</ref> Ana amfani dashi a cikin tsarin flexographic, offset, pad, da Ruwa tsarin bugawa na allo; inda ake amfani da tsarin warkarwa na UV don polymerize hotuna a kan samfuran da aka buga, daga T-shirts zuwa 3D da sassan cylindrical. Ana amfani da shi a cikin kayan aiki masu kyau (gitar, violins, ukuleles, da dai sauransu), masana'antar maɓallin tafki da sauran masana'antun sana'a.<ref name="ac" /> Bugawa tare da tawada mai warkarwa na UV yana ba da damar bugawa a kan nau'o'i iri-iri kamar filastik, takarda, zane, gilashi, ƙarfe, allon kumfa, tayal, fina-finai, da sauran kayan da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HD White Aluminum Metal Prints |url=http://www.canvasndecor.ca/metal-photo-prints.html |access-date=2018-01-21 |website=canvasndecor.ca}}</ref><ref name="What Is UV Curing?">{{Cite web |title=What is UV Curing? |url=http://arrowinks.com/what-is-uv-curing |access-date=October 27, 2016 |website=Arrow Inks}}</ref> Masana'antu da ke amfani da warkar da UV sun haɗa da magani, motoci, kayan shafawa (alal misali yatsun hannu na wucin gadi da goge ƙusa), abinci, kimiyya, ilimi, da fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoge |first=Stacy |date=April 8, 2016 |title=LED Curing Technology for Coatings |url=https://www.coatingsworld.com/issues/2016-04-01/view_features/led-curing-technology-for-coatings |access-date=January 20, 2018 |publisher=Coating World}}</ref> Inks masu warkarwa na UV sun sami nasarar saduwa da bukatun sashen wallafe-wallafen dangane da ingancin bugawa, dorewa, da jituwa tare da substrates daban-daban, suna mai da su zabi mai dacewa don aikace-aikacen bugawa a cikin wannan masana'antar. == Fa'idodin warkar da UV == Babban fa'idar warkarwa tare da hasken ultraviolet shine saurin da za'a iya sarrafa kayan. Gudanar da warkarwa, ko bushewa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=UV curing acrylic vs UV curing epoxy |url=https://www.galindberg.se/en/Inspiration_and_knowledge/UV-curing-acrylic-vs-UV-curing-epoxy |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=GA Lindberg |language=en}}</ref> a cikin tsari na iya rage kuskuren da kurakurai ta hanyar rage lokacin da tawada ko murfin ke kashewa kamar yadda yake da rigar. Wannan na iya ƙara ingancin abin da aka gama, kuma yana iya ba da damar ingantaccen daidaito. Wani fa'ida ga rage lokacin masana'antu shine cewa karancin sarari yana buƙatar sadaukar da shi don adana abubuwa waɗanda ba za a iya amfani da su ba har sai an gama matakin bushewa. Saboda makamashi na UV yana da hulɗa na musamman tare da kayan aiki daban-daban, warkar da UV yana ba da damar ƙirƙirar samfuran da ba za a iya cimma su ba ta wasu hanyoyi. Wannan ya haifar da warkar da UV ya zama mahimmanci a fannoni da yawa na masana'antu da fasaha, inda ake buƙatar canje-canje a cikin ƙarfi, tauri, juriya, sinadarai, da sauran kaddarorin da yawa. UV warkarwa kuma yana ba da damar sarrafa bayyanar farfajiyar, yana ba da izinin haskakawa mai yawa ko matte fines dangane da tsari da tsari (alal misali, amfani da wakilai na matting ko excimer UV warkar). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davoudi |first=Sorour |last2=Multigner |first2=Marta |last3=Calvez |first3=Ingrid |last4=Hermann |first4=Aurélien |last5=Landry |first5=Véronic |date=16 September 2023 |title=Influence of Magnetic Particles and Magnetic Field on Gloss in UV Coating |journal=Coatings |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=1625 |doi=10.3390/coatings13091625 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> qqg4xcelkxjjhpo5qhbzdf4fddt39qp 970263 970262 2026-10-22T04:40:05Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373664237|UV curing]]" 970263 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:UV_Curing_Process.jpg|thumb|Polymerization da haɗin giciye yana faruwa yayin warkar da UV]] UV warkarwa (ultraviolet warkarwa) shine tsari wanda Hasken ultraviolet ke fara aikin photochemical wanda ke haifar da cibiyar sadarwa ta polymers ta hanyar polymerization mai zurfi ko cationic polymerization.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carroll |first=Gregory T. |last2=Tripltt |first2=L. Devon |last3=Moscatelli |first3=Alberto |last4=Koberstein |first4=Jeffrey T. |last5=Turro |first5=Nicholas J. |date=2011-04-20 |title=Photogeneration of gelatinous networks from pre-existing polymers |url=http://turroserver.chem.columbia.edu/PDF_db/publications_901_950/NJT942.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Journal of Applied Polymer Science]] |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=168–174 |bibcode=2011JAPS..122..168C |doi=10.1002/app.34133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124171843/http://turroserver.chem.columbia.edu/PDF_db/publications_901_950/NJT942.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-24 |access-date=January 20, 2018}}</ref> Magani na UV yana iya daidaitawa da bugawa, Rufewa, kayan ado, Stereolithography, da kuma a cikin taron samfuran da kayan aiki iri-iri. Magani na UV tsari ne mai ƙarancin zafin jiki, mai saurin gudu, da kuma ba tare da narkewa ba yayin da warkarwa ke faruwa ta hanyar polymerization.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stowe|first1=Richard W.|chapter=High-power UV lamps for industrial UV curing applications|editor-first1=Robert E.|editor-first2=Christos G.|editor-last1=Huffman|editor-last2=Stergis|date=1996-11-08|title=Ultraviolet Atmospheric and Space Remote Sensing: Methods and Instrumentation|journal=Proceedings of the SPIE|volume=2831|pages=208–219|doi=10.1117/12.257198|bibcode=1996SPIE.2831..208S|s2cid=137436887}}</ref> Asalin da aka gabatar a cikin shekarun 1960, wannan fasahar ta daidaita kuma ta kara yawan sarrafa kansa a masana'antu da yawa a bangaren masana'antu. == Aikace-aikacen == [[File:UV_curing_glue_kit_for_Huawei-Screen.jpg|thumb|Kayan warkarwa na UV don gyaran allo na Huawei]] Ana amfani da warkar da UV don juyawa ko warkar da tawada, adhesives, da murfin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Baars |first=Carin |title=Decorad - Short impression page |url=https://www.decorad.com/en/projects/short-impression |website=decorad.com |publisher=Carin Baars}}</ref> Maganin da aka warkar da UV ya zama maye gurbin saurin sauri don magunguna na kashi biyu, yana kawar da buƙatar cire mai narkewa, haɗuwa da rabo, da damuwa mai yuwuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salerni Marotta |first=Christine |title=Advancements in Light Cure Adhesive Technology |url=http://na.henkel-adhesives.com/us/content_data/Advances_in_Light_Cure_Technology_for_Medical_Device_Assembly293057.pdf |access-date=January 20, 2018 |publisher=[[Henkel]]}}</ref> Ana amfani dashi a cikin tsarin flexographic, offset, pad, da Ruwa tsarin bugawa na allo; inda ake amfani da tsarin warkarwa na UV don polymerize hotuna a kan samfuran da aka buga, daga T-shirts zuwa 3D da sassan cylindrical. Ana amfani da shi a cikin kayan aiki masu kyau (gitar, violins, ukuleles, da dai sauransu), masana'antar maɓallin tafki da sauran masana'antun sana'a.<ref name="ac" /> Bugawa tare da tawada mai warkarwa na UV yana ba da damar bugawa a kan nau'o'i iri-iri kamar filastik, takarda, zane, gilashi, ƙarfe, allon kumfa, tayal, fina-finai, da sauran kayan da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HD White Aluminum Metal Prints |url=http://www.canvasndecor.ca/metal-photo-prints.html |access-date=2018-01-21 |website=canvasndecor.ca}}</ref><ref name="What Is UV Curing?">{{Cite web |title=What is UV Curing? |url=http://arrowinks.com/what-is-uv-curing |access-date=October 27, 2016 |website=Arrow Inks}}</ref> Masana'antu da ke amfani da warkar da UV sun haɗa da magani, motoci, kayan shafawa (alal misali yatsun hannu na wucin gadi da goge ƙusa), abinci, kimiyya, ilimi, da fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoge |first=Stacy |date=April 8, 2016 |title=LED Curing Technology for Coatings |url=https://www.coatingsworld.com/issues/2016-04-01/view_features/led-curing-technology-for-coatings |access-date=January 20, 2018 |publisher=Coating World}}</ref> Inks masu warkarwa na UV sun sami nasarar saduwa da bukatun sashen wallafe-wallafen dangane da ingancin bugawa, dorewa, da jituwa tare da substrates daban-daban, suna mai da su zabi mai dacewa don aikace-aikacen bugawa a cikin wannan masana'antar. == Fa'idodin warkar da UV == Babban fa'idar warkarwa tare da hasken ultraviolet shine saurin da za'a iya sarrafa kayan. Gudanar da warkarwa, ko bushewa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=UV curing acrylic vs UV curing epoxy |url=https://www.galindberg.se/en/Inspiration_and_knowledge/UV-curing-acrylic-vs-UV-curing-epoxy |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=GA Lindberg |language=en}}</ref> a cikin tsari na iya rage kuskuren da kurakurai ta hanyar rage lokacin da tawada ko murfin ke kashewa kamar yadda yake da rigar. Wannan na iya ƙara ingancin abin da aka gama, kuma yana iya ba da damar ingantaccen daidaito. Wani fa'ida ga rage lokacin masana'antu shine cewa karancin sarari yana buƙatar sadaukar da shi don adana abubuwa waɗanda ba za a iya amfani da su ba har sai an gama matakin bushewa. Saboda makamashi na UV yana da hulɗa na musamman tare da kayan aiki daban-daban, warkar da UV yana ba da damar ƙirƙirar samfuran da ba za a iya cimma su ba ta wasu hanyoyi. Wannan ya haifar da warkar da UV ya zama mahimmanci a fannoni da yawa na masana'antu da fasaha, inda ake buƙatar canje-canje a cikin ƙarfi, tauri, juriya, sinadarai, da sauran kaddarorin da yawa. UV warkarwa kuma yana ba da damar sarrafa bayyanar farfajiyar, yana ba da izinin haskakawa mai yawa ko matte fines dangane da tsari da tsari (alal misali, amfani da wakilai na matting ko excimer UV warkar). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davoudi |first=Sorour |last2=Multigner |first2=Marta |last3=Calvez |first3=Ingrid |last4=Hermann |first4=Aurélien |last5=Landry |first5=Véronic |date=16 September 2023 |title=Influence of Magnetic Particles and Magnetic Field on Gloss in UV Coating |journal=Coatings |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=1625 |doi=10.3390/coatings13091625 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Masu jefa kuri'a na tsarin warkarwa na UV == === Babban abubuwan da ke cikin maganin UV === Babban abubuwan da ke cikin maganin UV sun haɗa da resins, monomers, da masu farawa. Resin wani oligomer ne wanda ke ba da takamaiman kaddarorin ga polymer na ƙarshe. Ana amfani da monomer a matsayin wakili na haɗin giciye kuma yana daidaita ƙuƙwalwar cakuda don dacewa da aikace-aikacen. Mai farawa hoto yana da alhakin shan haske da fara aikin, wanda ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa yawan warkarwa da zurfin warkarwa. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan abubuwa yana da rawar da za su taka a cikin tsarin crosslinking kuma yana da alaƙa da abun da ke cikin polymer na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituents of a Free Radical UV Curing System |url=https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/25341 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=encyclopedia.pub |language=en}}</ref> === Nau'o'in fitilu na UV === ==== Fitila masu matsakaici ==== Fitila na matsakaici na mercury-vapor a tarihi sun kasance ma'auni na masana'antu don warkar da kayayyaki tare da hasken ultraviolet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=UV curing sources |url=https://www.gewuv.com/uv-curing-sources/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref> Lambobin suna aiki ta hanyar aika wutar lantarki don tayar da cakuda mercury da iskar gas mai kyau, suna samar da plasma. Da zarar mercury ya kai ga yanayin plasma, yana haskaka babban fitowar bakan gizo a yankin UV na bakan lantarki. Manyan tsaunuka a cikin ƙarfin haske suna faruwa a cikin yankuna 240-270 nm da 350-380 nm. &nbsp;&nbsp;Wadannan tsaunuka masu tsanani, lokacin da suka dace da bayanin martaba na mai farawa, suna haifar da saurin warkar da kayan. Ta hanyar canza cakuda kwararan fitila tare da iskar gas daban-daban da halides na ƙarfe, ana iya canza rarraba tsawo, kuma ana canza ma'amala ta kayan. Fitila na matsakaici na iya zama fitilu na gas ko fitilu marasa amfani, kuma yawanci suna amfani da kwararan fitila don fitar da makamashi. Ta hanyar haɗa ƙirar gani irin wannan mai haskakawa ko ma mai haskaka haske, ana iya mai da hankali ko tsara haske a nesa. Wadannan fitilu na iya aiki a sama da digiri 900 na Celsius kuma suna samar da matakan makamashi na UV sama da 10 W / cm². ==== Fitila masu ƙarancin matsin lamba ==== [[File:UV_LED_Machine.jpg|thumb|228x228px|UV LED Kayan aiki na warkarwa <ref name=":0" />]] Fitila masu ƙarancin matsin lamba suna samar da makamashi na 254 nm 'UVC', kuma ana amfani da su a aikace-aikacen disinfection. &nbsp;Ana aiki a yanayin zafi mafi ƙanƙanta kuma tare da ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki fiye da fitilu na matsakaici, su, kamar duk tushen UV, suna buƙatar kariya lokacin da aka yi amfani da su don hana yawan bayyanar fata da idanu. ==== UV LED ==== Tun lokacin da aka ci gaba da Aluminium gallium nitride LED a farkon 2000s, fasahar UV LED ta ga ci gaba da ci gaba a kasuwar warkar da UV. Samar da makamashi yadda ya kamata a cikin 365-405 nm 'UVA' wavelengths, ci gaba da ci gaban fasaha, <ref>{{Cite web |title=UV-LED Overview Part III: Diode Evolution and Manufacturing |url=https://www.radtech.org/magazinearchives/Publications/RadTechReport/spr-2011/UV-LED%20Overview%20Part%203-%20Diode%20Evolution%20and%20Manufacturing.pdf |access-date=2021-03-29 |publisher=RADTECH Report}}</ref> sun ba da damar inganta ingancin lantarki na UV LEDs da kuma karuwa mai mahimmanci a cikin fitarwa. &nbsp;Amfani da aiki mai saurin zafin jiki da rashin mercury mai haɗari, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Basics - UV LED Curing Community |url=https://www.phoseon.com/products/uvled-vs-mercury-arc-lamps |access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref> UV LEDs sun maye gurbin fitilu masu matsakaici a aikace-aikace da yawa. Manyan iyakoki sun haɗa da matsaloli wajen tsara kayan gani don warkarwa akan abubuwa masu rikitarwa uku, da kuma rashin inganci wajen samar da makamashi mai tsawo, kodayake aikin ci gaba yana ci gaba. == Hanyoyin warkar da UV == === Polymerization mai zurfi === Ana amfani da Polymerization mai zurfi a cikin warkar da resins na acrylic a gaban UV a cikin masana'antar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UV-curing resin {{!}} ThreeBond Group |url=https://www.threebond.co.jp/en/technical/seminar/ucuringvresin/#:~:text=UV-curing%20resins%20are%20roughly,the%20reaction%20method%20is%20different. |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=www.threebond.co.jp}}</ref> Hasken wuta daga UV ya raba masu farawa, suna samar da radicals. Sa'an nan kuma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi yana amsawa tare da polymers, yana samar da polyms tare da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsa ra'ayi waɗanda ke amsawa tare le ƙarin monomers. Sashin monomer yana fadada har sai ya kai wani polymer kuma ya amsa tare da polymer. Polymers za su kasance tare da gadoji na monomer tsakanin su, don haka yana haifar da cibiyar sadarwa mai alaƙa. === Cationic Polymerization === Ana amfani da polymerization na cationic a cikin warkar da resins na epoxy a gaban UV a cikin masana'antar.<ref name=":1" /> Hasken haske daga UV ya raba masu farawa, yana samar da mafita mai ƙamshi wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga proton ga polymer. Monomers sa'an nan kuma suna haɗe kansu zuwa polymer, suna samar da sarƙoƙi masu tsawo da tsawo waɗanda ke haifar da hanyar sadarwa mai haɗin kai. == Dubi kuma == * Photopolymer * Masu daidaita UV a cikin filastik * Gwajin yanayi na polymers * Polymerization mai zurfi * Cationic Polymerization == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9z8xf7a2a8yq83tp1beyicdw9v7fmx9 970264 970263 2026-10-22T04:41:16Z Saad Nuhu 43323 970264 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:UV_Curing_Process.jpg|thumb|Polymerization da haɗin giciye yana faruwa yayin warkar da UV]] UV warkarwa (ultraviolet warkarwa) shine tsari wanda Hasken ultraviolet ke fara aikin photochemical wanda ke haifar da cibiyar sadarwa ta polymers ta hanyar polymerization mai zurfi ko cationic polymerization.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carroll |first=Gregory T. |last2=Tripltt |first2=L. Devon |last3=Moscatelli |first3=Alberto |last4=Koberstein |first4=Jeffrey T. |last5=Turro |first5=Nicholas J. |date=2011-04-20 |title=Photogeneration of gelatinous networks from pre-existing polymers |url=http://turroserver.chem.columbia.edu/PDF_db/publications_901_950/NJT942.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Journal of Applied Polymer Science]] |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=168–174 |bibcode=2011JAPS..122..168C |doi=10.1002/app.34133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124171843/http://turroserver.chem.columbia.edu/PDF_db/publications_901_950/NJT942.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-24 |access-date=January 20, 2018}}</ref> Magani na UV yana iya daidaitawa da bugawa, Rufewa, kayan ado, Stereolithography, da kuma a cikin taron samfuran da kayan aiki iri-iri. Magani na UV tsari ne mai ƙarancin zafin jiki, mai saurin gudu, da kuma ba tare da narkewa ba yayin da warkarwa ke faruwa ta hanyar polymerization.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stowe|first1=Richard W.|chapter=High-power UV lamps for industrial UV curing applications|editor-first1=Robert E.|editor-first2=Christos G.|editor-last1=Huffman|editor-last2=Stergis|date=1996-11-08|title=Ultraviolet Atmospheric and Space Remote Sensing: Methods and Instrumentation|journal=Proceedings of the SPIE|volume=2831|pages=208–219|doi=10.1117/12.257198|bibcode=1996SPIE.2831..208S|s2cid=137436887}}</ref> Asalin da aka gabatar a cikin shekarun 1960, wannan fasahar ta daidaita kuma ta kara yawan sarrafa kansa a masana'antu da yawa a bangaren masana'antu. == Aikace-aikacen == [[File:UV_curing_glue_kit_for_Huawei-Screen.jpg|thumb|Kayan warkarwa na UV don gyaran allo na Huawei]] Ana amfani da warkar da UV don juyawa ko warkar da tawada, adhesives, da murfin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Baars |first=Carin |title=Decorad - Short impression page |url=https://www.decorad.com/en/projects/short-impression |website=decorad.com |publisher=Carin Baars}}</ref> Maganin da aka warkar da UV ya zama maye gurbin saurin sauri don magunguna na kashi biyu, yana kawar da buƙatar cire mai narkewa, haɗuwa da rabo, da damuwa mai yuwuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salerni Marotta |first=Christine |title=Advancements in Light Cure Adhesive Technology |url=http://na.henkel-adhesives.com/us/content_data/Advances_in_Light_Cure_Technology_for_Medical_Device_Assembly293057.pdf |access-date=January 20, 2018 |publisher=[[Henkel]]}}</ref> Ana amfani dashi a cikin tsarin flexographic, offset, pad, da Ruwa tsarin bugawa na allo; inda ake amfani da tsarin warkarwa na UV don polymerize hotuna a kan samfuran da aka buga, daga T-shirts zuwa 3D da sassan cylindrical. Ana amfani da shi a cikin kayan aiki masu kyau (gitar, violins, ukuleles, da dai sauransu), masana'antar maɓallin tafki da sauran masana'antun sana'a. Bugawa tare da tawada mai warkarwa na UV yana ba da damar bugawa a kan nau'o'i iri-iri kamar filastik, takarda, zane, gilashi, ƙarfe, allon kumfa, tayal, fina-finai, da sauran kayan da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HD White Aluminum Metal Prints |url=http://www.canvasndecor.ca/metal-photo-prints.html |access-date=2018-01-21 |website=canvasndecor.ca}}</ref><ref name="What Is UV Curing?">{{Cite web |title=What is UV Curing? |url=http://arrowinks.com/what-is-uv-curing |access-date=October 27, 2016 |website=Arrow Inks}}</ref> Masana'antu da ke amfani da warkar da UV sun haɗa da magani, motoci, kayan shafawa (alal misali yatsun hannu na wucin gadi da goge ƙusa), abinci, kimiyya, ilimi, da fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoge |first=Stacy |date=April 8, 2016 |title=LED Curing Technology for Coatings |url=https://www.coatingsworld.com/issues/2016-04-01/view_features/led-curing-technology-for-coatings |access-date=January 20, 2018 |publisher=Coating World}}</ref> Inks masu warkarwa na UV sun sami nasarar saduwa da bukatun sashen wallafe-wallafen dangane da ingancin bugawa, dorewa, da jituwa tare da substrates daban-daban, suna mai da su zabi mai dacewa don aikace-aikacen bugawa a cikin wannan masana'antar. == Fa'idodin warkar da UV == Babban fa'idar warkarwa tare da hasken ultraviolet shine saurin da za'a iya sarrafa kayan. Gudanar da warkarwa, ko bushewa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=UV curing acrylic vs UV curing epoxy |url=https://www.galindberg.se/en/Inspiration_and_knowledge/UV-curing-acrylic-vs-UV-curing-epoxy |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=GA Lindberg |language=en}}</ref> a cikin tsari na iya rage kuskuren da kurakurai ta hanyar rage lokacin da tawada ko murfin ke kashewa kamar yadda yake da rigar. Wannan na iya ƙara ingancin abin da aka gama, kuma yana iya ba da damar ingantaccen daidaito. Wani fa'ida ga rage lokacin masana'antu shine cewa karancin sarari yana buƙatar sadaukar da shi don adana abubuwa waɗanda ba za a iya amfani da su ba har sai an gama matakin bushewa. Saboda makamashi na UV yana da hulɗa na musamman tare da kayan aiki daban-daban, warkar da UV yana ba da damar ƙirƙirar samfuran da ba za a iya cimma su ba ta wasu hanyoyi. Wannan ya haifar da warkar da UV ya zama mahimmanci a fannoni da yawa na masana'antu da fasaha, inda ake buƙatar canje-canje a cikin ƙarfi, tauri, juriya, sinadarai, da sauran kaddarorin da yawa. UV warkarwa kuma yana ba da damar sarrafa bayyanar farfajiyar, yana ba da izinin haskakawa mai yawa ko matte fines dangane da tsari da tsari (alal misali, amfani da wakilai na matting ko excimer UV warkar). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davoudi |first=Sorour |last2=Multigner |first2=Marta |last3=Calvez |first3=Ingrid |last4=Hermann |first4=Aurélien |last5=Landry |first5=Véronic |date=16 September 2023 |title=Influence of Magnetic Particles and Magnetic Field on Gloss in UV Coating |journal=Coatings |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=1625 |doi=10.3390/coatings13091625 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Masu jefa kuri'a na tsarin warkarwa na UV == === Babban abubuwan da ke cikin maganin UV === Babban abubuwan da ke cikin maganin UV sun haɗa da resins, monomers, da masu farawa. Resin wani oligomer ne wanda ke ba da takamaiman kaddarorin ga polymer na ƙarshe. Ana amfani da monomer a matsayin wakili na haɗin giciye kuma yana daidaita ƙuƙwalwar cakuda don dacewa da aikace-aikacen. Mai farawa hoto yana da alhakin shan haske da fara aikin, wanda ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa yawan warkarwa da zurfin warkarwa. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan abubuwa yana da rawar da za su taka a cikin tsarin crosslinking kuma yana da alaƙa da abun da ke cikin polymer na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituents of a Free Radical UV Curing System |url=https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/25341 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=encyclopedia.pub |language=en}}</ref> === Nau'o'in fitilu na UV === ==== Fitila masu matsakaici ==== Fitila na matsakaici na mercury-vapor a tarihi sun kasance ma'auni na masana'antu don warkar da kayayyaki tare da hasken ultraviolet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=UV curing sources |url=https://www.gewuv.com/uv-curing-sources/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref> Lambobin suna aiki ta hanyar aika wutar lantarki don tayar da cakuda mercury da iskar gas mai kyau, suna samar da plasma. Da zarar mercury ya kai ga yanayin plasma, yana haskaka babban fitowar bakan gizo a yankin UV na bakan lantarki. Manyan tsaunuka a cikin ƙarfin haske suna faruwa a cikin yankuna 240-270 nm da 350-380 nm. &nbsp;&nbsp;Wadannan tsaunuka masu tsanani, lokacin da suka dace da bayanin martaba na mai farawa, suna haifar da saurin warkar da kayan. Ta hanyar canza cakuda kwararan fitila tare da iskar gas daban-daban da halides na ƙarfe, ana iya canza rarraba tsawo, kuma ana canza ma'amala ta kayan. Fitila na matsakaici na iya zama fitilu na gas ko fitilu marasa amfani, kuma yawanci suna amfani da kwararan fitila don fitar da makamashi. Ta hanyar haɗa ƙirar gani irin wannan mai haskakawa ko ma mai haskaka haske, ana iya mai da hankali ko tsara haske a nesa. Wadannan fitilu na iya aiki a sama da digiri 900 na Celsius kuma suna samar da matakan makamashi na UV sama da 10 W / cm². ==== Fitila masu ƙarancin matsin lamba ==== [[File:UV_LED_Machine.jpg|thumb|228x228px|UV LED Kayan aiki na warkarwa <ref name=":0" />]] Fitila masu ƙarancin matsin lamba suna samar da makamashi na 254 nm 'UVC', kuma ana amfani da su a aikace-aikacen disinfection. &nbsp;Ana aiki a yanayin zafi mafi ƙanƙanta kuma tare da ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki fiye da fitilu na matsakaici, su, kamar duk tushen UV, suna buƙatar kariya lokacin da aka yi amfani da su don hana yawan bayyanar fata da idanu. ==== UV LED ==== Tun lokacin da aka ci gaba da Aluminium gallium nitride LED a farkon 2000s, fasahar UV LED ta ga ci gaba da ci gaba a kasuwar warkar da UV. Samar da makamashi yadda ya kamata a cikin 365-405 nm 'UVA' wavelengths, ci gaba da ci gaban fasaha, <ref>{{Cite web |title=UV-LED Overview Part III: Diode Evolution and Manufacturing |url=https://www.radtech.org/magazinearchives/Publications/RadTechReport/spr-2011/UV-LED%20Overview%20Part%203-%20Diode%20Evolution%20and%20Manufacturing.pdf |access-date=2021-03-29 |publisher=RADTECH Report}}</ref> sun ba da damar inganta ingancin lantarki na UV LEDs da kuma karuwa mai mahimmanci a cikin fitarwa. &nbsp;Amfani da aiki mai saurin zafin jiki da rashin mercury mai haɗari, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Basics - UV LED Curing Community |url=https://www.phoseon.com/products/uvled-vs-mercury-arc-lamps |access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref> UV LEDs sun maye gurbin fitilu masu matsakaici a aikace-aikace da yawa. Manyan iyakoki sun haɗa da matsaloli wajen tsara kayan gani don warkarwa akan abubuwa masu rikitarwa uku, da kuma rashin inganci wajen samar da makamashi mai tsawo, kodayake aikin ci gaba yana ci gaba. == Hanyoyin warkar da UV == === Polymerization mai zurfi === Ana amfani da Polymerization mai zurfi a cikin warkar da resins na acrylic a gaban UV a cikin masana'antar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UV-curing resin {{!}} ThreeBond Group |url=https://www.threebond.co.jp/en/technical/seminar/ucuringvresin/#:~:text=UV-curing%20resins%20are%20roughly,the%20reaction%20method%20is%20different. |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=www.threebond.co.jp}}</ref> Hasken wuta daga UV ya raba masu farawa, suna samar da radicals. Sa'an nan kuma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi yana amsawa tare da polymers, yana samar da polyms tare da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsa ra'ayi waɗanda ke amsawa tare le ƙarin monomers. Sashin monomer yana fadada har sai ya kai wani polymer kuma ya amsa tare da polymer. Polymers za su kasance tare da gadoji na monomer tsakanin su, don haka yana haifar da cibiyar sadarwa mai alaƙa. === Cationic Polymerization === Ana amfani da polymerization na cationic a cikin warkar da resins na epoxy a gaban UV a cikin masana'antar.<ref name=":1" /> Hasken haske daga UV ya raba masu farawa, yana samar da mafita mai ƙamshi wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga proton ga polymer. Monomers sa'an nan kuma suna haɗe kansu zuwa polymer, suna samar da sarƙoƙi masu tsawo da tsawo waɗanda ke haifar da hanyar sadarwa mai haɗin kai. == Dubi kuma == * Photopolymer * Masu daidaita UV a cikin filastik * Gwajin yanayi na polymers * Polymerization mai zurfi * Cationic Polymerization == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] atpvoln1v5l4o17io46578fk9f3zuyb 970298 970264 2026-10-22T08:56:51Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Cationic Polymerization */ 970298 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:UV_Curing_Process.jpg|thumb|Polymerization da haɗin giciye yana faruwa yayin warkar da UV]] UV warkarwa (ultraviolet warkarwa) shine tsari wanda Hasken ultraviolet ke fara aikin photochemical wanda ke haifar da cibiyar sadarwa ta polymers ta hanyar polymerization mai zurfi ko cationic polymerization.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carroll |first=Gregory T. |last2=Tripltt |first2=L. Devon |last3=Moscatelli |first3=Alberto |last4=Koberstein |first4=Jeffrey T. |last5=Turro |first5=Nicholas J. |date=2011-04-20 |title=Photogeneration of gelatinous networks from pre-existing polymers |url=http://turroserver.chem.columbia.edu/PDF_db/publications_901_950/NJT942.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Journal of Applied Polymer Science]] |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=168–174 |bibcode=2011JAPS..122..168C |doi=10.1002/app.34133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124171843/http://turroserver.chem.columbia.edu/PDF_db/publications_901_950/NJT942.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-24 |access-date=January 20, 2018}}</ref> Magani na UV yana iya daidaitawa da bugawa, Rufewa, kayan ado, Stereolithography, da kuma a cikin taron samfuran da kayan aiki iri-iri. Magani na UV tsari ne mai ƙarancin zafin jiki, mai saurin gudu, da kuma ba tare da narkewa ba yayin da warkarwa ke faruwa ta hanyar polymerization.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stowe|first1=Richard W.|chapter=High-power UV lamps for industrial UV curing applications|editor-first1=Robert E.|editor-first2=Christos G.|editor-last1=Huffman|editor-last2=Stergis|date=1996-11-08|title=Ultraviolet Atmospheric and Space Remote Sensing: Methods and Instrumentation|journal=Proceedings of the SPIE|volume=2831|pages=208–219|doi=10.1117/12.257198|bibcode=1996SPIE.2831..208S|s2cid=137436887}}</ref> Asalin da aka gabatar a cikin shekarun 1960, wannan fasahar ta daidaita kuma ta kara yawan sarrafa kansa a masana'antu da yawa a bangaren masana'antu. == Aikace-aikacen == [[File:UV_curing_glue_kit_for_Huawei-Screen.jpg|thumb|Kayan warkarwa na UV don gyaran allo na Huawei]] Ana amfani da warkar da UV don juyawa ko warkar da tawada, adhesives, da murfin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Baars |first=Carin |title=Decorad - Short impression page |url=https://www.decorad.com/en/projects/short-impression |website=decorad.com |publisher=Carin Baars}}</ref> Maganin da aka warkar da UV ya zama maye gurbin saurin sauri don magunguna na kashi biyu, yana kawar da buƙatar cire mai narkewa, haɗuwa da rabo, da damuwa mai yuwuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salerni Marotta |first=Christine |title=Advancements in Light Cure Adhesive Technology |url=http://na.henkel-adhesives.com/us/content_data/Advances_in_Light_Cure_Technology_for_Medical_Device_Assembly293057.pdf |access-date=January 20, 2018 |publisher=[[Henkel]]}}</ref> Ana amfani dashi a cikin tsarin flexographic, offset, pad, da Ruwa tsarin bugawa na allo; inda ake amfani da tsarin warkarwa na UV don polymerize hotuna a kan samfuran da aka buga, daga T-shirts zuwa 3D da sassan cylindrical. Ana amfani da shi a cikin kayan aiki masu kyau (gitar, violins, ukuleles, da dai sauransu), masana'antar maɓallin tafki da sauran masana'antun sana'a. Bugawa tare da tawada mai warkarwa na UV yana ba da damar bugawa a kan nau'o'i iri-iri kamar filastik, takarda, zane, gilashi, ƙarfe, allon kumfa, tayal, fina-finai, da sauran kayan da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HD White Aluminum Metal Prints |url=http://www.canvasndecor.ca/metal-photo-prints.html |access-date=2018-01-21 |website=canvasndecor.ca}}</ref><ref name="What Is UV Curing?">{{Cite web |title=What is UV Curing? |url=http://arrowinks.com/what-is-uv-curing |access-date=October 27, 2016 |website=Arrow Inks}}</ref> Masana'antu da ke amfani da warkar da UV sun haɗa da magani, motoci, kayan shafawa (alal misali yatsun hannu na wucin gadi da goge ƙusa), abinci, kimiyya, ilimi, da fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoge |first=Stacy |date=April 8, 2016 |title=LED Curing Technology for Coatings |url=https://www.coatingsworld.com/issues/2016-04-01/view_features/led-curing-technology-for-coatings |access-date=January 20, 2018 |publisher=Coating World}}</ref> Inks masu warkarwa na UV sun sami nasarar saduwa da bukatun sashen wallafe-wallafen dangane da ingancin bugawa, dorewa, da jituwa tare da substrates daban-daban, suna mai da su zabi mai dacewa don aikace-aikacen bugawa a cikin wannan masana'antar. == Fa'idodin warkar da UV == Babban fa'idar warkarwa tare da hasken ultraviolet shine saurin da za'a iya sarrafa kayan. Gudanar da warkarwa, ko bushewa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=UV curing acrylic vs UV curing epoxy |url=https://www.galindberg.se/en/Inspiration_and_knowledge/UV-curing-acrylic-vs-UV-curing-epoxy |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=GA Lindberg |language=en}}</ref> a cikin tsari na iya rage kuskuren da kurakurai ta hanyar rage lokacin da tawada ko murfin ke kashewa kamar yadda yake da rigar. Wannan na iya ƙara ingancin abin da aka gama, kuma yana iya ba da damar ingantaccen daidaito. Wani fa'ida ga rage lokacin masana'antu shine cewa karancin sarari yana buƙatar sadaukar da shi don adana abubuwa waɗanda ba za a iya amfani da su ba har sai an gama matakin bushewa. Saboda makamashi na UV yana da hulɗa na musamman tare da kayan aiki daban-daban, warkar da UV yana ba da damar ƙirƙirar samfuran da ba za a iya cimma su ba ta wasu hanyoyi. Wannan ya haifar da warkar da UV ya zama mahimmanci a fannoni da yawa na masana'antu da fasaha, inda ake buƙatar canje-canje a cikin ƙarfi, tauri, juriya, sinadarai, da sauran kaddarorin da yawa. UV warkarwa kuma yana ba da damar sarrafa bayyanar farfajiyar, yana ba da izinin haskakawa mai yawa ko matte fines dangane da tsari da tsari (alal misali, amfani da wakilai na matting ko excimer UV warkar). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davoudi |first=Sorour |last2=Multigner |first2=Marta |last3=Calvez |first3=Ingrid |last4=Hermann |first4=Aurélien |last5=Landry |first5=Véronic |date=16 September 2023 |title=Influence of Magnetic Particles and Magnetic Field on Gloss in UV Coating |journal=Coatings |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=1625 |doi=10.3390/coatings13091625 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Masu jefa kuri'a na tsarin warkarwa na UV == === Babban abubuwan da ke cikin maganin UV === Babban abubuwan da ke cikin maganin UV sun haɗa da resins, monomers, da masu farawa. Resin wani oligomer ne wanda ke ba da takamaiman kaddarorin ga polymer na ƙarshe. Ana amfani da monomer a matsayin wakili na haɗin giciye kuma yana daidaita ƙuƙwalwar cakuda don dacewa da aikace-aikacen. Mai farawa hoto yana da alhakin shan haske da fara aikin, wanda ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa yawan warkarwa da zurfin warkarwa. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan abubuwa yana da rawar da za su taka a cikin tsarin crosslinking kuma yana da alaƙa da abun da ke cikin polymer na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituents of a Free Radical UV Curing System |url=https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/25341 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=encyclopedia.pub |language=en}}</ref> === Nau'o'in fitilu na UV === ==== Fitila masu matsakaici ==== Fitila na matsakaici na mercury-vapor a tarihi sun kasance ma'auni na masana'antu don warkar da kayayyaki tare da hasken ultraviolet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=UV curing sources |url=https://www.gewuv.com/uv-curing-sources/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref> Lambobin suna aiki ta hanyar aika wutar lantarki don tayar da cakuda mercury da iskar gas mai kyau, suna samar da plasma. Da zarar mercury ya kai ga yanayin plasma, yana haskaka babban fitowar bakan gizo a yankin UV na bakan lantarki. Manyan tsaunuka a cikin ƙarfin haske suna faruwa a cikin yankuna 240-270 nm da 350-380 nm. &nbsp;&nbsp;Wadannan tsaunuka masu tsanani, lokacin da suka dace da bayanin martaba na mai farawa, suna haifar da saurin warkar da kayan. Ta hanyar canza cakuda kwararan fitila tare da iskar gas daban-daban da halides na ƙarfe, ana iya canza rarraba tsawo, kuma ana canza ma'amala ta kayan. Fitila na matsakaici na iya zama fitilu na gas ko fitilu marasa amfani, kuma yawanci suna amfani da kwararan fitila don fitar da makamashi. Ta hanyar haɗa ƙirar gani irin wannan mai haskakawa ko ma mai haskaka haske, ana iya mai da hankali ko tsara haske a nesa. Wadannan fitilu na iya aiki a sama da digiri 900 na Celsius kuma suna samar da matakan makamashi na UV sama da 10 W / cm². ==== Fitila masu ƙarancin matsin lamba ==== [[File:UV_LED_Machine.jpg|thumb|228x228px|UV LED Kayan aiki na warkarwa <ref name=":0" />]] Fitila masu ƙarancin matsin lamba suna samar da makamashi na 254 nm 'UVC', kuma ana amfani da su a aikace-aikacen disinfection. &nbsp;Ana aiki a yanayin zafi mafi ƙanƙanta kuma tare da ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki fiye da fitilu na matsakaici, su, kamar duk tushen UV, suna buƙatar kariya lokacin da aka yi amfani da su don hana yawan bayyanar fata da idanu. ==== UV LED ==== Tun lokacin da aka ci gaba da Aluminium gallium nitride LED a farkon 2000s, fasahar UV LED ta ga ci gaba da ci gaba a kasuwar warkar da UV. Samar da makamashi yadda ya kamata a cikin 365-405 nm 'UVA' wavelengths, ci gaba da ci gaban fasaha, <ref>{{Cite web |title=UV-LED Overview Part III: Diode Evolution and Manufacturing |url=https://www.radtech.org/magazinearchives/Publications/RadTechReport/spr-2011/UV-LED%20Overview%20Part%203-%20Diode%20Evolution%20and%20Manufacturing.pdf |access-date=2021-03-29 |publisher=RADTECH Report}}</ref> sun ba da damar inganta ingancin lantarki na UV LEDs da kuma karuwa mai mahimmanci a cikin fitarwa. &nbsp;Amfani da aiki mai saurin zafin jiki da rashin mercury mai haɗari, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Basics - UV LED Curing Community |url=https://www.phoseon.com/products/uvled-vs-mercury-arc-lamps |access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref> UV LEDs sun maye gurbin fitilu masu matsakaici a aikace-aikace da yawa. Manyan iyakoki sun haɗa da matsaloli wajen tsara kayan gani don warkarwa akan abubuwa masu rikitarwa uku, da kuma rashin inganci wajen samar da makamashi mai tsawo, kodayake aikin ci gaba yana ci gaba. == Hanyoyin warkar da UV == === Polymerization mai zurfi === Ana amfani da Polymerization mai zurfi a cikin warkar da resins na acrylic a gaban UV a cikin masana'antar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UV-curing resin {{!}} ThreeBond Group |url=https://www.threebond.co.jp/en/technical/seminar/ucuringvresin/#:~:text=UV-curing%20resins%20are%20roughly,the%20reaction%20method%20is%20different. |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=www.threebond.co.jp}}</ref> Hasken wuta daga UV ya raba masu farawa, suna samar da radicals. Sa'an nan kuma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi yana amsawa tare da polymers, yana samar da polyms tare da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsa ra'ayi waɗanda ke amsawa tare le ƙarin monomers. Sashin monomer yana fadada har sai ya kai wani polymer kuma ya amsa tare da polymer. Polymers za su kasance tare da gadoji na monomer tsakanin su, don haka yana haifar da cibiyar sadarwa mai alaƙa. === Cationic Polymerization === Ana amfani da polymerization na cationic a cikin warkar da resins na epoxy a gaban UV a cikin masana'antar.<ref name=":1" /> Hasken haske daga UV ya raba masu farawa, yana samar da mafita mai ƙamshi wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga proton ga polymer. Monomers sa'an nan kuma suna haɗe kansu zuwa polymer, suna samar da sarƙoƙi masu tsawo da tsawo waɗanda ke haifar da hanyar sadarwa mai haɗin kai... == Dubi kuma == * Photopolymer * Masu daidaita UV a cikin filastik * Gwajin yanayi na polymers * Polymerization mai zurfi * Cationic Polymerization == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8ywk8iyzf9x4ez8ttptxjsy3hmgb2he 970299 970298 2026-10-22T08:57:04Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Cationic Polymerization */ 970299 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:UV_Curing_Process.jpg|thumb|Polymerization da haɗin giciye yana faruwa yayin warkar da UV]] UV warkarwa (ultraviolet warkarwa) shine tsari wanda Hasken ultraviolet ke fara aikin photochemical wanda ke haifar da cibiyar sadarwa ta polymers ta hanyar polymerization mai zurfi ko cationic polymerization.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carroll |first=Gregory T. |last2=Tripltt |first2=L. Devon |last3=Moscatelli |first3=Alberto |last4=Koberstein |first4=Jeffrey T. |last5=Turro |first5=Nicholas J. |date=2011-04-20 |title=Photogeneration of gelatinous networks from pre-existing polymers |url=http://turroserver.chem.columbia.edu/PDF_db/publications_901_950/NJT942.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Journal of Applied Polymer Science]] |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=168–174 |bibcode=2011JAPS..122..168C |doi=10.1002/app.34133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124171843/http://turroserver.chem.columbia.edu/PDF_db/publications_901_950/NJT942.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-24 |access-date=January 20, 2018}}</ref> Magani na UV yana iya daidaitawa da bugawa, Rufewa, kayan ado, Stereolithography, da kuma a cikin taron samfuran da kayan aiki iri-iri. Magani na UV tsari ne mai ƙarancin zafin jiki, mai saurin gudu, da kuma ba tare da narkewa ba yayin da warkarwa ke faruwa ta hanyar polymerization.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stowe|first1=Richard W.|chapter=High-power UV lamps for industrial UV curing applications|editor-first1=Robert E.|editor-first2=Christos G.|editor-last1=Huffman|editor-last2=Stergis|date=1996-11-08|title=Ultraviolet Atmospheric and Space Remote Sensing: Methods and Instrumentation|journal=Proceedings of the SPIE|volume=2831|pages=208–219|doi=10.1117/12.257198|bibcode=1996SPIE.2831..208S|s2cid=137436887}}</ref> Asalin da aka gabatar a cikin shekarun 1960, wannan fasahar ta daidaita kuma ta kara yawan sarrafa kansa a masana'antu da yawa a bangaren masana'antu. == Aikace-aikacen == [[File:UV_curing_glue_kit_for_Huawei-Screen.jpg|thumb|Kayan warkarwa na UV don gyaran allo na Huawei]] Ana amfani da warkar da UV don juyawa ko warkar da tawada, adhesives, da murfin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Baars |first=Carin |title=Decorad - Short impression page |url=https://www.decorad.com/en/projects/short-impression |website=decorad.com |publisher=Carin Baars}}</ref> Maganin da aka warkar da UV ya zama maye gurbin saurin sauri don magunguna na kashi biyu, yana kawar da buƙatar cire mai narkewa, haɗuwa da rabo, da damuwa mai yuwuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salerni Marotta |first=Christine |title=Advancements in Light Cure Adhesive Technology |url=http://na.henkel-adhesives.com/us/content_data/Advances_in_Light_Cure_Technology_for_Medical_Device_Assembly293057.pdf |access-date=January 20, 2018 |publisher=[[Henkel]]}}</ref> Ana amfani dashi a cikin tsarin flexographic, offset, pad, da Ruwa tsarin bugawa na allo; inda ake amfani da tsarin warkarwa na UV don polymerize hotuna a kan samfuran da aka buga, daga T-shirts zuwa 3D da sassan cylindrical. Ana amfani da shi a cikin kayan aiki masu kyau (gitar, violins, ukuleles, da dai sauransu), masana'antar maɓallin tafki da sauran masana'antun sana'a. Bugawa tare da tawada mai warkarwa na UV yana ba da damar bugawa a kan nau'o'i iri-iri kamar filastik, takarda, zane, gilashi, ƙarfe, allon kumfa, tayal, fina-finai, da sauran kayan da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HD White Aluminum Metal Prints |url=http://www.canvasndecor.ca/metal-photo-prints.html |access-date=2018-01-21 |website=canvasndecor.ca}}</ref><ref name="What Is UV Curing?">{{Cite web |title=What is UV Curing? |url=http://arrowinks.com/what-is-uv-curing |access-date=October 27, 2016 |website=Arrow Inks}}</ref> Masana'antu da ke amfani da warkar da UV sun haɗa da magani, motoci, kayan shafawa (alal misali yatsun hannu na wucin gadi da goge ƙusa), abinci, kimiyya, ilimi, da fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoge |first=Stacy |date=April 8, 2016 |title=LED Curing Technology for Coatings |url=https://www.coatingsworld.com/issues/2016-04-01/view_features/led-curing-technology-for-coatings |access-date=January 20, 2018 |publisher=Coating World}}</ref> Inks masu warkarwa na UV sun sami nasarar saduwa da bukatun sashen wallafe-wallafen dangane da ingancin bugawa, dorewa, da jituwa tare da substrates daban-daban, suna mai da su zabi mai dacewa don aikace-aikacen bugawa a cikin wannan masana'antar. == Fa'idodin warkar da UV == Babban fa'idar warkarwa tare da hasken ultraviolet shine saurin da za'a iya sarrafa kayan. Gudanar da warkarwa, ko bushewa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=UV curing acrylic vs UV curing epoxy |url=https://www.galindberg.se/en/Inspiration_and_knowledge/UV-curing-acrylic-vs-UV-curing-epoxy |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=GA Lindberg |language=en}}</ref> a cikin tsari na iya rage kuskuren da kurakurai ta hanyar rage lokacin da tawada ko murfin ke kashewa kamar yadda yake da rigar. Wannan na iya ƙara ingancin abin da aka gama, kuma yana iya ba da damar ingantaccen daidaito. Wani fa'ida ga rage lokacin masana'antu shine cewa karancin sarari yana buƙatar sadaukar da shi don adana abubuwa waɗanda ba za a iya amfani da su ba har sai an gama matakin bushewa. Saboda makamashi na UV yana da hulɗa na musamman tare da kayan aiki daban-daban, warkar da UV yana ba da damar ƙirƙirar samfuran da ba za a iya cimma su ba ta wasu hanyoyi. Wannan ya haifar da warkar da UV ya zama mahimmanci a fannoni da yawa na masana'antu da fasaha, inda ake buƙatar canje-canje a cikin ƙarfi, tauri, juriya, sinadarai, da sauran kaddarorin da yawa. UV warkarwa kuma yana ba da damar sarrafa bayyanar farfajiyar, yana ba da izinin haskakawa mai yawa ko matte fines dangane da tsari da tsari (alal misali, amfani da wakilai na matting ko excimer UV warkar). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davoudi |first=Sorour |last2=Multigner |first2=Marta |last3=Calvez |first3=Ingrid |last4=Hermann |first4=Aurélien |last5=Landry |first5=Véronic |date=16 September 2023 |title=Influence of Magnetic Particles and Magnetic Field on Gloss in UV Coating |journal=Coatings |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=1625 |doi=10.3390/coatings13091625 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Masu jefa kuri'a na tsarin warkarwa na UV == === Babban abubuwan da ke cikin maganin UV === Babban abubuwan da ke cikin maganin UV sun haɗa da resins, monomers, da masu farawa. Resin wani oligomer ne wanda ke ba da takamaiman kaddarorin ga polymer na ƙarshe. Ana amfani da monomer a matsayin wakili na haɗin giciye kuma yana daidaita ƙuƙwalwar cakuda don dacewa da aikace-aikacen. Mai farawa hoto yana da alhakin shan haske da fara aikin, wanda ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa yawan warkarwa da zurfin warkarwa. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan abubuwa yana da rawar da za su taka a cikin tsarin crosslinking kuma yana da alaƙa da abun da ke cikin polymer na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituents of a Free Radical UV Curing System |url=https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/25341 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=encyclopedia.pub |language=en}}</ref> === Nau'o'in fitilu na UV === ==== Fitila masu matsakaici ==== Fitila na matsakaici na mercury-vapor a tarihi sun kasance ma'auni na masana'antu don warkar da kayayyaki tare da hasken ultraviolet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=UV curing sources |url=https://www.gewuv.com/uv-curing-sources/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref> Lambobin suna aiki ta hanyar aika wutar lantarki don tayar da cakuda mercury da iskar gas mai kyau, suna samar da plasma. Da zarar mercury ya kai ga yanayin plasma, yana haskaka babban fitowar bakan gizo a yankin UV na bakan lantarki. Manyan tsaunuka a cikin ƙarfin haske suna faruwa a cikin yankuna 240-270 nm da 350-380 nm. &nbsp;&nbsp;Wadannan tsaunuka masu tsanani, lokacin da suka dace da bayanin martaba na mai farawa, suna haifar da saurin warkar da kayan. Ta hanyar canza cakuda kwararan fitila tare da iskar gas daban-daban da halides na ƙarfe, ana iya canza rarraba tsawo, kuma ana canza ma'amala ta kayan. Fitila na matsakaici na iya zama fitilu na gas ko fitilu marasa amfani, kuma yawanci suna amfani da kwararan fitila don fitar da makamashi. Ta hanyar haɗa ƙirar gani irin wannan mai haskakawa ko ma mai haskaka haske, ana iya mai da hankali ko tsara haske a nesa. Wadannan fitilu na iya aiki a sama da digiri 900 na Celsius kuma suna samar da matakan makamashi na UV sama da 10 W / cm². ==== Fitila masu ƙarancin matsin lamba ==== [[File:UV_LED_Machine.jpg|thumb|228x228px|UV LED Kayan aiki na warkarwa <ref name=":0" />]] Fitila masu ƙarancin matsin lamba suna samar da makamashi na 254 nm 'UVC', kuma ana amfani da su a aikace-aikacen disinfection. &nbsp;Ana aiki a yanayin zafi mafi ƙanƙanta kuma tare da ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki fiye da fitilu na matsakaici, su, kamar duk tushen UV, suna buƙatar kariya lokacin da aka yi amfani da su don hana yawan bayyanar fata da idanu. ==== UV LED ==== Tun lokacin da aka ci gaba da Aluminium gallium nitride LED a farkon 2000s, fasahar UV LED ta ga ci gaba da ci gaba a kasuwar warkar da UV. Samar da makamashi yadda ya kamata a cikin 365-405 nm 'UVA' wavelengths, ci gaba da ci gaban fasaha, <ref>{{Cite web |title=UV-LED Overview Part III: Diode Evolution and Manufacturing |url=https://www.radtech.org/magazinearchives/Publications/RadTechReport/spr-2011/UV-LED%20Overview%20Part%203-%20Diode%20Evolution%20and%20Manufacturing.pdf |access-date=2021-03-29 |publisher=RADTECH Report}}</ref> sun ba da damar inganta ingancin lantarki na UV LEDs da kuma karuwa mai mahimmanci a cikin fitarwa. &nbsp;Amfani da aiki mai saurin zafin jiki da rashin mercury mai haɗari, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Basics - UV LED Curing Community |url=https://www.phoseon.com/products/uvled-vs-mercury-arc-lamps |access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref> UV LEDs sun maye gurbin fitilu masu matsakaici a aikace-aikace da yawa. Manyan iyakoki sun haɗa da matsaloli wajen tsara kayan gani don warkarwa akan abubuwa masu rikitarwa uku, da kuma rashin inganci wajen samar da makamashi mai tsawo, kodayake aikin ci gaba yana ci gaba. == Hanyoyin warkar da UV == === Polymerization mai zurfi === Ana amfani da Polymerization mai zurfi a cikin warkar da resins na acrylic a gaban UV a cikin masana'antar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=UV-curing resin {{!}} ThreeBond Group |url=https://www.threebond.co.jp/en/technical/seminar/ucuringvresin/#:~:text=UV-curing%20resins%20are%20roughly,the%20reaction%20method%20is%20different. |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=www.threebond.co.jp}}</ref> Hasken wuta daga UV ya raba masu farawa, suna samar da radicals. Sa'an nan kuma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi yana amsawa tare da polymers, yana samar da polyms tare da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsa ra'ayi waɗanda ke amsawa tare le ƙarin monomers. Sashin monomer yana fadada har sai ya kai wani polymer kuma ya amsa tare da polymer. Polymers za su kasance tare da gadoji na monomer tsakanin su, don haka yana haifar da cibiyar sadarwa mai alaƙa. === Cationic Polymerization === Ana amfani da polymerization na cationic a cikin warkar da resins na epoxy a gaban UV a cikin masana'antar.<ref name=":1" /> Hasken haske daga UV ya raba masu farawa, yana samar da mafita mai ƙamshi wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga proton ga polymer. Monomers sa'an nan kuma suna haɗe kansu zuwa polymer, suna samar da sarƙoƙi masu tsawo da tsawo waɗanda ke haifar da hanyar sadarwa mai haɗin kai. == Dubi kuma == * Photopolymer * Masu daidaita UV a cikin filastik * Gwajin yanayi na polymers * Polymerization mai zurfi * Cationic Polymerization == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] atpvoln1v5l4o17io46578fk9f3zuyb 0 179750 970265 2026-10-22T04:58:30Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367130863|Civil Defenders]]" 970265 wikitext text/x-wiki   Civil Defenders, wanda aka fi sani da Defenders Basketball, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Defenders Basketball at the FIBA Africa Basketball League 2019 |url=http://www.fiba.basketball/africaleague/2019/team/Defenders-Basketball |access-date=2 January 2020 |website=FIBA.basketball}}</ref> kungiya ce ta kwararru ta [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ta Najeriya daga [[Abuja]] . Kungiyar ta fafata a [[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]] . Masu kare sun fafata a gasar kwallon kwando ta Afirka ta FIBA a shekarar 2018-19.<ref>[https://guardian.ng/sport/rivers-hoopers-civil-defenders-to-battle-north-african-sides/ Rivers Hoopers, Civil Defenders to battle North African sides ]</ref> == A cikin gasa na Afirka == '''FIBA Afirka Kwallon Kwando League''' (1 bayyanar) {{Reflist}} hap775v5bh2tz66szbr9g38pj96s8sj 970266 970265 2026-10-22T04:58:56Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367130863|Civil Defenders]]" 970266 wikitext text/x-wiki   Civil Defenders, wanda aka fi sani da Defenders Basketball, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Defenders Basketball at the FIBA Africa Basketball League 2019 |url=http://www.fiba.basketball/africaleague/2019/team/Defenders-Basketball |access-date=2 January 2020 |website=FIBA.basketball}}</ref> kungiya ce ta kwararru ta [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ta Najeriya daga [[Abuja]] . Kungiyar ta fafata a [[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]] . Masu kare sun fafata a gasar kwallon kwando ta Afirka ta FIBA a shekarar 2018-19.<ref>[https://guardian.ng/sport/rivers-hoopers-civil-defenders-to-battle-north-african-sides/ Rivers Hoopers, Civil Defenders to battle North African sides ]</ref> == A cikin gasa na Afirka == '''FIBA Afirka Kwallon Kwando League''' (1 bayyanar) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1919t4f95dzmat54ndf0yz634i1spxp 970267 970266 2026-10-22T05:00:02Z Saad Nuhu 43323 970267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Civil Defenders, wanda aka fi sani da Defenders Basketball, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Defenders Basketball at the FIBA Africa Basketball League 2019 |url=http://www.fiba.basketball/africaleague/2019/team/Defenders-Basketball |access-date=2 January 2020 |website=FIBA.basketball}}</ref> kungiya ce ta kwararru ta [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ta Najeriya daga [[Abuja]] . Kungiyar ta fafata a [[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]] . Masu kare sun fafata a gasar kwallon kwando ta Afirka ta FIBA a shekarar 2018-19.<ref>[https://guardian.ng/sport/rivers-hoopers-civil-defenders-to-battle-north-african-sides/ Rivers Hoopers, Civil Defenders to battle North African sides ]</ref> == A cikin gasa na Afirka == '''FIBA Afirka Kwallon Kwando League''' (1 bayyanar) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} i5kqxrjin4jpgl2ya4xug1g1vj7ewti 970268 970267 2026-10-22T05:02:54Z Saad Nuhu 43323 970268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Civil Defenders, wanda aka fi sani da Defenders [[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Defenders Basketball at the FIBA Africa Basketball League 2019 |url=http://www.fiba.basketball/africaleague/2019/team/Defenders-Basketball |access-date=2 January 2020 |website=FIBA.basketball}}</ref> kungiya ce ta kwararru ta [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ta Najeriya daga [[Abuja]] . Kungiyar ta fafata a [[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]] . Masu kare sun fafata a gasar kwallon kwando ta Afirka ta FIBA a shekarar 2018-19.<ref>[https://guardian.ng/sport/rivers-hoopers-civil-defenders-to-battle-north-african-sides/ Rivers Hoopers, Civil Defenders to battle North African sides ]</ref> == A cikin gasa na Afirka == '''FIBA Afirka Kwallon Kwando League''' (1 bayyanar) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} emdalc3dn491he33c2buhluknskjdrg 970269 970268 2026-10-22T05:03:43Z Saad Nuhu 43323 970269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Civil Defenders, wanda aka fi sani da Defenders [[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Defenders Basketball at the FIBA Africa Basketball League 2019 |url=http://www.fiba.basketball/africaleague/2019/team/Defenders-Basketball |access-date=2 January 2020 |website=FIBA.basketball}}</ref> kungiya ce ta kwararru ta [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ta Najeriya daga [[Abuja]] . Kungiyar ta fafata a [[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]] . Masu kare sun fafata a gasar kwallon kwando ta Afirka ta FIBA a shekarar 2018-19.<ref>[https://guardian.ng/sport/rivers-hoopers-civil-defenders-to-battle-north-african-sides/ Rivers Hoopers, Civil Defenders to battle North African sides ]</ref> == A cikin gasa na Afirka == FIBA Afirka Kwallon Kwando League (1 bayyanar) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 0712400mhwth9gnydc5vbv7u83n6x5r 970297 970269 2026-10-22T08:55:54Z Kamaf001 48297 970297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Civil Defenders, wanda aka fi sani da Defenders [[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Defenders Basketball at the FIBA Africa Basketball League 2019 |url=http://www.fiba.basketball/africaleague/2019/team/Defenders-Basketball |access-date=2 January 2020 |website=FIBA.basketball}}</ref> kungiya ce ta kwararru ta [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ta Najeriya daga [[Abuja]] . Kungiyar ta fafata a [[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]] . Masu kare sun fafata a gasar kwallon kwando ta Afirka ta FIBA a shekara ta 2018-19.<ref>[https://guardian.ng/sport/rivers-hoopers-civil-defenders-to-battle-north-african-sides/ Rivers Hoopers, Civil Defenders to battle North African sides ]</ref> == A cikin gasa na Afirka == FIBA Afirka Kwallon Kwando League (1 bayyanar) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} pgeekgbdgiez98erjlylwva8f9sl2dp 0 179751 970270 2026-10-22T05:06:01Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367130547|Nigeria Customs (basketball)]]" 970270 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="color:white; background-color: #187067; border: 3px solid #959fa5;" |Al'adun Najeriya |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Nigeria_Customs_basketball_logo.png|frameless|<nowiki>{{{name}}}</nowiki> logo]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sunan laƙabi | class="infobox-data" |Yaran Yankin |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙungiyar | class="infobox-data" |[[Nigerian Premier League (basketball)|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |[[Lagos|Legas]], Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Launuka na ƙungiya | class="infobox-data" |Green da Grey<br /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />     |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mallaka | class="infobox-data" |[[Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya|Ofishin Kwastam na Najeriya]] |} Kwastam na Najeriya, wanda aka fi sani da Kwastam, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Customs at the FIBA Africa Women's Basketball League 2023 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/africaleaguewomen/2023/team/Customs |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> kungiya ce ta kwando ta Najeriya da ke zaune a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Kungiyar kwallon kwando ce ta Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya (NCS), kuma suna wasa a [[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]], babbar ƙungiyar kwallon kwando a kasar. An kira shi "Border Boys", Customs sun fara bugawa a matakin nahiyar a lokacin Zone 3 qualifiers na 2016 FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-16 |title=Nigeria Customs not shaken by inaugural appearance at FIBA Africa Champions Cup 2016 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/nigeria-customs-not-shaken-by-inaugural-appearance-at-fiba-africa-champions-cup-2016 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar maza ta kasance masu cin gaba a gasar Firimiya sau biyu: a cikin 2016 da [[2022 NBBF Premier League|2022]]. Kwastam ta lashe gasar kwallon kwando ta Mark D a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporters |first=Core |date=2022-06-20 |title=2022 Mark D Ball Men's Championship: Nigeria Customs beat Mo Heat 61-55 to emerge ChampionsNigeri |url=https://www.corereporters.com.ng/2022-mark-d-ball-mens-championship-nigeria-customs-beat-mo-heat-61-55-to-emerge-championsnigeri/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Core Reporters |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyar mata ta lashe gasar kwallon kwando ta Zenith a 2023, kuma ta taka leda a gasar kwallon kwato ta mata ta Afirka ta 2023.<ref name=":0" /> == Daraja == === Kungiyar maza === [[Bauchi Nets BC|'''Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya''']] * ''Masu tsere (2) '': 2016, [[2022 NBBF Premier League|2022]] '''Gasar Mark D Ball''' * Masu cin nasara (1): 2022 === Kungiyar mata === '''Kungiyar Kwando ta Mata ta Zenith''' '''Zakarun (1):''' 2023 == Manazarta == prio0n71xrof8md4wo6bzikdrukr109 970271 970270 2026-10-22T05:08:18Z Saad Nuhu 43323 970271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kwastam na Najeriya, wanda aka fi sani da Kwastam, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Customs at the FIBA Africa Women's Basketball League 2023 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/africaleaguewomen/2023/team/Customs |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> kungiya ce ta kwando ta Najeriya da ke zaune a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Kungiyar kwallon kwando ce ta Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya (NCS), kuma suna wasa a [[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]], babbar ƙungiyar kwallon kwando a kasar. An kira shi "Border Boys", Customs sun fara bugawa a matakin nahiyar a lokacin Zone 3 qualifiers na 2016 FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-16 |title=Nigeria Customs not shaken by inaugural appearance at FIBA Africa Champions Cup 2016 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/nigeria-customs-not-shaken-by-inaugural-appearance-at-fiba-africa-champions-cup-2016 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar maza ta kasance masu cin gaba a gasar Firimiya sau biyu: a cikin 2016 da [[2022 NBBF Premier League|2022]]. Kwastam ta lashe gasar kwallon kwando ta Mark D a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporters |first=Core |date=2022-06-20 |title=2022 Mark D Ball Men's Championship: Nigeria Customs beat Mo Heat 61-55 to emerge ChampionsNigeri |url=https://www.corereporters.com.ng/2022-mark-d-ball-mens-championship-nigeria-customs-beat-mo-heat-61-55-to-emerge-championsnigeri/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Core Reporters |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyar mata ta lashe gasar kwallon kwando ta Zenith a 2023, kuma ta taka leda a gasar kwallon kwato ta mata ta Afirka ta 2023.<ref name=":0" /> == Daraja == === Kungiyar maza === [[Bauchi Nets BC|'''Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya''']] * ''Masu tsere (2) '': 2016, [[2022 NBBF Premier League|2022]] '''Gasar Mark D Ball''' * Masu cin nasara (1): 2022 === Kungiyar mata === '''Kungiyar Kwando ta Mata ta Zenith''' '''Zakarun (1):''' 2023 == Manazarta == t4kvz6fk4af5jqgk3fxjecp32961xpa 970272 970271 2026-10-22T05:11:15Z Saad Nuhu 43323 970272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya|Kwastam na Najeriya]], wanda aka fi sani da Kwastam, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Customs at the FIBA Africa Women's Basketball League 2023 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/africaleaguewomen/2023/team/Customs |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> kungiya ce ta kwando ta Najeriya da ke zaune a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Kungiyar kwallon kwando ce ta Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya (NCS), kuma suna wasa a [[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]], babbar ƙungiyar [[kwallon kwando]] a kasar. An kira shi "Border Boys", Customs sun fara bugawa a matakin nahiyar a lokacin Zone 3 qualifiers na 2016 FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-16 |title=Nigeria Customs not shaken by inaugural appearance at FIBA Africa Champions Cup 2016 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/nigeria-customs-not-shaken-by-inaugural-appearance-at-fiba-africa-champions-cup-2016 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar maza ta kasance masu cin gaba a gasar Firimiya sau biyu: a cikin 2016 da [[2022 NBBF Premier League|2022]]. Kwastam ta lashe gasar kwallon kwando ta Mark D a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporters |first=Core |date=2022-06-20 |title=2022 Mark D Ball Men's Championship: Nigeria Customs beat Mo Heat 61-55 to emerge ChampionsNigeri |url=https://www.corereporters.com.ng/2022-mark-d-ball-mens-championship-nigeria-customs-beat-mo-heat-61-55-to-emerge-championsnigeri/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Core Reporters |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyar mata ta lashe gasar kwallon kwando ta Zenith a 2023, kuma ta taka leda a gasar kwallon kwato ta mata ta Afirka ta 2023.<ref name=":0" /> == Daraja == === Kungiyar maza === [[Bauchi Nets BC|'''Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya''']] * ''Masu tsere (2) '': 2016, [[2022 NBBF Premier League|2022]] '''Gasar Mark D Ball''' * Masu cin nasara (1): 2022 === Kungiyar mata === '''Kungiyar Kwando ta Mata ta Zenith''' '''Zakarun (1):''' 2023 == Manazarta == 8lw82bwa4b6021m4f0k74x4jjvhs0bl 970296 970272 2026-10-22T08:55:14Z Kamaf001 48297 970296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya|Kwastam na Najeriya]], wanda aka fi sani da Kwastam, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Customs at the FIBA Africa Women's Basketball League 2023 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/africaleaguewomen/2023/team/Customs |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> kungiya ce ta kwando ta Najeriya da ke zaune a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . Kungiyar kwallon kwando ce ta Hukumar Kwastam ta Najeriya (NCS), kuma suna wasa a [[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]], babbar ƙungiyar [[kwallon kwando]] a kasar. An kira shi "Border Boys", Customs sun fara bugawa a matakin nahiyar a lokacin Zone 3 qualifiers na 2016 FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-16 |title=Nigeria Customs not shaken by inaugural appearance at FIBA Africa Champions Cup 2016 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/nigeria-customs-not-shaken-by-inaugural-appearance-at-fiba-africa-champions-cup-2016 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar maza ta kasance masu cin gaba a gasar Firimiya sau biyu: a cikin 2016 da [[2022 NBBF Premier League|2022]]. Kwastam ta lashe gasar kwallon kwando ta Mark D a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporters |first=Core |date=2022-06-20 |title=2022 Mark D Ball Men's Championship: Nigeria Customs beat Mo Heat 61-55 to emerge ChampionsNigeri |url=https://www.corereporters.com.ng/2022-mark-d-ball-mens-championship-nigeria-customs-beat-mo-heat-61-55-to-emerge-championsnigeri/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Core Reporters |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyar mata ta lashe gasar kwallon kwando ta Zenith a 2023, kuma ta taka leda a gasar kwallon kwato ta mata ta Afirka ta shekara ta 2023.<ref name=":0" /> == Daraja == === Kungiyar maza === [[Bauchi Nets BC|'''Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya''']] * ''Masu tsere (2) '': 2016, [[2022 NBBF Premier League|2022]] '''Gasar Mark D Ball''' * Masu cin nasara (1): 2022 === Kungiyar mata === '''Kungiyar Kwando ta Mata ta Zenith''' '''Zakarun (1):''' 2023 == Manazarta == 7zgl85opb2jwi6wb12u488loj3fg4ea 0 179752 970273 2026-10-22T05:16:42Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367133309|Ebun Comets]]" 970273 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="color:white; background-color:blue; border: 3px solid transparent;" |Comets na Ebun |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Taron | class="infobox-data" |Atlantic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙungiyar | class="infobox-data" |[[NBBF National Division One]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |[[Lagos|Legas]], [[Nigeria|Najeriya]] |} Ebun Comets kungiya ce ta kwararru ta [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] [[Najeriya|Na Najeriya]]. Kungiyar a halin yanzu tana fafatawa a cikin NBBF National Division One, babbar gasar jirgin sama a kasar. Sun lashe gasar zakarun kasa guda daya, a 2003, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |title=Ebun Comets Lagos |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Eurobasket LLC}}</ref> 2005 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=NGR - Comets, Customs in VMobile Premier League opener |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/NGR-Comets-Customs-in-VMobile-Premier-League-opener |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> da 2007.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - Comets Win Premier League, Qualify for African Cup |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/Nigeria-Comets-Win-Premier-League-Qualify-for-African-Cup |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, sun taka leda a gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Afirka na FIBA, inda suka kammala a matsayi na 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebun Comets {{!}} 200 FIBA Africa Cup for Men's Clubs |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/5157/tid/90043/_/2006_FIBA_Africa_Cup_for_Men_s_Clubs/index.html |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.fiba.basketball}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin 2021, sun lashe gasar farko ta Crown Elite Basketball League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-29 |title=Crown Elite Basket Ball Championship 13-14 July 2021 |url=https://crownelite.org/portfolio/crown-elite-bball-championship/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Crown Elite |language=en-US}}</ref> Har zuwa shekara ta 2006, ƙungiyar ta kasance a garin [[Akure]] a [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. == Daraja == [[Bauchi Nets BC|'''Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya''']] * '''Zakarun (3):''' 2003, <ref name=":0" /> 2005, <ref name=":1" /> 2007 <ref name=":2" /> '''NBBF National Division One''' * ''Masu tsere (1) '': 2021 '''Gasar Kwallon Kwando ta Kyaut''' * '''Zakarun (1):''' 2021 * ''Wanda ya zo na biyu (1):'' 2001 == Manazarta == hryuxeberwqnvnu7lwyu9c2teeuugqw 970274 970273 2026-10-22T05:17:16Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367133309|Ebun Comets]]" 970274 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="color:white; background-color:blue; border: 3px solid transparent;" |Comets na Ebun |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Taron | class="infobox-data" |Atlantic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙungiyar | class="infobox-data" |[[NBBF National Division One]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |[[Lagos|Legas]], [[Nigeria|Najeriya]] |} Ebun Comets kungiya ce ta kwararru ta [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] [[Najeriya|Na Najeriya]]. Kungiyar a halin yanzu tana fafatawa a cikin NBBF National Division One, babbar gasar jirgin sama a kasar. Sun lashe gasar zakarun kasa guda daya, a 2003, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |title=Ebun Comets Lagos |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Eurobasket LLC}}</ref> 2005 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=NGR - Comets, Customs in VMobile Premier League opener |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/NGR-Comets-Customs-in-VMobile-Premier-League-opener |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> da 2007.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - Comets Win Premier League, Qualify for African Cup |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/Nigeria-Comets-Win-Premier-League-Qualify-for-African-Cup |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, sun taka leda a gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Afirka na FIBA, inda suka kammala a matsayi na 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebun Comets {{!}} 200 FIBA Africa Cup for Men's Clubs |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/5157/tid/90043/_/2006_FIBA_Africa_Cup_for_Men_s_Clubs/index.html |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.fiba.basketball}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin 2021, sun lashe gasar farko ta Crown Elite Basketball League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-29 |title=Crown Elite Basket Ball Championship 13-14 July 2021 |url=https://crownelite.org/portfolio/crown-elite-bball-championship/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Crown Elite |language=en-US}}</ref> Har zuwa shekara ta 2006, ƙungiyar ta kasance a garin [[Akure]] a [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. == Daraja == [[Bauchi Nets BC|'''Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya''']] * '''Zakarun (3):''' 2003, <ref name=":0" /> 2005, <ref name=":1" /> 2007 <ref name=":2" /> '''NBBF National Division One''' * ''Masu tsere (1) '': 2021 '''Gasar Kwallon Kwando ta Kyaut''' * '''Zakarun (1):''' 2021 * ''Wanda ya zo na biyu (1):'' 2001 == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.africabasket.com/team.asp?Cntry=NGR&Team=1263 Shafin Ƙungiyar Afirka-Basket.com] An adana shi 2012-10-24 a {{Nigerian Basketball Premier League}} 8ov6e09o6vvkoloxlv7avnf0xzel4jr 970275 970274 2026-10-22T05:21:34Z Saad Nuhu 43323 970275 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="color:white; background-color:blue; border: 3px solid transparent;" |Comets na Ebun |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Taron | class="infobox-data" |Atlantic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙungiyar | class="infobox-data" |[[NBBF National Division One]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |[[Lagos|Legas]], [[Nigeria|Najeriya]] |} Ebun Comets kungiya ce ta kwararru ta [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] [[Najeriya|Na Najeriya]]. Kungiyar a halin yanzu tana fafatawa a cikin [[NBBF National Division One]], babbar gasar jirgin sama a kasar. Sun lashe gasar zakarun kasa guda daya, a 2003, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |title=Ebun Comets Lagos |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Eurobasket LLC}}</ref> 2005 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=NGR - Comets, Customs in VMobile Premier League opener |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/NGR-Comets-Customs-in-VMobile-Premier-League-opener |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> da 2007.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - Comets Win Premier League, Qualify for African Cup |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/Nigeria-Comets-Win-Premier-League-Qualify-for-African-Cup |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, sun taka leda a gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Afirka na FIBA, inda suka kammala a matsayi na 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebun Comets {{!}} 200 FIBA Africa Cup for Men's Clubs |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/5157/tid/90043/_/2006_FIBA_Africa_Cup_for_Men_s_Clubs/index.html |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.fiba.basketball}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin 2021, sun lashe gasar farko ta Crown Elite Basketball League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-29 |title=Crown Elite Basket Ball Championship 13-14 July 2021 |url=https://crownelite.org/portfolio/crown-elite-bball-championship/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Crown Elite |language=en-US}}</ref> Har zuwa shekara ta 2006, ƙungiyar ta kasance a garin [[Akure]] a [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. == Daraja == [[Bauchi Nets BC|'''Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya''']] * '''Zakarun (3):''' 2003, <ref name=":0" /> 2005, <ref name=":1" /> 2007 <ref name=":2" /> '''NBBF National Division One''' * ''Masu tsere (1) '': 2021 '''Gasar Kwallon Kwando ta Kyaut''' * '''Zakarun (1):''' 2021 * ''Wanda ya zo na biyu (1):'' 2001 == Manazarta == g1qqz7ocyx162xvld2wdck633yts429 970295 970275 2026-10-22T08:54:33Z Kamaf001 48297 970295 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="color:white; background-color:blue; border: 3px solid transparent;" |Comets na Ebun |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Taron | class="infobox-data" |Atlantic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙungiyar | class="infobox-data" |[[NBBF National Division One]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |[[Lagos|Legas]], [[Nigeria|Najeriya]] |} Ebun Comets kungiya ce ta kwararru ta [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] [[Najeriya|Na Najeriya]]. Kungiyar a halin yanzu tana fafatawa a cikin [[NBBF National Division One]], babbar gasar jirgin sama a kasar. Sun lashe gasar zakarun kasa guda daya, a 2003, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |title=Ebun Comets Lagos |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Eurobasket LLC}}</ref> 2005 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=NGR - Comets, Customs in VMobile Premier League opener |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/NGR-Comets-Customs-in-VMobile-Premier-League-opener |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> da 2007.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - Comets Win Premier League, Qualify for African Cup |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/news/Nigeria-Comets-Win-Premier-League-Qualify-for-African-Cup |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=FIBA.basketball |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, sun taka leda a gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Afirka na FIBA, inda suka kammala a matsayi na 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebun Comets {{!}} 200 FIBA Africa Cup for Men's Clubs |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/pages/eng/fa/team/p/sid/5157/tid/90043/_/2006_FIBA_Africa_Cup_for_Men_s_Clubs/index.html |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.fiba.basketball}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Yulin a shekara ta 2021, sun lashe gasar farko ta Crown Elite Basketball League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-29 |title=Crown Elite Basket Ball Championship 13-14 July 2021 |url=https://crownelite.org/portfolio/crown-elite-bball-championship/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Crown Elite |language=en-US}}</ref> Har zuwa shekara ta 2006, ƙungiyar ta kasance a garin [[Akure]] a [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]]. == Daraja == [[Bauchi Nets BC|'''Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya''']] * '''Zakarun (3):''' 2003, <ref name=":0" /> 2005, <ref name=":1" /> 2007 <ref name=":2" /> '''NBBF National Division One''' * ''Masu tsere (1) '': 2021 '''Gasar Kwallon Kwando ta Kyaut''' * '''Zakarun (1):''' 2021 * ''Wanda ya zo na biyu (1):'' 2001 == Manazarta == jj9xydjlknkr7efujkxfr18fwguh4sq 0 179753 970276 2026-10-22T05:29:09Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367132719|Kwara Falcons]]" 970276 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #198035 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; border: 3px solid #f5f10e !important;" |Kwara Falcons |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Kwara_Falcons_logo.png|frameless|Kwara Falcons logo]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Taron | class="infobox-data" |Atlantic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ruwa | class="infobox-data" |[[Nigerian Premier League (basketball)|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An kafa shi | class="infobox-data" |1980 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tarihi | class="infobox-data" |'''Kwara Falcons''' (1980-yanzu) <br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin wasa | class="infobox-data" |Gidan Wasanni na Cikin Gida <ref>https://crossriverwatch.com/2022/08/kwara-government-renovated-stadiums-indoor-sports-hall-with-n72-million-on-record-nothing-on-the-ground-to-show-for-it/</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Capacity | class="infobox-data" |2,000 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |[[Ilorin]], [[Kwara]], Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shugaban kasa | class="infobox-data" |Aliu Jubril |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Babban kocin | class="infobox-data" |[[Baba Jubril]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kyaftin din tawagar | class="infobox-data" |Ajileye Seyi Gideon |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gasar Zakarun Turai | class="infobox-data" |1 ([[2022 NBBF Premier League|2022]]) |} '''[[Kwara (Jiha)|Kwara]] Falcons''' kungiya ce ta kwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ta Najeriya da ke [[Ilorin]], Kwara . Kungiyar tana taka leda a [[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]] kuma ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai daya a shekarar 2022. Bayan gasar zakarun kasa, Falcons sun kuma fafata a gasar kwallon kwando ta Afirka (BAL) a shekarar 2023. An kafa su a shekarar 1980, Falcons suna buga wasanninsu na gida a Gidan Wasanni na Kwara Stadium . <ref>{{Cite web |title=KWARA FALCONS TO MOVE TO THE UNILORIN ARENA TEMPORARILY AS KWARA STATE GOVERNMENT RENOVATES THE INDOOR SPORTS HALL |url=http://bballnaija.com/single.php?msg_id=172&cat=league |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=bballnaija.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Kwara Falcons a cikin 1980. Kwara Falcons sun ci gaba zuwa Premier League a shekarar 2013, bayan sun lashe gasar Atlantic a Division 1.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title="LOW KEY! ALL OF THEM DON DEY NOTICE" - THE JOURNEY OF THE KWARA FALCONS IN FIREBOY DML`S WORDS |url=http://bballnaija.com/single.php?msg_id=374&cat=home |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=bballnaija.com}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko a saman jirgin, Falcons sun sami nasarar kauce wa raguwa. A shekara ta 2015, kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a taron Atlantic, a bayan 'yan wasa kamar Baba Jubril, Lanre Alimi da Tunde El-Alawa . <ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2016 da 2017, Falcons sun kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun kasa. A cikin 2018, Kwara sun kasance masu cin gaba a gasar Firimiya, sun kammala ne kawai a bayan Rivers Hoopers . A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2022, Falcons ta lashe gasar zakarun kasa ta farko bayan ta lashe kakar 2022. A sakamakon haka, sun cancanci kai tsaye don kakar 2023 ta Kungiyar Kwando ta Afirka (BAL). Don kakar wasa ta farko ta BAL, Falcons sun ƙarfafa jerin sunayensu tare da AJ Wilson, Michael Kolawole da Jeremiah Mordi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-26 |title=BAL 2023 : LES KWARA FALCONS SIGNENT TROIS NOUVEAUX JOUEURS. |url=https://sports7.info/2023/02/26/bal-2023-les-kwara-falcons-signent-trois-nouveaux-joueurs/,%20https://sports7.info/2023/02/26/bal-2023-les-kwara-falcons-signent-trois-nouveaux-joueurs/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Falcons sun shiga Taron Sahara kuma sun rasa dukkan wasanninta biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What happened at the 2023 Sahara Conference? |url=https://bal.nba.com/news/what-happened-at-the-2023-sahara-conference |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=The BAL |language=en}}</ref> Kwara Falcons sun jawo matsakaicin halartar gida na 398 a cikin 2024 NBBF Premier League, daya daga cikin matsakaicin matsakaicin dukkan kungiyoyin kwallon kwando na Najeriya. == Daraja == '''[[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]]''' * '''Zakarun (1):''' [[2022 NBBF Premier League|2022]] ** Wanda ya zo na biyu (1): 2018 *** Matsayi na uku (1): [[Kofin Shugaban Kasa na NBBF 2019|2019]] '''Gasar gayyata ta Louis Edem''' * Masu cin nasara (1): 2023 == 'Yan wasa == === Jerin 2023 === Jerin Kwara Falcons masu zuwa sun buga a kakar BAL ta 2023.    == Manazarta == lmx6ceyqocv82id6xg1snz2ijag4jrs 970277 970276 2026-10-22T05:31:18Z Saad Nuhu 43323 970277 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #198035 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; border: 3px solid #f5f10e !important;" |Kwara Falcons |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Kwara_Falcons_logo.png|frameless|Kwara Falcons logo]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Taron | class="infobox-data" |Atlantic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ruwa | class="infobox-data" |[[Nigerian Premier League (basketball)|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An kafa shi | class="infobox-data" |1980 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tarihi | class="infobox-data" |'''Kwara Falcons''' (1980-yanzu) <br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin wasa | class="infobox-data" |Gidan Wasanni na Cikin Gida <ref>https://crossriverwatch.com/2022/08/kwara-government-renovated-stadiums-indoor-sports-hall-with-n72-million-on-record-nothing-on-the-ground-to-show-for-it/</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Capacity | class="infobox-data" |2,000 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |[[Ilorin]], [[Kwara]], Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shugaban kasa | class="infobox-data" |Aliu Jubril |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Babban kocin | class="infobox-data" |[[Baba Jubril]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kyaftin din tawagar | class="infobox-data" |Ajileye Seyi Gideon |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gasar Zakarun Turai | class="infobox-data" |1 ([[2022 NBBF Premier League|2022]]) |} '''[[Kwara (Jiha)|Kwara]] Falcons''' kungiya ce ta kwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ta Najeriya da ke [[Ilorin]], [[Kwara]] . Kungiyar tana taka leda a [[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]] kuma ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai daya a shekarar 2022. Bayan gasar zakarun kasa, Falcons sun kuma fafata a gasar kwallon kwando ta Afirka (BAL) a shekarar 2023. An kafa su a shekarar 1980, Falcons suna buga wasanninsu na gida a Gidan Wasanni na Kwara Stadium . <ref>{{Cite web |title=KWARA FALCONS TO MOVE TO THE UNILORIN ARENA TEMPORARILY AS KWARA STATE GOVERNMENT RENOVATES THE INDOOR SPORTS HALL |url=http://bballnaija.com/single.php?msg_id=172&cat=league |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=bballnaija.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Kwara Falcons a cikin 1980. Kwara Falcons sun ci gaba zuwa Premier League a shekarar 2013, bayan sun lashe gasar Atlantic a Division 1.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title="LOW KEY! ALL OF THEM DON DEY NOTICE" - THE JOURNEY OF THE KWARA FALCONS IN FIREBOY DML`S WORDS |url=http://bballnaija.com/single.php?msg_id=374&cat=home |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=bballnaija.com}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko a saman jirgin, Falcons sun sami nasarar kauce wa raguwa. A shekara ta 2015, kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a taron Atlantic, a bayan 'yan wasa kamar Baba Jubril, Lanre Alimi da Tunde El-Alawa . <ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2016 da 2017, Falcons sun kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun kasa. A cikin 2018, Kwara sun kasance masu cin gaba a gasar Firimiya, sun kammala ne kawai a bayan Rivers Hoopers . A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2022, Falcons ta lashe gasar zakarun kasa ta farko bayan ta lashe kakar 2022. A sakamakon haka, sun cancanci kai tsaye don kakar 2023 ta Kungiyar Kwando ta Afirka (BAL). Don kakar wasa ta farko ta BAL, Falcons sun ƙarfafa jerin sunayensu tare da AJ Wilson, Michael Kolawole da Jeremiah Mordi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-26 |title=BAL 2023 : LES KWARA FALCONS SIGNENT TROIS NOUVEAUX JOUEURS. |url=https://sports7.info/2023/02/26/bal-2023-les-kwara-falcons-signent-trois-nouveaux-joueurs/,%20https://sports7.info/2023/02/26/bal-2023-les-kwara-falcons-signent-trois-nouveaux-joueurs/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Falcons sun shiga Taron Sahara kuma sun rasa dukkan wasanninta biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What happened at the 2023 Sahara Conference? |url=https://bal.nba.com/news/what-happened-at-the-2023-sahara-conference |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=The BAL |language=en}}</ref> Kwara Falcons sun jawo matsakaicin halartar gida na 398 a cikin 2024 NBBF Premier League, daya daga cikin matsakaicin matsakaicin dukkan kungiyoyin kwallon kwando na Najeriya. == Daraja == '''[[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]]''' * '''Zakarun (1):''' [[2022 NBBF Premier League|2022]] ** Wanda ya zo na biyu (1): 2018 *** Matsayi na uku (1): [[Kofin Shugaban Kasa na NBBF 2019|2019]] '''Gasar gayyata ta Louis Edem''' * Masu cin nasara (1): 2023 == 'Yan wasa == === Jerin 2023 === Jerin Kwara Falcons masu zuwa sun buga a kakar BAL ta 2023.    == Manazarta == imnzjnofqn8oew8ek478r82fqfr6s9n 970294 970277 2026-10-22T08:53:18Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Tarihi */ 970294 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #198035 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; border: 3px solid #f5f10e !important;" |Kwara Falcons |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Kwara_Falcons_logo.png|frameless|Kwara Falcons logo]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Taron | class="infobox-data" |Atlantic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ruwa | class="infobox-data" |[[Nigerian Premier League (basketball)|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An kafa shi | class="infobox-data" |1980 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tarihi | class="infobox-data" |'''Kwara Falcons''' (1980-yanzu) <br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin wasa | class="infobox-data" |Gidan Wasanni na Cikin Gida <ref>https://crossriverwatch.com/2022/08/kwara-government-renovated-stadiums-indoor-sports-hall-with-n72-million-on-record-nothing-on-the-ground-to-show-for-it/</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Capacity | class="infobox-data" |2,000 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |[[Ilorin]], [[Kwara]], Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shugaban kasa | class="infobox-data" |Aliu Jubril |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Babban kocin | class="infobox-data" |[[Baba Jubril]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kyaftin din tawagar | class="infobox-data" |Ajileye Seyi Gideon |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gasar Zakarun Turai | class="infobox-data" |1 ([[2022 NBBF Premier League|2022]]) |} '''[[Kwara (Jiha)|Kwara]] Falcons''' kungiya ce ta kwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ta Najeriya da ke [[Ilorin]], [[Kwara]] . Kungiyar tana taka leda a [[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]] kuma ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai daya a shekarar 2022. Bayan gasar zakarun kasa, Falcons sun kuma fafata a gasar kwallon kwando ta Afirka (BAL) a shekarar 2023. An kafa su a shekarar 1980, Falcons suna buga wasanninsu na gida a Gidan Wasanni na Kwara Stadium . <ref>{{Cite web |title=KWARA FALCONS TO MOVE TO THE UNILORIN ARENA TEMPORARILY AS KWARA STATE GOVERNMENT RENOVATES THE INDOOR SPORTS HALL |url=http://bballnaija.com/single.php?msg_id=172&cat=league |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=bballnaija.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Kwara Falcons a cikin 1980. Kwara Falcons sun ci gaba zuwa Premier League a shekarar 2013, bayan sun lashe gasar Atlantic a Division 1.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title="LOW KEY! ALL OF THEM DON DEY NOTICE" - THE JOURNEY OF THE KWARA FALCONS IN FIREBOY DML`S WORDS |url=http://bballnaija.com/single.php?msg_id=374&cat=home |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=bballnaija.com}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko a saman jirgin, Falcons sun sami nasarar kauce wa raguwa. A shekara ta 2015, kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a taron Atlantic, a bayan 'yan wasa kamar Baba Jubril, Lanre Alimi da Tunde El-Alawa . <ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2016 da 2017, Falcons sun kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun kasa. A cikin shekara ta 2018, Kwara sun kasance masu cin gaba a gasar Firimiya, sun kammala ne kawai a bayan Rivers Hoopers . A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2022, Falcons ta lashe gasar zakarun kasa ta farko bayan ta lashe kakar 2022. A sakamakon haka, sun cancanci kai tsaye don kakar 2023 ta Kungiyar Kwando ta Afirka (BAL). Don kakar wasa ta farko ta BAL, Falcons sun ƙarfafa jerin sunayensu tare da AJ Wilson, Michael Kolawole da Jeremiah Mordi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-26 |title=BAL 2023 : LES KWARA FALCONS SIGNENT TROIS NOUVEAUX JOUEURS. |url=https://sports7.info/2023/02/26/bal-2023-les-kwara-falcons-signent-trois-nouveaux-joueurs/,%20https://sports7.info/2023/02/26/bal-2023-les-kwara-falcons-signent-trois-nouveaux-joueurs/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Falcons sun shiga Taron Sahara kuma sun rasa dukkan wasanninta biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What happened at the 2023 Sahara Conference? |url=https://bal.nba.com/news/what-happened-at-the-2023-sahara-conference |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=The BAL |language=en}}</ref> Kwara Falcons sun jawo matsakaicin halartar gida na 398 a cikin 2024 NBBF Premier League, daya daga cikin matsakaicin matsakaicin dukkan kungiyoyin kwallon kwando na Najeriya. == Daraja == '''[[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]]''' * '''Zakarun (1):''' [[2022 NBBF Premier League|2022]] ** Wanda ya zo na biyu (1): 2018 *** Matsayi na uku (1): [[Kofin Shugaban Kasa na NBBF 2019|2019]] '''Gasar gayyata ta Louis Edem''' * Masu cin nasara (1): 2023 == 'Yan wasa == === Jerin 2023 === Jerin Kwara Falcons masu zuwa sun buga a kakar BAL ta 2023.    == Manazarta == iru6ay8ntua6kfy86bjzcn43oq7sqiq 0 179754 970278 2026-10-22T06:56:57Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368224402|Konin Coal Mine]]" 970278 wikitext text/x-wiki Ma'adinan kwal na Konin babban ma'adinai ne a tsakiyar Poland a Konin, Greater Poland Voivodeship, 186 kilomita arewa maso yamma da babban birnin, Warsaw . Konin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar kwal a Poland, inda aka kiyasta cewa akwai tan miliyan 466.4 na kwal . Ana samar da kwal kusan tan miliyan 20 a kowace shekara. == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053018/http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma] g0tdytumw7i2odsqsskvz8824x2c80g 970279 970278 2026-10-22T07:01:54Z Baffa ali 47435 970279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ma'adinan kwal na Konin babban ma'adinai ne a tsakiyar Poland a Konin, Greater Poland Voivodeship, 186 kilomita arewa maso yamma da babban birnin, Warsaw . <ref name="Iacobeni">{{cite web|url=http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf |title=References|date=2010 |publisher=poltegor.pl |accessdate=2010-09-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053018/http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-13 }}</ref> Konin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar kwal a Poland, inda aka kiyasta cewa akwai tan miliyan 466.4 na kwal . Ana samar da kwal kusan tan miliyan 20 a kowace shekara. == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053018/http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma] 86qwq3teof25bnqfjj113m4p1rh66yd 970280 970279 2026-10-22T07:04:17Z Baffa ali 47435 970280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ma'adinan kwal na Konin babban ma'adinai ne a tsakiyar Poland a [[Konin]], [[Greater Poland Voivodeship]], 186 kilomita arewa maso yamma da babban birnin, Warsaw . <ref name="Iacobeni">{{cite web|url=http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf |title=References|date=2010 |publisher=poltegor.pl |accessdate=2010-09-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053018/http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-13 }}</ref> Konin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar kwal a Poland, inda aka kiyasta cewa akwai tan miliyan 466.4 na kwal . Ana samar da kwal kusan tan miliyan 20 a kowace shekara. == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053018/http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma] c2u5o9h8uj9nlgkwfbz7o66ti25x7nj 970281 970280 2026-10-22T07:06:05Z Baffa ali 47435 970281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ma'adinan kwal na Konin babban ma'adinai ne a tsakiyar [[ Poland ]] a [[Konin]], [[Greater Poland Voivodeship]] , 186 kilomita arewa maso yamma da babban birnin, Warsaw . <ref name="Iacobeni">{{cite web|url=http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf |title=References|date=2010 |publisher=poltegor.pl |accessdate=2010-09-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053018/http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-13 }}</ref> Konin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar kwal a Poland, inda aka kiyasta cewa akwai tan miliyan 466.4 na kwal . Ana samar da kwal kusan tan miliyan 20 a kowace shekara. == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053018/http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma] n7510fhz5w2ceeosm7hk5kyhxvcls7v 970282 970281 2026-10-22T07:08:04Z Baffa ali 47435 970282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ma'adinan kwal na Konin babban ma'adinai ne a tsakiyar [[ Poland ]] a [[Konin]] , [[Greater Poland Voivodeship]] , 186 kilomita arewa maso yamma da babban birnin, Warsaw . <ref name="Iacobeni">{{cite web|url=http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf |title=References|date=2010 |publisher=poltegor.pl |accessdate=2010-09-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053018/http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-13 }}</ref> Konin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar kwal a Poland, inda aka kiyasta cewa akwai tan miliyan 466.4 na kwal . Ana samar da kwal kusan tan miliyan 20 a kowace shekara. == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053018/http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma] gwevm6h6zike9o3n8sslp8b3d73g2ex 970283 970282 2026-10-22T07:10:55Z Baffa ali 47435 970283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ma'adinan kwal na Konin babban ma'adinai ne a tsakiyar [[ Poland ]] a [[Konin]] , [[Greater Poland Voivodeship]] , 186 kilomita arewa maso yamma da babban birnin, Warsaw . <ref name="Iacobeni">{{cite web|url=http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf |title=References|date=2010 |publisher=poltegor.pl |accessdate=2010-09-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053018/http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-13 }}</ref> Konin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar kwal a Poland, inda aka kiyasta cewa akwai tan miliyan 466.4 na kwal . Ana samar da kwal kusan tan miliyan 20 a kowace shekara. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053018/http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma] == Manazarta == qwjoeoluj37hm3gd6oy79jxdy0u4uw0 970286 970283 2026-10-22T07:24:00Z Baffa ali 47435 970286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ma'adinan kwal '''na Konin babban ma'adinai ne a tsakiyar [[ Poland ]] a [[Konin]] , [[Greater Poland Voivodeship]] , 186 kilomita arewa maso yamma da babban birnin, Warsaw . <ref name="Iacobeni">{{cite web|url=http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf |title=References|date=2010 |publisher=poltegor.pl |accessdate=2010-09-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053018/http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-13 }}</ref> Konin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar kwal a Poland, inda aka kiyasta cewa akwai tan miliyan 466.4 na kwal . Ana samar da kwal kusan tan miliyan 20 a kowace shekara. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053018/http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma] == Manazarta == q4ecgt0dxjj81cq7skpttqpx8m51oqb 970291 970286 2026-10-22T08:51:10Z Kamaf001 48297 970291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ma'adinan kwal '''na Konin babban ma'adinai ne a tsakiyar [[ Poland ]] a [[Konin]] , [[Greater Poland Voivodeship]] , (186) kilomita arewa maso yamma da babban birnin, Warsaw . <ref name="Iacobeni">{{cite web|url=http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf |title=References|date=2010 |publisher=poltegor.pl |accessdate=2010-09-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053018/http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-13 }}</ref> Konin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar kwal a Poland, inda aka kiyasta cewa akwai tan miliyan 466.4 na kwal . Ana samar da kwal kusan tan miliyan 20 a kowace shekara. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120313053018/http://www.poltegor.pl/ref/lr2006a.pdf Shafin yanar gizo na hukuma] == Manazarta == hfqxwgru674qlhno48ljq40cfnmpxgu 0 179755 970284 2026-10-22T07:18:43Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354296757|Horipsestis]]" 970284 wikitext text/x-wiki Horipsestis nau'in ƙwari ne na dangin Tyatirinae na Drepanidae . == Nau'o'i == * ''Horipsestis aenea'' <small>(Wileman, 1911)</small> * An yi wa <small>Yoshimoto</small> ''tiyata a'' shekarar 1996 * ''Laszlo'' <small>, G.Ronkay, L.Ronkay & Witt, 2007</small> * ''Horipsestis minutus'' <small>(Forbes, 1936)</small> * ''Horipsestis mushana'' <small>(Matsumura, 1931)</small> == Manazarta == * , 1933, ''Insecta Matsumurana'' '''7''' : 193. * , 2007, ''Esperiana Buchreihe zur Entomologie'' '''Band 13''' : 1-683 [https://web.archive.org/web/20081005065659/http://esperiana.net/pageID_3655007.html] lyc8o1jxuwvbxq93bswn6xd44j8t2jv 970285 970284 2026-10-22T07:22:58Z Baffa ali 47435 970285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Horipsestis '''nau'in ƙwari ne na dangin Tyatirinae na Drepanidae . == Nau'o'i == * ''Horipsestis aenea'' <small>(Wileman, 1911)</small> * An yi wa <small>Yoshimoto</small> ''tiyata a'' shekarar 1996 * ''Laszlo'' <small>, G.Ronkay, L.Ronkay & Witt, 2007</small> * ''Horipsestis minutus'' <small>(Forbes, 1936)</small> * ''Horipsestis mushana'' <small>(Matsumura, 1931)</small> == Manazarta == * , 1933, ''Insecta Matsumurana'' '''7''' : 193. * , 2007, ''Esperiana Buchreihe zur Entomologie'' '''Band 13''' : 1-683 [https://web.archive.org/web/20081005065659/http://esperiana.net/pageID_3655007.html] 8b2vdx1q25o3vaueixms82w1tiu3xe4 0 179756 970287 2026-10-22T07:29:39Z Umar2z 18668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377915316|Xandria Kawanga]]" 970287 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''Chikondi Kawanga,''' wanda aka sani kuma da "Xandria" mai zanen kayan kwalliya yar kasar [[Malawi]] ce, wanda ke [[Lilongwe|birnin Lilongwe]], Malawi. An san ta da tsara kayan zamani na musamman ga nakasassu ta hanyar samar da kayan sakawa na zamani mai dacewa ga nakasassu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daza |first=Chikondi |date=2023-10-24 |title=Persons with disabilities have right to showcase their talents – MACOHA Malawi 24 {{!}} Latest News from Malawi |url=https://malawi24.com/2023/10/24/persons-with-disabilities-have-right-to-showcase-their-talents-macoha/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Malawi 24 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == Ita ce ta kafa House of Xandria kuma darektan kirkirar gidan kayan ado da ke Malawi wanda ke samar da tufafi na musamman da dinkakun tufafi ga maza da mata. Ta kafa Xandria a watan Nuwamba 2015 tana da shekaru 18, jim kadan bayan kammala karatunta daga [[Jami'ar Gabashin Afirka, Baraton]] sashin Malawi Adventist University Campus. Baya ga ƙaddamar da daidaitacen salon a Malawi, wani shiri wanda ke inganta chhakuduwa a cikin masana'antar kayan ado, ta kuma kasance ma mai ba da shawara ga masana'antar tufafi a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Nyasa Times |date=2020-05-13 |title=Unavailability of fabrics affecting prices and creativity of Malawi fashion designs - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/unavailability-of-fabrics-affecting-prices-and-creativity-of-malawi-fashion-designs/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] edxcwqjx4b9z11dd7rhw6g59aea4dwj 970288 970287 2026-10-22T07:31:07Z Umar2z 18668 970288 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chikondi Kawanga,''' wanda aka sani kuma da "Xandria" mai zanen kayan kwalliya yar kasar [[Malawi]] ce, wanda ke [[Lilongwe|birnin Lilongwe]], Malawi. An san ta da tsara kayan zamani na musamman ga nakasassu ta hanyar samar da kayan sakawa na zamani mai dacewa ga nakasassu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daza |first=Chikondi |date=2023-10-24 |title=Persons with disabilities have right to showcase their talents – MACOHA Malawi 24 {{!}} Latest News from Malawi |url=https://malawi24.com/2023/10/24/persons-with-disabilities-have-right-to-showcase-their-talents-macoha/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Malawi 24 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == Ita ce ta kafa House of Xandria kuma darektan kirkirar gidan kayan ado da ke Malawi wanda ke samar da tufafi na musamman da dinkakun tufafi ga maza da mata. Ta kafa Xandria a watan Nuwamba 2015 tana da shekaru 18, jim kadan bayan kammala karatunta daga [[Jami'ar Gabashin Afirka, Baraton]] sashin Malawi Adventist University Campus. Baya ga ƙaddamar da daidaitacen salon a Malawi, wani shiri wanda ke inganta chhakuduwa a cikin masana'antar kayan ado, ta kuma kasance ma mai ba da shawara ga masana'antar tufafi a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Nyasa Times |date=2020-05-13 |title=Unavailability of fabrics affecting prices and creativity of Malawi fashion designs - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/unavailability-of-fabrics-affecting-prices-and-creativity-of-malawi-fashion-designs/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5eptvxug3eu44wk4feyzw4kycueuhbd 970293 970288 2026-10-22T08:52:32Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Rayuwar sana'a */ 970293 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chikondi Kawanga,''' wanda aka sani kuma da "Xandria" mai zanen kayan kwalliya yar kasar [[Malawi]] ce, wanda ke [[Lilongwe|birnin Lilongwe]], Malawi. An san ta da tsara kayan zamani na musamman ga nakasassu ta hanyar samar da kayan sakawa na zamani mai dacewa ga nakasassu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daza |first=Chikondi |date=2023-10-24 |title=Persons with disabilities have right to showcase their talents – MACOHA Malawi 24 {{!}} Latest News from Malawi |url=https://malawi24.com/2023/10/24/persons-with-disabilities-have-right-to-showcase-their-talents-macoha/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Malawi 24 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == Ita ce ta kafa House of Xandria kuma darektan kirkirar gidan kayan ado da ke Malawi wanda ke samar da tufafi na musamman da dinkakun tufafi ga maza da mata. Ta kafa Xandria a watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2015 tana da shekaru 18, jim kadan bayan kammala karatunta daga [[Jami'ar Gabashin Afirka, Baraton]] sashin Malawi Adventist University Campus. Baya ga ƙaddamar da daidaitacen salon a Malawi, wani shiri wanda ke inganta chhakuduwa a cikin masana'antar kayan ado, ta kuma kasance ma mai ba da shawara ga masana'antar tufafi a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Nyasa Times |date=2020-05-13 |title=Unavailability of fabrics affecting prices and creativity of Malawi fashion designs - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/unavailability-of-fabrics-affecting-prices-and-creativity-of-malawi-fashion-designs/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fk7tswrd00631ki4qg6ekjk9wh8r0gt 0 179757 970289 2026-10-22T08:04:54Z Umar2z 18668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367041742|Vanessa Nsona]]" 970289 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Vanessa Nsona''' 'yar kasuwa ce yar kasar Malawi kuma Mai tsara kayan ado. Ita ce ta kirkiri Dorovee <ref>{{Cite web |title=DOROVEE.COM - DOROVEE.COM |url=http://dorovee.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051237/http://dorovee.com/ |archive-date=2016-03-28 |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=dorovee.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>, wanda shine kamfani na farko na kayan ado da baya cutar da muhalli na Malawi. An zaba ta a matsayin Mandela Washington Fellow a karkashin Matasan Afirka na Jagoranci a Washington DC . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanessa Nsona |url=https://www.mandelawashingtonfellowship.org/fellow/vanessa-nsona/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Mandela Washington Fellowship |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="mwnation1">{{Cite web |last=Yvonnie Sundu |date=2014-07-04 |title=Vanessa Nsona ready to take on the world with her designs &#124; &#124; The Nation Online |url=http://mwnation.com/vanessa-nsona-ready-to-take-on-the-world-with-her-designs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119053933/http://mwnation.com/vanessa-nsona-ready-to-take-on-the-world-with-her-designs/ |archive-date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Mwnation.com}}</ref> . A matsayinta na mai tsara salo a Malawi, tana ba da shawara da horar da masu zanen kayan ado a ciki, da wajen kasar Malawi.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=US Embassy and YALI organize a youth fair |url=http://www.capitalradiomalawi.com/component/k2/item/3294-i-won-t-fire-officials-jb |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184533/http://www.capitalradiomalawi.com/component/k2/item/3294-i-won-t-fire-officials-jb |archive-date=2017-01-31 |access-date=2017-01-28 |publisher=Capital Radio Malawi}}</ref> Ta hada hannu kaddamar da bita a Malawi. A [[Zimbabwe]], ta gudanar da bita kan 'Building a Sustainable Fashion Brand' tare da Zedlabel a ofishin jakadancin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimbo Jam Network |date=2015-10-15 |title=Vannesa Nsona Archives |url=http://www.zimbojam.com/tag/vannesa-nsona/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184231/http://www.zimbojam.com/tag/vannesa-nsona/ |archive-date=2017-01-31 |access-date=2017-01-28 |publisher=Zimbo Jam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Shop Zimbabwean fashion online |url=http://www.zedlabel.com/about-zedlabel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184612/http://www.zedlabel.com/about-zedlabel |archive-date=2017-01-31 |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Zedlabel.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tana da difloma na Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga [[Jami'ar Malawi]]. A shekara ta 2014 Nsona ta kasance Mandela Washington Fellow, ga shugabannin matasan Afirka, a Kwalejin Dartmouth nan ta karanci kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanessa Nsona |url=https://www.mandelawashingtonfellowship.org/fellow/vanessa-nsona/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Mandela Washington Fellowship |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta wakilci [[Malawi]] a taron Tarihin Duniya na Matasan Afirka a [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kwesi Aane Koomson |title=My Cherished Memories: World Heritage Youth Forum in retrospect |url=https://furnacejournal.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/kwesi-a-kommson-african-world-heritage-regional-youth-forum.pdf |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Furnacejournal.files.wordpress.com}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-03 |title=furnace Journal Issue 4 (2016) |url=https://issuu.com/furnacejournal/docs/furnace_issue_4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119053300/https://issuu.com/furnacejournal/docs/furnace_issue_4 |archive-date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Issuu.com}}</ref>Ita memba ce ta Soroptmist International of Blantyre (SIB) wanda ke taimakawa mata da yara marasa galihu. Ta kuma ƙaddamar da Project Luso, wanda ke ƙirƙirar da inganta ƙirar kayan ado na Malawi don taimakawa mata marasa galihu da masu ba da shawara a masana'antar kayan ado tare da Samariya Trust mai zaman kanta. <ref name="mwnation1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Albert Sharra |date=2014-01-10 |title=Designer partners Samaritan Trust &#124; &#124; The Nation Online |url=http://mwnation.com/designer-partners-samaritan-trust/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119053932/http://mwnation.com/designer-partners-samaritan-trust/ |archive-date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Mwnation.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Nsona ta ƙaddamar da alamar kayan ado na Dorovee a cikin 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Co |first=Kuwala |date=2014-12-16 |title=Dorovee: Eco-friendly brand launches crowdfund &#124; Kuwala |url=https://kuwala.co/blogs/news/16201937-dorovee-eco-friendly-fashion-brand-launches-crowd-funding-campaign |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131194951/https://kuwala.co/blogs/news/16201937-dorovee-eco-friendly-fashion-brand-launches-crowd-funding-campaign |archive-date=2017-01-31 |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Kuwala.co}}</ref> wanda ya haɗa da takalma, ƙwallo da sauran kayan ado ta amfani da masana'anta da kayan Malawi. <ref name="dartmouth1">{{Cite web |date=14 August 2014 |title=Vanessa Nsona &#124; The John Sloan Dickey Center |url=http://dickey.dartmouth.edu/people/vanessa-nsona |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Dickey.dartmouth.edu}}</ref> Zane-zanenta sun bayyana a tarurukan salo na Malawi, ciki har da Makon Kayan Zamani na Malawi na 2014 da kuma a cikan kasar Malawi shekara 50 a bukukuwan Washington DC.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Entertainment – Malawi Nyasa Times – Malawi breaking news in Malawi |url=http://nyasa63.rssing.com/chan-10437783/all_p46.html |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Nyasa63.rssing.com}}</ref> Kwanan nan, Nsona ta yi aiki tare da Matamba Film Labs for Women in Zimbabwe don haɓaka fim ɗin motsi game da rayuwar yarinyar Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banda |first=Sam |date=2024-02-16 |title=Malawi, Zimbabwe creatives in Stop Motion film project |url=https://times.mw/malawi-zimbabwe-creatives-in-stop-motion-film-project/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai == * Mai hira, "Ayyukan Ra'ayi na Kasuwanci", Player FM, Firayim Ministan Multimedia Consultants, episode 003 & 004, 2016 * Alƙali, Zedlabel Fashion Challenge, salon talabijin, [[Zimbabwe]], 2015 * Mai hira, "Tattaunawa da Vanessa Nsona", Gidauniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-28 |title=YALI Fellow: Vanessa Nsona |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyTOvsNbyw0 |access-date=2017-01-28 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kn4w6pro1yfuqcfvezwiacgp8sozgw1 970290 970289 2026-10-22T08:05:23Z Umar2z 18668 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 970290 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Vanessa Nsona''' 'yar kasuwa ce yar kasar Malawi kuma Mai tsara kayan ado. Ita ce ta kirkiri Dorovee <ref>{{Cite web |title=DOROVEE.COM - DOROVEE.COM |url=http://dorovee.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051237/http://dorovee.com/ |archive-date=2016-03-28 |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=dorovee.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>, wanda shine kamfani na farko na kayan ado da baya cutar da muhalli na Malawi. An zaba ta a matsayin Mandela Washington Fellow a karkashin Matasan Afirka na Jagoranci a Washington DC . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanessa Nsona |url=https://www.mandelawashingtonfellowship.org/fellow/vanessa-nsona/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Mandela Washington Fellowship |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="mwnation1">{{Cite web |last=Yvonnie Sundu |date=2014-07-04 |title=Vanessa Nsona ready to take on the world with her designs &#124; &#124; The Nation Online |url=http://mwnation.com/vanessa-nsona-ready-to-take-on-the-world-with-her-designs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119053933/http://mwnation.com/vanessa-nsona-ready-to-take-on-the-world-with-her-designs/ |archive-date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Mwnation.com}}</ref> . A matsayinta na mai tsara salo a Malawi, tana ba da shawara da horar da masu zanen kayan ado a ciki, da wajen kasar Malawi.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=US Embassy and YALI organize a youth fair |url=http://www.capitalradiomalawi.com/component/k2/item/3294-i-won-t-fire-officials-jb |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184533/http://www.capitalradiomalawi.com/component/k2/item/3294-i-won-t-fire-officials-jb |archive-date=2017-01-31 |access-date=2017-01-28 |publisher=Capital Radio Malawi}}</ref> Ta hada hannu kaddamar da bita a Malawi. A [[Zimbabwe]], ta gudanar da bita kan 'Building a Sustainable Fashion Brand' tare da Zedlabel a ofishin jakadancin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimbo Jam Network |date=2015-10-15 |title=Vannesa Nsona Archives |url=http://www.zimbojam.com/tag/vannesa-nsona/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184231/http://www.zimbojam.com/tag/vannesa-nsona/ |archive-date=2017-01-31 |access-date=2017-01-28 |publisher=Zimbo Jam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Shop Zimbabwean fashion online |url=http://www.zedlabel.com/about-zedlabel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184612/http://www.zedlabel.com/about-zedlabel |archive-date=2017-01-31 |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Zedlabel.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tana da difloma na Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga [[Jami'ar Malawi]]. A shekara ta 2014 Nsona ta kasance Mandela Washington Fellow, ga shugabannin matasan Afirka, a Kwalejin Dartmouth nan ta karanci kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanessa Nsona |url=https://www.mandelawashingtonfellowship.org/fellow/vanessa-nsona/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Mandela Washington Fellowship |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta wakilci [[Malawi]] a taron Tarihin Duniya na Matasan Afirka a [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kwesi Aane Koomson |title=My Cherished Memories: World Heritage Youth Forum in retrospect |url=https://furnacejournal.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/kwesi-a-kommson-african-world-heritage-regional-youth-forum.pdf |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Furnacejournal.files.wordpress.com}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-03 |title=furnace Journal Issue 4 (2016) |url=https://issuu.com/furnacejournal/docs/furnace_issue_4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119053300/https://issuu.com/furnacejournal/docs/furnace_issue_4 |archive-date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Issuu.com}}</ref>Ita memba ce ta Soroptmist International of Blantyre (SIB) wanda ke taimakawa mata da yara marasa galihu. Ta kuma ƙaddamar da Project Luso, wanda ke ƙirƙirar da inganta ƙirar kayan ado na Malawi don taimakawa mata marasa galihu da masu ba da shawara a masana'antar kayan ado tare da Samariya Trust mai zaman kanta. <ref name="mwnation1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Albert Sharra |date=2014-01-10 |title=Designer partners Samaritan Trust &#124; &#124; The Nation Online |url=http://mwnation.com/designer-partners-samaritan-trust/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119053932/http://mwnation.com/designer-partners-samaritan-trust/ |archive-date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Mwnation.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Nsona ta ƙaddamar da alamar kayan ado na Dorovee a cikin 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Co |first=Kuwala |date=2014-12-16 |title=Dorovee: Eco-friendly brand launches crowdfund &#124; Kuwala |url=https://kuwala.co/blogs/news/16201937-dorovee-eco-friendly-fashion-brand-launches-crowd-funding-campaign |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131194951/https://kuwala.co/blogs/news/16201937-dorovee-eco-friendly-fashion-brand-launches-crowd-funding-campaign |archive-date=2017-01-31 |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Kuwala.co}}</ref> wanda ya haɗa da takalma, ƙwallo da sauran kayan ado ta amfani da masana'anta da kayan Malawi. <ref name="dartmouth1">{{Cite web |date=14 August 2014 |title=Vanessa Nsona &#124; The John Sloan Dickey Center |url=http://dickey.dartmouth.edu/people/vanessa-nsona |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Dickey.dartmouth.edu}}</ref> Zane-zanenta sun bayyana a tarurukan salo na Malawi, ciki har da Makon Kayan Zamani na Malawi na 2014 da kuma a cikan kasar Malawi shekara 50 a bukukuwan Washington DC.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Entertainment – Malawi Nyasa Times – Malawi breaking news in Malawi |url=http://nyasa63.rssing.com/chan-10437783/all_p46.html |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Nyasa63.rssing.com}}</ref> Kwanan nan, Nsona ta yi aiki tare da Matamba Film Labs for Women in Zimbabwe don haɓaka fim ɗin motsi game da rayuwar yarinyar Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banda |first=Sam |date=2024-02-16 |title=Malawi, Zimbabwe creatives in Stop Motion film project |url=https://times.mw/malawi-zimbabwe-creatives-in-stop-motion-film-project/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai == * Mai hira, "Ayyukan Ra'ayi na Kasuwanci", Player FM, Firayim Ministan Multimedia Consultants, episode 003 & 004, 2016 * Alƙali, Zedlabel Fashion Challenge, salon talabijin, [[Zimbabwe]], 2015 * Mai hira, "Tattaunawa da Vanessa Nsona", Gidauniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-28 |title=YALI Fellow: Vanessa Nsona |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyTOvsNbyw0 |access-date=2017-01-28 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] r1b5uzkehiaa1b0bwoyoickl5oxfvyn 970292 970290 2026-10-22T08:51:58Z Kamaf001 48297 /* Ayyuka */ 970292 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Vanessa Nsona''' 'yar kasuwa ce yar kasar Malawi kuma Mai tsara kayan ado. Ita ce ta kirkiri Dorovee <ref>{{Cite web |title=DOROVEE.COM - DOROVEE.COM |url=http://dorovee.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328051237/http://dorovee.com/ |archive-date=2016-03-28 |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=dorovee.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>, wanda shine kamfani na farko na kayan ado da baya cutar da muhalli na Malawi. An zaba ta a matsayin Mandela Washington Fellow a karkashin Matasan Afirka na Jagoranci a Washington DC . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanessa Nsona |url=https://www.mandelawashingtonfellowship.org/fellow/vanessa-nsona/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Mandela Washington Fellowship |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="mwnation1">{{Cite web |last=Yvonnie Sundu |date=2014-07-04 |title=Vanessa Nsona ready to take on the world with her designs &#124; &#124; The Nation Online |url=http://mwnation.com/vanessa-nsona-ready-to-take-on-the-world-with-her-designs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119053933/http://mwnation.com/vanessa-nsona-ready-to-take-on-the-world-with-her-designs/ |archive-date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Mwnation.com}}</ref> . A matsayinta na mai tsara salo a Malawi, tana ba da shawara da horar da masu zanen kayan ado a ciki, da wajen kasar Malawi.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=US Embassy and YALI organize a youth fair |url=http://www.capitalradiomalawi.com/component/k2/item/3294-i-won-t-fire-officials-jb |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184533/http://www.capitalradiomalawi.com/component/k2/item/3294-i-won-t-fire-officials-jb |archive-date=2017-01-31 |access-date=2017-01-28 |publisher=Capital Radio Malawi}}</ref> Ta hada hannu kaddamar da bita a Malawi. A [[Zimbabwe]], ta gudanar da bita kan 'Building a Sustainable Fashion Brand' tare da Zedlabel a ofishin jakadancin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zimbo Jam Network |date=2015-10-15 |title=Vannesa Nsona Archives |url=http://www.zimbojam.com/tag/vannesa-nsona/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184231/http://www.zimbojam.com/tag/vannesa-nsona/ |archive-date=2017-01-31 |access-date=2017-01-28 |publisher=Zimbo Jam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Shop Zimbabwean fashion online |url=http://www.zedlabel.com/about-zedlabel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184612/http://www.zedlabel.com/about-zedlabel |archive-date=2017-01-31 |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Zedlabel.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tana da difloma na Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga [[Jami'ar Malawi]]. A shekara ta 2014 Nsona ta kasance Mandela Washington Fellow, ga shugabannin matasan Afirka, a Kwalejin Dartmouth nan ta karanci kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanessa Nsona |url=https://www.mandelawashingtonfellowship.org/fellow/vanessa-nsona/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Mandela Washington Fellowship |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta wakilci [[Malawi]] a taron Tarihin Duniya na Matasan Afirka a [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kwesi Aane Koomson |title=My Cherished Memories: World Heritage Youth Forum in retrospect |url=https://furnacejournal.files.wordpress.com/2016/06/kwesi-a-kommson-african-world-heritage-regional-youth-forum.pdf |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Furnacejournal.files.wordpress.com}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-03 |title=furnace Journal Issue 4 (2016) |url=https://issuu.com/furnacejournal/docs/furnace_issue_4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119053300/https://issuu.com/furnacejournal/docs/furnace_issue_4 |archive-date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Issuu.com}}</ref>Ita memba ce ta Soroptmist International of Blantyre (SIB) wanda ke taimakawa mata da yara marasa galihu. Ta kuma ƙaddamar da Project Luso, wanda ke ƙirƙirar da inganta ƙirar kayan ado na Malawi don taimakawa mata marasa galihu da masu ba da shawara a masana'antar kayan ado tare da Samariya Trust mai zaman kanta. <ref name="mwnation1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Albert Sharra |date=2014-01-10 |title=Designer partners Samaritan Trust &#124; &#124; The Nation Online |url=http://mwnation.com/designer-partners-samaritan-trust/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119053932/http://mwnation.com/designer-partners-samaritan-trust/ |archive-date=2017-01-19 |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Mwnation.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Nsona ta ƙaddamar da alamar kayan ado na Dorovee a cikin shekarar 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Co |first=Kuwala |date=2014-12-16 |title=Dorovee: Eco-friendly brand launches crowdfund &#124; Kuwala |url=https://kuwala.co/blogs/news/16201937-dorovee-eco-friendly-fashion-brand-launches-crowd-funding-campaign |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131194951/https://kuwala.co/blogs/news/16201937-dorovee-eco-friendly-fashion-brand-launches-crowd-funding-campaign |archive-date=2017-01-31 |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Kuwala.co}}</ref> wanda ya haɗa da takalma, ƙwallo da sauran kayan ado ta amfani da masana'anta da kayan Malawi. <ref name="dartmouth1">{{Cite web |date=14 August 2014 |title=Vanessa Nsona &#124; The John Sloan Dickey Center |url=http://dickey.dartmouth.edu/people/vanessa-nsona |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Dickey.dartmouth.edu}}</ref> Zane-zanenta sun bayyana a tarurukan salo na Malawi, ciki har da Makon Kayan Zamani na Malawi na 2014 da kuma a cikan kasar Malawi shekara 50 a bukukuwan Washington DC.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Entertainment – Malawi Nyasa Times – Malawi breaking news in Malawi |url=http://nyasa63.rssing.com/chan-10437783/all_p46.html |access-date=2017-01-28 |website=Nyasa63.rssing.com}}</ref> Kwanan nan, Nsona ta yi aiki tare da Matamba Film Labs for Women in Zimbabwe don haɓaka fim ɗin motsi game da rayuwar yarinyar Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banda |first=Sam |date=2024-02-16 |title=Malawi, Zimbabwe creatives in Stop Motion film project |url=https://times.mw/malawi-zimbabwe-creatives-in-stop-motion-film-project/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai == * Mai hira, "Ayyukan Ra'ayi na Kasuwanci", Player FM, Firayim Ministan Multimedia Consultants, episode 003 & 004, 2016 * Alƙali, Zedlabel Fashion Challenge, salon talabijin, [[Zimbabwe]], 2015 * Mai hira, "Tattaunawa da Vanessa Nsona", Gidauniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-28 |title=YALI Fellow: Vanessa Nsona |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyTOvsNbyw0 |access-date=2017-01-28 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kb3z2zj9dugjp69icfx42yswq5j0ugx