Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6328 336867 323806 2026-07-28T09:42:33Z Snandan 529 336867 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cold War''' uu term hae jiske [[United States]] aur [[Soviet Union]] ke biich me ke 45-saal ke period jon ki [[World War II]] ke ant se suruu bhais rahaa. Ii 1945 se 1989 ke time hae. '''Cold War''' duusra larrai ke rakam nai rahaa kahe ki duuno des ke army logan ek dusre se nai larre rahin , lekin ii time ii duuni des ke khatir aur des larrai karat rahin. ==Background== [[United States]] aur iske [[Western Europe]]an mitr des maangatr rahin ki uulog ke biich me sambandh aur tagrree bane aur aur uulog ek [[containment]] policy ke kaam me laae ke Soviet influence ke barrhe se roke maangat rahin; uulog iske karin rahaa [[NATO]] ke banae ke, jon 1949 ke ek atm rakchhaa waala samjhautaa rahaa. Iske badle me, 1955 me, Soviet Union [[Warsaw Pact]] banais rahaa, jiske natija Eastern Bloc rahaa. Ii time talak Soviet Union ke armed presence aur political domination puura eastern satellite states me rahaa, aur Warsaw Pact ke koi khaas jaruri nai rahaa. {{sfn|Crump|2015|pp=1, 17}} Jab ki naam khaatir ii defensive alliance rahaa, Warsaw Pact ke khaas kaam Soviet domination [[Eastern Europe]]an satellites des ke consolidate karna, aur ii pact ke sidha military actions aapan own member states ke virodh me rahaa jon jon soviet influence ke kamti kare maangat rahin;{{sfn|Crump|2015|p=1}} [[1960s]] me, ii pact evolve hoy ke ek multilateral alliance banaa rahaa, jisme non-Soviet Warsaw Pact aapan chij kare sakat rahin.<!--https://www.routledge.com/The-Warsaw-Pact-Reconsidered-International-Relations-in-Eastern-Europe/Crump/p/book/9781138102132--> 1961 me, Soviet-allied [[East Germany]] [[Berlin Wall]] ke banais rahaa, jisse [[East Berlin]] ke log ke [[West Berlin]] bhaage se roka jaae sake, jon uutime United States-allied [[West Germany]] ke hissa rahaa.{{sfn|Reinalda|2009|p=369}} 1991 me, [[Russian Federation]] Soviet Union's successor state banaa rahaa, jab dher duusra republics puura ajaad hoe gay rahin.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2003 |title=INFCIRC/397 – Note to the Director General from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml |archive-date=2003-11-23 }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:C]] [[Category:Soviet Union ke itihaas]] [[Category:United States ke itihaas]] adk4com5jr463q9yjfq2teaxmpfblsi 336868 336867 2026-07-28T10:00:48Z Snandan 529 336868 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cold War''' uu term hae jiske [[United States]] aur [[Soviet Union]] ke biich me ke 45-saal ke period jon ki [[World War II]] ke ant se suruu bhais rahaa. Ii 1945 se 1989 ke time hae. '''Cold War''' duusra larrai ke rakam nai rahaa kahe ki duuno des ke army logan ek dusre se nai larre rahin , lekin ii time ii duuni des ke khatir aur des larrai karat rahin. ==Background== [[United States]] aur iske [[Western Europe]]an mitr des maangatr rahin ki uulog ke biich me sambandh aur tagrree bane aur aur uulog ek [[containment]] policy ke kaam me laae ke Soviet influence ke barrhe se roke maangat rahin; uulog iske karin rahaa [[NATO]] ke banae ke, jon 1949 ke ek atm rakchhaa waala samjhautaa rahaa. Iske badle me, 1955 me, Soviet Union [[Warsaw Pact]] banais rahaa, jiske natija Eastern Bloc rahaa. Ii time talak Soviet Union ke armed presence aur political domination puura eastern satellite states me rahaa, aur Warsaw Pact ke koi khaas jaruri nai rahaa. {{sfn|Crump|2015|pp=1, 17}} Jab ki naam khaatir ii defensive alliance rahaa, Warsaw Pact ke khaas kaam Soviet domination [[Eastern Europe]]an satellites des ke consolidate karna, aur ii pact ke sidha military actions aapan own member states ke virodh me rahaa jon jon soviet influence ke kamti kare maangat rahin;{{sfn|Crump|2015|p=1}} [[1960s]] me, ii pact evolve hoy ke ek multilateral alliance banaa rahaa, jisme non-Soviet Warsaw Pact aapan chij kare sakat rahin.<!--https://www.routledge.com/The-Warsaw-Pact-Reconsidered-International-Relations-in-Eastern-Europe/Crump/p/book/9781138102132--> 1961 me, Soviet-allied [[East Germany]] [[Berlin Wall]] ke banais rahaa, jisse [[East Berlin]] ke log ke [[West Berlin]] bhaage se roka jaae sake, jon uutime United States-allied [[West Germany]] ke hissa rahaa.{{sfn|Reinalda|2009|p=369}} 1991 me, [[Russian Federation]] Soviet Union's successor state banaa rahaa, jab dher duusra republics puura ajaad hoe gay rahin.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2003 |title=INFCIRC/397 – Note to the Director General from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml |archive-date=2003-11-23 }}</ref> ==Containment, Truman Doctrine, Korean War (1947–1953)== ===Iron Curtain, Iran, Turkey, Greece, and Poland=== [[File:Čížov (Zaisa) - preserved part of Iron curtain.JPG|thumb| "Iron Curtain" ke bachaa hissa, [[Czech Republic]] me, 2014 me]] February 1946 me, [[George F. Kennan]] ek telegram me, jiske Moscow se Washington bheja gais rahaa, US government ke hard line against the Soviets ke sanjhais rahaa, jon US strategy toward the Soviet Union ke basis rahaa. Ii telegram policy debate ke galvanise kar diis rahaa, aur ii baad me [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|Truman administration]] ke Soviet policy ke shape karis rahaa.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 February 2021|title=This Day in History: George Kennan Sends "Long Telegram"|url=https://www.trumanlibraryinstitute.org/this-day-in-history-2/|access-date=27 October 2021|website=Truman Library Institute}}</ref> Washington ke Soviets ke virodh, aur jaada bhais Stalin aur [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]] ke tuuta waada, Europe aur Iran ke baare me, ke baad.{{sfn|Hasanli|2014|pp=221–222}} [[World War II]] ke baad, [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]] bhais rahaa, aur ii des ke Red Army far north me occupy karis rahaa aur British south ke occuoy karis rahaa.{{sfn|Sebestyen|2014}} Iran ke kaam me laae ke, United States aur British Soviet Union ke larrai ke time supply karat rahin, aur Allies maan gay rahin ki uulog Iran se, larrai ke chhe mahina baad nikal jaine. {{sfn|Sebestyen|2014}} Lekin jab ii time aais tab Soviets Iran me rahe gain, [[Azerbaijan People's Government]] aur [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|Kurdish]] [[Republic of Mahabad]] ke guise ke niche.{{sfn|Kinzer|2003|pp=65–66}} 5 March me, pahile ke British prime minister, [[Winston Churchill]] aapan famous "[[Iron Curtain]]" waala bhasan diis rahaa, ([[Fulton Speech]]) jisme uu Anglo-American alliance Soviets ke virodh me ke maabg karis rahaa, jiske uu "iron curtain" jon Europe ke vibhajit karat rahaa, ke banae ke aarop lagais rahaa.{{sfn|Schmitz|1999}}{{sfn|Harriman|1987–1988}} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:C]] [[Category:Soviet Union ke itihaas]] [[Category:United States ke itihaas]] 2dhaxhf7mrphp9w225r9z5fbidtjchk 336869 336868 2026-07-28T10:14:13Z Snandan 529 336869 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cold War''' uu term hae jiske [[United States]] aur [[Soviet Union]] ke biich me ke 45-saal ke period jon ki [[World War II]] ke ant se suruu bhais rahaa. Ii 1945 se 1989 ke time hae. '''Cold War''' duusra larrai ke rakam nai rahaa kahe ki duuno des ke army logan ek dusre se nai larre rahin , lekin ii time ii duuni des ke khatir aur des larrai karat rahin. ==Background== [[United States]] aur iske [[Western Europe]]an mitr des maangatr rahin ki uulog ke biich me sambandh aur tagrree bane aur aur uulog ek [[containment]] policy ke kaam me laae ke Soviet influence ke barrhe se roke maangat rahin; uulog iske karin rahaa [[NATO]] ke banae ke, jon 1949 ke ek atm rakchhaa waala samjhautaa rahaa. Iske badle me, 1955 me, Soviet Union [[Warsaw Pact]] banais rahaa, jiske natija Eastern Bloc rahaa. Ii time talak Soviet Union ke armed presence aur political domination puura eastern satellite states me rahaa, aur Warsaw Pact ke koi khaas jaruri nai rahaa. {{sfn|Crump|2015|pp=1, 17}} Jab ki naam khaatir ii defensive alliance rahaa, Warsaw Pact ke khaas kaam Soviet domination [[Eastern Europe]]an satellites des ke consolidate karna, aur ii pact ke sidha military actions aapan own member states ke virodh me rahaa jon jon soviet influence ke kamti kare maangat rahin;{{sfn|Crump|2015|p=1}} [[1960s]] me, ii pact evolve hoy ke ek multilateral alliance banaa rahaa, jisme non-Soviet Warsaw Pact aapan chij kare sakat rahin.<!--https://www.routledge.com/The-Warsaw-Pact-Reconsidered-International-Relations-in-Eastern-Europe/Crump/p/book/9781138102132--> 1961 me, Soviet-allied [[East Germany]] [[Berlin Wall]] ke banais rahaa, jisse [[East Berlin]] ke log ke [[West Berlin]] bhaage se roka jaae sake, jon uutime United States-allied [[West Germany]] ke hissa rahaa.{{sfn|Reinalda|2009|p=369}} 1991 me, [[Russian Federation]] Soviet Union's successor state banaa rahaa, jab dher duusra republics puura ajaad hoe gay rahin.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2003 |title=INFCIRC/397 – Note to the Director General from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml |archive-date=2003-11-23 }}</ref> ==Containment, Truman Doctrine, Korean War (1947–1953)== ===Iron Curtain, Iran, Turkey, Greece, and Poland=== [[File:Čížov (Zaisa) - preserved part of Iron curtain.JPG|thumb| "Iron Curtain" ke bachaa hissa, [[Czech Republic]] me, 2014 me]] February 1946 me, [[George F. Kennan]] ek telegram me, jiske Moscow se Washington bheja gais rahaa, US government ke hard line against the Soviets ke sanjhais rahaa, jon US strategy toward the Soviet Union ke basis rahaa. Ii telegram policy debate ke galvanise kar diis rahaa, aur ii baad me [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|Truman administration]] ke Soviet policy ke shape karis rahaa.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 February 2021|title=This Day in History: George Kennan Sends "Long Telegram"|url=https://www.trumanlibraryinstitute.org/this-day-in-history-2/|access-date=27 October 2021|website=Truman Library Institute}}</ref> Washington ke Soviets ke virodh, aur jaada bhais Stalin aur [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]] ke tuuta waada, Europe aur Iran ke baare me, ke baad.{{sfn|Hasanli|2014|pp=221–222}} [[World War II]] ke baad, [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]] bhais rahaa, aur ii des ke Red Army far north me occupy karis rahaa aur British south ke occuoy karis rahaa.{{sfn|Sebestyen|2014}} Iran ke kaam me laae ke, United States aur British Soviet Union ke larrai ke time supply karat rahin, aur Allies maan gay rahin ki uulog Iran se, larrai ke chhe mahina baad nikal jaine. {{sfn|Sebestyen|2014}} Lekin jab ii time aais tab Soviets Iran me rahe gain, [[Azerbaijan People's Government]] aur [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|Kurdish]] [[Republic of Mahabad]] ke guise ke niche.{{sfn|Kinzer|2003|pp=65–66}} 5 March me, pahile ke British prime minister, [[Winston Churchill]] aapan famous "[[Iron Curtain]]" waala bhasan diis rahaa, ([[Fulton Speech]]) jisme uu Anglo-American alliance Soviets ke virodh me ke maabg karis rahaa, jiske uu "iron curtain" jon Europe ke vibhajit karat rahaa, ke banae ke aarop lagais rahaa.{{sfn|Schmitz|1999}}{{sfn|Harriman|1987–1988}} Ek haptaa baad, 13 March, Stalin jorr se jawaab diis, ii bol ke ki Churchill ke [[Adolf Hitler]] se compare karaa jaae sake hae, jahaan talak uuu racial superiority of [[List of countries and territories where English is an official language|English-speaking nations]] ke aarop lagais rahaa, jisse ki uulog aapan dunia ke dominate kare ke bhuuk ke satisfy kare sake, aur aisan declaration "a call for war on the USSR" rahaa. Soviet leader ii aarop ke dismiss karis ki USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere aapan sphere ke des pe aur jaada control lagaawat rahaa. He argue karis ki surprisong nai rahaa ki "the fact that the Soviet Union, anxious for its future safety, [was] trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries."{{sfn|McCauley|2008|p=143}}<ref>{{cite web |date=March 1946 |title=Interview to "Pravda" Correspondent Concerning Mr. Winston Churchill's Speech |website=Marxists Internet Archive |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1946/03/x01.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131200528/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1946/03/x01.htm}}</ref> {{Multiple image | border = infobox | image_gap = 20 | caption_align = center |align=right |direction=vertical |image1=Cold war europe military alliances map en.png |width1=200 |caption1=European military alliances |image2=Cold war europe economic alliances map en.png |width2=200 |caption2=European economic blocs }} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:C]] [[Category:Soviet Union ke itihaas]] [[Category:United States ke itihaas]] jm2o86jkwg9e5me11znm0hmwhiun0yn 336870 336869 2026-07-28T10:56:53Z Snandan 529 336870 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cold War''' uu term hae jiske [[United States]] aur [[Soviet Union]] ke biich me ke 45-saal ke period jon ki [[World War II]] ke ant se suruu bhais rahaa. Ii 1945 se 1989 ke time hae. '''Cold War''' duusra larrai ke rakam nai rahaa kahe ki duuno des ke army logan ek dusre se nai larre rahin , lekin ii time ii duuni des ke khatir aur des larrai karat rahin. ==Background== [[United States]] aur iske [[Western Europe]]an mitr des maangatr rahin ki uulog ke biich me sambandh aur tagrree bane aur aur uulog ek [[containment]] policy ke kaam me laae ke Soviet influence ke barrhe se roke maangat rahin; uulog iske karin rahaa [[NATO]] ke banae ke, jon 1949 ke ek atm rakchhaa waala samjhautaa rahaa. Iske badle me, 1955 me, Soviet Union [[Warsaw Pact]] banais rahaa, jiske natija Eastern Bloc rahaa. Ii time talak Soviet Union ke armed presence aur political domination puura eastern satellite states me rahaa, aur Warsaw Pact ke koi khaas jaruri nai rahaa. {{sfn|Crump|2015|pp=1, 17}} Jab ki naam khaatir ii defensive alliance rahaa, Warsaw Pact ke khaas kaam Soviet domination [[Eastern Europe]]an satellites des ke consolidate karna, aur ii pact ke sidha military actions aapan own member states ke virodh me rahaa jon jon soviet influence ke kamti kare maangat rahin;{{sfn|Crump|2015|p=1}} [[1960s]] me, ii pact evolve hoy ke ek multilateral alliance banaa rahaa, jisme non-Soviet Warsaw Pact aapan chij kare sakat rahin.<!--https://www.routledge.com/The-Warsaw-Pact-Reconsidered-International-Relations-in-Eastern-Europe/Crump/p/book/9781138102132--> 1961 me, Soviet-allied [[East Germany]] [[Berlin Wall]] ke banais rahaa, jisse [[East Berlin]] ke log ke [[West Berlin]] bhaage se roka jaae sake, jon uutime United States-allied [[West Germany]] ke hissa rahaa.{{sfn|Reinalda|2009|p=369}} 1991 me, [[Russian Federation]] Soviet Union's successor state banaa rahaa, jab dher duusra republics puura ajaad hoe gay rahin.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2003 |title=INFCIRC/397 – Note to the Director General from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml |archive-date=2003-11-23 }}</ref> ==Containment, Truman Doctrine, Korean War (1947–1953)== ===Iron Curtain, Iran, Turkey, Greece, and Poland=== [[File:Čížov (Zaisa) - preserved part of Iron curtain.JPG|thumb| "Iron Curtain" ke bachaa hissa, [[Czech Republic]] me, 2014 me]] February 1946 me, [[George F. Kennan]] ek telegram me, jiske Moscow se Washington bheja gais rahaa, US government ke hard line against the Soviets ke sanjhais rahaa, jon US strategy toward the Soviet Union ke basis rahaa. Ii telegram policy debate ke galvanise kar diis rahaa, aur ii baad me [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|Truman administration]] ke Soviet policy ke shape karis rahaa.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 February 2021|title=This Day in History: George Kennan Sends "Long Telegram"|url=https://www.trumanlibraryinstitute.org/this-day-in-history-2/|access-date=27 October 2021|website=Truman Library Institute}}</ref> Washington ke Soviets ke virodh, aur jaada bhais Stalin aur [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]] ke tuuta waada, Europe aur Iran ke baare me, ke baad.{{sfn|Hasanli|2014|pp=221–222}} [[World War II]] ke baad, [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]] bhais rahaa, aur ii des ke Red Army far north me occupy karis rahaa aur British south ke occuoy karis rahaa.{{sfn|Sebestyen|2014}} Iran ke kaam me laae ke, United States aur British Soviet Union ke larrai ke time supply karat rahin, aur Allies maan gay rahin ki uulog Iran se, larrai ke chhe mahina baad nikal jaine. {{sfn|Sebestyen|2014}} Lekin jab ii time aais tab Soviets Iran me rahe gain, [[Azerbaijan People's Government]] aur [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|Kurdish]] [[Republic of Mahabad]] ke guise ke niche.{{sfn|Kinzer|2003|pp=65–66}} 5 March me, pahile ke British prime minister, [[Winston Churchill]] aapan famous "[[Iron Curtain]]" waala bhasan diis rahaa, ([[Fulton Speech]]) jisme uu Anglo-American alliance Soviets ke virodh me ke maabg karis rahaa, jiske uu "iron curtain" jon Europe ke vibhajit karat rahaa, ke banae ke aarop lagais rahaa.{{sfn|Schmitz|1999}}{{sfn|Harriman|1987–1988}} Ek haptaa baad, 13 March, Stalin jorr se jawaab diis, ii bol ke ki Churchill ke [[Adolf Hitler]] se compare karaa jaae sake hae, jahaan talak uuu racial superiority of [[List of countries and territories where English is an official language|English-speaking nations]] ke aarop lagais rahaa, jisse ki uulog aapan dunia ke dominate kare ke bhuuk ke satisfy kare sake, aur aisan declaration "a call for war on the USSR" rahaa. Soviet leader ii aarop ke dismiss karis ki USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere aapan sphere ke des pe aur jaada control lagaawat rahaa. He argue karis ki surprisong nai rahaa ki "the fact that the Soviet Union, anxious for its future safety, [was] trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries."{{sfn|McCauley|2008|p=143}}<ref>{{cite web |date=March 1946 |title=Interview to "Pravda" Correspondent Concerning Mr. Winston Churchill's Speech |website=Marxists Internet Archive |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1946/03/x01.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131200528/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1946/03/x01.htm}}</ref> {{Multiple image | border = infobox | image_gap = 20 | caption_align = center |align=right |direction=vertical |image1=Cold war europe military alliances map en.png |width1=200 |caption1=European military alliances |image2=Cold war europe economic alliances map en.png |width2=200 |caption2=European economic blocs }} Soviet Union Turkey ke territory pe demand karis rahaa Dardanelles ke baare me, [[Turkish Straits crisis]] aur Black Sea [[Soviet territorial claims against Turkey|border disputes]] barrte tension ke khaas kaaran rahaa. {{sfn|Hasanli|2014|pp=221-222}}{{sfn|Roberts|2011}} September me, Soviets [[Nikolai Vasilevich Novikov|Novikov]] telegram ke produce karin, jiske Soviet ambassador US ke lage bhejis rahaa, lekin jiske likhe me [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] ke haanth rahaa; jisme US ke dekhaawa gais rahaa ki uu aisan des hae jon monopoly capitalists ke pakarr me rahaa aur jon aapan sena ke aur taagatwar karat rahin "to prepare the conditions for winning world supremacy in a new war".{{sfn|Kydd|2018|p=107}} 6 September 1946 me, [[James F. Byrnes]] ek [[Restatement of Policy on Germany|speech]] Germany me deliver karis jisme uu [[Morgenthau Plan]] (a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany) ke virodh karis aur Soviets ke chetauni diis ki US maange hae military presence Europe me, sab din rakkhe.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=30}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Secretary of State James Byrnes. Restatement of Policy on Germany. September 6, 1946 |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga4-460906.htm |website=usa.usembassy.de |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> Jaise Byrnes ek mahina baad bolis rahaa, "The nub of our program was to win the German people&nbsp;... it was a battle between us and Russia over minds&nbsp;..." December me, the Soviets Iran se nikle ke agree hoy gain US ke persistent pressure ke kaaran, jon containment policy ke pahila vijay rahaa. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:C]] [[Category:Soviet Union ke itihaas]] [[Category:United States ke itihaas]] t2jj0b67hn3nsit5qsc6bqjrcze613q 336871 336870 2026-07-28T11:12:31Z Snandan 529 336871 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cold War''' uu term hae jiske [[United States]] aur [[Soviet Union]] ke biich me ke 45-saal ke period jon ki [[World War II]] ke ant se suruu bhais rahaa. Ii 1945 se 1989 ke time hae. '''Cold War''' duusra larrai ke rakam nai rahaa kahe ki duuno des ke army logan ek dusre se nai larre rahin , lekin ii time ii duuni des ke khatir aur des larrai karat rahin. ==Background== [[United States]] aur iske [[Western Europe]]an mitr des maangatr rahin ki uulog ke biich me sambandh aur tagrree bane aur aur uulog ek [[containment]] policy ke kaam me laae ke Soviet influence ke barrhe se roke maangat rahin; uulog iske karin rahaa [[NATO]] ke banae ke, jon 1949 ke ek atm rakchhaa waala samjhautaa rahaa. Iske badle me, 1955 me, Soviet Union [[Warsaw Pact]] banais rahaa, jiske natija Eastern Bloc rahaa. Ii time talak Soviet Union ke armed presence aur political domination puura eastern satellite states me rahaa, aur Warsaw Pact ke koi khaas jaruri nai rahaa. {{sfn|Crump|2015|pp=1, 17}} Jab ki naam khaatir ii defensive alliance rahaa, Warsaw Pact ke khaas kaam Soviet domination [[Eastern Europe]]an satellites des ke consolidate karna, aur ii pact ke sidha military actions aapan own member states ke virodh me rahaa jon jon soviet influence ke kamti kare maangat rahin;{{sfn|Crump|2015|p=1}} [[1960s]] me, ii pact evolve hoy ke ek multilateral alliance banaa rahaa, jisme non-Soviet Warsaw Pact aapan chij kare sakat rahin.<!--https://www.routledge.com/The-Warsaw-Pact-Reconsidered-International-Relations-in-Eastern-Europe/Crump/p/book/9781138102132--> 1961 me, Soviet-allied [[East Germany]] [[Berlin Wall]] ke banais rahaa, jisse [[East Berlin]] ke log ke [[West Berlin]] bhaage se roka jaae sake, jon uutime United States-allied [[West Germany]] ke hissa rahaa.{{sfn|Reinalda|2009|p=369}} 1991 me, [[Russian Federation]] Soviet Union's successor state banaa rahaa, jab dher duusra republics puura ajaad hoe gay rahin.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2003 |title=INFCIRC/397 – Note to the Director General from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml |archive-date=2003-11-23 }}</ref> ==Containment, Truman Doctrine, Korean War (1947–1953)== ===Iron Curtain, Iran, Turkey, Greece, and Poland=== [[File:Čížov (Zaisa) - preserved part of Iron curtain.JPG|thumb| "Iron Curtain" ke bachaa hissa, [[Czech Republic]] me, 2014 me]] February 1946 me, [[George F. Kennan]] ek telegram me, jiske Moscow se Washington bheja gais rahaa, US government ke hard line against the Soviets ke sanjhais rahaa, jon US strategy toward the Soviet Union ke basis rahaa. Ii telegram policy debate ke galvanise kar diis rahaa, aur ii baad me [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|Truman administration]] ke Soviet policy ke shape karis rahaa.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 February 2021|title=This Day in History: George Kennan Sends "Long Telegram"|url=https://www.trumanlibraryinstitute.org/this-day-in-history-2/|access-date=27 October 2021|website=Truman Library Institute}}</ref> Washington ke Soviets ke virodh, aur jaada bhais Stalin aur [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]] ke tuuta waada, Europe aur Iran ke baare me, ke baad.{{sfn|Hasanli|2014|pp=221–222}} [[World War II]] ke baad, [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]] bhais rahaa, aur ii des ke Red Army far north me occupy karis rahaa aur British south ke occuoy karis rahaa.{{sfn|Sebestyen|2014}} Iran ke kaam me laae ke, United States aur British Soviet Union ke larrai ke time supply karat rahin, aur Allies maan gay rahin ki uulog Iran se, larrai ke chhe mahina baad nikal jaine. {{sfn|Sebestyen|2014}} Lekin jab ii time aais tab Soviets Iran me rahe gain, [[Azerbaijan People's Government]] aur [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|Kurdish]] [[Republic of Mahabad]] ke guise ke niche.{{sfn|Kinzer|2003|pp=65–66}} 5 March me, pahile ke British prime minister, [[Winston Churchill]] aapan famous "[[Iron Curtain]]" waala bhasan diis rahaa, ([[Fulton Speech]]) jisme uu Anglo-American alliance Soviets ke virodh me ke maabg karis rahaa, jiske uu "iron curtain" jon Europe ke vibhajit karat rahaa, ke banae ke aarop lagais rahaa.{{sfn|Schmitz|1999}}{{sfn|Harriman|1987–1988}} Ek haptaa baad, 13 March, Stalin jorr se jawaab diis, ii bol ke ki Churchill ke [[Adolf Hitler]] se compare karaa jaae sake hae, jahaan talak uuu racial superiority of [[List of countries and territories where English is an official language|English-speaking nations]] ke aarop lagais rahaa, jisse ki uulog aapan dunia ke dominate kare ke bhuuk ke satisfy kare sake, aur aisan declaration "a call for war on the USSR" rahaa. Soviet leader ii aarop ke dismiss karis ki USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere aapan sphere ke des pe aur jaada control lagaawat rahaa. He argue karis ki surprisong nai rahaa ki "the fact that the Soviet Union, anxious for its future safety, [was] trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries."{{sfn|McCauley|2008|p=143}}<ref>{{cite web |date=March 1946 |title=Interview to "Pravda" Correspondent Concerning Mr. Winston Churchill's Speech |website=Marxists Internet Archive |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1946/03/x01.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131200528/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1946/03/x01.htm}}</ref> {{Multiple image | border = infobox | image_gap = 20 | caption_align = center |align=right |direction=vertical |image1=Cold war europe military alliances map en.png |width1=200 |caption1=European military alliances |image2=Cold war europe economic alliances map en.png |width2=200 |caption2=European economic blocs }} Soviet Union Turkey ke territory pe demand karis rahaa Dardanelles ke baare me, [[Turkish Straits crisis]] aur Black Sea [[Soviet territorial claims against Turkey|border disputes]] barrte tension ke khaas kaaran rahaa. {{sfn|Hasanli|2014|pp=221-222}}{{sfn|Roberts|2011}} September me, Soviets [[Nikolai Vasilevich Novikov|Novikov]] telegram ke produce karin, jiske Soviet ambassador US ke lage bhejis rahaa, lekin jiske likhe me [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] ke haanth rahaa; jisme US ke dekhaawa gais rahaa ki uu aisan des hae jon monopoly capitalists ke pakarr me rahaa aur jon aapan sena ke aur taagatwar karat rahin "to prepare the conditions for winning world supremacy in a new war".{{sfn|Kydd|2018|p=107}} 6 September 1946 me, [[James F. Byrnes]] ek [[Restatement of Policy on Germany|speech]] Germany me deliver karis jisme uu [[Morgenthau Plan]] (a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany) ke virodh karis aur Soviets ke chetauni diis ki US maange hae military presence Europe me, sab din rakkhe.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=30}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Secretary of State James Byrnes. Restatement of Policy on Germany. September 6, 1946 |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga4-460906.htm |website=usa.usembassy.de |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> Jaise Byrnes ek mahina baad bolis rahaa, "The nub of our program was to win the German people&nbsp;... it was a battle between us and Russia over minds&nbsp;..." December me, the Soviets Iran se nikle ke agree hoy gain US ke persistent pressure ke kaaran, jon containment policy ke pahila vijay rahaa. 1947 talak, US president [[Harry S. Truman]] gussae gais rahaa Soviet Union ke demands Iran, Turkey, aur Greece pe, aur Soviet Union ke rejection [[Baruch Plan]] nuclear weapons pe.{{sfn|Milestones: 1945–1952}} February 1947 me, British sarkar announce karis ki uu ab [[Kingdom of Greece]] ke larrai [[KKE|Communist]]-led [[Democratic Army of Greece|DSE]] ke virodh me, [[Greek Civil War]] ke finance nai kare sake hae.{{sfn|Iatrides|1996|pp=373–376}} Wahii mahina, Stalin [[1947 Polish legislative election]] karweais rahaa jon [[Yalta Agreement]] ke breach karat rahaa. [[Federal government of the United States|US government]] responded karis, ek policy of [[containment]] adopt kar ke{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|pp=28–29}} jiske gaol rahaa [[communism]] ke failao ke rokna . Truman ek speech diis jisme uu $400&nbsp;million maangis ki America larrai me join kare aur [[Truman Doctrine]] ke unveil karis, jon frame karis rahaa larrai ke a contest between ajaad log aur [[totalitarian]] regimes.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|pp=28–29}} American policymakers Soviet Union ke accuse karin ki uulog Greek royalists ke virodh me conspire kare hae aapan kosis me, [[Domino theory|expand Soviet influence]] ke khaatir, jab Stalin Communist Party ke batais ki uu British-backed sarkar se cooperste kare.{{sfn|Gerolymatos|2017|pp=195–204}}{{sfn|LaFeber|1993|pp=194–197}}{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=38}} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:C]] [[Category:Soviet Union ke itihaas]] [[Category:United States ke itihaas]] q8oc549jv4fvgf7vwbmapn8hlwvma8j 336872 336871 2026-07-28T11:29:44Z Snandan 529 336872 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cold War''' uu term hae jiske [[United States]] aur [[Soviet Union]] ke biich me ke 45-saal ke period jon ki [[World War II]] ke ant se suruu bhais rahaa. Ii 1945 se 1989 ke time hae. '''Cold War''' duusra larrai ke rakam nai rahaa kahe ki duuno des ke army logan ek dusre se nai larre rahin , lekin ii time ii duuni des ke khatir aur des larrai karat rahin. ==Background== [[United States]] aur iske [[Western Europe]]an mitr des maangatr rahin ki uulog ke biich me sambandh aur tagrree bane aur aur uulog ek [[containment]] policy ke kaam me laae ke Soviet influence ke barrhe se roke maangat rahin; uulog iske karin rahaa [[NATO]] ke banae ke, jon 1949 ke ek atm rakchhaa waala samjhautaa rahaa. Iske badle me, 1955 me, Soviet Union [[Warsaw Pact]] banais rahaa, jiske natija Eastern Bloc rahaa. Ii time talak Soviet Union ke armed presence aur political domination puura eastern satellite states me rahaa, aur Warsaw Pact ke koi khaas jaruri nai rahaa. {{sfn|Crump|2015|pp=1, 17}} Jab ki naam khaatir ii defensive alliance rahaa, Warsaw Pact ke khaas kaam Soviet domination [[Eastern Europe]]an satellites des ke consolidate karna, aur ii pact ke sidha military actions aapan own member states ke virodh me rahaa jon jon soviet influence ke kamti kare maangat rahin;{{sfn|Crump|2015|p=1}} [[1960s]] me, ii pact evolve hoy ke ek multilateral alliance banaa rahaa, jisme non-Soviet Warsaw Pact aapan chij kare sakat rahin.<!--https://www.routledge.com/The-Warsaw-Pact-Reconsidered-International-Relations-in-Eastern-Europe/Crump/p/book/9781138102132--> 1961 me, Soviet-allied [[East Germany]] [[Berlin Wall]] ke banais rahaa, jisse [[East Berlin]] ke log ke [[West Berlin]] bhaage se roka jaae sake, jon uutime United States-allied [[West Germany]] ke hissa rahaa.{{sfn|Reinalda|2009|p=369}} 1991 me, [[Russian Federation]] Soviet Union's successor state banaa rahaa, jab dher duusra republics puura ajaad hoe gay rahin.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2003 |title=INFCIRC/397 – Note to the Director General from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml |archive-date=2003-11-23 }}</ref> ==Containment, Truman Doctrine, Korean War (1947–1953)== ===Iron Curtain, Iran, Turkey, Greece, and Poland=== [[File:Čížov (Zaisa) - preserved part of Iron curtain.JPG|thumb| "Iron Curtain" ke bachaa hissa, [[Czech Republic]] me, 2014 me]] February 1946 me, [[George F. Kennan]] ek telegram me, jiske Moscow se Washington bheja gais rahaa, US government ke hard line against the Soviets ke sanjhais rahaa, jon US strategy toward the Soviet Union ke basis rahaa. Ii telegram policy debate ke galvanise kar diis rahaa, aur ii baad me [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|Truman administration]] ke Soviet policy ke shape karis rahaa.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 February 2021|title=This Day in History: George Kennan Sends "Long Telegram"|url=https://www.trumanlibraryinstitute.org/this-day-in-history-2/|access-date=27 October 2021|website=Truman Library Institute}}</ref> Washington ke Soviets ke virodh, aur jaada bhais Stalin aur [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]] ke tuuta waada, Europe aur Iran ke baare me, ke baad.{{sfn|Hasanli|2014|pp=221–222}} [[World War II]] ke baad, [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]] bhais rahaa, aur ii des ke Red Army far north me occupy karis rahaa aur British south ke occuoy karis rahaa.{{sfn|Sebestyen|2014}} Iran ke kaam me laae ke, United States aur British Soviet Union ke larrai ke time supply karat rahin, aur Allies maan gay rahin ki uulog Iran se, larrai ke chhe mahina baad nikal jaine. {{sfn|Sebestyen|2014}} Lekin jab ii time aais tab Soviets Iran me rahe gain, [[Azerbaijan People's Government]] aur [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|Kurdish]] [[Republic of Mahabad]] ke guise ke niche.{{sfn|Kinzer|2003|pp=65–66}} 5 March me, pahile ke British prime minister, [[Winston Churchill]] aapan famous "[[Iron Curtain]]" waala bhasan diis rahaa, ([[Fulton Speech]]) jisme uu Anglo-American alliance Soviets ke virodh me ke maabg karis rahaa, jiske uu "iron curtain" jon Europe ke vibhajit karat rahaa, ke banae ke aarop lagais rahaa.{{sfn|Schmitz|1999}}{{sfn|Harriman|1987–1988}} Ek haptaa baad, 13 March, Stalin jorr se jawaab diis, ii bol ke ki Churchill ke [[Adolf Hitler]] se compare karaa jaae sake hae, jahaan talak uuu racial superiority of [[List of countries and territories where English is an official language|English-speaking nations]] ke aarop lagais rahaa, jisse ki uulog aapan dunia ke dominate kare ke bhuuk ke satisfy kare sake, aur aisan declaration "a call for war on the USSR" rahaa. Soviet leader ii aarop ke dismiss karis ki USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere aapan sphere ke des pe aur jaada control lagaawat rahaa. He argue karis ki surprisong nai rahaa ki "the fact that the Soviet Union, anxious for its future safety, [was] trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries."{{sfn|McCauley|2008|p=143}}<ref>{{cite web |date=March 1946 |title=Interview to "Pravda" Correspondent Concerning Mr. Winston Churchill's Speech |website=Marxists Internet Archive |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1946/03/x01.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131200528/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1946/03/x01.htm}}</ref> {{Multiple image | border = infobox | image_gap = 20 | caption_align = center |align=right |direction=vertical |image1=Cold war europe military alliances map en.png |width1=200 |caption1=European military alliances |image2=Cold war europe economic alliances map en.png |width2=200 |caption2=European economic blocs }} Soviet Union Turkey ke territory pe demand karis rahaa Dardanelles ke baare me, [[Turkish Straits crisis]] aur Black Sea [[Soviet territorial claims against Turkey|border disputes]] barrte tension ke khaas kaaran rahaa. {{sfn|Hasanli|2014|pp=221-222}}{{sfn|Roberts|2011}} September me, Soviets [[Nikolai Vasilevich Novikov|Novikov]] telegram ke produce karin, jiske Soviet ambassador US ke lage bhejis rahaa, lekin jiske likhe me [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] ke haanth rahaa; jisme US ke dekhaawa gais rahaa ki uu aisan des hae jon monopoly capitalists ke pakarr me rahaa aur jon aapan sena ke aur taagatwar karat rahin "to prepare the conditions for winning world supremacy in a new war".{{sfn|Kydd|2018|p=107}} 6 September 1946 me, [[James F. Byrnes]] ek [[Restatement of Policy on Germany|speech]] Germany me deliver karis jisme uu [[Morgenthau Plan]] (a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany) ke virodh karis aur Soviets ke chetauni diis ki US maange hae military presence Europe me, sab din rakkhe.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=30}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Secretary of State James Byrnes. Restatement of Policy on Germany. September 6, 1946 |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga4-460906.htm |website=usa.usembassy.de |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> Jaise Byrnes ek mahina baad bolis rahaa, "The nub of our program was to win the German people&nbsp;... it was a battle between us and Russia over minds&nbsp;..." December me, the Soviets Iran se nikle ke agree hoy gain US ke persistent pressure ke kaaran, jon containment policy ke pahila vijay rahaa. 1947 talak, US president [[Harry S. Truman]] gussae gais rahaa Soviet Union ke demands Iran, Turkey, aur Greece pe, aur Soviet Union ke rejection [[Baruch Plan]] nuclear weapons pe.{{sfn|Milestones: 1945–1952}} February 1947 me, British sarkar announce karis ki uu ab [[Kingdom of Greece]] ke larrai [[KKE|Communist]]-led [[Democratic Army of Greece|DSE]] ke virodh me, [[Greek Civil War]] ke finance nai kare sake hae.{{sfn|Iatrides|1996|pp=373–376}} Wahii mahina, Stalin [[1947 Polish legislative election]] karweais rahaa jon [[Yalta Agreement]] ke breach karat rahaa. [[Federal government of the United States|US government]] responded karis, ek policy of [[containment]] adopt kar ke{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|pp=28–29}} jiske gaol rahaa [[communism]] ke failao ke rokna . Truman ek speech diis jisme uu $400&nbsp;million maangis ki America larrai me join kare aur [[Truman Doctrine]] ke unveil karis, jon frame karis rahaa larrai ke a contest between ajaad log aur [[totalitarian]] regimes.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|pp=28–29}} American policymakers Soviet Union ke accuse karin ki uulog Greek royalists ke virodh me conspire kare hae aapan kosis me, [[Domino theory|expand Soviet influence]] ke khaatir, jab Stalin Communist Party ke batais ki uu British-backed sarkar se cooperste kare.{{sfn|Gerolymatos|2017|pp=195–204}}{{sfn|LaFeber|1993|pp=194–197}}{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=38}} Truman Doctrine ke kaaran ek US bipartisan defense aur foreign policy consensus [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] aur [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] ke biich me, focus karis rahaa containment aur [[Deterrence theory|deterrence]] jon [[Vietnam War]] ke baad kamjor parr gais rahaa, lekin baad me chalte rahaa. {{sfn|Paterson|1989|pp=35, 142, 212}} Europe ke moderate aur conservative parties, aur social democrats bhi, Western alliance ke uncnditional support de rahin,{{sfn|Moschonas|2002|p=21}} jab [[Eurocommunism|European]] aur [[Communist Party USA|American Communists]], jiske [[KGB]] finance karat rahaa aur jasusi me lagaa rahaa, {{sfn|Andrew|Mitrokhin|2000|p=276}} Moscow ke policy ke follow karat rahaa, lekin 1956 ke baad virodh suruu hoe lagaa. Ii consensus ke aur virodh kare waala log me [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|anti-Vietnam War activists]], [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]], aur [[anti-nuclear movement]] rahaa.{{sfn|Crocker|Hampson|Aall|2007|p=55}} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:C]] [[Category:Soviet Union ke itihaas]] [[Category:United States ke itihaas]] fypv5krc9i7b9kc9v5u92fzs439b6b1 3 49099 336863 286118 2026-07-27T20:40:12Z Mfield 38943 Mfield moved panna [[sadasya ke baat:ⵣⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ]] se [[sadasya ke baat:Zack Prime]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/ⵣⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ|ⵣⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Zack Prime|Zack Prime]]" 264868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=TALAYWA}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 01:30, 17 Mai 2021 (UTC) fiuyqbmvjrt0si8xxpzo7buiw6kq7b2 3 69031 336865 335286 2026-07-28T06:50:48Z Cabayi 11673 Cabayi moved panna [[sadasya ke baat:Mx567]] se [[sadasya ke baat:Synsten]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Mx567|Mx567]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Synsten|Synsten]]" 335286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Mx567}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 03:23, 12 Mai 2026 (UTC) orrg3wir3t0pe868zwn48efmh8oz8yu 3 69346 336864 2026-07-27T20:40:12Z Mfield 38943 Mfield moved panna [[sadasya ke baat:ⵣⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ]] se [[sadasya ke baat:Zack Prime]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/ⵣⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ|ⵣⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Zack Prime|Zack Prime]]" 336864 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[sadasya ke baat:Zack Prime]] nkhx7cwxxnl2gcko51vcuguo7evmdju 3 69347 336866 2026-07-28T06:50:48Z Cabayi 11673 Cabayi moved panna [[sadasya ke baat:Mx567]] se [[sadasya ke baat:Synsten]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Mx567|Mx567]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Synsten|Synsten]]" 336866 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[sadasya ke baat:Synsten]] 8pmgnvyii2vdg1ezwjamasqhlpjdxxo