Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.17 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6022 337887 235039 2026-09-01T09:43:00Z Hanga1966 35932 337887 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aztec Empire.png|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Aztec Empire]], 1519 me, [[Mesoamerica]]me]] '''Aztecs''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|z|t|ɛ|k|s}} {{respell|AZ|teks}}) ek [[Mesoamerica]]n civilization ke rahin jon central [[Mexico]] me 1300 se 1521 talak rahin. Aztec log me dher [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|ethnic groups of central Mexico]] rahin, khaas kar ke uulog jon [[Nahuatl bhasa]] me baat karat rahin. Aztec sanskriti city-states (''[[altepetl]]'') me organised rahaa, jisme se kuchh mil ke alliances , political confederations, nai to empires banae rahin. [[Aztec Empire]], tiin city-states ke ek confederation rahaa, jiske 1427 me banaawa gais rahaa: [[Tenochtitlan]] ([[Mexica]] ke capital), [[Tetzcoco (altepetl)|Tetzcoco]], aur [[Tlacopan]]. Jab "Aztecs" sabd<ref name="Aztecs or Mixicas">{{Cite web|url=https://mexicanroutes.com/why-are-aztecs-called-mexicas/|title=Why are Aztecs called Mexicas?|website=mexicanroutes.com|date=4 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-04}}</ref> ke jaada kar ke khaali Mexica of Tenochtitlan ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaae hae, iske mota taur pe [[Nahuas|Nahua]] log central [[Pre-Columbian Mexico|Mexico in the pre-Hispanic era]] ke,<ref>e.g.{{harvnb|Offner|1983}}</ref> aur [[New Spain|Spanish colonial era]] (1521–1821).<ref>{{harvnb|Gibson|1964}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Vibhag:A]] [[Vibhag:Mexico]] [[Category:Native American]] k79xnwj3suln0oh8ohxskekjxwmg9qb 337888 337887 2026-09-01T10:33:09Z Hanga1966 35932 337888 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aztec Empire.png|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Aztec Empire]], 1519 me, [[Mesoamerica]]me]] '''Aztecs''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|z|t|ɛ|k|s}} {{respell|AZ|teks}}) ek [[Mesoamerica]]n civilization ke rahin jon central [[Mexico]] me 1300 se 1521 talak rahin. Aztec log me dher [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|ethnic groups of central Mexico]] rahin, khaas kar ke uulog jon [[Nahuatl bhasa]] me baat karat rahin. Aztec sanskriti city-states (''[[altepetl]]'') me organised rahaa, jisme se kuchh mil ke alliances , political confederations, nai to empires banae rahin. [[Aztec Empire]], tiin city-states ke ek confederation rahaa, jiske 1427 me banaawa gais rahaa: [[Tenochtitlan]] ([[Mexica]] ke capital), [[Tetzcoco (altepetl)|Tetzcoco]], aur [[Tlacopan]]. Jab "Aztecs" sabd<ref name="Aztecs or Mixicas">{{Cite web|url=https://mexicanroutes.com/why-are-aztecs-called-mexicas/|title=Why are Aztecs called Mexicas?|website=mexicanroutes.com|date=4 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-04}}</ref> ke jaada kar ke khaali Mexica of Tenochtitlan ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaae hae, iske mota taur pe [[Nahuas|Nahua]] log central [[Pre-Columbian Mexico|Mexico in the pre-Hispanic era]] ke,<ref>e.g.{{harvnb|Offner|1983}}</ref> aur [[New Spain|Spanish colonial era]] (1521–1821).<ref>{{harvnb|Gibson|1964}}</ref> Central Mexico ke jaada ethnic groups, [[Post-Classic stage|post-classic period]] ke, ek duusre se Mesoamerica ke traits ke share karat rahin.<ref name="auto">{{harvnb|Smith|1997|pp=4–7}}</ref> Central Mexico ke sanskriti me [[makai]] ke kheti, social division nobility (''[[pipiltin]]'') aur commoners (''[[macehualtin]]'') ke biich me, ek [[Pantheon (religion)|pantheon]], aur [[Aztec calendar|calendric system]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucia |first=Kristin De |date=2018 |title=Style, Memory, and the Production of History: Aztec Pottery and the Materialization of a Toltec Legacy |url=http://iu.tind.io/record/918/files/2795_Style-Memory-and-the-Production.pdf |journal=Current Anthropology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=741–764 |doi=10.1086/700916 |s2cid=150354407 |issn=0011-3204}}</ref> Mexica [[Valley of Mexico]] me baad me aae rahin, aur city-state Tenochtitlan ke unpromising [[islet]] ke uppar [[Lake Texcoco]] me banae rahin, aur ii log baad me Aztec Triple Alliance nai to Aztec Empire banae rahin jon Mesoamerica bhar me [[Aztec warfare|duusra city-states ke conquer kar le rahin]] , ke sab se taagatwar hissa ban gay rahin. Ii 1427 me suruu bhais rahaa city-states Tenochtitlan, [[Texcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]], aur Tlacopan ke biich ke ek alliance ke ruup me, jon maangat rahin Tepanec state of Azcapotzalco, jon pahile ii valley ke dominate karat rahin, ke appan niche kare. Bahut din nai lagaa ki Texcoco aur Tlacopan ke junior partnership ii alliance me kar dewa gais rahaa, aur Tenochtitlan dominant power rahaa. Ii empire aapan taagat barrhais rahaa rahaa trade aur military conquest se. Ii kabhi ek sacchaa territorial empire controlling territory by military garrisons nai rahaa, lekin ii dominated client city-states friendly rulers ke install kar ke, [[marriage alliances]] between the ruling dynasties banae rahin, aur ek [[Imperialism|imperial ideology]] ke failae rahin.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1997|pp=174–175}}</ref> Client city-states taxes bhare rahin, tribute nai<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Michael E.|date=2014|title=The Aztecs Paid Taxes, Not Tribute|journal=Mexicon|volume=36|issue=1|pages=19–22|jstor=43857654|issn=0720-5988}}</ref> Aztec emperor ke, ''[[Huey Tlatoani]]'', jon ek economic strategy rahaa jisme communication aur trade between outlying polities ke limit karaa jaawat rahaa, jiske kaaran uulog imperial center pe luxury goods ke khaatir nirbhar rahin.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1997|pp=176–182}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Vibhag:A]] [[Vibhag:Mexico]] [[Category:Native American]] jxz64tg7rur7fn0iln0kq88dpza4f9u 0 69589 337881 2026-08-31T15:24:17Z Asorev 41202 Panna jisme "{{Infobox person | name = Boris Georgiyevich Perchatkin | native_name = Борис Георгиевич Перчаткин | image = | caption = | birth_date = [[1 July]] [[1946]] | birth_place = [[Mirgorod]], Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Soviet, American | occupation = Human rights activist, religious leader |..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 337881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Boris Georgiyevich Perchatkin | native_name = Борис Георгиевич Перчаткин | image = | caption = | birth_date = [[1 July]] [[1946]] | birth_place = [[Mirgorod]], Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Soviet, American | occupation = Human rights activist, religious leader | spouse = | children = 6 | website = {{URL|https://bperchatkin.wordpress.com/}} }} '''Boris Georgiyevich Perchatkin''' (Russian: ''Бори́с Гео́ргиевич Перча́ткин''; janam [[1 July]] [[1946]]<ref name="nashaamerica">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nashaamerica.com/blogi/chtivo/item-894/|title=Он спас 1 млн человек. Сегодня они не могут собрать ему на операцию. Как же так?|website=www.nashaamerica.com|access-date=2023-09-26|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926133215/http://www.nashaamerica.com/blogi/chtivo/item-894/|archive-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>) ek prasiddh Soviet aur American human rights activist aur 1970s ke aakhiri aur 1980s ke shuruaati saalon me [[Nakhodka]] city ke religious emigration movement ke neta rahaa<ref name="ostrovskaya">{{Cite book|last=Островская|first=О.П.|chapter=Судьбы участников эмиграционного движения пятидесятников на дальнем востоке в 1970-1980-х гг.|title=Владивосток – точка возвращения: прошлое и настоящее русской эмиграции. Материалы Второй международной научной конференции|url=http://dot.kostacademy.kz/bible/files/769476832.pdf#page=65|publisher=Дальневосточный юридический институт Министерства внутренних дел Российской Федерации|location=[[Khabarovsk]]|date=23 June 2017|pages=65–71|language=ru|isbn=978-5-9753-0229-8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926080912/http://dot.kostacademy.kz/bible/files/769476832.pdf#page=65|archive-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>. Uu USA me 1989 me "Lautenberg Amendment" ke paas karwae ke khatir lobbying karis rahaa, jisse purana Soviet Union ke deson se lagbhag 1 million log USA me emmigrated bhais rahaa<ref name="romanovich">{{Cite web|url=https://spasenie.by/publ/pravozashhitnik_boris_perchatkin_smertelno_bolen/4-1-0-82|title=Правозащитник, Борис Перчаткин, смертельно болен|website=spasenie.by|author=Михаил Романович|access-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>. == Jiwani == === Shuruatai saal aur church se rishta === Boris Perchatkin ke janam ek military pilot ke pwar me bhais rahaa, jon ki Boris ke janam ke kuchh time baad ek road accident me mar gais rahaa. Boris ke mummy aapan pahila aadmi ke maut ke kuchh time baad dusra military aadmi se shaadi kar liis, jisse 1953 me ek riot ke time order nahi maane ke khatir arrest kar liya gais aur [[Vorkuta]] camps me 25 saal ke exile ke sajaa diis. 16 saal ke umar me, Boris Nakhodka city me ek Pentecostal church se jurris. Baad me uu believers ke persecution ke baare me information collect karis aur videshi journalists ke saath share karis<ref name="semenova">{{Cite web|url=https://usa.one/2020/01/boris-perchatkin-o-veruyushhix-v-sssr-immigracii-v-ssha-i-aktivizme/|title=Борис Перчаткин — о том, как помогал верующим из СССР попасть в США|website=usa.one|author=Виктория Семёнова|date=2020-01-03|access-date=2023-09-25}}</ref>. === Emigration movement me shaamil hona aur dissidents se sampark (1976–1980) === 1976 me, Perchatkin aapan saathi Vasili Patrushev, V. A. Burlachenko aur Vladimir Stepanov ke saath [[Moscow]] me dissidents se sampark karis aur "emigration wave ke ek organized direction me le jaane" ke salah liis. Usi saal [[Moscow Helsinki Group]] ke representative L. V. Voronina Nakhodka aais. Us saal se Perchatkin [[Soviet Union]] se Pentecostals ke mass emigration ke khatir aage aais<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. Usi saal Perchatkin [[United Nations|UN]], [[World Council of Churches]] aur [[Helsinki Accords]] sign kare waale deson ke leaders ke appeals bhejis, jisme uu Soviet Union me believers ke lagataar persecution ke baare me batayis<ref name="nashaamerica"/>. 1977 me, Nikolai Gorety ke saath milkar arrest bhaye dissidents [[Ginzburg, Alexander Ilyich|Alexander Ginzburg]], [[Orlov, Yuri Fyodorovich|Yuri Orlov]] aur [[Sharansky, Natan|Anatoly Sharansky]] ke defense me bolis aur Pentecostals ke taraf se duniya bhar ke Christians se baat karis<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. Usi saal dusre Christian denominations ke saath milkar ek public hunger strike me hissa liis, jiska aim persecution face kar rahe Christians ke USSR se bahar jaane ke permission milna rahaa<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.ukrweekly.com/print-media/1977/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1977-38.pdf|title=Dissidents fast across USSR|newspaper=The Ukrainian Weekly|date=1977-10-09|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926074510/https://archive.ukrweekly.com/print-media/1977/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1977-38.pdf|archive-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>. 20 December 1978 ke, Perchatkin Nakhodka post office se [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Carter, Jimmy|Jimmy Carter]] ke New Year greeting telegram bheje ke koshish karis jisme un logo par dhyan dene ke maang rahaa jinke paas religious freedom nahi rahaa<ref name="ostrovskaya"/><ref name="nashaamerica"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.rusbaptist.stunda.org/aven-ezer-primorje.pdf|title=АВЕН-ЕЗЕР. Евангельское движение в Приморье 1898-1990 годы|author=Андрей Дементьев|publisher=Русский остров|year=2011|pages=213|isbn=978-5-93577-054-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925212100/http://www.rusbaptist.stunda.org/aven-ezer-primorje.pdf|archive-date=2023-09-25}}</ref>. 1979 se, uu USSR me emigration-minded believers ke Center banane ke organizational kaam karis aur neta bane ke koshish karis. 1980 me uu bane hue Council of Churches of Soviet Pentecostals leaning towards emigration ke secretary chuna gais<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. 1979 ke aakhiri me, Perchatkin "US Congress aur government, Canada, Australia, England, West Germany, France aur Italy ke governments" ke naam ek statement likhis, jisme uu Soviet reality, USSR me religion par CPSU ke program points, aur religious cults par Soviet legislation ke baare me batayis<ref name="nashaamerica"/>. === Government repression aur jail === Uu emigration ke khatir apply kare waale believers ke committee ke sabse active member rahaa. Soviet authorities city ke main newspaper me "Hypocrite wholesale aur retail me", "Calculation ke hisaab se convictions", "Der hone se pahile" jaise articles publish karke Perchatkin aur unke pwar ke khilaaf campaign chalayis<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. 21 August 1980 ke, Perchatkin ke Nakhodka me arrest kar liya gais, aur March 1981 ke aakhiri me<ref name="dtic">{{Cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA145453.pdf|title=Chronology of Soviet Dissidence: January 1970 through December 1982|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002220919/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA145453.pdf|archive-date=2023-10-02}}</ref> RSFSR Criminal Code ke Article 190.1 ke tehat "Soviet state aur social system ke dishonor kare waale jhoothe statements phelane" ke khatir 2 saal ke jail ke sajaa diis<ref name="dtic"/>. Radio station "Voice of America" ke report ke mutabiq, investigation aur trial ke time Perchatkin par chemicals (neuroleptics) use kiya gais jisse uu behosh ho jata rahaa<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. August 1982 me Perchatkin jail se chhutis aur USSR se emigration ke right ke khatir aage bhi ladta rahaa. February 1983 me uu fir se arrest bhais aur RSFSR Criminal Code ke Article 218 part 2 ke tehat illegal weapons rakhne ke khatir 1.5 saal ke sajaa paais<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. === Diplomatic kaam aur USA emigration === 1987 me, Perchatkin US Congress ke khatir "USSR me Religion ke status par" ek report tayyar karis. Ee report US Congress me padha gais aur Perchatkin ke US Secretary of State [[Shultz, George|George Shultz]]<ref name="romanovich"/> se milne ke khatir bulaya gais taaki religious migration par baat ho sake, aur [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] Chief Justice [[Rehnquist, William|William Rehnquist]]<ref name="romanovich"/> aur Deputy Secretary of State for Religious Affairs se bhi milis. May 1988 me, jab US President [[Reagan, Ronald|Ronald Reagan]] [[Gorbachev, Mikhail|Gorbachev]] se milne official visit par USSR aais, tab Perchatkin ke Reagan ke bibi — [[Reagan, Nancy|Nancy Reagan]] — se 40 logo ke delegation ke saath USSR me religious freedom par baat kare ke khatir bulaya gais rahaa. 30 May 1988 ke Perchatkin Soviet Protestants ke represent karis. Lagbhag 2 ghante tak uu Nancy Reagan ke USSR me religious freedom ke baare me batayis, jiske baad Nancy Reagan Perchatkin ke US Congress me aapan report padhne ke khatir invite karis<ref name="gura">{{Cite journal|last=Гура|first=В.О.|title=Історія та есхатологічні мотиви релігійної еміграції пізніх протестантів із СРСР 1987–2017 рр.|journal=Гілея: науковий вісник|location=[[Kyiv]]|year=2018|issue=135|pages=171–175|language=uk|issn=2076-1554|url=http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?C21COM=2&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&IMAGE_FILE_DOWNLOAD=1&Image_file_name=PDF/gileya_2018_135_47.pdf}}</ref>. 26 July 1988 ke Perchatkin aapan pure pwar ke saath USA emigrate kar gais<ref name="gura"/><ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. 4 August 1988 ke uu [[United States Congress|US Congress]] me USSR me believers ke genocide par ek report diis<ref name="ostrovskaya"/><ref name="gura"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://russiainphoto.ru/photos/195013/|title=Фото|language=ru|website=russiainphoto.ru|access-date=2023-09-26|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926063526/https://russiainphoto.ru/photos/195013/}}</ref>, jiske baare me uu congressmen, senators aur diplomats se baat karis<ref name="gura"/>. Is discussion ke result se 1989 me [[New Jersey]] ke Democratic Senator [[Lautenberg, Frank|Frank Lautenberg]] ke naam par "Lautenberg Amendment" paas bhais<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://issuu.com/afisha/docs/diaspora_08-11-13/9|title=25-летие начала исхода|newspaper=Диаспора. Славянская общественная газета|author=Виталий Футорный|date=2013-08-11|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508015913/https://issuu.com/afisha/docs/diaspora_08-11-13/9|archive-date=2024-05-08}}</ref>. Ee amendment ke pahile 10 saal me lagbhag 350,000 religious migrants USA aaye<ref name="gura"/><ref name="semenova"/>, aur 2010 tak lagbhag 1 million log aaye<ref name="romanovich"/>. Nakhodka se Pentecostals ke mass exit 1988 me shuru bhais jab 152 adults chhodke gaye. 1989 me Nakhodka se 45 adult Pentecostals emigrate bhaye<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. === USA me Human Rights Activity === USA me rehte hue, Perchatkin aapan website banayis jisme uu aapan arrest aur prison ke details likhis<ref name="ostrovskaya"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bperchatkin.wordpress.com/|title=Персональный сайт Бориса Перчаткина|access-date=2023-09-25|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926084710/https://bperchatkin.wordpress.com/}}</ref> aur Christian human rights organization ARRC<ref name="romanovich"/> (American-Russian Relief Committee)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YhIiVBx_5kC&pg=PA21|title=Unregistered Religious Groups in Russia: Hearing Before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=2007|language=en|isbn=978-0-16-077910-7}}</ref> founded karis. Uu aapan autobiographical book "Fiery Paths" (Огненные тропы) bhi publish karis jiske kayi editions aaye<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. 2025 ke summer me, Boris Perchatkin [[United States Department of State|US Department of State]] aur [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] me Ukraine aur Russia me pacifist Christians ke persecution, alternative civil service deny kare, forced mobilization, arrests aur violence ke baare me baat karis. Boris Perchatkin [[Uniting for Ukraine|U4U]] program ke tehat USA aaye Ukrainian pacifist Christians ke khatir alag migration quota ke khatir lobbying karis<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.slavicsac.com/2025/07/14/ukraine-russian-christians/|title=В США обсуждают защиту христиан из Украины и России|website=Slavic Sacramento|date=2025-07-15|access-date=2025-11-27|archive-date=2025-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815145842/https://www.slavicsac.com/2025/07/14/ukraine-russian-christians/}}</ref>. == Mention == Physicist aur Nobel laureate [[Sakharov, Andrei|Andrei Sakharov]] aapan 1981 ke article "Responsibility of Scientists" me Soviet political prisoners ke saath Boris Perchatkin ke naam bhi diis rahaa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakharov.space/lib/otvetstvennost-uchenyh|title=Сахаров. Ответственность учёных|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002222415/https://www.sakharov.space/lib/otvetstvennost-uchenyh|archive-date=2023-10-02}}</ref>. == Granth soochi == * Perchatkin Boris. ''Огненные тропы''. Seattle (USA), 2002. — 222 p. == Sandarbh == {{reflist}} == Bahaari jodd == * [https://bperchatkin.wordpress.com/ Boris Perchatkin ke personal site] * {{Cite journal|author=Michael Rowe|title=The Soviet pentecostal emigration movement|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/09637498308431098|journal=Religion in Communist Lands|date=2 January 2008|volume=11|issue=3|pages=337–339|language=en|doi=10.1080/09637498308431098}} * {{Cite journal|author=Catherine Wanner|title=Religion and Refugee Resettlement: Evolving Connections to Ukraine since World War II|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/css/44/1-2/article-p44_4.xml|journal=Canadian-American Slavic Studies|publisher=Brill Schöningh|date=January 2010|volume=44|issue=1–2|pages=44–66|language=en|issn=2210-2396|doi=10.1163/221023910X512796}} * {{Cite news|author=Special To the New York Times|title=Soviet Pentecostals Meet Illegally and Form Council|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/05/archives/soviet-pentecostals-meet-illegally-and-form-council-20-delegates.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2025-12-18|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310060316/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/05/archives/soviet-pentecostals-meet-illegally-and-form-council-20-delegates.html|archive-date=2018-03-10}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1946 janam]] [[Category:America ke log]] o2gw5vnp1wcxhefp91ltvpllcrbbd1x 337885 337881 2026-09-01T07:38:23Z Asorev 41202 337885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Boris Georgiyevich Perchatkin | native_name = Борис Георгиевич Перчаткин | image = | caption = | birth_date = [[1 July]] [[1946]] | birth_place = [[Mirgorod]], Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Soviet, American | occupation = Human rights activist, religious leader | spouse = | children = 6 | website = {{URL|https://bperchatkin.wordpress.com/}} }} '''Boris Georgiyevich Perchatkin''' (Russian: ''Бори́с Гео́ргиевич Перча́ткин''; janam [[1 July]] [[1946]]<ref name="nashaamerica">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nashaamerica.com/blogi/chtivo/item-894/|title=Он спас 1 млн человек. Сегодня они не могут собрать ему на операцию. Как же так?|website=www.nashaamerica.com|access-date=2023-09-26|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926133215/http://www.nashaamerica.com/blogi/chtivo/item-894/|archive-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>) ek prasiddh Soviet aur American human rights activist aur 1970s ke aakhiri aur 1980s ke shuruaati saalon me [[Nakhodka]] city ke religious emigration movement ke neta rahaa<ref name="ostrovskaya">{{Cite book|last=Островская|first=О.П.|chapter=Судьбы участников эмиграционного движения пятидесятников на дальнем востоке в 1970-1980-х гг.|title=Владивосток – точка возвращения: прошлое и настоящее русской эмиграции. Материалы Второй международной научной конференции|url=http://dot.kostacademy.kz/bible/files/769476832.pdf#page=65|publisher=Дальневосточный юридический институт Министерства внутренних дел Российской Федерации|location=[[Khabarovsk]]|date=23 June 2017|pages=65–71|language=ru|isbn=978-5-9753-0229-8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926080912/http://dot.kostacademy.kz/bible/files/769476832.pdf#page=65|archive-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>. Uu USA me 1989 me "Lautenberg Amendment" ke paas karwae ke khatir lobbying karis rahaa, jisse purana Soviet Union ke deson se lagbhag 1 million log USA me emmigrated bhais rahaa<ref name="romanovich">{{Cite web|url=https://spasenie.by/publ/pravozashhitnik_boris_perchatkin_smertelno_bolen/4-1-0-82|title=Правозащитник, Борис Перчаткин, смертельно болен|website=spasenie.by|author=Михаил Романович|access-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>. == Jiwani == === Shuruatai saal aur church se rishta === Boris Perchatkin ke janam ek military pilot ke pwar me bhais rahaa, jon ki Boris ke janam ke kuchh time baad ek road accident me mar gais rahaa. Boris ke mummy aapan pahila aadmi ke maut ke kuchh time baad dusra military aadmi se shaadi kar liis, jisse 1953 me ek riot ke time order nahi maane ke khatir arrest kar liya gais aur [[Vorkuta]] camps me 25 saal ke exile ke sajaa diis. 16 saal ke umar me, Boris Nakhodka city me ek Pentecostal church se jurris. Baad me uu believers ke persecution ke baare me information collect karis aur videshi journalists ke saath share karis<ref name="semenova">{{Cite web|url=https://usa.one/2020/01/boris-perchatkin-o-veruyushhix-v-sssr-immigracii-v-ssha-i-aktivizme/|title=Борис Перчаткин — о том, как помогал верующим из СССР попасть в США|website=usa.one|author=Виктория Семёнова|date=2020-01-03|access-date=2023-09-25}}</ref>. === Emigration movement me shaamil hona aur dissidents se sampark (1976–1980) === 1976 me, Perchatkin aapan saathi Vasili Patrushev, V. A. Burlachenko aur Vladimir Stepanov ke saath [[Moscow]] me dissidents se sampark karis aur "emigration wave ke ek organized direction me le jaane" ke salah liis. Usi saal [[Moscow Helsinki Group]] ke representative L. V. Voronina Nakhodka aais. Us saal se Perchatkin [[Soviet Union]] se Pentecostals ke mass emigration ke khatir aage aais<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. Usi saal Perchatkin [[United Nations|UN]], [[World Council of Churches]] aur [[Helsinki Accords]] sign kare waale deson ke leaders ke appeals bhejis, jisme uu Soviet Union me believers ke lagataar persecution ke baare me batayis<ref name="nashaamerica"/>. 1977 me, Nikolai Gorety ke saath milkar arrest bhaye dissidents [[Alexander Ginzburg]], [[Yuri Orlov]] aur [[Anatoly Sharansky]] ke defense me bolis aur Pentecostals ke taraf se duniya bhar ke Christians se baat karis<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. Usi saal dusre Christian denominations ke saath milkar ek public hunger strike me hissa liis, jiska aim persecution face kar rahe Christians ke USSR se bahar jaane ke permission milna rahaa<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.ukrweekly.com/print-media/1977/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1977-38.pdf|title=Dissidents fast across USSR|newspaper=The Ukrainian Weekly|date=1977-10-09|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926074510/https://archive.ukrweekly.com/print-media/1977/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1977-38.pdf|archive-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>. 20 December 1978 ke, Perchatkin Nakhodka post office se [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Jimmy Carter]] ke New Year greeting telegram bheje ke koshish karis jisme un logo par dhyan dene ke maang rahaa jinke paas religious freedom nahi rahaa<ref name="ostrovskaya"/><ref name="nashaamerica"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.rusbaptist.stunda.org/aven-ezer-primorje.pdf|title=АВЕН-ЕЗЕР. Евангельское движение в Приморье 1898-1990 годы|author=Андрей Дементьев|publisher=Русский остров|year=2011|pages=213|isbn=978-5-93577-054-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925212100/http://www.rusbaptist.stunda.org/aven-ezer-primorje.pdf|archive-date=2023-09-25}}</ref>. 1979 se, uu USSR me emigration-minded believers ke Center banane ke organizational kaam karis aur neta bane ke koshish karis. 1980 me uu bane hue Council of Churches of Soviet Pentecostals leaning towards emigration ke secretary chuna gais<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. 1979 ke aakhiri me, Perchatkin "US Congress aur government, Canada, Australia, England, West Germany, France aur Italy ke governments" ke naam ek statement likhis, jisme uu Soviet reality, USSR me religion par CPSU ke program points, aur religious cults par Soviet legislation ke baare me batayis<ref name="nashaamerica"/>. === Government repression aur jail === Uu emigration ke khatir apply kare waale believers ke committee ke sabse active member rahaa. Soviet authorities city ke main newspaper me "Hypocrite wholesale aur retail me", "Calculation ke hisaab se convictions", "Der hone se pahile" jaise articles publish karke Perchatkin aur unke pwar ke khilaaf campaign chalayis<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. 21 August 1980 ke, Perchatkin ke Nakhodka me arrest kar liya gais, aur March 1981 ke aakhiri me<ref name="dtic">{{Cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA145453.pdf|title=Chronology of Soviet Dissidence: January 1970 through December 1982|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002220919/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA145453.pdf|archive-date=2023-10-02}}</ref> RSFSR Criminal Code ke Article 190.1 ke tehat "Soviet state aur social system ke dishonor kare waale jhoothe statements phelane" ke khatir 2 saal ke jail ke sajaa diis<ref name="dtic"/>. Radio station "Voice of America" ke report ke mutabiq, investigation aur trial ke time Perchatkin par chemicals (neuroleptics) use kiya gais jisse uu behosh ho jata rahaa<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. August 1982 me Perchatkin jail se chhutis aur USSR se emigration ke right ke khatir aage bhi ladta rahaa. February 1983 me uu fir se arrest bhais aur RSFSR Criminal Code ke Article 218 part 2 ke tehat illegal weapons rakhne ke khatir 1.5 saal ke sajaa paais<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. === Diplomatic kaam aur USA emigration === 1987 me, Perchatkin US Congress ke khatir "USSR me Religion ke status par" ek report tayyar karis. Ee report US Congress me padha gais aur Perchatkin ke US Secretary of State [[George Shultz]]<ref name="romanovich"/> se milne ke khatir bulaya gais taaki religious migration par baat ho sake, aur [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist]]<ref name="romanovich"/> aur Deputy Secretary of State for Religious Affairs se bhi milis. May 1988 me, jab US President [[Ronald Reagan]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] se milne official visit par USSR aais, tab Perchatkin ke Reagan ke bibi — [[Reagan, Nancy|Nancy Reagan]] — se 40 logo ke delegation ke saath USSR me religious freedom par baat kare ke khatir bulaya gais rahaa. 30 May 1988 ke Perchatkin Soviet Protestants ke represent karis. Lagbhag 2 ghante tak uu Nancy Reagan ke USSR me religious freedom ke baare me batayis, jiske baad Nancy Reagan Perchatkin ke US Congress me aapan report padhne ke khatir invite karis<ref name="gura">{{Cite journal|last=Гура|first=В.О.|title=Історія та есхатологічні мотиви релігійної еміграції пізніх протестантів із СРСР 1987–2017 рр.|journal=Гілея: науковий вісник|location=[[Kyiv]]|year=2018|issue=135|pages=171–175|language=uk|issn=2076-1554|url=http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?C21COM=2&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&IMAGE_FILE_DOWNLOAD=1&Image_file_name=PDF/gileya_2018_135_47.pdf}}</ref>. 26 July 1988 ke Perchatkin aapan pure pwar ke saath USA emigrate kar gais<ref name="gura"/><ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. 4 August 1988 ke uu [[United States Congress|US Congress]] me USSR me believers ke genocide par ek report diis<ref name="ostrovskaya"/><ref name="gura"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://russiainphoto.ru/photos/195013/|title=Фото|language=ru|website=russiainphoto.ru|access-date=2023-09-26|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926063526/https://russiainphoto.ru/photos/195013/}}</ref>, jiske baare me uu congressmen, senators aur diplomats se baat karis<ref name="gura"/>. Is discussion ke result se 1989 me [[New Jersey]] ke Democratic Senator [[Frank Lautenberg]] ke naam par "Lautenberg Amendment" paas bhais<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://issuu.com/afisha/docs/diaspora_08-11-13/9|title=25-летие начала исхода|newspaper=Диаспора. Славянская общественная газета|author=Виталий Футорный|date=2013-08-11|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508015913/https://issuu.com/afisha/docs/diaspora_08-11-13/9|archive-date=2024-05-08}}</ref>. Ee amendment ke pahile 10 saal me lagbhag 350,000 religious migrants USA aaye<ref name="gura"/><ref name="semenova"/>, aur 2010 tak lagbhag 1 million log aaye<ref name="romanovich"/>. Nakhodka se Pentecostals ke mass exit 1988 me shuru bhais jab 152 adults chhodke gaye. 1989 me Nakhodka se 45 adult Pentecostals emigrate bhaye<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. === USA me Human Rights Activity === USA me rehte hue, Perchatkin aapan website banayis jisme uu aapan arrest aur prison ke details likhis<ref name="ostrovskaya"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bperchatkin.wordpress.com/|title=Персональный сайт Бориса Перчаткина|access-date=2023-09-25|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926084710/https://bperchatkin.wordpress.com/}}</ref> aur Christian human rights organization ARRC<ref name="romanovich"/> (American-Russian Relief Committee)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YhIiVBx_5kC&pg=PA21|title=Unregistered Religious Groups in Russia: Hearing Before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=2007|language=en|isbn=978-0-16-077910-7}}</ref> founded karis. Uu aapan autobiographical book "Fiery Paths" (Огненные тропы) bhi publish karis jiske kayi editions aaye<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. 2025 ke summer me, Boris Perchatkin [[United States Department of State|US Department of State]] aur [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] me Ukraine aur Russia me pacifist Christians ke persecution, alternative civil service deny kare, forced mobilization, arrests aur violence ke baare me baat karis. Boris Perchatkin [[Uniting for Ukraine|U4U]] program ke tehat USA aaye Ukrainian pacifist Christians ke khatir alag migration quota ke khatir lobbying karis<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.slavicsac.com/2025/07/14/ukraine-russian-christians/|title=В США обсуждают защиту христиан из Украины и России|website=Slavic Sacramento|date=2025-07-15|access-date=2025-11-27|archive-date=2025-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815145842/https://www.slavicsac.com/2025/07/14/ukraine-russian-christians/}}</ref>. == Mention == Physicist aur Nobel laureate [[Andrei Sakharov]] aapan 1981 ke article "Responsibility of Scientists" me Soviet political prisoners ke saath Boris Perchatkin ke naam bhi diis rahaa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakharov.space/lib/otvetstvennost-uchenyh|title=Сахаров. Ответственность учёных|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002222415/https://www.sakharov.space/lib/otvetstvennost-uchenyh|archive-date=2023-10-02}}</ref>. == Sandarbh == {{reflist}} == Bahaari jodd == * [https://bperchatkin.wordpress.com/ Boris Perchatkin ke personal site] * {{Cite journal|author=Michael Rowe|title=The Soviet pentecostal emigration movement|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/09637498308431098|journal=Religion in Communist Lands|date=2 January 2008|volume=11|issue=3|pages=337–339|language=en|doi=10.1080/09637498308431098}} * {{Cite journal|author=Catherine Wanner|title=Religion and Refugee Resettlement: Evolving Connections to Ukraine since World War II|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/css/44/1-2/article-p44_4.xml|journal=Canadian-American Slavic Studies|publisher=Brill Schöningh|date=January 2010|volume=44|issue=1–2|pages=44–66|language=en|issn=2210-2396|doi=10.1163/221023910X512796}} * {{Cite news|author=Special To the New York Times|title=Soviet Pentecostals Meet Illegally and Form Council|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/05/archives/soviet-pentecostals-meet-illegally-and-form-council-20-delegates.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2025-12-18|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310060316/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/05/archives/soviet-pentecostals-meet-illegally-and-form-council-20-delegates.html|archive-date=2018-03-10}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1946 janam]] [[Category:America ke log]] f4fgjexzn3v79ja92ageq0uhw8j4g3y 3 69590 337882 2026-08-31T15:24:19Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 337882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Asorev}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 15:24, 31 August 2026 (UTC) bjtyop97mxv63gupnbrka1iu2wcf77w 3 69592 337886 2026-09-01T09:17:10Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 337886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Md neyaj}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 09:17, 1 Saptambar 2026 (UTC) pfy27sw8v8kug7eakf6xh9sza7ksfas