Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4488 337247 336590 2026-08-13T09:02:59Z Sampaadak 1104 337247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writer | name = Marcel Proust | image = Marcel Proust 1895.jpg | bgcolour = silver | caption = | birth_date = [[10 July]] [[1871]] | birth_place = Auteuil, [[France]] | death_date = [[18 November]] [[1922]] | death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]] | occupation = Novelist, essayist, critic | magnum_opus = ''In Search of Lost Time'' | genre = modernism | influences = Saint-Simon, Brantôme, Honoré de Balzac, [[Charles Baudelaire]], Anatole France, Henri Bergson, Fyodor Dostoevsky, John Ruskin, Leo Tolstoy, Arthur Schopenhauer, Stendhal | influenced = Ahmet Altan, John Banville, Samuel Beckett, Jean Cocteau, [[Graham Greene]], Jack Kerouac, Naguib Mahfouz, Manuel Mujica Láinez, Iris Murdoch, Vladimir Nabokov, [[Orhan Pamuk]], Edmund White, Virginia Woolf, Richard Wright | salary = | networth = | signature = Marcel Proust signature.svg | website = | footnotes =}} '''Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust''' ([[French bhasa|French]] pronounced: maʁsɛl pʁust) ([[10 July]] [[1871]] – [[18 November]] [[1922]]) ek [[France|French]] novelist, essayist aur critic rahaa, aur uske sab se jaada ''À la recherche du temps perdu'' (in [[English bhasa|English]], ''In Search of Lost Time'', jiske 1913 aur 1927 ke biich me likha gais rahaa, ke khatir jana jaawe hae. ==Jeewan Kahaani== Proust ke janam 10 July 1871 me uske great-uncle ke ghare, Paris ke Borough [[Auteuil, Paris|Auteuil]] (the south-western sector of the then-rustic [[16th arrondissement of Paris|16th arrondissement]]) me bhais rahaa, [[Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)|Treaty of Frankfurt]] , jon [[Franco-Prussian War]] ke khalaas karis rahaa, ke dui mahina baad. Uske janam ke saathe [[French Third Republic]] suruu bhais rahaa,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ellison|first=David|title=A Reader's Guide to Proust's 'In Search of Lost Time'|year=2010|pages=8}}</ref> jon time dher maar-kaat bhais rahaa, [[Paris Commune]] ke supress kare ke khaatir, sur uske bachpan aur consolidation of the Republic ekke time ke hae. ''[[In Search of Lost Time]]'' ke dher hissa dher badlao, khaas kar ke decline of the aristocracy aur middle classes ke rise ke baare me rahaa, jon France me ''[[fin de siècle]] ke time bhais rahaa.'' Proust ke pitaji, [[Adrien Proust]], ek jaana-maana French [[pathologist]] aur [[Epidemiology|epidemiologist]] rahaa, jon [[Europe]] aur [[Asia]] me [[cholera]] ke adhyan karis rahaa. Uu medicine aur hygiene ke baare me dher book likhis rahaa. Proust ke maiyaa, Jeanne Clémence (nee Weil), ek dhani [[History of the Jews in Germany|German–Jewish]] palwaar, jon [[Alsace]] me rahat rahin, se rahii. <ref>{{cite web |first=Allan|last=Massie|title=Madame Proust: A Biography By Evelyne Bloch-Dano, translated by Alice Kaplan|work=Literary Review|url=http://www.literaryreview.co.uk/massie_10_07.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212151419/http://www.literaryreview.co.uk/massie_10_07.html |archive-date=12 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Uske maiyaa literate aur well-read rahii, aur uske ek well-developed sense of humour rahaa, aur uske [[English bhasa]] ke achchhaa gyaan rahaa, jisse uu aapan larrka ke [[John Ruskin]] ke translation me madat karis rahaa.<ref name="Tadié">Tadié, J-Y. (Euan Cameron, trans.) ''Marcel Proust: A life''. New York: Penguin Putnam, 2000.</ref> Proust ke uske pitaji ke [[Catholicism|Catholic faith]] me paala gais rahaa.<ref>[http://www.nysoclib.org/travels/proust.html NYSL TRAVELS: Paris: Proust's Time Regained] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127020446/http://www.nysoclib.org/travels/proust.html|date=27 January 2012}}</ref> Uske 5 August 1871 me t [[Saint-Louis-d'Antin|Church of Saint-Louis-d'Antin]] me baptise karaa gais rahaa aur baad me uu Catholic confirmed bhais rahaa, lekin uu aapan dharam ke kabhi paractice nai karis rahaa. Baad me uu [[Atheism|atheist]] ban gais rahaa aur [[Mysticism|mystic]] bhi rahaa.<ref>Edmund White (2009). Marcel Proust: A Life. Penguin. {{ISBN|9780143114987}}. "Marcel Proust was the son of a Christian father and a Jewish mother. He himself was baptized (on August 5, 1871, at the church of Saint-Louis d'Antin) and later [[Confirmation in the Catholic Church|confirmed as a Roman Catholic]], but he never practised that faith and as an adult could best be described as a mystical atheist, someone imbued with spirituality who nonetheless did not believe in a personal God, much less in a savior."</ref><ref>Proust, Marcel (1999). The Oxford dictionary of quotations. Oxford University Press. p. 594. {{ISBN|978-0-19-860173-9}}. "...the highest praise of God consists in the denial of him by the atheist who finds creation so perfect that it can dispense with a creator."</ref> Nau saal ke umar talak, Proust ke pahila serious [[asthma]] attack bhais rahaa, aur ii kaaran se uske ek bemariyaa larrka maana jaaawat rahaa. Proust lambaa-lambaa chhutti [[Illiers-Combray|Illiers]] gaon me rahat rahaa. Ii gaon, aur iske saathe uske aapan great-uncle's house inke ghar Auteuil me, uske fictional town of Combray ke model rahaa, jahaan pe ''[[In Search of Lost Time]]'' ke dher ghtna based rahaa. (Illiers ke 1971 me Illiers-Combray ke naam dewa gais Proust centenary celebrations ke khaatir.) 1882 me, gyrah saal ke umar me, Proust [[Lycée Condorcet]] ke chelaa banaa rahaa; lekin uske parrhai ke uske bemaari ke kaaran, buraa asar parraa rahaa. Iske bawajuut, uu literature me achchhaa karis rahaa, jisme uske final year me award milaa rahaa. Uske classmates ke protsaan se, uu salons of the upper [[bourgeoisie]] ke access kare sakaa rahaa, jisse uske dher material for ''In Search of Lost Time'' ke khaatir milaa rahaa.<ref>Painter, George D. (1959) ''Marcel Proust: a biography''; Vols. 1 & 2. London: Chatto & Windus</ref> [[File:Marcel Proust et Lucien Daudet.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Marcel Proust (seated), [[Robert de Flers]] (left), and [[Lucien Daudet]] (right), {{circa|1894}}]] Uske kharaab tabiyat ke bawajuuut, Proust French army me ek saal (1889–90) talak serve karis rahaa, jisme uu Coligny Barracks [[Orléans]] me based rahaa, jon experience se uu ek lambaa episode ''[[The Guermantes' Way]]'' me karis rahaa, jon uske novel ke part three rahaa. Barraa hoe ke, Proust ek [[Amateur|dilettante]] aur ek [[social climber]] banaa, lekin uske whose aspirations ek lekhak ke ruup me, ke uske lack of self-discipline baadha rahaa. == References == * Adorno, Theodor. "Prisms." The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA. 1967. * Aciman, André (2004) ''The Proust Project''. New York Farrar, Straus and Giroux * Albaret, Céleste (Barbara Bray, trans.) 2003 ''Monsieur Proust''. New York: The New York Review of Books * Bernard, Anne-Marie (2002) ''The World of Proust, as seen by Paul Nadar''. Cambridge: MIT Press * Carter, William C. (2000) ''Marcel Proust: A Life''. New Haven: Yale University Press * Davenport-Hines, Richard (2006) ''A Night at the Majestic''. London: Faber and Faber ISBN 978-0-571-22009-0 * De Botton, Alain (1998) ''How Proust Can Change Your Life''. New York: Vintage Books * Deleuze, Gilles (2004) ''Proust and Signs: The Complete Text''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press * Painter, George D (1959) ''Marcel Proust A Biography'' Vols. 1 & 2. London: Chatto & Windus * Shattuck, Roger (1963) ''Proust's Binoculars: A Study of Memory, Time, and Recognition in À la recherche du temps perdu''. New York: Random House * Shattuck, Roger (2000) ''Proust's Way: A Field Guide To In Search of Lost Time'', New York: W. W. Norton * Tadié, Jean-Yves: ''MARCEL PROUST: A Life''. Viking, New York, 2000 * White, Edmund (1998) ''Marcel Proust''. New York: Viking Books == Duusra websites == * [http://letempsdeproust.blogsome.com/ Le temps de Proust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805043003/http://letempsdeproust.blogsome.com/ |date=2007-08-05 }}- a blog about (re)reading Proust and the associated secondary literature * [http://www.readingproust.com/ Reading Proust]- A reader enjoys the new Penguin/Viking translations of ''In Search of Lost Time''. * [http://www.retortmagazine.com/06/id_03.06_dan_schneider.htm Reinterpretation of Remembrance Of Things Past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623094812/http://www.retortmagazine.com/06/id_03.06_dan_schneider.htm |date=2006-06-23 }} * [http://pages.nyu.edu/~gmp1/proust.htm Why Proust? And Why Now?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607092303/http://pages.nyu.edu/~gmp1/proust.htm |date=2008-06-07 }} - an essay on the lasting relevance of Proust and his work * [http://www.library.uiuc.edu/kolbp/biblioF.htm#period A short Proust bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411084406/http://www.library.uiuc.edu/kolbp/biblioF.htm#period |date=2005-04-11 }} (bilingual) * [http://www.tempsperdu.com/ TempsPerdu.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014102029/http://www.tempsperdu.com/ |date=2008-10-14 }}- many useful links, including to online texts of ''Lost Time'' in French and English * [http://www.library.uiuc.edu/kolbp/ The Kolb-Proust Archive for Research] * [http://www.marcelproust.it/ Marcel Proust, a personal site in Italian] * [http://www.schottlaender-proust.com/index_fr.htm Essay by Stephan Reimertz on Proust in Germany (in French)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223080749/http://www.schottlaender-proust.com/index_fr.htm |date=2007-02-23 }} * [http://www.gerard-bertrand.net/index.htm Marcel Proust's Album], Marcel Proust receives a tribute in this album of "recomposed photographs". * [http://www.toutfaux.com/toutfaux-hommage.html Marcel Proust et l'aviation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623105255/http://www.toutfaux.com/toutfaux-hommage.html |date=2008-06-23 }}, Proust and airplanes. === Online texts === * [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/p/proust/marcel/ University of Adelaide Library] French text of volumes 1-4 and the complete novel in English translation * [http://www.wikilivres.info/wiki/index.php/Marcel_Proust Works of Marcel Proust] {{BD|1871|1922|Proust, Marcel}} [[Category:P]] [[Category:France ke lekhak]] 4xgufanrjezmi8t46dwii80rf9tkpmb 14 7957 337227 63755 2026-08-12T12:01:29Z Girmitya 41 337227 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Janam]] [[Category:-0065BC]] psophveq6lwlkmyw46fozplcducmpl8 14 22310 337230 188138 2026-08-12T12:07:21Z Girmitya 41 Panna ke mitae dia hae 337230 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 60649 337231 313025 2026-08-12T12:11:26Z Girmitya 41 337231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Monarch | title = | image = [[File:Chandragupt maurya Birla mandir 6 dec 2009 (31) (cropped).JPG|200px|thumb|Chandragupta Maurya ke murti, Delhi ke ek mandir me]] | image_size = 200 | alt = Chandragupta Maurya ke murti, Delhi ke ek mandir me | caption = | birth_date = c. 350 BCE | birth_place = [[Pataliputra]], [[Magadha]]<br/><small>(Present day [[Bihar]], [[India]])</small> | death_date = c. 295 BCE | death_place = [[Chandragiri hill|Chandragiri]], [[Maurya Empire]]<br/><small>(Present day [[Karnataka]], [[India]])</small> | succession = [[List of Maurya emperors|Emperor of Magadha]] | reign = {{circa|322|297 BCE}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=330}} | coronation = {{circa|322 BCE}} | predecessor = [[Dhana Nanda]] | reg-type = Amatya | successor = [[Bindusara]]{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=331}} | consort = [[Durdhara]] | spouse = [[Durdhara]] aur <br />ek [[Seleucid]] rajkumari<br/>(naam nai pataa)<!-- Please do not add "Helena" or "Berenice/Suvarnnaksi" here: they are ficticious characters from modern works of fiction. --> | issue = [[Bindusara]] | dynasty = [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] | module = {{Infobox person | embed=yes | education = | alma_mater = [[University of ancient Taxila|Taxila University]]}} | religion = [[Hinduism]] }} [[File:Chandragupta_mauryan_empire.GIF|right|200px|thumb|Chandragupta Maurya ke niche Mauryan Empire]] '''Chandragupta Maurya''' (350 - 295 BCE), 322 BC se lae ke 207 BC talak, Magadh ke [[samraat]] (emperor) aur Murya dynasty ke suruu kare waala rahaa. Uu 320 BC se 298 BC talak raj karis rahaa.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Chanakya's diplomatic moves ensured Chandragupta's victory over Magadha. King Dhana Nanda was killed in the war. Chanakya declared Chandragupta as the Emperor of Magadha, who was warmly welcomed.|first=Shikha|last=Sharma|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Motivating_Thoughts_of_Chanakya/NU65EAAAQBAJ?hl=en|title=Motivating Thoughts of Chanakya|page=}}</ref> Uske pota, [[Ashoka the Great]], jon ki 268 BC se 231 BC talak raj karis rahaa, ke niche sab se barraa rahaa. Chandragupta ke raj se pahile, [[Alexander the Great]] northwest [[India]] ke invade karis rahaa, lekin 324 BC me uu [[Nanda Empire]] se takkar avoid kar ke, India me conquer karaa gais ilaaka ke aapan Governors ke niche chorr ke, laut gais rahaa. Chandragupta Nanda Empire, jon ki Pataliputra me based rahaa, ke conquer karis aur Alexander ke India ke territory ke aapan niche kar liis. Baad me jab uu aapan western border ke surakchhit karat rahaa tab uske takkar [[Seleucus I Nector]], jon ki Alexander ke baad south west asia pe raj karat rahaa, se bhais. [[Afghanistan]] me dui saal ke larrai ke baad duuno bagal santi kar liin aur Selucid ke ek rajkumar Chandragupta se saadi karis. Chandragupta aapan empire ke, east me, [[Bay of Bengal]] se west me Afghanistan talak aur central India me barrhais rahaa. Uske raj ke time uske empire me rahe waala log aur dhani hoe gain, dher rasta nabaawa gais aur sab rakam ke dharam ke tolerate karaa gais. Hindu lekh ke anusaar, Chandragupta ek sadhaarn palwaar se aais rahaa aur [[Chanakya]] ke saathe ek samraat banaa jiske uske prajaa (subjects) bahut aadar karat rahin. ==References== <references/> {{BD|-0350BC|-0295BC|Maurya, Chandragupta}} [[vibhag:C]] [[vibhag:M]] [[vibhag:India ke samraat]] r2990bc58rfu30tpxdkh4pdjzs79qqe 0 63746 337246 322323 2026-08-12T15:37:13Z Taketa 10379 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Erie Canalway- Tug-Lock.jpg]] → [[File:Lock C9, Smith Basin, Champlain Canal, Kingsbury NY.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · wrong canal. 337246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox canal | name = Erie Nahar <!------------------------- IMAGE --> | image = Lock C9, Smith Basin, Champlain Canal, Kingsbury NY.jpg | image_size = | alt = | image_caption = Ek tugboat, Rochester, [[New York]] ke lock me <!------------------------- MAP --> | map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=290|frame-height=200|type=line|from=New York State Canal System/Erie Canal.map}} | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = Erie Nahar ke abhi ke route | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_relief = | pushpin_map_caption = <!------------------------- LOCATION --> | location = [[Upstate New York]] | country = U.S. | coordinates = <!------------------------- SPECIFICATIONS --> | length_mi = 351 | length_km = | lock_length_mi = | lock_length_km = | lock_length = {{convert|328|ft|abbr=on}}<br/>(originally 90 ft or 27 m) | lock_width_m = | lock_width_ft = 45 | len_ft = | len_m = | max_boat_length = | beam_ft = | beam_m = | max_boat_beam = | max_boat_draft = {{convert|12|ft|abbr=on}} | min_boat_draft = | max_boat_air_draft = | min_boat_air_draft = | locks = 36<ref>{{cite web|title=Locks on the Erie Canal|url=http://www.eriecanal.org/locks.html|website=The Erie Canal|access-date=March 9, 2017}}</ref> | current_num_locks = | original_num_locks = | elev_ft = 571 | elev_m = | max_elev = | min_elev_ft = | min_elev_m = | min_elev = | total_rise = | status = Open | navigation_authority = [[New York State Canal Corporation]] | original_length_km = | original_length_mi = 363 | length_note = | original_lock_length_km = | original_lock_length_mi = | lock_length_note = | original_lock_width_m = | original_lock_width_ft = 15 | lock_width_note = | lock_width = | len_in = | original_boat_length_m = | original_boat_length_ft = | original_boat_length_in = | len_note = | beam_in = | original_beam_m = | original_beam_ft = | original_beam_in = | beam_note = | lock_note = | elev_note = | min_elev_note = | xfield1 = | xvalue1 = <!------------------------- HISTORY --> | former_names = | modern_name = | present_owner = | original_owner = [[New York (state)|New York state]] | engineer = [[Benjamin Wright (civil engineer)|Benjamin Wright]] | other_engineer = [[Canvass White]], [[Amos Eaton]] | date_approved = | date_act = | date_began = {{start date and age|1817|07|04}}<br/> (at [[Rome, New York]]) | date_use = {{start date and age|1821|05|17}} | date_completed = {{start date and age|1825|10|26}} | date_extended = | date_closed = | date_restored = {{start date and age|1999|09|03}} | xvalue2 = | xfield2 = <!------------------------- GEOGRAPHY --> | direction = | begin_coord = {{Coord|42.7834|-73.6767|region:US_NY_type:canal}} | end_coord = {{Coord|43.0237|-78.8901|region:US_NY_type:canal}} | branch = [[Oswego Canal]], [[Cayuga–Seneca Canal]] | branch_of = [[New York State Canal System]] | connects_to = [[Champlain Canal]], [[Welland Canal]] | start_point = [[Hudson River]] near [[Albany, New York]] | original_start = | start_note = | end_point = [[Niagara River]] near [[Buffalo, New York]] | original_end = | end_note = | xfield3 = | xvalue3 = | module = | routemap = {{Erie Canal map|inline=y}} | routemap_state = collapsed }} The '''Erie Nahar''' ek itihaasik [[nahar]], [[upstate New York]] me hae jon east–west me [[Hudson Naddi]] aur [[Erie Talaab]] ke biich me bahe hae. Iske 1825 me banae ke khalaas karaa gais rahaa, aur ii pahila nahar rahaa jisme boat chale sake aur jon [[Atlantic Ocean]] aur [[North America ke barraa talaab]] ke jorre hae, jiske kaaran [[Appalachians]] ke paar karnaa aur sastaa hoe gais rahaa. Erie Nahar ke kaaran, Barra Talaab waala jagha me jaada log rahe lagin aur United States ke westward expansion aur jor se barrha, aur [[New York (state)|New York state]] des ke leading economic power hoe gais. Iske "The Nation's First Superhighway" bhi bola jaae hae.<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/03/nyregion/03erie.html |title=Hints of Comeback for Nation's First Superhighway |author=Christopher Maag |work=The New York Times |date=November 2, 2008}}</ref> [[vibhag:E]] [[vibhag:United States of America]] [[vibhag:Nahar]] ihemxwem8k7dklfyhjzrozsugkeodx3 14 66881 337228 329570 2026-08-12T12:03:26Z Girmitya 41 337228 wikitext text/x-wiki [[vibhag:0907]] s57ecgcztx4b8qc0vmqmvig8f1avi8x 14 66904 337241 329620 2026-08-12T12:28:01Z Girmitya 41 337241 wikitext text/x-wiki [[vibhag:-0320BC]] dnp0r6pu72wfjio5i05f9aur1mlrcf8 14 66927 337225 329647 2026-08-12T12:00:20Z Girmitya 41 337225 wikitext text/x-wiki [[vibhag:0848]] nh3zqnwdmmcxa7hwdhfnhn4c6uql0pf 14 66964 337244 329720 2026-08-12T12:29:39Z Girmitya 41 337244 wikitext text/x-wiki [[vibhag:-0345BC]] mpopwv2oiz2w4zkiacmvfn41hoxi3se 14 66966 337243 329722 2026-08-12T12:29:02Z Girmitya 41 337243 wikitext text/x-wiki [[vibhag:-0322BC]] gpbsxre583nt3dvfryoa4giakjbisg6 0 66989 337234 329781 2026-08-12T12:18:20Z Girmitya 41 337234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}{{Infobox royalty | name = Bindusara | title = Magadha Samrat<br>Amitraghata | image = I42 1karshapana Maurya Bindusara MACW4165 1ar (8486583162).jpg | alt = Coin of Bindusara | caption = Ek [[chaandi]] ke sikka Bindusara ke jamaana ke. | succession = Magadha ke Samrat | reign = {{circa|297|273 BCE}} | coronation = c. 297 BCE | predecessor = [[Chandragupta Maurya]] | successor = [[Ashoka the Great|Ashoka Maurya]] | birth_date = 4th century BCE | religion = <nowiki></nowiki>[[Historical Vedic Religion|Brahmanism]]<nowiki></nowiki><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79w9AAAAMAAJ |title=Asoka and His Inscriptions |volume=1 |author=Beni Madhab Barua |author-link=Benimadhab Barua |publisher=The New Age|year=1968 |page=171 }}</ref> <br> [[Ājīvika|Ajivikism]] | succession1 = Magadha ke Raajkumar | predecessor1 = nai maalum | successor1 = [[Susima]] | birth_place = [[Pataliputra]], [[Maurya Empire]] (Abhi ke [[Bihar]], [[India]]) | death_date = {{circa|273 BCE}} (aged c. 46 {{snd}} 47) | death_place = [[Pataliputra]], [[Maurya Empire]] (Abhi ke [[Bihar]], [[India]]) | spouse = Dher aurat rahaa (16 ''Mahavamsa'' ke anusaar), jisme Ashoka ke maiyaa (Subhadrangi,''Ashokavadana'' ke anusaar nai to Dhamma Sri Lanka ke itihaas ke anusaar) rahii | issue = [[Susima]]<br>[[Ashoka the Great|Ashoka]]<br>[[Vitashoka]] | dynasty = [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] | father = [[Chandragupta Maurya]] | mother = [[Durdhara]] (Jain itihaas ke anusaar) }} '''Bindusara''' ({{reign|{{circa|297}}|{{circa|273 BCE}}}}) duusra [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan emperor]], [[Magadha]] ke puraana India me rahaa. Puraana [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] lekhak uske '''Amitrochates''' bolat rahin, jon naam saait uske [[Sanskrit]] padwi '''''Amitraghāta''''' ("dusman ke hatya kare waala") se aais hae. Bindusara, raaj-kul ke suruu kare waala, [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] ke larrkaa rahaa aur sabse mashuur samrath [[Ashoka the Great|Ashoka]] ke pitaji rahaa. Uske jindagi ke baare me otna nai likha gais hae jetna Chandraguta aur Ashoka ke baare me likha gais hae. Bindusara ke baare me jaankari uu sab itihaas se aais hae jiske, uske ke maut ke kuchh sau saal baad likha gais rahaa. Bindusara, uske pitaji ke banaawa gais samrajya ke aur majbuut karis rahaa. 16th century ke [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] lekhak, [[Taranatha]] likhis hae ki Bindusara ke raaj ke time uu dakchhin India me dher ilaaka ke jiitis rahaa, lekin aaj-kal ke itihaas ke adhyan kare waala log isme bahut biswas nai kare hae. == Background == Puraana jamaana me Binusaara ke jindagi ke baare me bahut kuchh nai likha gais rahaa. Uske baare me dher jaankaari [[Jainism|Jain]] kathaa se aais hae, jon [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] pe jaada dhyaan diis hae aur [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] kathaa se, jon jaada dhyan [[Ashoka the Great|Ashoka]] pe diis hae. Jain kathaa, jaise Hemachandra ke ''Parishishta-Parvan'' ke uske maut ke lagbhag 1000 saal baad likha gais hae. {{sfn|Singh|2008|p=331–332}} Jaada Buddhist kathaa Ashoka ke bachpan ke din ke baare me , ke bhi Ashoka ke maut ke kuchh sau saal baad likha gais hae aur iske bahut kamti itihasik kimat hae. {{sfn|Srinivasachariar|1974|pp=lxxxvii-lxxxviii}} Jab ii sab katha ke kaam me laae ke Bidusara ke raaj ke baare me anumaan lagaawa jaae sake hae, ii puura biwas kare ke laaek nai hae Ashoka aur Buddhism ke biich me nagiich ke rista rahaa.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=331-332}} ==References== <references/> {{BD||-0273BC|Bindusara}} [[vibhag:B]] [[vibhag:Maurya ke raaj-kul]] s7yu7ueppu44xbw2che7m49xlpdhxd3 14 67146 337239 330196 2026-08-12T12:26:25Z Girmitya 41 337239 wikitext text/x-wiki [[vibhag:0320]] [[vibhag:establishments]] 425tvc10wfjddw5qiypxziukhkvgkob 0 68110 337253 332458 2026-08-13T10:33:09Z Sàádî 40856 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Saadi by Hossein Behzad (Inverted).jpg]] → [[File:Saadi by Hossein Behzad (1894–1968) (Inverted).jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) 337253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Saadi Shirazi | image = Saadi by Hossein Behzad (1894–1968) (Inverted).jpg | imagesize = | caption = Imaginary depiction of Saadi Shirazi by [[Hossein Behzad]] | birth_name = | birth_date = 1209/10 | birth_place = [[Shiraz]], [[Fars province|Fars]], [[Salghurids|Salghurid kingdom]] | death_date = 1291/92 | death_place = Shiraz, Fars, [[Ilkhanate]] | resting_place = [[Tomb of Saadi]] | occupation = Poet | language = {{cslist|[[Persian language|Persian]]|[[Arabic]]}} | notableworks = {{transliteration|fa|[[Bustan (book)|Bustan]]}}<br>{{transliteration|fa|[[Gulistan (book)|Gulistan]]}} | children = }} '''Saadi Shirazi'''([[1210]]-[[1291]]) Iran ke ek kavi aur prose writer, late [[Islamic Golden Age]] and early [[Ilkhanate]] ke time ke rahaa. Shirazi ke recognize karaa jaawe hae uske lekh ke quality aur uske [[Social theory|social]] and [[moral philosophy|moral]] thoughts ke depth ke khaatir. {{BD|1210|1291|Shirazi, Saadi}} [[Vibhag:S]] [[Vibhag:Iran ke kavi]] lpy1k0k235kpczgxpwm378aaflpzjv7 0 68290 337237 332884 2026-08-12T12:22:27Z Girmitya 41 337237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Menander | image = Menander Chiaramonti Inv1453.jpg | alt = Bust of Menander | caption = Bust of Menander. Marble, Roman copy of the Imperial era after a Greek original (c. 343–291 BC). | birth_date = 342/41 BC | birth_place = [[Kifisia|Kephisia]], [[Classical Athens|Athens]] | death_date = c. 290 BC (aged 50{{snd}}52) | education = Student of [[Theophrastus]] at the [[Lyceum (classical)|Lyceum]] | genre = [[Ancient Greek comedy|New Comedy]] | notableworks = {{plainlist| * ''[[Dyskolos]]'' * ''[[Samia (play)|Samia]]''}} }} '''Menander''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|n|æ|n|d|ər}}; c. 342 BC – c. 290 BC) ek [[Greece|Greek]] playwright rahaa jiske jaada kar ke uske Athenian [[Ancient Greek comedy|New Comedy]] ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae.<ref name=Konstan>{{cite book|last=Konstan|first=David|title=Menander of Athens|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0199805198|pages=3–6}}</ref> Uu 108 comedies ke likhis hae<ref>Suidas μ 589</ref> aur uu [[Lenaia]] festival ke prize ke aath dafe jiitis hae.<ref>Apollodorus: ''Chronicle'', [http://www.attalus.org/translate/apollodorus.html#43 fr.43]</ref> Uske record [[City Dionysia]] me nai jaana jaawe hae. {{BD|-0342BC|-0290BC|Menander}} [[Vibhag:M]] [[Vibhag:Greece ke lekhak]] 9axfn30q8dgmskxrm9p46yojx67vlhf 14 69483 337224 2026-08-12T11:59:17Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Saal]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337224 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Saal]] dajrx682a9shcv1ftgdntq629vkplxa 14 69484 337226 2026-08-12T12:00:42Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Saal]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337226 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Saal]] dajrx682a9shcv1ftgdntq629vkplxa 14 69485 337229 2026-08-12T12:04:06Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Saal]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337229 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Saal]] dajrx682a9shcv1ftgdntq629vkplxa 14 69486 337232 2026-08-12T12:12:12Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:-0350BC]] [[Vibhag:Janam]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337232 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:-0350BC]] [[Vibhag:Janam]] 1f87grmn6q0jzztbt3prwwr5pl6zccs 14 69487 337233 2026-08-12T12:12:34Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Saal]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337233 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Saal]] dajrx682a9shcv1ftgdntq629vkplxa 14 69488 337235 2026-08-12T12:19:04Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:-0273BC]] [[Vibhag:Maut]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337235 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:-0273BC]] [[Vibhag:Maut]] 7f8z2mvn3li5lo3w3njavon35818b0j 14 69489 337236 2026-08-12T12:19:34Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Saal]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337236 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Saal]] dajrx682a9shcv1ftgdntq629vkplxa 14 69490 337238 2026-08-12T12:23:08Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:-0342BC]] [[Vibhag:Janam]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337238 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:-0342BC]] [[Vibhag:Janam]] silgl9h5wqjf9g3hw80jrurhge0t294 14 69491 337240 2026-08-12T12:26:51Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Saal]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337240 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Saal]] dajrx682a9shcv1ftgdntq629vkplxa 14 69492 337242 2026-08-12T12:28:20Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Saal]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337242 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Saal]] dajrx682a9shcv1ftgdntq629vkplxa 14 69493 337245 2026-08-12T12:30:03Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Saal]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337245 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Saal]] dajrx682a9shcv1ftgdntq629vkplxa 0 69494 337248 2026-08-13T09:39:29Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "{{Infobox writer<!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = Graham Greene | honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|OM|CH|size=100%}} | image = Graham Greene angol író, 1975 Fortepan 84697.jpg | image_size = | caption = Greene in 1975 | pseudonym = | birth_name = Henry Graham Greene | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1904|10|2}} | birth_place = ..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer<!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = Graham Greene | honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|OM|CH|size=100%}} | image = Graham Greene angol író, 1975 Fortepan 84697.jpg | image_size = | caption = Greene in 1975 | pseudonym = | birth_name = Henry Graham Greene | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1904|10|2}} | birth_place = [[Berkhamsted]], [[Hertfordshire]], England | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1991|4|3|1904|10|2}} | death_place = [[Corseaux]], Switzerland | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Vivien Dayrell-Browning]]|1927|1947|end=separated}} | partner = [[Catherine Walston, Lady Walston]] (1946–1966)<br/>Yvonne Cloetta (1966–1991) | children = 2 | relatives = [[Raymond Greene]] (brother); [[Graham C. Greene]] (nephew) | alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]] | occupation = {{Hlist|Writer|journalist}} | period = 1925–1991 | genre = {{Hlist|[[Literary fiction]]|[[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]}} | notable_works = {{Unbulleted list|''[[Stamboul Train]]'' (1932)|''[[Brighton Rock (novel)|Brighton Rock]]'' (1938)|''[[The Power and the Glory]]'' (1940)|''[[The Heart of the Matter]]'' (1948)|''[[The End of the Affair]]'' (1951)|''[[The Quiet American]]'' (1955)| ''[[Our Man in Havana]]'' (1958)}} | signature = | website = | module = {{Infobox military person | branch = [[Secret Intelligence Service]] | service_years = 1941–1944 | battles = [[World War II]] | embed = yes | embed_title = Espionage activity }} }} '''Henry Graham Greene''' ([[2 October]] [[1904]]&nbsp;– [[3 April]] [[1991]]), [[England]] ke ek [[lekhak]] aur [[patrkaar]] (journalist) rahaa, jiske dher jan [[20th century]] ke ek leading novelist maane hae Aapan literary acclaim aur widespread popularity ke jorr ke, Greene ek reputation paais, aapan jindagi ke jawani me, ek khaas lekhak ke ruup me. Uu duuno serious [[Catholic literary revival|Catholic novels]], aur thrillers (nai to "entertainments" jaise uu apne ii boobs ke describe karis rahaa) ke likhis rahaa. Uske [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] ke khaatir dher dafe shortlist karaa gais rahaa.<ref name="svd">{{Cite news |last=Neuman |first=Ricki |date=3 January 2012 |title=Graham Greene var nära Nobelpris 1961 |url=https://www.svd.se/a/f028246c-eb8b-3459-ae34-a0fc2731d98d/graham-greene-var-nara-nobelpris-1961 |newspaper=Svenska Dagbladet |language=sv}}</ref><ref name="nobelprize1966">{{Cite web |title=Nomination archive: Graham Greene | date=21 May 2024 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=3628}}</ref> Uu 67 saal talak likhis rahaa, jisme 25 se jaada novels rahaa, uu conflicting moral aur political issues aadhmik jamaana me explore karis rahaa. ''[[The Power and the Glory]]'', 1941 me [[Hawthornden Prize]] aur ''[[The Heart of the Matter]]'' 1948 me [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] jiitis rahaa aur iske shortlist karaa gais rahaa [[Best of the James Tait Black]] ke khaatir. Greene ke 1968 [[Shakespeare Prize]] aur 1981 ke [[Jerusalem Prize]] dewa gais rahaa. Uske dher khissa ke film banaawa gais hae, jisme se kuchh ek se jaada dafe, aur uu collaborate karis rahaa, filmmaker [[Carol Reed]] se ''[[The Fallen Idol (film)|The Fallen Idol]]'' (1948) aur ''[[The Third Man]]'' (1949) ke khaatir. ==References== {{reflist}} {{BD|1904|1991|Greene, Graham}} [[Vibhag:G]] [[Vibhag:Great Britain ke lekhak]] [[Vibhag:Great Britain ke patrkaar]] b8f8kwkgm9szxyf57hcbkehyuy4tj4e 14 69495 337249 2026-08-13T09:40:15Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Great Britain ke log]] [[Vibhag:Patrkaar]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337249 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Great Britain ke log]] [[Vibhag:Patrkaar]] gz2ptytmnyghataiyu7jd8o7qhhck5h 14 69496 337250 2026-08-13T09:40:43Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Dunia ke log]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337250 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Dunia ke log]] 2mymx6gbeqcu53s4e1qmeqlae2l74oj 0 69497 337251 2026-08-13T09:56:42Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "{{infobox classical composer | image = Bartók Béla 1927.jpg | image_upright = 1 | caption = Béla Bartók in 1927 | name = Béla Bartók | birth_date = 25 March 1881 | birth_place = [[Sânnicolau Mare|Nagyszentmiklós]], Hungary | death_date = 26 September 1945 (aged 64) | death_place = New York City, U.S. | works = List of compositions by Béla Bartók|List of..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox classical composer | image = Bartók Béla 1927.jpg | image_upright = 1 | caption = Béla Bartók in 1927 | name = Béla Bartók | birth_date = 25 March 1881 | birth_place = [[Sânnicolau Mare|Nagyszentmiklós]], Hungary | death_date = 26 September 1945 (aged 64) | death_place = New York City, U.S. | works = [[List of compositions by Béla Bartók|List of compositions]] | occupation = Composer, pianist and [[ethnomusicologist]] }} '''Béla Viktor János Bartók''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|eɪ|l|ɒ|_|ˈ|b|ɑːr|t|ɒ|k}}; {{IPA|hu|ˈbɒrtoːk ˈbeːlɒ|lang}}; [[25 March]] [[1881]] – [[26 September]] [[1945]]), [[Hungary]] ke ek [[sangeetkaar]], pianist aur ethnic musician rahaa. Use [[20th century]] ke ek khaas sangeetkaar maana jaawe hae, aur [[Franz Liszt]] ke saathe, duuni ke Hungary ke sab se barraa sangeetkaar maana jaawe hae. {{sfn|Gillies|2001}} Uske mashuur kaam me hae opera ''[[Bluebeard's Castle]]'', ballet ''[[The Miraculous Mandarin]]'', ''[[Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta]]'', [[Concerto for Orchestra (Bartók)|Concerto for Orchestra]] aur [[List of string quartets by Béla Bartók|six string quartets]]. Uske analytical study [[folk music]] ke, uu comparative musicology ke ek founder hae, jon baad me ethnomusicology banaa rahaa. <ref>{{cite news| last=Tommasini| first=Anthony| author-link=Anthony Tommasini| date=21 January 2011| title=The Greatest| work=[[The New York Times]]| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/23/arts/music/23composers.html}}</ref> Uske kaam ke jaada kar ke describe karaa gais hae as combination of traditional peasants' [[folk music]] aur [[avant-garde music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/continent-musiques/renaud-capucon-bela-bartok-est-paradoxal-brutal-et-elegiaque-a-la-fois-7972544|title=Renaud Capuçon : "Béla Bartók est paradoxal : brutal et élégiaque à la fois"|date=19 May 2018|website=Radiofrance.fr|access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clevelandorchestra.com/watch--listen/recordings/bartk|title=Béla Bartók &#124; Cleveland Orchestra Recordings|website=Clevelandorchestra.com|access-date=25 March 2026}}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bruzz.be/news/bela-bartok-boedapest-avant-garde-en-het-platteland-2014-11-26|title=Béla Bartók in Boedapest: Avant-garde en het platteland|website=Bruzz.be|access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{BD|1881|1945|Bartok, Bela}} [[Vibhag:B]] [[Vibhag:Great Britain ke sangeetkaar]] 97ov0bsjvmrd59l6oxy0aunjb1kbwkr 0 69498 337252 2026-08-13T10:27:39Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "[[File:Claude Debussy by Atelier Nadar.jpg|thumb|{{center|Debussy {{circa|1900}} by Atelier [[Nadar]]}}|alt=head and shoulders photograph of middle-aged, white, dark-haired, bearded man]] '''Achille Claude Debussy'''{{refn|Debussy was addressed by various permutations of his names during the course of his life. His name was officially registered at the ''[[mairie]]'' on the day of his birth as "Achille Claude".<ref name=lc>Lesure and Cain, p. 18</r..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337252 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Claude Debussy by Atelier Nadar.jpg|thumb|{{center|Debussy {{circa|1900}} by Atelier [[Nadar]]}}|alt=head and shoulders photograph of middle-aged, white, dark-haired, bearded man]] '''Achille Claude Debussy'''{{refn|Debussy was addressed by various permutations of his names during the course of his life. His name was officially registered at the ''[[mairie]]'' on the day of his birth as "Achille Claude".<ref name=lc>Lesure and Cain, p. 18</ref> Many authorities hyphenate "Achille-Claude".<ref>Lesure, p. 4; Fulcher, p. 101; Lockspeiser, p. 235; and Nichols (1998), p. 3</ref> As a little boy he was addressed as "Claude"; his baptismal certificate (he was not baptised until July 1864) is in the name of "Claude-Achille";<ref>Lesure, p. 4</ref> as a youth he was known as "Achille"; at the beginning of his career he sought to make his name more impressive by calling himself "Claude-Achille" (and sometimes rendering his surname as "de Bussy").<ref>Lockspeiser, p. 6; Jensen, p. 4; and Lesure, p. 85</ref> He signed himself as "Claude-Achille" between December 1889 and 4 June 1892, after which he permanently adopted the shorter "Claude".}} ({{IPA|fr|aʃil klod dəbysi|lang}};{{refn|English pronunciations: {{IPAc-en|UK|d|ə|ˈ|b|(|j|)|uː|s|i}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|d|eɪ|b|j|u|ˈ|s|iː}}}} [[22 August]] [[1862]]&nbsp;– [[25 March]] [[1918]]), [[France]] ke ek [[sangeetkaar]] rahaa, jon [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] me paida bhais rahaa. Uske kabhi-kabhi pahila [[Impressionism in music|Impressionist]] sangeetkaar maana jaawe hae, lekin uu ii term se sahmat nai rahaa. Uu [[19th century]] aur early [[20th century]] ke sangeetkaar me se sab se jaada influential rahaa. ==References== {{reflist}} {{BD|1862|1918|Debussy, Achille Claude}} [[Vibhag:D]] [[Vibhag:France ke sangeetkaar]] gcm9cwjsjogemac4oyh5lh5jpu9jfc7 0 69499 337254 2026-08-13T10:48:13Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "{{Infobox person | name = George Gershwin | alt = Black and white formal photograph portrait of a man looking to his left | image = Portrait of George Gershwin LCCN2004662906.jpg | caption = Gershwin in 1937 | birth_name = Jacob Gershwine | birth_date = {{birth date|1898|9|26}} | birth_place = New York City, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1937|7|11|1898|9|26}} | death_place = Los Angeles, Calif..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = George Gershwin | alt = Black and white formal photograph portrait of a man looking to his left | image = Portrait of George Gershwin LCCN2004662906.jpg | caption = Gershwin in 1937 | birth_name = Jacob Gershwine | birth_date = {{birth date|1898|9|26}} | birth_place = New York City, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1937|7|11|1898|9|26}} | death_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S. | resting_place = [[Westchester Hills Cemetery]] | occupation = {{hlist|[[Composer]]|[[pianist]]}} | years_active = 1916–1937 | relatives = {{plainlist| * [[Ira Gershwin]] (brother) * [[Arthur Gershwin]] (brother) * [[Frances Gershwin]] (sister) }} }} '''George Gershwin''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɜr|ʃ|.|w|ɪ|n}}; janam '''Jacob Gershwine'''; [[26 September]] [[1898]]&nbsp;– [[11 July]] [[1937]])<ref name=NYTObit>{{cite news| title=George Gershwin, Composer, Is Dead| date=July 12, 1937| work=[[The New York Times]]| url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/arts/gershwin-obit.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215202458/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/arts/gershwin-obit.html |archive-date=2024-02-15 |url-status=live}}</ref> ek [[America]]n [[sangeetkaar]]aur [[pianist]] rahaa jiske compositions [[jazz]], [[popular music|popular]] aur [[classical music]] me rahaa. Uske sab se jaada jaana-mana kaam me hae gaana "[[Swanee (song)|Swanee]]" (1919) aur "[[Fascinating Rhythm]]" (1924), orchestral compositions ''[[Rhapsody in Blue]]'' (1924) aur ''[[An American in Paris]]'' (1928), [[jazz standard]]s "[[Embraceable You]]" (1928) aur "[[I Got Rhythm]]" (1930) aur opera ''[[Porgy and Bess]]'' (1935), jisme hit "[[Summertime (George Gershwin song)|Summertime]]" rahaa. Uske ''[[Of Thee I Sing]]'' (1931) pahilat [[musical theater|musical]] rahaa jon [[Pulitzer Prize for Drama]] jiitis rahaa, lekin ek sangeetkaar ke ruup me uske koi prize nai mila rahaa.<ref>{{cite web| title=1932 Pulitzer Prize Winners & Finalists| publisher= The Pulitzer Prizes| url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/1932 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606004839/https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/1932 |archive-date=2025-06-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{BD|1898|1937|Gershwin, George}} [[Vibhag:G]] [[Vibhag:United States ke sangeetkaar]] 6z9ml9wesmpkdzzq21v6zw3ph2kokfg 14 69500 337255 2026-08-13T10:49:13Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:United States ke log]] [[Vibhag:Sangeetkaar]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337255 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:United States ke log]] [[Vibhag:Sangeetkaar]] 1io6lg47atcun9fg8iwoi3qe7i2kt5y 0 69501 337256 2026-08-13T11:07:58Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "'''Gustav Holst''' (janam '''Gustavus Theodore von Holst'''; [[21 September]] [[1874]]&nbsp;– [[25 May]] [[1934]]), [[England]] ke ek sangeetkaar, arranger aur teacher rahaa. Holst ke khaas kar ke uske orchestral suite ''[[The Planets]]'' ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae. Uu dher aur sangeet ke compose karis rahaa ek range of genres me, lekin ii koi safal nai rahaa. Uske distinctive compositional style dher influences ke natija rahaa, Richard Wagne..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337256 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gustav Holst''' (janam '''Gustavus Theodore von Holst'''; [[21 September]] [[1874]]&nbsp;– [[25 May]] [[1934]]), [[England]] ke ek sangeetkaar, arranger aur teacher rahaa. Holst ke khaas kar ke uske orchestral suite ''[[The Planets]]'' ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae. Uu dher aur sangeet ke compose karis rahaa ek range of genres me, lekin ii koi safal nai rahaa. Uske distinctive compositional style dher influences ke natija rahaa, [[Richard Wagner]] aur [[Richard Strauss]] sab se crucial rahin , uske development ke suruwaat me. [[English folk music#Folk revivals 1890–1969|English folksong revival]] se inspiration le ke early [[20th century]] me, led Holst to develop and refine an individual style. {{BD|1874|1934|Holst, Gustav}} [[Vibhag:H]] [[Vibhag:Great Britain ke sangeetkaar]] m69fl9sgguc3jdskh9y4o6i3k2sc8js