Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.17 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 261 337837 336780 2026-08-28T12:12:23Z Girmitya 41 /* Maut */ 337837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (MMVI) ek sadhaaran saal rahaa, jon [[:wikt:etwaar|etwaar]] ke din suruu bhais rahaa. Ii [[3rd millennium]] aur [[21st century]] 6th saal rahaa, aur [[2000s]] dassak ke 7th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 2062-2063, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1927-1928, Kali Yuga ke 5106-5107, Buddhist calendar ke 2550 Islamic calendar ke 1426-1426, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 538 saal rahaa. == Ghatna == * Fiji me soccer ke '''[[National Football League (Fiji) 2006|27th National Football League]]''' ke [[Ba Football Association|Ba]] jiitis * [[29 May]] - Fiji me football (soccer) ke '''[[Fiji Football Association Cup Tournament 2006|16th Fiji Football Association Cup Tournament]]''' ke Suva ke [[National Stadium (Fiji)|National Stadium]] me, 25 May se lae ke 29 May talak, khela gais rahaa jiske final me Ba, [[Labasa Soccer Association|Labasa]] ke 3-0 se harais. * [[9 July]] - 17th '''[[FIFA World Cup]]''' ke [[Germany]] me khela gais rahaa jiske final me [[Italy]], [[France]] ke 5-3 se harais rahaa. * [[6 August]] - Fiji me football (soccer) ke '''[[Battle of the Giants (Fiji) 2006|28th Battle of the Giants]]''' tournament ke pahila chaar game 29 aur 30 July ke, Labasa, Suva aur Rewa me aur baaki sab game Nadi ke [[Prince Charles Park (Fiji)|Prince Charles Park]] me, 3, 4, 5, 6 August ke khela gais rahaa, jiske final me Ba, [[Suva Soccer Association|Suva]] ke 2-1 se harais. * [[5 October]] - [[9 October]] - Fiji me football (soccer) ke '''[[Inter-District Championship (Fiji) 2006|68th Inter-district Championship (IDC)]]''', [[Ba (town), Fiji|Ba]] me khela gais rahaa. Ii Inter-District me 22 team, dui division me hissa liin rahaa. Super Premier Division ke final me Ba, Suva ke 2-1 se harais aur Premier Division ke final me [[Rakiraki Football Association|Rakiraki]], [[Tailevu/Naitasiri Football Association|Tailevu Naitasiri]] ke 1-0 se harais. == Janam == == Maut == * [[13 January]] - [[Narendra Singh Arjun]], jon ki ek wakiil aur 1992 se 1999 talak parliamentarian rahaa. * [[9 February]] - '''Nadira''', India ke Hindi film ke actress, ke maut Bombay me bhaus rahaa.(janam: [[5 December]] [[1932]]) <ref>[[w:Nadira (actress)|Nadira (actress)]]</ref> * [[13 January]] - '''[[Narendra Singh Arjun]]''', Fiji ke wakiil aur politician, ke maut Brisbane, Australia me bhais rahaa. (janam: [[1935]]) * [[22 February]] - '''S. Rajaratnam''', jon ki Singapore ke Deputy Prime Minister 1980 - 1985 aur Minister aur cabinet minister 1959 - 1988 talak rahaa, ke maut bhais rahaa. (janam: [[25 February]] [[1915]])<ref>[[w:S. Rajaratnam|S. Rajaratnam]]</ref> * [[12 July]] - '''[[K. S. Reddy]]''', jon ek teacher, kisan ke union ke neta, Parliamentarian aur Assistant Minister rahaa, ke maut Australia me bhais rahaa. * [[25 August]] - '''Noor Hassanali''', jon ki 1987 se 1997 talak Trinidad and Tobago ke duusra President rahaa aur jon ki pahila Hindustani ii position pe rahaa aur Americas ke pahila Muslim Pesident rahaa, ke maut Trinidad and Tobago me bhais rahaa. (janam: [[13 August]] [[1918]]) <ref>[[w:Noor Hassanali|Noor Hassanali]]</ref> * [[25 September]] - '''Sir Vijay Raghubar Singh''', KBE, jon ki [[Fiji]] ke Hindustani log ke neta rahaa, ke maut, Brisbane, Australia me bhais rahaa. (janam:[[13 July]] [[1931]]) == References == <references/> [[Vibhag:2]] [[Category:2006| ]] aj6dph1zig79vsyjagidnyxsznu9bjn 337839 337837 2026-08-28T12:20:17Z Girmitya 41 /* Ghatna */ 337839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (MMVI) ek sadhaaran saal rahaa, jon [[:wikt:etwaar|etwaar]] ke din suruu bhais rahaa. Ii [[3rd millennium]] aur [[21st century]] 6th saal rahaa, aur [[2000s]] dassak ke 7th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 2062-2063, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1927-1928, Kali Yuga ke 5106-5107, Buddhist calendar ke 2550 Islamic calendar ke 1426-1426, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 538 saal rahaa. == Ghatna == * Fiji me soccer ke '''[[National Football League (Fiji) 2006|27th National Football League]]''' ke [[Ba Football Association|Ba]] jiitis * [[29 May]] - Fiji me football (soccer) ke '''[[Fiji Football Association Cup Tournament 2006|16th Fiji Football Association Cup Tournament]]''' ke Suva ke [[National Stadium (Fiji)|National Stadium]] me, 25 May se lae ke 29 May talak, khela gais rahaa jiske final me Ba, [[Labasa Soccer Association|Labasa]] ke 3-0 se harais. * [[9 July]] - 17th '''[[FIFA World Cup]]''' ke [[Germany]] me khela gais rahaa jiske final me [[Italy]], [[France]] ke 5-3 se harais rahaa. * [[6 August]] - Fiji me football (soccer) ke '''[[Battle of the Giants (Fiji) 2006|28th Battle of the Giants]]''' tournament ke pahila chaar game 29 aur 30 July ke, Labasa, Suva aur Rewa me aur baaki sab game Nadi ke [[Prince Charles Park (Fiji)|Prince Charles Park]] me, 3, 4, 5, 6 August ke khela gais rahaa, jiske final me Ba, [[Suva Soccer Association|Suva]] ke 2-1 se harais. * [[10 September]] - Dr '''[[Vivekanand Sharma]]''', politician, Hindi Scholar aur dharmik neta ke maut [[Brisbane]] me bhais rahaa. * [[5 October]] - [[9 October]] - Fiji me football (soccer) ke '''[[Inter-District Championship (Fiji) 2006|68th Inter-district Championship (IDC)]]''', [[Ba (town), Fiji|Ba]] me khela gais rahaa. Ii Inter-District me 22 team, dui division me hissa liin rahaa. Super Premier Division ke final me Ba, Suva ke 2-1 se harais aur Premier Division ke final me [[Rakiraki Football Association|Rakiraki]], [[Tailevu/Naitasiri Football Association|Tailevu Naitasiri]] ke 1-0 se harais. == Janam == == Maut == * [[13 January]] - [[Narendra Singh Arjun]], jon ki ek wakiil aur 1992 se 1999 talak parliamentarian rahaa. * [[9 February]] - '''Nadira''', India ke Hindi film ke actress, ke maut Bombay me bhaus rahaa.(janam: [[5 December]] [[1932]]) <ref>[[w:Nadira (actress)|Nadira (actress)]]</ref> * [[13 January]] - '''[[Narendra Singh Arjun]]''', Fiji ke wakiil aur politician, ke maut Brisbane, Australia me bhais rahaa. (janam: [[1935]]) * [[22 February]] - '''S. Rajaratnam''', jon ki Singapore ke Deputy Prime Minister 1980 - 1985 aur Minister aur cabinet minister 1959 - 1988 talak rahaa, ke maut bhais rahaa. (janam: [[25 February]] [[1915]])<ref>[[w:S. Rajaratnam|S. Rajaratnam]]</ref> * [[12 July]] - '''[[K. S. Reddy]]''', jon ek teacher, kisan ke union ke neta, Parliamentarian aur Assistant Minister rahaa, ke maut Australia me bhais rahaa. * [[25 August]] - '''Noor Hassanali''', jon ki 1987 se 1997 talak Trinidad and Tobago ke duusra President rahaa aur jon ki pahila Hindustani ii position pe rahaa aur Americas ke pahila Muslim Pesident rahaa, ke maut Trinidad and Tobago me bhais rahaa. (janam: [[13 August]] [[1918]]) <ref>[[w:Noor Hassanali|Noor Hassanali]]</ref> * [[25 September]] - '''Sir Vijay Raghubar Singh''', KBE, jon ki [[Fiji]] ke Hindustani log ke neta rahaa, ke maut, Brisbane, Australia me bhais rahaa. (janam:[[13 July]] [[1931]]) == References == <references/> [[Vibhag:2]] [[Category:2006| ]] dgt9gm84m30wj11jnihaf554bpwc1fn 0 1855 337838 310125 2026-08-28T12:13:53Z Girmitya 41 /* Maut */ 337838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{JulyCalendar}} '''12 July''' saal ke 193rd din (194th leap saal me) hae. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 172 din bachaa hae. == Ghatna == * [[1886]] - CSR Company ke '''[[Rarawai (Ba) Mill|Ba Mill]]''' ganna pere ke suruu karis. == Janam == == Maut == * [[1999]] - '''[[Rajendra Kumar]]''', [[Hindi]] film actor, ke maut Mumbai, [[India]] me bhaes rahaa.(janam: [[20 July]] [[1929]]) <ref>[[w:Rajendra Kumar|Rajendra Kumar]] </ref> * [[2006]] - '''[[K. S. Reddy]]''', jon ek teacher, kisan ke union ke neta, Parliamentarian aur Assistant Minister rahaa, ke maut Australia me bhais rahaa. * [[2013]] - Bollywood film actor, '''[[Pran]]''', ke maut Mumbai, Maharashtra, India me bhaes rahaa. (janam:[[12 February]] [[1920]]) [[File:Pran 90th bday.jpg|right|160px|thumb|Pran]] == References == <references/> <br /> {{TAARIK}} [[Category:July|12 July]] cwkf3zoq62xuqtoyby8ufqhxli9fup2 0 2244 337840 275760 2026-08-28T12:20:49Z Girmitya 41 /* Maut */ 337840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{SeptemberCalendar}} '''10 September''' saal ke 253rd din hae (2534th leap saal me). Saal ke khalaas hoe me 112 din bachaa hae. == Ghatna == == Janam == * [[1872]] - '''K. S. Ranjitsinhji''' , India ke ek Raja aur cricker ke janam, Kathiawar, India me bhaes rahaa. == Maut == * [[2006]] - Dr '''[[Vivekanand Sharma]]''', politician, Hindi Scholar aur dharmik neta ke maut [[Brisbane]] me bhais rahaa. == Chhutti aur teohaar == == References == <references/> <br /> {{TAARIK}} [[Category:September|10 September]] jkgi5y6h8lg85p4exjfwnegneux12io 0 6348 337841 323852 2026-08-29T10:22:27Z Hanga1966 35932 337841 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of China (1889–1912).svg|right|250px|thumb|Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1890–1912)]] [[File:Qing china.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Territory of the Qing Dynasty (1892)]] '''Qing Dynasty''' (Chinese bhasa: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng cháo) [[1644]] [[AD]] se [[1912]] [[AD]] talak [[China]] ke ek [[dynasty]] rahaa. Ii dynasty [[Manchu]] log suruu kare rahin aur yahii kaaran se iske pahile waala naam '''Manchu Dynasty''' rahaa. ==Naam== Hong Taiji , ''Great Qing'' dynasty ke 1636 me proclaim karis rahaa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yamamuro |first=Shin'ichi |title=Manchuria Under Japanese Domination |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0812239126 |page=246 |translator-last=Fogel |translator-first=J.A.}}</ref> [[Chinese character]] {{zhi|c=清|p=Qīng|l=clear, pure|out=p}} ke matlab ke dher explanation hae. Ek theory Ming character: the character {{zhi|c=明|p=Míng|l=bright|out=p}} se contrast kare hae, aur ii aagi se taaluk rakkhe haeis [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Chinese zodiacal system]] me, jab {{zhi|c=清|p=Qīng|out=p}} water se associated hae, jon Qing ke jiit ke dekhae hae, jisme aagi paani ke uppar vijay rahaa. Ii naam ke Buddhist implications hoe sake hae, jisme ii perspicacity aur enlightenment hae, aur iske alaawa bodhisattva [[Manjusri]] se connection rahaa.{{sfnp|Crossley|1997|pp=212–213}} Pahile ke [[Europe]] ke lekhak "Tartar" sabd ke bina soche-samjhe sab Northern Eurasia ke log ke khaatir kaam me laawat rahin lekin [[17th century]] me Catholic missionary lekh me "Tartar" ke Manchus aur "[[Tartary]]" ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, uu jagha ke khaatir jispe uulog raaj karat rahin — jaise [[Manchuria]] aur bagal ke [[Inner Asia]] ke hissa,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dong |first=Shaoxin |title=Foreign Devils and Philosophers Cultural Encounters between the Chinese, the Dutch, and Other Europeans, 1590–1800 |publisher=Brill |year=2020 |isbn=978-9004418929 |editor-last=Weststeijn |editor-first=Thijs |location=Leiden |pages=82–83 |chapter=The Tartars in European Missionary Writings of the Seventeenth Century |access-date=14 March 2021 |chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004418929/BP000004.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508232543/https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004418929/BP000004.xml |archive-date=8 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Woolley |first=Nathan |title=Celestial Empire: Life in China 1644–1911 |pages=107 |year=2016 |publisher=National Library of Australia |isbn=9780642278760}}</ref> jispe Qing raaj karat rahin [[Ming–Qing transition]] se pahile. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Q]] [[Category:China ke itihaas]] [[Vibhag:1644 establishments]] [[Vibhag:1892 disestablishments]] cptcn70ko0akm3k6ilf1jcliyqbpzcl 337842 337841 2026-08-29T10:53:12Z Hanga1966 35932 337842 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of China (1889–1912).svg|right|250px|thumb|Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1890–1912)]] [[File:Qing china.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Territory of the Qing Dynasty (1892)]] '''Qing Dynasty''' (Chinese bhasa: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng cháo) [[1644]] [[AD]] se [[1912]] [[AD]] talak [[China]] ke ek [[dynasty]] rahaa. Ii dynasty [[Manchu]] log suruu kare rahin aur yahii kaaran se iske pahile waala naam '''Manchu Dynasty''' rahaa. ==Naam== Hong Taiji , ''Great Qing'' dynasty ke 1636 me proclaim karis rahaa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yamamuro |first=Shin'ichi |title=Manchuria Under Japanese Domination |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0812239126 |page=246 |translator-last=Fogel |translator-first=J.A.}}</ref> [[Chinese character]] {{zhi|c=清|p=Qīng|l=clear, pure|out=p}} ke matlab ke dher explanation hae. Ek theory Ming character: the character {{zhi|c=明|p=Míng|l=bright|out=p}} se contrast kare hae, aur ii aagi se taaluk rakkhe haeis [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Chinese zodiacal system]] me, jab {{zhi|c=清|p=Qīng|out=p}} water se associated hae, jon Qing ke jiit ke dekhae hae, jisme aagi paani ke uppar vijay rahaa. Ii naam ke Buddhist implications hoe sake hae, jisme ii perspicacity aur enlightenment hae, aur iske alaawa bodhisattva [[Manjusri]] se connection rahaa.{{sfnp|Crossley|1997|pp=212–213}} Pahile ke [[Europe]] ke lekhak "Tartar" sabd ke bina soche-samjhe sab Northern Eurasia ke log ke khaatir kaam me laawat rahin lekin [[17th century]] me Catholic missionary lekh me "Tartar" ke Manchus aur "[[Tartary]]" ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, uu jagha ke khaatir jispe uulog raaj karat rahin — jaise [[Manchuria]] aur bagal ke [[Inner Asia]] ke hissa,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dong |first=Shaoxin |title=Foreign Devils and Philosophers Cultural Encounters between the Chinese, the Dutch, and Other Europeans, 1590–1800 |publisher=Brill |year=2020 |isbn=978-9004418929 |editor-last=Weststeijn |editor-first=Thijs |location=Leiden |pages=82–83 |chapter=The Tartars in European Missionary Writings of the Seventeenth Century |access-date=14 March 2021 |chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004418929/BP000004.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508232543/https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004418929/BP000004.xml |archive-date=8 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Woolley |first=Nathan |title=Celestial Empire: Life in China 1644–1911 |pages=107 |year=2016 |publisher=National Library of Australia |isbn=9780642278760}}</ref> jispe Qing raaj karat rahin [[Ming–Qing transition]] se pahile. China ke khaas ilaaka pe kabjaa kare ke baad, Manchus aapan raajya ke "China" bolat rahin, China standard English translation Chinese me aur {{tlit|mnc|Dulimbai Gurun}} Manchu me, ke rahaa. Qing ke emperor log Qing state ke ilaaka (jisme aur jagha rahaa, abhi ke Northeast China, Xinjiang, Mongolia, aur Tibet) ke "China" maanat rahin, duuno Chinese aur Manchu bhasa me, jisme China ke ek multi-ethnic state maana jaawat rahaa, aur reject karat rahaa ii idea ki khaali Han ilaaka "China" ke hissa rahaa. Sarkar "China" aur "Qing" ke adal-badal ke kaam me laaawat rahaa aapan official documents me,{{sfnp|Zhao|2006|pp=4, 7–10, 12–14 and 24 n. 4}} jisme Chinese-bhasa versions treaties aur [[dunia]] ke map bhi rahaa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bilik |first=Naran |date=2007 |title=Names Have Memories: History, Semantic Identity and Conflict in Mongolian and Chinese Language Use |journal=Inner Asia |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=34 |doi=10.1163/146481707793646629}}</ref> Sabd 'Chinese log' ({{zhi|t=中國人 |p=Zhōngguórén}} me; Manchu: sab Han log, Manchu, aur Mongols jon Qing Empire ke subject rahin.{{sfnp|Zhao|2006|pp=4, 7–10, 12–14}} Jab Qing [[Ten Great Campaigns#The Zunghars and pacification of Xinjiang (1755–1759)|conquered Dzungaria in 1759]], tab uu Manchu-bhasa memorial me proclaim karis rahaa ki nawaa ilaaka ab "China" me hae.<ref name="Dunnell2004">{{Cite book |last1=Dunnell |first1=Ruth W. |url={{Google books|6qFH-53_VnEC|plainurl=yes}} |title=New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde |last2=Elliott |first2=Mark C. |last3=Foret |first3=Philippe |last4=Millward |first4=James A. |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-1134362226}}</ref> Qing sarkar ii ideology ke failais ki "outer" non-Han log—jaise dher abaadi Mongolian ke, aur Tibetans bhi—ke ek saathe karnaa "inner" Han Chinese ke saathe "ek palwaar" me, ektaa rahaa Qing state me. Phraseology jaise {{zhi|c=中外一家|p=Zhōngwài yījiā|out=p}} aur {{zhi|c=內外一家|p=nèiwài yījiā|out=p}}—duuno anuwaad how hae 'ghare aur pardes ek palwaar ke rakam'—ke kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa dekhae khaatir idea of Qing-mediated trans-cultural ektaa.<ref name="Dunnell2004" /> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Q]] [[Category:China ke itihaas]] [[Vibhag:1644 establishments]] [[Vibhag:1892 disestablishments]] 68yfbft8293udhs8s6isefc0v3xki13 337843 337842 2026-08-29T11:43:51Z Hanga1966 35932 337843 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of China (1889–1912).svg|right|250px|thumb|Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1890–1912)]] [[File:Qing china.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Territory of the Qing Dynasty (1892)]] '''Qing Dynasty''' (Chinese bhasa: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng cháo) [[1644]] [[AD]] se [[1912]] [[AD]] talak [[China]] ke ek [[dynasty]] rahaa. Ii dynasty [[Manchu]] log suruu kare rahin aur yahii kaaran se iske pahile waala naam '''Manchu Dynasty''' rahaa. ==Naam== Hong Taiji , ''Great Qing'' dynasty ke 1636 me proclaim karis rahaa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yamamuro |first=Shin'ichi |title=Manchuria Under Japanese Domination |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0812239126 |page=246 |translator-last=Fogel |translator-first=J.A.}}</ref> [[Chinese character]] {{zhi|c=清|p=Qīng|l=clear, pure|out=p}} ke matlab ke dher explanation hae. Ek theory Ming character: the character {{zhi|c=明|p=Míng|l=bright|out=p}} se contrast kare hae, aur ii aagi se taaluk rakkhe haeis [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Chinese zodiacal system]] me, jab {{zhi|c=清|p=Qīng|out=p}} water se associated hae, jon Qing ke jiit ke dekhae hae, jisme aagi paani ke uppar vijay rahaa. Ii naam ke Buddhist implications hoe sake hae, jisme ii perspicacity aur enlightenment hae, aur iske alaawa bodhisattva [[Manjusri]] se connection rahaa.{{sfnp|Crossley|1997|pp=212–213}} Pahile ke [[Europe]] ke lekhak "Tartar" sabd ke bina soche-samjhe sab Northern Eurasia ke log ke khaatir kaam me laawat rahin lekin [[17th century]] me Catholic missionary lekh me "Tartar" ke Manchus aur "[[Tartary]]" ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, uu jagha ke khaatir jispe uulog raaj karat rahin — jaise [[Manchuria]] aur bagal ke [[Inner Asia]] ke hissa,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dong |first=Shaoxin |title=Foreign Devils and Philosophers Cultural Encounters between the Chinese, the Dutch, and Other Europeans, 1590–1800 |publisher=Brill |year=2020 |isbn=978-9004418929 |editor-last=Weststeijn |editor-first=Thijs |location=Leiden |pages=82–83 |chapter=The Tartars in European Missionary Writings of the Seventeenth Century |access-date=14 March 2021 |chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004418929/BP000004.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508232543/https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004418929/BP000004.xml |archive-date=8 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Woolley |first=Nathan |title=Celestial Empire: Life in China 1644–1911 |pages=107 |year=2016 |publisher=National Library of Australia |isbn=9780642278760}}</ref> jispe Qing raaj karat rahin [[Ming–Qing transition]] se pahile. China ke khaas ilaaka pe kabjaa kare ke baad, Manchus aapan raajya ke "China" bolat rahin, China standard English translation Chinese me aur {{tlit|mnc|Dulimbai Gurun}} Manchu me, ke rahaa. Qing ke emperor log Qing state ke ilaaka (jisme aur jagha rahaa, abhi ke Northeast China, Xinjiang, Mongolia, aur Tibet) ke "China" maanat rahin, duuno Chinese aur Manchu bhasa me, jisme China ke ek multi-ethnic state maana jaawat rahaa, aur reject karat rahaa ii idea ki khaali Han ilaaka "China" ke hissa rahaa. Sarkar "China" aur "Qing" ke adal-badal ke kaam me laaawat rahaa aapan official documents me,{{sfnp|Zhao|2006|pp=4, 7–10, 12–14 and 24 n. 4}} jisme Chinese-bhasa versions treaties aur [[dunia]] ke map bhi rahaa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bilik |first=Naran |date=2007 |title=Names Have Memories: History, Semantic Identity and Conflict in Mongolian and Chinese Language Use |journal=Inner Asia |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=34 |doi=10.1163/146481707793646629}}</ref> Sabd 'Chinese log' ({{zhi|t=中國人 |p=Zhōngguórén}} me; Manchu: sab Han log, Manchu, aur Mongols jon Qing Empire ke subject rahin.{{sfnp|Zhao|2006|pp=4, 7–10, 12–14}} Jab Qing [[Ten Great Campaigns#The Zunghars and pacification of Xinjiang (1755–1759)|conquered Dzungaria in 1759]], tab uu Manchu-bhasa memorial me proclaim karis rahaa ki nawaa ilaaka ab "China" me hae.<ref name="Dunnell2004">{{Cite book |last1=Dunnell |first1=Ruth W. |url={{Google books|6qFH-53_VnEC|plainurl=yes}} |title=New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde |last2=Elliott |first2=Mark C. |last3=Foret |first3=Philippe |last4=Millward |first4=James A. |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-1134362226}}</ref> Qing sarkar ii ideology ke failais ki "outer" non-Han log—jaise dher abaadi Mongolian ke, aur Tibetans bhi—ke ek saathe karnaa "inner" Han Chinese ke saathe "ek palwaar" me, ektaa rahaa Qing state me. Phraseology jaise {{zhi|c=中外一家|p=Zhōngwài yījiā|out=p}} aur {{zhi|c=內外一家|p=nèiwài yījiā|out=p}}—duuno anuwaad how hae 'ghare aur pardes ek palwaar ke rakam'—ke kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa dekhae khaatir idea of Qing-mediated trans-cultural ektaa.<ref name="Dunnell2004" /> ==Itihaas== ===Formation=== Qing dynasty ke [[Han Chinese]] , jiske des ke puuraa abaadi me bahumati rahaa, nai suruu kare rahin lekin [[Manchus]], ek sedentary kisan log jon [[Jurchens]], ek Tungusic log jon uu ilaaka me rahat rahin jisme abhi e Chinese provinces [[Jilin]] aur [[Heilongjiang]] hae, se descended rahin.{{sfnp|Ebrey|2010|p=220}} ====Nurhaci==== [[File:Minggunbattle.jpg|thumb|Manchu cavalry charging Ming infantry at the 1619 Battle of Sarhū me]] Manchu state ke suruu waala style ke [[Nurhaci]], jon ek chhotaa Jurchen tribe{{snd}} Aisin-Gioro{{snd}} [[Jianzhou Jurchens|Jianzhou]] me, early [[17th century]] ke chief rahaa, suruu karis rahaa. Nurhaci saait Han household in me aapan jawani me rahaa hoi, aur [[Chinese bhasa|Chinese]] aur [[Mongolian bhasa|Mongolian]] bhasa me achchhaa baat karat rahaa aur Chinese novels ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'' aur ''[[Water Margin]]'' ke parrhis rahaa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Swope |first=Kenneth M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRaoAgAAQBAJ&q=three+kingdoms+nurhaci+romance&pg=PA16 |title=The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44 |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1134462094 |edition=Illustrated |page=16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mair |first1=Victor H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agI7CwAAQBAJ&q=three+kingdoms+nurhaci+romance&pg=PT159 |title=Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization |last2=Chen |first2=Sanping |last3=Wood |first3=Frances |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2013 |isbn=978-0500771471 |edition=Illustrated}}</ref> Ming emperors ke niche, uu apne ke officially ek guardian of the Ming border and a local representative of the Ming dynasty maanat rahaa.<ref name="Peterson" /> Nurhaci ek intertribal larrai ke 1582 me suruu karis rahaa jon barr ke ek campaign to [[Jurchen unification|unify the nearby tribes]] hoe gais rahaa. Uu suruu karis rahaa organise kare [[Eight Banners]] military system jisme rahaa Manchu, Han, aur [[Mongols|Mongol]] log. 1616 talak, uu Jianzhou ke etna ek saathe kar liis rahaa, jisse uu apne ke [[Khan (title)|Khan]] of the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin dynasty]] in reference to the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|previous Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty]] proclaim karis rahaa.{{sfnp|Ebrey|2010|pp=220–224}} Dui saal baad, Nurhaci announced karis "[[Seven Grievances]]" aur khule-aam renounce karis rahaa sovereignty of Ming overlordship Jurchen tribes ke unification ke complete kare ke khaatir jon abhi talak Ming emperor ke saathe rahin. Kuchh larrai me haar ke baad, uu aapan capital ke [[Hetu Ala]] se hatae ke successively bigger captured Ming cities Liaodong me: pahile [[Liaoyang]] 1621 me, fir [[Mukden]] (Shenyang) 1625 me, kar liis rahaa.{{sfnp|Ebrey|2010|pp=220–224}} Iske alaawa, Khorchin larrai me achchhaa ally rahin, Jurchens ke aapan as their expertise as cavalry archers dewat rahin. ii nawaa alliance ke guarantee kare ke khaatir, Nurhaci suruu karis rahaa ek policy jisme inter-marriages Jurchen aur Khorchin nobilities ke biich me howat rahaa, aur jon iske nai maangat rahaa ke military action ke saaman kare ke parrat rahaa. Ii ek typical example hae Nurhaci ke initiatives ke jon baad me official Qing government policy ban gais rahaa. Qing jamaanake jaada hissa me, Mongols military assistance Manchus ke de rahin.<ref>Bernard Hung-Kay Luk, Amir Harrak-Contacts between cultures, Vol. 4, p. 25</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Q]] [[Category:China ke itihaas]] [[Vibhag:1644 establishments]] [[Vibhag:1892 disestablishments]] 88atarqcsc559xnowai05rqthfug3tt