Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3417 336832 335477 2026-07-25T15:05:06Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_river | name = {{collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;|title = Niger Naddi|{{font|{{native name|fr|Fleuve Niger}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{lang|mnk|Joliba}} {{font|([[Maninka language|Maninka]])|size=81%|css=font-weight:normal;}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{native name|bm|Jeluba}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{native name|ff|Mayo Ɓalewo 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤴𞤮 𞤄𞤢𞤤𞤫𞤮}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{native name|taq|Egerew {{lang|taq|ⴻⴳⴻⵔⴻⵡ}}}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{lang|dje|Issa Beri}} {{font|([[Zarma language|Zarma]])|size=81%|css=font-weight:normal;}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{native name|ha|Kwara}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{native name|ijo|Toru Beni}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{native name|yo|Ọya}}|size=76%}}|{{font|{{native name|ig|Óshimiri/ Oshimili}}|size=76%}}}} | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = Iske naam saait [[Berber bhasa]] me naddi ke<br/>sabd ''gher'' nai to local Tuareg sabd ''n-igereouen''<br/>jiske matlab "big rivers" hae se aais hae<ref>{{cite web |title=niger {{!}} Origin and meaning of the name niger by Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/niger |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en |access-date=2021-04-26 |archive-date=2022-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014033414/https://www.etymonline.com/word/Niger |url-status=live }}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Niger, Niamey, Pont Kennedy (1).jpg | image_size = 325px | image_caption = Pont Kennedy Niger ke uppar [[Niamey]], 2019 me | map = {{Infobox mapframe |shape-fill-opacity=.1|wikidata=yes |zoom=4 |frame-height=300 | stroke-width=4 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}|point = none|stroke-color=#0000FF }} | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Des | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Guinea]]|[[Mali]]|[[Niger]]|[[Benin]]|[[Nigeria]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = {{hlist|[[Tembakounda]]|[[Bamako]]|[[Timbuktu]]|[[Niamey]]|<br/>[[Lokoja]]|[[Onitsha]]}} <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|4,200|km|mi}}<ref name="The Niger River Basin - A Vision for Sustainable Management">{{cite book |url=https://econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/wbkwbpubs/7397.htm |title=The Niger River Basin - A Vision for Sustainable Management |last1=Inger |first1=Andersen |last2=Ousmane |first2=Dione |last3=Martha |first3=Jarosewich-Holder |last4=Jean-Claude |first4=Olivry |last5=Katherin |first5=George Golitzen |isbn=9780821362037 |year=2005 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2023-01-04 |archive-date=2023-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104003516/https://econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/wbkwbpubs/7397.htm |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104003516/https://econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/wbkwbpubs/7397.htm |date=2023-01-04 }}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = {{cvt|1.24|km}} to {{cvt|1.73|km}} ([[Lokoja]])<br/><ref name="35-years decadal changes in platform morphology of the Niger and Benue confluence, West Africa">{{cite journal |url=https://www.authorea.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/essoar.10512089.1 |title=35-years decadal changes in platform morphology of the Niger and Benue confluence, West Africa |last1=Muhedeen |first1=Lawal |last2=Kamaldeen Olakunle |first2=Omosanya |year=2022 |doi=10.1002/essoar.10512089.1 |journal=ESS Open Archive }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = {{cvt|37|m}} ([[Lokoja]])<ref name="35-years decadal changes in platform morphology of the Niger and Benue confluence, West Africa"/> | discharge1_location= [[Niger Delta]]<ref name="WWD Continents">{{cite web |url=http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/AFRICAN/Niger/niger.htm |title=WWD Continents |website=www.geol.lsu.edu |access-date=28 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008103921/http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/AFRICAN/Niger/niger.htm |archive-date=8 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Prabhu TL 2021">{{cite web |author=Prabhu TL |year=2021 |title=Agricultural Engineering: An Introduction To Agricultural Engineering |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1o0EAAAQBAJ&dq=Niger+6925+m3/s&pg=PT1156 |publisher=NestFame Creations Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=2021-11-18 |archive-date=2022-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125071257/https://books.google.com/books?id=t1o0EAAAQBAJ&dq=Niger+6925+m3/s&pg=PT1156 |url-status=live }}</ref> | discharge1_avg =(Period: 2010–2018){{cvt|270.5|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}} (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|7,922.3|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Niger">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=51&catid=202&Itemid=179|title=Niger|access-date=2024-04-01|archive-date=2024-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401204320/https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=51&catid=202&Itemid=179|url-status=live}}</ref> ({{cvt|6,925|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Prabhu TL 2021"/> to {{cvt|250|km3/year}}<ref name="The Niger River Basin - A Vision for Sustainable Management"/>) | discharge1_min ={{cvt|1,200|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|35,000|m3/s}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1_location = [[Guinea Highlands]], [[Guinea-Conakry]] | source1_coordinates= {{coord|09|05|50|N|10|40|58|W|type:river}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|850|m}} | mouth = [[Atlantic Ocean]] | mouth_location = Gulf of Guinea, [[Nigeria]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|5|19|20|N|6|28|9|E|type:river}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m}} | progression = [[Gulf of Guinea]] | river_system = [[List of drainage basins by area|Niger River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|2,117,700|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} to <br/>{{cvt|2,273,946|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = [[Tinkisso River|Tinkisso]], [[Sokoto River|Sokoto]], [[Kaduna River|Kaduna]], [[Gurara Waterfalls|Gurara]], [[Benue River|Benue]], [[Anambra River|Anambra]] | tributaries_right = [[Niandan]], [[Milo River|Milo]], [[Sankarani River|Sankarani]], [[Bani River|Bani]], [[Béli River|Gorouol]], [[Sirba River|Sirba]],<br/> [[Mékrou River|Mékrou]], [[Alibori River|Alibori]], [[Sota River|Sota]], [[Oli River|Oli]], [[Orashi River|Orashi]], [[Escravos River|Warri]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |discharge2_location= [[Onitsha]] |discharge2_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|6,470.8|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Niger"/> |discharge3_location=[[Lokoja]] |discharge3_min=(Period: 2000/06/01–2023/05/31){{cvt|1,864|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Niger-Hycos"/> {{cvt|500|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name=study>{{cite web |url=http://www.risorseidriche.dica.unict.it/Sito_STAHY2010_web/pdf_papers/AbrateT_HubertP_SighomnouD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101085233/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:gF9Pb96gxA0J:www.risorseidriche.dica.unict.it/Sito_STAHY2010_web/pdf_papers/AbrateT_HubertP_SighomnouD.pdf+niger+river+peak+discharge&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 1, 2016 |title=A Study On The Hydrological Series Of The Niger River At Koulikoro, Niamey And Lokoja Stations |first=Ing. Antonio |last=Castano |access-date=28 April 2018 }}</ref> |discharge3_avg=(Period: 2000/06/01–2023/05/31){{cvt|6,696|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Niger-Hycos"/> (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|5,754.7|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Niger"/> | discharge3_max =(Period: 2000/06/01–2023/05/31){{cvt|21,800|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Niger-Hycos"/> {{cvt|27,600|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name=study/> (04/10/2022: {{cvt|33,136|m3/s}}<ref name="Niger-Hycos">{{cite web |url=http://nigerhycos.abn.ne/portal/spip.php?article475 |title=Niger-Hycos |year=2022 |access-date=2023-01-02 |archive-date=2023-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201021022/http://nigerhycos.abn.ne/portal/spip.php?article475 |url-status=live }}</ref> |discharge4_location=[[Niamey]] |discharge4_min=(Period: 2000/06/01–2023/05/31){{cvt|60|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Niger-Hycos"/> |discharge4_avg=(Period: 2000/06/01–2023/05/31){{cvt|964|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Niger-Hycos"/> (Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|737.7|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Niger"/> |discharge4_max=(Period: 2000/06/01–2023/05/31){{cvt|1,994|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Niger-Hycos"/> |discharge5_location=[[Bamako]] |discharge5_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|1,091.7|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Niger"/>}} [[file:Niger river map.PNG|right|thumb|Map of Niger River with Niger River basin in green]] '''Niger River''', western [[Africa]] ke khaaas [[naddi]] hae. ii naddi 4180&nbsp;km (2500 miles) lamba hae. Iske crescent shape hae aur ii [[Guinea]], [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Benin]] aur [[Nigeria]] me se bahe hae . == Geography == [[file:Niger River Center Island.jpg|thumb|Mud houses on the island in [[Lake Debo]]]] [[File:Sul Niger.jpg|thumb|Niger Naddi ([[Mali]])]] == References == {{reflist}} == Duusra websites == * [http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.cfm?map_select=298&theme=2 Information and a map of the Niger's watershed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041027204023/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.cfm?map_select=298&theme=2 |date=2004-10-27 }} * [http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af14.html Map of the Niger River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111145727/http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af14.html |date=2006-11-11 }} * [http://www.nigercurrents.ca Niger Currents: Exploring life and technology along the Niger River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616141219/http://nigercurrents.ca/ |date=2013-06-16 }} == Chapa == Pictures of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20081014020125/http://web.mac.com/dwb217/iWeb/WorldViewBender/Niger%20River.html Niger River] in [[Mali]] [[vibhag:N]] [[vibhag:Guinea ke naddi]] [[vibhag:Mali ke naddi]] [[vibhag:Niger ke naddi]] [[vibhag:Benin ke naddi]] [[vibhag:Nigeria ke naddi]] 1195obf8jg1q4y8pt95ax2ckhsz0srx 0 6327 336839 198450 2026-07-26T09:28:12Z Snandan 529 336839 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The_British_Empire1.png|thumb|right|350px|Ek chapa jon ki uu des dekhae hae jon ki kabhi British Empire me rahin]] [[File:BritishEmpire1919.png|thumb|right|350px|British Empire 1921 me]] '''British Empire''' ek [[global power]] rahaa jiske [[territory|territories]] [[United Kingdom]] ke niche rahaa. Ii empire itihaasme me sab se barraa empire rahaa aur aapan uunchai ke time dunia ke ke area me se one quarter ke uppar raj karat rahaa. 458 million people se jaada log British Empire ke niche rahin. Aaj, isme se dher des [[Commonwealth of Nations]] ke member hae. == Suruwaat (1497–1583) == [[File:Matthew-BristolHarbour-Aug2004.jpg|thumb|A replica of the ''[[Matthew (1497 ship)|Matthew]]'', [[John Cabot]] ke jahaaj jiske kaam me laae ke uu Nawaa Duniaa ke duusra voyage, 1497 me karis rahaa]] British Empire ke suruwaat uu time bhais rahaa jab [[England]] aur [[Scotland]] alag-alag samrajya (kingdoms) rahin, aur uu time duuno ke alag-alag samraat rahaa. 1496 me, [[Spain]] aur [[Portugal]] ke overseas exploration ke safaltaa ke baad, King [[Henry VII of England]], [[John Cabot]] ke ek expedition lead kare ke batais jisse [[Northwest Passage]] to Asia via the North Atlantic, ke paawa jaae sake.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=3}} Cabot 1497 me rawaana bhais rahaa, [[ Christopher Columbus]] ke pahila yatra ke paanch saal baad, aur uu [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] me utris rahaa, jiske uu sochis rahaa ki [[Asia]] hae,{{Sfn|Andrews|1984|p=45}} aur koi colony basae ke kosis nai karaa gais rahaa. Ek saal baad, Cabot Americas ke khaatir ek aur yatra karis, lekin lautis nai; ii nai jaana jaawe hae ki uske jahaajan ke kon chij bhais rahaa.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=4}} Ii sabuut hae ki Bristol ke mariners [[North America]] ke shore ke baare me jaanat rahin aur husn ke samundar ke macchrri pakrrat rahin, lekin England ii jagha ke claim nai karis rahaa.<ref>Meining, D.W. ''The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Vol. 1, Atlantic America, 1492–1800''. New Haven: Yale University Press 1986, 24–25</ref> Americas me English colonies banae ke koi kosis nai karaa gais rahaa jab talak [[Elizabethan era|reign of Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;I]] raani nai banis rahaa, [[16th century]] ke aakhri dassak me.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=35}} Ii biich me , [[Henry VIII]] ke 1533 [[Statute in Restraint of Appeals]] elaan karis rahaa "that this realm of England is an Empire".{{Sfn|Koebner|1953|pp=29–52}} [[English Reformation|Protestant Reformation]] ke baad England aur [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Spain kattar dushman ban gay rahin.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=3}} 1562 me, Elizabeth&nbsp;I pirates [[John Hawkins (naval commander)|John Hawkins]] aur [[Francis Drake]] ke protsaan diis ki uu log [[Slave raiding|slave-raiding attacks]] against Spanish and Portuguese jahaaj pe, off the coast of West Africa kare{{Sfn|Thomas|1997|pp=155–158}} jiske aim rahaa ek [[Atlantic slave trade]] ke suruu karnaa. Ii kosis nai chalaa, jaise [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish Wars]] barrha, [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth&nbsp;I]] , pirate log ke aapan aashiswaad diis ki uu log aur raids Spanish ports Americas me aur and jahaaj jon Atlantic me lautat rahin, [[Spanish treasure fleet|laden with treasure]] from the [[New World]] lae ke, ke attack kare.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=7}} Yahii time, jaana-maana lekhak, jaise [[Richard Hakluyt]] aur [[John Dee]] (jon pahila jan rahaa jon "British Empire" sabd ke kaam me laais rahaa){{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=62}} England ke aapan Emire banae pe dabao daalay lage rahin. Ii time talak, Amerias ke sab se jaada taagatwar des ban gais rahaa aur [[Pacific Ocean]] ke bhi explore kare kagaa rahaa, jab ki Portugal trading posts aur forts ke coasts of Africa aur Brazil se China talak banais rahaa, aur France [[Saint Lawrence Naddi]] waala ilaaka ke colony suruu kar diis rahaa, jiske baaad me [[New France]] bola jaawat rahaa.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|pp=4–8}} [[Category:B]] [[Category:Empires]] [[Category:United Kingdom]] gmoejyfrlittmysj8lablebq9wbwkyd 336840 336839 2026-07-26T09:39:12Z Snandan 529 336840 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The_British_Empire1.png|thumb|right|350px|Ek chapa jon ki uu des dekhae hae jon ki kabhi British Empire me rahin]] [[File:BritishEmpire1919.png|thumb|right|350px|British Empire 1921 me]] '''British Empire''' ek [[global power]] rahaa jiske [[territory|territories]] [[United Kingdom]] ke niche rahaa. Ii empire itihaasme me sab se barraa empire rahaa aur aapan uunchai ke time dunia ke ke area me se one quarter ke uppar raj karat rahaa. 458 million people se jaada log British Empire ke niche rahin. Aaj, isme se dher des [[Commonwealth of Nations]] ke member hae. == Suruwaat (1497–1583) == [[File:Matthew-BristolHarbour-Aug2004.jpg|thumb|A replica of the ''[[Matthew (1497 ship)|Matthew]]'', [[John Cabot]] ke jahaaj jiske kaam me laae ke uu Nawaa Duniaa ke duusra voyage, 1497 me karis rahaa]] British Empire ke suruwaat uu time bhais rahaa jab [[England]] aur [[Scotland]] alag-alag samrajya (kingdoms) rahin, aur uu time duuno ke alag-alag samraat rahaa. 1496 me, [[Spain]] aur [[Portugal]] ke overseas exploration ke safaltaa ke baad, King [[Henry VII of England]], [[John Cabot]] ke ek expedition lead kare ke batais jisse [[Northwest Passage]] to Asia via the North Atlantic, ke paawa jaae sake.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=3}} Cabot 1497 me rawaana bhais rahaa, [[ Christopher Columbus]] ke pahila yatra ke paanch saal baad, aur uu [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] me utris rahaa, jiske uu sochis rahaa ki [[Asia]] hae,{{Sfn|Andrews|1984|p=45}} aur koi colony basae ke kosis nai karaa gais rahaa. Ek saal baad, Cabot Americas ke khaatir ek aur yatra karis, lekin lautis nai; ii nai jaana jaawe hae ki uske jahaajan ke kon chij bhais rahaa.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=4}} Ii sabuut hae ki Bristol ke mariners [[North America]] ke shore ke baare me jaanat rahin aur husn ke samundar ke macchrri pakrrat rahin, lekin England ii jagha ke claim nai karis rahaa.<ref>Meining, D.W. ''The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Vol. 1, Atlantic America, 1492–1800''. New Haven: Yale University Press 1986, 24–25</ref> Americas me English colonies banae ke koi kosis nai karaa gais rahaa jab talak [[Elizabethan era|reign of Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;I]] raani nai banis rahaa, [[16th century]] ke aakhri dassak me.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=35}} Ii biich me , [[Henry VIII]] ke 1533 [[Statute in Restraint of Appeals]] elaan karis rahaa "that this realm of England is an Empire".{{Sfn|Koebner|1953|pp=29–52}} [[English Reformation|Protestant Reformation]] ke baad England aur [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Spain kattar dushman ban gay rahin.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=3}} 1562 me, Elizabeth&nbsp;I pirates [[John Hawkins (naval commander)|John Hawkins]] aur [[Francis Drake]] ke protsaan diis ki uu log [[Slave raiding|slave-raiding attacks]] against Spanish and Portuguese jahaaj pe, off the coast of West Africa kare{{Sfn|Thomas|1997|pp=155–158}} jiske aim rahaa ek [[Atlantic slave trade]] ke suruu karnaa. Ii kosis nai chalaa, jaise [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish Wars]] barrha, [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth&nbsp;I]] , pirate log ke aapan aashiswaad diis ki uu log aur raids Spanish ports Americas me aur and jahaaj jon Atlantic me lautat rahin, [[Spanish treasure fleet|laden with treasure]] from the [[New World]] lae ke, ke attack kare.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=7}} Yahii time, jaana-maana lekhak, jaise [[Richard Hakluyt]] aur [[John Dee]] (jon pahila jan rahaa jon "British Empire" sabd ke kaam me laais rahaa){{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=62}} England ke aapan Emire banae pe dabao daalay lage rahin. Ii time talak, Amerias ke sab se jaada taagatwar des ban gais rahaa aur [[Pacific Ocean]] ke bhi explore kare kagaa rahaa, jab ki Portugal trading posts aur forts ke coasts of Africa aur Brazil se China talak banais rahaa, aur France [[Saint Lawrence Naddi]] waala ilaaka ke colony suruu kar diis rahaa, jiske baaad me [[New France]] bola jaawat rahaa.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|pp=4–8}} Jab England Portugal, Spain, aur France se pichchhe rahaa, overseas colonies banae me, England aapan pahila modern colonisation, ke sixteenth-century Ireland, [[plantations of Ireland|settlements]], jiske "plantations" bola jaawat rahaa, English aur Welsh Protestants ke, se suruu karis rahaa. England Ireland ke ek hissa ke pahile colonise kar liis rahaa, [[Norman invasion of Ireland]] in 1169 ke baad,<ref>{{Harvnb|Canny|1998|p=7}}; {{Harvnb|Kenny|2006|p=5}}.</ref> lekin English authority kamti hoe gais rahaa kuchh century baad. Elizabeth I ke rajya ke time, ek pattern of conquest aur colonization ke kosis "contemporaneous with and parallel to the first effective of Englishmen in North America" rahaa.<ref>Canny, Nicholas P. "The Ideology of English Colonization From Ireland to America". ''The William and Mary Quarterly''. Oct. 1973. Vol. 30. No. 4, p. 575</ref> Dher jan jinke Munster plantations ke Ireland me banae ke haanth rahaa, baad me aapan haanth North America ke colonise kare me diin rahaa, khaas kar keek group jiske [[West Country Men]] ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.{{Sfn|Taylor|2001|pp=119, 123}} [[Category:B]] [[Category:Empires]] [[Category:United Kingdom]] ibs872bzuichibq5zx8xlyaoj2d7eta 336841 336840 2026-07-26T09:51:04Z Snandan 529 336841 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The_British_Empire1.png|thumb|right|350px|Ek chapa jon ki uu des dekhae hae jon ki kabhi British Empire me rahin]] [[File:BritishEmpire1919.png|thumb|right|350px|British Empire 1921 me]] '''British Empire''' ek [[global power]] rahaa jiske [[territory|territories]] [[United Kingdom]] ke niche rahaa. Ii empire itihaasme me sab se barraa empire rahaa aur aapan uunchai ke time dunia ke ke area me se one quarter ke uppar raj karat rahaa. 458 million people se jaada log British Empire ke niche rahin. Aaj, isme se dher des [[Commonwealth of Nations]] ke member hae. == Suruwaat (1497–1583) == [[File:Matthew-BristolHarbour-Aug2004.jpg|thumb|A replica of the ''[[Matthew (1497 ship)|Matthew]]'', [[John Cabot]] ke jahaaj jiske kaam me laae ke uu Nawaa Duniaa ke duusra voyage, 1497 me karis rahaa]] British Empire ke suruwaat uu time bhais rahaa jab [[England]] aur [[Scotland]] alag-alag samrajya (kingdoms) rahin, aur uu time duuno ke alag-alag samraat rahaa. 1496 me, [[Spain]] aur [[Portugal]] ke overseas exploration ke safaltaa ke baad, King [[Henry VII of England]], [[John Cabot]] ke ek expedition lead kare ke batais jisse [[Northwest Passage]] to Asia via the North Atlantic, ke paawa jaae sake.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=3}} Cabot 1497 me rawaana bhais rahaa, [[ Christopher Columbus]] ke pahila yatra ke paanch saal baad, aur uu [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] me utris rahaa, jiske uu sochis rahaa ki [[Asia]] hae,{{Sfn|Andrews|1984|p=45}} aur koi colony basae ke kosis nai karaa gais rahaa. Ek saal baad, Cabot Americas ke khaatir ek aur yatra karis, lekin lautis nai; ii nai jaana jaawe hae ki uske jahaajan ke kon chij bhais rahaa.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=4}} Ii sabuut hae ki Bristol ke mariners [[North America]] ke shore ke baare me jaanat rahin aur husn ke samundar ke macchrri pakrrat rahin, lekin England ii jagha ke claim nai karis rahaa.<ref>Meining, D.W. ''The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Vol. 1, Atlantic America, 1492–1800''. New Haven: Yale University Press 1986, 24–25</ref> Americas me English colonies banae ke koi kosis nai karaa gais rahaa jab talak [[Elizabethan era|reign of Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;I]] raani nai banis rahaa, [[16th century]] ke aakhri dassak me.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=35}} Ii biich me , [[Henry VIII]] ke 1533 [[Statute in Restraint of Appeals]] elaan karis rahaa "that this realm of England is an Empire".{{Sfn|Koebner|1953|pp=29–52}} [[English Reformation|Protestant Reformation]] ke baad England aur [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Spain kattar dushman ban gay rahin.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=3}} 1562 me, Elizabeth&nbsp;I pirates [[John Hawkins (naval commander)|John Hawkins]] aur [[Francis Drake]] ke protsaan diis ki uu log [[Slave raiding|slave-raiding attacks]] against Spanish and Portuguese jahaaj pe, off the coast of West Africa kare{{Sfn|Thomas|1997|pp=155–158}} jiske aim rahaa ek [[Atlantic slave trade]] ke suruu karnaa. Ii kosis nai chalaa, jaise [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish Wars]] barrha, [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth&nbsp;I]] , pirate log ke aapan aashiswaad diis ki uu log aur raids Spanish ports Americas me aur and jahaaj jon Atlantic me lautat rahin, [[Spanish treasure fleet|laden with treasure]] from the [[New World]] lae ke, ke attack kare.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=7}} Yahii time, jaana-maana lekhak, jaise [[Richard Hakluyt]] aur [[John Dee]] (jon pahila jan rahaa jon "British Empire" sabd ke kaam me laais rahaa){{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=62}} England ke aapan Emire banae pe dabao daalay lage rahin. Ii time talak, Amerias ke sab se jaada taagatwar des ban gais rahaa aur [[Pacific Ocean]] ke bhi explore kare kagaa rahaa, jab ki Portugal trading posts aur forts ke coasts of Africa aur Brazil se China talak banais rahaa, aur France [[Saint Lawrence Naddi]] waala ilaaka ke colony suruu kar diis rahaa, jiske baaad me [[New France]] bola jaawat rahaa.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|pp=4–8}} Jab England Portugal, Spain, aur France se pichchhe rahaa, overseas colonies banae me, England aapan pahila modern colonisation, ke sixteenth-century Ireland, [[plantations of Ireland|settlements]], jiske "plantations" bola jaawat rahaa, English aur Welsh Protestants ke, se suruu karis rahaa. England Ireland ke ek hissa ke pahile colonise kar liis rahaa, [[Norman invasion of Ireland]] in 1169 ke baad,<ref>{{Harvnb|Canny|1998|p=7}}; {{Harvnb|Kenny|2006|p=5}}.</ref> lekin English authority kamti hoe gais rahaa kuchh century baad. Elizabeth I ke rajya ke time, ek pattern of conquest aur colonization ke kosis "contemporaneous with and parallel to the first effective of Englishmen in North America" rahaa.<ref>Canny, Nicholas P. "The Ideology of English Colonization From Ireland to America". ''The William and Mary Quarterly''. Oct. 1973. Vol. 30. No. 4, p. 575</ref> Dher jan jinke Munster plantations ke Ireland me banae ke haanth rahaa, baad me aapan haanth North America ke colonise kare me diin rahaa, khaas kar keek group jiske [[West Country Men]] ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.{{Sfn|Taylor|2001|pp=119, 123}} == England ke overseas colonies (1583–1707) == 1578 me, [[Elizabeth I]] , [[Humphrey Gilbert]] ke patent diis discovery aur overseas exploration ke khaatir.<ref>{{Harvnb|Andrews|1984|p=187}}; {{Cite web |title=Letters Patent to Sir Humfrey Gylberte June 11, 1578 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/humfrey.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321194846/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/humfrey.asp |archive-date=21 March 2021 |access-date=8 February 2021 |publisher=[[Avalon Project]]}}</ref> Wahii saal, Gilbert [[Caribbean]] ke khaatir sail katis rahaa, [[piracy]] kare ke aur North America me ek colony banae ke khaarir, lekin [[Atlantic Ocean]] ke paar kare se pahile ii expedition ke rok dewa gais rahaa.<ref>{{Harvnb|Andrews|1984|p=188}}; {{Harvnb|Canny|1998|p=63}}.</ref> 1583 me, uu duusra time kosis karis rahaa. Ii time, uu Newfoundland ke islands aur harbours ke formally claim karis rahaa, lekin koi settlers nai rahaa. Gilbert lautate ke time mar gais rahaa aur uske jagha uske bhiyaa, [[Walter Raleigh]] liis rahaa, jiske Elizabeth 1584 me aapan patent diis rahaa. Wahii saal baad me, Raleigh [[Roanoke Colony]] ke abhi ke [[North Carolina]] ke coast pe suruu karis rahaa, lekin supplies ke kami ke kaaran ii asafal rahaa.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|pp=63–64}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:B]] [[Category:Empires]] [[Category:United Kingdom]] bewk9n3nr8xn7o3j1mw0jkh8t2ex7vs 336842 336841 2026-07-26T10:04:34Z Snandan 529 336842 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The_British_Empire1.png|thumb|right|350px|Ek chapa jon ki uu des dekhae hae jon ki kabhi British Empire me rahin]] [[File:BritishEmpire1919.png|thumb|right|350px|British Empire 1921 me]] '''British Empire''' ek [[global power]] rahaa jiske [[territory|territories]] [[United Kingdom]] ke niche rahaa. Ii empire itihaasme me sab se barraa empire rahaa aur aapan uunchai ke time dunia ke ke area me se one quarter ke uppar raj karat rahaa. 458 million people se jaada log British Empire ke niche rahin. Aaj, isme se dher des [[Commonwealth of Nations]] ke member hae. == Suruwaat (1497–1583) == [[File:Matthew-BristolHarbour-Aug2004.jpg|thumb|A replica of the ''[[Matthew (1497 ship)|Matthew]]'', [[John Cabot]] ke jahaaj jiske kaam me laae ke uu Nawaa Duniaa ke duusra voyage, 1497 me karis rahaa]] British Empire ke suruwaat uu time bhais rahaa jab [[England]] aur [[Scotland]] alag-alag samrajya (kingdoms) rahin, aur uu time duuno ke alag-alag samraat rahaa. 1496 me, [[Spain]] aur [[Portugal]] ke overseas exploration ke safaltaa ke baad, King [[Henry VII of England]], [[John Cabot]] ke ek expedition lead kare ke batais jisse [[Northwest Passage]] to Asia via the North Atlantic, ke paawa jaae sake.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=3}} Cabot 1497 me rawaana bhais rahaa, [[ Christopher Columbus]] ke pahila yatra ke paanch saal baad, aur uu [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] me utris rahaa, jiske uu sochis rahaa ki [[Asia]] hae,{{Sfn|Andrews|1984|p=45}} aur koi colony basae ke kosis nai karaa gais rahaa. Ek saal baad, Cabot Americas ke khaatir ek aur yatra karis, lekin lautis nai; ii nai jaana jaawe hae ki uske jahaajan ke kon chij bhais rahaa.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=4}} Ii sabuut hae ki Bristol ke mariners [[North America]] ke shore ke baare me jaanat rahin aur husn ke samundar ke macchrri pakrrat rahin, lekin England ii jagha ke claim nai karis rahaa.<ref>Meining, D.W. ''The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Vol. 1, Atlantic America, 1492–1800''. New Haven: Yale University Press 1986, 24–25</ref> Americas me English colonies banae ke koi kosis nai karaa gais rahaa jab talak [[Elizabethan era|reign of Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;I]] raani nai banis rahaa, [[16th century]] ke aakhri dassak me.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=35}} Ii biich me , [[Henry VIII]] ke 1533 [[Statute in Restraint of Appeals]] elaan karis rahaa "that this realm of England is an Empire".{{Sfn|Koebner|1953|pp=29–52}} [[English Reformation|Protestant Reformation]] ke baad England aur [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Spain kattar dushman ban gay rahin.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=3}} 1562 me, Elizabeth&nbsp;I pirates [[John Hawkins (naval commander)|John Hawkins]] aur [[Francis Drake]] ke protsaan diis ki uu log [[Slave raiding|slave-raiding attacks]] against Spanish and Portuguese jahaaj pe, off the coast of West Africa kare{{Sfn|Thomas|1997|pp=155–158}} jiske aim rahaa ek [[Atlantic slave trade]] ke suruu karnaa. Ii kosis nai chalaa, jaise [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish Wars]] barrha, [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth&nbsp;I]] , pirate log ke aapan aashiswaad diis ki uu log aur raids Spanish ports Americas me aur and jahaaj jon Atlantic me lautat rahin, [[Spanish treasure fleet|laden with treasure]] from the [[New World]] lae ke, ke attack kare.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=7}} Yahii time, jaana-maana lekhak, jaise [[Richard Hakluyt]] aur [[John Dee]] (jon pahila jan rahaa jon "British Empire" sabd ke kaam me laais rahaa){{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=62}} England ke aapan Emire banae pe dabao daalay lage rahin. Ii time talak, Amerias ke sab se jaada taagatwar des ban gais rahaa aur [[Pacific Ocean]] ke bhi explore kare kagaa rahaa, jab ki Portugal trading posts aur forts ke coasts of Africa aur Brazil se China talak banais rahaa, aur France [[Saint Lawrence Naddi]] waala ilaaka ke colony suruu kar diis rahaa, jiske baaad me [[New France]] bola jaawat rahaa.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|pp=4–8}} Jab England Portugal, Spain, aur France se pichchhe rahaa, overseas colonies banae me, England aapan pahila modern colonisation, ke sixteenth-century Ireland, [[plantations of Ireland|settlements]], jiske "plantations" bola jaawat rahaa, English aur Welsh Protestants ke, se suruu karis rahaa. England Ireland ke ek hissa ke pahile colonise kar liis rahaa, [[Norman invasion of Ireland]] in 1169 ke baad,<ref>{{Harvnb|Canny|1998|p=7}}; {{Harvnb|Kenny|2006|p=5}}.</ref> lekin English authority kamti hoe gais rahaa kuchh century baad. Elizabeth I ke rajya ke time, ek pattern of conquest aur colonization ke kosis "contemporaneous with and parallel to the first effective of Englishmen in North America" rahaa.<ref>Canny, Nicholas P. "The Ideology of English Colonization From Ireland to America". ''The William and Mary Quarterly''. Oct. 1973. Vol. 30. No. 4, p. 575</ref> Dher jan jinke Munster plantations ke Ireland me banae ke haanth rahaa, baad me aapan haanth North America ke colonise kare me diin rahaa, khaas kar keek group jiske [[West Country Men]] ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.{{Sfn|Taylor|2001|pp=119, 123}} == England ke overseas colonies (1583–1707) == 1578 me, [[Elizabeth I]] , [[Humphrey Gilbert]] ke patent diis discovery aur overseas exploration ke khaatir.<ref>{{Harvnb|Andrews|1984|p=187}}; {{Cite web |title=Letters Patent to Sir Humfrey Gylberte June 11, 1578 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/humfrey.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321194846/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/humfrey.asp |archive-date=21 March 2021 |access-date=8 February 2021 |publisher=[[Avalon Project]]}}</ref> Wahii saal, Gilbert [[Caribbean]] ke khaatir sail katis rahaa, [[piracy]] kare ke aur North America me ek colony banae ke khaarir, lekin [[Atlantic Ocean]] ke paar kare se pahile ii expedition ke rok dewa gais rahaa.<ref>{{Harvnb|Andrews|1984|p=188}}; {{Harvnb|Canny|1998|p=63}}.</ref> 1583 me, uu duusra time kosis karis rahaa. Ii time, uu Newfoundland ke islands aur harbours ke formally claim karis rahaa, lekin koi settlers nai rahaa. Gilbert lautate ke time mar gais rahaa aur uske jagha uske bhiyaa, [[Walter Raleigh]] liis rahaa, jiske Elizabeth 1584 me aapan patent diis rahaa. Wahii saal baad me, Raleigh [[Roanoke Colony]] ke abhi ke [[North Carolina]] ke coast pe suruu karis rahaa, lekin supplies ke kami ke kaaran ii asafal rahaa.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|pp=63–64}} 1585 se 1603 talak, [[Nine Years' War (Ireland)|England fully conquered Ireland]]<ref>Farrell, Gerard (10 October 2017). "The 'Mere Irish' and the Colonisation of Ulster, 1570–1641." Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-59363-0.</ref> aur Spain ke naval dominance ke challenge karis rahaa [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War]] me, jiske ant me koi nai jiitaa rahaa 1603 me, [[James VI of Scotland]] England ke raja banaa raha (as James I) aur 1604 me [[Treaty of London (1604)|Treaty of London]] ke negotiate karis rahaa, jiske kaaran Spain se larrai band hoe gais rahaa. Ii santi ke time, English piracy ke chorr ke aapan colony bane ke suruu karis rahaa.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=70}} [[17th century]] me British Empire bane lagaa rahaa, [[British colonization of the Americas|English settlement]] of North America se aur Caribbean ke chhotaa-chhotaa island me, aur [[Joint-stock company|joint-stock companies]] ke banae ke, khaas kar ke [[East India Company]], administer colonies aur overseas trade ke khaatir. Ii jamaana ke, [[Thirteen Colonies]] ke haar talak, [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] ke baad [[18th century]] ke ant me, ke itihaasik log "First British Empire" bole hae.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=34}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:B]] [[Category:Empires]] [[Category:United Kingdom]] 4cz3gxjgumgau8619me2i5v3qhj5lf1 336843 336842 2026-07-26T10:33:43Z Snandan 529 336843 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The_British_Empire1.png|thumb|right|350px|Ek chapa jon ki uu des dekhae hae jon ki kabhi British Empire me rahin]] [[File:BritishEmpire1919.png|thumb|right|350px|British Empire 1921 me]] '''British Empire''' ek [[global power]] rahaa jiske [[territory|territories]] [[United Kingdom]] ke niche rahaa. Ii empire itihaasme me sab se barraa empire rahaa aur aapan uunchai ke time dunia ke ke area me se one quarter ke uppar raj karat rahaa. 458 million people se jaada log British Empire ke niche rahin. Aaj, isme se dher des [[Commonwealth of Nations]] ke member hae. == Suruwaat (1497–1583) == [[File:Matthew-BristolHarbour-Aug2004.jpg|thumb|A replica of the ''[[Matthew (1497 ship)|Matthew]]'', [[John Cabot]] ke jahaaj jiske kaam me laae ke uu Nawaa Duniaa ke duusra voyage, 1497 me karis rahaa]] British Empire ke suruwaat uu time bhais rahaa jab [[England]] aur [[Scotland]] alag-alag samrajya (kingdoms) rahin, aur uu time duuno ke alag-alag samraat rahaa. 1496 me, [[Spain]] aur [[Portugal]] ke overseas exploration ke safaltaa ke baad, King [[Henry VII of England]], [[John Cabot]] ke ek expedition lead kare ke batais jisse [[Northwest Passage]] to Asia via the North Atlantic, ke paawa jaae sake.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=3}} Cabot 1497 me rawaana bhais rahaa, [[ Christopher Columbus]] ke pahila yatra ke paanch saal baad, aur uu [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] me utris rahaa, jiske uu sochis rahaa ki [[Asia]] hae,{{Sfn|Andrews|1984|p=45}} aur koi colony basae ke kosis nai karaa gais rahaa. Ek saal baad, Cabot Americas ke khaatir ek aur yatra karis, lekin lautis nai; ii nai jaana jaawe hae ki uske jahaajan ke kon chij bhais rahaa.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=4}} Ii sabuut hae ki Bristol ke mariners [[North America]] ke shore ke baare me jaanat rahin aur husn ke samundar ke macchrri pakrrat rahin, lekin England ii jagha ke claim nai karis rahaa.<ref>Meining, D.W. ''The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Vol. 1, Atlantic America, 1492–1800''. New Haven: Yale University Press 1986, 24–25</ref> Americas me English colonies banae ke koi kosis nai karaa gais rahaa jab talak [[Elizabethan era|reign of Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;I]] raani nai banis rahaa, [[16th century]] ke aakhri dassak me.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=35}} Ii biich me , [[Henry VIII]] ke 1533 [[Statute in Restraint of Appeals]] elaan karis rahaa "that this realm of England is an Empire".{{Sfn|Koebner|1953|pp=29–52}} [[English Reformation|Protestant Reformation]] ke baad England aur [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Spain kattar dushman ban gay rahin.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=3}} 1562 me, Elizabeth&nbsp;I pirates [[John Hawkins (naval commander)|John Hawkins]] aur [[Francis Drake]] ke protsaan diis ki uu log [[Slave raiding|slave-raiding attacks]] against Spanish and Portuguese jahaaj pe, off the coast of West Africa kare{{Sfn|Thomas|1997|pp=155–158}} jiske aim rahaa ek [[Atlantic slave trade]] ke suruu karnaa. Ii kosis nai chalaa, jaise [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish Wars]] barrha, [[Elizabeth I|Elizabeth&nbsp;I]] , pirate log ke aapan aashiswaad diis ki uu log aur raids Spanish ports Americas me aur and jahaaj jon Atlantic me lautat rahin, [[Spanish treasure fleet|laden with treasure]] from the [[New World]] lae ke, ke attack kare.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|p=7}} Yahii time, jaana-maana lekhak, jaise [[Richard Hakluyt]] aur [[John Dee]] (jon pahila jan rahaa jon "British Empire" sabd ke kaam me laais rahaa){{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=62}} England ke aapan Emire banae pe dabao daalay lage rahin. Ii time talak, Amerias ke sab se jaada taagatwar des ban gais rahaa aur [[Pacific Ocean]] ke bhi explore kare kagaa rahaa, jab ki Portugal trading posts aur forts ke coasts of Africa aur Brazil se China talak banais rahaa, aur France [[Saint Lawrence Naddi]] waala ilaaka ke colony suruu kar diis rahaa, jiske baaad me [[New France]] bola jaawat rahaa.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|pp=4–8}} Jab England Portugal, Spain, aur France se pichchhe rahaa, overseas colonies banae me, England aapan pahila modern colonisation, ke sixteenth-century Ireland, [[plantations of Ireland|settlements]], jiske "plantations" bola jaawat rahaa, English aur Welsh Protestants ke, se suruu karis rahaa. England Ireland ke ek hissa ke pahile colonise kar liis rahaa, [[Norman invasion of Ireland]] in 1169 ke baad,<ref>{{Harvnb|Canny|1998|p=7}}; {{Harvnb|Kenny|2006|p=5}}.</ref> lekin English authority kamti hoe gais rahaa kuchh century baad. Elizabeth I ke rajya ke time, ek pattern of conquest aur colonization ke kosis "contemporaneous with and parallel to the first effective of Englishmen in North America" rahaa.<ref>Canny, Nicholas P. "The Ideology of English Colonization From Ireland to America". ''The William and Mary Quarterly''. Oct. 1973. Vol. 30. No. 4, p. 575</ref> Dher jan jinke Munster plantations ke Ireland me banae ke haanth rahaa, baad me aapan haanth North America ke colonise kare me diin rahaa, khaas kar keek group jiske [[West Country Men]] ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.{{Sfn|Taylor|2001|pp=119, 123}} == England ke overseas colonies (1583–1707) == 1578 me, [[Elizabeth I]] , [[Humphrey Gilbert]] ke patent diis discovery aur overseas exploration ke khaatir.<ref>{{Harvnb|Andrews|1984|p=187}}; {{Cite web |title=Letters Patent to Sir Humfrey Gylberte June 11, 1578 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/humfrey.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321194846/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/humfrey.asp |archive-date=21 March 2021 |access-date=8 February 2021 |publisher=[[Avalon Project]]}}</ref> Wahii saal, Gilbert [[Caribbean]] ke khaatir sail katis rahaa, [[piracy]] kare ke aur North America me ek colony banae ke khaarir, lekin [[Atlantic Ocean]] ke paar kare se pahile ii expedition ke rok dewa gais rahaa.<ref>{{Harvnb|Andrews|1984|p=188}}; {{Harvnb|Canny|1998|p=63}}.</ref> 1583 me, uu duusra time kosis karis rahaa. Ii time, uu Newfoundland ke islands aur harbours ke formally claim karis rahaa, lekin koi settlers nai rahaa. Gilbert lautate ke time mar gais rahaa aur uske jagha uske bhiyaa, [[Walter Raleigh]] liis rahaa, jiske Elizabeth 1584 me aapan patent diis rahaa. Wahii saal baad me, Raleigh [[Roanoke Colony]] ke abhi ke [[North Carolina]] ke coast pe suruu karis rahaa, lekin supplies ke kami ke kaaran ii asafal rahaa.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|pp=63–64}} 1585 se 1603 talak, [[Nine Years' War (Ireland)|England fully conquered Ireland]]<ref>Farrell, Gerard (10 October 2017). "The 'Mere Irish' and the Colonisation of Ulster, 1570–1641." Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-59363-0.</ref> aur Spain ke naval dominance ke challenge karis rahaa [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War]] me, jiske ant me koi nai jiitaa rahaa 1603 me, [[James VI of Scotland]] England ke raja banaa raha (as James I) aur 1604 me [[Treaty of London (1604)|Treaty of London]] ke negotiate karis rahaa, jiske kaaran Spain se larrai band hoe gais rahaa. Ii santi ke time, English piracy ke chorr ke aapan colony bane ke suruu karis rahaa.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=70}} [[17th century]] me British Empire bane lagaa rahaa, [[British colonization of the Americas|English settlement]] of North America se aur Caribbean ke chhotaa-chhotaa island me, aur [[Joint-stock company|joint-stock companies]] ke banae ke, khaas kar ke [[East India Company]], administer colonies aur overseas trade ke khaatir. Ii jamaana ke, [[Thirteen Colonies]] ke haar talak, [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]] ke baad [[18th century]] ke ant me, ke itihaasik log "First British Empire" bole hae.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=34}} === Americas, Africa aurgulaam ke trade === [[File:Tobacco cultivation (Virginia, ca. 1670).jpg|thumb|Ek 1670 ke chhaapa jon dekhae hae African gulaam jon 17th-century [[Colony of Virginia|colonial Virginia]], [[British America]] me kaam kare hae]] England ke suruu me Americas me colony banae ke kosis me suchh safal rahaa aur kuchh nai. 1604 me [[British Guiana|Guiana]] me ek colony banae ke kosis asafal rahaa kaaheki sona nai milaa rahaa.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=71}} Caribbean islands ke [[Saint Lucia|St Lucia]]&nbsp;(1605) aur [[Grenada]]&nbsp;(1609) ke colony bahut din nai chalaa.{{Sfn|Canny|1998|p=221}} 1607 me pahila pakka English settlement ke [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] me Captain [[John Smith (explorer)|John Smith]] banais rahaa, jiske [[London Company|Virginia Company]] manage karat rahis; 1624 me crown iske uppar sidha control lae liis rahaa, jisse . [[Colony of Virginia]] suruu bhais rahaa.{{Sfn|Andrews|1984|pp=316, 324–326}} [[Bermuda]] ke England claim karis rahaaas 1609 me shipwreck Virginia Company's [[Sea Venture|flagship]] ke kaaran,{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|pp=15–20}} jab [[London and Bristol Company|attempts to settle Newfoundland]] jaada kar ke asafal rahaa.{{Sfn|Andrews|1984|pp=20–22}} 1620 me, [[Plymouth Colony|Plymouth]] ke suruu karaa gais rahaa [[Puritan]] religious separatists ke khaatir, jiske baad me [[Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrim]]s ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.{{Sfn|James|2001|p=8}} [[Religious persecution]] se bhaagna ek khaas kaaran rahaa dher English would-be colonists ke khaatir, [[Transatlantic crossing|trans-Atlantic voyage]] ke safar kare ke: [[Province of Maryland|Maryland]] ke [[Catholic Church in England and Wales|English Roman Catholics]]&nbsp;(1634) suruu karis rahaa, [[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations|Rhode Island]]&nbsp;(1636) [[Religious tolerance|tolerant of all religions]] ke khaatir rahaa aur Connecticut&nbsp;(1639) [[Congregational church|Congregationalists]] ke khaatir. England ke North American holdingske aur barraa karaa gais rahaa, annexation of the Dutch colony of [[New Netherland]] ke annexation ke baad, 1664 me, [[New Amsterdam]] ke capture ke baad, jiske naam badal ke New York karaa gais rahaa.{{Sfn|Lloyd|1996|p=40}} Jab ki ii kamti financially successful colonies in the Caribbean ke mukable me, ii sab territories me barraa areas jon kheti khaatir achchhaa rahaa aur isme jaa English emigrants attract bhae rahin, jon temperate mausam ke pasand karat rahin.{{Sfn|Ferguson|2002|pp=72–73}}<!-- Insert some discussion of interaction with Native Indians here --> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:B]] [[Category:Empires]] [[Category:United Kingdom]] 9o2qb4c9s9hmqgzfum5ozm4pjo1su3w 0 6369 336844 321174 2026-07-26T11:22:34Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox City |official_name = Nicosia (Lefkosia) |website = [http://www.nicosia.org.cy/ www.nicosia.org.cy] |image_skyline =|Nicosia Municipal Building |image_flag = |image_map = Nicosia Map.png |img_coa = Nicosia emblem.gif |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = [[Cyprus]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Districts of Cyprus|District]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Nicosia District]] |established_title = [[City-state]] |established_date = [[7th century BC]] |established_title2 = Capital |established_date2 = [[10th century]] |TotalArea_sq_mi = |area_total = |leader_title = [[Mayor of Nicosia|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Eleni Mavrou]] |population_as_of = 2004 |population_total = 270000 (Southern (Greek))<br />85000 (Nortern (Turkish)) |lat_deg = 35|lat_min = 10|lat_hem = N |lon_deg = 32|lon_min = 21|lon_hem = E |timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 }} [[file:Nikosia BW 2023-09-21 10-03-45 v1.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Nikozja katedra3.jpg|thumb|right]] [[File:Nikozja palac2.jpg|thumb|right]] [[File:Nikozja hala.jpg|thumb|right]] '''Nicosia''', jiske '''Lefkosia''' ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae([[Greek bhasa|Greek]]: '''Λευκωσία''' [[Turkish bhasa|Turkish]]: '''Lefkoşa''') [[Cyprus]] ke [[capital]] [[city]] hae. Ii des ke sab se barraa city bhi hae. Niscosia [[Pedieos]] (Kanlidere) [[naddi]] ke kinare hae. Ii city [[government]] ke seat aur des ke khaas [[business]] centre hae. Nicosia abhi dunia ke khaali ek vibhajit city hae. Iske northern section ([[Turkey|Turkish]]) hae aur southern ([[Greece|Greek]]) hae. Ii duuno section ke "[[Green Line (Cyprus)|Green Line]]" divide kare hae. Ii ek [[Demilitarized Zone|demilitarized zone]] hae jiske [[United Nations]] banais rahaa. Nicosia ke north hissa ke the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] (TRNC) bola jaawe hae. City ke Greek hissa ke [[population]] 270,000 people (2004 hae) aur 84,893 log Turkish zone me rahe hae. zone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://idak.gop.edu.tr/sabany/nufus.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2010-03-02 |archive-date=2007-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715112132/http://idak.gop.edu.tr/sabany/nufus.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nicosia has many [[shop]]s, [[restaurant]]s and [[entertainment]]. The city is a [[trade]] center. It [[manufacture]]s [[textiles]], [[leather]], [[pottery]], [[plastic]], and other items. [[Copper]] [[mining|mines]] are nearby. The [[University of Cyprus]] (UCY) is located in Nicosia. === Collaborations === * [[Moscow]], (2000) * [[Nicosia, Sicily]], (2000) * [[Qingdao]], (2001) * [[Athens]], (2002, 2003) * [[Helsinki]], (2003) * [[Zagreb]],(2004) == Other pages == * [[Cyprus|Republic of Cyprus]] * [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] == References == {{reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051201135741/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/cyphome/govhome.nsf/LookupIDs/0E95AAACA395083DC2256A7100397727?OpenDocument&languageNo=1 Cyprus Government Website - Towns and Population] * [http://www.nicosia.org.cy/english/lefkosia_istoriadimou.shtm Nicosia Municipality Web Site -History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701020538/http://www.nicosia.org.cy/english/lefkosia_istoriadimou.shtm |date=2007-07-01 }} * [http://www.cyprusisland.com/01_Information/nicosia.htm Cyprus Island - Nicosia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623082214/http://www.cyprusisland.com/01_Information/nicosia.htm |date=2007-06-23 }} == Other websites == {{commonscat|Nicosia}} * [http://www.cyprus-tube.com/el/cyprus-tube.html?task=videodirectlink&id=441 European Capitals - Nicosia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012104123/http://www.cyprus-tube.com/el/cyprus-tube.html?task=videodirectlink&id=441 |date=2009-10-12 }} Film about Nicosia * [http://www.itvcyprus.tv/dir/ Videos: Culture of Nicosia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629125046/http://www.itvcyprus.tv/dir/ |date=2007-06-29 }} * [http://www.nicosia.org.cy/ Website for Municipality of Nicosia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224172237/http://www.nicosia.org.cy/ |date=2007-12-24 }} * [http://www.tzalavras.com/photography01.html Nicosia in Dark and White: a photo exhibition] [[Category:N]] [[Category:Capital cities]] [[Category:Cyprus]] pr49fqcikdsc686n63lvzk2c8l4glnf 0 8521 336838 301033 2026-07-26T07:07:00Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336838 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Arunachal Pradesh locator map.svg|250px|right|thumb|Itanagar ke chapa Arunachal Pradesh me]] '''Itanagar is the capital of Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.''' ==Geography== Itanagar is located at {{Coord|27.1|N|93.62|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/33/Itanagar.html |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Itanagar |access-date=2013-03-24 |archive-date=2012-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103074717/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/33/Itanagar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has an average elevation of 440&nbsp;metres (1443&nbsp;feet). {{Geographic location |Northwest = [[Bomdila]] |North = [[Shakhi]] |Northeast = [[North Lakhimpur]] |West = [[Bhutan]] |Centre = Itanagar |East = [[Harmuty]] |Southwest = [[Guwahati]], [[Kolkata]] |South = [[Gohpur]] |Southeast = [[Jorhat]] }} == References == <references /> [[Category:India ke city]] [[Category:Arunachal Pradesh]] 5twisv26azez4olf13ac3ljj1zaeqd1 0 8618 336836 324011 2026-07-25T18:31:30Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''St. Peter's Basilica''', [[Vatican City]] me ek barraa church hae. == Treasures == St. Peter's Basilica me dher khjaana hae. Isme hae [[Isaai]] dharam ke popes aur duusra mashuur log ke kabar, mashuur kalaa jisme murti aur duusra interesting chij hae. <center><gallery> Image:Vatican Piazza San Pietro Obelisk.jpg|Egyptian obelisk, piazza ke biich me hae. Image:It.Fontana.del.Carlo.Maderno.1613.03.jpg|Maderna aur Bernini ke fountain raat ke raat me ujaala me rakkhaa jaae hae.. Image:Vatican StPaul Statue.jpg|Basilica ke bahaar dui murti hae. ii hae St. Paul. Image:Watykan kolumnada Berniniego detal attyki.JPG|Chhat pe dher murti hae. Image:Saint Peter's Basilica 2020 P15 Holy door.jpg|Ii palla ke barraa teohaar ke khaatir khola jaae hae. Image:Rome basilica st peter 011c.jpg|Koi nai jaane ki St. Peter ke murti ketnaa puraana hae. Image:Michelangelo's Pieta 5450 cropncleaned.jpg|Michelangelo ke ''Pietà'', St. Peter's ke sab se mashuur artwork hae. Isme Virgin Mary, aapan larrka, Jesus ke pakrris hae. Image:Reliquienschrein Papst Johannes XXIII - Petersdom.jpg|The body of The Blessed [[Pope John XXIII]] can be seen inside his tomb. Image:Divine justice allegory in Saint Peter's Basilica.jpg|Ii angel ke rakam dher murti hae. Image:Gian Lorenzo Bernini - Dove of the Holy Spirit.JPG|Holy Spirit ke khirrki Bernini design karis hae Image:Watykan Bazylika sw Piotra medalion pod kopula.JPG|Basilica ke dher hissa [[mosaic]]s se sajaawal hae. Ii St. John the Gospel Writer hae. Image:Rome basilica st peter 009.JPG|Isme the Blessed Virgin Mary in Heaven dekhae hae. Image:DuvaRom.JPG|Dove of Peace dekhae hae dher rakam ke rang ke marble se iske sajjawa gais hae. Image:QueenChristina.jpg|Sweden ke Queen Christina of Sweden, jon ki aapan raj chhorr ke nun ban gais rahaa, ke tomb. Image:InocencioXIIc.jpg|[[List of ages of popes|Pope Innocent XII]] ke tomb me has Caring aur Justice ke murti hae. Image:Expulsão de átila.jpg|Ii carved [[altarpiece]] dekhae hae Attila the Hun [[Rome]] se khadera jaae hae. Image:Saint Helena.jpg|High Altar ke nagiich chaae barra murti. Saint Helena Sachchaa Cross ke parris hae, jiske [[Jerusalem]] me paawa gais rahaa. Image:Saint Longinus.jpg|Saint Longinus uu moto ke pakrris hae jisse Jesus ke side ke pierce karaa gais rahaa. Image:Saint Andreas.jpg|Saint Andrew uu cross ke carry kare hae jisme uske crucify karaa gais rahaa. Uske haddi St. Peter's me hae. Image:Saint veronica.jpg|Saint Veronica uu kaprraa ke pakrris hae jisse uu Jesus ke muh pochhis rahii jab uu cross carry karat rahaa. </gallery></center> == Notes == {{reflist|2}} == References == * Hintzen-Bohlen, Brigitte and Sorges, Jurgen. ''Rome and the Vatican City'', Konemann, ISBN 3-8290-3109-2 * Fletcher, Banister. ''A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method'', first published 1896, current edition 2001, Elsevier Science & Technology ISBN 0-7506-2267-9 * Hartt, Frederick. ''A History of Italian Renaissance Art''. Thames and Hudson (1970) ISBN 0-500-23136-2 * Lees-Milne, James. ''Saint Peter's'', Hamish Hamilton (1967). ISBN * Gardner, Helen. ''Art through the Ages'', 5th edition, Harcourt, Brace and World, inc., ISBN 07679933 * Goldscheider, Ludwig. ''Michelangelo'', 1964, Phaidon, ISBN 100714832960 * Pevsner, Nikolaus ''An Outline of European Architecture'', Pelican, 1964, ISBN 978-0-14-020109-3 * Pinto, Pio V. ''The Pilgrim's Guide to Rome'', Harper and Row, (1974), ISBN 0600133880 == Duusra websites == [[File:Vatican Tiber View 2003-06-08.jpg|thumb|227px|St. Peter's, sanjah ke River Tiber ke uu paar]]<!---NOTE:This pic is carefully sized to the box beneath it.---> {{commons|Basilica di San Pietro|Basilica di San Pietro}} * [http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org stpetersbasilica.org] Basilica ke sab se barraa online site * [http://www.virtualsweden.se/projects/peters/ Fullscreen Virtual Tour by Virtualsweden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703130649/http://www.virtualsweden.se/projects/peters/ |date=2008-07-03 }} * [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=vatican&ll=41.901806,12.455138&spn=0.004081,0.007298&t=h&hl=en Google Maps Satellite image of the Basilica] * [http://www.josemariaescriva.info/index.php?id_cat=1574&id_scat=1572 St Peter’s Basilica and St Peter’s Tomb] * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANPAC/3*.html#sec16 Circus of Nero and the old and new Basilicas superimposed, showing the tomb of Peter] * [http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/st-peters-basilica-pictures/index.htm St. Peter's Basilica Photo Gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311114741/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/st-peters-basilica-pictures/index.htm |date=2007-03-11 }} 249 photos * [http://www.italyguides.it/us/roma/st_peter_basilica.htm St Peter's Basilica, Rome] pictures and virtual reality movies * [http://www.activitaly.it/inglese/monument/basilica_St_Peter_rome.htm Basilica of St Peter, Rome by Activitaly] * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13369b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia] Catholic Encyclopedia article * [http://www.arounder.eu/spa/spa.html Vatican City, Piazza San Pietro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509031103/http://www.arounder.eu/spa/spa.html |date=2007-05-09 }} VR panorama with map and compass effect by Tolomeus * [http://pws.prserv.net/usinet.danance/chorg/vatorg.html The pipe organs of St Peter's Basilica] * [http://www.arounder.eu/sanpietro.mov Vatican City, Piazza San Pietro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615025100/http://www.arounder.eu/sanpietro.mov |date=2007-06-15 }} QTVR panorama hi-res (15 Mb) by Tolomeus * [http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/floorplan.htm St. Peter's Basilica Floor Plan] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pm5rNFh7Ieo The Bells of St. Peter's Basilica at Vatican] [[Category:Renaissance]] [[Category:Buildings and structures]] [[Category:Italy ke jagha]] jctyqd8g5m030qxik8bkurw8427ckvy 0 8707 336834 302032 2026-07-25T15:53:21Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336834 wikitext text/x-wiki {|style="width: 80%" |- |[[Periodic table group|'''Group'''&nbsp;→]] |[[Alkali metal|'''1''']] |[[Alkaline earth metal|'''2''']] |[[Group 3 element|'''3''']] |[[Group 4 element|'''4''']] |[[Group 5 element|'''5''']] |[[Group 6 element|'''6''']] |[[Group 7 element|'''7''']] |[[Group 8 element|'''8''']] |[[Group 9 element|'''9''']] |[[Group 10 element|'''10''']] |[[Coinage metal|'''11''']] |[[Group 12 element|'''12''']] |[[Boron group|'''13''']] |[[Carbon group|'''14''']] |[[Pnictogen|'''15''']] |[[Chalcogen|'''16''']] |[[Halogen|'''17''']] |[[Noble gas|'''18''']] |- |[[Periodic table period|'''Period'''&nbsp;↓]] |colspan="20"|<br /> |- |[[Period 1 element|'''1''']] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:blue;border:1px solid black;"|1<br />[[Hydrogen|H]] |colspan="16"|<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:blue;border:1px solid black;"|2<br />[[Helium|He]] |- |[[Period 2 element|'''2''']] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|3<br />[[Lithium|Li]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|4<br />[[Beryllium|Be]] |colspan="10"|<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|5<br />[[Boron|B]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|6<br />[[Carbon|C]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:blue;border:1px solid black;"|7<br />[[Nitrogen|N]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:blue;border:1px solid black;"|8<br />[[Oxygen|O]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:blue;border:1px solid black;"|9<br />[[Fluorine|F]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:blue;border:1px solid black;"|10<br />[[Neon|Ne]] |- |[[Period 3 element|'''3''']] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|11<br />[[Sodium|Na]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|12<br />[[Magnesium|Mg]] |colspan="10"|<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|13<br />[[Aluminium|Al]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|14<br />[[Silicon|Si]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|15<br />[[Phosphorus|P]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|16<br />[[Sulfur|S]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:blue;border:1px solid black;"|17<br />[[Chlorine|Cl]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:blue;border:1px solid black;"|18<br />[[Argon|Ar]] |- |[[Period 4 element|'''4''']] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|19<br />[[Potassium|K]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|20<br />[[Calcium|Ca]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|21<br />[[Scandium|Sc]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|22<br />[[Titanium|Ti]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|23<br />[[Vanadium|V]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|24<br />[[Chromium|Cr]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|25<br />[[Manganese|Mn]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|26<br />[[Iron|Fe]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|27<br />[[Cobalt|Co]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|28<br />[[Nickel|Ni]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|29<br />[[Copper|Cu]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|30<br />[[Zinc|Zn]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|31<br />[[Gallium|Ga]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|32<br />[[Germanium|Ge]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|33<br />[[Arsenic|As]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|34<br />[[Selenium|Se]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:green;border:1px solid black;"|35<br />[[Bromine|Br]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:blue;border:1px solid black;"|36<br />[[Krypton|Kr]] |- |[[Period 5 element|'''5''']] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|37<br />[[Rubidium|Rb]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|38<br />[[Strontium|Sr]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|39<br />[[Yttrium|Y]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|40<br />[[Zirconium|Zr]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|41<br />[[Niobium|Nb]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|42<br />[[Molybdenum|Mo]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|43<br />[[Technetium|Tc]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|44<br />[[Ruthenium|Ru]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|45<br />[[Rhodium|Rh]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|46<br />[[Palladium|Pd]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|47<br />[[Silver|Ag]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|48<br />[[Cadmium|Cd]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|49<br />[[Indium|In]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|50<br />[[Tin|Sn]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|51<br />[[Antimony|Sb]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|52<br />[[Tellurium|Te]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|53<br />[[Iodine|I]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:blue;border:1px solid black;"|54<br />[[Xenon|Xe]] |- |[[Period 6 element|'''6''']] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|55<br />[[Caesium|Cs]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|56<br />[[Barium|Ba]] |style="vertical-align: top; text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;1px;"|*<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|72<br />[[Hafnium|Hf]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|73<br />[[Tantalum|Ta]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|74<br />[[Tungsten|W]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|75<br />[[Rhenium|Re]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|76<br />[[Osmium|Os]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|77<br />[[Iridium|Ir]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|78<br />[[Platinum|Pt]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|79<br />[[Gold|Au]]</td> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:green;border:1px solid black;"|80<br />[[Mercury (element)|Hg]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|81<br />[[Thallium|Tl]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|82<br />[[Lead|Pb]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|83<br />[[Bismuth|Bi]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|84<br />[[Polonium|Po]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|85<br />[[Astatine|At]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:blue;border:1px dashed black;"|86<br />[[Radon|Rn]] |- |[[Period 7 element|'''7''']] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|87<br />&nbsp;[[Francium|Fr]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|88<br />[[Radium|Ra]] |style="vertical-align: top; text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;1px;"|**<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|104<br />[[Rutherfordium|Rf]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|105<br />[[Dubnium|Db]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|106<br />[[Seaborgium|Sg]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|107<br />[[Bohrium|Bh]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|108<br />[[Hassium|Hs]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|109<br />[[Meitnerium|Mt]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|110<br />[[Darmstadtium|Ds]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|111<br />[[Roentgenium|Rg]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:green;border:1px dotted black;"|112<br />[[Copernicium|Cn]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|113<br />[[Ununtrium|Uut]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|114<br />[[Flerovium|Fl]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|115<br />[[Ununpentium|Uup]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|116<br />[[Ununhexium|Uuh]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#fcfecc;color:#cccccc;"|117<br />[[Ununseptium|Uus]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ecfefc;color:#cccccc;"|118<br />[[Livermorium|Lv]] |- |colspan="21"|<br /> |- |colspan="4" style="text-align:right"|* '''[[Lanthanide]]s''' |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|57<br />[[Lanthanum|La]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|58<br />[[Cerium|Ce]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|59<br />[[Praseodymium|Pr]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|60<br />[[Neodymium|Nd]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|61<br />[[Promethium|Pm]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|62<br />[[Samarium|Sm]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|63<br />[[Europium|Eu]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|64<br />[[Gadolinium|Gd]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|65<br />[[Terbium|Tb]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|66<br />[[Dysprosium|Dy]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|67<br />[[Holmium|Ho]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|68<br />[[Erbium|Er]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|69<br />[[Thulium|Tm]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|70<br />[[Ytterbium|Yb]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|71<br />[[Lutetium|Lu]] |- |colspan="4" style="text-align:right"|** '''[[Actinide]]s''' |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|89<br />[[Actinium|Ac]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|90<br />[[Thorium|Th]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|91<br />[[Protactinium|Pa]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|92<br />[[Uranium|U]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|93<br />[[Neptunium|Np]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|94<br />[[Plutonium|Pu]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|95<br />[[Americium|Am]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|96<br />[[Curium|Cm]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|97<br />[[Berkelium|Bk]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|98<br />[[Californium|Cf]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|99<br />[[Einsteinium|Es]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|100<br />[[Fermium|Fm]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|101<br />[[Mendelevium|Md]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|102<br />[[Nobelium|No]] |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|103<br />[[Lawrencium|Lr]] |} == Duusra websites == * [http://www.periodic-table.com/ Periodic Table of the Elements - displays basic properties] * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/index.html WebElements Periodic table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509100205/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/scholar/index.html |date=2008-05-09 }} * [http://www.egregoralfa.republika.pl/english/newtable.html New Periodic Table of the Chemical Elements - triangular table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426021611/http://www.egregoralfa.republika.pl/english/newtable.html |date=2008-04-26 }} [[vibhag:Chemistry]] s78cpjbiobnnru21qgya6n4ny0tigb3 0 9419 336830 303821 2026-07-25T11:59:46Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336830 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="right" class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="2" | Atomic Structure. |- | Symbol | C |- | Atomic Number | 6 |- | Atomic Mass | 12.00 g/mol |- ! colspan="2" | Periodic Table |- | Group | 14 |- | Row / Period | 2 |- | Element Category | Nonmetal |- ! colspan="2" | Picture |- | colspan="2" | [[File:Electron shell 006 Carbon.svg|thumb|center|200px|Carbon ke electron shell]] |} [[file:Element 6.webm|thumb|Koila atom]] '''Carbon''' ek khaas [[chemical element]] hae, jiske [[chemical symbol]] '''C''' hae. [[Dunia]] ke sab [[jew]] ii element se banaa hae. Carbon ke [[atomic mass]] 12 aur [[atomic number]] 6 hae. == Chhapa ke gallery == <gallery> GraphiteUSGOV.jpg|'''[[Graphite]]''' Diamond.jpg|'''[[Diamond]]s''' Fullerene-C60.png|'''[[Fullerene]]s''' Eight Allotropes of Carbon.png|Eight Allotropes of Carbon Uhlík.PNG|Práškový uhlík Uhličitan bismutitý.PNG|Uhličitan bismutitý - Bi₂(CO₃)₃ Uhličitan hořečnatý.PNG|Uhličitan hořečnatý - MgCO₃ Uhličitan chromitý.PNG|Uhličitan chromitý - Cr₂(CO₃)₃ Uhličitan manganatý.PNG|Uhličitan manganatý - MnCO₃ Uhličitan železitý.PNG| Uhličitan železitý - Fe₂(CO₃)₃ Vápenec.PNG|Vápenec - CaCO₃ Hydrogenuhličitan sodný.PNG|Hydrogenuhličitan sodný - NaHCO₃ Uhličitan cínatý.PNG|Uhličitan cínatý - SnCO₃ Uhličitan draselný.PNG|Uhličitan draselný - K₂CO₃ Uhličitan hlinitý.PNG|Uhličitan hlinitý - Al₂(CO₃)₃ Uhličitan měďnatý.PNG|Uhličitan měďnatý - CuCO₃ Uhličitan nikelnatý.PNG|Uhličitan nikelnatý - NiCO₃ Uhličitan olovnatý.PNG|Uhličitan olovnatý - PbCO₃ Uhličitan sodný.PNG|Uhličitan sodný - Na₂CO₃ Uhličitan stříbrný.PNG|Uhličitan stříbrný - Ag₂CO₃ Uhličitan vápenatý.PNG|Uhličitan vápenatý - CaCO₃ Uhličitan zinečnatý.PNG|Uhličitan zinečnatý - ZnCO₃ Uhličitan železnatý.PNG|Uhličitan železnatý - FeCO₃ </gallery> == Other websites == * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/key.html Carbon at Webelements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524105448/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/key.html |date=2024-05-24 }} {{Sci-stub}} {{Periodic Table}} [[Category:Carbon]] 2gq2weg9zuxexzi8l7qpkdxueni0x2j 0 49595 336835 302052 2026-07-25T16:19:01Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336835 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Qaemshahr_1.jpg|180px|thumbnail]] '''Qaem Shahr''' nai to '''Shahi''' ([[Persian]]: قائم‌شهر، شاهی) in [[English bhasa|English]] dui me se ek jagaha hoe sake hae.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title=Statistical Center of Iran > Home}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IR/35/Qaem_Shahr.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-07-27 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001082439/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IR/35/Qaem_Shahr.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://travital.com/city/qaem-shahr/</ref><ref>https://www.itto.org/iran/city/Qaem-Shahr/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rai.ir/page-rai/fa/0/form/pId9820 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-07-27 |archive-date=2021-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629045312/https://www.rai.ir/page-rai/fa/0/form/pId9820 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Duusra Websites == tp8sw47nrvyobes1br5fnhfik3g2wr9 0 62615 336833 319420 2026-07-25T15:20:52Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Ohio Naddi | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Ohio_River.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Ohio Naddi ke sab se chaurraa jagha, jon Louisville ke north<br/> me hae, jahan pe ii {{convert|1|mi|km}} chaurraa hae. [[Indiana]]<br/> right me hae flood gates ke bagal, [[Kentucky]] left me, locks<br/> ke bagal. Left ke jetty Louisville aur Portland Canal ke<br/> entrance hae. | map = Ohiorivermap.png | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Ohio Naddi ke basin | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[United States]] | subdivision_type2 = States | subdivision_name2 = [[Pennsylvania]], [[Ohio]], [[West Virginia]], [[Kentucky]],<br/> [[Indiana]], [[Illinois]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = [[Pittsburgh, PA]], [[East Liverpool, OH]], [[ Steubenville, OH]],<br/> [[Wheeling, WV]], [[Parkersburg, WV]], [[Huntington, WV]],<br/> [[Ashland, KY]], [[Portsmouth, OH]], [[Cincinnati, OH]], <br/>[[Louisville, KY]], [[Owensboro, KY]], [[Evansville, IN]],<br/> [[Henderson, KY]], [[Mount Vernon, IN]], [[Paducah, KY]],<br/> [[Cairo, IL]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|981|mi|km|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Cairo, Illinois|Cairo]]<ref name=Leeden1990>{{cite book |first1=Frits van der |last1=Leeden |first2=Fred L. |last2=Troise |first3=David Keith |last3=Todd |title=The Water Encyclopedia |edition=Second |page=[https://archive.org/details/waterencyclopedi0000vand/page/126 126] |location=Chelsea, Michigan |publisher=Lewis Publishers |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-87371-120-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/waterencyclopedi0000vand/page/126}}</ref> | discharge2_location=[[Olmsted, Illinois|Olmsted]] | discharge2_min ={{cvt|40,300|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}(2016/10/14)<ref name="USGS 03612600 OHIO RIVER AT OLMSTED, IL"/> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 2013–2023){{cvt|338,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="USGS 03612600 OHIO RIVER AT OLMSTED, IL"/> | discharge2_max ={{cvt|1,240,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}(2019/02/24)<ref name="USGS 03612600 OHIO RIVER AT OLMSTED, IL">{{cite web|url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/annual/?referred_module=sw&amp;site_no=03612600&amp;por_03612600_59246=262616,00060,59246,2013,2024&amp;year_type=W&amp;format=html_table&amp;date_format=YYYY-MM-DD&amp;rdb_compression=file&amp;submitted_form=parameter_selection_list|title=USGS 03612600 OHIO RIVER AT OLMSTED, IL}}</ref> | discharge3_min = {{cvt|15,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}(1930/07/20)<ref name="USGS 03611500 OHIO RIVER AT METROPOLIS, IL">{{cite web|url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/annual?referred_module=sw&amp;site_no=03611500&amp;por_03611500_59236=262609,00060,59236,1928,2015&amp;year_type=W&amp;format=html_table&amp;date_format=YYYY-MM-DD&amp;rdb_compression=file&amp;submitted_form=parameter_selection_list|title=USGS 03611500 OHIO RIVER AT METROPOLIS, IL}}</ref><ref name="03611500 OHIO RIVER AT METROPOLIS, IL">{{cite web|url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=59236&wys_water_yr=2014&site_no=03611500&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006%2C2007%2C2008%2C2009%2C2010%2C2011%2C2012%2C2013%2C2014%2C2015&referred_module=|title=03611500 OHIO RIVER AT METROPOLIS, IL|access-date=2025-02-11|archive-date=2024-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130060724/https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=59236&wys_water_yr=2014&site_no=03611500&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015&referred_module=|url-status=dead}}</ref> | discharge1_avg =(Period: 1951–1980){{cvt|281,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name=Leeden1990 /> | discharge3_max = {{cvt|1,850,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}(1937/02/01)<ref name="USGS 03611500 OHIO RIVER AT METROPOLIS, IL"/><ref name="03611500 OHIO RIVER AT METROPOLIS, IL"/> | discharge3_location=[[Metropolis, Illinois|Metropolis]] | discharge3_avg=(Period: 1928–2014){{cvt|279,100|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="03611500 OHIO RIVER AT METROPOLIS, IL"/> | discharge5_location=[[Greater Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh]] | discharge5_avg=(Period: 1934–2023){{cvt|34,020|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="03086000 OHIO RIVER AT SEWICKLEY, PA">{{cite web|url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=120279&wys_water_yr=2023&site_no=03086000&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006%2C2007%2C2008%2C2009%2C2010%2C2011%2C2012%2C2013%2C2014%2C2015%2C2016%2C2017%2C2018%2C2019%2C2020%2C2021%2C2022%2C2023&referred_module=|title=03086000 OHIO RIVER AT SEWICKLEY, PA|access-date=2025-02-11|archive-date=2025-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415220056/https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=120279&wys_water_yr=2023&site_no=03086000&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006%2C2007%2C2008%2C2009%2C2010%2C2011%2C2012%2C2013%2C2014%2C2015%2C2016%2C2017%2C2018%2C2019%2C2020%2C2021%2C2022%2C2023&referred_module=|url-status=dead}}</ref> | discharge5_min={{cvt|2,100|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}(1957/09/04)<ref name="03086000 OHIO RIVER AT SEWICKLEY, PA"/> | discharge5_max={{cvt|574,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} (1936/03/18)<ref name="03086000 OHIO RIVER AT SEWICKLEY, PA"/> | discharge4_location=[[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]] | discharge4_min={{cvt|877|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}(2010/09/21)<ref name="03294500 OHIO RIVER AT LOUISVILLE, KY">{{cite web|url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=58871&wys_water_yr=2020&site_no=03294500&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006%2C2007%2C2008%2C2009%2C2010%2C2011%2C2012%2C2013%2C2014%2C2015%2C2016%2C2017%2C2018%2C2019%2C2020&referred_module=|title=03294500 OHIO RIVER AT LOUISVILLE, KY|access-date=2025-02-11|archive-date=2025-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416042119/https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=58871&wys_water_yr=2020&site_no=03294500&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006%2C2007%2C2008%2C2009%2C2010%2C2011%2C2012%2C2013%2C2014%2C2015%2C2016%2C2017%2C2018%2C2019%2C2020&referred_module=|url-status=dead}}</ref> | discharge4_avg=(Period: 1929–2020){{cvt|120,800|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="03294500 OHIO RIVER AT LOUISVILLE, KY"/> | discharge4_max={{cvt|1,110,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}(1937/01/27)<ref name="03294500 OHIO RIVER AT LOUISVILLE, KY"/> <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Allegheny River]] | source1_location = [[Allegany Township, Pennsylvania|Allegany Township]], [[Potter County, Pennsylvania|Potter County]], [[Pennsylvania]] | source1_coordinates= {{coord|41|52|22|N|77|52|30|W|region:US-PA_type:river|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|2240|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Monongahela River]] | source2_location = [[Fairmont, West Virginia|Fairmont]], [[West Virginia]] | source2_coordinates= {{coord|39|27|53|N|80|09|13|W|region:US-WV_type:river|display=inline}} | source2_elevation = {{convert|880|ft|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location = [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]] | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|40|26|32|N|80|00|52|W|region:US-PA_type:river|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation = {{convert|730|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Mississippi River]] | mouth_location = at [[Cairo, Illinois]] / [[Ballard County, Kentucky]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|36|59|12|N|89|07|50|W|region:US-IL_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|290|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Mississippi River]] → [[Gulf of Mexico]] | river_system = | basin_size = {{cvt|203,940|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Ohio River Basin">{{cite web|url=https://www.usgs.gov/centers/ohio-kentucky-indiana-water-science-center/science/science-topics/ohio-river-basin|title=Ohio River Basin}}</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Little Kanawha River]], [[Kanawha River]], [[Guyandotte River]],<br/> [[Big Sandy River (Ohio River)|Big Sandy River]], [[Little Sandy River (Kentucky)|Little Sandy River]], [[Licking River (Kentucky)|Licking River]],<br/> [[Kentucky River]], [[Salt River (Kentucky)|Salt River]], [[Green River (Kentucky)|Green River]],<br/> [[Cumberland River]], [[Tennessee River]] | tributaries_right = [[Beaver River (Pennsylvania)|Beaver River]], [[Little Muskingum River]], [[Muskingum River]],<br/> [[Little Hocking River]], [[Hocking River]], [[Shade River]],<br/> [[Scioto River]], [[Little Miami River]], [[Great Miami River]],<br/> [[Wabash River]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-wikidata=yes | mapframe-zoom=5 | mapframe-height=250 | mapframe-frame-width = 300 | mapframe-stroke-width=1.5 }} '''Ohio Naddi''' ek {{convert|981|mi|km|adj=mid|-lambaa}} [[naddi]], [[United States]] me hae. Ii [[Midwestern]] aur [[Southern United States]] ke boundary hae. Ii southwesterly direction western [[Pennsylvania]] se iske [[river mouth|mouth]] , [[Mississippi River]] me bahe hae [[Illinois]] ke southern tip me. Ii tiisra sab se barraa naadi United States me hae by discharge volume aur ii sab se barraa [[tributary]] hae, by volume, jon Mississippi Naddi me bahe hae, jon east aur west United States ke divide kare hae.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/|title=Largest Rivers in the United States|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|access-date=December 13, 2019|archive-date=April 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428185541/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ii North American continent ke 6th sab se puraana naddi hae. Ii naddi chhe [[U.S. state|states]] me se nai to iske border se bahe hae. Iske [[drainage basin]] includes me 14 states hae. Ii naddi se 5 million log ke piye waala paani mile hae.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ohioriverfdn.org/ohio-river/quick-facts/|title=Quick Facts &#124; The Ohio River|access-date=October 23, 2022|archive-date=October 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023225820/https://ohioriverfdn.org/ohio-river/quick-facts/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[vibhag:O]] [[vibhag:United States of America ke naddi]] duiltv6n8wms4n13vpp7h1448r59ylk 0 62619 336837 319424 2026-07-25T21:20:12Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Yukon Naddi | native_name = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = File:Canoeing the Yukon River.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Canoeing Yukon River me | map = Yukon watershed.png | map_size = | map_caption = Yukon Naddi aur watershed | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 3 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist| [[United States]]|[[Canada]]}} | subdivision_type2 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Alaska]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada#Provinces|Province]]/[[Provinces and territories of Canada#Territories|Territory]] | subdivision_name3 = {{hlist| [[British Columbia]]|[[Yukon]]}} | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|3,190|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = {{convert|0.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[Rampart, Alaska|Rampart]] to [[Tanana, Alaska|Tanana]];<ref name="Yukon River Panel">{{Cite web|url=http://rapidsresearch.com/html/yukon_river_panel.html|title=Rapids Information for Yukon River Panel, Canada|website=rapidsresearch.com}}</ref><br/> {{convert|820|to|1,000|m|abbr=on}} ([[Pilot Station]])<ref name="Yukon (Pilot) River">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=sonar.site_info&site=12|title=Yukon (Pilot) Site and River, Alaska Fisheries Sonar, Alaska Department of Fish and Game|website=www.adfg.alaska.gov}}</ref> | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = {{convert|9.1|-|12.1|m|abbr=on}} ([[Rampart, Alaska|Rampart]] to [[Tanana, Alaska|Tanana]]);<ref name="Yukon River Panel"/> | depth_max = {{convert|40|m|abbr=on}} ([[Rampart, Alaska|Rampart]]);<ref name="Yukon River Panel"/> {{convert|24.4|m|abbr=on}} ([[Pilot Station]])<ref name="Yukon (Pilot) River"/> | discharge2_location = [[Pilot Station]] | discharge2_min={{cvt|35,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}(Year: 1984)<ref name="Water-Year Summary for Site USGS 15565447">{{cite web|url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=1155&wys_water_yr=2023&site_no=15565447&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006%2C2008%2C2009%2C2010%2C2011%2C2012%2C2013%2C2014%2C2015%2C2016%2C2017%2C2018%2C2019%2C2020%2C2021%2C2022%2C2023&referred_module=|title=Water-Year Summary for Site USGS 15565447|access-date=2025-02-11|archive-date=2025-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215234954/https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=1155&wys_water_yr=2023&site_no=15565447&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006%2C2008%2C2009%2C2010%2C2011%2C2012%2C2013%2C2014%2C2015%2C2016%2C2017%2C2018%2C2019%2C2020%2C2021%2C2022%2C2023&referred_module=|url-status=dead}}</ref> | discharge2_avg=(Period: 1976–2023){{cvt|235,600|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Water-Year Summary for Site USGS 15565447"/><ref name="online.ucpress.edu">{{cite journal|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/9/1/00098/117201/Changing-freshwater-contributions-to-the-ArcticA|doi=10.1525/elementa.2020.00098 |title=Changing freshwater contributions to the Arctic |year=2021 |last1=Stadnyk |first1=Tricia A. |last2=Tefs |first2=A. |last3=Broesky |first3=M. |last4=Déry |first4=S. J. |last5=Myers |first5=P. G. |last6=Ridenour |first6=N. A. |last7=Koenig |first7=K. |last8=Vonderbank |first8=L. |last9=Gustafsson |first9=D. |journal=Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=00098 |s2cid=236682638 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021EleSA...9...98S }}</ref> | discharge2_max={{cvt|1,240,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}(Year: 2005)<ref name="Water-Year Summary for Site USGS 15565447"/> <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Juneau Icefield|Llewellyn Glacier]] at [[Atlin Lake]] | source1_location = [[Atlin District]], [[British Columbia]], Canada | source1_coordinates = {{coord|59|10|N|133|50|W|display= inline}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|669|m}}<ref>{{cite web |title= Atlin Lake |url= https://www.peakbagger.com/KeyCol.aspx?pid=779 |publisher=Peakbagger.com |access-date= 11 October 2020}}</ref> | mouth = [[Bering Sea]] | mouth_location = [[Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska|Kusilvak]], [[Alaska]], U.S. | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|62|35|55|N|164|48|00|W}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m}} | progression = [[Bering Sea]] | river_system = [[Yukon River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|854,700|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Environmental and Hydrologic Overview of the Yukon River Basin, Alaska and Canada">{{cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri994204/pdf/wri994204.pdf|title=Environmental and Hydrologic Overview of the Yukon River Basin, Alaska and Canada|last1=Timothy|first1=P. Brabets|year=2000}}</ref> | tributaries_left = [[White River (Yukon)|White]], [[Fortymile River|Fortymile]], [[Birch Creek (Yukon River tributary)|Birch Creek]], [[Tanana River|Tanana]], [[Nowitna River|Nowitna]], [[Innoko River|Innoko]] | tributaries_right = Tagish River, [[Atlin River|Atlin]], [[Teslin River|Teslin]], [[Big Salmon River (Yukon)|Big Salmon]], [[Pelly River|Pelly]], [[Stewart River (Yukon)|Stewart]],<br/> [[Klondike River|Klondike]], [[Porcupine River|Porcupine]], [[Christian River|Christian]], [[Chandalar River|Chandalar]], [[Melozitna River|Melozitna]],<br/> [[Koyukuk River|Koyukuk]], [[Anvik River|Anvik]], [[Atchuelinguk River|Atchuelinguk]], [[Andreafsky River|Andreafsky]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | discharge1_location = [[Yukon Delta]] | discharge1_avg={{cvt|7,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="DISTRIBUTION AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF JUVENILE SALMON AND OTHER FISHES IN THE YUKON DELTA">{{cite book|url=https://espis.boem.gov/final%20reports/86.pdf|title=DISTRIBUTION AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF JUVENILE SALMON AND OTHER FISHES IN THE YUKON DELTA|last1=Douglas|first1=J. Martin|last2=Clifford|first2=J. Whitmus|last3=Lon|first3=E. Hachmeister|year=1987}}</ref><ref name="Yukon">{{Cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=145&catid=315&Itemid=179|title=Rivers Network - Yukon|first=Eric|last=Tilman|website=Rivers Network}}</ref> | discharge3_location=[[Stevens Village, Alaska|Stevens Village]] | discharge3_min={{cvt|14,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} (Year: 1997)<ref name="Water-Year Summary for Site USGS 15453500">{{cite web|url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=326398&wys_water_yr=2023&site_no=15453500&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006%2C2007%2C2008%2C2009%2C2010%2C2011%2C2012%2C2013%2C2014%2C2015%2C2016%2C2017%2C2018%2C2019%2C2020%2C2021%2C2022%2C2023&referred_module=|title=Water-Year Summary for Site USGS 15453500|access-date=2025-02-11|archive-date=2025-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216163917/https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=326398&wys_water_yr=2023&site_no=15453500&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006%2C2007%2C2008%2C2009%2C2010%2C2011%2C2012%2C2013%2C2014%2C2015%2C2016%2C2017%2C2018%2C2019%2C2020%2C2021%2C2022%2C2023&referred_module=|url-status=dead}}</ref> | discharge3_avg=(Period: 1977–2023){{cvt|123,200|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="USGS 15453500 YUKON RIVER NR STEVENS VILLAGE AK">{{Cite web|url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/annual?referred_module=sw&amp;site_no=15453500&amp;por_15453500_326398=623988,00060,326398,1977,2024&amp;year_type=W&amp;format=html_table&amp;date_format=YYYY-MM-DD&amp;rdb_compression=file&amp;submitted_form=parameter_selection_list|title=USGS Surface Water data for USA: USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics|website=waterdata.usgs.gov}}</ref><ref name="Water-Year Summary for Site USGS 15453500"/> | discharge3_max={{cvt|827,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} (Year: 1992)<ref name="Water-Year Summary for Site USGS 15453500"/> | discharge4_location = [[Dawson City|Dawson]] | discharge4_avg=(Period: 1944–1980){{cvt|78,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Transport of Water, Carbon, and Sediment Through the Yukon River Basin">{{cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3005|title=Transport of Water, Carbon, and Sediment Through the Yukon River Basin|year=2008}}</ref><ref name="Environmental and Hydrologic Overview of the Yukon River Basin, Alaska and Canada"/> | discharge4_max={{cvt|527,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} (Year: 1964)<ref name="Peak Streamflow for the Nation CAX01 15305700 YUKON R AT DAWSON YT">{{Cite web|url=https://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/peak?site_no=15305700&agency_cd=CAX01&format=html|title=USGS Surface Water for USA: Peak Streamflow|website=nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov}}</ref> | discharge5_location=[[Whitehorse]] | discharge5_avg=(Period: 1944–2010){{cvt|8,600|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Transport of Water, Carbon, and Sediment Through the Yukon River Basin"/><ref name="Environmental and Hydrologic Overview of the Yukon River Basin, Alaska and Canada"/><ref name="Marsh Lake Fall-Winter Storage Concept Hydrology Baseline Report">{{cite book|url=https://yukonenergy.ca/media/site_documents/Southern_Lakes/Baseline_Studies/Baseline%20Report%20HYDROLOGY%20Southern%20Lakes%20Enhanced%20Storage%20Concept.pdf|title=Marsh Lake Fall-Winter Storage Concept Hydrology Baseline Report|year=2011}}</ref> | extra = <ref>{{cite web|author1= Brabets, Timothy P |author2= Wang, Bronwen |author3= Meade, Robert H. | title= Environmental and Hydrologic Overview of the Yukon River Basin, Alaska and Canada | url= http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri994204/pdf/wri994204.pdf | publisher= [[United States Geological Survey]] | year= 2000 | access-date= 5 March 2010}}</ref><ref name=britannica>{{Britannica|654842}}</ref> }} '''Yukon Naddi''', northwestern North America ke ek khaas naddi hae. Iske sotii [[British Columbia]] me hae, jahaan se ii Canada ke territory [[Yukon]] se jaae hae.. Naddi ke niche waala hissa west bagal bahe ke [[Alaska]] me jaae hae. Ii naddi {{convert|3190|km}}<ref name=britannica /><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.yukoninfo.com/yukonriver/ |title= Yukoninfo.com |publisher= Yukoninfo.com |access-date= 2013-08-18 |archive-date= 2013-10-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131024100547/http://www.yukoninfo.com/yukonriver/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> lamba hae aur ii [[Bering Samundar]] me jaae ke nikle hae. Iske average flow {{cvt|6400-7000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="DISTRIBUTION AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF JUVENILE SALMON AND OTHER FISHES IN THE YUKON DELTA"/><ref name="Yukon"/><ref name="Environmental and Hydrologic Overview of the Yukon River Basin, Alaska and Canada"/>hae. Iske puura drainage area {{cvt|854,700|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} hae,<ref name="Environmental and Hydrologic Overview of the Yukon River Basin, Alaska and Canada"/> jisme se {{cvt|323,800|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} Canada me hae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Walvoord |first1=Michelle A. |last2=Striegl |first2=Robert G. |date=2007-06-28 |title=Increased groundwater to stream discharge from permafrost thawing in the Yukon River basin: Potential impacts on lateral export of carbon and nitrogen |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=34 |issue=12 |pages=L12402 |doi=10.1029/2007GL030216 |s2cid=128894194 |issn=0094-8276|doi-access=free |bibcode=2007GeoRL..3412402W }}</ref> [[vibhag:Y]] [[vibhag:Canada ke naddi]] [[vibhag:United States of America ke naddi]] 9ha20qs5w0cx0rv2y0msdgzaes6ck3n 0 63441 336831 321612 2026-07-25T14:07:39Z CommonsDelinker 148 Removing [[:c:File:Spirited_Away_Japanese_poster.png|Spirited_Away_Japanese_poster.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Yann|Yann]] because: Copyright violation, see [[:c:Commons:Licensing|]]. 336831 wikitext text/x-wiki Spirited Away ek 2001 me banaa English, Japanese film hae. Ii film Japan me Hayao Miyazaki ke direction me banaa rahaa. Ii film me Daveigh Chase, Jason Marsden, Suzanne Pleshette, David Ogden Stiers, Susan Egan acting kare rahin. == External link == [[vibhag:Films]] {{Film stub}} kyx2xn9ztgf3swvehpehduz7fm0p6qx