Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk South Africa 0 2714 336929 318486 2026-07-31T22:32:12Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of South Africa | common_name = South Africa | native_name = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:86%; | title = 11 aur sarkari bhasa<ref>{{Cite act |institution=Parliament of the Republic of South Africa |title=Constitution Eighteenth Amendment Act |date=27 July 2023 |volume=697 |number=47665 |language=en, tn}}</ref> | {{Infobox | subbox=yes | bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Afrikaans]]: | data1 = {{lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = [[Zulu language|Zulu]]: | data2 = {{lang|zu|iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika}} | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]: | data3 = {{lang|ss|iRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi Afrika}} | rowclass4 = mergedrow | label5 = [[Northern Sotho language|Pedi]]: | data5 = {{lang|nso|Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa}} | rowclass5 = mergedrow | label6 = [[Sotho language|Southern&nbsp;Sotho]]: | data6 = {{lang|st|Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa}} | rowclass6 = mergedrow | label7 = [[Tswana language|Tswana]]: | data7 = {{lang|tn|Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa}} | rowclass7 = mergedrow | label8 = [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]: | data8 = {{lang|ts|Riphabliki ya Afrika Dzonga}} | rowclass8 = mergedrow | label9 = [[Swazi language|Swati]]: | data9 = {{lang|sw|iRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu-Afrika}} | rowclass9 = mergedrow | label10 = [[Venda language|Venda]]: | data10 = {{lang|ve|Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe}} | rowclass10 = mergedrow | label11 = [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]]: | data11 = {{lang|nr|iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika}} | rowclass11 = mergedrow | label12 = | data12 = | rowclass12 = mergedrow }} }} | image_flag = Flag of South Africa.svg | alt_flag = | flag2_border = | image_coat = Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg | coa_size = 75 | alt_coat = | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = "{{lang|xam|ǃke e: ǀxarra ǁke}}"&nbsp;([[ǀXam bhasa|ǀXam]])<br />"Unity in diversity" | national_anthem = "South Africa ke national anthem" <div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="centre">[[File:South Africa National Anthem.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:ZAF orthographic.svg|frameless]]|Show globe| [[File:South Africa adm location map.svg|frameless]]|Show map of South Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = {{unbulleted list|[[Pretoria]] (executive)<ref name="South Africa at a glance">{{cite web|title=South Africa at a glance |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|website=South African Government |access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526163527/https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|url-status=live }}</ref>|[[Cape Town]] (legislative)<ref name="South Africa at a glance" />|[[Bloemfontein]] (judicial)<ref name="South Africa at a glance" />}} | largest_city = {{nowrap|[[Johannesburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|title=Principal Agglomerations of the World|publisher=City Population|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225073559/http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|url-status=live }}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | population_density_km2 = 50.8 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 169th | population_census = 62,027,503<ref name="Census-2022" /> | population_census_year = [[2022 South African census|2022]] | population_census_rank = 23rd | official_languages = '''12 bhasa'''<ref name="constitution.1.6">{{cite book|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa|publisher=Constitutional Court of South Africa|year=2013|edition=2013 English version|at=ch.&nbsp;1, s.&nbsp;6|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174423/https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="parliament.gov.za">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/na-approves-south-african-sign-language-12th-official-language|title=The NA Approves South African Sign Language as the 12th Official Language |website=Parliament of South Africa |date=3 May 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222131030/https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/na-approves-south-african-sign-language-12th-official-language |archive-date= Dec 22, 2023 }}</ref>{{plainlist| * [[Afrikaans]] * [[English]] * [[Ndebele bhasa|Ndebele]] * [[Sepedi bhasa|Sepedi]] * [[Northern Sotho bhasa|Sesotho]] * [[Tswana language|Setswana]] * [[South African Sign Language]] * [[Swazi bhasa|Swazi]] * [[Venda language|Tshivenda]] * [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] * [[Tsonga language|Xitsonga]] * [[Zulu language|Zulu]] }} {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;font-size:100%;<!--size of [show]/[hide] link--> | liststyle = text-align:left;white-space:nowrap; | title=Languages with special status<ref name="constitution.1.6">{{cite book|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa|publisher=Constitutional Court of South Africa|year=2013|edition=2013 English version|at=ch.&nbsp;1, s.&nbsp;6|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174423/https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>|[[Khoe languages]]| [[Khoekhoe language|Nama]]|[[Khoisan languages]]|[[German language|German]]|[[Greek language|Greek]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Hindi]]|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Urdu]]|[[Arabic]]|[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]|[[Sanskrit]] }} | regional_languages = | languages2_type = | languages2 = | ethnic_groups_year = 2022<ref name="Mitchley">{{Cite web |last=Mitchley |first=Alex |title=SA's population swells to 62 million - 2022 census at a glance |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/sas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=News24 |language=en-US |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011171333/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/sas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 81.4% Black | 8.2% Coloured | 7.3% White | 2.7% Indian, nai to Asian | 0.4% duusra }} | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |85.3% [[Isai dharam]] |7.8% traditional dharam |3.1% koi dharam nai |1.6% [[Islam]] |1.1% [[Hinduism]] |1.1% duusra}} | religion_year = 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name="2022 census3">{{cite web |title=Statistical Release - Census 2022 |url=https://census.statssa.gov.za/assets/documents/2022/P03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=statssa.gov.za}}</ref> | demonym = {{hlist|[[Demographics of South Africa|South African]]}} | government_type = Unitary [[Dominant party system|dominant-party]]<ref>{{cite web |title= THE DOMINANT-PARTY SYSTEM: Challenges for South Africa's Second Decade of Democracy |url= https://www.eisa.org/storage/2023/05/2004-journal-of-african-elections-v3n2-dominant-party-system-challenges-south-africas-second-decade-democracy-eisa.pdf?x15448 |access-date=2025-01-22 |publisher= JOURNAL OF AFRICAN ELECTIONS |language=en }}</ref> [[List of countries by system of government#Parliamentary republics with an executive president|<br/>parliamentary republic <br/>with an executive presidency]] | leader_title1 = President | leader_name1 = [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] | leader_title2 = Deputy President | leader_name2 = [[Paul Mashatile]] | leader_title3 = Speaker of the National <br/>Assembly | leader_name3 = [[Thoko Didiza]] | leader_title4 = Chairperson of the National <br/>Council of Provinces | leader_name4 = [[Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane]] | leader_title5 = Chief Justice | leader_name5 = [[Mandisa Maya]] | legislature = [[Parliament]] | upper_house = [[National Council of Provinces]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence | sovereignty_note = {{nowrap|[[United Kingdom]] se}} | established_event1 = Union | established_date1 = 31 May 1910 | established_event2 = Statute of Westminster | established_date2 = 11 December 1931 | established_event3 = [[Republic]] | established_date3 = 31 May 1961 | established_event4 = Abhi ke constitution | established_date4 = 4 February 1997 | area_km2 = 1,221,037 | area_footnote = | area_rank = 24th | area_sq_mi = 471,443 | percent_water = 0.380 | GDP_PPP = {{decrease}} $993.75 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ZAF |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (South Africa) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416232751/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=199,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 32nd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{decrease}} $15,720<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 95th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $403.75 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = 38th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $6,380<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 98th | Gini = 63.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=ZA|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|access-date=25 September 2018|archive-date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529083011/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=ZA|url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = <!-- 2nd --><!-- hid rank as source not clear --> | HDI = 0.717 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2022<!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year.--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|date=13 March 2024|page=275|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 110th | currency = [[South African rand]] | currency_code = ZAR | time_zone = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = | antipodes = | date_format = Short formats: * yyyy/mm/dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for en-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816213516/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * yyyy-mm-dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for af-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505092248/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|+27]] | iso3166code = ZA | cctld = [[.za]] | today = }} [[file:Flag of South Africa.svg|right|200px]] [[file:locationSouthAfrica.png|right|A picture of South Africa showing where it is in the world]] '''Republic of South Africa''', [[Africa]] ke south me ek [[des]] hae. Iske abaadi forty-five million hae. South Africa ke parrosi des [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Mozambique]] aur [[Swaziland]] hae. Sab se barraa city [[Johannesburg]] hae, capital city [[Cape Town]], [[Pretoria]], aur [[Bloemfontein]]. Iske kaaran hae ki government Pretoria se raaj kare hae, [[parliament]], Cape Town me baithe hae aur Supreme Court Bloemfontein me hae. 11 national [[bhasa]] hae: [[Afrikaans]], [[English bhasa]], Ndebele, Xhosa, Zulu, Swati, Setswana, Sesotho, Sesotho sa Leboa, Venda aur Tsonga. South Africa ke ek jaane maane jan [[Nelson Mandela]] hae, jon ki [[1994]] se [[1999]] talak [[president]] rahaa. <gallery> file:South African Coast.jpg file:Building of the National Herbarium in South Africa.jpg file:Stuttafords store Durban South Africa.jpg file:Bo-Kaap, Cape Town, South Africa.jpg file:Port elizabeth South Africa.jpg file:South African Cricket team 2008.jpg </gallery> == Duusra websites == * [http://www.gov.za Official government site] (not simple) * [http://allafrica.com/southafrica/ South Africa in the news] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225110531/http://allafrica.com/southafrica/ |date=2009-02-25 }} (not simple) [[vibhag:South Africa| ]] [[vibhag:English bhasa waala des]] [[vibhag:African Union ke member]] [[vibhag:Commonwealth ke member]] [[vibhag:Dunia ke des]] [[vibhag:S]] 3o3q3totqcxv7s81hh8y8wqn46ltbx0 Marshall Islands 0 6630 336921 198483 2026-07-31T11:59:17Z Pardesi 1478 336921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of the Marshall Islands | common_name = the Marshall Islands | native_name = {{native name|mh|Aolepān Aorōkin Ṃajeḷ}} | image_flag = Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg | image_coat = Seal of the Marshall Islands.svg | symbol_type = Seal | national_motto ={{small|"Accomplishment through joint effort"}} | national_anthem = "Forever Marshall Islands"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:National Anthem of Marshall Islands by US Navy Band.ogg]]</div> | image_map = Marshall Islands on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg | image_map2 = | capital = [[Delap-Uliga-Djarrit]] on [[Majuro]]<ref>[http://population.mongabay.com/population/marshall-islands The largest cities in Marshall Islands, ranked by population] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903015000/http://population.mongabay.com/population/marshall-islands |date=September 3, 2011 }}. population.mongabay.com. Retrieved May 25, 2012.</ref> | coordinates = {{Coord|7|7|N|171|4|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = {{unbulleted list | [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]] | [[English language|English]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |92.1% Marshallese |{{nowrap|5.9% Mixed Marshallese}} |2% Others}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2006<ref name=ciafact>{{cite web |publisher=CIA World Factbook |title=Marshall Islands Geography |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/marshall-islands/ |access-date= 2021-01-24 |archive-date= 2021-02-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143516/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/marshall-islands/ |url-status= live}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |97.5% [[Christianity]] |—87.0% [[Protestantism]] |—8.4% [[Catholicism]] |—2.1% Other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] |1.5% [[Irreligion|No religion]] |1.0% Other<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/marshall-islands#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |title=Religions in Marshall Islands &#124; PEW-GRF |publisher=Globalreligiousfutures.org |date= |access-date=2022-06-27 |archive-date=2022-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319201356/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/marshall-islands#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> }} | religion_year = 2020 | demonym = Marshallese | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[parliamentary republic with an executive presidency]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the Marshall Islands|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Hilda Heine]] | leader_title2 = [[Legislature of the Marshall Islands|Speaker]] | leader_name2 = [[Brenson Wase]] | legislature = [[Legislature of the Marshall Islands|Nitijela]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[United States]] | established_event1 = Self-government | established_date1 = May 1, 1979 | established_event2 = [[Compact of Free Association]] | established_date2 = October 21, 1986 | area_km2 = 181.43 | area_rank = 189th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 70 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = n/a {{small|({{color|gray|negligible}})}} | population_estimate = 61,988<ref>{{cite web |url=https://countrymeters.info/en/Marshall_Islands |title=Marshall Islands population (2022) live — Countrymeters |publisher=Countrymeters.info |date= |accessdate=2022-07-24 |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011105848/https://countrymeters.info/en/Marshall_Islands |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_census = 53,158<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://prism.spc.int/images/census_reports/Marshall_Islands_Census_2011-Full.pdf |title=Republic of the Marshall Islands 2011 Census Report |website=Prism.spc.int |access-date=August 22, 2017 |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920054452/http://prism.spc.int/images/census_reports/Marshall_Islands_Census_2011-Full.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 187th | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 293.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 885.7 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = 28th | GDP_PPP = $215 million | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $3,789<ref name="imf.org1">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=81&pr.y=11&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=867&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |website=imf.org |access-date=2019-06-06 |archive-date=2020-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612080022/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=81&pr.y=11&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=867&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a= |url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_nominal = $220 million | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,866<ref name="imf.org1"/> | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.639 | HDI_year = 2021 | HDI_change = decrease | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=16 October 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 131st | currency = [[United States dollar]] | currency_code = USD | time_zone = MHT | utc_offset = +12 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = MM/DD/YYYY | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+692]] | cctld = [[.mh]] | footnote_a = 2005 estimate. | today = | iso3166code = MH }} '''Republic of the Marshall Islands''' (RMI) ek [[Micronesia]]n [[island]] des hae jon ki western [[Pacific Ocean]] me hae. Iske [[capital]] [[city]] [[Majuro]] hae. [[vibhag:Micronesia]] [[vibhag:Marshall Islands| ]] [[Vibhag:M]] 47fzi7q4np1cnnn3d2f0muhy8xcu6kv Mahina 0 6732 336923 267908 2026-07-31T12:05:58Z Pardesi 1478 336923 wikitext text/x-wiki Ek '''mahina''', [[waqt]] ke ek unit hae. Ek [[saal]] me barah [[mahina]] hae. Ek mahina me 28, 29, 30 nai to 31 [[din]] rahe hae. === Hindu calendar === [[Hindu calendar]] me mahina ke naam ke dher system hae. Lunar calendar ke mahina hae: {| class="wikitable" |- ! No.!! Sanskrit name !! Tamil name !! Telugu name!! Nepali name!! Assamese name |- | 1 || [[Vaishakha|Vaiśākha]] (वैशाख) || Vaikasi (வைகாசி) || Vaisaakhamu (వైశాఖము)|| [[Baisakh]] (बैशाख) ||Bahāg (বহাগ) |- | 2 || [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeṣṭha]] (ज्येष्ठ) || Aani (ஆனி) || Jyeshttamu (జ్యేష్ఠము)|| [[Jestha|Jeth]] (जेष्ठ/जेठ)|| Jeth (জেঠ) |- |3||[[Ashadha]] (आषाढ) || Aadi (ஆடி) || Aashaadhamu (ఆషాఢము)|| [[Ashadha|Asaar]] (आषाढ/असार)|| Āsār/Āhār (আষাঢ়/আহাৰ) |- |4||[[Śrāvaṇa]] (श्रावण) || [[Aavani]] (ஆவணி) || Sraavanamu (శ్రావణము)|| [[Śrāvaṇa|Saaoon]] (श्रावण/साउन)||Sāoon (শাওণ) |- |5|| [[Bhadrapada]] (भाद्रपद) || Purratasi (புரட்டாசி) || Bhaadhrapadamu (భాద్రపదము)|| [[Bhadra (Nepali calendar)|Bhadau]] (भाद्र|भदौ)||Bhādo (ভাদ) |- |6||[[Aashvina|Āśvina]] (अश्विन) || Aiypasi (ஐப்பசி) || Aasveeyujamu (ఆశ్వయుజము)||[[Aashvina |Asoj]] (आश्विन/असोज) ||Āhin (আহিন) |- |7|| [[Kaartika|Kārtika]] (कार्तिक/कात्तिक) || Kaarthigai (கார்த்திகை) || Kaarthikamu (కార్తీకము)|| [[ Kaartika|Kaattick]](कार्तिक/ कात्तिक) ||Kāti (কাতি) |- |8|| [[Maargashiirsha|Mārgaśīrṣa]] (मार्गशीर्ष) || [[Maargazhi]] (மார்கழி) || Maargaseershamu (మార్గశిరము)|| [[Mangsir]] (मार्ग/मंसिर) ||Āghun (আঘোণ) |- |9|| [[Pausha|Pauṣa]] (पौष) || Thai (தை) || Pushyamu (పుష్యము)|| [[Poush|Push]] (पौष/पुष/पूस)|| Puh (পুহ) |- |10|| [[Maagha|Māgha]] (माघ) || [[Maagha|Maasi]] (மாசி) || Maaghamu (మాఘము)|| [[Magh (Nepali calendar)|Magh]] (माघ) || Māgh (মাঘ) |- |11||[[Phaalguna|Phālguna]] (फाल्गुन) || [[Panguni]] (பங்குனி) || Phaalgunamu (ఫాల్గుణము)|| [[Phaalguna|Faagoon]] (फाल्गुन/फागुन)|| Fāgoon (ফাগুণ) |- | 12|| [[Chaitra]] (चैत्र) || Chitirai (சித்திரை) || Chaithramu (చైత్రము)|| [[Chaitra|Chait]] (चैत्र/चैत) || Chot (চ'ত) |} {{stub}} [[Category:M]] [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] [[Category:Time ke unit]] co401djqy4n5ugotxwcp3xwhd73l587 Mallikarjun Kharge 0 55729 336922 333427 2026-07-31T12:01:32Z Pardesi 1478 336922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | image = Mallikarjun Kharge.jpg | office = 74th [[List of presidents of the Indian National Congress|President of Indian National Congress]] | term_start = 26 October 2022 | predecessor = [[Rahul Gandhi]] | office1 = [[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha]] | 1blankname1 = Chairman | 1namedata1 = [[Venkaiah Naidu]]<br/> [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] | 2blankname1 = Prime Minister | 2namedata1 = [[Narendra Modi]] | predecessor1 = [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]] | successor1 = | term_start1 = {{Start date|2021|02|16|df=yes}} and {{Start date|2022|12|17|df=yes}} | term_end1 = 1 October 2022 and Incumbent | office2 = [[Indian National Congress|Leader of Indian National Congress]], [[Lok Sabha]] | term_start2 = 4 June 2014 | term_end2 = 16 June 2019 | predecessor2 = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]] | successor2 = [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] | office3 = [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Chairperson of Public Accounts Committee]] | term_start3 = 2016 | term_end3 = 2019 | appointed3 = [[Sumitra Mahajan]] {{small|([[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Speaker]])}} | predecessor3 = [[K V Thomas]] | successor3 = [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] | office4 = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]] | primeminister4 = [[Manmohan Singh]] | term_start4 = 17 June 2013 | term_end4 = 26 May 2014 | predecessor4 = [[C. P. Joshi]] | successor4 = [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]] | office5 = [[Minister of Labour and Employment (India)|Minister of Labour and Employment]] | primeminister5 = [[Manmohan Singh]] | term_start5 = 29 May 2009 | term_end5 = 16 June 2013 | predecessor5 = [[Oscar Fernandes]] | successor5 = [[Sis Ram Ola]] | office6 = [[Leader of the Opposition|Leader of the Opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] | term_start6 = 19 December 1996 | term_end6 = 7 July 1999 | predecessor6 = [[B. S. Yediyurappa]] | successor6 = [[Jagadish Shettar]] | term_start7 = 5 June 2008 | term_end7 = 28 May 2009 | predecessor7 = [[N. Dharam Singh]] | successor7 = [[Siddaramaiah]] | office8 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] | constituency8 = [[Karnataka]] | predecessor8 = [[Rajeev Gowda]] | successor8 = | term_start8 = 12 June 2020 | term_end8 = | office9 = General Secretary of <br />[[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] and Incharge for [[Maharashtra]] | term_start9 = 22 June 2018 | term_end9 = 11 September 2020 | predecessor9 = Position Created | successor9 = [[H. K. Patil]] | office10 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] | constituency10 = [[Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gulbarga]] | term_start10 = 31 May 2009 | term_end10 = 23 May 2019 | predecessor10 = [[Iqbal Ahmed Saradgi]] | successor10 = [[Umesh. G. Jadhav]] | office11 = President of [[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee]] | term_start11 = 2005 | term_end11 = 2008 | predecessor11 = [[Janardhana Poojary]] | successor11 = [[R. V. Deshpande]] | office12 = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]], [[Karnataka]] | predecessor12 = [[N. Yenkappa]] | successor12 = [[Baburao Chinchansur]] | term_start12 = 1972 | term_end12 = 2008 | constituency12 = [[Gurmitkal (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Gurmitkal]] | term_start13 = 2008 | term_end13 = 2009 | constituency13 = [[Chittapur (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Chittapur]] | predecessor13 = [[Vishwanath Patil Hebbal]] | successor13 = [[Valmiki Naik]] | office14 = [[Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of Karnataka]] | term_start14 = 1999 | term_end14 = 2004 | 2blankname14 = [[Chief Minister]] | 2namedata14 = [[S. M. Krishna]] | office15 = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]], [[Government of Karnataka]] | term_start15 = 1978 | term_end15 = 1980 | term_start16 = 1990 | term_end16 = 1992 | office17 = [[Minister of Revenue]], [[Government of Karnataka]] | term_start17 = 1980 | term_end17 = 1983 | 2blankname17 = [[Chief Minister]] | 2namedata17 = [[Gundu Rao]] | term_start18 = 1990 | term_end18 = 1992 | 2blankname18 = [[Chief Minister]] | 2namedata18 = [[Bangarappa]] | office19 = Minister for Co-Operation in [[Government of Karnataka]] | term_start19 = 1992 | term_end19 = 1994 | 2blankname19 = [[Chief Minister]] | 2namedata19 = [[Veerappa Moily]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|7|21|df=y}} | birth_place = Warwatti, Bhalki taluka, [[Bidar district]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Karnataka]], [[India]]) | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Indian National Congress]] | otherparty = | spouse = {{Marriage|Radhabai Kharge|13 May 1968}} | children = 5 | alma_mater = Government College, Gulbarga <br /> [[Gulbarga University]] }} '''Mallikarjun Kharge''' (b. 21 July, 1982), [[Indian National Congress]] ke pradhan han abhi ke. Bache: Priyadarshani aur Priyank Patni: Radhabai == Ii bhi dekho == A. P. J. Abdul Kalam [[vibhag:India ke log]] [[vibhag:K]] 006wmxtcszmm855izuuaa4jdulmhsak Iron Sheikh 0 55874 336924 333443 2026-07-31T12:10:16Z Pardesi 1478 336924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox professional wrestler | name = The Iron Sheik | ring_names = {{Plain list| * Ali Vaziri<ref name="OWOW">{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/i/iron-sheik.html|title=Iron Sheik Profile|access-date=September 20, 2008|publisher=Online World Of Wrestling|archive-date=August 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812073414/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/i/iron-sheik.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * Col. Mustafa<ref name="OWOW"/> * Great Hossein Arab<ref name="OWOW"/> * Muhammad Farouk * The Iron Sheik<ref name="WWEbio">{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/inductees/theironsheik/|title=Iron Sheik WWE Hall of Fame Profile|access-date=March 31, 2011|publisher=[[WWE]]|archive-date=June 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606233101/http://www.wwe.com/superstars/theironsheik|url-status=live}}</ref> }} | image = The Iron Sheik, 1982.png | caption = The Iron Sheik in 1982 | height = 6 ft 0 in<ref name="WWEbio"/> | weight = 258 lb<ref name="WWEbio"/> | birth_name = Hossein Khosrow Ali Vaziri | birth_date = {{Birth date|1942|3|15}} | birth_place = [[Damghan]], [[Pahlavi Iran|Imperial State of Iran]]<ref name="yt"/><ref name="WWEbio"/><ref name=moolah/> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|6|7|1942|3|15}} | death_place = [[Fayetteville, Georgia]], U.S. | spouse = {{marriage|Caryl Peterson|1976}} | children = 3 | billed = [[Tehran]], Iran | trainer = {{Plain list| * [[Verne Gagne]]<ref name="WWEbio"/> * [[Billy Robinson]] }} | debut = 1972<ref name="OWOW"/> | retired = April 24, 2010<!--last match for WWE/F was at WrestleMania X-Seven on April 1, 2001. Last match overall was for Millenium Wrestling Federation, where he teamed with Jay Lethal to defeat “Stalker” Dylan Kage (w/Paul Bearer)--> | module = {{Infobox sportsperson | child = yes | nocat_wdimage = yes | name = | header_color = lightsteelblue | show_medals = yes | medal_templates = {{MedalSport|[[Greco-Roman wrestling]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Amateur Athletic Union|AAU]] National Championships}} {{MedalGold|1971|180.5 lbs<ref name=":3"/>}} }} }} Iron Sheikh ill [[Iran|Irani]] descent ke America ke WCW abhi ke WWE se the. Dusra naam: Khosrow Vaziri == Ill bhi dekho == [[Dalip 'Khali' Singh]], [[Bret Hart]], Gene Okerlund [[vibhag:I]] [[vibhag:S]] [[vibhag:V]] emkpkpaffwpc7mb1btalcg1gv4drax9 Template:Infobox professional wrestler 10 69355 336925 2026-07-31T12:11:37Z Pardesi 1478 Panna jisme "<includeonly>{{#invoke:Template wrapper|wrap|_template=Infobox sportsperson | _alias-map = partner:life_partner, module:module3 | _exclude = ring_names, billed, trainer, debut, signature, signature_size, signature_alt | _reuse = module2, module4, partner, height, weight, retired | template_name = infobox professional wrestler | embed_header =[[Professional wrestling|Professional wrestling career]] | career_header =Professional wrestling|Pro..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336925 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Template wrapper|wrap|_template=Infobox sportsperson | _alias-map = partner:life_partner, module:module3 | _exclude = ring_names, billed, trainer, debut, signature, signature_size, signature_alt | _reuse = module2, module4, partner, height, weight, retired | template_name = infobox professional wrestler | embed_header =[[Professional wrestling|Professional wrestling career]] | career_header =[[Professional wrestling|Professional wrestling career]] | family_label = [[List of family relations in professional wrestling|Family]] | module3 = {{{module|}}} | module2 = {{Infobox | child = yes | label14 = [[Ring name|Ring&nbsp;name{{Pluralize from text|{{{ring_names|}}}|likely=(s)|plural=s}}]] | data14 = {{{ring_names|}}} | label15 = Billed&nbsp;height | data15 = {{#if:{{{height|}}}|{{infobox person/height|{{{height}}}}}}} | label16 = Billed&nbsp;weight | data16 = {{#if:{{{weight|}}}|{{infobox person/weight|{{{weight}}}}}}} | label17 = Billed&nbsp;from | data17 = {{{billed|}}} | label18 = Trained&nbsp;by | data18 = {{{trainer|}}} | label19 = Debut | data19 = {{{debut|}}} | label20 = Retired | data20 = {{{retired|}}} }} | module4 = {{Infobox | child = yes | headerstyle = background:#CCCC99; | header1 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|Signature}} | data2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature_alt|}}}}} }} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ehjh704rv43run807d5sngxdpp2h88e Coomar Narain 0 69356 336926 2026-07-31T14:26:32Z Ramesh Deuba 40798 New article 336926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Kumar Narayan | birth_date = 1925 | birth_place = [[Vadakkancheri]], [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]], India | death_date = 20 March 2000 | death_place = [[New Delhi]], India | occupation = Vyapari | employer = S. L. M. Maneklal Industries | known_for = [[Kumar Narayan jasoosi kand]] | spouse = Geeta Narayan }} '''Kumar Narayan''' (1925–2000) ek Bharatiya vyapari the, jinka naam [[Kumar Narayan jasoosi mamla]] mein pramukh roop se saamne aaya. Yeh jasoosi kand January 1985 mein Bharat mein saamne aaya tha. Un par sarkari adhikariyon aur bicholiyon ke ek network ke madhyam se Bharat Sarkar ki gopniya jaankari haasil karke use videshi pratinidhiyon tak pahunchane ka aarop lagaya gaya tha. Is maamle mein [[Pradhanmantri Karyalaya (Bharat)|Pradhanmantri Karyalaya]], [[Raksha Mantralaya (Bharat)|Raksha Mantralaya]] aur doosre sarkari vibhagon se jude adhikariyon ke shaamil hone ki baat kahi gayi thi।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/spy-and-the-son-coomar-narain-spy-case-5995924/|title=Coomar Narain: A spy and how his stepson came out of the cold|first=Mahender Singh|last=Manral|work=The Indian Express|date=15 September 2019|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19850215-spy-scandal-india-security-breach-appears-to-have-reached-frightening-levels-769795-2013-11-25|title=Spy scandal: India's security breach appears to have reached frightening levels|first=Dilip|last=Bobb|work=India Today|date=15 February 1985|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> == Shuruaati jeevan aur peshevar jeevan == Kumar Narayan ka janm 1925 mein aaj ke [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]] ke Vadakkencheri mein hua tha. ''[[The Indian Express]]'' dwara quote kiye gaye police chargesheet ke anusaar, unhone 1943 mein [[Bharatiya Sena]] ki postal service mein entry li aur 1949 mein service se retire ho gaye. Iske baad unhone [[Bharat Sarkar]] mein stenographer ke roop mein kaam kiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/spy-and-the-son-coomar-narain-spy-case-5995924/|title=Coomar Narain: A spy and how his stepson came out of the cold|first=Mahender Singh|last=Manral|work=The Indian Express|date=15 September 2019|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/1071076/biography-how-coomar-narain-made-a-career-of-leaking-confidential-bureaucratic-documents|title=Biography: How Coomar Narain made a career of leaking confidential bureaucratic documents|first=Kallol|last=Bhattacharjee|work=Scroll.in|date=1 August 2024|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> Sarkari service chhodne ke baad Narayan ne Bombay sthit S. L. M. Maneklal Industries mein kaam kiya, jahan woh regional manager bane. Baad mein unhone [[New Delhi]] ke 16 Hailey Road par ek office establish kiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/spy-and-the-son-coomar-narain-spy-case-5995924/|title=Coomar Narain: A spy and how his stepson came out of the cold|first=Mahender Singh|last=Manral|work=The Indian Express|date=15 September 2019|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> Maamle se judi contemporary aur baad ki reports ke anusaar, Narayan ne sarkari adhikariyon ke saath apne contacts badhaaye the aur baad mein adhikariyon ke ek network ke zariye gopniya documents haasil karne ka aarop un par lagaya gaya. Yeh aarop January 1985 mein unki giraftari tak chali jasoosi jaanch ka aadhaar bane.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/spy-and-the-son-coomar-narain-spy-case-5995924/|title=Coomar Narain: A spy and how his stepson came out of the cold|first=Mahender Singh|last=Manral|work=The Indian Express|date=15 September 2019|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> == Jasoosi mamla == January 1985 mein [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] ne sarkari gopniya jaankari leak hone ke aaropon ki monitoring aur jaanch ke liye ek operation chalaya. 16 January ko Intelligence Bureau ki teams ne [[New Delhi]] ke alag-alag locations par ek saath raids ki. Inmein 16 Hailey Road sthit S. L. M. Maneklal Industries ka office bhi shaamil tha. Is karvaai ke dauraan Kumar Narayan ko giraftaar kiya gaya aur baad mein un par foreign agents ko gopniya jaankari dene ka aarop lagaya gaya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19850215-spy-scandal-india-security-breach-appears-to-have-reached-frightening-levels-769795-2013-11-25|title=Spy scandal: India's security breach appears to have reached frightening levels|first=Dilip|last=Bobb|work=India Today|date=15 February 1985|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/spy-and-the-son-coomar-narain-spy-case-5995924/|title=Coomar Narain: A spy and how his stepson came out of the cold|first=Mahender Singh|last=Manral|work=The Indian Express|date=15 September 2019|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> Us samay ki news reports ke anusaar, investigators ka aarop tha ki sarkari adhikariyon ke ek network ke zariye gopniya documents haasil karke Narayan tak pahunchaye jaate the. Is network mein [[Pradhanmantri Karyalaya (Bharat)|Pradhanmantri Karyalaya]] aur [[Raksha Mantralaya (Bharat)|Raksha Mantralaya]] se jude employees bhi shaamil bataaye gaye the. Jaanch ke dauraan kuch sarkari employees aur anya logon ko bhi giraftaar kiya gaya tha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19850215-spy-scandal-india-security-breach-appears-to-have-reached-frightening-levels-769795-2013-11-25|title=Spy scandal: India's security breach appears to have reached frightening levels|first=Dilip|last=Bobb|work=India Today|date=15 February 1985|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/global/story/unveiling-indias-biggest-spy-scandal-the-coomer-narain-case-2573456-2024-07-29|title=Unveiling India's Biggest Spy Scandal: The Coomer Narain Case|work=India Today|date=29 July 2024|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> [[Official Secrets Act, 1923|Official Secrets Act, 1923]] ke tahat Narayan aur kuch sarkari adhikariyon ke naam ke saath First Information Report (FIR) darj ki gayi thi. Baad ki reports ke anusaar, is maamle mein Pradhanmantri Karyalaya, [[Raksha Mantralaya (Bharat)|Raksha Mantralaya]], [[Vitt Mantralaya (Bharat)|Vitt Mantralaya]] aur anya sarkari institutions ke adhikariyon ke shaamil hone ki baat kahi gayi thi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/spy-and-the-son-coomar-narain-spy-case-5995924/|title=Coomar Narain: A spy and how his stepson came out of the cold|first=Mahender Singh|last=Manral|work=The Indian Express|date=15 September 2019|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/global/story/unveiling-indias-biggest-spy-scandal-the-coomer-narain-case-2573456-2024-07-29|title=Unveiling India's Biggest Spy Scandal: The Coomer Narain Case|work=India Today|date=29 July 2024|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> Network ke zariye kathit roop se transfer ki gayi information mein confidential government codes, secret documents aur defence, shipping, transport, finance aur planning se sambandhit reports shaamil bataayi gayi thi. Inmein [[Research and Analysis Wing|Research and Analysis Wing]] aur Intelligence Bureau se sambandhit reports bhi shaamil thi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|first=Kaunain|last=Sheriff|work=The Indian Express|date=28 February 2019|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> Jaanch mein yeh bhi aarop lagaya gaya ki network ke members ke foreign embassies ke officials ke saath contacts the. Contemporary aur baad ki reports mein French, Polish aur German embassies ke saath kathit sambandhon ka zikr kiya gaya hai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/official-secrets-act-what-it-covers-when-it-has-been-used-questioned-rafale-deal-5616457/|title=Official Secrets Act: what it covers; when it has been used, questioned|first=Kaunain|last=Sheriff|work=The Indian Express|date=28 February 2019|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/spy-and-the-son-coomar-narain-spy-case-5995924/|title=Coomar Narain: A spy and how his stepson came out of the cold|first=Mahender Singh|last=Manral|work=The Indian Express|date=15 September 2019|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> == Trial aur conviction == Jaanch ke baad kai aaropiyon se juda ek lamba criminal trial chala. ''[[The Indian Express]]'' ke anusaar, prosecution ne lagbhag 2,100 pages ki chargesheet aur 188 witnesses ki list pesh ki thi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/spy-and-the-son-coomar-narain-spy-case-5995924/|title=Coomar Narain: A spy and how his stepson came out of the cold|first=Mahender Singh|last=Manral|work=The Indian Express|date=15 September 2019|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> Case ki hearing lagbhag 17 saal tak chali. July 2002 mein [[Pradhanmantri Karyalaya (Bharat)|Pradhanmantri Karyalaya]] aur [[Rashtrapati Bhavan|Rashtrapati Bhavan Secretariat]] ke employees sahit 12 former government employees ko jasoosi maamle mein shaamil hone ka doshi thehraaya gaya aur unhein 10 saal ki jail ki saza sunaayi gayi. Unhein confidential government codes aur classified documents foreign agents ko dene ke aarop mein doshi thehraaya gaya tha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/spy-and-the-son-coomar-narain-spy-case-5995924/|title=Coomar Narain: A spy and how his stepson came out of the cold|first=Mahender Singh|last=Manral|work=The Indian Express|date=15 September 2019|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/1050786/an-advisor-to-former-pm-rajiv-gandhi-recalls-how-a-1985-espionage-scandal-rocked-indian-politics|title=An advisor to former PM Rajiv Gandhi recalls how a 1985 espionage scandal rocked Indian politics|work=Scroll.in|date=2023|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> Is case ke main accused maane jaane wale Kumar Narayan ki March 2000 mein, trial ka final decision aane se pehle hi, death ho gayi. Isliye unhein case mein saza nahi sunaayi gayi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/1050786/an-advisor-to-former-pm-rajiv-gandhi-recalls-how-a-1985-espionage-scandal-rocked-indian-politics|title=An advisor to former PM Rajiv Gandhi recalls how a 1985 espionage scandal rocked Indian politics|work=Scroll.in|date=2023|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/spy-and-the-son-coomar-narain-spy-case-5995924/|title=Coomar Narain: A spy and how his stepson came out of the cold|first=Mahender Singh|last=Manral|work=The Indian Express|date=15 September 2019|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> Yeh case isliye bhi important bana kyunki criminal proceedings unusually long samay tak chali aur [[Pradhanmantri Karyalaya (Bharat)|Pradhanmantri Karyalaya]] aur [[Raksha Mantralaya (Bharat)|Raksha Mantralaya]] jaise sensitive government offices mein kaam karne wale employees ke ismein shaamil hone ki baat saamne aayi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/1050786/an-advisor-to-former-pm-rajiv-gandhi-recalls-how-a-1985-espionage-scandal-rocked-indian-politics|title=An advisor to former PM Rajiv Gandhi recalls how a 1985 espionage scandal rocked Indian politics|work=Scroll.in|date=2023|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> == Baad ke saal aur death == January 1985 mein giraftari ke baad Kumar Narayan ko baad mein bail par release kar diya gaya tha. ''[[The Indian Express]]'' dwara quote kiye gaye police records ke anusaar, iske baad unhone South Delhi ke Sainik Farms mein ek farmhouse kharida. Narayan ki 20 March 2000 ko 75 saal ki age mein death hui.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/spy-and-the-son-coomar-narain-spy-case-5995924/|title=Coomar Narain: A spy and how his stepson came out of the cold|first=Mahender Singh|last=Manral|work=The Indian Express|date=15 September 2019|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/13-convicted-in-spying-case/articleshow/16196775.cms|title=13 convicted in spying case|work=The Times of India|date=16 July 2002|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> Narayan ki wife Geeta Narayan farmhouse mein reh rahi thi. 2002 mein ek unknown person dwara property ke andar unki gala dabaakar hatya kiye jaane ka aarop lagaya gaya tha. Unki death ke baad farmhouse ki ownership aur inheritance ka maamla Delhi Police ki investigation se juda raha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/spy-and-the-son-coomar-narain-spy-case-5995924/|title=Coomar Narain: A spy and how his stepson came out of the cold|first=Mahender Singh|last=Manral|work=The Indian Express|date=15 September 2019|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/delhi-spy-mangaluru-stepson-and-a-farmhouse-worth-crores/articleshow/71304359.cms|title=Delhi spy, Mangaluru stepson and a farmhouse worth crores|work=The Times of India|date=20 September 2019|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> == Virasat == Kumar Narayan jasoosi maamla 1980s ke dauraan Bharat mein saamne aaye major espionage cases mein se ek tha. Investigation aur uske baad chale trial mein government ki confidential information ko kathit roop se transfer kiye jaane aur [[Pradhanmantri Karyalaya (Bharat)|Pradhanmantri Karyalaya]] aur [[Raksha Mantralaya (Bharat)|Raksha Mantralaya]] jaise sensitive government offices mein kaam karne wale officials ke shaamil hone ke aarop saamne aaye.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/spy-and-the-son-coomar-narain-spy-case-5995924/|title=Coomar Narain: A spy and how his stepson came out of the cold|first=Mahender Singh|last=Manral|work=The Indian Express|date=15 September 2019|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/global/story/unveiling-indias-biggest-spy-scandal-the-coomer-narain-case-2573456-2024-07-29|title=Unveiling India's Biggest Spy Scandal: The Coomer Narain Case|work=India Today|date=29 July 2024|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> Baad mein is case ko books aur journalistic investigations mein bhi dobara examine kiya gaya. 2024 mein journalist Kallol Bhattacharjee ne ''[[A Singular Spy: The Untold Story of Coomar Narain]]'' publish ki, jismein case ki dobara review karte hue jasoosi network se jude events ko reconstruct karne ki koshish ki gayi hai.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhattacherjee|first=Kallol|title=A Singular Spy: The Untold Story of Coomar Narain|publisher=Bloomsbury India|year=2024|isbn=9789356405726}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/book/pointless-epitaph-for-a-spy-124091101470_1.html|title=A pointless epitaph: Clumsy retelling mars Coomar Narain scandal revisit|first=Shreekant|last=Sambrani|work=Business Standard|date=11 September 2024|access-date=31 July 2026}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} pgrygi4ii5aqfjsvznm3w9goe16ibhy sadasya ke baat:Ramesh Deuba 3 69357 336927 2026-07-31T14:26:34Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 336927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Ramesh Deuba}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 14:26, 31 Julai 2026 (UTC) jeoda8ajqg3o97pb2t2zdsrle8zohkw sadasya ke baat:Asutosh123 3 69358 336928 2026-07-31T16:16:08Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 336928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Asutosh123}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 16:16, 31 Julai 2026 (UTC) 1s7kfjujwozed15l2yw7hfvbjimfzop AD 1977 0 69359 336930 2026-08-01T10:54:59Z Girmitya 41 Panna ke [[1977]] pe redirect kar dewa gais hae 336930 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[1977]] kn4ywmu765vk9tk11lu1pqkyw47bizo AD 1976 0 69360 336931 2026-08-01T10:55:41Z Girmitya 41 Panna ke [[1976]] pe redirect kar dewa gais hae 336931 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[1976]] pm3ebribmfb9xo0cnhycy5x665mxswf AD 1975 0 69361 336932 2026-08-01T10:56:16Z Girmitya 41 Panna ke [[1975]] pe redirect kar dewa gais hae 336932 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[1975]] oyvno9ivxdzzp9cl507os1pfccstx4u AD 1974 0 69362 336933 2026-08-01T10:56:53Z Girmitya 41 Panna ke [[1974]] pe redirect kar dewa gais hae 336933 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[1974]] hzv0ncncm7v375nnmorcw6wspofe0sk AD 1973 0 69363 336934 2026-08-01T10:57:32Z Girmitya 41 Panna ke [[1973]] pe redirect kar dewa gais hae 336934 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[1973]] fwgmdfpjwjmte0bjr2cpima3y5afa21 AD 1972 0 69364 336935 2026-08-01T10:58:09Z Girmitya 41 Panna ke [[1972]] pe redirect kar dewa gais hae 336935 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[1972]] cp310vfhl8lkchnyb4mi02conehk6s1 AD 1971 0 69365 336936 2026-08-01T10:58:49Z Girmitya 41 Panna ke [[1971]] pe redirect kar dewa gais hae 336936 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[1971]] 4xf0vylk7kc271ml0jm1knzpbosw1vd AD 1970 0 69366 336937 2026-08-01T10:59:33Z Girmitya 41 Panna ke [[1970]] pe redirect kar dewa gais hae 336937 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[1970]] gqyuaffzmjr1ydcdipsqzrzagj2qg6g