Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 303 336878 326795 2026-07-28T12:39:06Z Munsami 3052 336878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{AugustCalendar}} '''8 August''' saal ke 221st din (222nd leap saal me) hae. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 144 din bachaa hae. == Ghatna == [[1879|1879]] - [[Leonidas (jahaaj)|Leonidas jahaaj]] ke girmitya logan ke quarantine se chorraa gae. Quarantine me pandrah aur loagn ke maut hoe gae. == Janam == [[File:Mahesh_Babu_in_Spyder_(cropped).jpg|80px|left|thumb|Babu]] *[[1975]] - '''[[Mahesh Babu]]''', [[India]] ke actor aur film producer ke janam [[Madras]], [[India]] me bhais rahaa. == Maut == [[file:Jheronimus_Bosch_(cropped).jpg|left|80px|thumb|Bosch]] * [[1516]] - '''[[Hieronymus Bosch]]''', [[Netherlands]] ke chitrkaar ke maut Brabant me bhais rahaa. * [[2003]] - '''[[Gregory Hines]]''', [[America]] ke nachaniyaa, actor, choreographer aur gaayak ke maut [[Los Angeles]] me bhais rahaa. == References == <references/> {{TAARIK}} [[vibhag:9]] [[Category:August|09 August]] m6mqfhdxrpjg2925u2loqn1eua25jgz 10 2466 336881 118798 2026-07-28T23:48:29Z Girmitya 41 336881 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{| class="toccolours" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float:{{{float|right}}}; clear:{{{float|right}}}; margin-left:1em; text-align:center;" |- style="background:#ccccff;" | {{{title|'''{{PAGENAME}}'''}}} last das saal me |- |[[{{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2025#2025_{{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}}_{{#expr:{{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}}*1}}|2025 ({{#time:1|{{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} {{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2025}})]] |- |[[{{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2024#2024_{{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}}_{{#expr:{{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}}*1}}|2024 ({{#time:l|{{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} {{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2024}})]] |- |[[{{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2007#2007_{{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}}_{{#expr:{{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}}*1}}|2007 ({{#time:l|{{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} {{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2007}})]] |- |[[{{#ifexpr:{{MONTHNUMBER|{{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}}}}>6|{{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2006#2006_{{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}}_{{#expr:{{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}}*1}}|{{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2006#{{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} {{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2006}}|2006 ({{#time:l|{{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} {{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2006}})]] |- |[[{{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2005#2005_{{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}}_{{#expr:{{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}}*1}}|2005 ({{#time:l|{{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} {{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2005}})]] |- |[[{{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} {{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}}, 2004|2004 ({{#time:l|{{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} {{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2004}})]] |- |[[{{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} {{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}}, 2003|2003 ({{#time:l|{{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} {{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2003}})]] |- |[[{{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2002|2002 ({{#time:l|{{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} {{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2002}})]] |- |[[{{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2001|2001 ({{#time:l|{{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} {{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2001}})]] |- |[[{{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2000|2000 ({{#time:l|{{{Day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} {{{Month|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}}}} 2000}})]] |}</includeonly> <noinclude> ==Description== This template is used to display a box on all of the date articles (January 1 ... December 31) listing the date in recent years. It also shows what day of the week the date was in previous years. ==Usage== <nowiki>{{ThisDateInRecentYears|Month=January|Day=1}}</nowiki> Parameters: The following parameters can be used to adjust the display of this template. *Month=''month'' (Full month name, e.g. Month=January) - default = <nowiki>{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}</nowiki> *Day=''day'' (numeric date, e.g. Day=1) - default = <nowiki>{{CURRENTDAY}}</nowiki> *float=''right/left'' (float the box left or right, e.g. float=left) - default = right *title=''title'' (Title for the box, e.g. title=Today) - default = <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki> <hr> {{ThisDateInRecentYears|title=Today|float=left}} [[Category:Calendar templates]] </noinclude> awzfjt35v2mk8kkcikv8p5vamguak6n 0 3718 336885 310401 2026-07-29T06:27:29Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336885 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:LocationLiberia.png|right|]] '''Republic of Liberia''', West [[Africa]] ke ek des hae. Ii des ke naam [[Latin]]me "Land of the Free" hae, kahe ki iske [[19th century]] me free American slaves ke khatir banawa gais rahaa. Ii [[26 July]] [[1847]] me ajaad bhaes. Iske abaadi 500,000 se jaada hae aur iske capital [[Monrovia]] hae. == Duusra websites == * [http://www.liberianonline.com Liberia Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606111344/http://www.liberianonline.com/ |date=2020-06-06 }} * [http://allafrica.com/liberia/ Liberia in the News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414093651/http://allafrica.com/liberia/ |date=2015-04-14 }} * [http://HavenWorks.com/world/liberia HavenWorks - Liberia] * [http://www.TheLiberianTimes.com/ The Liberian Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421165745/http://theliberiantimes.com/ |date=2009-04-21 }} * [http://slate.msn.com/id/2085169/ Debate on the country's founding at MSN's Slate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909133528/http://slate.msn.com/id/2085169 |date=2009-09-09 }} * [http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org Liberia - Past and Present] * [http://www.worldpress.org/Africa/685.cfm News on Liberia's Recent Civil War] * [http://trackstar.4teachers.org/trackstar/ts/viewTrackMembersFrames.do?org.apache.struts.taglib.html.TOKEN=aa35b61a4e5dd103ffc76d0d5b1f730f&number=322497&password= Webquest for English Language Learners] [[Category:Liberia| ]] cs6swgtt4hi5hj9nohi8evtn6aaolhu 0 5619 336879 304464 2026-07-28T22:11:29Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|official_name = Abuja |image_skyline = MosqueinAbuja.jpg |imagesize = 275x250px |nickname= |image_flag = Flag of Abuja.svg |image_caption = Abuja, Nigeria. |image_seal = |image_map = Locator Map Abuja-Nigeria.png |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location of Abuja in Nigeria |subdivision_type = Territory |subdivision_name = Federal Capital Territory |leader_title = Minister |leader_name =[[Adamu Aliero]] |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 713 |area_land_km2 = 713 |area_water_km2 = |population_as_of = 2006 |population_urban = |population_note = |population_total = 778,567 {{Fact|date=June 2009}} |population_metro = |area_metro_km2 = |population_density_km2 = 1091.9 |timezone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] |utc_offset = +1 |latd= |longd= |latitude = |longitude = |website = http://fct.gov.ng/fcta/ |footnotes = }} <!-- Infobox ends !--> '''Abuja''', [[Nigeria]] ke [[capital]] [[city]] hae. Ii Nigeria ke Federal Capital Territory (FCT) me hae. Abuja ek "planned city" hae, jiske 1980s me banawa gais rahaa jisse ki uu 12 December 1991 ke Nigeria ke capital ban jaae, purana capital, [[Lagos]] ke jagha pe. 2006 ke census ke anusaar, the Federal Capital Territory kepopulation 778,567 rahaa. === Abuja ke chapa === <gallery perRow= "5"> Image:Abuja3.jpg|Abuja Office Building Image:Central bank nigeria.jpg|Headquarters of the [[Central Bank of Nigeria]] in Abuja Image:Abuja gate.jpg|Abuja City Gate | Ship House, Defense Headquarters Image:Abuja Millennium Park.jpg|Millennium Park </gallery> === Abuja landmarks === == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * [http://www.fct.gov.ng/ Official site of Nigeria's Federal Capital Territory (FCT) and City of Abuja] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509165241/http://www.fct.gov.ng/ |date=2006-05-09 }} * [http://www.abuja.net/ Abuja.Net] * [http://www.fct.gov.ng/NR/rdonlyres/CA6FA9F5-EF96-4F79-84DB-3E654C67388C/0/release_on_commonwealth_game_2014.pdf/ Abuja Bid Announcement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311000254/http://www.fct.gov.ng/NR/rdonlyres/CA6FA9F5-EF96-4F79-84DB-3E654C67388C/0/release_on_commonwealth_game_2014.pdf/ |date=2007-03-11 }} * [http://www.abujacity.com/ Abujacity.com] * [http://www.abujalife.info/ for information about life in Abuja] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124033854/http://abujalife.info/ |date=2009-11-24 }} * [http://www.business-travel-nigeria.com/abuja-pictures-1.html More Pictures of Abuja] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130042826/http://www.business-travel-nigeria.com/abuja-pictures-1.html |date=2015-11-30 }} * [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/0/Abuja.html FallingRain Map - elevation = 777m] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030064021/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/0/Abuja.html |date=2008-10-30 }} [[Category:Nigeria]] [[Category:Capital cities]] 3mgeilxkhi0lzoe1oexi2qrx52ec689 0 6093 336880 182777 2026-07-28T22:43:08Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andorra la Vella''', [[principality]] of [[Andorra]] ke [[capital]] [[city]] hae. Ii [[Pyrenees]] [[pahaarr]] me [[France]] aur [[Spain]] ke biich me hae. Iisamundar se 1,409 [[metres|m]] (4,625 [[foot|ft]]) uppar hae. <ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/AN/0/Andorra_la_Vella.html Maps, Weather, and Airports for Andorra la Vella, Andorra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220124035/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/AN/0/Andorra_la_Vella.html |date=2014-02-20 }}. Falling Rain Genomics. Accessed on [[June 29]], [[2007]].</ref> Andorra la Vella, Andorra ke south western me hae. Hian pe [[winter]] medher thandsa aur summer me garam aur jhuura rahe hae. Hian pe koi [[train station]] yah to [[airport]] nai hae. Hian ke jaada log Most people in the city are [[Spain|Spanish]] (43%). Only 33% of the population are native Andorrans. Products made in the city include [[furniture]]s and [[brandy|brandies]]. == References == <references/> [[Category:Capital cities]] [[Category:Andorra]] jzeao13s601odz4eydgcxceabebvgq3 0 6328 336882 336872 2026-07-29T01:03:24Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336882 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cold War''' uu term hae jiske [[United States]] aur [[Soviet Union]] ke biich me ke 45-saal ke period jon ki [[World War II]] ke ant se suruu bhais rahaa. Ii 1945 se 1989 ke time hae. '''Cold War''' duusra larrai ke rakam nai rahaa kahe ki duuno des ke army logan ek dusre se nai larre rahin , lekin ii time ii duuni des ke khatir aur des larrai karat rahin. ==Background== [[United States]] aur iske [[Western Europe]]an mitr des maangatr rahin ki uulog ke biich me sambandh aur tagrree bane aur aur uulog ek [[containment]] policy ke kaam me laae ke Soviet influence ke barrhe se roke maangat rahin; uulog iske karin rahaa [[NATO]] ke banae ke, jon 1949 ke ek atm rakchhaa waala samjhautaa rahaa. Iske badle me, 1955 me, Soviet Union [[Warsaw Pact]] banais rahaa, jiske natija Eastern Bloc rahaa. Ii time talak Soviet Union ke armed presence aur political domination puura eastern satellite states me rahaa, aur Warsaw Pact ke koi khaas jaruri nai rahaa. {{sfn|Crump|2015|pp=1, 17}} Jab ki naam khaatir ii defensive alliance rahaa, Warsaw Pact ke khaas kaam Soviet domination [[Eastern Europe]]an satellites des ke consolidate karna, aur ii pact ke sidha military actions aapan own member states ke virodh me rahaa jon jon soviet influence ke kamti kare maangat rahin;{{sfn|Crump|2015|p=1}} [[1960s]] me, ii pact evolve hoy ke ek multilateral alliance banaa rahaa, jisme non-Soviet Warsaw Pact aapan chij kare sakat rahin.<!--https://www.routledge.com/The-Warsaw-Pact-Reconsidered-International-Relations-in-Eastern-Europe/Crump/p/book/9781138102132--> 1961 me, Soviet-allied [[East Germany]] [[Berlin Wall]] ke banais rahaa, jisse [[East Berlin]] ke log ke [[West Berlin]] bhaage se roka jaae sake, jon uutime United States-allied [[West Germany]] ke hissa rahaa.{{sfn|Reinalda|2009|p=369}} 1991 me, [[Russian Federation]] Soviet Union's successor state banaa rahaa, jab dher duusra republics puura ajaad hoe gay rahin.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2003 |title=INFCIRC/397 – Note to the Director General from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation |url=http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031123143520/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf397.shtml |archive-date=2003-11-23 }}</ref> ==Containment, Truman Doctrine, Korean War (1947–1953)== ===Iron Curtain, Iran, Turkey, Greece, and Poland=== [[File:Čížov (Zaisa) - preserved part of Iron curtain.JPG|thumb| "Iron Curtain" ke bachaa hissa, [[Czech Republic]] me, 2014 me]] February 1946 me, [[George F. Kennan]] ek telegram me, jiske Moscow se Washington bheja gais rahaa, US government ke hard line against the Soviets ke sanjhais rahaa, jon US strategy toward the Soviet Union ke basis rahaa. Ii telegram policy debate ke galvanise kar diis rahaa, aur ii baad me [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|Truman administration]] ke Soviet policy ke shape karis rahaa.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 February 2021|title=This Day in History: George Kennan Sends "Long Telegram"|url=https://www.trumanlibraryinstitute.org/this-day-in-history-2/|access-date=27 October 2021|website=Truman Library Institute}}</ref> Washington ke Soviets ke virodh, aur jaada bhais Stalin aur [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]] ke tuuta waada, Europe aur Iran ke baare me, ke baad.{{sfn|Hasanli|2014|pp=221–222}} [[World War II]] ke baad, [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]] bhais rahaa, aur ii des ke Red Army far north me occupy karis rahaa aur British south ke occuoy karis rahaa.{{sfn|Sebestyen|2014}} Iran ke kaam me laae ke, United States aur British Soviet Union ke larrai ke time supply karat rahin, aur Allies maan gay rahin ki uulog Iran se, larrai ke chhe mahina baad nikal jaine. {{sfn|Sebestyen|2014}} Lekin jab ii time aais tab Soviets Iran me rahe gain, [[Azerbaijan People's Government]] aur [[Kurdish separatism in Iran|Kurdish]] [[Republic of Mahabad]] ke guise ke niche.{{sfn|Kinzer|2003|pp=65–66}} 5 March me, pahile ke British prime minister, [[Winston Churchill]] aapan famous "[[Iron Curtain]]" waala bhasan diis rahaa, ([[Fulton Speech]]) jisme uu Anglo-American alliance Soviets ke virodh me ke maabg karis rahaa, jiske uu "iron curtain" jon Europe ke vibhajit karat rahaa, ke banae ke aarop lagais rahaa.{{sfn|Schmitz|1999}}{{sfn|Harriman|1987–1988}} Ek haptaa baad, 13 March, Stalin jorr se jawaab diis, ii bol ke ki Churchill ke [[Adolf Hitler]] se compare karaa jaae sake hae, jahaan talak uuu racial superiority of [[List of countries and territories where English is an official language|English-speaking nations]] ke aarop lagais rahaa, jisse ki uulog aapan dunia ke dominate kare ke bhuuk ke satisfy kare sake, aur aisan declaration "a call for war on the USSR" rahaa. Soviet leader ii aarop ke dismiss karis ki USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere aapan sphere ke des pe aur jaada control lagaawat rahaa. He argue karis ki surprisong nai rahaa ki "the fact that the Soviet Union, anxious for its future safety, [was] trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries."{{sfn|McCauley|2008|p=143}}<ref>{{cite web |date=March 1946 |title=Interview to "Pravda" Correspondent Concerning Mr. Winston Churchill's Speech |website=Marxists Internet Archive |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1946/03/x01.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131200528/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1946/03/x01.htm}}</ref> {{Multiple image | border = infobox | image_gap = 20 | caption_align = center |align=right |direction=vertical |image1=Cold war europe military alliances map en.png |width1=200 |caption1=European military alliances |image2=Cold war europe economic alliances map en.png |width2=200 |caption2=European economic blocs }} Soviet Union Turkey ke territory pe demand karis rahaa Dardanelles ke baare me, [[Turkish Straits crisis]] aur Black Sea [[Soviet territorial claims against Turkey|border disputes]] barrte tension ke khaas kaaran rahaa. {{sfn|Hasanli|2014|pp=221-222}}{{sfn|Roberts|2011}} September me, Soviets [[Nikolai Vasilevich Novikov|Novikov]] telegram ke produce karin, jiske Soviet ambassador US ke lage bhejis rahaa, lekin jiske likhe me [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] ke haanth rahaa; jisme US ke dekhaawa gais rahaa ki uu aisan des hae jon monopoly capitalists ke pakarr me rahaa aur jon aapan sena ke aur taagatwar karat rahin "to prepare the conditions for winning world supremacy in a new war".{{sfn|Kydd|2018|p=107}} 6 September 1946 me, [[James F. Byrnes]] ek [[Restatement of Policy on Germany|speech]] Germany me deliver karis jisme uu [[Morgenthau Plan]] (a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany) ke virodh karis aur Soviets ke chetauni diis ki US maange hae military presence Europe me, sab din rakkhe.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=30}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Secretary of State James Byrnes. Restatement of Policy on Germany. September 6, 1946 |url=https://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga4-460906.htm |website=usa.usembassy.de |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020111256/https://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga4-460906.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jaise Byrnes ek mahina baad bolis rahaa, "The nub of our program was to win the German people&nbsp;... it was a battle between us and Russia over minds&nbsp;..." December me, the Soviets Iran se nikle ke agree hoy gain US ke persistent pressure ke kaaran, jon containment policy ke pahila vijay rahaa. 1947 talak, US president [[Harry S. Truman]] gussae gais rahaa Soviet Union ke demands Iran, Turkey, aur Greece pe, aur Soviet Union ke rejection [[Baruch Plan]] nuclear weapons pe.{{sfn|Milestones: 1945–1952}} February 1947 me, British sarkar announce karis ki uu ab [[Kingdom of Greece]] ke larrai [[KKE|Communist]]-led [[Democratic Army of Greece|DSE]] ke virodh me, [[Greek Civil War]] ke finance nai kare sake hae.{{sfn|Iatrides|1996|pp=373–376}} Wahii mahina, Stalin [[1947 Polish legislative election]] karweais rahaa jon [[Yalta Agreement]] ke breach karat rahaa. [[Federal government of the United States|US government]] responded karis, ek policy of [[containment]] adopt kar ke{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|pp=28–29}} jiske gaol rahaa [[communism]] ke failao ke rokna . Truman ek speech diis jisme uu $400&nbsp;million maangis ki America larrai me join kare aur [[Truman Doctrine]] ke unveil karis, jon frame karis rahaa larrai ke a contest between ajaad log aur [[totalitarian]] regimes.{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|pp=28–29}} American policymakers Soviet Union ke accuse karin ki uulog Greek royalists ke virodh me conspire kare hae aapan kosis me, [[Domino theory|expand Soviet influence]] ke khaatir, jab Stalin Communist Party ke batais ki uu British-backed sarkar se cooperste kare.{{sfn|Gerolymatos|2017|pp=195–204}}{{sfn|LaFeber|1993|pp=194–197}}{{sfn|Gaddis|2005|p=38}} Truman Doctrine ke kaaran ek US bipartisan defense aur foreign policy consensus [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] aur [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] ke biich me, focus karis rahaa containment aur [[Deterrence theory|deterrence]] jon [[Vietnam War]] ke baad kamjor parr gais rahaa, lekin baad me chalte rahaa. {{sfn|Paterson|1989|pp=35, 142, 212}} Europe ke moderate aur conservative parties, aur social democrats bhi, Western alliance ke uncnditional support de rahin,{{sfn|Moschonas|2002|p=21}} jab [[Eurocommunism|European]] aur [[Communist Party USA|American Communists]], jiske [[KGB]] finance karat rahaa aur jasusi me lagaa rahaa, {{sfn|Andrew|Mitrokhin|2000|p=276}} Moscow ke policy ke follow karat rahaa, lekin 1956 ke baad virodh suruu hoe lagaa. Ii consensus ke aur virodh kare waala log me [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|anti-Vietnam War activists]], [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]], aur [[anti-nuclear movement]] rahaa.{{sfn|Crocker|Hampson|Aall|2007|p=55}} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:C]] [[Category:Soviet Union ke itihaas]] [[Category:United States ke itihaas]] cxx5p7mg758srfu56ze38woembwhya1 0 6873 336887 323863 2026-07-29T09:24:07Z Snandan 529 336887 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Political slogan by Red Guards on the campus of Fudan University 1976.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[:en:Wiktionary:Slogan|Slogan]]s from the Cultural Revolution on the campus of Fudan University, [[Shanghai]].]] '''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''' (Simplified Chinese: 无产阶级文化大革命, Traditional Chinese: 無產階級文化大革命, Pinyin: Wúchǎn Jiējí Wénhuà Dà Gémìng)), jiske '''Cultural Revolution''' ke naam se bhi jaan ajaawe hae, ek time rahaa jab ki [[China]] me bhaari cultural change bhais rahaa, jiske [[Mao Zedong]] suruu karis rahaa. Ii 1966 aur 1969 ke biich me bhais rahaa.<ref name=chaos>[http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/prc3.html People's Republic of China: III]. Retrieved on 2009-9-12.</ref> ==Background== ===People's Republic ke Suruwaat=== [[1 October]] [[1949]] me, [[Mao Zedong]] [[People's Republic of China]] ke declare karis rahaa, jon symbolically decades-long [[Chinese Civil War]] ke ant rahaa. Bachaa [[Republic of China|Republican]] sipaahi [[Geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]] bhaag gain aur People's Republic ke dher rakam se virodh karat rahin. Chinese Republicans ke dher sipahi mainland China me rahe gay rahin, aur Mao Zedong ek [[Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries]] ke launch karis rahaa, jisse bachaa sipahi ke khatam karaa jaae sake, aur iske alaawa , Chinese society ke uulog bhi jiske Mao ke nawaa sarkar dangerous samjhat rahaa. ===Great Leap Forward=== 11 January 1962 me, Chinese Communist Party ke ek barraa karaa gais Central Committee work conference [[Beijing]] me bhais rahaa. Isme 7,000 se jaada participants rahin, aur iske [[Seven Thousand Cadres Conference]] ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.<ref name="Yang2021ST">{{cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Jisheng |author1-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist) |chapter=THE SEVEN THOUSAND CADRES CONFERENCE |title=The World Turned Upside Down: A History of the Chinese Cultural Revolution |date=19 January 2021 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-71691-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LjiDwAAQBAJ |access-date=18 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Liu Shaoqi, Mao Zedong, aur duusra log [[Criticism and self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)|self-criticisms]] karr rahin conference me. Mao conference me bolis ki, "Koi mistakes jon Centre karis hae, hamaar jimmewaari hae, aur hamaar indirect share iske blame me hae kaaheki ham Central Committee ke Chairman hae. Ham nai mantaa ki duura log aapan jimmewaari se duur bhaage, lekin iske iske jimmewaari le ke chaahi ham hae." Uu aage bolis: "Agar hamlog ke des ek socialist economy ke nai banae, hamlog kon prastithi me rahega? Ham log [[Yugoslavia]] ke rakam hoe jaaegaa, jon ek bourgeois des ban gais hae." Lekin, "puura socialist stage ke time China me classes aur class struggle rahaa, aur ii class struggle ek protracted, complex, sometimes even violent affair hae."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mao |first1=Zedong |title=Talk At Working Conference |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-8/mswv8_62.htm |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=18 October 2025 |date=30 January 1962}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} <!--interwiki--> [[vibhag:C]] [[Category:China ke itihaas]] 8lmmtj84zmu6y6v4di6upk29unaxbsj 336888 336887 2026-07-29T10:03:43Z Snandan 529 336888 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Political slogan by Red Guards on the campus of Fudan University 1976.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[:en:Wiktionary:Slogan|Slogan]]s from the Cultural Revolution on the campus of Fudan University, [[Shanghai]].]] '''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''' (Simplified Chinese: 无产阶级文化大革命, Traditional Chinese: 無產階級文化大革命, Pinyin: Wúchǎn Jiējí Wénhuà Dà Gémìng)), jiske '''Cultural Revolution''' ke naam se bhi jaan ajaawe hae, ek time rahaa jab ki [[China]] me bhaari cultural change bhais rahaa, jiske [[Mao Zedong]] suruu karis rahaa. Ii 1966 aur 1969 ke biich me bhais rahaa.<ref name=chaos>[http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/prc3.html People's Republic of China: III]. Retrieved on 2009-9-12.</ref> ==Background== ===People's Republic ke Suruwaat=== [[1 October]] [[1949]] me, [[Mao Zedong]] [[People's Republic of China]] ke declare karis rahaa, jon symbolically decades-long [[Chinese Civil War]] ke ant rahaa. Bachaa [[Republic of China|Republican]] sipaahi [[Geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]] bhaag gain aur People's Republic ke dher rakam se virodh karat rahin. Chinese Republicans ke dher sipahi mainland China me rahe gay rahin, aur Mao Zedong ek [[Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries]] ke launch karis rahaa, jisse bachaa sipahi ke khatam karaa jaae sake, aur iske alaawa , Chinese society ke uulog bhi jiske Mao ke nawaa sarkar dangerous samjhat rahaa. ===Great Leap Forward=== 11 January 1962 me, Chinese Communist Party ke ek barraa karaa gais Central Committee work conference [[Beijing]] me bhais rahaa. Isme 7,000 se jaada participants rahin, aur iske [[Seven Thousand Cadres Conference]] ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.<ref name="Yang2021ST">{{cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Jisheng |author1-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist) |chapter=THE SEVEN THOUSAND CADRES CONFERENCE |title=The World Turned Upside Down: A History of the Chinese Cultural Revolution |date=19 January 2021 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-71691-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LjiDwAAQBAJ |access-date=18 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Liu Shaoqi, Mao Zedong, aur duusra log [[Criticism and self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)|self-criticisms]] karr rahin conference me. Mao conference me bolis ki, "Koi mistakes jon Centre karis hae, hamaar jimmewaari hae, aur hamaar indirect share iske blame me hae kaaheki ham Central Committee ke Chairman hae. Ham nai mantaa ki duura log aapan jimmewaari se duur bhaage, lekin iske iske jimmewaari le ke chaahi ham hae." Uu aage bolis: "Agar hamlog ke des ek socialist economy ke nai banae, hamlog kon prastithi me rahega? Ham log [[Yugoslavia]] ke rakam hoe jaaegaa, jon ek bourgeois des ban gais hae." Lekin, "puura socialist stage ke time China me classes aur class struggle rahaa, aur ii class struggle ek protracted, complex, sometimes even violent affair hae."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mao |first1=Zedong |title=Talk At Working Conference |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-8/mswv8_62.htm |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=18 October 2025 |date=30 January 1962}}</ref> Meeting ke baad, Liu aur sab ke batais ki "Great Leap Forward ke galti serious rahaa, aur ii pahila time hae ki hamlog experience ke summarise karaa hae. Abhi se, har saal hamlog ke pichhe dekh ke iske fir se summarise kare ke parri. "Great Leap Forward ke time, cannibalism ke baare me, uu bhi bolis, "Iske memorialize karaa jaai ek decree me, jisme emperor aapan crime ke log ke against ke admit kare hae." Seven Thousand Cadres Conference ke baad, Mao Zedong economic matters me pichhe ke seat liis rahaa.<ref name="Yang2021ST" /><ref name=Mac/> Lekin Xilou Conference me, Liu Shaoqi biswas karte rahaa ki Seven Thousand Cadres Conference Great Leap Forward ke represent nai karis rahaa.<ref name="Yang2021TPECC">{{cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Jisheng |author1-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist) |chapter=THE TENTH PLENUM OF THE EIGHTH CENTRAL COMMITTEE |title=The World Turned Upside Down: A History of the Chinese Cultural Revolution |date=19 January 2021 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-71691-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LjiDwAAQBAJ |access-date=18 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> 1962 ke pahila half me, China dekhis rahaa [[Three Freedoms and One Guarantee|emergence of a system where individual households were responsible for agricultural output]]. Lekin, Mao Zedong biswas karat rahaa ki ii practice ke contradict kare hae jiske uu tolerate nai kare sakat rahaa. <ref name="Yang2021TPECC" /> July 1962 me, Mao Zedong Liu Shaoqi se dissatisfaction express karis, aur bolis: "Tiin Laal Banners ke refute kar dewa gais hae, jamiin ke divide karaa jaawe hae, aur tum kuchh nai karaa? Ham mar jaaegaa tab konchi hoi?" Liu Shaoqi bhi argue karis ki "Itihaas record kari ki tum aur ham ketna dher jan ke bhukmari me kon role play karaaa rahaa aur cannibalism ke bhi yaad karaa jaai!"<ref name="Yang2021TPECC" /> == References == {{reflist}} <!--interwiki--> [[vibhag:C]] [[Category:China ke itihaas]] drye8yxmo4mry30sgetb85i8kold1od 336889 336888 2026-07-29T10:30:33Z Snandan 529 336889 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Political slogan by Red Guards on the campus of Fudan University 1976.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[:en:Wiktionary:Slogan|Slogan]]s from the Cultural Revolution on the campus of Fudan University, [[Shanghai]].]] '''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''' (Simplified Chinese: 无产阶级文化大革命, Traditional Chinese: 無產階級文化大革命, Pinyin: Wúchǎn Jiējí Wénhuà Dà Gémìng)), jiske '''Cultural Revolution''' ke naam se bhi jaan ajaawe hae, ek time rahaa jab ki [[China]] me bhaari cultural change bhais rahaa, jiske [[Mao Zedong]] suruu karis rahaa. Ii 1966 aur 1969 ke biich me bhais rahaa.<ref name=chaos>[http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/prc3.html People's Republic of China: III]. Retrieved on 2009-9-12.</ref> ==Background== ===People's Republic ke Suruwaat=== [[1 October]] [[1949]] me, [[Mao Zedong]] [[People's Republic of China]] ke declare karis rahaa, jon symbolically decades-long [[Chinese Civil War]] ke ant rahaa. Bachaa [[Republic of China|Republican]] sipaahi [[Geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]] bhaag gain aur People's Republic ke dher rakam se virodh karat rahin. Chinese Republicans ke dher sipahi mainland China me rahe gay rahin, aur Mao Zedong ek [[Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries]] ke launch karis rahaa, jisse bachaa sipahi ke khatam karaa jaae sake, aur iske alaawa , Chinese society ke uulog bhi jiske Mao ke nawaa sarkar dangerous samjhat rahaa. ===Great Leap Forward=== 11 January 1962 me, Chinese Communist Party ke ek barraa karaa gais Central Committee work conference [[Beijing]] me bhais rahaa. Isme 7,000 se jaada participants rahin, aur iske [[Seven Thousand Cadres Conference]] ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.<ref name="Yang2021ST">{{cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Jisheng |author1-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist) |chapter=THE SEVEN THOUSAND CADRES CONFERENCE |title=The World Turned Upside Down: A History of the Chinese Cultural Revolution |date=19 January 2021 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-71691-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LjiDwAAQBAJ |access-date=18 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Liu Shaoqi, Mao Zedong, aur duusra log [[Criticism and self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)|self-criticisms]] karr rahin conference me. Mao conference me bolis ki, "Koi mistakes jon Centre karis hae, hamaar jimmewaari hae, aur hamaar indirect share iske blame me hae kaaheki ham Central Committee ke Chairman hae. Ham nai mantaa ki duura log aapan jimmewaari se duur bhaage, lekin iske iske jimmewaari le ke chaahi ham hae." Uu aage bolis: "Agar hamlog ke des ek socialist economy ke nai banae, hamlog kon prastithi me rahega? Ham log [[Yugoslavia]] ke rakam hoe jaaegaa, jon ek bourgeois des ban gais hae." Lekin, "puura socialist stage ke time China me classes aur class struggle rahaa, aur ii class struggle ek protracted, complex, sometimes even violent affair hae."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mao |first1=Zedong |title=Talk At Working Conference |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-8/mswv8_62.htm |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=18 October 2025 |date=30 January 1962}}</ref> Meeting ke baad, Liu aur sab ke batais ki "Great Leap Forward ke galti serious rahaa, aur ii pahila time hae ki hamlog experience ke summarise karaa hae. Abhi se, har saal hamlog ke pichhe dekh ke iske fir se summarise kare ke parri. "Great Leap Forward ke time, cannibalism ke baare me, uu bhi bolis, "Iske memorialize karaa jaai ek decree me, jisme emperor aapan crime ke log ke against ke admit kare hae." Seven Thousand Cadres Conference ke baad, Mao Zedong economic matters me pichhe ke seat liis rahaa.<ref name="Yang2021ST" /><ref name=Mac/> Lekin Xilou Conference me, Liu Shaoqi biswas karte rahaa ki Seven Thousand Cadres Conference Great Leap Forward ke represent nai karis rahaa.<ref name="Yang2021TPECC">{{cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Jisheng |author1-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist) |chapter=THE TENTH PLENUM OF THE EIGHTH CENTRAL COMMITTEE |title=The World Turned Upside Down: A History of the Chinese Cultural Revolution |date=19 January 2021 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-71691-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LjiDwAAQBAJ |access-date=18 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> 1962 ke pahila half me, China dekhis rahaa [[Three Freedoms and One Guarantee|emergence of a system where individual households were responsible for agricultural output]]. Lekin, Mao Zedong biswas karat rahaa ki ii practice ke contradict kare hae jiske uu tolerate nai kare sakat rahaa. <ref name="Yang2021TPECC" /> July 1962 me, Mao Zedong Liu Shaoqi se dissatisfaction express karis, aur bolis: "Tiin Laal Banners ke refute kar dewa gais hae, jamiin ke divide karaa jaawe hae, aur tum kuchh nai karaa? Ham mar jaaegaa tab konchi hoi?" Liu Shaoqi bhi argue karis ki "Itihaas record kari ki tum aur ham ketna dher jan ke bhukmari me kon role play karaaa rahaa aur cannibalism ke bhi yaad karaa jaai!"<ref name="Yang2021TPECC" /> ===International tensions aur anti-revisionism ke impact=== [[1950s]] ke suruu me , PRC aur [[Soviet Union]] (USSR) [[dunia]] ke ke dui sab se barraa communist des rahaa. Suruu me uulog ek duusre ke support karat rahin, lekin [[Nikita Khrushchev]] ke USSR me power me aae ke baad disagreement jaada bhais rahaa. 1956 me, Khrushchev [[On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences|denounced his predecessor Josef Stalin and his policies]], aur [[Khrushchev Thaw|economic reforms]] ke implement kare lagaa rahaa. Mao aur dher aur CCP members ke members ii badlao ke virod kare rahin, ii biwas karte ki isse dunia bhar ke communist movement damage hoi.<ref name=Mac>{{cite book |last1=MacFarquhar |first1=Roderick |last2=Schoenhals |first2=Michael |title=Mao's Last Revolution |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02332-1}}</ref> Mao biswas karat rahaa ki Khrushchev ek [[Revisionism (Marxism)|revisionist]] rahaa, jon [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] concepts ke badlat rahaa, jon Mao claim karis rahaa ki capitalists ke USSR ke control de i. Duuno ke biich me relations kharaab hoe gais rahaa. USSR China ke case for joining the [[United Nations]] ke support nai karis rahaa aur aapa waada ki USSR, China ke nuclear weapon supply kari ke na kar diis.<ref name=Mac/>{{rp|4–7}} Mao revisionism ke April 1960 me denounce karis rahaa. USSR ke bina ungri dekhae,Mao uske Balkan ally ke criticize karis rahaa, [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]]. Iske badle me, USSR China ke Balkan ally, the [[Party of Labour of Albania]] ke criticize karis rahaa. 1963 me, CCP USSR ke denounce kare ke suruu karis rahaa, aur nau polemics ke publish karis rahaa.<ref name=Mac/>{{rp|7}} == References == {{reflist}} <!--interwiki--> [[vibhag:C]] [[Category:China ke itihaas]] 2v11qrctvhi1jfhghd8kinqscg0ndah 336890 336889 2026-07-29T10:45:14Z Snandan 529 336890 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Political slogan by Red Guards on the campus of Fudan University 1976.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[:en:Wiktionary:Slogan|Slogan]]s from the Cultural Revolution on the campus of Fudan University, [[Shanghai]].]] '''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''' (Simplified Chinese: 无产阶级文化大革命, Traditional Chinese: 無產階級文化大革命, Pinyin: Wúchǎn Jiējí Wénhuà Dà Gémìng)), jiske '''Cultural Revolution''' ke naam se bhi jaan ajaawe hae, ek time rahaa jab ki [[China]] me bhaari cultural change bhais rahaa, jiske [[Mao Zedong]] suruu karis rahaa. Ii 1966 aur 1969 ke biich me bhais rahaa.<ref name=chaos>[http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/prc3.html People's Republic of China: III]. Retrieved on 2009-9-12.</ref> ==Background== ===People's Republic ke Suruwaat=== [[1 October]] [[1949]] me, [[Mao Zedong]] [[People's Republic of China]] ke declare karis rahaa, jon symbolically decades-long [[Chinese Civil War]] ke ant rahaa. Bachaa [[Republic of China|Republican]] sipaahi [[Geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]] bhaag gain aur People's Republic ke dher rakam se virodh karat rahin. Chinese Republicans ke dher sipahi mainland China me rahe gay rahin, aur Mao Zedong ek [[Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries]] ke launch karis rahaa, jisse bachaa sipahi ke khatam karaa jaae sake, aur iske alaawa , Chinese society ke uulog bhi jiske Mao ke nawaa sarkar dangerous samjhat rahaa. ===Great Leap Forward=== 11 January 1962 me, Chinese Communist Party ke ek barraa karaa gais Central Committee work conference [[Beijing]] me bhais rahaa. Isme 7,000 se jaada participants rahin, aur iske [[Seven Thousand Cadres Conference]] ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.<ref name="Yang2021ST">{{cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Jisheng |author1-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist) |chapter=THE SEVEN THOUSAND CADRES CONFERENCE |title=The World Turned Upside Down: A History of the Chinese Cultural Revolution |date=19 January 2021 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-71691-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LjiDwAAQBAJ |access-date=18 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Liu Shaoqi, Mao Zedong, aur duusra log [[Criticism and self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)|self-criticisms]] karr rahin conference me. Mao conference me bolis ki, "Koi mistakes jon Centre karis hae, hamaar jimmewaari hae, aur hamaar indirect share iske blame me hae kaaheki ham Central Committee ke Chairman hae. Ham nai mantaa ki duura log aapan jimmewaari se duur bhaage, lekin iske iske jimmewaari le ke chaahi ham hae." Uu aage bolis: "Agar hamlog ke des ek socialist economy ke nai banae, hamlog kon prastithi me rahega? Ham log [[Yugoslavia]] ke rakam hoe jaaegaa, jon ek bourgeois des ban gais hae." Lekin, "puura socialist stage ke time China me classes aur class struggle rahaa, aur ii class struggle ek protracted, complex, sometimes even violent affair hae."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mao |first1=Zedong |title=Talk At Working Conference |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-8/mswv8_62.htm |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=18 October 2025 |date=30 January 1962}}</ref> Meeting ke baad, Liu aur sab ke batais ki "Great Leap Forward ke galti serious rahaa, aur ii pahila time hae ki hamlog experience ke summarise karaa hae. Abhi se, har saal hamlog ke pichhe dekh ke iske fir se summarise kare ke parri. "Great Leap Forward ke time, cannibalism ke baare me, uu bhi bolis, "Iske memorialize karaa jaai ek decree me, jisme emperor aapan crime ke log ke against ke admit kare hae." Seven Thousand Cadres Conference ke baad, Mao Zedong economic matters me pichhe ke seat liis rahaa.<ref name="Yang2021ST" /><ref name=Mac/> Lekin Xilou Conference me, Liu Shaoqi biswas karte rahaa ki Seven Thousand Cadres Conference Great Leap Forward ke represent nai karis rahaa.<ref name="Yang2021TPECC">{{cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Jisheng |author1-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist) |chapter=THE TENTH PLENUM OF THE EIGHTH CENTRAL COMMITTEE |title=The World Turned Upside Down: A History of the Chinese Cultural Revolution |date=19 January 2021 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-71691-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LjiDwAAQBAJ |access-date=18 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> 1962 ke pahila half me, China dekhis rahaa [[Three Freedoms and One Guarantee|emergence of a system where individual households were responsible for agricultural output]]. Lekin, Mao Zedong biswas karat rahaa ki ii practice ke contradict kare hae jiske uu tolerate nai kare sakat rahaa. <ref name="Yang2021TPECC" /> July 1962 me, Mao Zedong Liu Shaoqi se dissatisfaction express karis, aur bolis: "Tiin Laal Banners ke refute kar dewa gais hae, jamiin ke divide karaa jaawe hae, aur tum kuchh nai karaa? Ham mar jaaegaa tab konchi hoi?" Liu Shaoqi bhi argue karis ki "Itihaas record kari ki tum aur ham ketna dher jan ke bhukmari me kon role play karaaa rahaa aur cannibalism ke bhi yaad karaa jaai!"<ref name="Yang2021TPECC" /> ===International tensions aur anti-revisionism ke impact=== [[1950s]] ke suruu me , PRC aur [[Soviet Union]] (USSR) [[dunia]] ke ke dui sab se barraa communist des rahaa. Suruu me uulog ek duusre ke support karat rahin, lekin [[Nikita Khrushchev]] ke USSR me power me aae ke baad disagreement jaada bhais rahaa. 1956 me, Khrushchev [[On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences|denounced his predecessor Josef Stalin and his policies]], aur [[Khrushchev Thaw|economic reforms]] ke implement kare lagaa rahaa. Mao aur dher aur CCP members ke members ii badlao ke virod kare rahin, ii biwas karte ki isse dunia bhar ke communist movement damage hoi.<ref name=Mac>{{cite book |last1=MacFarquhar |first1=Roderick |last2=Schoenhals |first2=Michael |title=Mao's Last Revolution |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02332-1}}</ref> Mao biswas karat rahaa ki Khrushchev ek [[Revisionism (Marxism)|revisionist]] rahaa, jon [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] concepts ke badlat rahaa, jon Mao claim karis rahaa ki capitalists ke USSR ke control de i. Duuno ke biich me relations kharaab hoe gais rahaa. USSR China ke case for joining the [[United Nations]] ke support nai karis rahaa aur aapa waada ki USSR, China ke nuclear weapon supply kari ke na kar diis.<ref name=Mac/>{{rp|4–7}} Mao revisionism ke April 1960 me denounce karis rahaa. USSR ke bina ungri dekhae,Mao uske Balkan ally ke criticize karis rahaa, [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]]. Iske badle me, USSR China ke Balkan ally, the [[Party of Labour of Albania]] ke criticize karis rahaa. 1963 me, CCP USSR ke denounce kare ke suruu karis rahaa, aur nau polemics ke publish karis rahaa.<ref name=Mac/>{{rp|7}} Aur Soviet ke actions ke kaaran increased concerns rahaa potential [[fifth columnists]] ke baare me. Sino-Soviet split ke baad ke tension ke kaaran, Soviet leaders authorize karin rahaa ki radio broadcasts China me karaa jaawe jon ii batae ki Soviet Union "genuine communists" ke madat kari jon Mao aur uske "erroneous course" ke overthow kare maange hae.<ref name="Meyskens2020" /> Chinese leadership increasing military conflict United States aur [[North Vietnam]] ke biich me, se worried rahin, ii worry karte ki China ke support ke kaaran United States Chinese assets ke le ke kosis kari.<ref name="Meyskens2020">{{Cite book |last=Meyskens |first=Covell F. |title=Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China |year=2020 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-78478-8 |doi=10.1017/9781108784788 |s2cid=218936313}}</ref> Mao ii batais ki capitalist tendencies China me barrhe lagaa rahaa.<ref name=":222">{{Cite book |last=Chen |first=Xiaomei |title=Red Legacies in China: Cultural Afterlives of the Communist Revolution |date=2016 |publisher=[[Harvard University Asia Center]] |isbn=978-0-674-73718-1 |editor-last=Li |editor-first=Jie |series=Harvard contemporary China series |volume=18 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts; London |chapter=Performing the "Red Classics": From The East is Red to The Road to Revival |doi=10.1163/9781684171170_007 |jstor=j.ctt1sq5t95 |editor-last2=Zhang |editor-first2=Enhua}}</ref> Uu dekhat rahaa Cultural Revolution, sab time ke revolution ke ruup me jiske aim rahaa "representatives of the bourgeoisie and counterrevolutionary revisionists" ke oppose karna, jon "sneaked into the party, the government, the army, and cultural circles."<ref name=":222" /> Revolution ke matlab aur nature ek frequent theme rahaa, speeches of central leadership during the Cultural Revolution ke time.<ref name=":232" /> Uulig batain ki Cultural Revolution ek unprecedented event rahaa jiske janata kari aur uppar se diredted nai rahii aur iske sab se achchhaa test revolutionary practice hae.<ref name=":232" /> [[Tao Zhu]] stated:<ref name=":232" /> {{Blockquote|text=Tun nai bole saktaa ki tum ek sachchaa revolutionary hae aur uu log fake hae. Ii mass organizing hae. Uulog ke organizations revolutionary bhi hoe sake hae. Tum saait ek revolutionary competition karegaa. Achchhaa waala barrhi, kharaab waala tuut jaai... True or fake revolutionaries will be distinguished in revolutionary practice.}} == References == {{reflist}} <!--interwiki--> [[vibhag:C]] [[Category:China ke itihaas]] idedlb8dso0voi2dcxn9fwhpz6tg2oq 336891 336890 2026-07-29T11:02:15Z Snandan 529 336891 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Political slogan by Red Guards on the campus of Fudan University 1976.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[:en:Wiktionary:Slogan|Slogan]]s from the Cultural Revolution on the campus of Fudan University, [[Shanghai]].]] '''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''' (Simplified Chinese: 无产阶级文化大革命, Traditional Chinese: 無產階級文化大革命, Pinyin: Wúchǎn Jiējí Wénhuà Dà Gémìng)), jiske '''Cultural Revolution''' ke naam se bhi jaan ajaawe hae, ek time rahaa jab ki [[China]] me bhaari cultural change bhais rahaa, jiske [[Mao Zedong]] suruu karis rahaa. Ii 1966 aur 1969 ke biich me bhais rahaa.<ref name=chaos>[http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/prc3.html People's Republic of China: III]. Retrieved on 2009-9-12.</ref> ==Background== ===People's Republic ke Suruwaat=== [[1 October]] [[1949]] me, [[Mao Zedong]] [[People's Republic of China]] ke declare karis rahaa, jon symbolically decades-long [[Chinese Civil War]] ke ant rahaa. Bachaa [[Republic of China|Republican]] sipaahi [[Geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]] bhaag gain aur People's Republic ke dher rakam se virodh karat rahin. Chinese Republicans ke dher sipahi mainland China me rahe gay rahin, aur Mao Zedong ek [[Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries]] ke launch karis rahaa, jisse bachaa sipahi ke khatam karaa jaae sake, aur iske alaawa , Chinese society ke uulog bhi jiske Mao ke nawaa sarkar dangerous samjhat rahaa. ===Great Leap Forward=== 11 January 1962 me, Chinese Communist Party ke ek barraa karaa gais Central Committee work conference [[Beijing]] me bhais rahaa. Isme 7,000 se jaada participants rahin, aur iske [[Seven Thousand Cadres Conference]] ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.<ref name="Yang2021ST">{{cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Jisheng |author1-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist) |chapter=THE SEVEN THOUSAND CADRES CONFERENCE |title=The World Turned Upside Down: A History of the Chinese Cultural Revolution |date=19 January 2021 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-71691-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LjiDwAAQBAJ |access-date=18 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Liu Shaoqi, Mao Zedong, aur duusra log [[Criticism and self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)|self-criticisms]] karr rahin conference me. Mao conference me bolis ki, "Koi mistakes jon Centre karis hae, hamaar jimmewaari hae, aur hamaar indirect share iske blame me hae kaaheki ham Central Committee ke Chairman hae. Ham nai mantaa ki duura log aapan jimmewaari se duur bhaage, lekin iske iske jimmewaari le ke chaahi ham hae." Uu aage bolis: "Agar hamlog ke des ek socialist economy ke nai banae, hamlog kon prastithi me rahega? Ham log [[Yugoslavia]] ke rakam hoe jaaegaa, jon ek bourgeois des ban gais hae." Lekin, "puura socialist stage ke time China me classes aur class struggle rahaa, aur ii class struggle ek protracted, complex, sometimes even violent affair hae."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mao |first1=Zedong |title=Talk At Working Conference |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-8/mswv8_62.htm |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=18 October 2025 |date=30 January 1962}}</ref> Meeting ke baad, Liu aur sab ke batais ki "Great Leap Forward ke galti serious rahaa, aur ii pahila time hae ki hamlog experience ke summarise karaa hae. Abhi se, har saal hamlog ke pichhe dekh ke iske fir se summarise kare ke parri. "Great Leap Forward ke time, cannibalism ke baare me, uu bhi bolis, "Iske memorialize karaa jaai ek decree me, jisme emperor aapan crime ke log ke against ke admit kare hae." Seven Thousand Cadres Conference ke baad, Mao Zedong economic matters me pichhe ke seat liis rahaa.<ref name="Yang2021ST" /><ref name=Mac/> Lekin Xilou Conference me, Liu Shaoqi biswas karte rahaa ki Seven Thousand Cadres Conference Great Leap Forward ke represent nai karis rahaa.<ref name="Yang2021TPECC">{{cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Jisheng |author1-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist) |chapter=THE TENTH PLENUM OF THE EIGHTH CENTRAL COMMITTEE |title=The World Turned Upside Down: A History of the Chinese Cultural Revolution |date=19 January 2021 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-71691-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LjiDwAAQBAJ |access-date=18 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> 1962 ke pahila half me, China dekhis rahaa [[Three Freedoms and One Guarantee|emergence of a system where individual households were responsible for agricultural output]]. Lekin, Mao Zedong biswas karat rahaa ki ii practice ke contradict kare hae jiske uu tolerate nai kare sakat rahaa. <ref name="Yang2021TPECC" /> July 1962 me, Mao Zedong Liu Shaoqi se dissatisfaction express karis, aur bolis: "Tiin Laal Banners ke refute kar dewa gais hae, jamiin ke divide karaa jaawe hae, aur tum kuchh nai karaa? Ham mar jaaegaa tab konchi hoi?" Liu Shaoqi bhi argue karis ki "Itihaas record kari ki tum aur ham ketna dher jan ke bhukmari me kon role play karaaa rahaa aur cannibalism ke bhi yaad karaa jaai!"<ref name="Yang2021TPECC" /> ===International tensions aur anti-revisionism ke impact=== [[1950s]] ke suruu me , PRC aur [[Soviet Union]] (USSR) [[dunia]] ke ke dui sab se barraa communist des rahaa. Suruu me uulog ek duusre ke support karat rahin, lekin [[Nikita Khrushchev]] ke USSR me power me aae ke baad disagreement jaada bhais rahaa. 1956 me, Khrushchev [[On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences|denounced his predecessor Josef Stalin and his policies]], aur [[Khrushchev Thaw|economic reforms]] ke implement kare lagaa rahaa. Mao aur dher aur CCP members ke members ii badlao ke virod kare rahin, ii biwas karte ki isse dunia bhar ke communist movement damage hoi.<ref name=Mac>{{cite book |last1=MacFarquhar |first1=Roderick |last2=Schoenhals |first2=Michael |title=Mao's Last Revolution |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02332-1}}</ref> Mao biswas karat rahaa ki Khrushchev ek [[Revisionism (Marxism)|revisionist]] rahaa, jon [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] concepts ke badlat rahaa, jon Mao claim karis rahaa ki capitalists ke USSR ke control de i. Duuno ke biich me relations kharaab hoe gais rahaa. USSR China ke case for joining the [[United Nations]] ke support nai karis rahaa aur aapa waada ki USSR, China ke nuclear weapon supply kari ke na kar diis.<ref name=Mac/>{{rp|4–7}} Mao revisionism ke April 1960 me denounce karis rahaa. USSR ke bina ungri dekhae,Mao uske Balkan ally ke criticize karis rahaa, [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]]. Iske badle me, USSR China ke Balkan ally, the [[Party of Labour of Albania]] ke criticize karis rahaa. 1963 me, CCP USSR ke denounce kare ke suruu karis rahaa, aur nau polemics ke publish karis rahaa.<ref name=Mac/>{{rp|7}} Aur Soviet ke actions ke kaaran increased concerns rahaa potential [[fifth columnists]] ke baare me. Sino-Soviet split ke baad ke tension ke kaaran, Soviet leaders authorize karin rahaa ki radio broadcasts China me karaa jaawe jon ii batae ki Soviet Union "genuine communists" ke madat kari jon Mao aur uske "erroneous course" ke overthow kare maange hae.<ref name="Meyskens2020" /> Chinese leadership increasing military conflict United States aur [[North Vietnam]] ke biich me, se worried rahin, ii worry karte ki China ke support ke kaaran United States Chinese assets ke le ke kosis kari.<ref name="Meyskens2020">{{Cite book |last=Meyskens |first=Covell F. |title=Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China |year=2020 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-78478-8 |doi=10.1017/9781108784788 |s2cid=218936313}}</ref> Mao ii batais ki capitalist tendencies China me barrhe lagaa rahaa.<ref name=":222">{{Cite book |last=Chen |first=Xiaomei |title=Red Legacies in China: Cultural Afterlives of the Communist Revolution |date=2016 |publisher=[[Harvard University Asia Center]] |isbn=978-0-674-73718-1 |editor-last=Li |editor-first=Jie |series=Harvard contemporary China series |volume=18 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts; London |chapter=Performing the "Red Classics": From The East is Red to The Road to Revival |doi=10.1163/9781684171170_007 |jstor=j.ctt1sq5t95 |editor-last2=Zhang |editor-first2=Enhua}}</ref> Uu dekhat rahaa Cultural Revolution, sab time ke revolution ke ruup me jiske aim rahaa "representatives of the bourgeoisie and counterrevolutionary revisionists" ke oppose karna, jon "sneaked into the party, the government, the army, and cultural circles."<ref name=":222" /> Revolution ke matlab aur nature ek frequent theme rahaa, speeches of central leadership during the Cultural Revolution ke time.<ref name=":232" /> Uulig batain ki Cultural Revolution ek unprecedented event rahaa jiske janata kari aur uppar se diredted nai rahii aur iske sab se achchhaa test revolutionary practice hae.<ref name=":232" /> [[Tao Zhu]] stated:<ref name=":232" /> {{Blockquote|text=Tun nai bole saktaa ki tum ek sachchaa revolutionary hae aur uu log fake hae. Ii mass organizing hae. Uulog ke organizations revolutionary bhi hoe sake hae. Tum saait ek revolutionary competition karegaa. Achchhaa waala barrhi, kharaab waala tuut jaai... True or fake revolutionaries will be distinguished in revolutionary practice.}} === Socialist Education Movement aur ''Hai Rui ke Office se hatae dewa gais rahaa'' === 1963 me, Mao [[Socialist Education Movement]] ke launch karis rahaa.<ref name="Baum-1969">{{cite journal |last=Baum |first=Richard |year=1969 |title=Revolution and Reaction in the Chinese Countryside: The Socialist Education Movement in Cultural Revolutionary Perspective |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=38 |issue=38 |pages=92–119 |doi=10.1017/S0305741000049158 |issn=0305-7410 |jstor=652308 |s2cid=154449798}}</ref> Mao scene ke set karis "[[Purge|cleansing]]" taagatwar Beijing officials jiske questionable loyalty rahaa. Uske approach newspaper articles, internal meetings, and by his network of political allies se execute karaa gais rahaa.<ref name="Baum-1969" /> 1959 ke ant me, itihasik aur Beijing ke deputy mayor [[Wu Han (historian)|Wu Han]] publish karis ke itihasik drama jiske title rahaa [[Hai Rui Dismissed from Office]]''. Ii play me, ek honest [[civil servant]], [[Hai Rui]], ke corrupt emperor dismiss kkare hae. Mao suruu me play ke barrai karis rahaa''lekin February 1965 me, uu secretly commissioned [[Jiang Qing]] aur [[Yao Wenyuan]] ke ek article ke publish kare ke, iske criticize kare ke . Yao play ke describe karis rahaa as ek allegory attacking Mao; jisme Mao ke emperor bola jaawe hae, aur Peng Dehuai,jon pahile Mao ke question karis rahaa, [[Lushan Conference]] me, honest civil servant ke ruup me.<ref name="Mac" />{{rp|15–18}} == References == {{reflist}} <!--interwiki--> [[vibhag:C]] [[Category:China ke itihaas]] e7vnibq8yin3o6e0j57o7jb5fhkz1dv 0 7663 336876 336462 2026-07-28T12:17:07Z Munsami 3052 336876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|1701}} '''19th century''', [[1 January]] [[1701]] ke suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[1800]] ke khalaas hoi. [[File:1700_CE_world_map.PNG|thumb|200px|1700 ke suruu ke political boundaries]] {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:18th Century}} [[Category:1]] [[Category:18th century| ]] nrk0pmf9bes6kq6nsp845im2v551zfc 0 8693 336884 301744 2026-07-29T02:03:27Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336884 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable sortable" border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |-bgcolor="#efefef" !width="150"|Name !width="75"|[[List of elements by symbol|Symbol]] !width="75"|[[List of elements by atomic number|Atomic Number]] !width="110"|[[List of elements by atomic mass|Atomic Mass]] !width="50"|Group !width="50"|Period |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |[[Actinium]]||Ac||89||[227]<ref name="fn_1">The element does not have any stable nuclides, and a value in brackets, e.g. [209], indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope of the element. However, three elements, Thorium, Protactinium, and Uranium, have a characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, and thus their atomic mass given.</ref>||&nbsp;||7 |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |[[Aluminium]] (Aluminum)||Al||13||26.9815386(8)||13||3 |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |[[Americium]]||Am||95||[243]<ref name="fn_1" />||&nbsp;||7 |-style="background-color:#cccc99" |id="Antimony"|[[Antimony]] (Stibium)||Sb||51||121.760(1)<ref name="fn_2">The isotopic composition of this element varies in some geological specimens, and the variation may exceed the uncertainty stated in the table.</ref>||15||5<includeonly> |}</includeonly></onlyinclude> |- |[[Argon]]||Ar||18||39.948(1)<ref name="fn_2" /> <ref name="fn_4">The isotopic composition varies in terrestrial material such that a more precise atomic weight can not be given.</ref>||18||3 |-style="background-color:#cccc99" |[[Arsenic]]||As||33||74.92160(2)||15||4 |-style="background-color:#ffff99" |[[Astatine]]||At||85||[210]<ref name="fn_1" />||17||6 |- |[[Barium]]||Ba||56||137.327(7)||2||6 |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |[[Berkelium]]||Bk||97||[247]<ref name="fn_1" />||&nbsp;||7 |-style="background-color:#ffdead" |[[Beryllium]]||Be||4||9.012182(3)||2||2 |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |[[Bismuth]]||Bi||83||208.98040(1)||15||6 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Bohrium]]||Bh||107||[264]<ref name="fn_1" />||7||7 |-style="background-color:#cccc99" |[[Boron]]||B||5||10.811(7)<ref name="fn_2" /> <ref name="fn_3">The isotopic composition of the element can vary in commercial materials, which can cause the atomic weight to deviate significantly from the given value.</ref> <ref name="fn_4" />||13||2 |-style="background-color:#ffff99" |[[Bromine]]||Br||35||79.904(1)||17||4 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Cadmium]]||Cd||48||112.411(8)<ref name="fn_2" />||12||5 |-style="background-color:#ff6666" |id="Caesium"|[[Caesium]] (Cesium)||Cs||55||132.9054519(2)||1||6 |-style="background-color:#ffdead" |[[Calcium]]||Ca||20||40.078(4)<ref name="fn_2" />||2||4 |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |[[Californium]]||Cf||98||[251]<ref name="fn_1" />||&nbsp;||7 |-style="background-color:#a0ffa0" |[[Carbon]]||C||6||12.0107(8)<ref name="fn_2" /> <ref name="fn_4" />||14||2 |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |[[Cerium]]||Ce||58||140.116(1)<ref name="fn_2" />||&nbsp;||6 |- |[[Chlorine]]||Cl||17||35.453(2)<ref name="fn_2" /> <ref name="fn_3" /> <ref name="fn_4" />||17||3 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Chromium]]||Cr||24||51.9961(6)||6||4 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Cobalt]]||Co||27||58.933195(5)||9||4 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Copper]] (Cuprum)||Cu||29||63.546(3)<ref name="fn_4" />||11||4 |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |[[Curium]]||Cm||96||[247]<ref name="fn_1" />||&nbsp;||7 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Darmstadtium]]||Ds||110||[271]<ref name="fn_1" />||10||7 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Dubnium]]||Db||105||[262]<ref name="fn_1" />||5||7 |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |[[Dysprosium]]||Dy||66||162.500(1)<ref name="fn_2" />||&nbsp;||6 |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |[[Einsteinium]]||Es||99||[252]<ref name="fn_1" />||&nbsp;||7 |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |[[Erbium]]||Er||68||167.259(3)<ref name="fn_2" />||&nbsp;||6 |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |[[Europium]]||Eu||63||151.964(1)<ref name="fn_2" />||&nbsp;||6 |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |[[Fermium]]||Fm||100||[257]<ref name="fn_1" />||&nbsp;||7 |- |[[Fluorine]]||F||9||18.9984032(5)||17||2 |-style="background-color:#ff6666" |[[Francium]]||Fr||87||[223]<ref name="fn_1" />||1||7 |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |[[Gadolinium]]||Gd||64||157.25(3)<ref name="fn_2" />||&nbsp;||6 |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |[[Gallium]]||Ga||31||69.723(1)||13||4 |-style="background-color:#cccc99" |[[Germanium]]||Ge||32||72.64(1)||14||4 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |id="Gold"|[[Gold]] (Aurum)||Au||79||196.966569(4)||11||6 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Hafnium]]||Hf||72||178.49(2)||4||6 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Hassium]]||Hs||108||[277]<ref name="fn_1" />||8||7 |-style="background-color:#c0ffff" |[[Helium]]||He||2||4.002602(2)<ref name="fn_2" /> <ref name="fn_4" />||18||1 |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |[[Holmium]]||Ho||67||164.930 32(2)||&nbsp;||6 |- |[[Hydrogen]]||H||1||1.00794(7)<ref name="fn_2" /> <ref name="fn_3" /> <ref name="fn_4" />||1||1 |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |[[Indium]]||In||49||114.818(3)||13||5 |-style="background-color:#ffff99" |[[Iodine]]||I||53||126.904 47(3)||17||5 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Iridium]]||Ir||77||192.217(3)||9||6 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |id="Iron"|[[Iron]] (Ferrum)||Fe||26||55.845(2)||8||4 |- |[[Krypton]]||Kr||36||83.798(2)<ref name="fn_2" /> <ref name="fn_3" />||18||4 |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |[[Lanthanum]]||La||57||138.90547(7)<ref name="fn_2" />||&nbsp;||6 |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |[[Lawrencium]]||Lr||103||[262]<ref name="fn_1" />||3||7 |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |id="Lead"|[[Lead]] (Plumbum)||Pb||82||207.2(1)<ref name="fn_2" /> <ref name="fn_4" />||14||6 |-style="background-color:#ff6666" |[[Lithium]]||Li||3||6.941(2)<ref name="fn_2" /> <ref name="fn_3" /> <ref name="fn_4" /> <ref>The atomic weight of commercial Lithium can vary between 6.939 and 6.996&mdash;analysis of the specific material is necessary to find a more accurate value.</ref>||1||2 |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |[[Lutetium]]||Lu||71||174.967(1)<ref name="fn_2" />||3||6 |-style="background-color:#ffdead" |[[Magnesium]]||Mg||12||24.3050(6)||2||3 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Manganese]]||Mn||25||54.938045(5)||7||4 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Meitnerium]]||Mt||109||[268]<ref name="fn_1" />||9||7 |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |[[Mendelevium]]||Md||101||[258]<ref name="fn_1" />||&nbsp;||7 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |id="Mercury"|[[Mercury (element)|Mercury]] (Hydrargyrum)||Hg||80||200.59(2)||12||6 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Molybdenum]]||Mo||42||95.94(2)<ref name="fn_2" />||6||5 |- |[[Neodymium]]||Nd||60||144.242(3)<ref name="fn_2" />||&nbsp;||6 |-style="background-color:#c0ffff" |[[Neon]]||Ne||10||20.1797(6)<ref name="fn_2" /> <ref name="fn_3" />||18||2 |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |[[Neptunium]]||Np||93||[237]<ref name="fn_1" />||&nbsp;||7 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Nickel]]||Ni||28||58.6934(2)||10||4 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Niobium]]||Nb||41||92.906 38(2)||5||5 |-style="background-color:#a0ffa0" |[[Nitrogen]]||N||7||14.0067(2)<ref name="fn_2" /> <ref name="fn_4" />||15||2 |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |[[Nobelium]]||No||102||[259]<ref name="fn_1" />||&nbsp;||7 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Osmium]]||Os||76||190.23(3)<ref name="fn_2" />||8||6 |-style="background-color:#a0ffa0" |[[Oxygen]]||O||8||15.9994(3)<ref name="fn_2" /> <ref name="fn_4" />||16||2 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Palladium]]||Pd||46||106.42(1)<ref name="fn_2" />||10||5 |- |[[Phosphorus]]||P||15||30.973762(2)||15||3 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Platinum]]||Pt||78||195.084(9)||10||6 |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |[[Plutonium]]||Pu||94||[244]<ref name="fn_1" />||&nbsp;||7 |-style="background-color:#cccc99" |[[Polonium]]||Po||84||[210]<ref name="fn_1" />||16||6 |-style="background-color:#ff6666" |id="Potassium"|[[Potassium]] (Kalium)||K||19||39.0983(1)||1||4 |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |[[Praseodymium]]||Pr||59||140.90765(2)||&nbsp;||6 |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |[[Promethium]]||Pm||61||[145]<ref name="fn_1" />||&nbsp;||6 |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |[[Protactinium]]||Pa||91||231.03588(2)<ref name="fn_1" />||&nbsp;||7 |-style="background-color:#ffdead" |[[Radium]]||Ra||88||[226]<ref name="fn_1" />||2||7 |-style="background-color:#c0ffff" |[[Radon]]||Rn||86||[220]<ref name="fn_1" />||18||6 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Rhenium]]||Re||75||186.207(1)||7||6 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Rhodium]]||Rh||45||102.905 50(2)||9||5 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Roentgenium]]||Rg||111||[272]<ref name="fn_1" />||11||7 |-style="background-color:#ff6666" |[[Rubidium]]||Rb||37||85.4678(3)<ref name="fn_2" />||1||5 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Ruthenium]]||Ru||44||101.07(2)<ref name="fn_2" />||8||5 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Rutherfordium]]||Rf||104||261<ref name="fn_1" />||4||7 |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |[[Samarium]]||Sm||62||150.36(2)<ref name="fn_2" />||&nbsp;||6 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Scandium]]||Sc||21||44.955912(6)||3||4 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Seaborgium]]||Sg||106||[266]<ref name="fn_1" />||6||7 |-style="background-color:#a0ffa0" |[[Selenium]]||Se||34||78.96(3)<ref name="fn_4" />||16||4 |-style="background-color:#cccc99" |[[Silicon]]||Si||14||28.0855(3)<ref name="fn_4" />||14||3 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |id="Silver"|[[Silver]] (Argentum)||Ag||47||107.8682(2)<ref name="fn_2" />||11||5 |-style="background-color:#ff6666" |id="Sodium"|[[Sodium]] (Natrium)||Na||11||22.98976928(2)||1||3 |- |[[Strontium]]||Sr||38||87.62(1)<ref name="fn_2" /> <ref name="fn_4" />||2||5 |-style="background-color:#a0ffa0" |[[Sulfur]]||S||16||32.065(5)<ref name="fn_2" /> <ref name="fn_4" />||16||3 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Tantalum]]||Ta||73||180.94788(2)||5||6 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Technetium]]||Tc||43||[98]<ref name="fn_1" />||7||5 |-style="background-color:#cccc99" |[[Tellurium]]||Te||52||127.60(3)<ref name="fn_2" />||16||5 |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |[[Terbium]]||Tb||65||158.92535(2)||&nbsp;||6 |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |[[Thallium]]||Tl||81||204.3833(2)||13||6 |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |[[Thorium]]||Th||90||232.03806(2)<ref name="fn_1" /> <ref name="fn_2" />||&nbsp;||7 |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |[[Thulium]]||Tm||69||168.93421(2)||&nbsp;||6 |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |id="Tin"|[[Tin]] (Stannum)||Sn||50||118.710(7)<ref name="fn_2" />||14||5 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Titanium]]||Ti||22||47.867(1)||4||4 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |id="Tungsten"|[[Tungsten]] (Wolfram)||W||74||183.84(1)||6||6 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Ununbium]]||Uub||112||[285]<ref name="fn_1" />||12||7 |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |[[Ununhexium]]||Uuh||116||[292]<ref name="fn_1" />||16||7 |-style="background-color:#c0ffff" |[[Ununoctium]]||Uuo||118||[294]<ref name="fn_1" />||18||7 |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |[[Ununpentium]]||Uup||115||[288]<ref name="fn_1" />||15||7 |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |[[Ununquadium]]||Uuq||114||[289]<ref name="fn_1" />||14||7 |-style="background-color:#cccccc" |[[Ununtrium]]||Uut||113||[284]<ref name="fn_1" />||13||7 |-style="background-color:#ff99cc" |[[Uranium]]||U||92||238.02891(3)<ref name="fn_1" /> <ref name="fn_2" /> <ref name="fn_3" />||&nbsp;||7 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Vanadium]]||V||23||50.9415(1)||5||4 |- |[[Xenon]]||Xe||54||131.293(6)<ref name="fn_2" /> <ref name="fn_3" />||18||5 |-style="background-color:#ffbfff" |[[Ytterbium]]||Yb||70||173.04(3)<ref name="fn_2" />||&nbsp;||6 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Yttrium]]||Y||39||88.90585(2)||3||5 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Zinc]]||Zn||30||65.409(4)||12||4 |-style="background-color:#ffc0c0" |[[Zirconium]]||Zr||40||91.224(2)<ref name="fn_2" />||4||5 |} ==Sources== *Atomic Weights of the Elements 2001, [http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/7508/7508x1107.html Pure Appl. Chem. 75(8), 1107-1122, 2003]. Retrieved [[June 30]], [[2005]]. Atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers from 1-109 taken from this source. *[http://www.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html IUPAC Standard Atomic Weights Revised] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305062433/http://www.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html |date=2008-03-05 }} (2005). *[http://www.webelements.com/ WebElements Periodic Table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104110225/http://webelements.com/ |date=2014-01-04 }}. Retrieved [[June 30]], [[2005]]. Atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers 110-116 taken from this source. <references /> [[Category:Chemistry]] 7hs3rqrq2zi5ph3d3w3m9h7dbofa5bl 0 9443 336892 307811 2026-07-29T11:50:45Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336892 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="right" class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="2" | Atomic Structure |- | Symbol | S |- | Atomic Number | 16 |- | Atomic Mass | 32.07 g/mol |- ! colspan="2" | Periodic Table |- | Group | 16 |- | Row / Period | 3 |- | Element Category | Nonmetal |- ! colspan="2" | Picture |- | colspan="2" | [[File:Electron shell 016 Sulfur.svg|thumb|center|200px|Sulphur ke electron shell]] |} [[File:Burning-sulfur.png|thumb|right|When sulfur is burned, it melts to a blood-red liquid (top picture). At night (bottom picture) the flame is much more visible.]] [[File:Sulfur - El Desierto mine, San Pablo de Napa, Daniel Campos Province, Potosí, Bolivia.jpg|thumb|right|Sulfur crystal in the ground]] '''Sulfur''' (nai to '''sulphur''') ek [[chemical element]] hae jiske symbol '''S''' aur [[atomic number]] 16 hae. Iske rang piyar hae. == Duusra websites == * [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/S/index.html WebElements.com – Sulfur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516063109/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/S/index.html |date=2008-05-16 }} * [https://azdekorasyon.com/fume-rengi-koltuk-takimi-kullananlar/ Füme Rengi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801095613/https://azdekorasyon.com/fume-rengi-koltuk-takimi-kullananlar/ |date=2022-08-01 }} Sulfur * [http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/S.html EnvironmentalChemistry.com – Sulfur] {{Sci-stub}} {{Periodic Table}} [[Category:Chemical elements]] [[Category:Nonmetals]] ahkq7eeb8tvhax1dsiy0fqkackid6y7 0 22168 336877 336483 2026-07-28T12:21:50Z Munsami 3052 336877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|1501}} '''16th century''', [[1 January]] [[1501]] ke suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[1600]] ke khalaas bhais. [[File:Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg|thumb|Mona Lisa ke 16th century ke suruu me banaawa gais rahaa|200px]] {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:16th Century}} [[Category:1]] [[Category:16th century| ]] 7ml0x5qx8p86p2f84ecgh5ahsbhrutu 0 32526 336873 316126 2026-07-28T12:10:16Z Munsami 3052 336873 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Fast Five''''' ek 2011 me banaa English, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian film hae. Ii film USA me Justin Lin ke direction me banaa rahaa. Ii film me Vin Diesel, Paul Walker, Jordana Brewster, Tyrese Gibson acting kare rahin. == External link == [[vibhag:English films]] [[vibhag:2011 ke film]] {{Film stub}} sow7548asd8v4mpucgp2feeadbryjuq 0 51979 336886 324505 2026-07-29T06:30:23Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336886 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Linda Andre''' ek amerikee manorog uttarajeevee kaaryakarta aur lekhak hain, jo nyooyork shahar mein rahate hain, jo U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ko protsaahit karane ke lie 1984 mein marlin rais dvaara sthaapit ek sangathan, Committee for Truth in Psychiatry (CTIP) ke nideshak hain. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) masheenon ko viniyamit karane ke lie. 1980 ke dashak kee shuruaat mein 25 saal kee umr mein eeseetee praapt karane ke baad se, aandre any eeseetee bache logon ko unake sangyaanaatmak aur smrti haani se nipatane mein madad karane ke lie likh rahe hain aur shodh kar rahe hain, aur aam janata ko eeseetee ke jokhimon ke baare mein soochit karate hain. linda ka saakshaatkaar 20/20, da atalaantik, da nyooyork taims aur vaashingatan post dvaara kiya gaya hai. 2003 mein los enjils taims dvaara saakshaatkaar mein, aandre ne ek british adhyayan par tippanee kee jisamen paaya gaya ki jab rogiyon ne eeseetee sarvekshanon ko dijain ya sanchaalit karane mein madad kee, to keval ek tihaee uttaradaataon ne eeseetee ko madadagaar hone ka daava kiya, lekin jab doktaron ne sarvekshanon ko dijain aur sanchaalit kiya, to teen -chauthe ne eeseetee ko phaayademand hone ka daava kiya. aandre ne kaha, "aisa tab hota hai jab aap mareejon se poochhate hain ki ve kya sochate hain," ... aapako ek manochikitsak se bilkul alag kahaanee milatee hai. usane aur usake doston ne manochikitsa mein sachchaee ke lie samiti banaee hai jisamen ab 500 se adhik poorv bijalee ke jhatake rogee hain. 2009 mein, unakee pustak, doktars oph disepshan: vhaat ve not vaant yoo too no shok treetament ke baare mein prakaashit huee thee. is kaam kee sameeksha karate hue, edinabarg vishvavidyaalay ke jems vud ne soshal histree oph medisin patrika mein likha, "O apane 17 aksar saavadhaaneepoorvak shodh kie gae adhyaayon ke dauraan, aandre edavard shortar aur mein kie gae daavon ke lie ek upayogee vipareet pradaan karata hai. devid heelee ka eeseetee aur isake vikaas mein mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhaane vaale purush (edavard shortar aur devid heelee, shok therepee, 2007), aur eeseetee aur aadhunik amerikee manorog peshe donon kee sambhaavit vinaashakaaree aalochana prastut karate hain.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/shm/article-abstract/23/1/218/1653713?redirectedFrom=fulltext</ref><ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/19/nyregion/with-reforms-in-treatment-shock-therapy-loses-shock.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121011043733/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/nov/17/health/he-ect17/3</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.narpa.org/bios/andre.linda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-07 |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520162800/https://www.narpa.org/bios/andre.linda |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} [[vibhag:A]] [[vibhag:United States ke log]] m315yafcnr63ucwz47k7b1hi8ekj5nh 0 62608 336883 319415 2026-07-29T01:06:46Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Columbia Naddi | native_name = | name_other = | name_etymology = Captain Robert Gray's ship, ''[[Columbia Rediviva]]'' | nickname = Big River, the River of the West, River Oregon{{sfn|Holbrook|1956}} <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Columbia River from Rowena Crest Viewpoint looking east.jpg | image_caption = Columbia Naddi Rowena Crest se aur Interstate 84 right me | image_size = 280 | map = Columbiarivermap.png | map_size = 280 | map_caption = Columbia River drainage basin | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 280 | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = United States, Canada | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]] | subdivision_type3 = Province | subdivision_name3 = [[British Columbia]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = Cities | subdivision_name5 = [[Revelstoke, British Columbia|Revelstoke, BC]], [[Castlegar, British Columbia|Castlegar, BC]], [[Trail, British Columbia|Trail, BC]],<br/> [[Wenatchee, Washington|Wenatchee, WA]], [[East Wenatchee, Washington|East Wenatchee, WA]],<br/> [[Tri-Cities, Washington|Tri-Cities, WA]], [[The Dalles, Oregon|The Dalles, OR]], [[Hood River, Oregon|Hood River, OR]],<br/> [[Portland, Oregon|Portland, OR]], [[Vancouver, Washington|Vancouver, WA]], [[Longview, Washington|Longview, WA]], [[Astoria, Oregon|Astoria, OR]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|1,243|mi|km|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title = The Columbia River |publisher = Columbia River Keeper |date = 2013 |url = http://columbiariverkeeper.org/the-river/ |access-date = December 5, 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120924004400/http://columbiariverkeeper.org/the-river/ |archive-date = September 24, 2012 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location=[[Astoria, Oregon|Astoria]] (near mouth) | discharge1_avg = (Period: 1951–1980){{cvt|265,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |last = Kimbrough |first = R. A. |author2 = Ruppert, G. P. |author3 = Wiggins, W. D. |author4 = Smith, R. R. |author5 = Kresch, D. L. |work = Water Resources Data-Washington Water Year 2005 |title = Water Data Report WA-05-1: Klickitat and White Salmon River Basins and the Columbia River from Kennewick to Bonneville Dam |publisher = United States Geological Survey |date = 2006 |url = http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/pdf/wa00103ADR2005_Figure66.pdf |access-date = April 1, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120630154948/http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/pdf/wa00103ADR2005_Figure66.pdf |archive-date = June 30, 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref>{{sfn|Loy|Allan|Buckley|Meacham|2001|pp=164–65}} (Period: 1969–2023){{cvt|234,700|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge2_location=[[Westport, Oregon|Port Westward]] | discharge2_min={{cvt|63,600|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}(Year: 2001)<ref name="USGS 14246900 COLUMBIA RIVER AT PORT WESTWARD, NEAR QUINCY, OR"/> | discharge2_avg=(Period: 1969–2023){{cvt|233,700|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="USGS 14246900 COLUMBIA RIVER AT PORT WESTWARD, NEAR QUINCY, OR"/> | discharge2_max={{cvt|864,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}(Year: 1996)<ref name="USGS 14246900 COLUMBIA RIVER AT PORT WESTWARD, NEAR QUINCY, OR">{{cite web|url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/inventory?site_no=14246900&agency_cd=USGS|title=USGS 14246900 COLUMBIA RIVER AT PORT WESTWARD, NEAR QUINCY, OR}}</ref> | discharge3_location=[[The Dalles, Oregon|The Dalles]] |discharge3_avg=(Period: 1879–2023){{cvt|188,500|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="14105700 COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES, OR">{{cite web|url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=113459&wys_water_yr=2023&site_no=14105700&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006%2C2007%2C2008%2C2009%2C2010%2C2011%2C2012%2C2013%2C2014%2C2015%2C2016%2C2017%2C2018%2C2019%2C2020%2C2021%2C2022%2C2023&referred_module=|title=14105700 COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES, OR|access-date=2025-02-10|archive-date=2024-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213152037/https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=113459&wys_water_yr=2023&site_no=14105700&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006%2C2007%2C2008%2C2009%2C2010%2C2011%2C2012%2C2013%2C2014%2C2015%2C2016%2C2017%2C2018%2C2019%2C2020%2C2021%2C2022%2C2023&referred_module=|url-status=dead}}</ref> | discharge3_min ={{cvt|12,100|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}(Year: 1968) | discharge3_max ={{cvt|1,240,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}(Year: 1894) |discharge4_location=[[Priest Rapids Dam]] |discharge4_min={{cvt|36,400|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}(Year: 1962)<ref name="12472800 COLUMBIA RIVER BELOW PRIEST RAPIDS DAM, WA">{{cite web|url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=149896&wys_water_yr=2023&site_no=12472800&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006%2C2007%2C2008%2C2009%2C2010%2C2011%2C2012%2C2013%2C2014%2C2015%2C2016%2C2017%2C2018%2C2019%2C2020%2C2021%2C2022%2C2023&referred_module=|title=12472800 COLUMBIA RIVER BELOW PRIEST RAPIDS DAM, WA|access-date=2025-02-10|archive-date=2024-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213192916/https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=149896&wys_water_yr=2023&site_no=12472800&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006%2C2007%2C2008%2C2009%2C2010%2C2011%2C2012%2C2013%2C2014%2C2015%2C2016%2C2017%2C2018%2C2019%2C2020%2C2021%2C2022%2C2023&referred_module=|url-status=dead}}</ref> |discharge4_avg=(1960–2023){{cvt|118,200|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="12472800 COLUMBIA RIVER BELOW PRIEST RAPIDS DAM, WA"/> |discharge4_max={{cvt|533,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}(Year: 1961)<ref name="12472800 COLUMBIA RIVER BELOW PRIEST RAPIDS DAM, WA"/> |discharge5_location=[[United States]] and [[Canada]] international boundary |discharge5_min={{cvt|21,200|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}(Year: 1944)<ref name="12399500 COLUMBIA RIVER AT INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY">{{cite web|url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=296266&wys_water_yr=2023&site_no=12399500&agency_cd=USGS&adr_water_years=2006%2C2007%2C2008%2C2010%2C2011%2C2012%2C2013%2C2014%2C2015%2C2016%2C2017%2C2018%2C2019%2C2020%2C2021%2C2022%2C2023&referred_module=|title=12399500 COLUMBIA RIVER AT INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |discharge5_avg=(Period: 1938– 2023){{cvt|99,300|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="12399500 COLUMBIA RIVER AT INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY"/> |discharge5_max={{cvt|550,000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}(Year: 1948)<ref name="12399500 COLUMBIA RIVER AT INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY"/> <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Columbia Lake]] | source1_location = British Columbia, Canada | source1_coordinates= {{coord|50|13|35|N|115|51|05|W|display=inline}}<ref>{{cite web |title = Columbia Lake |work = Canadian Geographical Names Data Base |publisher = Natural Resources Canada |date = 2015 |url = http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/JATIP |access-date = September 29, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150930175441/http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/JATIP |archive-date = September 30, 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,690|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Canadian Encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia |last = Marsh |first = James H. |title = Columbia River |encyclopedia = The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher = Historica Foundation |date = 2013 |url = http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/columbia-river/ |access-date = September 30, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150922080957/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/columbia-river/ |archive-date = September 22, 2015 |url-status = live }}</ref> | mouth = Pacific Ocean, at [[Clatsop County, Oregon]] / <br/>[[Pacific County, Washington]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|46|14|39|N|124|3|29|W}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia River|work=Geographic Names Information System|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=November 28, 1980|url=https://www.usgs.gov/us-board-on-geographic-names/domestic-names|access-date=April 1, 2008}}</ref> | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Pacific Ocean]] | river_system = Columbia River | basin_size = {{cvt|258,000|mi2|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = [[Spillimacheen River]], [[Beaver River (Columbia River)|Beaver River]], [[Illecillewaet River]],<br/> [[Incomappleux River]], [[Kootenay River]],<br/> [[Pend Oreille River]], [[Spokane River]], [[Crab Creek]],<br/> [[Snake River]], [[John Day River]], [[Deschutes River (Oregon)|Deschutes River]],<br/> [[Willamette River]] | tributaries_right = [[Kicking Horse River]], [[Blaeberry River]],<br/> [[Canoe River (British Columbia)|Canoe River]], [[Kettle River (Columbia River)|Kettle River]], [[Sanpoil River]],<br/>[[Okanogan River]], [[Entiat River]], [[Wenatchee River]],<br/> [[Yakima River]], [[Lewis River (Washington)|Lewis River]], [[Cowlitz River]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Columbia Naddi''' ([[Upper Chinook bhasa|Upper Chinook]]: ''{{Lang|wac|Wimahl}}'' or ''{{Lang|wac|Wimal}}''; [[Sahaptin language|Sahaptin]]: ''Nch’i-Wàna'' or ''Nchi wana''; [[Sinixt dialect]]'' {{lang|sal|swah'netk'qhu}}''), [[North America]] ke Pacific Northwest ke sab se barraa naddi hae.<ref>According to the United States Geological Survey fact sheet, [http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/pdf/ofr87242.pdf "Largest Rivers in the United States"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709115552/https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/pdf/ofr87242.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/pdf/ofr87242.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |date=July 9, 2017 }}, "Rivers are considered large on the basis of one or more of three characteristics: total length from source to mouth, area of basin (watershed) drained by the stream, and average rate of flow (discharge) at the mouth." The Columbia is the largest river of the Pacific Northwest in all three senses.</ref> Ii naddi [[British Columbia]], Canada ke [[Rocky Mountains]] me suruu hoe hae. Ii northwest bahe hae , fir south ii U.S. ke [[state of Washington]] me, fir ii west ke bagal ghume hae aur Washington aur [[Oregon]] ke biich me border bane hae aur aakhri me [[Pacific Ocean]] me jaae ke nikle hae. Ii naddi {{cvt|1,243|mi|km|abbr=on}} lambaa hae, aur iske sab se barraa tributary is Snake Naddi hae. Iske drainage basin lagbhag [[France]] ke size hae aur ii United States ke saat state aur Canada ke ek ststae me bahe hae. Ii United States ke chauthaa sab se barra naddi agar isme ke paani ke dekha jaae tab, jon b7,500&nbsp;m³/s hae. [[vibhag:C]] [[vibhag:Canada ke naddi]] [[vibhag:United States of America ke naddi]] bv9kgqm87q28cyt4ik93f6ve9zm7n5o 0 68965 336874 335090 2026-07-28T12:11:16Z Munsami 3052 336874 wikitext text/x-wiki xt zryr 4o7ena@=_?÷ {{mitao}} trjolqkbwhjnzrrth3auujg8ezkjfxw 0 69141 336875 336159 2026-07-28T12:13:56Z Munsami 3052 336875 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Warren Buffett''' (janam:30 August 1930) ,[[Berkshire hathaway]] ke pradhan, dhan 169B USD uu dhan 145B USD. == Related == [[List of Trillionaires]] [[vibhag:United States ke log]] [[vibhag:B]] lle821u5mburspd9zogpwke32kxn684