Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.17 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 199 337879 325200 2026-08-31T11:12:59Z KaiRewa 33465 337879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''1948''' ek leap saal rahaa jon ki bif ke din suruu bhais rahaa. == Ghatna == * [[4 February]] - Sri Lanka ke Great Britain se ajaadi mila. <ref>[[w:Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]</ref> * [[9 July]] - India ke sarakr, S. A. Waiz ke India ke khatir Fiji me Consular representative appoint karis uu Hindustani logan ke khatir jon ki Fiji me permanently nai rahe hae. <ref>The Argus, <Friday 9 July 1948, p. 4 </ref> * [[August]] - [[Fiji]] me football (soccer) ke [[Inter-District Championship (Fiji) 1948|11th Inter-district Championship (IDC)]], [[Nausori ] me khela gais rahaa, jiske final me [[Suva Soccer Association|Suva]], [[Rewa Soccer Association|Rewa]] ke 4-2 se harais. == Janam == * [[17 January]] - '''[[Mikhail Baryshnikov]]''', [[Latvia]]n nachaniyaa, choreographer aur actor ke janam [[Riga]], [[ Latvia]] me bhais rahaa. * [[25 February]] - '''[[Danny Denzongpa]]''', [[Hindi]] film actor, ke janam [[Sikkim]] me bhais rahaa. <ref>[[w:Danny Denzongpa|Danny Denzongpa]] </ref> * [[25 March]] - '''[[Farooq Sheikh]]''', [[Hindi]] film actor, ke janam Baroda, [[India]] me bhais rahaa. <ref>[[w:Farooq Sheikh|Farooq Sheikh]] </ref> * [[16 October]] - '''Hema Malini''', [[Hindi]] film actress, ke janam [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] mein bhais rahaa. <ref>[[w:Hema Malini|Hema Malini]] </ref> == Maut == * [[30 January]] - Mahatma Gandhi ke Nathuram Godse jaan se maar dis. (janam: [[2 October]] [[1869]]) <ref> [[w:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] </ref> * [[11 September]] - Muhammad Ali Jinnah, jon ki All India Muslim League ke suruu karis rahaa aur jon Pakistan ke pahila Governor-General rahaa, ke maut Karachi, Sind me bhais rahaa. <ref> [[w:Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] </ref> == References == <references/> <br /> [[Vibhag:1]] [[Category:1948| ]] 53oxzt4njgdgblqzk6q8iyew10noeii 337880 337879 2026-08-31T11:13:34Z KaiRewa 33465 337880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''1948''' ek leap saal rahaa jon ki bif ke din suruu bhais rahaa. == Ghatna == * [[4 February]] - Sri Lanka ke Great Britain se ajaadi mila. <ref>[[w:Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]</ref> * [[9 July]] - India ke sarakr, S. A. Waiz ke India ke khatir Fiji me Consular representative appoint karis uu Hindustani logan ke khatir jon ki Fiji me permanently nai rahe hae. <ref>The Argus, <Friday 9 July 1948, p. 4 </ref> * [[August]] - [[Fiji]] me football (soccer) ke [[Inter-District Championship (Fiji) 1948|11th Inter-district Championship (IDC)]], [[Nausori]] me khela gais rahaa, jiske final me [[Suva Soccer Association|Suva]], [[Rewa Soccer Association|Rewa]] ke 4-2 se harais. == Janam == * [[17 January]] - '''[[Mikhail Baryshnikov]]''', [[Latvia]]n nachaniyaa, choreographer aur actor ke janam [[Riga]], [[ Latvia]] me bhais rahaa. * [[25 February]] - '''[[Danny Denzongpa]]''', [[Hindi]] film actor, ke janam [[Sikkim]] me bhais rahaa. <ref>[[w:Danny Denzongpa|Danny Denzongpa]] </ref> * [[25 March]] - '''[[Farooq Sheikh]]''', [[Hindi]] film actor, ke janam Baroda, [[India]] me bhais rahaa. <ref>[[w:Farooq Sheikh|Farooq Sheikh]] </ref> * [[16 October]] - '''Hema Malini''', [[Hindi]] film actress, ke janam [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] mein bhais rahaa. <ref>[[w:Hema Malini|Hema Malini]] </ref> == Maut == * [[30 January]] - Mahatma Gandhi ke Nathuram Godse jaan se maar dis. (janam: [[2 October]] [[1869]]) <ref> [[w:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] </ref> * [[11 September]] - Muhammad Ali Jinnah, jon ki All India Muslim League ke suruu karis rahaa aur jon Pakistan ke pahila Governor-General rahaa, ke maut Karachi, Sind me bhais rahaa. <ref> [[w:Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] </ref> == References == <references/> <br /> [[Vibhag:1]] [[Category:1948| ]] pmcegxz7l73qrvmvvputtx6ethbmpn2 0 3706 337875 336683 2026-08-31T00:25:20Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Artist | bgcolour = #EEDD82 | name = Rembrandt | image = | caption = Self-portrait by Rembrandt (1661). | birthname = Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn | birthdate = {{birth date|mf=yes|1606|7|15|mf=y}} | location = Leiden, [[Netherlands]] | deathdate = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1669|10|4|1606|7|15|mf=y}} | deathplace = [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]] | nationality = [[Netherlands|Dutch]] | field = Painting, Printmaking | training = | movement = Dutch Golden Age painting | works = ''Danaë'', 1636<br /> ''Jacob de Gheyn III'', 1632<br /> ''Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp'', 1632<br /> ''Belshazzar's Feast'', 1635<br /> ''Night Watch'', 1642<br /> | patrons = | awards = }} '''Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn''' ([[15 July]] [[1606]] – [[4 October]] [[1669]]) [[Netherlands]] ke ek jaana maana [[painter]] aur [[artist]] rahaa. Uske janam Leiden me bhaes rahaa. Uske [[Europe]] ke aur jaada kar ke [[Netherlands]] ke itihaas me ab se jaada important painter jaana jaawe hae.<ref name="Gombrich, p. 420">Gombrich, p. 420.</ref> Ii uu time ke rahaa jiske the [[Dutch Golden Age]] bola jaawa rahaa. Jab ki uu aapan jawani me ek portrait painter ke rup me safalta paais, uske baad e din personal tragedy aur financial hardship se bharaa rahaa. Fir bhi uske etchings aur paintings uske jindagi bhar famous rahaa aur uske artist ke reputation achchha rahaa.,<ref>Gombrich, p. 427.</ref> aur biis saal talak uu sab khaas Dutch painter ke sikhais.<ref>Clark, p. 203.</ref> Rembrandt ke sab se barraa creative triumphs ke example hae uske portrait aapan contemporaries ke, self-portraits aur [[Bible]] ke kuchh scene ke chapa. Uske self-portraits ek unique aur intimate biography de hae, jisme artist ke binaa vanity ke survey karaa jaawe hae puura sachhai se.<ref name="Gombrich, p. 420"/> Duuno painting aur printmaking me uu classical [[iconography]] ke gyan dekhais hae, jiske mold kar ke appan requiements ke fit karis hae; jaise ki uske Bible me ke scene ke chhapa uske Bble ke baare ke jaankari dekhae hae.<ref>Clark, pp. 203-4.</ref> == Kaam == [[file:Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg|thumb|right|''[[The Storm on the Sea of Galilee]]'', 1633. The painting is still missing after robbery from the [[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] in 1990.]] Huyghens ke lage ek chitthi me, Rembrandt ii batae ke kosis karis ki uu art se kon chij achieve kare maangat rahaa. : ''the greatest and most natural movement'', jiske ''de meeste en de natuurlijkste beweegelijkheid'' me se translate karaa gais hae. "beweechgelickhijt" sabd ke matlab "emotion" nai to "motive" bhi hae.<ref>Hughes, p. 6</ref> == Rembrandt ke painting ke suchi == {| class="wikitable sortable" !class="unsortable"|Image !! Title !! Year !! Technique !! Dimensions !! Gallery |- |[[file:Touch, by Rembrandt.jpg|150px]]||The Operation (Touch)||1624/1625||Oil on panel||21.6 x 17.7 cm.|| Private collection |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 180.jpg|150px]]||The Spectacles-pedlar (Sight)||1624/1625||Oil on panel||21 x 17.8 cm.|| [[Stedelijk Museum De Lakenhal]], Leiden |- |[[file:Rembrandt The Three Singers (Hearing).jpg|150px]]||The Three Singers (Hearing)||1624/1625||Oil on panel||?|| Collection W. Baron van Dedem |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 150.jpg|150px]]||[[The Stoning of Saint Stephen|The Stoning of St. Stephen]]||1625||Oil on panel||89.5 x 123.6 cm.||[[Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Historical Painting 1626.jpg|150px]]||History Painting||1626||Oil on panel||89.8 x 121 cm.|| [[Stedelijk Museum De Lakenhal]], Leiden |- |[[file:P1150002 Cognacq-Jay Rembrandt anesse de Balaam rwk.jpg|150px]]||Balaam and the Ass ||1626||Oil on panel||63.2 x 46.5 cm.|| [[Musée Cognacq-Jay]], Paris |- |[[file:Rembrandt 169.jpg|150px]]||The Baptism of the Eunuch ||1626||Oil on panel||63.5 x 48 cm.|| [[Museum Catharijneconvent]], Utrecht |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 024.jpg|150px]]||Christ Driving the Moneychangers from the Temple||1626||Oil on panel||43 х 33 cm.||[[Pushkin Museum]], Moscow |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 154.jpg|150px]]||Tobit and Anna with the Kid ||1626||Oil on panel||39.5 x 30 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:Musicerend gezelschap Rijksmuseum SK-A-4674.jpeg|150px]]||Musical Allegory ||1626||Oil on panel||63.5 x 48 cm.|| [[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 182.jpg|150px]]||Bust of a Man in a Gorget and Cap||1627||Oil on panel||40 x 29.4 cm.|| Private collection |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 029.jpg|150px]]||David with the Head of Goliath before Saul||1627||Oil on panel||27.5 x 29.5 cm.||[[Kunstmuseum Basel]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt_-_The_Parable_of_the_Rich_Fool.jpg|150px]]||The Rich Man from the Parable||1627||Oil on panel||31.9 x 42.5 cm.|| [[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt, "St. Paul in Prison".jpg|150px]]||St. Paul in Prison||1627||Oil on panel||72.8 x 60.2 cm.|| [[Staatsgalerie Stuttgart]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 056.jpg|150px]]||Simeon in the Temple||1627/1628||Oil on panel||55.4 x 43.7 cm.|| [[Kunsthalle Hamburg]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 185.jpg|150px]]||Two Old Men Disputing (St. Peter and St. Paul)||1628||Oil on panel||72.3 x 59.5 cm.|| [[National Gallery of Victoria]], Melbourne |- |[[file:Rembrandt The Artist in his studio.jpg|150px]]||The Artist in his Studio||1628||Oil on panel||24.8 x 31.7 cm.|| [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt, St. Paul at his Writing-Desk, close-up.jpg|150px]]||St. Paul at his Writing-Desk||1628/1629||Oil on panel||47.2 x 38 cm.|| [[Germanisches Nationalmuseum]], Nuremberg |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 022.jpg|150px]]||The Supper at Emmaus||1628/1629||Oil on panel||37.4 x 42.3 cm.|| [[Musée Jacquemart-André]], Paris |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 126.jpg|150px]]||Samson Betrayed by Delilah||1628/1629||Oil on panel||59.5 x 49.5 cm.|| [[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] |- |[[file:Saul and David rembrandt.jpg|150px]]||David Playing the Harp to Saul||1628/1629||Oil on panel||61.8 x 50.2 cm.||[[Städel]], Frankfurt am Main |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn - Zelfportret op jeugdige leeftijd - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait||1629||Oil on panel||22.6 x 18.7 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 184.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait||1629||Oil on panel||38.2 x 31 cm.|| [[Germanisches Nationalmuseum]], [[Nuremberg]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 140.jpg|150px]] ||Self-portrait||1629||Oil on panel||15.5 x 12.7 cm.|| [[Alte Pinakothek]], Munich |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 186.jpg|150px]]||An Old Man Asleep, Seated by the Fire||1629||Oil on panel||51.9 x 40.8 cm.|| [[Sabauda Gallery]], Turin |- |[[file:Judas Returning the Thirty Silver Pieces - Rembrandt.jpg|150px]]||Judas Repentant, Returning the Pieces of Silver||1629||Oil on panel||79 x 102.3 cm.||Private collection |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 198.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait||1629||Oil on panel||89.7 x 73.5 cm.|| [[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]], Boston |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 199.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait||1630||Oil on panel||15.5 x 12 cm.|| [[Nationalmuseum]], Stockholm |- |[[file:Rembrandt - The laughing man.jpg|150px]]||Bust of a Laughing Man in a Gorget||1630||Oil on copper||15.3 x 12.2 cm.|| [[Mauritshuis]], The Hague |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 165.jpg|150px]]||An Old Woman at Prayer||1630||Oil on copper||15.5 x 12.2 cm.|| [[Residenzgalerie]], Salzburg |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn - Bust of an Old Man in a Fur Cap.JPG|150px]]||Bust of an Old Man in a Fur Cap||1630||Oil on panel||22.2 x 17.7 cm.||[[Tyrolean State Museum]], Innsbruck |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 011.jpg|150px]]||[[Andromeda Chained to the Rocks (Rembrandt)|Andromeda]]||1630||Oil on panel||34 x 24.5 cm.|| [[Mauritshuis]], The Hague |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn - Jeremia treurend over de verwoesting van Jeruzalem - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruction of Jeruselem||1630||Oil on panel||58 x 46 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 015.jpg|150px]]||The Raising of Lazarus||1631||Oil on panel||96.36 x 81.28 cm.|| [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 145.jpg|150px]]||Simeon in the Temple||1631||Oil on panel||60.9 x 47.9 cm.|| [[Mauritshuis]], The Hague |- |[[file:Rembrandt st. peter in prision.jpg|150px]]||St. Peter in Prison||1631||Oil on panel||59 x 47.8 cm.|| [[Israel Museum]], Jerusalem |- |[[file:Rembrandt prophet hannah.jpg|150px]]||An Old Woman Reading, probably the Prophetess Anna||1631||Oil on panel||60 x 48 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:Bust of an old man (1631), by Rembrandt van Rijn.jpg|150px]]||Bust of an Old Man||1631||Oil on panel||59.9 x 51.2 cm.||Private collection |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 106.jpg|150px]]||Head of an Old Man||1631||Oil on panel||24.3 × 20.3 cm.|| [[Agnes Etherington Art Centre]], Kingston |- |[[file:Crucifixion by Rembrandt (1631, S.Vincent du Mas-d'Agenais).jpg|150px]]||Christ on the Cross||1631||Oil on panel||99.9 x 72.6 cm.|| Parish Church, Le Mas d'Agenais |- |[[file:Rembrandt - Minerva - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Minerva in her Study||1631||Oil on panel||61 x 49 cm.|| [[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt 1631.jpg|150px]]||The Artist in an Oriental Costume, with a Poodle at His Feet||1631||Oil on panel||66.5 x 52 cm.||[[Petit Palais]], Paris |- |[[file:Rembrandt - The Rape of Proserpine - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||The Abduction of Proserpina||1631||Oil on panel||83 x 78 cm.|| [[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] |- |[[file:Old man gorget.jpg|150px]]||Old Man in a Gorget and Black Cap||1631||Oil on panel||83.1 x 75.7 cm.|| [[Art Institute of Chicago]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt_van_Rijn,_Nicolaes_Ruts,_1631.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Nicolaes Ruts||1631||Oil on panel||116.84 x 87.31 cm.|| [[Frick Collection]], New York |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn - A Scholar.JPG|150px]]||Portrait of a Man at his Writing Desk||1631||Oil on canvas||104.5 x 92 cm.||[[Hermitage Museum]], Saint Petersburg |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 161.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Man Seated||1631||Oil on panel||90 x 67 cm.|| [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], Vienna |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 098.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Marten Looten||1632||Oil on panel||92.71 x 76.2 cm.|| [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] |- |[[file:Man_in_Oriental_Costume,_by_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg|150px]]||Knee-length Figure of a Man in an Oriental Dress||1632||Oil on panel||152.7 x 111.1 cm.|| [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York |- |[[file:Rembrandt - The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp.jpg|150px]]||[[The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp|The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp]]||1632||Oil on canvas||169.5 x 216.5 cm.||[[Mauritshuis]], The Hague |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 197.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Joris de Caullery||1632||Oil on canvas||102.9 x 84.3 cm.|| [[Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco]] |- |[[file:Amalia van Solms.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Princess Amalia van Solms||1632||Oil on canvas||69.5 x 54.4 cm.|| [[Musée Jacquemart-André]], Paris |- |[[file:Portrait of Maurits Huygens.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Maurits Huygens||1632||Oil on panel||31.1 x 24.5 cm.|| [[Hamburger Kunsthalle]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn - Jacob III de Gheyn - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||[[Jacob de Gheyn III|Portrait of Jacques de Gheyn III]]||1632||Oil on panel||29.9 x 24.9 cm.||[[Dulwich Picture Gallery]], London |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 196.jpg|150px]]||A Young Woman in Profile with a Fan||1632||Oil on canvas||72.5 x 54.8 cm.|| [[Nationalmuseum]], Stockholm |- |[[file:Bust of a young woman, by Rembrandt van Rijn.jpg|150px]]||Bust of a Young Woman||1632||?||?||[[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] |- |[[file:Retrato de uma senhorita com capa negra.jpg|150px]]||Bust of a Young Woman in a Cap||1632||?||?||Private collection |- |[[file:Portrait of a Man Trimming his Quill by Rembrandt.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Man Trimming his Quill||1632||?||?||[[Schloss Wilhelmshöhe]], Kassel |- |[[file:Rembrandt, Portrait of a Young Woman Seated, 1632.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Young Woman Seated||1632||?||92 x 71 cm.||[[Academy of Fine Arts Vienna]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 144.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait as a Burger||1632||Oil on panel||64.4 x 47.6 cm.|| [[Burrell Collection]], Glasgow |- |[[file:Rembrandt - The Abduction of Europa - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||The Rape of Europa||1632||Oil on panel||24 1/2 x 30 5/16 in.|| [[J. Paul Getty Museum]], Los Angeles |- |[[file:Rembrandt - A young woman at her toilet - National Gallery of Canada 21015.jpg|150px]]||A Young Woman at her Toilet||1632/1633||Oil on canvas||109.2 x 94.4 cm.|| [[National Gallery of Canada]], Ottawa |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 071.jpg|150px]]||The Descent from the Cross||1632/1633||Oil on panel||89.4 x 65,2 cm.|| [[Alte Pinakothek]], Munich |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 073.jpg|150px]]||The Raising of the Cross||1633||Oil on panel||95.7 x 72.2 cm.|| [[Alte Pinakothek]], Munich |- |[[file:Bellona,_by_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg|150px]]||Bellona||1633||Oil on canvas||127 x 97.5 cm.|| [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 118.jpg|150px]]||Bust of a Man in Oriental Dress||1633||Oil on panel||85.8 x 63.8 cm.|| [[Alte Pinakothek]], Munich |- |[[file:21020.jpg|150px]]||Bust of Young Woman (probably Saskia van Uylenburgh)||1633||Oil on panel||65 x 48 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 090.jpg|150px]]||Bust of Young Woman Smiling (probably Saskia van Uylenburgh)||1633||Oil on panel||52.5 x 44 cm.||[[Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden]] |- |[[file:21022.jpg|150px]]||A Bust of an Old Man||1633||?||?||Private collection |- |[[file:Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg|150px]]||[[The Storm on the Sea of Galilee]]||1633||Oil on canvas||160 x 128 cm.||stolen |- |[[file:Rembrandt_200.jpg|150px]]||Joseph Telling his Dreams||1633||Grisaille on paper||55.8 x 38.7 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt_-_Daniel_and_Cyrus_before_the_Idol_Bel,_1633.jpg|150px]]||Daniel and Cyrus before the Idol Bel||1633||Oil on panel||23.4 x 30.1 cm.||[[J. Paul Getty Museum]], Los Angeles |- |[[file:21026.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Bearded Man in a Wide-Brimmed Hat||1633||Oil on panel||69.9 x 54.6 cm.|| [[Norton Simon Museum]], Pasadena |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 093.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Jan Hermansz Krul||1633||Oil on canvas||128.5 x 100.5 cm.|| [[Schloss Wilhelmshöhe]], Kassel |- |[[file:Rembrandt_-_Portrait_of_a_Man_Rising_from_his_Chair_-_1633.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Man Rising from his Chair||1633||Oil on canvas||48-7/8 x 38-3/4 in.|| [[Taft Museum of Art]], Cincinnati |- |[[file:21029.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Young Woman with a Fan||1633||Oil on canvas||125.7 x 101 cm.|| [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York |- |[[file:Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_by_Rembrandt,_1633.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Young Woman||1633||Oil on panel||25,75 x 19,25 in.||[[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt, Portrait of Maertgen van Bilderbeecq, 1633, Städel, Frankfurt am Main.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Maertgen van Bilderbeecq||1633||Oil on panel||67.4 x 55.2 cm.|| [[Städel]], Frankfurt am Main |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn - Portret van Johannes Wtenbogaert (1557-1644), Remonstrants predikant - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Johannes Wtenbogaert||1633||Oil on canvas||130 x 103 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt - The Shipbuilder and his Wife- Jan Rijcksen (1560-2-1637) and his Wife, Griet Jans - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Jan Rijcksen and his Wife, Griet Jans||1633||Oil on canvas||114.3 x 168.6 cm.|| [[Royal Collection]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt selfportrait Louvre 1744.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait||1633||Oil on panel||60 x 47 cm.|| [[Musée du Louvre]], Paris |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 141.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait in a Cap||1633||Oil on panel||70 x 53 cm.||[[Musée du Louvre]], Paris |- |[[file:Rembrandt, Portrait of Saskia van Uylenburgh (1612–1642), circa 1633–1634, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Kassel.jpg|150px]]||Half-length Figure of Saskia in a Red Hat||1633/1634||Oil on panel||99.5 x 78.8 cm.||[[Schloss Wilhelmshöhe]], Kassel |- |[[file:21037.jpg|150px]]||A Scholar Seated at a Table with Books||1634||Oil on canvas||145 x 134.9 cm.||[[National Gallery in Prague]] |- |[[file:Diana bathing (Rembrandt).jpg|150px]]||Diana Bathing with her Nymphs||1634||Oil on panel||73.5 x 93.5 cm.||Museum Wasserburg, Anholt |- |[[file:Ecce omo.jpg|150px]]||Ecce Homo||1634||Grisaille on paper||54.5 x 44.5 cm.||[[National Gallery]], London |- |[[file:Harmensz van Rijn Rembrandt - Флора - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Flora||1634||Oil on canvas||125 x 101 cm.||[[Hermitage Museum]], Saint Petersburg |- |[[file:Dirckpesser.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Dirck Jansz Pesser||1634||Oil on panel||64.77 x 50.48 cm.||[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt, Portret van Haesje v.Cleyburg 1634.jpg|150px]]||Portret of van Haesje Jacobsdr van Cleyburgh||1634||Oil on panel||68.6 x 53.4 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 108.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Aechje Claesdr||1634||Oil on panel||71.1 x 55.9 cm.||[[National Gallery]], London |- |[[file:Rembrandt-Elison.png|150px]]||Portrait of Reverend Johannes Elison||1634||Oil on canvas||174.0 x 124.5 cm.|| [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] |- |[[file:21045.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Maria Bockenolle||1634||Oil on canvas||174.9 x 124.1 cm.||[[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt, Portrait of Maerten Soolmans, 1634.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Marten Soolmans||1634||Oil on canvas||207 x 132.5 cm.||Private collection |- |[[file:Rembrandt, Portrait of Oopjen Coppit, 1634.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Oopjen Coppit||1634||Oil on canvas||207 x 132 cm.||Private collection |- |[[file:Rembrandt_-_Auto-retrato,_1634_-_Gemäldegalerie,_Berlin.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait in a Cap and Fur-trimmed Cloak||1634||Oil on panel||58.3 x 47.4 cm.||[[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] |- |[[file:21049.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait with Shaded Eyes||1634||?||?||Wynn Collection, Las Vegas |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 054.jpg|150px]]||The Entombment||1634/1635||Oil on panel||?||[[Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery]], Glasgow |- |[[file:Portrait of Saskia van Uylenburgh by Rembrandt.jpg|150px]]||Bust of Young Woman (probably Saskia van Uylenburgh)||1634||Oil on panel||60.5 x 49 cm.||[[National Gallery of Art]], Washington |- |[[file:Artemisia,_by_Rembrandt,_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg|150px]]||[[Artemisia (Rembrandt)|Sophonisba, Receiving the Poisoned Cup]]||1634||Oil on canvas||142 x 153 cm.||[[Museo del Prado]], Madrid |- |[[file:Rembrandt, The Incredulity of Thomas, 1634.jpg|150px]]||The Incredulity of Thomas||1634||Oil on panel||53.1 x 50.5 cm.||[[Pushkin Museum]], Moscow |- |[[file:The Holy Family by Rembrandt (1633) - Alte Pinakothek - Munich - Germany 2017.jpg|150px]]||The Holy Family||1634||Oil on canvas||183,5 x 123 cm.||[[Alte Pinakothek]], Munich |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn - Preaching of Saint John the Baptist - Gemäldegalerie Berlin.jpg|150px]]||John the Baptist Preaching||1634/1635||Oil on canvas||62.7 x 82.1 cm.||[[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 072.jpg|150px]]||The Lamentation||1634/1635||Oil on paper and pieces of canvas, mounted onto oak||31.9 x 26.7 cm.||[[National Gallery]], London |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 035.jpg|150px]]||Abraham's Sacrifice||1635||Oil on canvas||193 x 132 cm.|| [[Hermitage Museum]], Saint Petersburg |- |[[file:Rembrandt-Belsazar.jpg|150px]]||[[Belshazzar's Feast (Rembrandt)|Belshazzar’s Feast]]||1635||Oil on canvas||167.6 x 209.2 cm.||[[National Gallery]], London |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 086.jpg|150px]]||Flora||1635||Oil on canvas||123.5 x 97.5 cm.||[[National Gallery]], London |- |[[file:Minerva, by Rembrandt (1635).jpg|150px]]||Minerva||1635||Oil on canvas||137 x 116 cm.||Gallery Otto Naumann, New York |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 101.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Philips Lucasz||1635||Oil on panel||79.5 x 58.9 cm.||[[National Gallery]], London |- |[[file:Rembrandt - Samson threatened his father-in-law - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Samson Threatening his Father-in-law||1635||Oil on canvas||159 x 131 cm.|| [[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt - Rembrandt and Saskia in the Scene of the Prodigal Son - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||[[The Prodigal Son in the Tavern]]||1635||Oil on canvas||161 x 131 cm.||[[Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt - The Abduction of Ganymede - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||The Rape of Ganymede||1635||Oil on canvas||177 x 129 cm.||[[Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 191.jpg|150px]]||The Entombment||1635/1639||Oil on canvas||92.6 x 68.9 cm.||[[Alte Pinakothek]], Munich |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 178.jpg|150px]]||The Resurrection||1635/1639||Oil on canvas||93.7 x 67 cm.||[[Alte Pinakothek]], Munich |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 192.jpg|150px]]||The Ascension||1636||Oil on canvas||93 x 68.7 cm.||[[Alte Pinakothek]], Munich |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 151.jpg|150px]]||Susanna at the Bath||1636||Oil on panel||47.4 x 38.6 cm.||[[Mauritshuis]], The Hague |- |[[file:Rembrandt Blendung Simsons@Städel Museum Frankfurt20170818.jpg|150px]]||The Blinding of Samson||1636||Oil on canvas||205 x 272 cm.|| [[Städel]], Frankfurt am Main |- |[[file:Rembrandt, The Standard-Bearer, 1636.jpg|150px]]||The Standard-Bearer||1636||Oil on canvas||118.8 x 96.8 cm.||Collection of Elie de Rothschild, Paris |- |[[file:Selfportrait Rembrandt1641.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait||1636/1638||Oil on panel||63.2 x 50.2 cm.||[[Norton Simon Museum]], Pasadena |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 026.jpg|150px]]||[[Danaë (Rembrandt painting)|Danae]]||1636/1643||Oil on canvas||185 x 202.5 см||[[Hermitage Museum]], Saint Petersburg |- |[[file:Rembrandt. A Polish Nobleman. 1637.PNG|150px]]||Half-length Figure of a Man in 'Polish' Costume||1637||Oil on panel||96.8 x 66 cm.||[[National Gallery of Art]], Washington |- |[[file:Rembrandt De aartsengel verlaat Tobias en zijn gezin. 1637.jpg|150px]]||The Angel Raphael leaving Tobit and his family||1637||Oil on panel||66 x 52 cm.||[[Musée du Louvre]], Paris |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn - De stenen brug - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Landscape with a Stone Bridge||1638||Oil on canvas||29.5 x 42.5 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Krajobraz z miłosiernym Samarytaninem.jpg|150px]]||Landscape with the Good Samaritan||1638||Oil on panel||61 x 49.3 cm.||[[Czartoryski Museum]], Krakow |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 149.jpg|150px]]||Mountain Landscape with a Thunderstorm||1638||Oil on panel||51.3 x 71.5 cm.||[[Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum]], Braunschweig |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn - Christ and St Mary Magdalen at the Tomb - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||The Rising Christ Appearing to Mary Magdalene||1638||Oil on panel||61.0 x 49.5 cm.||[[Royal Collection]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 146.jpg|150px]]||The Wedding of Samson||1638||Oil on canvas||126 x 175 cm.||[[Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt - Clowes self-portrait, 1639.png|150px]]||Self-Portrait in a Beret||1639||Oil on panel||44.45 × 34.29 cm.||[[Indianapolis Museum of Art]] |- |[[file:31031.jpg|150px]]||A Dead Bittern Held by a Hunter||1639||Oil on panel||121 x 89 cm.||[[Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt - Tote Pfauen.jpg|150px]]||Dead Peacocks and a Girl||1639||Oil on canvas||144 x 134.8 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 032.jpg|150px]]||Man in Oriental Costume||1639||?||102.8 x 78.8 cm.||[[Chatsworth House]], Duke of Devonshire Collection, Chatsworth |- |[[file:Rembrandt, Portrait of a Man Holding a Hat, 1639.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Man Holding a Hat||1639||?||?||[[Hammer Museum]], Los Angeles |- |[[file:Portrait of Andries de Graeff – Rembrandt.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Andries de Graeff||1639||Oil on canvas||200 x 124.2 cm.||[[Schloss Wilhelmshöhe]], Kassel |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 202.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Aletta Adriaensdr||1639||Oil on panel||65.5 x 55.5 cm.||[[Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen]], Rotterdam |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 172.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Maria Trip||1639||Oil on canvas||107 x 82 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn Harmen Doomer circa 1640.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Herman Doomer||1640||Oil on panel||75.2 x 55.2 cm.|| [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn Baertje Martens circa 1640.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Baertje Martens||1640||Oil on panel||76 x 56 cm.|| [[Hermitage Museum]], Saint Petersburg |- |[[file:River Landscape with a Windmill.jpg|150px]]||River Landscape with a Windmill||1640||?||67 x 87.5 cm.||[[Schloss Wilhelmshöhe]], Kassel |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 129.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait||1640||Oil on canvas||102 x 80 cm.||[[National Gallery]], London |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 190.jpg|150px]]||The Visitation||1640||Oil on panel||56.5 x 47.9 cm.||[[Detroit Institute of Arts]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt - The Mennonite Preacher Anslo and his Wife - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of the Mennonite Preacher Cornelius Claesz Anslo and his Wife Aaltje Gerritsdr Shouten||1641||Oil on canvas||176 x 210 cm.||[[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] |- |[[file:41002.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Nicolas van Bambeeck||1641||Oil on canvas||105.5 x 84 cm.||[[Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium]], Brussels |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 080.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Agatha Bas||1641||Oil on canvas||105.2 x 83.9 cm.||[[Royal Collection]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 087.jpg|150px]]||Saskia as a Flora||1641||Oil on panel||98.5 x 82.5 cm.||[[Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 201.jpg|150px]]||The Concord of the State||1641||Oil on panel||74.6 x 101 cm.||[[Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen]], Rotterdam |- |[[file:The Nightwatch by Rembrandt.jpg|150px]]||[[Night Watch (painting)|The Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq and Lieutenant Willem van Ruytenburch (Night Watch)]]||1642||Oil on canvas||379.5 x 453.5 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt, Self-Portrait in a Flat Cap, 1642, Royal Collection of the United Kingdom.jpg|150px]]||Self-Portrait in a Flat Cap||1642||Oil on panel||70.5 x 57.8 cm.||[[Royal Collection]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt - Landschaft mit Gebäuden.jpg|150px]]||Landscape with a Castle||1643||Oil on panel||44 x 60 cm.|| [[Musée du Louvre]], Paris |- |[[file:Rembrandt (Rembrandt van Rijn) - A Woman in Bed - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||A Woman Waiting in Bed||1644||Oil on canvas||81.1 x 67.8 cm.|| [[National Gallery of Scotland]], Edinburgh |- |[[file:Rembrandt Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery.jpg|150px]]||Christ and Adulterous Woman||1644||Oil on panel||83.8 x 65.4 cm.||[[National Gallery]], London |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn - Girl at a Window - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|150px]]||Girl in the Window||1645||Oil on canvas||81.6 x 66 cm.||[[Dulwich Picture Gallery]], London |- |[[file:Gulbenkian rembrandt.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of an Old Man||1645||Oil on canvas||128 x 112 cm.||[[Museu Calouste Gulbenkian]], Lisbon |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 195.jpg|150px]]||Joseph's Dream||1645||Oil on panel||20.7 x 27.8 cm.||[[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 058.jpg|150px]]||The Holy Family with Angels||1645||Oil on canvas||117 x 91 cm.||[[Hermitage Museum]], Saint Petersburg |- |[[file:Rembrandt (en atelier) - Tobias en Anna met het bokje (1645).jpg|150px]]||Tobit and Anna with a Goat||1645||Oil on panel||20 x 27 cm.||[[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt - Self-portrait with Beret and Red Cloak - Karlsruhe.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait||1645/1648||Oil on panel||68.5 x 56.5 cm.||[[Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe]] |- |[[file:Abraham and three angels by Rembrandt (1646, Aurora trust, NY).jpg|150px]]||Abraham and the Three Angels||1646||Oil on panel||16 x 21 cm.||Aurora Art Fund, New York |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn 009 full image 01.jpg|150px]]||The Adoration of the Shepards||1646||Oil on canvas||97 x 71.5 cm.|| [[Alte Pinakothek]], Munich |- |[[file:41019.jpg|150px]]||The Holy Family with Painted Frame and Curtains||1646||Oil on panel||45 x 67 cm.||[[Schloss Wilhelmshöhe]], Kassel |- |[[file:Rembrandt Winterlandschap 1646.jpg|150px]]||Winter Landscape||1646||Oil on panel||16.7 x 22.4 cm.||[[Schloss Wilhelmshöhe]], Kassel |- |[[file:Portret van een man, vermoedelijk Dr. Ephraïm Bueno Rijksmuseum SK-A-3982.jpeg|150px]]||Portrait of Ephraim Bueno||1647||Oil on panel||19 x 15 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt, Suzanna en de ouderlingen, 1647, Gemäldegalerie Berlin.jpg|150px]]||Susanna and the Elders||1647||Oil on panel||76.6 x 92.8 cm.||[[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn, Landscape with the Rest on the Flight into Egypt.jpg|150px]]||The Rest of the Flight into Egypt||1647||Oil on panel||34 x 48 cm.||[[National Gallery of Ireland]], Dublin |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 048.jpg|150px]]||Head of Christ||1648||Oil on panel||25 x 21.5 cm.||[[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] |- |[[file:41025.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Jewish Young Man||1648||?||?||[[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 023.jpg|150px]]||The Supper at Emmaus||1648||Oil on panel||68 x 65 cm.||[[Musée du Louvre]], Paris |- |[[file:51001.jpg|150px]]||Young Girl at the Window||1651||Oil on canvas||78 x 64 cm.||[[Nationalmuseum]], Stockholm |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn - Large Self-Portrait - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Large Self-portrait||1652||Oil on canvas||112 x 81.5 cm.||[[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], Vienna |- |[[file:Rembrandt, Portrait of a man possibly Pieter Six, early 1650s, Buscot Park, Oxfordshire.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Man||1652||Oil on canvas||37 x 29.5 in.||Faringdon Collection, Oxfordshire |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 100.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Nicolaes Bruyningh||1652||Oil on canvas||107,5 × 91,5 cm.||[[Schloss Wilhelmshöhe]], Kassel |- |[[file:Rembrandt - Aristotle with a Bust of Homer - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||[[Aristotle Contemplating a Bust of Homer|Aristotle with a Bust of Homer]]||1653||Oil on canvas||143.5 x 136.5 cm.||[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 060.jpg|150px]]||A Woman Bathing in a Stream||1654||Oil on panel||61.8 x 47 cm.||[[National Gallery]], London |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 016.jpg|150px]]||[[Bathsheba at Her Bath|Bathsheba Bathing]]||1654||Oil on canvas||142 x 142 cm.||[[Musée du Louvre]], Paris |- |[[file:Rembrandt, Flora, circa 1654, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.jpg|150px]]||Hendrickje as Flora||1654||Oil on canvas||100 x 91.8 cm.||[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York |- |[[file:Portrait-of-an-Old-Jew.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of an Old Man in an Armchair||1654||Oil on canvas||109 x 85 cm.||[[Hermitage Museum]], Saint Petersburg |- |[[file:The_Standard_Bearer_(Floris_Soop,_1604–1657),_by_Rembrandt_van_Rijn.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Floris Soop||1654||Oil on canvas||140.3 x 114.9 cm.||[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 097.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Jan Six||1654||Oil on canvas||112 x 102 cm.|| Six-Foundation, Amsterdam |- |[[file:Young-Woman-with-Earrings.jpg|150px]]||Young Woman Trying Earrings||1654||Oil on panel||39.5 x 32.5 cm.||[[Hermitage Museum]], Saint Petersburg |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 078.jpg|150px]]||A Man in Armour||1655||Oil on canvas||137.5 x 104.5 cm.||[[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]], Glasgow |- |[[file:Pallas Athena by Rembrandt Museu Calouste Gulbenkian 1488.jpg|150px]]||A Warrior||1655||?||118 x 91.1 cm.||[[Museu Calouste Gulbenkian]], Lisbon |- |[[file:Rembrandt - Portrait of Hendrickje Stoffels - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Hendrickje Stoffels at a Window||1655||Oil on canvas||86 x 65 cm.||[[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 065.jpg|150px]]||Joseph Accused by Potiphar's Wife||1655||Oil on canvas||113.5 x 90 cm.||[[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt, Man in a Fur-lined Coat, 1655.jpg|150px]]||Man in a Fur-lined Coat||1655||?||?||[[Toledo Museum of Art]] |- |[[file:Portrait_d'une_jeune_femme_par_Rembrandt_vers_1665.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Young Woman||1655||Oil on canvas||56,3 x 48 cm.||[[Montreal Museum of Fine Arts]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 002.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of an Old Woman Reading||1655||Oil on canvas||80 x 66 cm.||[[Drumlanrig Castle]], Thornhill |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 081.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Hendrickje Stoffels with a Velvet Beret||1655||Oil on canvas||74 x 61 cm.||[[Musée du Louvre]], Paris |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 132.jpg|150px]]||Small Self-portrait||1655||Oil on panel||49,2 x 41 cm.||[[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], Vienna |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn - Titus at his Desk - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Titus at his Desk||1655||Oil on canvas||77 x 63 cm.||[[Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen]], Rotterdam |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 053.jpg|150px]]||The Flayed Ox||1655||Oil on panel||94 x 69 cm.||[[Musée du Louvre]], Paris |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 062.jpg|150px]]||Jacob Blessing the Children of Joseph||1656||Oil on canvas||173 x 209 cm.||[[Schloss Wilhelmshöhe]], Kassel |- |[[file:51025.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Arnout Tholincx||1656||?||?||[[Musée Jacquemart-André]], Paris |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 008.jpg|150px]]||The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Joan Deyman||1656||Oil on canvas||100 x 134 cm.||[[Amsterdam Museum]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 104.jpg|150px]]||Titus Reading||1656||Oil on canvas||70.5 x 64 cm.||[[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], Vienna |- |[[file:51028.jpg|150px]]||A Bearded Man in a Cap||1657||Oil on canvas||78 x 66.7 cm.||[[National Gallery]], London |- |[[file:Rembrandt, Portrait of Catrina Hooghsaet.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Catrina Hooghsaet||1657||Oil on canvas||126 x 98.5 cm.||[[Penrhyn Castle]], [[Gwynedd]] |- |[[file:Karlins3-15-3.jpg|150px]]||The Apostle Bartholomew||1657||Oil on canvas||122.7 x 99.5 cm.||[[Timken Museum of Art]], San Diego |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 039.jpg|150px]]||The Polish Rider||1657||Oil on canvas||116.84 x 134.94 cm.||[[Frick Collection]], New York |- |[[file:Rembrandt aged51.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait||1657/1659||Oil on canvas||53 x 43 cm.|| [[National Gallery of Scotland]], Edinburgh |- |[[file:Rembrandt - Zelfportret - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait||1658||Oil on canvas||133.67 x 103.82 cm.||[[Frick Collection]], New York |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 102.jpg|150px]]||Titus||1658||Oil on canvas||68 x 57 cm.||[[Wallace Collection]], London |- |[[file:51035.jpg|150px]]||A Franciscan Friar||1659||Oil on canvas||89 x 66.5 cm.||[[National Gallery]], London |- |[[file:Rembrandt - Jacob Wrestling with the Angel - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Jacob and the Angel||1659||Oil on canvas||137 x 116 cm.||[[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt - Moses with the Ten Commandments - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Moses Breaking the Tables of the Law||1659||Oil on canvas||91 x 70 cm.||[[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]] |- |[[file:Tobit and his wife (1659, Boijmans museum).jpg|150px]]||Tobit and Anna||1659||Oil on canvas||40.3 x 54 cm.||[[Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen]], Rotterdam |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn - Self-Portrait - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait||1659||Oil on canvas||84.4 x 66 cm.||[[National Gallery of Art]], Washington |- |[[file:51040.jpg|150px]]||The Apostle Paul||1659||Oil on canvas||102 x 85.5 cm.||[[National Gallery]], London |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn - Ahasuerus, Haman and Esther - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||[[Ahasuerus and Haman at the Feast of Esther|Assuerus, Haman, and Esther]]||1660||Oil on canvas||73 х 94 cm.||[[Pushkin Museum]], Moscow |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn, Portrait of Hendrickje Stoffels (1650s).jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Hendrickje Stoffels||1660||Oil on canvas||78.4 x 68.9 cm.||[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York |- |[[file:Rembrandt 229.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Gentleman with a Pair of Gloves||1660||Oil on canvas||99.5 x 82.5 cm.||[[National Gallery of Art]], Washington |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 107.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Lady with an Ostrich Feather Fan||1660||Oil on canvas||99.5 x 83 cm.||[[National Gallery of Art]], Washington |- |[[file:Rembrandt 61005.jpg|150px]]||A Young Man at a Table (possibly Govaert Flinck)||1660||Oil on canvas||109.9 x 89.5 cm.||[[National Gallery of Art]], Washington |- |[[file:Rembrandt, Portrait of Frederick Rihel on Horseback, 1663, National Gallery, London.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Frederick Rihel on Horseback||1660||Oil on canvas||294.5 x 241 cm.||[[National Gallery]], London |- |[[file:Portrait of an Old Man, Rembrandt.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Johan Amos Comenius||1660||Oil on canvas||104 x 86 cm.||[[Uffizi]], Florence |- |[[file:Rembrandt, Auto-portrait, 1660.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait at an Easel||1660||Oil on canvas||110.0 x 90.6 cm.||[[Musée du Louvre]], Paris |- |[[file:Rembrant Self-Portrait, 1660.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait||1660||Oil on canvas||80.3 x 67.3 cm.||[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 012.jpg|150px]]||The Denial of Peter||1660||Oil on canvas||154 x 169 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 103.jpg|150px]]||Titus as a Monk||1660||Oil on canvas||79.5 x 67.7 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:61012Christ Resurrected.jpg|150px]]||Christ Resurrected||1661||?||?||[[Alte Pinakothek]], Munich |- |[[file:61013The Knight with the Falcon (Rembrandt van Rijn) - Gothenburg Museum of Art - GKM 0698.tif|150px]]||Man with a Falcon on his Wrist||1661||?||138 x 119 cm.||[[Gothenburg Museum of Art]] |- |[[file:61014Monk Reading.jpg|150px]]||Monk Reading||1661||Oil on canvas||82 x 66 cm.||[[Finnish National Gallery]], Helsinki |- |[[file:Portrait-of-a-Man.jpg|150px]]|||Portrait of a Bearded Man||1661||Oil on canvas||71 x 61 cm.||[[Hermitage Museum]], Saint Petersburg |- |[[file:61016Portrait of Jacob Trip.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Jacob Trip||1661||Oil on canvas||130.5 x 97 cm.||[[National Gallery]], London |- |[[file:61017Portrait of Margaretha de Geer.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Margaretha de Geer||1661||Oil on canvas||130.5 x 97.5 cm.||[[National Gallery]], London |- |[[file:61018Margaretha de Geer.jpg|150px]]||Margaretha de Geer (bust length)||1661||Oil on canvas||75.3 x 63.8 cm.||[[National Gallery]], London |- |[[file:The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis by Rembrandt van Rijn.jpg|150px]]||[[The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis]]||1661||Oil on canvas||196 x 309 cm.||[[Nationalmuseum]], Stockholm |- |[[file:61020The Virgin of Sorrow.jpg|150px]]||The Virgin of Sorrow||1661||Oil on canvas||107 x 81 cm.||[[Musée départemental d'Art ancien et contemporain]], Epinal |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn - Zelfportret als de apostel Paulus - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait as the Apostle Paul||1661||Oil on canvas||91 x 77 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 049.jpg|150px]]||St. Matthew and the Angel||1661||Oil on canvas||96 x 81 cm.||[[Musée du Louvre]], Paris |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn (Dutch - St. Bartholomew) - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||The Apostle Bartholomew||1661||Oil on canvas||87.5 x 75 cm.||[[J. Paul Getty Museum]], Los Angeles |- |[[file:Rembrandt - Sankt Jakobus der Ältere.jpg|150px]]||The Apostle James the Major||1661||Oil on canvas||92.1 x 74.9 cm.||Private collection |- |[[file:61025The Apostle Simon.jpg|150px]]||The Apostle Simon||1661||Oil on canvas||98.3 x 79 cm.||[[Kunsthaus Zürich]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 157.jpg|150px]]||Two Negroes||1661||Oil on canvas||77.8 x 64.4 cm.||[[Mauritshuis]], The Hague |- |[[file:Man with a Magnifying Glass MET DP145909.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Man with a Magnifying Glass||1662||Oil on canvas||91.4 x 74.3 cm.||[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York |- |[[file:Woman with a Pink.JPG|150px]]||Portrait of a Lady with a Pink||1662||Oil on canvas||92.1 x 74.6 cm.||[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York |- |[[file:Rembrandt 61029.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Man in a Tall Hat||1662||Oil on canvas||121.3 x 94 cm.||[[National Gallery of Art]], Washington |- |[[file:61030 Portrait of a Woman with a Lapdog.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Woman with a Lapdog||1662||Oil on canvas||81.3 x 64.1 cm.||[[Art Gallery of Ontario]], Toronto |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 142.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait as Zeuxis Laughing||1662||Oil on canvas||82.5 x 65 cm.||[[Wallraf-Richartz Museum]], Cologne |- |[[file:Rembrandt - De Staalmeesters- het college van staalmeesters (waardijns) van het Amsterdamse lakenbereidersgilde - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||[[Syndics of the Drapers' Guild|The Syndics of the Draper's Guild]]||1662||Oil on canvas||191.5 x 279 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 061.jpg|150px]]||Homer||1663||Oil on canvas||107 x 82 cm.||[[Mauritshuis]], The Hague |- |[[file:Rembrandt van Rijn - Lucretia - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||Lucretia||1664||Oil on canvas||120 x 101 cm.||[[National Gallery of Art]], Washington |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 068.jpg|150px]]||Juno||1665||Oil on canvas||127 x 123.8 cm.||[[Hammer Museum]], Los Angeles |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 095.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Gerard de Lairesse||1665||Oil on canvas||112.7 x 87.6 cm.||[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn - Portret van een paar als Oud-Testamentische figuren, genaamd 'Het Joodse bruidje' - Google Art Project.jpg|150px]]||[[The Jewish Bride|Portrait of a Couple as Figures from the Old Testament (The Jewish Bride)]]||1665||Oil on canvas||121.5 x 166.5 cm.||[[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]] |- |||Self-portrait||1665/1669||Oil on canvas||114.3 x 94 cm.||[[Kenwood House]], London |- |[[file:Rembrandt lucretia.jpg|150px]]||Lucretia||1666||Oil on canvas||110.17 x 92.28 cm.||[[Minneapolis Institute of Arts]] |- |[[file:61040 Portrait of a Young Man.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Young Man||1666||Oil on canvas||81.6 x 64.45 cm.||[[Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art]], Kansas City |- |[[file:Portrait-of-the-Poet-Jeremias-de-Decker.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of Jeremias de Decker||1666||Oil on panel||71 x 56 cm.||[[Hermitage Museum]], Saint Petersburg |- |[[file:Rembrandt-The return of the prodigal son.jpg|150px]]||The Return of the Prodigal Son||1666/1669||Oil on canvas||262 x 205 cm.||[[Hermitage Museum]], Saint Petersburg |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 114.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a White-haired Man||1667||Oil on canvas||108.9 x 92.7 cm.|| [[National Gallery of Victoria]], Melbourne |- |[[file:61044 Portrait of an Eldery Man.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of an Elderly Man||1667||Oil on canvas||81.9 x 67.7 cm.||[[Mauritshuis]], The Hague |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 050.jpg|150px]]||Portrait of a Family||1668/1669||Oil on canvas||126 x 167 cm.||[[Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum]], Braunschweig |- |[[file:61046 Self-portrait.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait||1669||Oil on canvas||74 x 55 cm.||[[Uffizi]], Florence |- |[[file:Rembrandt, Self Portrait at the Age of 63.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait||1669||Oil on canvas||86 x 70.5 cm.||[[National Gallery]], London |- |[[file:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 134.jpg|150px]]||Self-portrait||1669||Oil on canvas||65.4 x 60.2 cm.||[[Mauritshuis]], The Hague |- |[[file:61049 Simeon in the Temple.jpg|150px]]||Simeon in the Temple||1669||Oil on canvas||98.5 x 79.5 cm.||[[Nationalmuseum]], Stockholm |- |} == Chapa ke gallery == <div align = center> <gallery> Rembrandt - Self-Portrait - WGA19206.jpg|A young Rembrandt, c. 1628, when he was 22. Partly an exercise in [[chiaroscuro]]. [[Rijksmuseum]] Rembrandt laughing.jpg|A more cheerful pose, also from ca. 1628, recently re-discovered.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rembrandtresearchproject.org/index.php?12 |title=E. van de Wetering, 'Rembrandt laughing, c. 1628 - a painting resurfaces' in Kroniek van het Rembrandthuis, June 2008 |access-date=2010-06-24 |archive-date=2013-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405233422/http://www.rembrandtresearchproject.org/index.php?12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 144.jpg|Rembrandt in 1632, when he was enjoying great success as a fashionable portraitist in this style. Rembrandtselfportraitweb.jpg|Role-playing in ''Self-portrait as an oriental Potentate with a [[Kris]]'', etching, 1634. Self portrait leaning on si 373x470.jpg|''Self-portrait leaning on a Sill'', etching, 1639 Self-portrait_at_34_by_Rembrandt.jpg|1640, wearing a costume in the style of over a century earlier. National Gallery Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 132.jpg|Vienna c. 1655, oil on walnut, cut down in size. |1660 Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 135.jpg|Dated 1669, the year he died, though he looks much older in other portraits. [[National Gallery (London)|National Gallery]] File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 150.jpg|''[[The Stoning of Saint Stephen]]'', 1625 File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 027.jpg|''Parable of the [[Parable of the Hidden Treasure|Hidden Treasure]]'', c. 1630 Rembrandt_-_The_Philosopher_in_Meditation.jpg|''The Philosopher in Meditation'', 1632 Rembrandt - The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp.jpg|''[[Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp]]'', 1632 Johannes Wtenbogaert by Rembrandt van Rijn.jpg|Portrait of Johannes Wtenbogaert, 1633 - a preacher, like many of the best portraits of the 1630s Rembrandt Abraham en Isaac, 1634.jpg|''Abraham and Isaac'', 1634 Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 086.jpg|Saskia as "Flora", 1635 Rembrandt_en_Saskia_in_De_Verloren_Zoon_1635.jpg|Rembrandt and Saskia pose as "The Prodigal Son in the Tavern" - a portrait historié, 1635 The Blinding of Samson (SM 1383).png|''The Blinding of Samson'', 1636, which Rembrandt gave to Huyghens Rembrandt-Belsazar.jpg|''Belshassar's Feast'', 1636-8 Rembrandt_De_aartsengel_verlaat_Tobias_en_zijn_gezin._1637.jpg|The Archangel leaving [[Tobias, son of Tobit|Tobias]]'', 1637 John_20_14.jpg|''The Risen Christ Appearing to Mary Magdalen'', 1638 File:Rembrandt Krajobraz z miłosiernym Samarytaninem.jpg|''The Landscape with Good Samaritan'', 1638 The Mill-1645 1648-Rembrandt van Rijn.jpg|''[[The Mill (Rembrandt)|The Mill]]'', 1648 Rembrandt_baadster.jpg|''Bathing woman'', modelled by Hendrickje, 1654 Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 016.jpg|''[[Bathsheba at Her Bath]]'', also modelled by Hendrickje, 1654 Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 097.jpg|Portrait of Jan Six, 1654. Six was a wealthy friend of Rembrandt. Rembrandt_Christus_aan_het_volk_getoond.jpg|''Christ presented to the People'', [[drypoint]], 1655, State I of VII. Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 062.jpg|'' Jacob blessing Joseph's second son, 1656'' Rembrandt - Klesveverlaugets forstandere i Amsterdam.jpg|The Syndics of the Clothmakers' Guild, 1662 Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 046.jpg|''[[The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis]]'' (cut-down), 1661-62 Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_-_The_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son.jpg|''The Return of the Prodigal Son'', c. 1669 Rembrandt Susanna Zeichnung.jpg|''Suzannah and the Elders'', drawing, 1634 Jesus und Ehebrecherin.jpg|''Christ and the woman taken in adultery'', drawing Virgin and child with cat.jpg| [[The Virgin and Child with a Cat]], 1654. Original copper etching plate above, example of the print below. </gallery> </div> == References == <references/> {{BD|1606|1669|Rembrandt}} [[vibhag:R]] [[vibhag:Painters]] [[vibhag:Netherlands ke log]] fhp9nwo4bs8pn35ymhm7seljy8n9vje 0 6078 337872 337871 2026-08-30T12:21:27Z Hanga1966 35932 337872 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Crusades''' uu time bhaes rahaa jab [[Islam|Muslims]] log Israel ke aapan niche rakhe rahin. ==Terminology== [[File:Albigensian Crusade 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ek 14th-century ke miniature jon dekhae hae [[Pope Innocent III]] [[Cathars]] ke excommunictae kare hae aur iske baad ke massacre of heretics [[Albigensian Crusade]] southern France me, ke time.]] Crusades uu military campaigns rahaa jiske [[Western Christianity|Western Christians]] undertake kare rahin [[Holy Land]], nai to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] ke, [[Muslims|Muslim]] control se lautare, 11th aur 13th{{nbsp}}centuries ke biich me.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=CRUSADE|encyclopedia=Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary|publisher=[[HarperCollins Publishers]]|year=2025|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/crusade|access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|Madden|2013|p=viii}} Iske Pope suru karis rahaa aur hissa le waale ke spiritual reward ke waada karaa gais rahaa, lekin isme kabhi-kabhi tuulog rahin jon driven rahin by popular zeal—jiske [[popular crusades]] bola jaawat rahaa. Scholars me , ii sabd ke jaada kar ke aur aur mota taur pe apply karaa jaawe hae, jisme pope ke authorised karaa gais conflicts in duusra ilaaka me bhi, jiske wider framework of the [[crusading movement]] ke bhittar karaa gais rahaa, jisme [[Iberian Crusades|Iberian]], [[Northern Crusades|Northern]] aur [[Albigensian Crusades]] bhi rahaa.{{sfn|Constable|2001|pp=12–14}}{{sfn|Jotischky|2017|pp=7–10}}{{sfn|Madden|2013|pp=2–3}} Terminology dhire-dhire evolve bhais rahaa, ii khaas kar ke Crusades aur [[Christian pilgrimage]] ke reflect karat rahaa. Suruu ke usage terms denoting mobility—{{transliteration|la|iter}} ('journey') ke favour karat rahaa, {{transliteration|la|expeditio}} ('expedition'), {{transliteration|la|[[passagium]]}} ('passage')— jon jaada kar ke references to the intended destination se accompanied rahat rahaa, jaise [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] Jerusalem me.{{sfn|Constable|2001|pp=11–12}} Duusra pahile ke expressions cross ({{transliteration|la|crux}}) ke signify karat rahin, aur 1250 talak, [[canon law]]yers campaigns Holy Land—{{lang|la|crux transmarina}} ('the cross overseas')—aur jon Europe ke bhittar rahaa—{{lang|la|crux cismarina}} ('the cross this side of the sea') ke biich me antar karat rahin. Hissa le waala lig, jon traditionally ek cross ke aapan kaprra pe siyat rahin, jiske aakhri me {{lang|la|crucesignati}} ('those signed with the cross') ke naam se jaana jaae lagaa rahaa.{{refn|group=note|Although a comparable phrase—{{lang|la|hominum multitude cruce signata est}} ('a multitude of men was signed with the cross')—appears in a late-11th-century papal letter, the earliest attested use of the term {{lang|la|crucesignatus}} occurs in a chapter heading of the ''Chronicle of Monte Cassino'' from the mid-12th century.{{sfn|Markowski|1984|p=158}}}}{{sfn|Tyerman|2019|p=5}} Vernacular terminology ritual of "taking the cross" ke reflect karat rahaa.{{sfn|Tyerman|2019|p=5}} Sab se pahile ke ruup, {{transliteration|es|crozada}}, Spain me, 1212 me aais rahaa.{{sfn|Constable|2001|pp=11–12}} [[Middle English]] me {{lang|enm|croiserie}}, jon [[Old French]] se aais hae, 13th–14th{{nbsp}}centuries me niklaa, baad me iske jagha forms jaise ''croisade'' aur ''crusado'', duuno Spanish se influenced rahaa, French me se, ke kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa. Abhi ke term ''crusade'' ke 1706 me suruu karaa gais rahaa.{{sfn|Onions|Friedrichsen|Bruchfield|1966|p=232}} Medievalist [[Thomas Asbridge]] note kare hae ki ii term ke aam usage me, historians se impose kare hae "a somewhat misleading aura of coherence and conformity" pahila crusading efforts se.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|p=40}} ==Background== [[File:The Church of the Holy Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.35|The [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] Jerusalem me, jiske [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk Turks]] 1071 me capture kar le rahin, jisse ek geopolitical crises suruu bhais aur is ke ant me Crusades rahaa.]] Sites jon [[Ministry of Jesus|Jesus ke ministry]] se linked rahaa jon popular pilgrimage destinations [[Roman Palestine]] me ban gay rahin. Christian emperors ii jagha pe churches ke banae rahin, jisme Church of the Holy Sepulchre, jon [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Jesus ke crucifixion]] aur [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]] ke Jerusalem me ke mark kare hae, sab se mashuur rahaa.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|p=28}} 395 me, [[Roman Empire]] eastern aur western hissa me bat gay rahin. [[Western Roman Empire]] [[Barbarian kingdoms|smaller kingdoms]] me 476 talak bat gais rahaa,{{sfn|Rouche|1989|pp=17–19}} jabe [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire]] wahii rakam rahaa, lekin ii dher ilaaka ke barrte [[Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic Caliphate]] ke 7th{{nbsp}}century me haar gais rahaa.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|p=19}}{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=4–5}} Jerusalem Caliph [[Umar]] ke niche 638 me aais.{{sfn|Tyerman|2007|p=51}} Islamic ke barrhai, jiske {{transliteration|ar|[[jihad]]}} (holy war) motivate karat rahaa, Western Europe pahunchis jab [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|Muslim conquest of]] much of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] 711 ke baad.{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=6}} Christians jon Muslim raaj ke niche rahin {{transliteration|ar|[[dhimmi]]}}—legally protected but socially subordinate.{{sfn|Tyerman|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Jaspert|2006|p=10}} Islam ke ideological unity tuut gais jab disputes rahaa neta ke baare me. [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] biswas karat rahin ki neta [[Muhammad]] ke cousin aur son-in-law, [[Ali]] ke rahe ke chaahi, jab [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] majority ii [[Alids]]' hereditary claim ke reject karat rahin.{{sfn|Cobb|2016|pp=23–24}} Mid-10th{{nbsp}}century talak, tiin virodhi caliphates suruu bhais rahaa: [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]] [[al-Andalus]] (Muslim Spain) me, Shi'ite [[Fatimids]] Egypt me, aur [[Abbasids]] Middle East me.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=8–9}} == Duusra websites == * [http://www.redstoneprojects.com/trebuchetstore/crusades.html Crusade Siege ] Siege of a Mohammedan fortification during the crusades ==References== {{reflist}} [[Vibhag:C]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Crusades, The}} [[Category:Wars]] [[Category:Christianity]] [[Category:Middle Ages]] 8cr61zx2um4m418d25yzi35m9hznd87 337876 337872 2026-08-31T10:00:21Z Hanga1966 35932 337876 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Crusades''' uu time bhaes rahaa jab [[Islam|Muslims]] log Israel ke aapan niche rakhe rahin. ==Terminology== [[File:Albigensian Crusade 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ek 14th-century ke miniature jon dekhae hae [[Pope Innocent III]] [[Cathars]] ke excommunictae kare hae aur iske baad ke massacre of heretics [[Albigensian Crusade]] southern France me, ke time.]] Crusades uu military campaigns rahaa jiske [[Western Christianity|Western Christians]] undertake kare rahin [[Holy Land]], nai to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] ke, [[Muslims|Muslim]] control se lautare, 11th aur 13th{{nbsp}}centuries ke biich me.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=CRUSADE|encyclopedia=Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary|publisher=[[HarperCollins Publishers]]|year=2025|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/crusade|access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|Madden|2013|p=viii}} Iske Pope suru karis rahaa aur hissa le waale ke spiritual reward ke waada karaa gais rahaa, lekin isme kabhi-kabhi tuulog rahin jon driven rahin by popular zeal—jiske [[popular crusades]] bola jaawat rahaa. Scholars me , ii sabd ke jaada kar ke aur aur mota taur pe apply karaa jaawe hae, jisme pope ke authorised karaa gais conflicts in duusra ilaaka me bhi, jiske wider framework of the [[crusading movement]] ke bhittar karaa gais rahaa, jisme [[Iberian Crusades|Iberian]], [[Northern Crusades|Northern]] aur [[Albigensian Crusades]] bhi rahaa.{{sfn|Constable|2001|pp=12–14}}{{sfn|Jotischky|2017|pp=7–10}}{{sfn|Madden|2013|pp=2–3}} Terminology dhire-dhire evolve bhais rahaa, ii khaas kar ke Crusades aur [[Christian pilgrimage]] ke reflect karat rahaa. Suruu ke usage terms denoting mobility—{{transliteration|la|iter}} ('journey') ke favour karat rahaa, {{transliteration|la|expeditio}} ('expedition'), {{transliteration|la|[[passagium]]}} ('passage')— jon jaada kar ke references to the intended destination se accompanied rahat rahaa, jaise [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] Jerusalem me.{{sfn|Constable|2001|pp=11–12}} Duusra pahile ke expressions cross ({{transliteration|la|crux}}) ke signify karat rahin, aur 1250 talak, [[canon law]]yers campaigns Holy Land—{{lang|la|crux transmarina}} ('the cross overseas')—aur jon Europe ke bhittar rahaa—{{lang|la|crux cismarina}} ('the cross this side of the sea') ke biich me antar karat rahin. Hissa le waala lig, jon traditionally ek cross ke aapan kaprra pe siyat rahin, jiske aakhri me {{lang|la|crucesignati}} ('those signed with the cross') ke naam se jaana jaae lagaa rahaa.{{refn|group=note|Although a comparable phrase—{{lang|la|hominum multitude cruce signata est}} ('a multitude of men was signed with the cross')—appears in a late-11th-century papal letter, the earliest attested use of the term {{lang|la|crucesignatus}} occurs in a chapter heading of the ''Chronicle of Monte Cassino'' from the mid-12th century.{{sfn|Markowski|1984|p=158}}}}{{sfn|Tyerman|2019|p=5}} Vernacular terminology ritual of "taking the cross" ke reflect karat rahaa.{{sfn|Tyerman|2019|p=5}} Sab se pahile ke ruup, {{transliteration|es|crozada}}, Spain me, 1212 me aais rahaa.{{sfn|Constable|2001|pp=11–12}} [[Middle English]] me {{lang|enm|croiserie}}, jon [[Old French]] se aais hae, 13th–14th{{nbsp}}centuries me niklaa, baad me iske jagha forms jaise ''croisade'' aur ''crusado'', duuno Spanish se influenced rahaa, French me se, ke kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa. Abhi ke term ''crusade'' ke 1706 me suruu karaa gais rahaa.{{sfn|Onions|Friedrichsen|Bruchfield|1966|p=232}} Medievalist [[Thomas Asbridge]] note kare hae ki ii term ke aam usage me, historians se impose kare hae "a somewhat misleading aura of coherence and conformity" pahila crusading efforts se.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|p=40}} ==Background== [[File:The Church of the Holy Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.35|The [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] Jerusalem me, jiske [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk Turks]] 1071 me capture kar le rahin, jisse ek geopolitical crises suruu bhais aur is ke ant me Crusades rahaa.]] Sites jon [[Ministry of Jesus|Jesus ke ministry]] se linked rahaa jon popular pilgrimage destinations [[Roman Palestine]] me ban gay rahin. Christian emperors ii jagha pe churches ke banae rahin, jisme Church of the Holy Sepulchre, jon [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Jesus ke crucifixion]] aur [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]] ke Jerusalem me ke mark kare hae, sab se mashuur rahaa.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|p=28}} 395 me, [[Roman Empire]] eastern aur western hissa me bat gay rahin. [[Western Roman Empire]] [[Barbarian kingdoms|smaller kingdoms]] me 476 talak bat gais rahaa,{{sfn|Rouche|1989|pp=17–19}} jabe [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire]] wahii rakam rahaa, lekin ii dher ilaaka ke barrte [[Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic Caliphate]] ke 7th{{nbsp}}century me haar gais rahaa.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|p=19}}{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=4–5}} Jerusalem Caliph [[Umar]] ke niche 638 me aais.{{sfn|Tyerman|2007|p=51}} Islamic ke barrhai, jiske {{transliteration|ar|[[jihad]]}} (holy war) motivate karat rahaa, Western Europe pahunchis jab [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|Muslim conquest of]] much of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] 711 ke baad.{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=6}} Christians jon Muslim raaj ke niche rahin {{transliteration|ar|[[dhimmi]]}}—legally protected but socially subordinate.{{sfn|Tyerman|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Jaspert|2006|p=10}} Islam ke ideological unity tuut gais jab disputes rahaa neta ke baare me. [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] biswas karat rahin ki neta [[Muhammad]] ke cousin aur son-in-law, [[Ali]] ke rahe ke chaahi, jab [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] majority ii [[Alids]]' hereditary claim ke reject karat rahin.{{sfn|Cobb|2016|pp=23–24}} Mid-10th{{nbsp}}century talak, tiin virodhi caliphates suruu bhais rahaa: [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]] [[al-Andalus]] (Muslim Spain) me, Shi'ite [[Fatimids]] Egypt me, aur [[Abbasids]] Middle East me.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=8–9}} Muslim log, jaise [[Ibn Khordadbeh]] ke anusaar, duur aur kamtii developed Western Europe khaali [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|gulaam]] aur raw materials ke source rahaa.{{sfn|Cobb|2016|pp=15–16}} Lekin, {{circa|950}} aur {{circa|1070}} ke biich me, jhuura aur thandaa ke spells North Africa, Middle East, aur Central Asia ke kaaran dher bhukmari aur migration rahaa. Dharmik tensions aur jaada hoe gais rahaa, jiske ant me Holy Sepulchre ke 1009 me naas kar dewa gais rahaa.{{sfn|Ellenblum|2012|pp=3–11, 47}} 1040s se, nomadic [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkomans]] Middle East ke disrupt karis rahaa. 1055 me, uulog ke neta, [[Tughril I]] [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuk clan]] authority le liis rahaa Abbasid Caliphate me, Caliph [[Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)|Al-Qa'im]] ke anumati se.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|p=21}}{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=13–14}} Tughril ke nephew [[Alp Arslan]], [[Battle of Manzikert]] , 1071 me Byzantines ke kuchal diis, jisse [[Anatolia]] Turkoman migration khaatir khul gais rahaa.{{sfn|MacEvitt|2008|p=40}}{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|pp=5–6}} [[Seljuk Empire]] suruu bhais rahaa ek dhilla federation of provinces jispe Seljuk princes, Turkoman warlords aur Arab emirs raaj karat rahin. Jaise Byzantine control gira, Armenian aur Greek strongmen frontier cities aur fortresses ke le liin.{{sfn|MacEvitt|2008|p=42}} == Duusra websites == * [http://www.redstoneprojects.com/trebuchetstore/crusades.html Crusade Siege ] Siege of a Mohammedan fortification during the crusades ==References== {{reflist}} [[Vibhag:C]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Crusades, The}} [[Category:Wars]] [[Category:Christianity]] [[Category:Middle Ages]] cyh988nm19okby439cqcu0vczv5dovr 337877 337876 2026-08-31T10:12:16Z Hanga1966 35932 337877 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Crusades''' uu time bhaes rahaa jab [[Islam|Muslims]] log Israel ke aapan niche rakhe rahin. ==Terminology== [[File:Albigensian Crusade 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ek 14th-century ke miniature jon dekhae hae [[Pope Innocent III]] [[Cathars]] ke excommunictae kare hae aur iske baad ke massacre of heretics [[Albigensian Crusade]] southern France me, ke time.]] Crusades uu military campaigns rahaa jiske [[Western Christianity|Western Christians]] undertake kare rahin [[Holy Land]], nai to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] ke, [[Muslims|Muslim]] control se lautare, 11th aur 13th{{nbsp}}centuries ke biich me.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=CRUSADE|encyclopedia=Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary|publisher=[[HarperCollins Publishers]]|year=2025|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/crusade|access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|Madden|2013|p=viii}} Iske Pope suru karis rahaa aur hissa le waale ke spiritual reward ke waada karaa gais rahaa, lekin isme kabhi-kabhi tuulog rahin jon driven rahin by popular zeal—jiske [[popular crusades]] bola jaawat rahaa. Scholars me , ii sabd ke jaada kar ke aur aur mota taur pe apply karaa jaawe hae, jisme pope ke authorised karaa gais conflicts in duusra ilaaka me bhi, jiske wider framework of the [[crusading movement]] ke bhittar karaa gais rahaa, jisme [[Iberian Crusades|Iberian]], [[Northern Crusades|Northern]] aur [[Albigensian Crusades]] bhi rahaa.{{sfn|Constable|2001|pp=12–14}}{{sfn|Jotischky|2017|pp=7–10}}{{sfn|Madden|2013|pp=2–3}} Terminology dhire-dhire evolve bhais rahaa, ii khaas kar ke Crusades aur [[Christian pilgrimage]] ke reflect karat rahaa. Suruu ke usage terms denoting mobility—{{transliteration|la|iter}} ('journey') ke favour karat rahaa, {{transliteration|la|expeditio}} ('expedition'), {{transliteration|la|[[passagium]]}} ('passage')— jon jaada kar ke references to the intended destination se accompanied rahat rahaa, jaise [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] Jerusalem me.{{sfn|Constable|2001|pp=11–12}} Duusra pahile ke expressions cross ({{transliteration|la|crux}}) ke signify karat rahin, aur 1250 talak, [[canon law]]yers campaigns Holy Land—{{lang|la|crux transmarina}} ('the cross overseas')—aur jon Europe ke bhittar rahaa—{{lang|la|crux cismarina}} ('the cross this side of the sea') ke biich me antar karat rahin. Hissa le waala lig, jon traditionally ek cross ke aapan kaprra pe siyat rahin, jiske aakhri me {{lang|la|crucesignati}} ('those signed with the cross') ke naam se jaana jaae lagaa rahaa.{{refn|group=note|Although a comparable phrase—{{lang|la|hominum multitude cruce signata est}} ('a multitude of men was signed with the cross')—appears in a late-11th-century papal letter, the earliest attested use of the term {{lang|la|crucesignatus}} occurs in a chapter heading of the ''Chronicle of Monte Cassino'' from the mid-12th century.{{sfn|Markowski|1984|p=158}}}}{{sfn|Tyerman|2019|p=5}} Vernacular terminology ritual of "taking the cross" ke reflect karat rahaa.{{sfn|Tyerman|2019|p=5}} Sab se pahile ke ruup, {{transliteration|es|crozada}}, Spain me, 1212 me aais rahaa.{{sfn|Constable|2001|pp=11–12}} [[Middle English]] me {{lang|enm|croiserie}}, jon [[Old French]] se aais hae, 13th–14th{{nbsp}}centuries me niklaa, baad me iske jagha forms jaise ''croisade'' aur ''crusado'', duuno Spanish se influenced rahaa, French me se, ke kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa. Abhi ke term ''crusade'' ke 1706 me suruu karaa gais rahaa.{{sfn|Onions|Friedrichsen|Bruchfield|1966|p=232}} Medievalist [[Thomas Asbridge]] note kare hae ki ii term ke aam usage me, historians se impose kare hae "a somewhat misleading aura of coherence and conformity" pahila crusading efforts se.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|p=40}} ==Background== [[File:The Church of the Holy Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.35|The [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] Jerusalem me, jiske [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk Turks]] 1071 me capture kar le rahin, jisse ek geopolitical crises suruu bhais aur is ke ant me Crusades rahaa.]] Sites jon [[Ministry of Jesus|Jesus ke ministry]] se linked rahaa jon popular pilgrimage destinations [[Roman Palestine]] me ban gay rahin. Christian emperors ii jagha pe churches ke banae rahin, jisme Church of the Holy Sepulchre, jon [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Jesus ke crucifixion]] aur [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]] ke Jerusalem me ke mark kare hae, sab se mashuur rahaa.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|p=28}} 395 me, [[Roman Empire]] eastern aur western hissa me bat gay rahin. [[Western Roman Empire]] [[Barbarian kingdoms|smaller kingdoms]] me 476 talak bat gais rahaa,{{sfn|Rouche|1989|pp=17–19}} jabe [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire]] wahii rakam rahaa, lekin ii dher ilaaka ke barrte [[Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic Caliphate]] ke 7th{{nbsp}}century me haar gais rahaa.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|p=19}}{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=4–5}} Jerusalem Caliph [[Umar]] ke niche 638 me aais.{{sfn|Tyerman|2007|p=51}} Islamic ke barrhai, jiske {{transliteration|ar|[[jihad]]}} (holy war) motivate karat rahaa, Western Europe pahunchis jab [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|Muslim conquest of]] much of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] 711 ke baad.{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=6}} Christians jon Muslim raaj ke niche rahin {{transliteration|ar|[[dhimmi]]}}—legally protected but socially subordinate.{{sfn|Tyerman|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Jaspert|2006|p=10}} Islam ke ideological unity tuut gais jab disputes rahaa neta ke baare me. [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] biswas karat rahin ki neta [[Muhammad]] ke cousin aur son-in-law, [[Ali]] ke rahe ke chaahi, jab [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] majority ii [[Alids]]' hereditary claim ke reject karat rahin.{{sfn|Cobb|2016|pp=23–24}} Mid-10th{{nbsp}}century talak, tiin virodhi caliphates suruu bhais rahaa: [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]] [[al-Andalus]] (Muslim Spain) me, Shi'ite [[Fatimids]] Egypt me, aur [[Abbasids]] Middle East me.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=8–9}} Muslim log, jaise [[Ibn Khordadbeh]] ke anusaar, duur aur kamtii developed Western Europe khaali [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|gulaam]] aur raw materials ke source rahaa.{{sfn|Cobb|2016|pp=15–16}} Lekin, {{circa|950}} aur {{circa|1070}} ke biich me, jhuura aur thandaa ke spells North Africa, Middle East, aur Central Asia ke kaaran dher bhukmari aur migration rahaa. Dharmik tensions aur jaada hoe gais rahaa, jiske ant me Holy Sepulchre ke 1009 me naas kar dewa gais rahaa.{{sfn|Ellenblum|2012|pp=3–11, 47}} 1040s se, nomadic [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkomans]] Middle East ke disrupt karis rahaa. 1055 me, uulog ke neta, [[Tughril I]] [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuk clan]] authority le liis rahaa Abbasid Caliphate me, Caliph [[Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)|Al-Qa'im]] ke anumati se.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|p=21}}{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=13–14}} Tughril ke nephew [[Alp Arslan]], [[Battle of Manzikert]] , 1071 me Byzantines ke kuchal diis, jisse [[Anatolia]] Turkoman migration khaatir khul gais rahaa.{{sfn|MacEvitt|2008|p=40}}{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|pp=5–6}} [[Seljuk Empire]] suruu bhais rahaa ek dhilla federation of provinces jispe Seljuk princes, Turkoman warlords aur Arab emirs raaj karat rahin. Jaise Byzantine control gira, Armenian aur Greek strongmen frontier cities aur fortresses ke le liin.{{sfn|MacEvitt|2008|p=42}} [[File:11th century unknown painters - Last Judgment (detail) - WGA19745.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A mural depicting naked men, one of them captured by a winged figure at a firing place|Detail of an 11th-century [[mural]] depicting a scene of the [[Last Judgement]] in the [[Sant'Angelo in Formis|Sant'Angelo ke Abbey Formis]], Italy me]] Mid-9th{{nbsp}}century se, central authority Western Europe me kamjor hoe gais rahaa, aur local lords power me hoe gay rahin, jon heavily armoured [[knight]]s ke command karat rahin aur castles pe kabjaa rakkhe rahin.{{sfn|Poly|1997|p=33–38}}{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|pp=6–7}} Iilog ke territorial matbhed ke kaaran yudh ek regular feature hoe gais rahaa regions bhar me.{{sfn|Jotischky|2017|p=31}} Church property aur unarmed groups ke bachae ke khaatir, church ke neta [[Peace of God]] movement ke suruu kare rahin, josme uulog offenders ke [[excommunication]] ke dhamki dewat rahin.{{sfn|Poly|1997|p=39–46}}{{sfn|Mayer|2009|pp=15–16}} Kaaheki [[Catholic hamartiology|sins]] permeated daily life, Christians ke [[damnation]] ke dar rahoo. Sinners ke [[Confession (religion)|confess]] kare ke expect karaa jaawat rahaa aur priestly prescribed [[penance]] bhi kare ke parrat rahaa.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|pp=11–12}} Hajaaro tirath uatra khaatir Jerusalem gay rahin, lekin pilgrims ke uppar akrman aur jaada hoe gais rahaa. {{sfn|Mayer|2009|pp=13–14}} == Duusra websites == * [http://www.redstoneprojects.com/trebuchetstore/crusades.html Crusade Siege ] Siege of a Mohammedan fortification during the crusades ==References== {{reflist}} [[Vibhag:C]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Crusades, The}} [[Category:Wars]] [[Category:Christianity]] [[Category:Middle Ages]] m8jk205flv2dovi34d4x8pp30xx2j9y 337878 337877 2026-08-31T10:32:19Z Hanga1966 35932 337878 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Crusades''' uu time bhaes rahaa jab [[Islam|Muslims]] log Israel ke aapan niche rakhe rahin. ==Terminology== [[File:Albigensian Crusade 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ek 14th-century ke miniature jon dekhae hae [[Pope Innocent III]] [[Cathars]] ke excommunictae kare hae aur iske baad ke massacre of heretics [[Albigensian Crusade]] southern France me, ke time.]] Crusades uu military campaigns rahaa jiske [[Western Christianity|Western Christians]] undertake kare rahin [[Holy Land]], nai to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] ke, [[Muslims|Muslim]] control se lautare, 11th aur 13th{{nbsp}}centuries ke biich me.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=CRUSADE|encyclopedia=Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary|publisher=[[HarperCollins Publishers]]|year=2025|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/crusade|access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|Madden|2013|p=viii}} Iske Pope suru karis rahaa aur hissa le waale ke spiritual reward ke waada karaa gais rahaa, lekin isme kabhi-kabhi tuulog rahin jon driven rahin by popular zeal—jiske [[popular crusades]] bola jaawat rahaa. Scholars me , ii sabd ke jaada kar ke aur aur mota taur pe apply karaa jaawe hae, jisme pope ke authorised karaa gais conflicts in duusra ilaaka me bhi, jiske wider framework of the [[crusading movement]] ke bhittar karaa gais rahaa, jisme [[Iberian Crusades|Iberian]], [[Northern Crusades|Northern]] aur [[Albigensian Crusades]] bhi rahaa.{{sfn|Constable|2001|pp=12–14}}{{sfn|Jotischky|2017|pp=7–10}}{{sfn|Madden|2013|pp=2–3}} Terminology dhire-dhire evolve bhais rahaa, ii khaas kar ke Crusades aur [[Christian pilgrimage]] ke reflect karat rahaa. Suruu ke usage terms denoting mobility—{{transliteration|la|iter}} ('journey') ke favour karat rahaa, {{transliteration|la|expeditio}} ('expedition'), {{transliteration|la|[[passagium]]}} ('passage')— jon jaada kar ke references to the intended destination se accompanied rahat rahaa, jaise [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] Jerusalem me.{{sfn|Constable|2001|pp=11–12}} Duusra pahile ke expressions cross ({{transliteration|la|crux}}) ke signify karat rahin, aur 1250 talak, [[canon law]]yers campaigns Holy Land—{{lang|la|crux transmarina}} ('the cross overseas')—aur jon Europe ke bhittar rahaa—{{lang|la|crux cismarina}} ('the cross this side of the sea') ke biich me antar karat rahin. Hissa le waala lig, jon traditionally ek cross ke aapan kaprra pe siyat rahin, jiske aakhri me {{lang|la|crucesignati}} ('those signed with the cross') ke naam se jaana jaae lagaa rahaa.{{refn|group=note|Although a comparable phrase—{{lang|la|hominum multitude cruce signata est}} ('a multitude of men was signed with the cross')—appears in a late-11th-century papal letter, the earliest attested use of the term {{lang|la|crucesignatus}} occurs in a chapter heading of the ''Chronicle of Monte Cassino'' from the mid-12th century.{{sfn|Markowski|1984|p=158}}}}{{sfn|Tyerman|2019|p=5}} Vernacular terminology ritual of "taking the cross" ke reflect karat rahaa.{{sfn|Tyerman|2019|p=5}} Sab se pahile ke ruup, {{transliteration|es|crozada}}, Spain me, 1212 me aais rahaa.{{sfn|Constable|2001|pp=11–12}} [[Middle English]] me {{lang|enm|croiserie}}, jon [[Old French]] se aais hae, 13th–14th{{nbsp}}centuries me niklaa, baad me iske jagha forms jaise ''croisade'' aur ''crusado'', duuno Spanish se influenced rahaa, French me se, ke kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa. Abhi ke term ''crusade'' ke 1706 me suruu karaa gais rahaa.{{sfn|Onions|Friedrichsen|Bruchfield|1966|p=232}} Medievalist [[Thomas Asbridge]] note kare hae ki ii term ke aam usage me, historians se impose kare hae "a somewhat misleading aura of coherence and conformity" pahila crusading efforts se.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|p=40}} ==Background== [[File:The Church of the Holy Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.35|The [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] Jerusalem me, jiske [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk Turks]] 1071 me capture kar le rahin, jisse ek geopolitical crises suruu bhais aur is ke ant me Crusades rahaa.]] Sites jon [[Ministry of Jesus|Jesus ke ministry]] se linked rahaa jon popular pilgrimage destinations [[Roman Palestine]] me ban gay rahin. Christian emperors ii jagha pe churches ke banae rahin, jisme Church of the Holy Sepulchre, jon [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Jesus ke crucifixion]] aur [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]] ke Jerusalem me ke mark kare hae, sab se mashuur rahaa.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|p=28}} 395 me, [[Roman Empire]] eastern aur western hissa me bat gay rahin. [[Western Roman Empire]] [[Barbarian kingdoms|smaller kingdoms]] me 476 talak bat gais rahaa,{{sfn|Rouche|1989|pp=17–19}} jabe [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire]] wahii rakam rahaa, lekin ii dher ilaaka ke barrte [[Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic Caliphate]] ke 7th{{nbsp}}century me haar gais rahaa.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|p=19}}{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=4–5}} Jerusalem Caliph [[Umar]] ke niche 638 me aais.{{sfn|Tyerman|2007|p=51}} Islamic ke barrhai, jiske {{transliteration|ar|[[jihad]]}} (holy war) motivate karat rahaa, Western Europe pahunchis jab [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|Muslim conquest of]] much of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] 711 ke baad.{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=6}} Christians jon Muslim raaj ke niche rahin {{transliteration|ar|[[dhimmi]]}}—legally protected but socially subordinate.{{sfn|Tyerman|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Jaspert|2006|p=10}} Islam ke ideological unity tuut gais jab disputes rahaa neta ke baare me. [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] biswas karat rahin ki neta [[Muhammad]] ke cousin aur son-in-law, [[Ali]] ke rahe ke chaahi, jab [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] majority ii [[Alids]]' hereditary claim ke reject karat rahin.{{sfn|Cobb|2016|pp=23–24}} Mid-10th{{nbsp}}century talak, tiin virodhi caliphates suruu bhais rahaa: [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]] [[al-Andalus]] (Muslim Spain) me, Shi'ite [[Fatimids]] Egypt me, aur [[Abbasids]] Middle East me.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=8–9}} Muslim log, jaise [[Ibn Khordadbeh]] ke anusaar, duur aur kamtii developed Western Europe khaali [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|gulaam]] aur raw materials ke source rahaa.{{sfn|Cobb|2016|pp=15–16}} Lekin, {{circa|950}} aur {{circa|1070}} ke biich me, jhuura aur thandaa ke spells North Africa, Middle East, aur Central Asia ke kaaran dher bhukmari aur migration rahaa. Dharmik tensions aur jaada hoe gais rahaa, jiske ant me Holy Sepulchre ke 1009 me naas kar dewa gais rahaa.{{sfn|Ellenblum|2012|pp=3–11, 47}} 1040s se, nomadic [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkomans]] Middle East ke disrupt karis rahaa. 1055 me, uulog ke neta, [[Tughril I]] [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuk clan]] authority le liis rahaa Abbasid Caliphate me, Caliph [[Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)|Al-Qa'im]] ke anumati se.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|p=21}}{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=13–14}} Tughril ke nephew [[Alp Arslan]], [[Battle of Manzikert]] , 1071 me Byzantines ke kuchal diis, jisse [[Anatolia]] Turkoman migration khaatir khul gais rahaa.{{sfn|MacEvitt|2008|p=40}}{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|pp=5–6}} [[Seljuk Empire]] suruu bhais rahaa ek dhilla federation of provinces jispe Seljuk princes, Turkoman warlords aur Arab emirs raaj karat rahin. Jaise Byzantine control gira, Armenian aur Greek strongmen frontier cities aur fortresses ke le liin.{{sfn|MacEvitt|2008|p=42}} [[File:11th century unknown painters - Last Judgment (detail) - WGA19745.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A mural depicting naked men, one of them captured by a winged figure at a firing place|Detail of an 11th-century [[mural]] depicting a scene of the [[Last Judgement]] in the [[Sant'Angelo in Formis|Sant'Angelo ke Abbey Formis]], Italy me]] Mid-9th{{nbsp}}century se, central authority Western Europe me kamjor hoe gais rahaa, aur local lords power me hoe gay rahin, jon heavily armoured [[knight]]s ke command karat rahin aur castles pe kabjaa rakkhe rahin.{{sfn|Poly|1997|p=33–38}}{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|pp=6–7}} Iilog ke territorial matbhed ke kaaran yudh ek regular feature hoe gais rahaa regions bhar me.{{sfn|Jotischky|2017|p=31}} Church property aur unarmed groups ke bachae ke khaatir, church ke neta [[Peace of God]] movement ke suruu kare rahin, josme uulog offenders ke [[excommunication]] ke dhamki dewat rahin.{{sfn|Poly|1997|p=39–46}}{{sfn|Mayer|2009|pp=15–16}} Kaaheki [[Catholic hamartiology|sins]] permeated daily life, Christians ke [[damnation]] ke dar rahoo. Sinners ke [[Confession (religion)|confess]] kare ke expect karaa jaawat rahaa aur priestly prescribed [[penance]] bhi kare ke parrat rahaa.{{sfn|Asbridge|2012|pp=11–12}} Hajaaro tirath uatra khaatir Jerusalem gay rahin, lekin pilgrims ke uppar akrman aur jaada hoe gais rahaa. {{sfn|Mayer|2009|pp=13–14}} {{circa|1000}} se, [[Medieval Warm Period]] Western Europe ke favour karis rahaa, jisse economy aur abaadi duuno barrha rahaa.{{sfn|Epstein|2009|pp=41–42}}{{sfn|Tyerman|2019|p=47}} Sau saal me, Italian merchants Muslim aur Jewish ke jagha le lin as the leading force Mediterranean trade me.{{sfn|Tyerman|2019|p=12}} 1031 me, al-Andalus fut ke {{lang|es|[[taifa]]s}}—aur chhotaa kingdoms me hoe gay rahin—jon {{lang|es|[[Reconquista]]} ke resist kare nai sakat rahaa}—northern Christian states ke expansion—jiske kaaran radical [[Almoravids]] [[Maghreb]] se interfere, northern France se principalities ke suruuu kare rahin aur [[Muslim Sicily]] ke 1091 talak conquer kar le rahin.{{sfn|Cobb|2016|pp=49–70, 146–149}} Mid-11th{{nbsp}}century me, clerics jon "[[Libertas ecclesiae|liberty of the Church]]" ke promote karat rahin, Rome me power me hoe gain, aur [[simony]] aur clerical saadi ke uppar rukaawat lagae de rahin. [[Popes]], jiske Rome me [[Saint Peter]] ke successor maana jaawat rahaa, Christian church ke uppar [[papal supremacy|supremacy]] claim karat rahin, lekinEastern Christian leaders iske nai maanin.{{sfn|Tyerman|2007|p=6}}{{sfn|Jotischky|2017|pp=25, 28–29}} Dher din ke [[Christian liturgy|liturgical]] aur [[Christian theology|theological]] differences ke kaaran mutual excommunications 1054 me bhais aur aakhri me a [[East–West Schism|the division]] [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] West aur [[Greek Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] East ke biich me.{{sfn|Jotischky|2017|p=29}}{{sfn|Madden|2013|p=6}} Reformist clerics' [[Laity|lay]] control ke reject karin, jiske kaaran [[Investiture Controversy]] bhais rahaa secular powers se.{{sfn|Jaspert|2006|pp=25–26}} Pop log allies banae rahin spiritual rewards offer kar ke,{{sfn|Lock|2006|p=307}} aur ii Controversy [[Just war theory|just war]] me interest ke fir se revive karis rahaa, jiske pahile [[Augustine]] 5th{{nbsp}}century me mention karis rahaa. Theologians, [[Pope Gregory VII]] ke niche, conclude karin keFir bhi, larrai ke idea ke anti-papal figures jaise [[Sigebert of Gembloux]] ninda kare rahin.{{sfn|Jotischky|2017|p=27} == Duusra websites == * [http://www.redstoneprojects.com/trebuchetstore/crusades.html Crusade Siege ] Siege of a Mohammedan fortification during the crusades ==References== {{reflist}} [[Vibhag:C]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Crusades, The}} [[Category:Wars]] [[Category:Christianity]] [[Category:Middle Ages]] fj2dut0sddx0swrwhj47ndqlzexod15 0 12025 337874 190864 2026-08-31T00:10:16Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337874 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Kharokhar''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/6867TF Kharokhar ke jagha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128105045/https://www.mapmyindia.com/6867TF |date=2021-11-28 }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 1ty7ywt4bcn6xyf8qvlgi5id47ff6tk 0 51806 337873 336666 2026-08-31T00:05:58Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337873 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kaossara Sani''' eik [[Togo]]lese paryaavaranavid, lekhak aur samaajashaastree hain. Vah Lom, [[Togo]] mein rahatee hai. Usne "Africa aashaavaad" kee sthaapana kee. Vah "Act On Saahel Movement" kee sah-sansthaapak aur kaaryakaaree nideshak bhee hain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2022 |title=Kaossara Sani Urges: “Climate Justice Now! Stop Talking, Take Action!” |url=https://www.fao.org/dryland-forestry/news/news-detail/en/c/1475945/ |website=www.fao.org |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416003643/https://www.fao.org/dryland-forestry/news/news-detail/en/c/1475945/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaossara Sani – Akina Mama wa Afrika |url=https://www.akinamamawaafrika.org/kaossara-sani/ |language=en-US |access-date=2022-04-23 |archive-date=2022-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421153707/https://www.akinamamawaafrika.org/kaossara-sani/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Praarambhik jeevan == Sampaadit karen kausar saanee ka janm burkina phaaso mein hua tha. baad mein, vah 9 saal kee umr mein togo aa gaee. Vah loma mein palee-badhee. Vah apanee maan aur do bhaiyon ke saath rahatee hai.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreoli |first=Josephine |date=13 November 2021 |title=Klimaaktivistin Kaossara Sani aus Togo kämpft für das 1,5 Grad-Ziel |url=https://www.watson.de/!785343489 |website=watson.de |language=de}}</ref> == Sakriyataavaad == Unhonne aphreeka aashaavaad kee sthaapana kee. Yah ek aisa aandolan hai jo shiksha ke saath jalavaayu aur paryaavaraneey samasyaon ke samaadhaan ko badhaava deta hai. Vah "ekt on saahel moovament" kee sah-sansthaapak bhee hain. Yah aphreeka ke saahel kshetr mein kisaanon ke lie beej aur urvarak ke bhugataan ke lie dhan jutaata hai. Yah saphaee utpaadon ko khareedane aur logon ko svachchh paanee aur naveekaraneey oorja pradaan karane ke lie dhan bhee jutaata hai. Unke kaaryon ko tab aur maanyata milee jab unhonne 2021 ke sanyukt raashtr jalavaayu parivartan sammelan mein ek ghoshanaapatr bheja. dastaavez mein, usne kaha ki togo ke logon ko svachchh paanee upalabdh karaane ke lie ek borahol banaane ke lie glaasago kee yaatra kee laagat ka behatar upayog kiya jaega. Apane bayaan mein, vah ameer deshon ko 2020 ke ant tak vikaasasheel deshon ke lie jalavaayu vitt mein saalaana $ 100 biliyan pradaan karane ke unake "toote hue vaade" kee bhee yaad dilaatee hai. Ise 2015 se 2025 tak jaaree rakha jaana chaahie. Unhonne ameer deshon se jalavaayu vitt pradaan karane ka bhee aagrah kiya. 46 sabse kam vikasit deshon ke liye unhonne unase mausam steshanon ka nirmaan karake mausam aur jalavaayu parivartan anusandhaan mein nivesh karane ka bhee anurodh kiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlin |first=Samantha |date=2 August 2021 |title=Meet the Members of Green Builder Media’s Next Generation Influencer Group |url=https://www.greenbuildermedia.com/blog/meet-the-members-of-green-builder-medias-next-generation-influencer-group |website=www.greenbuildermedia.com |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanessa Nakate Wants Climate Justice for Africa |url=https://time.com/6109452/vanessa-nakate-climate-justice/ |website=Time |language=en |access-date=2022-04-23 |archive-date=2022-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325221354/https://time.com/6109452/vanessa-nakate-climate-justice/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nakate |first=Vanessa |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=eDAXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=Sani+Act+On+Sahel+seed&source=bl&ots=-TJc5vd9Za&sig=ACfU3U3PK9bCzyqNhtGQ3U7EPHtJSefMcA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMu5yjqJf3AhVhSWwGHQ3xCpwQ6AF6BAgQEAM#v=onepage&q=Sani%20Act%20On%20Sahel%20seed&f=false |title=A Bigger Picture: My Fight to Bring a New African Voice to the Climate Crisis |date=2021 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-358-65450-6 |pages=91 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vetter |first=David |date=2 November 2021 |title=‘Oppose This Climate Slavery’: A Manifesto To COP26 From A West African Climate Activist |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidrvetter/2021/11/02/oppose-this-climate-slavery-a-manifesto-to-cop26-from-a-west-african-climate-activist/ |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} sbnlydh9hg8i2v89g0rsa20i45tb9my