Kālidāsa

Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.18 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Kālidāsa 0 1935 338025 332124 2026-09-03T09:57:48Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 338025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writer | name = Kālidāsa | image = | alt = | caption = Kalidas Smarak | pseudonym = Kālidāsa | birthname = | birthdate = | birthplace = India | deathdate = | occupation = Poet | nationality = Indian | notableworks = | influenced = }} [[File:Kalidas.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1]] '''Kālidās''' (Devanāgarī: कालिदास), [[Sanskrit]] me ''[[Meghadoot]]'', ''Shākuntal'', aur dher book likis rahaa. Iske jagha Sanskrit me wahi rakam hae jaise ki Shakespeare, English me hae.<ref>There have been a few other authors in Sanskrit of lesser statures having the same name, Kālidās; the authors of Nalodaya and Shrutibodha were two among them.</ref> Kālidās's play aur kavita [[Hindu dharam]] aur [[Hindu sanskriti]] pe based hae. Ii master of imagination rahaa. == Jindagi == Inki jindagi ke baare me bahut kuch nai jaana jaae hae lekin us koi time 130 BC aur 600 CE ke biich me jinda rahe. Kālidās, aapan lekh me koi raja ke naam nai likis hae.<ref>But some historians think he was a poet-dramatist at the court of a king named [[Vikramāditya]]. There were, however, several kings in ancient India who had assumed the name Vikramāditya. One among them was the famous [[Chandragupta II|Chandragupta II Vikramāditya]] of the [[Gupta]] dynasty, who had assumed the throne of [[Magadh]] around 378 CE.</ref> == Kaam == === Plays === Kālidās, tiimn play likis hae: ''Mālawikāgnimitra'' ("Mālavikā aur Agnimitra"), ''Abhijñānashākuntala'' ("Shakuntala ke pehchaan"), and ''Vikramorwasheeya'' ("Vikram aur Urwashi ke baare me"). Abhijñānashākuntala, jiske ek bahut achchhaa play maana jaae hae ke sab se pahile [[English language|English]] aur [[German language|German]] me translate karaa gais rahaa. ''Mālawikāgnimitra'', Raja Agnimitra ke baare me khissa batae hae, jon ki ek gulam larrki, Mālavikā ke chapa se pyaar kare lagaa. Jab rani ke iske baare me pataa lagaa tab uu bahut gussae gais aur hukum diis ki uu larrki ke jahel bhej dewa jaae, lekin ii pata chalaa ki asli me larrki ek princess hae aur uske raaji hoe ke parraa. ''Abhijñānashākuntala'', Raja, ''Dushyanta'' ke baare me khissa hae, jon ki [[jangal]] me ''Shakuntalā'' ke mile hae. Dushyanta aur Shakuntalā pyar kare lage hae aur saadi kar le hae. Dushyanta, Shakuntalā ke saathe jangal me rahe lage hae lekin uske rajdhani me ek bahut jaruri kaam se balawa jaae hae. Aakhri me duno sukhi se rahe lage hae. ''Vikramōrwasheeya'', uppar duuno play se jaada mystical hae. === Kavita === Kālidās, dui achchhaa kavita, ''Raghuvamsha'' ("Raghu ke Raj") aur ''Kumārasambhawa'' ("Kumar Kartikeya ke Janam"), aur ''Meghadoota'' ("Badal ke Messenger") aur ''Rutusamhāra'' ("[[Mausam]] ke baare me") likhis hae. Kuch historian log Kālidās ke niche lakha gais kaam khatir credit kare hae , lekin gyani log ii maane hae ki ii sab duusra log hae jiske naam bhi Kālidās hae: * ShrungaraTilaka * ShrungaraRasāshta * SetuKāwya * KarpuraManjari * PushpabānaWilāsa * ShyāmalaDandaka * PrashnottaraMālā * JyotirWiddyābharana == Notes == <references/> == Aur parrho == * [[K.D. Sethna]]. Problems of Ancient India, p. 79-120 (chapter: "The Time of Kalidasa"), 2000 New [[Delhi]]: Aditya Prakashan. ISBN 81-7742-026-7 (about rahin dating of Kalidasa) == Bahaari jorr == * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sha/index.htm ''Kalidasa: Translations of Shakuntala and Other Works''] by [[Arthur W. Ryder]] * [http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc60.html Biography of Kalidasa] * [http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org Clay Sanskrit Library] publishes classical Indian literature, including rahin works of Kalidasa with Sanskrit facing-page text and translation. Also offers searchable corpus and downloadable materials. * [http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/AuthorBioPage.php?recordID=0140 Kalidasa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427232044/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/AuthorBioPage.php?recordID=0140 |date=2007-04-27 }} at ''The Online Library of Liberty'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Kalidas}} [[vibhag:K]] [[vibhag:India ke log]] [[vibhag:Poets]]  nvvx1fafsaahoe7arovz4em4qip036d Cairo 0 2925 338043 326200 2026-09-03T10:12:46Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 338043 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Cairo in Egypt (2011).svg|thumb|right|A map of Egypt. Cairo is the light green spot.]] '''Cairo''', [[Egypt]] ke sab se barraa [[city]] aur [[capital]] city hae. Iske abaadi 7.7 million hae lekin iske urban area me kul jorr 15.2 million log rahe hae, jiske kaaran ii [[Middle East|Arab World]] aur [[Africa]] ke sab se barraa city hae. Ii city [[Nile]] [[Naddii]] pe hae. City ke bahaar [[pyramid]]s of [[Giza]] hae. == Chapa ke gallery == <gallery> Image:Kairo 001.jpg|Cairo ke town centre Image:Egypt.Cairo.EgyptianMuseum.01.jpg|Egyptian museum File:Islamic Cairo (2005-05-385).jpg|Cairo me masjid File:Mansoura University.jpg|Cairo ke University </gallery> == Bahaari jorr == * [http://www.cairo.yatb.info/ Cairo information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221124548/http://cairo.yatb.info/ |date=2007-02-21 }} at yatb.info * [http://www.fromcairo.blogspot.com/ Blog about Cairo]   [[vibhag:Egypt ke city]] [[vibhag:Capital cities]] lb9a912x90sf6q76z1b6repn3osq4o3 Senegal 0 3013 338004 311799 2026-09-03T07:23:18Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |fullcountryname= ''République du Senegal'' |conventional_long_name = Republic of Senegal ||common_name = Senegal |image_flag = Flag of Senegal.svg |image_coa = Coat of arms of Senegal.svg |image_location = LocationSenegal.svg | nationalmotto = "Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi" " ([[French bhasa|French]]) "One People, One Goal, One Faith" |national_anthem =''Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons'' |officiallanguages = French |demonym = Senegalese |regional_languages = Wolof (spoken by 94 percent) |countrycapital = [[Dakar]] |latd=14 |latm=40 |latNS=N |longd=17 |longm=25 |longEW=W |countrylargestcity= Dakar |government_type = [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential republic]] |leader_title1 = President |leader_name1 = Abdoulaye Wade |leader_title2 = Prime Minister |leader_name2 = Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré |area_rank = 87th |area_magnitude = |areatotal= 196,723 |area_sq_mi = 76,000 |percent_water = 2.1 |populationtotal = 11,658,000 |population_estimate_rank = 72nd |population_estimate_year = 2005 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 59 |population_density_sq_mi = 153 |population_density_rank = 137th |GDP_PPP = $20.688 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=68&pr.y=21&sy=2004&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=722&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Senegal|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2007 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,692<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal_rank = 112nd |GDP_nominal = $11.183 billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2007 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $914<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 137th |sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] |established_event1 = from [[France]] |established_date1 = 20 August 1960 |HDI = {{increase}}0.502 |HDI_rank = 153rd |HDI_year = 2008 |HDI_category = medium |Gini = 41.3 |Gini_year = 1995 |Gini_category = medium |currency = CFA franc |currency_code = XOF |country_code = |time_zone_DST = UTC |utc_offset = |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = right |internettld = .sn |dialingcode= 221 |footnotes = }} '''Senegal''' (French Sénégal), official naam: '''Republic of Senegal''', [[Africa]] ke west me [[Sénégal Naddi]] ke south me ek ds hae. Senegal ke west me [[Atlantic Ocean]], north me [[Mauritania]], east me [[Mali]] aur south me [[Guinea]] aur [[Guinea-Bissau]] hae. Iske size 197,000 km² hae aur population lag bhag 11,700,000 hae. Dakar, jon ki Senegal ke [[capital]] [[city]] hae, [[Atlantic]] saahil me hae. == References == {{reflist}} == Bahaari jorr == * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-s/senegal.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528052549/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-s/senegal.html |date=2010-05-28 }} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064496.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]] * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/senegal.htm Senegal] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/senegal.pdf UN Map on Senegal] * [http://www.senactu.info/ SenActu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310125847/http://www.senactu.info/ |date=2018-03-10 }} news headline links * [http://allafrica.com/senegal/ News headline links] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218213423/http://allafrica.com/senegal/ |date=2009-02-18 }} from [[AllAfrica.com]] * [http://www.newspaperindex.com/en/newspapers/Senegal Links to Senegal newspapers] from NewspaperIndex.com * [http://pcsenegal.org/ecot/index.html Eco-tourism sites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526081844/http://pcsenegal.org/ecot/index.html |date=2009-05-26 }} * [http://www.syklontechnologies.com Syklon Technologies: Société de Services en Ingenierie Informatique au Sénégal et offshore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218091006/http://syklontechnologies.com/ |date=2014-12-18 }} * [http://www.senegalphonebook.com/ Senegal] business directory from ''Africa Phonebooks'' * [http://www.arts.uwa.edu.au/AFLIT/CountrySenegalEN.html#overview Senegalese literature at a glance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007014024/http://www.arts.uwa.edu.au/AFLIT/CountrySenegalEN.html#overview |date=2006-10-07 }} * [http://www.coraconnection.com/ Cora Connection] West African music resources * [http://www.senegalaisement.com/senegal/ethnies.html Senegal's ethnic groups] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091210131718/http://www.senegalaisement.com/senegal/ethnies.html |date=2009-12-10 }} * [http://www.lafrique.com/afrique/articles/5/ L'Afrique - Sénégal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509123351/http://www.lafrique.com/afrique/articles/5/ |date=2008-05-09 }} Hundreds of photographs and articles * [http://www.africa.it/senegal/foto.asp Senegal Photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905161042/http://www.africa.it/senegal/foto.asp |date=2009-09-05 }}   [[Category:Senegal| ]] [[Category:French bhasa waala des]] [[Category:African Union ke member]] [[Category:Dunia ke des]]  7q7bwxqg3r3l14uryyb9w3zcc45o0fy Djibouti 0 3539 338041 257346 2026-09-03T10:09:38Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 338041 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:locationDjibouti.png|right|]] [[File:Djibouti-carte.png|thumb|290px|Carte de Djibouti]] '''Djibouti''', [[Africa]] ke ek [[des]] hae. Djibouti ke [[France]] se ajaadi [[27 June]] [[1977]] me milaa. Ii des French Somaliland se banaa hae (baad me iske French Territory of the Afars and Issas bolaa jaawat rahaa). Djibouti ke itihaas bahut purana hae jab ki ii Sabean Empire ([[Ethiopia]]) ke ek bhaag rahaa. Uu time Djibouti ke log ancient [[Egypt]], [[India]] aur [[China]] se hides, skins, perfumes aur spices me trad karat rahin. 1000 saal talak Arabian peninsula se contact ke baad Somali aur Afar tribes [[Islam]] ke acept karin. Djibouti ek Muslim des hae aur ii regularly Islamic aur Arab meetings me bhaag lewe hae. {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Djibouti| ]] [[Category:Arab League ke member]] [[Category:French bhasa waala des]] b09gfum1xsurewuydgoml9vne87eivt 1760 0 3732 338045 335188 2026-09-03T10:13:53Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 338045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (MDCCLX) ek leap saal rahaa jon [[:wikt:mangar|mangar]] ke din suruu bhais rahaa. Ii [[2nd millennium]] ke 76oth saal rahaa, [[18th century]] ke 60th saal rahaa aur [[1760s]] dassak ke 1st saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1816-1817, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1681-1682, Kali Yuga ke 4860-4861, Islamic calendar ke 1173-1174, Buddhist calendar ke 2304 aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 292 saal rahaa. == Ghatna == * Bau ke Chief, Nailatikau, Ulu-ni-Vuaka (Pig's head), jiske abhi '''[[Bau|Bau Island]]''' ke naam se jaana jaawe hae, ke lae ki huan ke log (Butoni people) ke khader diis. * [[9 January]] – '''Battle of Barari Ghat''' me Afghan ke Maratha ke army ke harae diis. == Janam == [[File:Hokusai portrait.jpg|right|160px|thumb|Katsushika Hokusai ke self-portrait]] * October nai to November - '''Katsushika Hokusai''' Japan ke ek chitrkar, ke janam me [[Tokyo]], Japan me bhais rahaa. (maut:[[10 May]] [[1849]]) == Maut == == References == [[Vibhag:1]] [[vibhag:1760| ]] epcaaau2pbzen02jvgd5xb7lo7ye0kj Isu Masih 0 4514 338033 337576 2026-09-03T10:03:48Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 338033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Isu Masih | image = Spas vsederzhitel sinay (cropped1).jpg | caption = 6th century AD ke Isu Masih ke chhaapa | birth_date = {{circa}} [[Date of birth of Jesus|6 to 4 BC]] | birth_place = [[Herodian kingdom]], [[Roman Empire]]{{sfn|Brown|1977|p=513}} | death_date = AD 30 or 33 (aged 33 or 38) | death_place = [[Jerusalem]], [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judaea]], Roman Empire | known_for = *Central figure of [[Christianity]] *Major prophet [[Jesus in Islam|in Islam]] and in [[Druze Faith]] *[[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestation of God]] in [[Baháʼí Faith]] | death_cause = [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]] | parents = [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]] }} [[File:Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - The Last Supper (1495-1498).jpg|thumb|400px|Ii painting dekhae hae Jesus, "Last Supper" me, biich me baithaa hae. Iske [[Leonardo da Vinci]], 1495 aur 1498 ke biich me, iske paint karis rahaa.]] '''Jesus''' (jiske janam 7 aur 4 BC ke biich me, aur maut 30 aur 34 BC me bhais rahaa) ke sikchhaa ke [[Isai Dharam|Isai dharam]] maane hae. Uske janam Nazareth, Galilee, jon ki abhi ke [[Israel]] me hae, me bhais rahaa. ''Jesus'' ke naam [[Aramaic bhasa]] me ke naam "Yeshua", aur Hebrew ''Yehovah-shua'' se aais hae aur iske matlab "God saves" hae. Jesus ke "[[Jesus Christ]]" nai to "Christ" bhi bola jaawe hae. ''Christ'' sabd [[Greek bhasa|Greek]] ke sabd ''christos'' jiske matlab hae "the one marked on the head with oil" nai to "the anointed one" se aais hae. Jesus ke jindagi ke baare me [[Bible]] me lika hae. Jab Isu Masih aath saal ke rahaa tab uske John th Baptist sunnat (circumcise) karis rahaa. 40 din aur raat ke jangle me upwaas (fast) kare ke baad uu updesh (preach) de ke suruu karis. Uu Ishwar ke sandes (message) ke ii rakam se anuwaad (interpret) karis ki uu ishwar ke adhikaar (authority) se baat kare hae, aur uske dher dafe "rabbi" ke naam dewa jaawat rahaa. Isu Masih duusra Yahudi (Jew) log se lagaataar bahas karat rahaa ki Ishwar ke kaise follow karaa jaae. Uu duusre log ke aapan biswas se benaari se achchhaa karis rahaa. Uu kahaawat (parable) ke kaam me laae ke sikchaa dewat rahaa. Uuske dher log follow karat rahin lekin uu 12 jan ke chuna gais deoduut (apostle) banais rahaa. Uske [[Jeruslam]] me giraftaar karaa gais rahaa aur Yahudi log uspe makadma kar ke uske Roman sarkar ke saup dewa gais rahaa, aur fir uske suuli pe charrhaae dewa gais (crucify) rahaa. Isu Masih ke maut ke baad, usme biswas kare waala log ii biswas kare hae ki uu fir jinda hoe gais rahaa. Usme biswas kare waala log Isai Dharam ke suruu kare rahin. Suruu me uske sandes ke jabaan se failaawa gais lekin baad me iske likha gais rahaa, jiske "Gospel" bolaa jaae hae.<ref>Dunn, James D. G. (2013). ''The Oral Gospel Tradition''. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 290–291.</ref> Isai log biswas kare hae ki Isu Masih ke Mary, jiske saadi nai bhais rahaa, janam diis rahaa. Isai log ii bhi biswas kare hae ki Isu Masih, Isai dharam ke suruu karis rahaa, suuli pe charrhae se uske maut bhais rahaa, uu insaan ke paap ke prachhit (atonement) ke khaatir aapan jaan diis rahaa, uu fir se jandaa bhais rahaa, uu abhi swarg (heaven) me hae aur ek din fir lauti. Jaada Isaai log biswas kare hae ki Isu Masih Ishwar ke larrka hae aur Trinity ke duusra jan hae. Isu Masih ke janam din 25 December ke banaawa jaae hae. Uske suuli pe charrhaana ke "Good Friday" se aur fir se jinda hona ke "Easter Sunday" se banaawa jaae hae. [[Dunia]] me sab se jaada kaam me laae waala calendar Isu Masih ke janam se suruu hoe hae.<ref>''Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary''. 2003. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2016. <q>Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of our Lord</q></ref> [[Islam]] me ii biswas karaa jaae hae ki Isu Masih ek masiha hae aur Israel ke log ke lage bheja gais rahaa, aur dunia me Day of Judgement ke din lauti. Jab ke Muslim log biswas kare hae ki Isu Masih kuanri Mary ke larrka rahaa uu Ishwar, ani to Ishwar ke larrkaa nai hae. Jaada nuslim log ii nai biswas kare hae ki Isu MAsih ke suuli pe nai charrhaawa gais rahaa lekin uu jannat me palaa rahaa aur abhi bhi jindaa hae. Bahai, Druz aur Rastafari log bhi Isu MAsih me biswas kare hae. Iske mukaable me Yahudi log ii nai maane hae ki Isu Masih ek masiha rahaa. ==Gospels== [[File:P. Chester Beatty I, folio 13-14, recto.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ek 3rd-century ke Greek me papyrus me likha gais Gospel of Luke]] Chaar gospel, Matthew, Mark, Luke aur John hae aur ii IsuMasih ke jindagi aur sandes ke sab se khaas source hae. Lekin New Testament ke ke aur hissa, jaise "Last Supper" Corinthians me hae aur Acts me Isu Masih ke suruu waala parchaar ke baare me hae aur kaise John th Baptist Isu MAsih ke aae ke inrejaar karat rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Book of the Acts |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofacts0000bruc |first=Frederick F. |last=Bruce |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8028-2505-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bookofacts0000bruc/page/362 362] |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans}}</ref> Pauline letters, jiske Gospels se pahile likha gais rahaa, me Isy MAsih ke updes ke dher dafe likha gais hae.<ref>{{cite book |last=Powell |first=Mark A. |title=Introducing the New Testament |url=https://archive.org/details/introducingnewte00powe |url-access=limited |date=2009 |publisher=Baker |page=[https://archive.org/details/introducingnewte00powe/page/248 248] |isbn=978-0-8010-2868-7}}</ref> Isu Masih ke jindagi aur sandes ke baare me aur Gospel, jaise Thomas, Peter, Jidas aur James, me likha gais hae, lekin jaada gyaani log ii maane hae ki ii sab ke baad me likha gais rahaa aur pahila chaar Gospel se kamti reliable hae.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=C. A. |title=Exploring the Origins of the Bible |date=2008 |publisher=Baker |page=154}}</ref> ==== Lekhak, tarik, aur majbuti ==== New Testament ke pahila chaar Gospel ke chaar alag alag lekhak likhin hae. Gospel ke likhe waala log ke naam ke Gospel ke dewa gais hae, aur ii sab likhe waale log Isu Masih ke nagiich rahin.Gospel Mark ke John Mark likhis rahaa, jon Saint Peter ke saathe kaam karis rahaa, Gospel Matthew kw Matthew likhis rahaa jon Isu Masih ke ek chela rahaa, Gospel Luke ke Luke the Eavangelist likhis hae jon Paul the Apostle ke saathi rahaa, Gospel John ke John likhis hae jon Isu Masih ke ek aaur chela rahaa. Sab se pahila likha gais Gospel Mark rahaa (AD 60–75 me likha gais), iske baad Matthew rahaa (AD 65–85 me likha gais), iske baad Luke (AD 65–95 me likha gais) aur baad me rahaa John (AD 75–100 me likha gais)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2sloGWzzV8C&pg=PA58 |title=Can We Trust the Gospels?: Investigating the Reliability of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John |publisher=Crossway |year=2007 |page=58 |isbn=978-1-4335-1978-9 |first=Mark D. |last=Roberts |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907174109/https://books.google.com/books?id=l2sloGWzzV8C&pg=PA58 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jaada gyaani log ii maane hae ki Matthew aur Luke, Mark se lewa gais jaankari ke kaam me laae ke aapan Gospel likhin hae. Jab ki Matthew aur Luke me kuch jaankari hae jon Mark me nai hae tab ii samjha jaae hae ki Matthew aur Luke aapan Gospel khaatir aur koi source ke bhi kaam me laain hae. ====Comparative structure aur content==== Matthew, Mark aur Luke ke content ek duusre ke rakam hae, jon rakam se likha gais hae, bhasa aur paragaraph ke arrangement ekke rakam hae. Ii kaaran se ii tiino ke sahaj se compare karaa jaae sake hae.<ref name="Haffner-2008">{{cite book |title=New Testament Theology |first=Paul |last=Haffner |year=2008 |isbn=978-88-902268-0-9 |page=135 |publisher=Gracewing}}</ref><ref name="Scroggie-1995">{{cite book |title=A Guide to the Gospels |first=W. Graham |last=Scroggie |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-8254-9571-7 |page=128 |publisher=[[Kregel Publications]]}}</ref><ref>{{Britannica URL |title=Synoptic Gospels |url=topic/Synoptic-Gospels}}</ref> Gyaani loog ii bhi maane hae ki pahila tiin Gospel aur John me koi naata nai hae.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Gospel of John |first1=Francis J. |last1=Moloney |first2=Daniel J. |last2=Harrington |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8146-5806-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/gospelofjohn0004molo/page/3 3] |publisher=Liturgical Press |url=https://archive.org/details/gospelofjohn0004molo/page/3}}</ref > Jab ki dher ghatna, jaise Isu Masih ke baptism, suuli pe charrhaana aur apostles se interaction pahila tiin Gospel me ekke rakam hae, exorcism John me nai hae aur ii mandir ke safaa kare waala jaankari me bhi different hae.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ladd |first=George E. |title=A Theology of the New Testament |year=1993 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-0680-2 |page=251 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdkM00EdlAC&pg=PA251 |access-date=14 August 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907103156/https://books.google.com/books?id=eIdkM00EdlAC&pg=PA251 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Genealogy aur nativity=== Isu Masih ek [[Yahudi]] rahaa, jiske maiyaa, Mary aur pitaji, Joseph rahaa. Gospel Matthew aur Luke uske genealogy ke baare me dui different account de hae. Matthew Isu Masih ke ancestory ke [[Abraham]] talak trace kare hae aur biich me David hae. Luke uske ancestory ke Adam talak aur fir Ishwar talak trace kare hae. Abraham aur David ke biich me duuni ke suchi ek rakam hae, lekin iske baad ii duuno me dher antar hae. Matthew me David se Joseph talak 27 generation hae, jab ki Luke me 42 generation hae<ref>{{cite book |last=France |first=R. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttTgacXnLV8C&pg=PA72 |title=The Gospel According to Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8028-0063-3 |page=72 |author-link=R. T. France |access-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229004519/https://books.google.com/books?id=ttTgacXnLV8C&pg=PA72 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |url-status=live}} </ref> == References == {{reflist|2}} == Duusra websites == * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08374c.htm Catholic encyclopedia] * [http://www.rejesus.co.uk/ History about Jesus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115073056/http://www.rejesus.co.uk/ |date=2009-11-15 }} * [http://www.easyenglish.info/bible-study/jesus-life/index.htm Life of Jesus in simple English] {{BD|-0sBC|030s}} [[vibhag:J]] [[Vibhag:Dharmik neta]] [[Category:Isai dharam]] 38ffp50bb0h73axd9upyr5ciqtdtgvw Roald Amundsen 0 4596 338022 315247 2026-09-03T09:53:44Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 338022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person | honorific_prefix = | name = Roald Amundsen | honorific_suffix = | image = Nlc amundsen.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Roald Amundsen | birth_name = | birth_date = [[16 July]] [[1872]] | birth_place = Norway | death_date =  [[18 June]] [[1928]] | death_place = Antartica | death_cause = thanda se | body_discovered = nai | resting_place = Antartica | resting_place_coordinates =  | monuments = | residence = | nationality = Norwegian | other_names = | ethnicity = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | years_active = | employer = | organization = | agent = | known_for = | notable_works = | style = | influences = | influenced = | home_town = | salary = | net_worth = | height = | weight = | television = | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | religion = | denomination = | criminal_charge = | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = | callsign = | awards = | signature = Roald Amundsen Signature.svg | signature_alt = | signature_size = | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | website =  | footnotes = | box_width = }} '''Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen''' (1872 - 1928) ek [[Norway|Norwegian]] admii rahaa jon ki [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] aur [[South Pole]] ke baare me pataa lagais rahaa. Amundsen ke janam [[16 July]] [[1872]] me bhais rahaa. Uu June 1928 me ek rescue mission kare ke time herae gais. Ii socha jaawe hae ki uu [[18 June]] [[1928]] me maris rahaa. Amundsen, [[14 December]] [[1911]] ke [[South Pole]] pahunche waala pahila admii rahaa. Uu Northwest Passage me jaawe walaa pahila admii bhi rahaa. ==Bachpan ke din== [[File:Amundsenboy.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Roald Amundsen ke bachpan ke chhapa, Christiania, 1875]] Amundsen, Norway ke ek jahaaj chalae waala palwaar se aais rahaa. Uske janam Borge me, jon ki Fredrikstad aur Sarpsborg ke biich me hae, me bhais rahaa. Uske pitaji, Jens Amundsen ke uu chautha larrka rahaa. Uske pitaji uske jahaaj waala business se duur rakhis aur uske uppar ek doctor bane ke dabao daalis. Lekin jab uu 21 saal ke rahaa tab uske maiya mar gais aur uu University ke chhorr ke jahaaj waala business me jut gais.<ref name="Thomas">{{Cite book| publisher = Ayer Publishing| isbn = 0836925734| pages =196–201| last = Thomas| first = Henry| coauthors = Dana Lee Thomas| title = Living Adventures in Science| year = 1972|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FFXyKIa_-vgC&dq=roald+amundsen+story}}</ref> Amundsen ke Fridtjof Nansen ke 1888 me [[Greenland]] ke crossing aur Franklin's lost expedition inspire karis. Ii kaaran se uu jindagi bhar exploration me lagais.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} ==Pole ke yatra== ===Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897–99)=== Amundsen Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897–99) ke first mate rahaa. Ii expedition, jiske Adrien de Gerlache aguwai kais rahaa ''Belgica'' jahaaj ke kaam me laae ke, [[Antarctica]] ke khatir winter me pahila expedition rahaa.<ref name="Mifflin">{{Cite book| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Reference Books| isbn = 061825210X| pages =43 1696| title = The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography| year = 2003}}</ref> ''Belgica'', sea ice me 70°30'S off Alexander Island me, Antarctic Peninsula ke west me fas gais rahaa. Jahaaj ke crew winter wahiin pe bitae rahin. Amundsen ke anusaar's expedition ke docor, American Frederick Cook jahaaj ke cew ke jaan bachais, janwar ke maar ke khaae ke aur crew ke fresh [[paani]] piae ke. Ii expedition se Amundsen, aage ke expeditions ke khatir achchha chij sikhis rahaa. [[File:Amundsen2.jpg|thumb|Roald Amundsen ke chhapa]] === Northwest Passage (1903–1906) === [[File:Belgica schiff.jpg|thumb|"Belgica" jahaaj ice me jamaa hae, 1898]] 1903 me, Amundsen, pahila expedition lai ke [[Canada]] ke Northwest Passage jon ki [[Atlantic Ocean]] aur [[Pacific Ocean]] (jiske [[Christopher Columbus]], [[John Cabot]], [[Jacques Cartier]], aur [[Henry Hudson]] khoje ke kosis kare rahin), ke biich waala jgaha rahaa, chhe aur logan ke saathe, ek 47-ton loha ke seal maare waala jahaaj, ''Gjøa'' me paar karis. Amundsen, ii jahaaj ke ek chhota ingin lagais rahaa. Uu logan [[Baffin Bay]], Lancaster Sound aur Peel Sound, aur James Ross Strait,Simpson Strait aur Rae Strait hoe ke , dui winter kKing William Island jon ki abhi iGjoa Haven, Nunavut, Nunavut, Canada me bitae rahin.<ref name="Mifflin" /> Ii time me, Amundsen huan ke Netsilik Inuit log se Arctic me jinda rahe ke skill sikhis jon ki baad me kaam me aais rahaa. Jaise ki, kutta kaam me laae ke ghasita ghicho, jaanwar se banaa kaprraa pahino. Ice me tiisra winter ke baad, Amundsen, Beaufort Sea jaawe sakaa, jahaan se uu [[Bering Strait]] gais, aur ii rakam ke se Northwest Passage paae liis.<ref name="Thomas" /> Hian se uu south me Victoria Island (Canada), aur 17 August 1905 ke Canada ke Archipelego se nikla, lekin use winter ke khatir Nome, Alaska me ruke ke parraa, jon ki Pacific ke coast me hae. Hian se uu 500 mile duur Eagle City, Alaska, jahaan pe ek telegraph station rahaa gais == References == <references /> {{BD|1872|1928|Amundsen, Roald}} [[Category:Norway ke log|Amundsen, Roald]] [[Category:Nawaa jagha khoje waala log|Amundsen, Roald]] 2ki0cdwbeicw5gbp8x0r72dwjrj3lyq Alexander the Great 0 5273 338036 337694 2026-09-03T10:06:21Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 338036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox monarch | name = Alexander the Great | title = [[Basileus]] of [[Macedon]] | image = | caption = Alexander fighting the Persian king [[Darius III of Persia|Darius III]]. From [[Alexander Mosaic]], [[Naples National Archaeological Museum]] | reign = 336–323 BC | othertitles = {{plainlist | * [[King of Macedon]] * [[Hegemony|Hegemon]] of the [[League of Corinth|Hellenic League]] * [[Shahanshah]] of [[Persia]] * [[Pharaoh]] of [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] * [[Lord of Asia]] }} | full name = Alexander III of Macedon | native_lang1 = [[Greek language|Greek]] | native_lang1_name1 ={{plainlist | * Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος{{cref|iii}} (Mégas Aléxandros, Great Alexander) * Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας (Aléxandros ho Mégas, Alexander the Great) }} | predecessor = [[Philip II of Macedon]] | successor = {{plainlist | * [[Alexander IV of Macedon]] * [[Philip III of Macedon]] }} | suc-type = | spouse 1 = [[Roxana|Roxana of Bactria]] | spouse 2 = [[Stateira II|Stateira II of Persia]] | spouse 3 = [[Parysatis II|Parysatis II of Persia]] | issue = Alexander IV of Macedon | royal house = | dynasty = [[Argead dynasty]] | royal anthem = | father = [[Philip II of Macedon]] | mother = [[Olympias|Olympias of Epirus]] | birth_date = 20 or 21 July 356 BC | birth_place = [[Pella]], Macedon | death_date = 10 or 11 June 323 BC (aged 32) | death_place = [[Babylon]] | religion = [[Religion in ancient Greece|Greek polytheism]] }} [[file:AlexanderTheGreat Bust.jpg|thumb|180px|A [[sculpture]] of Alexander the Great]] '''Alexander the Great''' ([[Greek bhasa|Greek]] Μέγας Αλέξανδρος; [[Hindustani bhasa|Hindustani]]: सिकंदर/سکندر ''Sikandar'', [[20 July]] nai to [[26 July]] [[356 BC]] - [[10 June]] [[323 BC]]) ek [[Macedonia]]n Raja rahaa. Uske janam Pella me bhais rahaa aur uske pitaji King Philip II rahaa. Uske [[Athens]] me uske skills ke sikawa gais rahaa. Uske sikhae waala famous Athenian [[philosopher]], [[Aristotle]] rahaa, jiske sikchha se uu [[dunia]] ke pahila mashuur militart commander banaa. 20 saal ke umar me uu [[Macedonian Empire|Macedonia]] ke raja banaa, jab uske pitaji ke ek bodyguard hatya kar diis. Alexander ke uske military skills khatir jaana jaawe hae. Uske dunia ke barra military commander, jaise ki [[Hannibal]] Barca, [[Julius Caesar]], [[Genghis Khan]], [[Subutai]], [[Napoleon I of France]], se compare karaa jaawe hae. [[file:Conquests_alexander.png|thumb|left|A map of Alexander the Great's empire at its biggest point. Click to enlarge.]] Uske maut talak uu jetna [[Middle East]]ern world gora logan ke pataa rahaa jisme [[Pakistan]], [[Persia]], [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], aur [[Asia Minor]] bhi hae ke uppar raj kare lagaa rahaa. Uske maut [[Babylon]] me 323 BC me bhais rahaa. Uske maut ke kaaran koi nai jaane hae lekin kuchh log ii soche hae ki uske jahar piawaa gais aur duusra loagn soche hae ki uske muder karaa gais nai to uu fever se maraa. ==Jawaani ke din== ===Purwaj aur bachpan=== [[File:Archaeological Site of Pella by Joy of Museums.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Pella]], Greece, Alexander ke janam sthaan]] Alexander III ke janam [[Pella]] me, jon [[Kingdom of Macedon]] ke [[capital]] rahaa me bhais rahaa,<ref>{{cite book |last=Green |first=Peter |title=Alexander of Macedon, 356–323 B.C.: a historical biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6Wl4AKGQkIC&pg=PA559 |page=xxxiii |year=1970 |series=Hellenistic culture and society |edition=illustrated, revised reprint |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07165-0 |quote=356 – Alexander born in Pella. The exact date is not known, but probably either 20 or 26 July. |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> puraana Greek mahina, Hekatombaion ke 6th day me bhais rahaa, jon saait 20 July 356 BC hae (jab ki aslii taarik certain nai hae).<ref>Plutarch, ''Life of Alexander'' 3.5: {{cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_t32.html#7 |title=The birth of Alexander the Great |work=Livius|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320180439/https://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_t32.html|archive-date=20 March 2015|url-status = dead |access-date=16 December 2011 |quote=Alexander was born the sixth of [[Hekatombaion]].}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=David George Hogarth |date=1897 |title=Philip and Alexander of Macedon : two essays in biography |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028251217/page/n321/mode/2up?view=theater |location=New York |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |pages=286–287 |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> Uu Macedon ke raja, [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]], aur uske 4th aurat, [[Olympias]] ([[Neoptolemus I of Epirus|Neoptolemus I]] , king of [[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]] ke larrki) ke larrkaa rahaa .<ref>{{harvnb|McCarty|2004|p=10}}, {{harvnb|Renault|2001|p=28}}, {{harvnb|Durant|1966|p=538}}</ref> Jab ki, Philip ke saat, nai to aath aurat rahaa, Olympias uske khaas aurat rahii kuchh din talak, saait ii kaaran se ki uu Alexander ke janam diis rahaa{{sfn|Roisman|Worthington|2010|p=171}}[[File:Coin olympias mus theski.JPG|left|thumb|155px|Roman medallion depicting [[Olympias]], Alexander's mother]] Alexander ke janam aur bachpan ke dher legend hae.{{sfn|Roisman|Worthington|2010|p=188}} Puraana Greek biographer, [[Plutarch]] ke anusaar, jab Philip aur Olympias ke saadi consummate hoe waala rahaa, tab Olympias sapna dekhis ki uske womb ke ek bijli (thunderbolt) maaris rahaa jiske kaaran aagi duur talak faelaa, bute se pahile. Saadi ke kuchh din baad, ii bola jaawe hae ki Philip apne ek sapna me dekhis rahaa ki uu aapan aurat ke womb ke ek ser ke chaapa se engrave karis rahaa.<ref name="PA2" /> Plutarch ii sab sapna ke kuchh interpretation diis rahaa: ki Olympias saadi se pahile pregnant rahii, jiske uske womb ke seal indicate kare hae; nai to Alexander ke pitaji [[Zeus]] rahaa. Puurana commentators ispe divided rahin ki ambitious Olympias, Alexander ke divine parentage ke khissa banais rahaa, aus ii bhi bolis rahaa ki uu Alexander ke batais rahaa, nai to uu ii sab suggestion ke or that uu ii suggestion ke dismiss kar diis rahaa ise adharmik bol ke.<ref name="PA2" /> Jon roj Alexander paida bhais rahaa, Philip, city of [[Potidea]] peninsula of [[Chalcidice]] me, ke [[siege]] ke taeyaari karat rahaa. Wahii din, Philip ke sandes milaa rahaa ki uske general [[Parmenion]], [[Illyria]]n aur [[Paeonian]] armies ke ek saathe harae diis rahaa aur uske ghorraa [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympic Games]] me jiit gais rahaa. Ii bhi bataawa jaawe hae ki ii roj [[Ephesus]] me [[Temple of Artemis]], [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World|Seven Wonders of the World]] me se ek, jar ke barbaad hoe gais rahaa. Iske kaaran [[Hegesias of Magnesia]] bolis ki ii jar gais rahaa kaaheki [[Artemis]] huan nai rahaa, lekin Alexander ke janam me rahaa.<ref>{{harvnb|Renault|2001|p=28}}, {{harvnb|Bose|2003|p=21}}</ref> Aisan legend saait ii kaaran se suruu bhay rahaa hoi jab Alexander raja rahaa, aur saait wahii iske suruu kare hoi, ii dekhae ke khaatir ki uu superhuman hae aur janam se mashuur hoae ke hae.{{sfn|Roisman|Worthington|2010|p=188}} Uske bachpan ke din me, Alexander ke ek daai (nurse), [[Lanike]], Alexander ke future general [[Cleitus the Black]] ke bahini, barraa karis rahaa. Baad me, uske bachpan me strict [[Leonidas of Epirus|Leonidas]], uske maiyaa ke palwaar, aur [[Lysimachus of Acarnania]], Alexander ke tutor karis rahaa.{{sfn|Renault|2001|pp=33–34}} Alexander ke noble Macedonian larrkaa logan ke rakam paala gais rahaa, parrhe ke sikhnaa, [[lyre]] ke play karnaa, ride, fight, aur sikaar khelnaa.{{sfn|Roisman|Worthington|2010|p=186}} Jab Alexander das saal ke rahaa, [[Thessaly]] ke ek trader Philip ke khaatir ek ghorraa kharidis rahaa, jiske uu thirteen [[Attic talent|talents]] me beje maangat rahaa. Uu ghorraa pe baithaa nai jaae sakat rahaa. Alexander, ii samjhis ki ghorraa aapan parrchhaai se daraawat rahaa , aur uu ghorra ke paaltu kar diis.{{sfn|Roisman|Worthington|2010|p=188}} Plutarch batais rahaa ki Philip, isse khusi hoe ke aapan larrka ke chumma liis aur ii bolis ki : "Hamaar betaa, tum ke ek rakj ke paawe ke chaahi jon tumhaar ambition ke baraabar hae. Macedon tumaar khaatir bahut chhotaa hae", aur ghorraa ke Alexander ke khaatir kharis liis.<ref name="PA6" /> Alexander iske [[Bucephalas]] naam diis, jiske matlab "ox-head" hae. Bucephalas, Alexander ke [[India]] talak lae gais. Jab ii jaanwar mar gais (30 saal ke umar me, burrhaapa ke kaara, Plutarch ke anusaar), Alexander ek city ke uske naam diis, [[Alexandria Bucephalous|Bucephala]].<ref>{{harvnb|Durant|1966|p=538}}, {{harvnb|Lane Fox|1980|p=64}}, {{harvnb|Renault|2001|p=39}}</ref> ===Parrhai=== Jab Alexander 13 saal ke rahaa, tab Philip ek [[tutor]] khoje lagaa, aur academics jaise [[Isocrates]] aur [[Speusippus]] ke baare me sochis, aur Speusippus aapan [[Platonic Academy|Academy]] se resign kar ke ii post ke le ke promise karis. Ant me, Philip, [[Aristotle]] ke chunis aur Temple of the Nymphs, [[Mieza, Macedonia|Mieza]] me, ke classroom banais. Alexander ke parrhae ke badle me, Philip Aristotle ke hometown, [[Stageira]] ke fir se banae ke promise karis, jiske Philip jarae diis rahaa, aur iske repopulate kare ke, ex-citizens jin slaves rahin ke khariid ke riha kar ke, aur jon exile me rahin ke maaf kar ke.<ref>{{harvnb|Lane Fox|1980|pp=65–66}}, {{harvnb|Renault|2001|p=44}}, {{harvnb|McCarty|2004|p=15}}</ref> Mieza, Alexander aur Macedonian nobles ke larrkan, jaise [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]], [[Hephaestion]], aur [[Cassander]] ke khaatir ek boarding school ke rakam rahaa. Isme se dher students aage chal ke uske dost aur general banaa rahin, aur ii logan ke jaaada kar ke "Companions" bola jaawe hae. Aristotle, Alexander aur uske companions ke medicine, philosophy, morals, religion, logic, aur art ke baare me parrhais rahaa. Aristotle ke parrhai ke niche, Alexander [[Homer]] ke kaam ke pasand kare lagaa, khaas kar ke the ''[[Iliad]]''; Aristotle uske ek annotated copy diis, jiskeAlexander aapan campaigns me lae gais.<ref>{{harvnb|Lane Fox|1980|pp=65–66}}, {{harvnb|Renault|2001|pp=45–47}}, {{harvnb|McCarty|2004|p=16}}</ref> Alexander was able to quote [[Euripides]] from memory.<ref name="RLF">{{cite book |last1=Lane Fox |first1=Robin |title=Alexander the Great |url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergreat0000lane_s0y4 | date=1986 |publisher=Penguin Group |isbn=978-0-14-008878-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/alexandergreat0000lane_s0y4/page/48 48]}}</ref> Jab uu teenager rahaa tab, Alexander, Persian exiles, jiske Philip II kuchh saal talak protection diis rahaa kaaheki uulog [[Artaxerxes III]] ke birod karat rahin, me milaa.{{sfn|Cawthorne|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oxyz0v9T74sC&pg=PA42 42–43]}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Howe |first1=Timothy |last2=Brice |first2=Lee L. |title=Brill's Companion to Insurgency and Terrorism in the Ancient Mediterranean |date=2015 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-28473-9 |page=170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=248DCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170|access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="EDC">{{cite book |last1=Carney |first1=Elizabeth Donnelly |title=Women and Monarchy in Macedonia |date=2000 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-3212-9 |page=101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbI2hZBy_EkC&pg=PA101|access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref> Isme [[Artabazos II]] aur uske larrki [[Barsine]] bhi rahis, jon Alexander ke aage chal ke ek aurat hoe sakat rahii, jon Macedonian court me 352 se 342 BC me rahat rahin, aur [[Amminapes]] bhi, jon aage chal ke Alexander ke [[satrap]] rahaa, aur ek Persian nobleman jiske naam [[Sisines]] rahaa.{{sfn|Cawthorne|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oxyz0v9T74sC&pg=PA42 42–43]}}<ref name="JM">{{cite book |last1=Morgan |first1=Janett |title=Greek Perspectives on the Achaemenid Empire: Persia Through the Looking Glass |date=2016 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-4724-8 |pages=271–272 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49JVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA271|access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Briant |first1=Pierre |title=Alexander the Great and His Empire: A Short Introduction |date=2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-15445-9 |page=114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAW6kmL30RUC&pg=PA114|access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="EJ">{{cite book |last1=Jensen |first1=Erik |title=Barbarians in the Greek and Roman World |date=2018 |publisher=Hackett Publishing |isbn=978-1-62466-714-5 |page=92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref> Isse Macedonian court ke Persian issues keuppar jaankari milaa, aur hoe sake hae ki iske asar management of the Macedonian state me rahaa.<ref name="JM"/> [[Suda]] likhe hae ki [[Anaximenes of Lampsacus]] Alexander ke ek teacher rahaa, aur Anaximenes, Alexander ke saathe uske campaigns me gais rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/alpha/1989|title=SOL Search|website=cs.uky.edu|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809025936/https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/alpha/1989|url-status=live}}</ref> {{BD|-356BC|-323BC|Alexander}}  ==References== {{Reflist}} {{bio-stub}} [[vibhag:Greece ke log]] [[vibhag:Emperors aur empresses]] mbr1pesplxvk46v6ocx0au85we9bf0e Joan of Arc 0 5336 338039 337388 2026-09-03T10:08:23Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 338039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saint | honorific-prefix = [[Saint]] | name = Joan of Arc | image = Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg | caption = Anonymous {{circa|late 19th-century}} ke chhaapa, jon 15th-century miniature style me hae | alt = An image of a woman dressed in silver armor, holding a sword and a banner. | birth_name =  | birth_date = {{circa|1412}} | birth_place = [[Domrémy-la-Pucelle|Domrémy]], Duchy of Bar, Kingdom of France | death_date = 30 May 1431 (aged Approx.19) | death_place = [[Rouen]], Anglo-French Kingdom | titles = [[Virgin (title)|Virgin]] | feast_day = 30 May | venerated_in = {{ubl|[[Catholic Church]]|[[Anglican Communion]]{{sfn|The Calendar|2021}}}} | beatified_date = 18 April 1909 | beatified_by = [[Pope Pius X]] | canonized_date = 16 May 1920 | canonized_by = [[Pope Benedict XV]] | patronage = France | module = {{Infobox person|embed=yes | signature = Jeanne d'Arc signature 16 mars 1430.svg | signature_size = 100px}} }} '''Joan of Arc''' (c. [[1412]] – [[30 May]] [[1431]]) ek [[France|French]] [[saint]] rahis. Uu [[Hundred Years War]] me [[France]] ke [[England]] ke virod me madat karis rahaa. 12 saal ke umar me Joan ke [[St. Catherine]], [[St. Margaret]], aur [[St. Michael the Archangel]] dekhae laga rahaa. Uu army ke join kar ke English ke virod me bahut din talak larris rahaa. Uske baad uu [[Charles VII of France]] ke France ke raja banais. Baad me English uske pakarr ke maar diin jab ki uu khaali 19 saal ke rahi. ==Janam aur itihasik background== [[File:Hundred Years War 1429 copy.svg|thumb|upright=1|left|alt=A map of France, divided into various sections|France, 1429{{sfn|Barker|2009|p= [https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/n19 xviii]|ps=: with addition of the County of Rethel.}} ---- {{legend|#4477aa|France ke Charles VII ke niche}}{{legend|#ee6677|England ke Henry VI ke niche}} {{legend|#aa3377|Burgundy ke Philip III ke niche}}]] Joan of Arc ke janam {{circa|1412|lk=no}}{{sfn|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/10 10]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/55 55]|3a1=Warner|3y=1981|3p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcimageof0000warn/page/278 278]}} Domrémy, ek chhotaa gaon, Meuse valley me jon abhi Vosges department, e north-east France me bhais rahaa.{{sfn|1a1=DLP|1y=2021|1p=|1ps=: Domrémy-La-Pucelle est situé en Lorraine, dans l'ouest du département des Vosges{{nbsp}}... dans la vallée de la Meuse. ["Domrémy-La-Pucelle is located in Lorraine, in the western part of the Vosges department{{nbsp}}... in the Meuse valley."]|2a1=Gies|2y=1981|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/10 10]|2ps=}} Uske janam ke taarik ke nai jaana jaawe hae aur uu apne jon kuchh aapan umar ke baare me batais hae, vague hae.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/10 10]}} Uske pitaji, Jacques d'Arc aur maiyaa, Isabelle Romée rahii. Joan ke tiin bhaiyaa aur bahini rahin. {{sfn|DeVries|1999|1p=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/36 36]|Lucie-Smith|1976|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci/page/8 8]|Taylor|2009|3p=[{{Google books|id=sV9kFj3O1noC|pg=PT24|plainurl=yes}} 24]}} Uske pitaji ek garib kisan rahaa. {{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/n15 1]}} jiske lage lagbhag {{convert|50|acre|order=flip}} jamiin rahaa,{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/221 221]}} aur uu aaman aamdani ke jaada kare ke khaatir, uu ek village official ke kaam karat rahaa, jahan pe uske kaam tax ke batorna aur aur local watch ke aguwai karnaa.{{sfn|1a1=Lowell|1y=1896|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n33 19–20]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/221 221]}} Uske janam [[Hundred Years' War]] jon England aur France ke biich me rahaa, jon 1337 me suruu bhais rahaa, ke time bhais rahaa.{{sfn|Aberth|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/frombrinkofapoca0000aber/page/50 50]}} Ii larrai English territories jon France me rahaa ke status ke uppar aur English claims to the French throne.{{sfn|Aberth|2000|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/frombrinkofapoca0000aber/page/61 61]|Perroy|1959|2p=[https://archive.org/details/hundredyearswar0000perr/page/69 69]}} Lagbhag sab larrai France me bhais rahaa, jon France ke economy ke barbaad kar diis rahaa.{{sfn|Aberth|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/frombrinkofapoca0000aber/page/85 85–86]}} Joan ke janam ke time, France politically divided rahaa. France ke rajah [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]] ke dimag ke [[bemaari]] rahaa aur dher dafe achchhaa se rule nai kare paawat rahaa;{{sfn|Seward|1982|pp=[https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000sewa/page/143 143–144]}} uske bhaiyaa [[Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans|Louis]], [[Duke of Orléans]], aur cousin [[John the Fearless]], [[Duke of Burgundy]], jhakrra karat rahin France ke regency bane ke khaatir. 1407 me, Duke of Burgundy [[Assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans|assassination of the Duke of Orléans]] ke order karis rahaa,{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/5 5]}} jisse civil war suruu hoe gais rahaa.{{sfn|Seward|1982|p=[https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000sewa/page/144 144]}} [[Charles I, Duke of Orléans|Charles of Orléans]] aapan pitaji kaur uske [[Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac|Bernard, Count of Armagnac]] ke dekh0rekh me rakkhaa gais rahaa; uske supporters ke "[[Armagnac (party)|Armagnacs]]" ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa, jab Duke of Burgundy ke "[[Burgundian (party)|Burgundians]]" ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.{{sfn|Barker|2009|p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/5 5]}} French ke hoe waala rajah [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]] ke title liis rahaa aur [[Dauphin of France|dauphin]] (heir to the throne) ke title liis rahaa, uske chaar barraa bhaiyaa logan ke maut ke baad{{sfn|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/168 168]|2a1=Vale|2y=1974|2p=[https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/21 21]}} aur uu Armagnacs ke saathe rahaa.{{sfn|Vale|1974|pp=[https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/22 22], [https://archive.org/details/charlesvii0000vale/page/25 25]}} England ke [[Henry V]] France ke internal divisions ke exploit karis rahaa, jab uu 1415 me France ke invade karis rahaa.{{sfn|DeVries|1999|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053/page/19 19–22]|Tuchman|1982|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/distantmirrorcal00tuch/page/583 583–585]}} Burgundians, 1418 me Paris ke capture kare le rahin.{{sfn|Barker|2009|1p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/29 29]|Sizer|2007}} 1419 me, Dauphin ek truce offer karis rahaa, jisse Duke of Burgundy se negotiate karaa jaae sake, lekin duke ke Dauphin ke Armagnac partisans murder kar de rahin, negotiations ke time. Nawaa duke of Burgundy, [[Philip the Good]], English ke saathe hoe gais rahaa.{{sfn|Barker|2009|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/26 26–27]|Burne|1956|2p=[https://archive.org/details/agincourtwarmili0000burn/page/142 142]}} Charles VI Dauphin pe aarop lagain Duke of Burgundy ke maare ke aur uske FRench throne throne ke khaatir unfit declare kare rahin. {{sfn|Barker|2009|p=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/29 29]}} Jab uu bemaar rahii tab Charles ke aurat [[Isabeau of Bavaria]] uske khaatir kaam kare rahii aur [[Treaty of Troyes]] ke sign karis rahaa,{{sfn|Gibbons|1996|p=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679229?seq=21 71]}} jisse uske larrki [[Catherine of Valois]] ke saadi Henry V se, ke kaaran uske French throne ke uppar haq rahaa, aur asliyat me Dauphin disinherit kar dis rahaa.{{sfn|Barker|2009|pp=[https://archive.org/details/conquestenglishk0000bark/page/28 28–29]}} Iske kaaran rumors rahaa ki Dauphin King Charles VI ke larrka nai rahaa, lekin ek adulterous affair between Isabeau murder karaa gais duke of Orléans ke biich ke natija rahaa.{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/189 189]}} 1422 me, Henry V aur Charles VI mar gain dui mahina ke biich me ; nau mahina ke [[Henry VI of England]] nominal heir e [[Dual monarchy of England and France|Anglo-French dual monarchy]] ke rahaa, jaise treaty me agree karaa gais rahaa, lekin Dauphin bhi French throne ke claim karis rahaa.{{sfn|Curry|Hoskins|Richardson|Spencer|2015|p=[https://archive.org/details/agincourtcompani0000curr/page/105 105]}} ==Bachpan ke din== [[File:Contemporaine afb jeanne d arc.png|thumb|upright|Sab se puraana representation Joan of Arc ke;{{sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1986|pp= [https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/240 240–241]}} jiske Clément de Fauquembergue banais rahaa (May 1429, French National Archives)|alt=Joan in dress facing left in profile, holding banner in her right hand and sheathed sword in her left.]] Aapan bachpan me, Joan ghar ke kaam karat rahii, wool spin karat rahii, aapan pitaji ke khet me madat karat rahii aur jaanwar ke dekhat rahii. Joan ke maiyaa uske dharmik sikchhaa de rahii.{{sfn|Gies|1981|p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/21 21]}} Domrémy ke dher hissa [[Duchy of Bar]] me rahaa,{{sfn|Lowell|1896|p=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n29 15]}} jiske aslii feudal status clear nai hae;{{sfn|Castor|2015|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarchistory0000cast_n6r7/page/89 89]|Lowell|1896|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n29 15–16]|Sackville-West|1936|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/saintjoanofarcbo0000sack/page/24 24–25]}} bhaaale ii pro-Burgundian land se ghira rahaa, iske log Armagnac cause ke loyal rahin.{{sfn|1a1=Pernoud|1a2=Clin|1y=1986|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/171 171]}} 1419 talak, larrai ke asar ii ilaaka pe rahaa,{{sfn|Gies|1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/20 20]|Lowell|1896|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n35/ 21–22]}} aur 1425 me, Domrémy ke attack karaa gais rahaa aur [[chauaa]] ke chori karaa gais rahaa.{{sfn|1a1=Gies|1y=1981|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarclegendr0000gies/page/20 20]|2a1=Pernoud|2a2=Clin|2y=1986|2p=[https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern/page/266 266]}} Iske kaaran kuchh gaon ke log ii maangat rahin ki English ke France se bahaar karaa jaae. Ii raid ke baad, Joan pahila vision dekhis rahaa.{{sfn|Lowell|1896|pp=[https://archive.org/details/JoanOfArc1896/page/n41 28–29]}} == Duusra websites == * [http://www.Jehanne-DArc.com/ International Joan of Arc Centre] * [http://www.maidofheaven.com/ Joan of Arc- Maid of Heaven] ==References== {{reflist}} {{BD|1412|1431|Joan of Arc}} [[Category:J]] [[Category:France ke saint]] o8uiv64ws0dojw1as49qnjy2pdy5wm9 Emma Goldman 0 5845 338040 314054 2026-09-03T10:09:07Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 338040 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Portrait Emma Goldman.jpg|right|150 px]] '''Emma Goldman''' ([[27 June]] [[1869]] – [[14 May]] [[1940]]) ek jaana maana [[Khalbali|anarchist]] rahii. == Biswas == Anarchist hoe ke kaaran Emma Goldman, Sarkar se nafrat karat rahii. Uu ek [[anarcho-communist]] rahii kahe ki uu [[communism|communist]] bichar se bhi sahmat rahii. Uu ii biswas karat rahii ki log ke aapan jindagi apne se bina koi baadha ke bitae ke mauka rahe ke chaahi aur [[dunia]] ke sab log ek baraabar ke hae. Uu [[feminism]] aur [[gay]] rights]] ke bhi samarthak rahii. Uu bhagwaan me biswas nai karat rahii. Uu suruu me ii biswas karat rahii ki maar piit se [[revolution]] karaa jaae sake hae lekin baad me uu ii biswas kare lagii rahii ke maar piit khaali [[self-defense]] me kaam me laawe ke chaahi. == Jindagi == Uske janam [[Lithuania]] (jon ki uu time [[Russia]] ke ek bhaag rahaa) me bhais rahaa. Jab uu 17 saal ke rahii tab uu aapan bahini ke saathe [[New York]] rahe khatir chal diis rahaa. Suruu me uu ek kaprraa waala factory me kaam karis aur uske saathe ek kaam kare waala admii, Jacob Kersner ke saathe sadi kar liis. Uske saadi bahut din talak nai chalaa aur uu [[New York City]] me jaae ke anarchist community ke saathe rahe lagis. Uu[[Alexander Berkman]] (ek aur anarchist) kje achchhaa dost ban gais aur uske [[Henry Clay Frick]], ek dhani admiii jon ki aapan majuur logan ke satawat rahaa, ke maare ke kosis karis Berkman ke jahel bhej dewa gais rahaa lekin Goldman ke kuchh nai bhais. [[1893]] me Goldman ke ek riot suruu kare ke khatir ek saal talak ke jahel ke sajaa milaa rahaa. [[1901]] me uske [[William McKinley|President McKinley]] ke maare ke kosis kare ke aarop lagawa gais lekin uske innocent pawa gais rahaa. [[1901]] me uske [[birth control]] ke baare me jaankari de ke khatir dui saal talak jahel karaa gais rahaa. [[1917]] me uske [[World War I]] nai support kare ke khatir dui saal talak jahel karaa gais rahaa. [[1919]] me Goldman aur Berkman ke Russia deport karaa gais rahaa. Ii time Russia me revolution howat rahaa jiske uu nai support karat rahii. Ii kaaaran se uu aur Berkman, dui saal ke baad, Russia chorr ke [[Europe]] ke dher des, jisme [[England]] aur [[France]] bhi rahaa, me rahe lagii.[[1936]] me uu [[Spain]] gais jahan pe uu [[Spanish Civil War]] me [[fascism|fascists]] ke virod me larris. Uske maut [[Toronto]] me [[14 May]] [[1940]] me [[stroke]] ke kaaran bhaisaur uske [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]] me dafnawa gais rahaa. {{BD|1869|1940|Goldman, Emma}} [[vibhag:United States anarchists]] [[vibhag:United States ke log‎]] larnrg2enh86chafhr1whp3i7xd7gfu Purana Egypt 0 5866 338038 328925 2026-09-03T10:07:52Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 338038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | image_map = Ancient Egypt map-en.svg | map_width = 225 | map_caption = Ouraana Egypt ke cities anur duusra other sites jon [[Nile]] ke follow kare hae Paanchwa Cataract talak. Abi ke [[Cairo]] aur [[Jerusalem]] ke mark karaa gais hae. | conventional_long_name = Puraana Egypt | common_name = Puraana Egypt | capital = ''Dekho Egypt ke puraana capital ke suchi '' | religion = Egyptian dharam | era = [[Ancient history]] | life_span = {{circa|3150 BC}}{{snd}}30 BC | year_start = {{circa|3150 BC}} | common_languages = [[Egyptian bhasa]] | year_end = 30 BC | event_start = Unification of Upper aur Lower Egypt ke | date_start = | event1 = Early Dynastic Period | date_event1 = {{circa|3150 BC}} – 2686 BC | event2 = Old Kingdom | date_event2 = 2686 BC – 2181 BC | event3 = Middle Kingdom | date_event3 = 2134 BC – 1690 BC | event4 = New Kingdom | date_event4 = {{nowrap|1549 BC – 1078/77 BC}} | event5 = Late Period | date_event5 = 664 BC – 332 BC | event6 = Ptolemaic Kingdom | date_event6 = 332 BC – 30 BC | event_end = Roman Empire ke niche | p1 = Predynastic Egypt | s1 = Roman Egypt }} '''Purana jamana ke Misr''' uu samaj rahaa jon ki 3,500 [[BC]] se lae ke 20 BC talak rahaa, jab uske [[Roman Empire]] invade kar diis rahaa. Ii [[Nile]] naddi ke kinare banaa aur second millennium BC me sab se jaada tgatwar rahaa. Ek time pe ii logan ke pahunch Nile [[delta]] se lae ke [[Sudan]] ke [[Jebel Barkal]] talak rahaa. Ancient Egypt Nile ke [[paani]] pe nirbhar rahaa jisse ki uu logan kheti kare sake. Purana jamana ke Egyptians log ke ek rakam ke likhe ke dhang, jiske [[hieroglyphs]] bola jaawe hae, ke khatir jaana jaawe hae aur ii logn baraa baraa [[mandir]] aur [[tomb]] bhi banain, duusra des se trade karin aur iske lage ek tagatwar [[military]] bhi rahaa. Egypt ke [[dharam]] aapan rajah aur pahile ke log ke aadar kare pe based rahaa. ==Itihaas== [[Nile]] uske ilaaka ke ke jindagi de waala, insaan ke itihaas ke suruu se rahaa hae. Nile ke upjau insaan ke mauka diis hae ki uu ek settled [[Ancient Egyptian agriculture|agricultural economy]] ke develop kare aur jaada sophisticated, centralized society banae jon insaan ke civilization ke cornerstone banaa hae. ===Puraana jamaana=== [[File:Predynastic collage (new version).jpg|thumb|Puraana jamaana ke Egypt ke chij, 4400 se 3100 BC talak. Pahila row uppar left se: ek Badari culture sankriti ke ivory figurine, ek Naqada II jar, ek changaadur figurine. Duusra row: ek diorite vase, ''Gebel el-Arak chhuurri'', ek cosmetic palette.]] Predynastic aur Early Dynastic jamaana me, Egyptian ke mausam abhi se kamtii jhuuraa rahaa. Egypt ke dher hissa [[savanna]] rahaa jahaan pe dher rakam ke giraas khaae waala jaanwar rahat rahin. Jaanwar aur perr abhi se aur jaada rakam ke rahaa aur Nile me dher rakam ke paani waala chirriya rahin. Egypt ke log ke khaatir sikaari commonrahaa aur ii jamaana me jaanwar ke bhi paaltu karaa gais rahaa. Lagbhag 5500 BC talak, chhota-chhota tribe jon Nile valley mr rahat rahin ek series of cultures me develop hoe gay rahin jisme kisaani achchhaa ke karaa jaawat rahaa aur jaanwar ke paala jaawat rahaa, aur uu log ke unke pottery aur personal items, jaise kanghii, bracelets, and beads se pahchaana jaawat rahaa. Isme se sab se barraa rahaa upper (Southern) Egypt me Badarian sanskriti, jon saait Western [[Desert]] me suruu bhas rahaa; iske high-quality ceramics, paththar ke aujaar, aur taamba ke kaam me laawe ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae. Badari ke baad Naqada sanskriti rahaa: Naqada I (Amratian), Naqada II (Gerzeh), aur Naqada III (Semainean). Ii log dher technological improvements kare rahin. Naqada I ke jamaana me, predynastic [[Egypt]]ians [[obsidian]] [[History of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] se import karat rahin, aue isse blades aur suusra chij ke banaawat rahin . [[Levant]] se trade Naqada II ({{circa|3600–3350 BC}}) me suruu bhais rahaa; ii jamaa na me trade with Mesopotamia bhi suruu bhais rahaa, jon early dynastic period aur usse aage chalte rahaa. 1,000 saal talak, Naqada ke sanskriti kuchh chhotaa kheti waala community se develop hoe ke ek taagatwar civilization ban gais rahaa jiske neta ke puura taagat rahaa, log ke aur Nile valley ke resources pe. Ek power center ke [[Nekhen]] me, aur baad me [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] me, [[Naqada III]] ke netaa aapam control ke Egypt ke north me along the [[Nile Delta|Nile]] barrhae rahin. Uu log south me [[Nubia]] , weatern desert ke oases se aur [[eastern Mediterranean]] aur [[Near East]] ke snakriti, east me, se trade karat rahin.to the east. Naqada sanskriti dher chij ke banaawat rahin, jisse raaj kare waala log aur dhani ban gae rahin aur kanghii, small statuary, painted pottery, high quality [[hand drill (hieroglyph)|decorative stone vases]], [[cosmetic palette]]s, and jewelry made of gold, [[lapis]], and [[ivory]] ke kaam me laawat rahin. Uulog [[ceramic glaze]] ke bhi banae rahin, jiske faience bola jaawat rahaa, jiske Roman Period me cups, amulets, aur figurines ke decorate karaa jaawat rahaa. Predynastic jamaana me, Naqada sanskriti written symbols ke kaam me laawe lage rahin jon baad me jon puraana Egyptian bhasa likhe waala full system of [[Egyptian hieroglyphs |hieroglyphs]], hoe gais rahaa. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Purana itihaas]] [[Category:Egypt ke itihaas]] 2su26n9nngp5z3s38nxko0jfzw0kgnw French Revolution 0 6335 338034 336909 2026-09-03T10:04:47Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 338034 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|300 px|The storming of the Bastille, on 14 July, 1789]] '''France Ka Itihaas''', [[France]] ke [[itihaas]] me [[1789]] aur [[1799]] ke biich ke time rahaa. '''French Revolution''' ek rajnitik aur samajik badlao ke samay France me rahaa, jon [[Estates General of 1789]] se suruu bhais rahaa aur [[Coup of 18 Brumaire]] [[9 November]] [[1799]] me khalaas bhais rahaa. Revolution ke dher ideas ke fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]] maana jaawe hae,{{Sfn|Livesey|2001|p=19}} aur iske values adhmik French rajnitik discourse ke central hae.{{Sfn|Fehér|1990|pp=117–130}} Iske [[Causes of the French Revolution|kaaran]] samajik, rajnitik, aur economic factors ke milan rahaa jiske [[ancien régime|uutime ke sarkar]] manage nai kare paais rahaa. Aarthik sankat aur barraa paimane pe samajik sankat ke kaaran Estates General ke sansad ke meeting, May 1789, jon 1614 ke baad pahila meeting rahaa. [[Estates of the realm|Third Estate]] ke representatives alag hoe ke apne ke re-constitute karin as [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]], June me. Paris me [[Storming of the Bastille]] 14 July me ke kaaran Assembly kuchh series of radical measures liis rahaa, jisme [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], [[state]] control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], aur issuing the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] rahaa. Agle tiin saal me bahut jaada political control pe srtuggle rahaa. Raja [[Louis XVI]] ke kosis, Varennes bhaage ke, June 1791 me, [[monarchy]] ke aur discreditkar diis rahaa, aur larrai me haar, [[French Revolutionary Wars]] me April 1792 se, [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]] suruu bhais rahaa. Iske kaaran, [[House of Bourbon|monarchy]] ke [[French First Republic]] se September me badla gais rahaa, jiske baad [[execution of Louis XVI]] January 1793 me bhais rahaa. Ek aur [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]] ke baad, samidhaan ke suspend kar dewa gais rahaa, aur rajnitik taagat [[National Convention]] se [[Committee of Public Safety]] ke lage chal diis rahaa, jiske radical [[Jacobins]] jiske [[Maximilien Robespierre]] lead karat rahaa, dominate karat rahin. Lagbhag 16,000 log ke [[Revolutionary Tribunal]] sentence karis rahaa aur uulog ke [[Reign of Terror]] me maar dewa gais rahaa, jon July 1794 me khalaas bhaisrahaa, jab [[Thermidorian Reaction]] bhais rahaa. Des bahaari threats aur bhitri virodh ke kaaran kamjor hoe gais rahaa, aur Committee of Public Safety ke November 1795 me [[French Directory|Directory]] se replace karaa gais rahaa. Des ke instability 1799 me khalaas bhais rahaa jab [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] [[French Consulate|Consulate]] ke banais, jisme [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] First Consul rahaa. == Kaaran == Revolution ke kaaran dher long-term aur short-term kaaran rahaa, jiske anjaam samajik, economic, financial aur rajnitik crisis, [[1780s]] ke ant ke rahaa.{{Sfn|Jessene|2013|pp=39–40}}{{Sfn|Jourdan|2015|p=100}}{{Sfn|Marzagalli|2015|p=4}} Raaj kare waala log ke pariwartan nai accept karna , aur iske saathe [[Louis XVI]] ke indecisive policy aur uske ministers ke kaaran, anjaam ek crisis rahaa jiske des manage nai kare sakat rahaa.{{Sfn|Baker|1978|pp=279–303}}{{Sfn|Jordan|2004|pp=11–12}} 1715 aur 1789 ke biich me, France ke abaadi 21 million se barr ke 28 million hoe gais rahaa, jisme se 20% towns aur cities me rahat rahin, aur khaali Paris me 600,000 lig rahat rahin.{{Sfn|Marzagalli|2015|pp=6–7}} Iske saathe middle class ke size tigna hoe gais rahaa, jon 1789 ke des ke abaadi ke 10% rahaa.{{Sfn|Clay|2015|pp=24, 31}} Jab des aur dhani hoe gais rahaa, isse faeda kare waale jaada kar ke merchant class ke rahin, jab majuur aur kisaan ke aamdani kamti hoe gais rahaa. {{Sfn|Jessene|2013|pp=32–33}}{{Sfn|Marzagalli|2015|pp=8–10}} 1785 ke economic recession, aur iske saathe 1787 aur 1788 me kharaab fasal, ke kaaran dher log ke kaam nai milat rahaa aur khaana ke daam jaada hoe gais rahaa, jiske kaaran arthik aur rajnitik crisis rahaa. {{Sfn|Jessene|2013|pp=39–40}}{{Sfn|Jourdan|2015|p=104}}{{Sfn|Marzagalli|2015|pp=5, 14–17}}{{Sfn|Tilly|1983|p=337}} Jab des karjaa ke sankat me rahaa, karjaa [[Great Britain]] ke mukable me bahut jaada nai rahaa.{{Sfn|Weir|1989|p=98}} Ek khaas samasya ii rahaa ki tax ek ilaaka se duusra me ekke nai rahaa, aur ii sarkari rate se bhi different rahaa, aur iske achchhaaa se batora nai jaawat rahaa. Ii complexity aur accountability ke kami ke kaaran tax bhare waale resentful rahin. {{Sfn|Chanel|2015|p=68}} Ii system ke sahaj banae ke kosis ke regional ''[[Parlement]]s'' jon arthik policy ke implement karat rahaa, rok de rahin. Ii likjaam ke kaaran [[Estates General of 1789]] balaawa gais rahaa, jon control of public finances ke struggle me radicalise hoe gay rahin.{{Sfn|Weir|1989|p=96}} Louis XVI reforms ke consider kare maangat rahaa, lekin uu pichhe hoe jaawat rahaa jab nobility me ke conservatine log koi chij ke virod karat rahin. Yahii time, [[American Revolution]] aur Europe ke revolts [[1780s]] ke kaaran public debate patriotism, liberty, equality, aur democracy pe bhais rahaa. Isse educated public crisis ke assess karat rahin,{{Sfn|Jourdan|2015|pp=94–104}} jab scandals jaise [[Affair of the Diamond Necklace]] ke kaaran log raja, nobility, aur church officials se khusi nai rahin.{{Sfn|Smith|2015|pp=50–51}} == ''Ancien Régime'' me samasya== [[File:Parliaments and Sovereign Councils of the Kingdom of France in 1789 (fr).png|left|thumb|upright=1.0|The regional ''Parlements'' 1789 me; note karo ki ketna area ke Parlement of Paris cover kare hae]] === Aarthik aur rajnitik samasya === France, [[18th century]] me budgetary samasya me rahaa, kaaheki aamdani, kharchaa ke rakam nai barrhaa rahaa.{{Sfn|Jessene|2013|p=36}}{{Sfn|Sargent|Velde|1995|pp=485, 490–491}} Economy ke jor se barrhe ke baawajuut, kisaan ke tax kare se, ii state tax income me nai dekhaat rahaa.{{Sfn|Jessene|2013|p=36}} Kaaheki nobility aur Church dher rakam ke exemptions se faeda karat rahin, tax ke bojhaa jaada kar ke garib log pe parraa rahaa. {{Sfn|Sargent|Velde|1995|pp=483–485}} Ii samasya ke sudhaarna hard rahaa, kaaheki nawaa tax kanuun ke regional judicial bodies nai to ''[[parlement]]s'' se register kare ke parrat rahaa, jon iske roke me safal rahin. Raja decree se kaanuun bane sakat rahaa, lekin isse ''parlements'', dhani log, aur uu jispe nawaa tax lagaawa jaata, se relationship kharaa hoe sakat rahaa, .{{Sfn|Sargent|Velde|1995|pp=482–483}} Francejaada kar ke udhaar paisa le ke 1778 se 1783 [[Anglo-French War (1778–1783)|Anglo-French War]] ke finance karis rahaa. [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|it ended]] ke baad bhi, monarchy dher paisa udhaar lete rahaa, aur 1788 talak, aadha state ke aamdani karjaa bhare me kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa.{{Sfn|Jessene|2013|p=38}}{{sfn|Sargent|Velde|1995}} 1786 me, France ke finance minister, [[Charles Alexandre de Calonne|Calonne]], reforms ke prasthao rakkhis jisme universal land tax rahaa, grain controls ke radd karna aur bhitri tariffs, aur nawaa provincial assemblies jiske raja appoint karta. Nawaa taxes ke rejected kar dewa gais rahaa, pahila hand-picked [[Assembly of Notables]] jiske handpicked nobility dominate karat rahin,se, then by the ''parlements'' when submitted by Calonne's successor [[Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne|Brienne]]. Dhani log aur ''parlements'' argued karis ki proposed taxes ke khaali approve karaa jaae sakat rahaae Estates-General se, ek representative body jon pichle baar 1614 me meet karis rahaa.{{Sfn|Doyle|1990|pp=69–76}} Raja aur ''parlements'' ke biich ke takrao ek national political samasya hoe gais rahaa. Duuno bagal dher public statements de rahin, sarkar bahas karis ki uu privilege ke combat karat rahaa, aur ''parlement'' des ke puraana adhikaar ke defend karat rahaa. Public opinion ''parlements'' ke side rahaa, aur dher town me danga susuu hoe gais rahaa. Brienne ke aur paisa udhaar le ke kosis asafal rahaa, aur 8 [[August]] 1788 ke, uu announce karis ki raja Estates-General ke mile ke batai agle roj. Brienne istifa de diis aur uske [[Jacques Necker]] se replace karaa gais rahaa.{{Sfn|Doyle|1990|pp=75–85}} September 1788 me, Parlement of Paris rule karis ki Estates-General ke wahii form me mile ke chaahi jaise uu 1614 me milis rahaa, jiske matlab rahaa ki tiin estates mil ke alag-alag vote karii, jisme vote ke estate se gina jaai, log pe nai. Iske kaaran, clergy aur nobility mil ke Third Estate ke outvote kare sakat rahaa, bhale uu 5% abaadi ke khaali represent karat rahaa.{{Sfn|Schama|1989|p=115}}{{Sfn|Doyle|1990|p=88}} Censorship aur political clubs ke against kaanuun ke dhilla kare se, ek liberal nobles aur middle class activists ke ek group group jiske the Society of Thirty ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa, ek campaign launch karis ki Third Estate ke double karaa jaawe aur representation aur individual voting rights dewa jaae. Public debate ke kaaran 25 nawaa political pamphlets har haftaa publish karaa gais rahaa, har haftaa 25 September 1788 se.{{Sfn|Cobban|1963|p=135}} Isme se sab se jaada influential ke likhe waala [[Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès|Abbé Sieyès]] rahaa. Iske title ''[[What Is the Third Estate?]]'' rahaa, aur ii lergy aur nobility ke privilege ke ninda karis rahaa, aur ii bahas karis ki Third Estate des ke represent karat rahaa aur iske akele ek National Assembly ke ruup me baithe ke chaahi. Activists jaise [[Jean Joseph Mounier]], [[Antoine Barnave]] aur [[Maximilien Robespierre]] regional meetings organise kare rahin, petitions aur literature likhe rahin ii demand ke support me. {{Sfn|Doyle|1990|pp=89–96}} December me, raja Third Estate ke representation ke dugna kare ke sahmat hoe gais rahaa, lekin vote ke gine ke adhikar ke Estates-General pe chhorr diis rahaa.{{Sfn|Doyle|1990|p=93}} Ii Revolution uu time khalaas bhais jab [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] [[November]] [[1799]] me [[dictatorship|dictator]] banaa. == Duusra websites == * [http://www.desaix.com The Musée de Veygoux] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810052306/http://www.desaix.com/ |date=2011-08-10 }} - a museum in [[Auvergne]] dedicated to the French Revolution and [[Desaix]] * [http://www.hrcr.org/docs/frenchdec.html The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606053037/http://www.hrcr.org/docs/frenchdec.html |date=2013-06-06 }}  [[Category:F]] [[Category:France ke itihaas]] 09nfpccwhbbbccbfvhu9pp2w9du6jud Industrial Revolution 0 6343 338035 337660 2026-09-03T10:05:34Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 338035 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Philipp Jakob Loutherbourg d. J. 002.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Coalbrookdale, England ke ek town hae, jahaan pe industry ke nawaa idea ke pahila dafe [[wikt:ajmaawa|ajmaawa]] gais rahaa. Hian pe ii 1801 ke raat me dekhae hae. Aagi dher loha banae se hae.]] '''Industrial Revolution''', [[itihaas]] me uu time ke bola jaawe hae jab dher factory banawa gais rahaa. Dher log gaon se town me aae ke rahe lagin rahaa. [[England]] me ii [[1750]] aur [[1850]] ke biich me bhais rahaa. == Suruwaat == Industrial Revolution, [[Great Britain]] me [[18th century]] me suruu bhais rahaa. Dher technological innovations British rahaa.<ref>{{cite book|title= Reconceptualizing the Industrial Revolution |last1= Horn|first1=Jeff |last2= Rosenband|first2= Leonard|last3= Smith|first3= Merritt|year= 2010|publisher =MIT Press|location=Cambridge MA, USA, London |isbn= 978-0262515627}}</ref> Khaas kar ke, County of [[Shropshire]] important, kaaheki isme duuno minerals (e.g. [[loha]] aur [[koila]]) aur transport [[River Severn]] me.<ref>Szostak, Rick 1991. ''The role of transportation in the industrial revolution: a comparison of England and France. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.</ref><ref>Usher, Abbott Payson 1920. ''An introduction to the industrial history of England''. University of Michigan Press.</ref><ref>Uglow, Jenny 2002. ''The Lunar Men: the friends who made the future 1730–1810''. London: Faber and Faber. </ref> Iske kaaran industries near [[Ironbridge Gorge]] aur [[Coalbrookdale]] ke lage banaa rahaa. [[18th century]] ke biich me [[Great Britain]], [[dunia]] ke ke trading [[des]] me se sab se aage rahaa.<ref>{{cite book|title= Capitalism: A complete understanding of the nature and value of human economic life|url= https://archive.org/details/capitalismtreati0000reis|last=Reisman|first= George|year= 1998|isbn= 0-915463-73-3 |publisher =Jameson Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/capitalismtreati0000reis/page/127 127]}}</ref> Ii ek dunia bhar ke trading empire ke control karat rahaa, jisme [[North America]] ur [[Africa]] me colonies, aur political influencethe [[Indian subcontinent]] me, [[East India Company]] se.<ref name=David_Landes_1999> {{cite book|title= The Wealth and Poverty of Nations|url= https://archive.org/details/wealthpovertyofn00land_0|last=Landes|first= David|year= 1999|publisher =W.W. Norton & Company|isbn= 978-0393318883}}</ref> Trade aur business ke barrnaa, Industrial Revolution ke khaas kaaran rahaa. Industrial Revolution, itihaas ke ek khaas morr rahaa. Dainik jiwan ke lagbhag sab chij pe iske asar rahaa. Average [[wikt:aamdani|aamdani]] barrha rahaa, aur [[wikt:abaadi|abaadi]] bhi jorr se barrha rahaa. Kuchh economists ii bole hae ki Industrial Revolution ke khaas asar [[standard of living]] aam aadmi ke rahaa, jon itihaas me pahila dafe barrte rahaa, lekin aur log ii bole hae ki ii kuchh khaaas nai barrha rahaa, 19th aur 20th centuries talak. Industrail Revolution, [[Europe]] aur [[Americas]] me faela,khaas kar ke [[United States]], 19th century ke suruu me. Samuel Slater, jon ek English cotton factory me apprentice rahaa, apne ke disguise kar ke America aais rahaa. Uu [[spinning Jenny|spinning machine]] ke fir se banais rahaa, aapan dimaag se aur apne se ek factory banais rahaa. Nawaa ideas aur inventions ke [[mining]] me bhi kaam me laawa gais rahaa, [[wikt:dhaatu|dhaatu]] pe kaam karna, aur chij ke [[transport]] kare ke khaatir. Lagbhag yahii time [[wikt:kheti|kheti]] me nawaa idea ke kaaram khet me kaam kare waala dher [[wikt:majuur|majuur]] ke kaam nai rahaa. Bina kaam ke pahile khet me kaam kare waala majuur town gain, jahaan pe uulog factory me kaam khoje lagin. [[File:Grazebrook Beam Engine.jpg|thumb|right|Suruu ke steam engines, jiske 1817 me kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, paani ke bahaar pump kare ke khaatir aur hawaa ke bhitttar pump kare ke khaatir. Isse mining ke aur [[wikt:gahira|gahira]] karaa jaae sakaa rahaa.]] Industrial revolution ke sab se khaas invention, [[steam engine]] rahaa. Steam engine, jiske [[James Watt]] lagbhag 1776 me aur achchhaa karis rahaa, ke kaam me laae ke factories ke power karaa jaawat rahaa aur gahira mine se [[wikt:paani|paani]] ke pump karaa jaawat rahaa. Iske [[railway]] [[wikt:injin|ingin]] me bhi kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa. Koila ke jaraana, power ke khaas source rahaa. == Sankat== Rahan-sahan aur achchhaa bhais rahaa, log jaada kar ke aur dhani aur [[wikt:changaa|changaa]] hoe gay rahin, uulog ke aur dher larrkan rahaa jon barraa hoe gay rahin aur bhukmari ke kaaran mare nai rahin. Iske kaaran [[England]] ke [[wikt:abaadi|abaadi]] barrha aur isse aur nawaa problem bhais rahaa. Jab ji pahile khaali kuchh log dhani rahin kaaheki uulog ke lage jamiin rahaa, ab aur log industry ke kaaran dhani hoe gay rahin. Dher jan abhi talak garib rahin aur kharaab [[wikt:prastithi|prastithi]] me rahat rahin. Larrkan aur aurat logan ke dher ghanta kaam kare ke parrat rahaa, kamti talab pe. Dher dafe, dher palwaar ek ghar me rahat rahin. Different time kaam kar ke, palwaar ke log turn lay ke sutat rahin, jab uulog kaam nai karat rahin. <ref name="world">{{cite book|title=World Studies|last=Koontz|first=Terri, Mark Sidwell, S.M.Bunker|date=June 2005|publisher=Bob Jones University Press|isbn=1-59166-431-4|location=Greenville, South Carolina}}</ref> Families were usually unable to get together. 12, 14, or even 18-hour workdays were common. [[File:Edmund Cartwright.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Edmund Cartwright]], power [[loom]] ke inventer rahaa. Ii invention [[weaving]] process ke aur jor kar diis rahaa.]] == [[wikt:Tarakki|Tarakki]] == During the industrial revolution, new technology brought many changes. For example: * [[wikt:Naara|Naara]] (Canal) ke banaawa gais rahaa jisse jarrhu chij ke ek jagha se duusra jagha pe sahaj se karaa jaae sake. * [[Steam engine]] power ke khaas source banaa rahaa, jiske ghorraa aur [[insaan]] ke kaam ke replace karis rahaa. * Sastaa loha aur steel ke mass-produced karaa gais rahaa. Steel ke lakrri ke jagha ghar aur duusra chij banae me kaam me laawa jaae lagaa rahaa. * Machine tools samaan hoe gais rahaa. Dher chij ke ek dafe banaawa jae sakaa, ghhar pe haanth se banae ke jagha. * Seed drill aur duusra kisani ke machinery British [[agricultural revolution]] ke suruu karis. Kamti log ke khet me kaam kare ke parrat rahaa, tab uulog town jaae ke nawaa kaam, factory me, kare lagin. Dher nawaa kaam karraa aur kabh-kabhi dangerous rahaa. * Railways ke England bhar banaawa gais rahaa, aur fir dunia bhar me. Ii [[freight]] aur [[passenger]] ke aur jaldi aur sasta me move karat rahaa. * Bhaap waala jahaaj, paal waala jahaaj ke jagha kaam me laae jaga rahaa, jon aur barraa rahaa aur jor chalat rahaa aur ii hawaa aur mausam pe [[wikt:nirbhar|nirbhar]] nai rahaa. * [[spinning Jenny]] aur power loom se dher kaprra aur fabrics banaawa jaae sakaa rahaa. ===Textile ke manufacture=== ====Great Britain ke textile industry==== [[File:Hand-loom weaving (Bonhams).jpg|thumb|Handloom se weave karna, [[William Hogarth]] ke ''[[Industry and Idleness]]'' (1747) se]] 1750 me, Great Britain 2.5 million pounds raw cotton ke import karis rahaa, jisme se jaada spin aur weave cottage industry [[Lancashire]] me karaa jaawat rahaa. Kaam ke haanth se majuur ke ghar aur dukaan me karaa jaawat rahaa. Jab ki talab India ke 1770 ke mukaable me chhe dafe rahaa, Great Britain me productivity khaali tiin dafe jaada rahaa.<ref name="Beckert_2014" /> 1787 me, raw cotton consumption 22 million pounds rahaa, jisme se jaaada ke safaa, carded aur spin machine se karaa jaawat rahaa.<ref name="David S. Landes 1969"/> British textile industry 52 million pound cotton ke 1800 me kaam me laais rahaa, aur 588 million pounds 1850 me rahaa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Industrialization and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/industrialisatio0000hopk|last=Hopkins|first=Eric|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/industrialisatio0000hopk/page/2 2]}}</ref> Jon value Britain me cotton industry se jorra gais rahaa, 1760 me 2.6% rahaa, 17% , 1801 me, aur 22%, 1831 me. Value jon woollen industry jorris rahaa, 1801 me 14% rahaa. 1797 me 900 cotton factory rahaa. 1760 me, lagbhag one-third cotton ke kaprraa jiske manufacture karaa gais rahaa ke export karaa gais rahaa aur 1800 talak ii two-third rahaa. 1781 me, cotton spun 5 million pounds ke rahaa, jon barr keo 56 million pounds 1800 talak rahaa. 1800 me, 0.1% dunia ke cotton ke kaprraa ke britain me machine se banaawa gais rahaa. 1788 me, Britain me 50,000 spindles rahaa jo 30 saal baad barr ke 7 million hoe gais rahaa.<ref name="Beckert_2014"/> ====Wool==== Europe ke log sab se pahile wool ke spin kare ke mechanise kare rahin, lekin wwol ke mechanise karnaa cotton ke mechanise kare se aur karraa hae. Industrial Revolution ke time wool spinning aur achchhaa hoe gais rahaa, lekin cotton se kamti. <ref name="David S. Landes 1969" /><ref name="David_Landes_1999"> {{cite book |last=Landes |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/wealthpovertyofn00land_0 |title=The Wealth and Poverty of Nations |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-393-31888-3}}</ref> ====Resham==== [[File:Silkmill1.jpg|thumb|[[John Lombe]] ke silk mill site abhi [[Derby]] me, jiske fir se banaawa gais hae [[Derby Silk Mill]]]] Sab se pahila highly mechanised factory was [[John Lombe]] ke [[Derby Silk Mill|water-powered silk mill]], [[Derby]] me rahaa, jon 1721 me chalat rahaa. Lombe silk thread manufacturing ke sikhis rahaa, Italy me ek kaam lae ke aur ek industrial spy ban ke; lekin, kaaheki Italian silk industry aapan secret ke guard karat rahaa, uutime ke state of the industry ke baare me bahut nai jaana jaawe hae. Jab Lombe ke factory technically successful rahaa, Italy ke raw silk ke supply ke kaat dewa gais rahaa, competition ke eliminate kare ke khaatir. Manufacturing ke promote kare ke khaatir, Crown models of Lombe's machinery khatir paisa diis rahaa, jiske [[Tower of London]] me dekhaawa gais rahaa.<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=75296|first=Richard L.|last=Hills|title=Cotchett, Thomas|author-link=Richard L. Hills}}</ref><ref>{{cite ODNB|id=47971|first=K. R.|last=Fairclough|title=Sorocold, George}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:I]] [[Category:Itihaas]] e1w4n1prw0eh3v4r40tw1rvdsxrs56h Vietnam War 0 6351 338047 302811 2026-09-03T10:27:03Z Itihasik 41234 338047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Vietnam War | part_of = the [[Indochina wars|Indochina Wars]] and the [[Cold War]] | image = {{Multiple image | image1 = U.S. Army UH-1H Hueys insert ARVN troops at Khâm Đức, Vietnam, 12 July 1970 (79431435).jpg | caption1 = American [[Bell UH-1 Iroquois|Huey]] helicopters inserting South Vietnamese [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|ARVN]] troops, 1970 | image2 = Pavnbattle.jpg | caption2 = North Vietnamese [[People's Army of Vietnam|PAVN]] troops in action, {{circa|1966}} | image3 = Hue Massacre Interment.jpg | caption3 = Burial of civilians killed in the [[Massacre at Huế|Huế massacre]], 1968 | image4 = Flame Thrower. Operation New Castle. - NARA - 532488.tif | caption4 = [[United States Marine Corps|American marines]] using a [[flamethrower]], 1967 | image5 = Bombing in Vietnam (rotated).jpg | caption5 = Aerial bombing in [[Operation Rolling Thunder]] | image6 = Saigon Execution.jpg | caption6 = ''[[Saigon Execution]]'': South Vietnamese general [[Nguyễn Ngọc Loan]] summarily executes [[Viet Cong]] captain Lê Công Nà during the [[Tet Offensive]], 1968 | width = 180 | perrow = 1/2/2/1 | border = infobox | total_width = 300 }} | date = circa 1955<ref group=A name="start date" />{{snd}}30 April 1975 | location = {{flatlist| * [[South Vietnam]] * [[North Vietnam]] * [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]] * [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]] * [[South China Sea]] * [[Gulf of Thailand]] }} | territory = {{bulleted list | Reunification of [[North Vietnam]] and [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|South Vietnam]] into the [[Vietnam|Socialist Republic of Vietnam]] in 1976 |Chinese control of the [[Paracel Islands]] }} | result = [[North Vietnam]]ese victory | combatant2 = {{Plainlist| * {{Flag|South Vietnam}} * {{Flag|United States|1960}} * {{Flagcountry|Third Republic of Korea}} * {{Flag|Australia}} * {{Flag|New Zealand}} * {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Laos}} (from 1959) * {{Flagcountry|Khmer Republic}} * {{Flag|Thailand|1932}} * {{Flagcountry|Fourth Philippine Republic}} * {{Flag|Taiwan}} }} | combatant1 = {{Plainlist| * {{Flag|North Vietnam}} * {{Flagcountry|Viet Cong}} and [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|PRG]] * {{Flagdeco|Laos}} [[Pathet Lao]] * {{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} [[Khmer Rouge]] * {{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1973}} [[GRUNK]] * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Soviet Union|1955}} * {{Flag|North Korea|1948}} }} | strength1 = '''≈860,000''' (1967) {{Plainlist| * {{Flagdeco|North Vietnam}} North Vietnam: 690,000 (1966, including [[People's Army of Vietnam|PAVN]] and Viet Cong){{Refn|group="A"|According to Hanoi's official history, the Viet Cong was a branch of the People's Army of Vietnam.<ref>{{Harvnb|Military History Institute of Vietnam|2002|p=182}}. "By the end of 1966 the total strength of our armed forces was 690,000 soldiers."</ref>}} * {{Flagdeco|Republic of South Vietnam}} Viet Cong: ~200,000 (estimated, 1968)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Doyle |first1=Edward |title=The Vietnam Experience The North |last2=Lipsman |first2=Samuel |last3=Maitland |first3=Terence |publisher=Time Life Education |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-939526-21-5 |pages=45–49}}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|China|1949}} China: 170,000 (1968) 320,000 total<ref name="Toledo Blade 320,000 Chinese troops">{{Cite news |date=16 May 1989 |title=China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam |work=Toledo Blade |agency=Reuters |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19890516&id=HkRPAAAAIBAJ&pg=3769,1925460 |access-date=24 December 2013 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702034430/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19890516&id=HkRPAAAAIBAJ&pg=3769,1925460 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Roy">{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Denny |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasforeignrel0000royd/page/27 |title=China's Foreign Relations |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8476-9013-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chinasforeignrel0000royd/page/27 27]}}</ref><ref name="Womack">{{Cite book |last=Womack |first=Brantly |title=China and Vietnam |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-61834-2 |page=[{{GBurl|id=GaZvX2BzeegC|p=176}} 179]|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} Khmer Rouge: 70,000 (1972)<ref name="Tucker">{{Cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer C |title=The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-85109-960-3}}</ref>{{Rp|376}} * {{Flagdeco|Laos}} Pathet Lao: 48,000 (1970)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Area Handbook Series Laos |url=http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/laos/la_glos.html#Lao |access-date=1 November 2019 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033933/http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/laos/la_glos.html#Lao |url-status=live }}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|USSR}} Soviet Union: 10,359+<ref name="LMN">{{Cite web |last=Lê Minh Nam |date=2025 |title=Chuyên gia quân sự Liên Xô và hành trình 10 năm hỗ trợ Việt Nam chống Mỹ, cứu nước |url=https://vietnamnet.vn/chuyen-gia-quan-su-lien-xo-va-10-nam-ho-tro-viet-nam-chong-my-cuu-nuoc-2389949.html |website=VietnamNet |quote=Theo thống kê của Tổng cục Tác chiến Bộ Tổng Tham mưu Các lực lượng vũ trang Liên Xô, từ ngày 11/7/1965 đến ngày 31/12/1974, có 6.359 sĩ quan, tướng lĩnh và hơn 4.500 binh sĩ, hạ sĩ quan Liên Xô đã tham gia chiến đấu, trong đó, có 13 chuyên gia đã hy sinh do bom đạn Mỹ, 3 chuyên gia mất tại Việt Nam vì bệnh tật |trans-quote=According to statistics from the [[Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces|Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff]] of the Soviet Armed Forces, between 11 July 1965 and 31 December 1974, 6,359 Soviet officers and generals and over 4,500 Soviet soldiers and non-commissioned officers took part in combat activities, including 13 specialists who died due to US bombs and 3 specialists who died in Vietnam from illness.}}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|North Korea|1948}} North Korea: 200<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pham Thi Thu Thuy |date=1 August 2013 |title=The colorful history of North Korea-Vietnam relations |work=[[NK News]] |url=https://www.nknews.org/2013/08/the-colorful-history-of-north-korea-vietnam-relations/ |access-date=3 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424055821/http://www.nknews.org/2013/08/the-colorful-history-of-north-korea-vietnam-relations/|archive-date=24 April 2015}}</ref> }} | strength2 = '''≈1,420,000''' (1968) {{Plainlist| * {{Flagdeco|South Vietnam}} South Vietnam: 850,000 (1968) 1,500,000 (1974–1975)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Gro |first=William |url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-29/CMH_Pub_90-29.pdf |title=Vietnam from ceasefire to capitulation |publisher=US Army Center of Military History |year=1985 |isbn=978-1-4102-2542-9 |page=28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202012033/https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-29/CMH_Pub_90-29.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2023}}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|US|1960}} United States: 2,709,918 serving in Vietnam total Peak: 543,400 (April 1969)<ref name=Tucker/>{{Rp|xlv}} * {{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1970}} Khmer Republic: 200,000{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} * {{Flagdeco|Laos|1952}} Laos: 72,000 (Royal Army and [[Hmong people|Hmong]] militia)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The rise of Communism |url=http://www.footprinttravelguides.com/c/4999/the-rise-of-communism |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117114707/http://footprinttravelguides.com/c/4999/the-rise-of-communism/ |archive-date=17 November 2010 |access-date=31 May 2018 |website=www.footprinttravelguides.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hmong rebellion in Laos |url=http://members.ozemail.com.au/~yeulee/Topical/Hmong%20rebellion%20in%20Laos.html |access-date=11 April 2021 |website=Members.ozemail.com.au|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404230156/http://members.ozemail.com.au/~yeulee/Topical/Hmong%20rebellion%20in%20Laos.html|archive-date=4 April 2023}}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|Third Republic of Korea}} South Korea: 48,000 per year (1965–1973, 320,000 total) * {{Flagdeco|Thailand|1939}} Thailand: Peak: 11,570 (1969)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam War Allied Troop Levels 1960–73 |url=http://www.americanwarlibrary.com/vietnam/vwatl.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802134052/http://www.americanwarlibrary.com/vietnam/vwatl.htm |archive-date=2 August 2016 |access-date=2 August 2016}}, accessed 7 November 2017</ref> * {{Flagdeco|Australia}} Australia: 50,190 total (Peak: 8,300 combat troops)<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Doyle |first1=Jeff |last2=Grey |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Pierce |first3=Peter |date=2002 |title=Australia's Vietnam War – A Select Chronology of Australian Involvement in the Vietnam War |url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/14206/3/14206_Doyle_et_al_2002_Back_Pages.pdf |publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110165929/https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/14206/3/14206_Doyle_et_al_2002_Back_Pages.pdf|archive-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|New Zealand}} New Zealand: Peak: 552 in 1968<ref name=Blackburn>{{cite book|last=Blackburn|first=Robert M.|title=Mercenaries and Lyndon Johnson's "More Flage": The Hiring of Korean, Filipino, and Thai Soldiers in the Vietnam War|publisher=McFarland|year=1994|isbn=0-89950-931-2}}</ref>{{rp|158}} * {{Flagdeco|Fourth Philippine Republic}} Philippines: 2,061 }} | commander1 = {{Plainlist| * {{Flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh|Hồ Chí Minh]]{{Natural Causes}} * {{Flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Lê Duẩn]] * {{Flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Lê Đức Thọ]] * {{Flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Phạm Văn Đồng]] * {{Flagdeco|South Vietnam|1975}} [[Nguyễn Chí Thanh]]{{Natural Causes}} * {{Flagdeco|South Vietnam|1975}} [[Trần Văn Trà]] * ''...{{Nbsp}}[[Leaders of the Vietnam War#Communist forces|and others]]'' }} | commander2 = {{Plainlist| * {{Flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ngô Đình Diệm]]{{Assassinated|Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem}} * {{Flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] * {{Flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] * {{Flagicon|US|1960}} [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Dwight Eisenhower]] * {{Flagicon|US|1960}} [[John F. Kennedy]]{{Assassinated|Assassination of John F. Kennedy}} * {{Flagicon|US|1960}} [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] * {{Flagicon|US|1960}} [[Richard Nixon]] * {{Flagicon|US|1960}} [[Robert McNamara]] * {{Flagicon|US|1960}} [[Melvin Laird]] * {{Flagicon|US|1960}} [[William Westmoreland|W. C. Westmoreland]] * {{Flagicon|US|1960}} [[Creighton Abrams]] * ''...{{Nbsp}}[[Leaders of the Vietnam War#Anti-communist forces|and others]]'' }} | casualties1 = {{Plainlist| * {{Flagdeco|North Vietnam}}{{Flagdeco|Republic of South Vietnam}} North Vietnam and Viet Cong: * 30,000–182,000 civilian dead<ref name=Tucker/>{{Rp|176}}<ref name="Hirschman">{{cite journal |last1=Hirschman |first1=Charles |last2=Preston |first2=Samuel |last3=Loi |first3=Vu Manh |title=Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate |journal=Population and Development Review |date=1995 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=783–812 |doi=10.2307/2137774 |jstor=2137774 }}</ref><ref name=Lewy/>{{Rp|450–453}}<ref name=bfvietnam>{{Cite web |title=Battlefield:Vietnam – Timeline |url=http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/timeline/index2.html |publisher=[[PBS]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604101618/http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/timeline/index2.html|archive-date=4 June 2023}}</ref> * 849,018 military dead (per Vietnam; 1/3 non-combat deaths)<ref name="Moyar, Mark" /><ref name="Chuyen">{{Cite web |year=2015 |orig-year=2013 |title=Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM, QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO |trans-title=Special Subject 4: The Work of Locating and Recovering the Remains of Martyrs From Now Until 2020 and Later Years |url=http://datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Qu%E1%BA%A3n%20l%C3%BD%20ch%E1%BB%89%20%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o/Chuy%C3%AAn%20%C4%91%E1%BB%81%204.doc |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404230151/http://datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Qu%E1%BA%A3n%20l%C3%BD%20ch%E1%BB%89%20%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o/Chuy%C3%AAn%20%C4%91%E1%BB%81%204.doc |archive-date=4 April 2023}} In {{Cite web |year=2015 |orig-year=2013 |title=Tập huấn công tác chính sách |trans-title=Training on Policy Affairs |url=http://chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/tinbai/309/Tap-huan-cong-tac-chinh-sach |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217065036/http://chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/tinbai/309/Tap-huan-cong-tac-chinh-sach |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=11 June 2018 |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Vietnam)|Ministry of Defence]], Government of Vietnam |language=vi}}</ref> * 666,000–950,765 dead (US estimated 1964–1974){{Refn|Upper figure initial estimate, later thought to be inflated by at least 30% (lower figure)<ref name=Hirschman/><ref name=Lewy/>{{Rp|450–453}}|name=USclaim|group=A}}<ref name=Hirschman/><ref name=Lewy/>{{Rp|450–451}} * 232,000+ military missing (per Vietnam)<ref name="Moyar, Mark">Moyar, Mark. "Triumph Regained: The Vietnam War, 1965–1968". Encounter Books, December 2022. Chapter 17 index: "Communists provided further corroboration of the proximity of their casualty figures to American figures in a postwar disclosure of total losses from 1960 to 1975. During that period, they stated, they lost 849,018 killed plus approximately 232,000 missing and 463,000 wounded. Casualties fluctuated considerably from year to year, but a degree of accuracy can be inferred from the fact that 500,000 was 59% of the 849,018 total and that 59% of the war's days had passed by the time of Fallaci's conversation with Giap. The killed in action figure comes from "Special Subject 4: The Work of Locating and Recovering the Remains of Martyrs From Now Until 2020 And Later Years," downloaded from the Vietnamese government website datafile on 1 December 2017. The above figures on missing and wounded were calculated using Hanoi's declared casualty ratios for the period of 1945 to 1979, during which time the Communists incurred 1.1 million killed, 300,000 missing, and 600,000 wounded. Ho Khang, ed, ''Lich Su Khang Chien Chong My, Cuu Nuoc 1954–1975, Tap VIII: Toan Thang'' (Hanoi: Nha Xuat Ban Chinh Tri Quoc Gia, 2008), 463."</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph Babcock |date=29 April 2019 |title=Lost Souls: The Search for Vietnam's 300,000 or More MIAs |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/lost-souls-search-vietnams-300000-or-more-mias |access-date=28 June 2021 |website=Pulitzer Centre|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110165934/https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/lost-souls-search-vietnams-300000-or-more-mias|archive-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> * 600,000+ military wounded{{sfn|Hastings|2018|p=739}} *{{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} Khmer Rouge: unknown *{{Flagicon|Laos}} Pathet Lao: unknown *{{Flagu|China|1949}}: ~1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded<ref name=Womack/> *{{Flagu|Soviet Union}}: 16 dead<ref name="LMN" /> *{{Flagu|North Korea|1948}}: 14 dead<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2000 |title=North Korea fought in Vietnam War |work=[[BBC News Online]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/696970.stm |access-date=18 October 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312063506/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/696970.stm|archive-date=12 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/NKIDP_eDossier_2_North_Korean_Pilots_in_Vietnam_War.pdf|title=North Korean Pilots in the Skies over Vietnam|last=Pribbenow|first=Merle|publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]|date=November 2011|access-date=3 March 2023|page=1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605173651/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/NKIDP_eDossier_2_North_Korean_Pilots_in_Vietnam_War.pdf|archive-date=5 June 2023}}</ref> }} {{Plainlist| * '''Total military dead:''' * ≈1,100,000 * '''Total missing:''' * ≈300,000 * '''Total military wounded:''' * ≈604,200 * (excluding [[Khmer Rouge]] and [[Pathet Lao]]) }} | casualties2 = {{Plainlist| * {{Flagu|South Vietnam}}: * 195,000–430,000 civilian dead<ref name=Hirschman/><ref name="Lewy">{{Cite book |last=Lewy |first=Guenter |title=America in Vietnam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-19-987423-1 |author-link=Guenter Lewy}}</ref>{{Rp|450–453}}{{sfn|Thayer|1985|p={{page needed|date=May 2025}}}} * Military dead: 313,000 (total)<ref name="Rummel">{{Citation |last=Rummel |first=R. J. |title=Vietnam Democide |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF |work=Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War, University of Hawaii System |year=1997 |format=GIF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313125242/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF|archive-date=13 March 2023}}</ref> 1,170,000 military wounded<ref name=Tucker/>{{Rp|}} * ≈1,000,000 captured<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hosmer |first1=Stephen T. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Brian Michael |last3=Kellen |first3=Konrad |title=The Fall of South Vietnam: Statements by Vietnamese Military and Civilian Leaders |date=1978 |publisher=Rand |isbn=978-0-8330-0045-3 |oclc=855302546 |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R2208.html }}{{page needed|date=May 2025}}</ref> * {{Flagu|United States|1960}}: * 58,281 dead<ref name="2new">{{Cite press release |title=2021 NAME ADDITIONS AND STATUS CHANGES ON THE VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL |date=4 May 2021 |url=https://www.vvmf.org/News/2021-Name-Additions-and-Status-Changes-on-the-Vietnam-Veterans-Memorial/ |author=Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429132111/https://www.vvmf.org/News/2021-Name-Additions-and-Status-Changes-on-the-Vietnam-Veterans-Memorial/|archive-date=29 April 2023}}</ref> (47,434 from combat)<ref name="NARACasualties">{{Citation |title=National Archives–Vietnam War US Military Fatal Casualties |date=15 August 2016 |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam-war/casualty-statistics#hostile |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526173917/https://www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam-war/casualty-statistics#hostile |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NARACasualties"/> * 303,644 wounded<ref name="USd&w" group="A" /> * {{Flagu|Laos|1952}}: 15,000 army dead<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lomperis |first1=Timothy J. |title=From People's War to People's Rule: Insurgency, Intervention, and the Lessons of Vietnam |date=1996 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-2273-9 }}{{page needed|date=May 2025}}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1970}} Khmer Republic: unknown * {{Flagdeco|Third Republic of Korea}} South Korea: 5,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missing * {{Flagu|Australia}}: 526 dead; 3,129 wounded<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dva.gov.au/news/latest-stories/remembering-those-who-served-in-the-vietnam-war |title=Remembering those who served in the Vietnam War |access-date=18 August 2025 |year=2025 |publisher=Australian Government - Department of Veterans' Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian casualties in the Vietnam War, 1962–72 |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/vietnam/statistics |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=Australian War Memorial|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214111653/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/vietnam/statistics|archive-date=14 February 2023}}</ref> * {{Flagu|Thailand|1939}}: 351 dead<ref name=Tucker/>{{Rp|}} * {{Flagu|New Zealand}}: 37 dead<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 1965 |title=Overview of the war in Vietnam |url=http://vietnamwar.govt.nz/resources |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726010609/http://vietnamwar.govt.nz/resources |archive-date=26 July 2013 |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=New Zealand and the Vietnam War}}</ref> * {{Flagu|Taiwan}}: 25 dead;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2013 |title=America Wasn't the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War |url=http://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/10/02/the-international-vietnam-war-the-other-world-powers-that-fought-in-south-east-asia/ |access-date=10 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418045659/http://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/10/02/the-international-vietnam-war-the-other-world-powers-that-fought-in-south-east-asia/|archive-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> * 17 captured<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|115866424}} |title=Vietnam Reds Said to Hold 17 From Taiwan as Spies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/13/archives/vietnam-reds-said-to-hold-17-from-taiwan-as-spies.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 July 1964 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307170856/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/13/archives/vietnam-reds-said-to-hold-17-from-taiwan-as-spies.html |archive-date=7 March 2023 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|Fourth Philippine Republic}} Philippines: 9 dead;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Larsen |first1=Stanley Robert |last2=Collins, Jr. |first2=James Lawton |title=Allied Participation in Vietnam |date=2005 |url=https://history.army.mil/Portals/143/Images/Publications/Publication%20By%20Title%20Images/A%20Titles%20PDF/CMH_Pub_90-5-1.pdf?ver=kNA54nobZmjnmnuA6dNRng%3d%3d }}{{page needed|date=May 2025}}</ref> 64 wounded<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1970 |title=Asian Allies in Vietnam |url=http://175thengineers.homestead.com/Philcav.pdf |access-date=18 October 2015 |publisher=Embassy of South Vietnam|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521032045/http://175thengineers.homestead.com/Philcav.pdf|archive-date=21 May 2023}}</ref> }} {{Plainlist| * '''Total military dead:''' * 392,369 * '''Total military wounded:''' * ≈1,340,000<ref name=Tucker/>{{Rp|}} * (excluding [[Khmer National Armed Forces|FANK]]) * '''Total military captured:''' * ≈1,000,000 }} | casualties3 = {{Plainlist| * Vietnamese civilian dead: 405,000–2,000,000<ref name=Lewy/>{{Rp|450–453}}<ref name="Shenon">{{Cite news |last=Shenon |first=Philip |date=23 April 1995 |title=20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html |access-date=24 February 2011 |quote=The Vietnamese government officially claimed a rough estimate of 2 million civilian deaths, but it did not divide these deaths between those of North and South Vietnam |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527230912/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html|archive-date=27 May 2023 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Obermeyer">{{Cite journal |last1=Obermeyer |first1=Ziad |last2=Murray |first2=Christopher J. L. |last3=Gakidou |first3=Emmanuela |date=23 April 2008 |title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=336 |issue=7659 |pages=1482–1486 |doi=10.1136/bmj.a137 |pmc=2440905 |pmid=18566045 |quote=From 1955 to 2002, data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths{{Nbsp}}... 3.8 million in Vietnam}}</ref> * '''Vietnamese total dead''': 966,000<ref name=Hirschman/>–3,010,000<ref name=Obermeyer/> * '''Cambodian Civil War dead''': 275,000–310,000<ref name="Heuveline">{{Cite book |last=Heuveline |first=Patrick |title=Forced Migration and Mortality |publisher=[[National Academies Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-309-07334-9 |pages=102–104, 120, 124 |chapter=The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979 |quote=As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime.{{Nbsp}}... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less.}}</ref><ref name="Banister">{{Cite book |last1=Banister |first1=Judith |url=https://archive.org/details/genocidedemocrac00kier |title=Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community |last2=Johnson |first2=E. Paige |publisher=Yale University Southeast Asia Studies |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-938692-49-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/genocidedemocrac00kier/page/97 97] |quote=An estimated 275,000 excess deaths. We have modeled the highest mortality that we can justify for the early 1970s. |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Sliwinski">{{Cite book |last=Sliwinski |first=Marek |title=Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique |publisher=[[L'Harmattan]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-2-7384-3525-5 |pages=42–43, 48 |trans-title=The Khmer Rouge genocide: A demographic analysis}}</ref> * '''Laotian Civil War dead''': 20,000–62,000<ref name=Obermeyer/> * '''Non-Indochinese military dead''': 65,494 * '''Total dead''': 1,326,494–3,447,494 * {{Crossreference|For more information see [[Vietnam War casualties]] and [[List of aircraft losses of the Vietnam War|Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War]]}} }} | notes = {{flagicon image|Flag of FULRO.svg}} [[FULRO]] fought an [[FULRO insurgency|insurgency]] against both [[South Vietnam]] and [[North Vietnam]] with the [[Viet Cong]], and was supported by [[Cambodia]]. | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indochina Wars}} {{Campaignbox Vietnam War}} {{Campaignbox Vietnam War massacres}} }} '''Vietnam ke Larrai''' [[1959]] se [[1975]] talak chalaa. Ii larrai [[North Vietnam]] aur [[South Vietnam]] ke biich me rahaa. North Vietnam ke [[Soviet Union|USSR]] aur [[China]] support karat rahaa, jab ki South Vietnam ke [[United States]], [[South Korea]], [[Thailand]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], aur [[Philippines]] support karat rahaa. Ii larrai jon ki communists aur pro-American des ke biich me rahaa ke [[Cold War]] ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa. == Larrai ke kaaran == [[World War II]] se pahile, Vietnam, French colony [[Indochina]] ke ek hissa rahaa. World War II ke time, Japanese Indochina ke occupy kar liis rahaa. Larrai ke baad jab French logan Vietnam ke fir se aapan niche kare ke kosis karis tab uske virod Vietminh karis. Vietminh 1941 me communist party suruu karis rahaa aur iske leader [[Ho Chi Minh|Hồ Chí Minh]] rahaa. July 1954 me France aur Vietminh [[Geneva Peace Accord]] sign karin jiske niche Vietminh North Vietnam ke sarkar banis aur anti-communist Vietnamese, jaada kar ke Catholics, "regrouped" South me, Bao Dai ke niche, jon ki pahile ke emperor rahaa ke niche sarkar banaa. == References == {{reflist}} == Duusra websites == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3798581.stm The herbicide Agent Orange has left a lasting legacy on Vietnam] {{commons}} [[Category:V]] [[Category:Vietnam]] 3wvae1tgnw5yg01snc895p4jsfnzv21 Iliad 0 8902 338031 301839 2026-09-03T10:02:35Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 338031 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Akhilleus Patroklos Antikensammlung Berlin F2278.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Achilles]] tending the wounded Patroclus]] [[File:Beginning Iliad.svg|thumb|right|250px|The first verse of the ''Iliad'']] [[File:Homeric Greece-en.svg|thumb|250px|Map of Homeric Greece.]] '''''Iliad''''' <ref>[[Greek language]] Ἰλιάς; spelled in English with a single '''l''', as in Greek. The word comes from ''Ileum'', an alternative name for Troy.</ref> Greek [[literature]] ke sab se purana jinda [[art]] work hae. Bahut din talak [[Oral history|oral]] [[epic poem]] rahe ke baad, iske 8th century BC me likha gais rahaa. == Other websites == {{wikisource|Author:Homer|Iliad}} {{wikiquote-en|Homer|Iliad}} * [http://publicliterature.org/books/iliad/xaa.php ''Iliad''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316151549/http://publicliterature.org/books/iliad/xaa.php |date=2010-03-16 }}, online version of the work by [[Homer]] (English). Pope translation. * ''Iliad'' in Ancient Greek: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hom.+Il.+1.1 from the Perseus Project] (PP), with the Murray and Butler translations and hyperlinks to mythological and grammatical commentary; [http://www.library.northwestern.edu/homer/html/application.html via the Chicago Homer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011052417/http://www.library.northwestern.edu/homer/html/application.html |date=2007-10-11 }}, with the Lattimore translation and markup indicating formulaic repetitions == Note == {{Reflist}}  [[Category:Greek mythology]] [[Category:Classical Greek literature]] 3z6usq7sy4aqm0rrpj6wiwahqwbp59f Polytheism 0 9210 338030 182256 2026-09-03T10:01:10Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 338030 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polytheism''' me dher bhagwaan me biswas karaa jaawe hae. Ek jan, jon polytheism me biswas kare hae ke '''polytheist''' bolaa jaawe hae. Ek [[dharam]] jisme polytheism me biswas karaa jaawe hae ke '''polytheistic dharam''' bolaa jaawe hae. Jaada kae ke, polytheistic dharam me dher rakam ke bhagwan kebaar me khissa rahe hae. Ii rakam ke sab se jaana maana polytheistic dharam Greek mythology me paawa jaawe hae. Duusra log jon ki polytheists rahin me Celts aur Norse rahin. Kuchh log, galtii se ii soche hae ki [[Hindi]] dharam ek polytheistic dharam hae. {{stub}} {{religion-stub}} [[Category:Dharam]] aa3zh09xc8xfvkr2zqy9xbkwetlj15v Hawaii 0 9919 338042 275586 2026-09-03T10:12:16Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 338042 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hawaii''', [[United States dollar|United States]] ke ek [[state]] hae. Iske [[capital]] city [[Honolulu]] hae aur sab se barraa [[city]] Honolulu hae. Ii [[1959]] me ek state banaa. Hawaii ke jagha 10,931 sq mi (29,311 km²) hae, jiske matlab ii hae ki ii America ke 43rd sab se barraa state hae. Iske abaadi 1,211,537 hae. [[Category:America ke state]] [[Category:Polynesia]] asd6shg81jqu0ub053equohnydrvwvb Amauna 0 10658 337896 192224 2026-09-02T23:53:29Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337896 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Amauna''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/C656F6 Amauna ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224100112/https://www.mapmyindia.com/C656F6 |date=2025-02-24 }} [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 9r1dniuleztsymcb6vihxqddiaf6gi3 Amrori 0 10661 337897 268490 2026-09-02T23:58:04Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337897 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Amrori''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/87EDB8 Amrori ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230082458/https://www.mapmyindia.com/87EDB8 |date=2021-12-30 }} == References == [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} d3eeoocrmeapdx2mwpds4oc7n6un9s8 Asuri 0 10668 337899 192214 2026-09-03T00:12:50Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337899 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Asuri''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/4E615E Asuri ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224100000/https://www.mapmyindia.com/4E615E |date=2025-02-24 }} [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} bolwzvd0a071jbqwuynlkpfyljuytev Balchanda 0 10689 337901 192193 2026-09-03T00:21:41Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337901 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Balchanda''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/CATTTD Balchanda ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513185209/https://www.mapmyindia.com/CATTTD |date=2021-05-13 }} [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} rj1cxby0anzgoadbem47adlnu83e2at Banmali 0 10694 337903 192188 2026-09-03T00:27:57Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337903 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Banmali''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/B282D6 Banmali ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224095904/https://www.mapmyindia.com/B282D6 |date=2025-02-24 }} [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} bx15mgyftertl8alcw7p22ckbe5l4j7 Bhima 0 10773 337906 194793 2026-09-03T00:42:41Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337906 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Bhima''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/CC3114 Bhima ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222085222/https://www.mapmyindia.com/CC3114 |date=2024-12-22 }} == References == [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} er7n5s0ktr6uccxnwkwdcxdga1g9efc Bisaria Patti 0 10787 337910 192096 2026-09-03T00:55:13Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337910 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Bisaria Patti''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/33S76T Bisaria Patti ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 85d0derseoxhlzbvgte5j3rigvfn5pe Dargahiganj 0 10830 337914 192053 2026-09-03T01:14:18Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337914 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Dargahiganj''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/8EA7E8 Dargahiganj ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} qr0we5vycl7pbi459bwpyyzgw2wc85h Deopura 0 10840 337918 192043 2026-09-03T01:27:17Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337918 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Deopura''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/86BCT6 Deopura ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222095909/https://www.mapmyindia.com/86BCT6 |date=2024-12-22 }} [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} n2hz8vzezwfa5ff4y5ak978u92nztps Dhanesri 0 10845 337920 320885 2026-09-03T01:33:25Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337920 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Dhanesri''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/5AE663 Dhanesri ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} sduj7hc1xim4a4bb2o24hdpexkfhxhv Dumaria 0 10871 337923 192012 2026-09-03T01:44:54Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337923 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Dumaria''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/3ECCDE Dumaria ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 3sy55qp4jh5u0nrusdnidgrxnt0m47q Eidgah 0 10874 337924 192009 2026-09-03T01:49:31Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337924 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|Bihar ke districts]] '''Eidgah''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/EA723S Eidgah ke jagha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222091952/https://www.mapmyindia.com/EA723S |date=2024-12-22 }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} o4gvegp5f4666td3jq05fpgez2t69ov Farasat 0 10876 337925 192007 2026-09-03T01:56:50Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337925 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|Bihar ke districts]] '''Farasat''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == *[http://mapmyindia.com/1B76S2 Farasat ke jagha]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} ftc0buezvoyqftp5pn7bk2fnbkx3drp Gamharia 0 10883 337926 192000 2026-09-03T02:14:29Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337926 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Gamharia''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/E65E41 Gamharia ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 3t69cenono5z36d65anad411s421w6x Gharakhal 0 10895 337930 191988 2026-09-03T02:30:07Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337930 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Gharakhal''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/44D332 Gharakhal ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} hlbx3wrikifwglwzjsjpvmtnpur34q2 Harpur Kalan 0 10924 337937 191959 2026-09-03T02:56:26Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337937 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Harpur Kalan''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/76D8CE Harpur Kalan ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} ctr04438lqgt9zui34lqbnqs4xq6dof Hatpothia 0 10932 337938 191951 2026-09-03T03:00:48Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337938 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Hatpothia''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/AD1SCE Hatpothia ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} qsa346s87j4g0amk1gz42byhwmpiola Indarpur 0 10939 337941 257358 2026-09-03T03:13:24Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337941 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Indarpur''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. mera bharat mahan hai== Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/ED3E3D Indarpur ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926110121/https://www.mapmyindia.com/ED3E3D |date=2025-09-26 }} [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] bfmswjg5jyjvds8271u9tj76vtgg8sa Kamaldaha 0 10964 337947 191919 2026-09-03T03:43:15Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337947 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Kamaldaha''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/D321A8 Kamaldaha ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} lncrgv8sh4nqzee01096mzxbkp193hc Kamladorha 0 10967 337948 191916 2026-09-03T03:46:19Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337948 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Kamladorha''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/CD2T27 Kamladorha ke jagha ]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} bmyvv7oml1zsz634b1pben36utq8do3 Khaira 0 10985 337954 191898 2026-09-03T04:05:18Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337954 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Khaira''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/3E8742 Khaera ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 0j39sto3ge104feerjpvcbmpisqjz0x Khajuri Milik 0 10988 337956 191895 2026-09-03T04:11:27Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337956 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Khajuri Milik''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/45S51D Khajuri Milik]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} eiktdl934jwxfvucia8j7z9enf59ezv Khirdaha 0 10997 337958 191886 2026-09-03T04:17:43Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337958 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|Bihar ke districts]] '''Khirdaha''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/F618TF Khirdaha ke jagha]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} mm6wlykq8sc6hvu16uevgrmhxzy347c Kotahpur 0 11014 337961 191869 2026-09-03T04:29:04Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337961 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Kotahpur''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/3DTD18 Kotahpur ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 2okgpfubkt6yakcpmizwgdxfirkva1b Kuchgaon 0 11018 337962 191865 2026-09-03T04:33:48Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337962 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Kuchgaon''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/2BB26F Kuchgaon ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 5b4o1nyeivh3ep0kg7unwyisfzdxi0q Kurwa Lachhmipur 0 11026 337963 238325 2026-09-03T04:36:59Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337963 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Kurwa Lachhmipur''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/DT188F Kurwa Lachhmipur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007115455/https://www.mapmyindia.com/DT188F |date=2025-10-07 }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} nx9erv7l29jektekss791glt20hst32 Lachhmipur Gachh 0 11031 337964 191852 2026-09-03T04:40:22Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337964 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Lachhmipur Gachh''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/8BCAB1 Lachhmipur Gachh ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 19gvdf7howx2qj2a8me76zsb6qli51f Marichgaon 0 11078 337969 191805 2026-09-03T05:05:28Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337969 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Marichgaon''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/D28E4D Marichgaon ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 70xtuad5w5z7xs538ofr1azqt1jazqx Nakta 0 11102 337974 191781 2026-09-03T05:33:30Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337974 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Nakta''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/7S2414 Nakta ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} fz0fk54gllngg728xmkvedwc2cpm8jd Nakta Khurd 0 11103 337975 191780 2026-09-03T05:36:31Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337975 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|Bihar ke districts]] '''Nakta Khurd''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/T44B66 Nakta Khurd ke jagha]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 4y0vavkc2magfrs9uezt2kdrr2rwhhf Nananpur 0 11104 337976 191779 2026-09-03T05:41:02Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337976 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Nananpur''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/5TCC28 Nananpur ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} nd3r25l8ive2bj0tk2bollck81sncyv Nawalganj Pitamber 0 11113 337977 191770 2026-09-03T05:45:00Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337977 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Nawalganj Pitamber''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/8SSCB7 Nawalganj Pitamber ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} n2lcitav66hviyjg4vc4kftqe9llcpk Pahara Sikti 0 11121 337981 191762 2026-09-03T06:02:21Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337981 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Pahara Sikti''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/16C475 Pahara Sikti ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 2jn0o3aykiha1ymrzo2tnsoq2nioc9y Palasmani 0 11129 337982 191754 2026-09-03T06:05:30Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337982 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|Bihar ke districts]] '''Palasmani''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/D3525C Palasmani ke jagha]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[C== References == <references /> ategory:Araria ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} krd5nx2y8smeo6dqh9ghdenvlo1kobc Parasi 0 11134 337983 191749 2026-09-03T06:10:16Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337983 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Parasi''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/7A2F17 Parasi ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} d0c26fsf3c9c6bzsirachfgm4vkfuj9 Parshadpur 0 11140 337984 191743 2026-09-03T06:13:23Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337984 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Parshadpur''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/4BDE3T Parshadpur ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} l2nnrkw9hesjjek0zby8dpup5jkpp7s Pharkia 0 11149 337987 191734 2026-09-03T06:24:34Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337987 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Pharkia''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/E84DDA Pharkia ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} roq403sdclkxch7tchi2xccxgbadx8b Rajbaili 0 11174 337993 287758 2026-09-03T06:43:40Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337993 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Rajbaili''' [[hindustan]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/BF88DF Rajbaili ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 7z27p598ceq0mxi7hzpj47arfpz8csp Rangdaha 0 11183 337994 191700 2026-09-03T06:46:53Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337994 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Rangdaha''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/E81FAE Rangdaha ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} p19oqjvfh2j7sk4e9jx20x7p5q9j9kj Rupauli 0 11189 337999 191694 2026-09-03T07:05:54Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337999 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Rupauli''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/CE28A1 Rupauli ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} l9zf5684tqvhlt710rckjl4rd8mnl1s Saidabad 0 11194 338000 337070 2026-09-03T07:09:47Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338000 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Saidabad''' [[India]] ke Bihar state ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/DA6S8D Saidabad ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} cj41zdp3yum5e45pidzilj69skfry5b Singar Mohani 0 11223 338009 191660 2026-09-03T07:39:13Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338009 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Singar Mohani''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/8CEABC Singar Mohani ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} ix5ruz4hiju4v63lpb7oos3maw2g8xr Sirsia 0 11226 338010 191657 2026-09-03T07:42:11Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338010 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|Bihar ke districts]] '''Sirsia''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/S5DEE5 Sirsia ke jagha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222104718/https://www.mapmyindia.com/S5DEE5 |date=2024-12-22 }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} p93sqz10rhcwnjkfxfj3w64duc9arpv Tamganj Toufir 0 11246 338014 191637 2026-09-03T08:03:32Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338014 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|Bihar ke districts]] '''Tamganj Toufir''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/B6E7D6 Tamganj Toufir ke jagha]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} jalouvvxlc4x31cpmhriykmdnzc7kp0 Tamkura 0 11247 338015 191636 2026-09-03T08:06:35Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338015 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Tamkura''' [[India]] ke state Bihar ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/8SSB8C Tamkura ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} g6mw5myxct1t572hxkdotd9wou8wy9e Angrahi 0 11298 337898 191585 2026-09-03T00:06:11Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337898 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Angrahi''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/16CDD2 Angrahi ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} fr1hebpqce1157trmlv8tgh7tibtelu Aurangabad (M) - Ward No.6 0 11334 337900 310483 2026-09-03T00:17:37Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337900 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Aurangabad (M) - Ward No.6''' [[India]] ke [[Bihar]] state ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/6867TF Aurangabad ke jagha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128105045/https://www.mapmyindia.com/6867TF |date=2021-11-28 }} * [http://www.enotes.com/topic/List_of_villages_in_Aurangabad_district%2C_Bihar List of villages in Aurangabad district, Bihar] == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} bvkyr2nepujotw3rf8vudosa0sgfo4r Bankat 0 11400 337902 191485 2026-09-03T00:24:57Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337902 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Bankat''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/S23127 Bankat ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417015628/https://www.mapmyindia.com/S23127 |date=2021-04-17 }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} hczrut1var96ff6787xfz4wjo4mhzdl Barpa 0 11429 337904 191456 2026-09-03T00:31:04Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337904 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Barpa''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/1S325F Barpa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 8afl61l7mpg6yri5d2wewby1pt86win Batawan 0 11445 337905 191440 2026-09-03T00:34:19Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337905 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Batawan''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/3T5ECC Batawan ke jagha]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} kuddrklzuveah32ocrhkd8or1kis6vq Bhurkurya 0 11520 337907 191367 2026-09-03T00:45:50Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337907 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Bhurkurya''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/4F12F3 Bhurkurya ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} nlu88wzbctfeh7ihmc4a6dc8slu5430 Bijauli 0 11524 337908 191363 2026-09-03T00:48:58Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337908 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Bijauli''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/267173 Bijauli ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} dxjuzowcnl4iu1dn94vm0dkb81s2o8w Bijulia 0 11526 337909 191361 2026-09-03T00:52:02Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337909 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Bijulia''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/SCT328 Bijulia ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} a57ozcnh3eckhtssoulmnq8onu8ph9x Chein Nawada 0 11585 337913 191302 2026-09-03T01:07:05Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337913 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Chein Nawada''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/CTECC1 Chein Nawada ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} lf4bvbd21hi9g4710yi5xx03kh8dvy0 Dasaunti 0 11625 337915 191262 2026-09-03T01:17:17Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337915 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Dasaunti''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/T1TCS3 Dasaunti ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} rde2m8kda5ywpsaznj2bm8afrp4mfh9 Daudnagar (M) - Ward No.9 0 11642 337916 191245 2026-09-03T01:20:20Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337916 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Daudnagar (M) - Ward No.9''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == *[http://mapmyindia.com/6422E4 Daudnagar ke jagha ke chhapa ]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{stub}} {{Jagha stub}} cgwf9h4cer187irkgpuna1p5tuw14d3 Deohara 0 11654 337917 191233 2026-09-03T01:24:01Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337917 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Deohara''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/4F1TA2 Deohara ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 2umxqcdc384sfldhv1pyfqboomsyv3k Deoriya 0 11657 337919 191230 2026-09-03T01:30:14Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337919 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Deoriya''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/8T1BF6 Deoriya ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} d2tpwi34c59hhdgiksuljmi78k72ids Dhanjaia 0 11677 337921 191210 2026-09-03T01:36:21Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337921 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Dhanjaia''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/41ECD2 Dhanjaia ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} bze82upz4h2rn84d51ibrhqye3921uy Dihra 0 11702 337922 191185 2026-09-03T01:39:44Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337922 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Dihra''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/E3SE45 Dihra ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} nfq82jd2i1d81yk271hc9fx3f3jzivt Gangtua 0 11747 337927 191140 2026-09-03T02:19:02Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337927 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Gangtua''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/E8TCTA Gangtua ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{stub}} {{Jagha stub}} iu23kh9w5ig1a3uek3qaiwxyficx3fz Gaura 0 11754 337928 191133 2026-09-03T02:22:03Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337928 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Gaura''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/1S4422 Gaura ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222085050/https://www.mapmyindia.com/1S4422 |date=2024-12-22 }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{stub}} {{Jagha stub}} tsbbajx1t2md6xm8ri9swh1nk29flmx Gerua 0 11757 337929 223514 2026-09-03T02:27:06Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337929 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Gerua''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. Bahaari jorr * [http://mapmyindia.com/TFCS2F Gerua ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223000543/https://www.mapmyindia.com/TFCS2F |date=2024-12-23 }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Kerala) ke Gaon]] {{stub}} {{Jagha stub}} jd9qi3uwmvkfolsa5vt2pbi1a8z6zl4 Ghataro 0 11761 337931 191126 2026-09-03T02:33:06Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337931 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Ghataro''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/172BES Ghataro ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{stub}} {{Jagha stub}} m2eeun1fpip1vi49boan5pbe5douo9g Ghuranand 0 11780 337932 191107 2026-09-03T02:37:41Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337932 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Ghuranand''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/E6763T Ghuranand ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{stub}} {{Jagha stub}} 0z3k30usww4luapkefjgkfpch8c76kv Gogo, Bihar 0 11786 337933 191101 2026-09-03T02:42:12Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337933 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Gogo, Bihar''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/76C466 Gogo ke jagha]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} o44wewckdcki0hruy2pjku3vjh5syfx Hakaspur Tika 0 11808 337935 191079 2026-09-03T02:49:07Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337935 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Hakaspur Tika''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/5A2S8T Hakaspur Tika ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{stub}} {{Jagha stub}} m0kvef2haj8ew6x3ko2smiq7r3fgn4t Hamidnagar 0 11809 337936 191078 2026-09-03T02:52:08Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337936 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Hamidnagar''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/ST51A7 Hamidnagar ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{stub}} {{Jagha stub}} i3ln2ktz14kvdvsi968veyzhasrcxp3 Hazari 0 11831 337939 191057 2026-09-03T03:03:53Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337939 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Hazari''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/5D7ADC Hazari ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} d8r2mv5lewnm6d1tqgmec546tcdgt3p Imanpur 0 11839 337940 191049 2026-09-03T03:09:45Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337940 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Imanpur''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/642BST Imanpur ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250930033534/https://www.mapmyindia.com/642BST |date=2025-09-30 }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} khu3r0xiivf4rfi5ln3is7lezz5f77r Jaisri Bigha 0 11862 337942 191026 2026-09-03T03:24:48Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337942 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Jaisri Bigha''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/AC67SB Jaisri Bigha ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} ll1fdubzz9inv66otie5lo4nsuo7vmm Jamuain 0 11878 337943 191010 2026-09-03T03:28:04Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337943 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Jamuain''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/A1C552 Jamuain ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 4ramz8hlf31csxlz9e9aq9dlg3ku816 Jamugain 0 11880 337944 191008 2026-09-03T03:31:04Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337944 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Jamugain''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/4T81F4 Jamugain ke jagha]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} n5bl14v92a5pkzycykvb1ypf4hmnvp2 Jhinguri 0 11894 337945 275521 2026-09-03T03:34:49Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337945 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Jhinguri''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/85S7D4 Jhinguri ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 29u78nhgrwdwin6x9s3c46s08vp6xkt Kajhwan 0 11916 337946 190973 2026-09-03T03:40:04Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337946 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Kajhwan''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/FDFEB4 Kajhwan ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} ja19czt5sfxph4zvyv7a1kw0iz4dz6m Kanker 0 11931 337949 329910 2026-09-03T03:49:26Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337949 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Kanker''' [[India]] ke [[Bihar]] state, ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/48E628 Kanker ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{stub}} {{Jagha stub}} ol6qqgu9ff8szw8ut75m30abltha0y6 Karma Bala 0 11948 337950 190941 2026-09-03T03:52:49Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337950 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Karma Bala''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/FF3BDS Karma Bala ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} fjwh02y376lmbdsabslfno3x2q53vah Kasman 0 11973 337951 190916 2026-09-03T03:55:56Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337951 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Kasman''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/ATDBEC Kasman ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} iq7p165xroqcuv0ruo5d56o2cq0x19x Kataia 0 11974 337952 190915 2026-09-03T03:58:54Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337952 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Kataia''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/E56TDS Kataia ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} trce7e0wt3ibjanc9dh7odeiha2opg0 Kawla 0 11983 337953 190906 2026-09-03T04:02:06Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337953 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Kawla''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/ES811S Kawla ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} m5t5hd4aa6v42n8ocs7zm8bn85988xb Khaira Sarim 0 12002 337955 190887 2026-09-03T04:08:19Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337955 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Khaira Sarim''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/88SBE5 Khaira Sarim ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 968cgvf8n6um77ebk874vhioqp31wzl Khardiha 0 12021 337957 190868 2026-09-03T04:14:31Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337957 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Khardiha''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/2F1BB2 Khardiha ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222085154/https://www.mapmyindia.com/2F1BB2 |date=2024-12-22 }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 12wdf7t857fwkcu9f2wnl3vhopk5pix Khutaha 0 12039 337959 190850 2026-09-03T04:22:11Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337959 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Khutaha''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/TSB2C7 Khutaha ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} opdxvttp6lpwjpwg9gtlw2xn33hx7dq Kona (Aurangabad) 0 12047 337960 190842 2026-09-03T04:25:45Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337960 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Kona (Aurangabad)''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == *[http://mapmyindia.com/62TEF7 Kona (Aurangabad) ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} mo1m24f9gz0hna4aest5dnlkib8wqtd Madarpur 0 12102 337965 190787 2026-09-03T04:48:26Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337965 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Madarpur''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/8488E2 Madarpur ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225191854/https://www.mapmyindia.com/8488E2 |date=2024-12-25 }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} nj8na0gxjicdm0fnzxlj2yhlipd9v60 Mahtha 0 12117 337966 190773 2026-09-03T04:51:42Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337966 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Mahtha''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/562FES Mahtha ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} cvjnhiqd7454s295jz90xxbsh0e1ert Makhra 0 12138 337967 323547 2026-09-03T04:54:43Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337967 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Makhra''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/6F58SD Makhra ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222135551/https://www.mapmyindia.com/6F58SD |date=2024-12-22 }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:M]] [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} sl28pfnesdunzgg2tvwzxr0792jx05g Malwan 0 12146 337968 190744 2026-09-03T04:59:14Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337968 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Malwan''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/6ASEE5 Malwan ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222091349/https://www.mapmyindia.com/6ASEE5 |date=2024-12-22 }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{stub}} {{Jagha stub}} 2jvak9enwnlyjdl2b5ygmdg7nfh9n59 Mirganj (Aurangabad) 0 12179 337970 310826 2026-09-03T05:14:33Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337970 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Mirganj (Aurangabad)''' [[India]] ke [[Bihar]] state ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/8F645E Mirganj (Aurangabad) ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 56d3s018pv285q1r5zg5arkxsuy2m1i Misir Tendua 0 12184 337971 321717 2026-09-03T05:17:37Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337971 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Misir Tendua''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/SA1TAS Misir Tendua ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} j9k47pdk22ctwezy6sokptytcldk4vf Mohar Karman 0 12193 337972 190697 2026-09-03T05:20:44Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337972 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Mohar Karman''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/26CT3A Mohar Karman ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} p44x3xh8lnfw62ds5hswhyjty1lla8a Muradpur 0 12208 337973 190682 2026-09-03T05:25:56Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337973 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Muradpur''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/82BAT8 Muradpur ke jagha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222100447/https://www.mapmyindia.com/82BAT8 |date=2024-12-22 }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 0z61qxjqpddxjm6zqhki25y7r1pof4b Neapur 0 12255 337978 190635 2026-09-03T05:48:07Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337978 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Neapur''' [[India]] ke state Bihar ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/TB1S57 Neapur ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} kz9u9bnsrclmo48sftc3v5edqy2wf3x Neura Surajmal 0 12260 337979 190630 2026-09-03T05:51:17Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337979 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Neura Surajmal''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/35B15C Neura Surajmal ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} qdbhmfdxhlu804td9dwkcco0ixxj287 Niranjanpur 0 12269 337980 190621 2026-09-03T05:54:52Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337980 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|Bihar ke districts]] '''Niranjanpur''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/8EFEE8 Niranjanpur ke jagha]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} fa44pq03wjltwohj3ebypvivxvpernw Pathraur 0 12331 337985 190559 2026-09-03T06:16:37Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337985 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Pathraur''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/AC23AB Pathraur ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 9ykqasiypx9nhkspxtkt96f9f6hyhgh Pauthu 0 12336 337986 190554 2026-09-03T06:19:49Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337986 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Pauthu''' [[India]] ke state Bihar ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/44255S Pauthu ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} gb774jzgij6czetl8dhxn2oamyaq56v Phesara 0 12347 337988 190543 2026-09-03T06:27:30Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337988 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Phesara''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/8TFC5A Phesara ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} ezmd1q49u7y34j0t9dqapnedbnw59q5 Pipardih 0 12352 337989 190538 2026-09-03T06:30:46Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337989 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|Bihar ke districts]] '''Pipardih''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/C7161C Pipardih ke jagha]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} pgeazz2a44ttl8lf6easrk2jep6rmr7 Poiwan 0 12367 337990 196294 2026-09-03T06:35:22Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337990 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|Bihar ke districts]] '''Poiwan''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ke ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/CACECD Poiwan ke jagha]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} ss2ytxqvcouu28xi99ret5mdmi30ojz Rafiganj 0 12379 337991 236455 2026-09-03T06:40:30Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337991 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Rafiganj''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek town hai.Yahan 70000 people Rahte hai. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/1BCC64 Rafiganj ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426062214/https://www.mapmyindia.com/1BCC64 |date=2025-04-26 }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} rg6e3htld99mtkedtx0bd6v4j6rq6wc Rafiganj (NA) 0 12380 337992 190510 2026-09-03T06:40:31Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337992 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Rafiganj (NA)''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/1BCC64 Rafiganj (NA) ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426062214/https://www.mapmyindia.com/1BCC64 |date=2025-04-26 }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 1bz4b3ba1lfv7ya4ndx38ice2j4n53e Rasulpur 0 12410 337995 287760 2026-09-03T06:51:20Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337995 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Rasulpur''' [[bhaarat]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/1T2T2C Rasulpur ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} md5buhqbxt9gzhd5iuhhnybmv5uyua1 Ratan Khap 0 12411 337996 190479 2026-09-03T06:54:16Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337996 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Ratan Khap''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/E71142 Ratan Khap ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 6wstr6fk8fjpilcl17wpy2dosutf8sc Ratanwan 0 12415 337997 190475 2026-09-03T06:57:18Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337997 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|Bihar ke districts]] '''Ratanwan''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/522ES7 Ratanwan ke jagha]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} dl68yy9e5me5ya8j81qb7272jmhz69c Rukndi 0 12428 337998 190462 2026-09-03T07:02:52Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337998 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Rukndi''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/BC5STC Rukndi ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} afdc8xpwbi8elp55ieh0toag9qy1b6f Sakarkhori 0 12451 338001 190439 2026-09-03T07:13:02Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Sakarkhori''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/S11AC1 Sakarkhori ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{stub}} {{Jagha stub}} ghil0afv8tmly4t840q6k7nrytn2ypm Samahuta 0 12457 338002 190434 2026-09-03T07:16:12Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338002 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Samahuta''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/BTSE74 Samahuta ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ==Bahaari jorr== == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} c8d8xpv45fqe5rar0euftahgkqe1yt9 Satuahi 0 12481 338003 190410 2026-09-03T07:20:20Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338003 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Satuahi''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/2DE85T Satuahi ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 5ksg91rdiy2eg2vi5fnt1slusnejlph Sibanpur 0 12502 338005 190389 2026-09-03T07:26:53Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338005 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Sibanpur''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/22F246 Sibanpur ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ==Bahaari jorr== == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{stub}} {{Jagha stub}} jmlr5lbl00dot61tw080ts12ulf8rlq Sighna 0 12504 338006 190387 2026-09-03T07:29:59Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338006 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Sighna''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/TCCBF3 Sighna ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 7ir3qc0mu70jkpp52mbjel6gmdfcmvk Sikaria 0 12508 338007 190383 2026-09-03T07:33:00Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338007 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|Bihar ke districts]] '''Sikaria''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/646BE8 Sikaria ke jagha]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 9ro6vu3snbe5grgni5i09lyfhzlfz9q Simwan 0 12524 338008 190367 2026-09-03T07:36:06Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338008 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Simwan''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/8T838E Simwan ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 8x2blpqnm3igva0ne202rhf0u1qnm2m Sonhathu 0 12546 338011 235518 2026-09-03T07:45:32Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338011 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Sonhathu''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/78552F Sonhathu ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> {{Jagha stub}} [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] chy46zdu7u3j3fqcgppu7j8kxapaxyx Sonhauli 0 12547 338012 190344 2026-09-03T07:48:29Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338012 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Sonhauli''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/D7TA74 Sonhauli ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ==Bahaari jorr== == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{stub}} {{Jagha stub}} 3m2vz9kh9z7095plbi4zhonssfui7uk Surkhi 0 12562 338013 190329 2026-09-03T07:58:00Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338013 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Surkhi''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/TAF116 Surkhi ke jagha ke chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807024959/https://www.mapmyindia.com/TAF116 |date=2025-08-07 }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 01i146dpn1g58gaiyj4dvduaqrewffk Tamoli 0 12569 338016 190322 2026-09-03T08:09:34Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338016 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Tamoli''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/S82SBT Tamoli ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} a32lcxr54f48vfd0psfb0en7447rbhx Teap 0 12577 338017 190314 2026-09-03T08:14:12Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338017 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Teap''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/AD72CC Teap ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 47iykrnryo3hsf449qeeektoop8omv8 Telthua 0 12582 338018 190309 2026-09-03T08:17:14Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338018 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Telthua''' [[India]] ke state Bihar ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/47832T Telthua ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} 1bg1zkrbvrp2901mokk7kur2e5ptqur Thanapur 0 12598 338019 190293 2026-09-03T08:20:28Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Thanapur''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/431SD5 Thanapur ke jagha ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} mczve7gxj196cd60lf0pcd0dusoyzrn Ziauddinpur 0 12639 338020 190251 2026-09-03T08:37:01Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 338020 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Ziauddinpur''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://mapmyindia.com/342B72 Ziauddinpur ke [[jagha]] ke chhapa]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == References == <references /> [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]] {{Jagha stub}} aqx0d5nlqawjno797nggnu2gg8ayezr Arab-Israeli conflict 0 21553 338027 337620 2026-09-03T09:59:25Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 338027 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arab–Israeli conflict''' ''Al-Sura'a Al'Arabi A'Israili''; , ''Ha'Sikhsukh Ha'Yisraeli-Aravi'') [[Arab people|Arabs]] aur [[Israelis]] ke biich ke larrai ke bola jaae hae. ==References== {{Reflist|35em}} ==Aur parrho== {{See also|Bibliography of the Arab-Israeli conflict}} *[[Associated Press]], comp. (1996). ''Lightning Out of Israel: [The Six-Day War in the Middle East]: The Arab-Israeli Conflict''. Commemorative Ed. Western Printing and Lithographing Company for the Associated Press. ASIN B000BGT89M. *[[Mitchell Bard|Bard, Mitchell]] (1999). ''Middle East Conflict''. Indianapolis: Alpha Books. ISBN 0-02-863261-3. *[[Gad Barzilai|Barzilai, Gad]] (1996). ''Wars, Internal Conflicts and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East''. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2944-X * Brown, Wesley H. & Peter F. Penner (ed.): ''Christian Perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict''. Neufeld Verlag, Schwarzenfeld 2008. ISBN 978-3-937896-57-1. *[[Jimmy Carter|Carter, Jimmy]] (2006). ''[[Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid]]''. New York: [[Simon and Schuster]]. ISBN 0-7432-8502-6. * Casper, Lionel L. (2003). ''Rape of Palestine and the Struggle for Jerusalem''. New York & Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-297-4. *[[Sabina Citron|Citron, Sabina]] (2006). ''The Indictment: The Arab-Israeli Conflict in Historical Perspective''. New York & Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-373-3. *{{cite book |last=Cramer |first=Richard Ben |year=2004 |title=How Israel Lost: The Four Questions |url=https://archive.org/details/howisraellostfou00cram |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |location=New York |isbn=0-7432-5028-1}} *[[Alan Dershowitz|Dershowitz, Alan]] (2004). ''The Case for Israel''. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-67952-6. * [[Avner Falk|Falk, Avner]] (2004). ''Fratricide in the Holy Land: A Psychoanalytic View of the Arab-Israeli Conflict.'' Madison: U of [[Wisconsin]] P. ISBN 0-299-20250-X *{{cite book |last=[[Gelvin]] |first=James L. |year=2005 |title=The Israel-Palestine Conflict: 100 Years of War |url=https://archive.org/details/israelpalestinec0000gelv |publisher=Cambridge UP |location=New York & Cambridge, Eng. |isbn=0-521-61804-5}} *{{cite book |last=Gold |first=Dore | authorlink = Dore Gold |year=2004 |title=Tower of Babble: How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos |url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_h8s1 |publisher=Crown Forum |location=New York |isbn=1-4000-5475-3}} *[[Norman Finkelstein|Finkelstein, Norman G.]] (2003). ''Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict''. Verso Books. ISBN 1-85984-442-1. *Goldenberg, Doron (2003). ''State of Siege''. Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-310-5. *[[Marc Gopin|Gopin, Marc]]. (2002). ''Holy War, Holy Peace: How Religion Can Bring Peace to the Middle East''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514650-6. *{{cite journal|last=Hamidullah|first=Muhammad |author-link=Muhammad Hamidullah |year=1986|month=January|title=Relations of Muslims with non-Muslims|journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs|volume=7|issue=1|page=9|doi=10.1080/13602008608715960}} * Howell, Mark (2007). ''What Did We Do to Deserve This? Palestinian Life under Occupation in the West Bank'', Garnet Publishing. ISBN 1-85964-195-4 *[[Raphael Israeli|Israeli, Raphael]] (2002). ''Dangers of a Palestinian State''. New York & Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-303-2. *[[Shmuel Katz (politician)|Katz, Shmuel]] (1973). ''Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine''. Shapolsky Pub. ISBN 0-933503-03-2. *{{cite book |last=Khouri |first=Fred J. |year=1985 |title=The Arab-Israeli Dilemma |url=https://archive.org/details/arabisraelidilem0000khou | edition = 3rd |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, NY |isbn=0-8156-2339-9}} *{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard | authorlink = Bernard Lewis |year=1984 |title=The Jews of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofislam0000lewi |publisher=Princeton UP |location=Princeton, NJ |isbn=0-691-05419-3}} *{{cite book |last=Lesch |first= David |year=2007 |title=The Arab-Israeli Conflict A History |url=https://archive.org/details/arabisraeliconfl0000lesc |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=0-19-517230-2}} *–––. (September 1990). "The Roots of Muslim Rage." ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]''. *[[Zeev Maoz|Maoz, Zeev]] (2006). ''Defending the Holy Land''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. ISBN 0-472-11540-5 *{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny | authorlink = Benny Morris |year=1999 |title=Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=0-679-42120-3}} *Morris, Benny (2009). ''1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War'', Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15112-1 *[[Yitzhak Reiter|Reiter, Yitzhak]] (2009). ''National Minority, Regional Majority: Palestinian Arabs Versus Jews in Israel (Syracuse Studies on Peace and Conflict Resolution)'', Syracuse Univ Press (Sd). ISBN 978-0-8156-3230-6 *Rogan, Eugene L., ed., and [[Avi Shlaim]], ed. (2001). ''The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948''. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-0-521-79476-3. *[[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]] (1999). ''One Palestine Complete: Jews and Arabs Under British Mandate''. New York: Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 0-8050-6587-3. ==External links== {{Sister project links}} ===Government and official sources=== * [http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs] **[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Victims+of+Palestinian+Violence+and+Terrorism+sinc.htm Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000] * [http://www.arableagueonline.org/ League of Arab States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013055010/http://www.arableagueonline.org/ |date=2016-10-13 }} * [http://www.mofa.gov.ps/ Palestinian Authority Ministry of Foreign Affairs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805011339/http://www.mofa.gov.ps/ |date=2010-08-05 }} * [http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/qpal/ United Nations on the Question of Palestine] * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/arabisrael.htm Arab-Israeli Conflict] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' ===Regional media=== ;Israeli * [http://www.ynetnews.com/ Israel News – Yedioth Aharonoth] Israel's largest newspaper, centrist [http://www.ynet.co.il/ (Hebrew)] * [http://www.jpost.com/ Jerusalem Post], Israel's oldest English newspaper, conservative * [http://www.haaretz.com/ Ha'aretz] Israeli newspaper, liberal * [http://www.jnewswire.com/ Jerusalem Newswire] Christian-run Jerusalem-based news website, conservative ;Arab * [http://www.dailystar.com.lb/ Lebanon Daily Star], largest English-circulation newspaper in the Arab world * [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/ Al Ahram], Egypt's largest newspaper (see also [[Al Ahram]]) * [http://www.palestinechronicle.com/ Palestine Chronicle], weekly electronic paper ===Think tanks and strategic analysis=== *[http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552621 Dean Peter Krogh Examines Prospects for Peace] from the [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives] * [http://www.ngo-monitor.org/ NGO Monitor], NGO watchdog group, highlighting perceived instances of anti-Israeli NGO bias * [http://www.jcpa.org/ Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs] * [http://www.passia.org/index_pfacts.htm Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041211100305/http://www.passia.org/index_pfacts.htm |date=2004-12-11 }}, Palestinian research organization * [http://www.ipcri.org/ Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125104211/http://www.ipcri.org/ |date=2014-01-25 }} Joint Israeli-Palestinian think tank * [http://www.merip.org/ Middle East Research and Information Project] (see also [[Middle East Research and Information Project]]) * [http://www.brookings.edu/saban.aspx Saban Center for Middle East Policy] (see also [[Saban Center for Middle East Policy]]) *[http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/ Washington Institute for Near East Policy] (see also [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]]) *[http://www.memri.org/conflict.html Original analysis of current developments in the peace-process] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301003045/http://www.memri.org/conflict.html |date=2006-03-01 }}, from [[Middle East Media Research Institute]] *[http://www.acpr.org.il/ The Ariel Center for Policy Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422071051/http://www.acpr.org.il/ |date=2006-04-22 }} *[http://www.acpr.org.il/ENGLISH-NATIV/05-issue/shapiro-5.htm A Regional Perspective on the Arab-Israeli Conflict by Jay Shapiro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807062521/http://www.acpr.org.il/ENGLISH-NATIV/05-issue/shapiro-5.htm |date=2011-08-07 }} *[http://www.jiis.org/ Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ===Peace proposals=== {{Main|List of Middle East peace proposals}} * [http://www.mideastweb.org/peaceplans.htm An historical summary of Middle East Peace Plans and Proposals] ===Maps=== *[http://www.mideastweb.org/maps.htm MideastWeb Middle East Map Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606011729/http://www.mideastweb.org/maps.htm |date=2010-06-06 }} *[http://factsofisrael.com/blog/index.php FactsOfIsrael.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031600/http://factsofisrael.com/blog/index.php |date=2017-02-07 }} Maps, history, statistics, victims *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east.html University of Texas Map Collection] ===General sources=== *[http://www.cfr.org/publication/13850/ Crisis Guide: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict from the Council on Foreign Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605162725/http://www.cfr.org/publication/13850/ |date=2010-06-05 }} *[http://www.dinur.org/resources/resourceCategoryDisplay.aspx?categoryid=780&rsid=478 Resources >Modern Period>20th Cent.>History of Israel>State of Israel] The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem *[http://www.FocusOnMideast.com/ Daily digest of commentary about the Arab-Israeli conflict from around the world] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2001/israel_and_the_palestinians/default.stm Israel and the Palestinians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226184942/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2001/israel_and_the_palestinians/default.stm |date=2009-02-26 }} *[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588322/Arab-Israeli_Conflict.html Encarta Encyclopedia on the Arab-Israeli Conflict]( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028022144/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588322/Arab-Israeli_Conflict.html |date=2009-10-28 }} 2009-10-31) * [http://historyteacher.net/Arab-Israeli_Conflict.htm Guide to the Arab-Israeli Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611211654/http://historyteacher.net/Arab-Israeli_Conflict.htm |date=2010-06-11 }}, includes links to historical sources, as well as sources representing the Arab and Israeli sides of the conflict. * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/flash/0,5860,720353,00.html The Guardian (UK) A Brief History of Arab-Israeli Conflict] (flash) *{{dmoz|Society/Issues/Warfare_and_Conflict/Specific_Conflicts/Middle_East/Israel-Palestine|Israel-Palestine Conflict}} * [http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/issued?openform&cat=Middle_East Diplomacy Monitor – Middle East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204203437/http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/issued?openform&cat=Middle_East |date=2012-02-04 }} * [http://www.israel-palaestina.de/ Information (articles, reports, maps, books, links, ...) on the israeli palestinian conflict (middle east conflict)] * [http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/israel_palestina/index.asp Holy Land, Unholy War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109191230/http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/israel_palestina/index.asp |date=2007-01-09 }} Independent coverage of the [[Middle East]] conflicts by the news agency [[Inter Press Service]] * [http://web.uconn.edu/polisci/people/faculty/doc/history_pressman.pdf "A Brief History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict"] by Jeremy Pressman {{Arab-Israeli Conflict|state=expanded}} {{Middle East conflict}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Arab–Israeli Conflict}} [[Category:Arab–Israeli conflict| ]] 1ocf2r700p3ezmli7mbkxes6iub28bw Ramon Llull 0 23656 338029 309381 2026-09-03T10:00:38Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 338029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ramon Llull | image = Ramon Llull.jpg | alt = Ramon Llull | caption = Ramon Llull | birth_name = | birth_date = c. 1232 | birth_place = Mallorca city (ab Palma), Majorca ka Kingdom | death_date = c. 1315 | death_place = Mallorca city (ab Palma), Majorca ka Kingdom | other_names = | religion = Roman Catholic | occupation = Lekhak, philosopher, logician, Franciscan tertiary | known_for = Catalan literature me kia kaam DE ROJAS ME KIERE SOY MARIA PLANELLES }} '''Ramon Llull''' (Catalan pronunciation: [rəˈmon ˈʎuʎ]; c. 1232 – c. 1315) (Anglicised kia jae hae: ''Raymond Lully'', ''Raymond Lull''; [[Latin]] me ''Raimundus'' ya ''Raymundus Lullus'' ya ''Lullius'') Majorcan lekhak aur philosopher, logician aur Franciscan tertiary rahaa. Llull ko Catalan bhasa ke literature ka sabse pahila barra kaam likahi ka crdit dia jae hae. == Bahari jorr == * [http://quisestlullus.narpan.net/eng/1_intro_eng.html Ramon Llull kaun rahaa? Centre de Documentació Ramon Llull, Universitat de Barcelona] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313073343/http://quisestlullus.narpan.net/eng/1_intro_eng.html |date=2013-03-13 }} * [http://www.ibri.org/Books/Zwemer/1902-Lull-MissMoslems/htm/doc.html Raymund Lull: First Missionary to the Muslims] by Samuel M. Zwemer * [http://www.escriptors.cat/autors/llullr Ramon Llull at the AELC] (Association of Writers in Catalan Language). Webpage in Catalan, English aur [[Spain|Spanish]]. * [http://www.lletra.net/en/author/ramon-llull Ramon Llull in LletrA, Catalan Literature Online (Open University of Catalonia)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212164155/http://www.lletra.net/en/author/ramon-llull |date=2016-12-12 }} {{en icon}} {{es icon}} {{ca icon}} * [http://lullianarts.net/ Site with fulltexts of Raymond Lull's books. Also music based on Lullian arts.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403194204/http://lullianarts.net/ |date=2014-04-03 }} * [http://orbita.bib.ub.edu/llull/p.asp?lang=en Ramon Llull Database, University of Barcelona] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016115701/http://orbita.bib.ub.edu/llull/p.asp?lang=en |date=2015-10-16 }} * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12670c.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' article of 1911] * [http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/saint.aspx?id=1426 Blessed Raymond Lull] * [http://lullianarts.net/Ars-Magna/1-2-3-4.htm The Ultimate General Art] * [http://www.raimunduslullus.eu/textos/teoriaconeixementtradanglesa.pdf Esteve Jaulent:The Theory of Knowledge and the Unity of Man according to Ramon Llull] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720171446/http://www.raimunduslullus.eu/textos/teoriaconeixementtradanglesa.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }} {{Persondata | NAME = Llull, Ramon | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Majorcan writer and philosopher | DATE OF BIRTH = | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Palma de Mallorca]], [[Crown of Aragon]] | DATE OF DEATH = June 29, 1315 | PLACE OF DEATH = Palma de Mallorca, Majorca }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Llull, Ramon}} [[vibhag:1232 janam]] [[vibhag:1315 maut]] [[vibhag:Catalonia ke log]] qtrf49zugvkil5aix41bh2rmzgqmobt Gretta Pecl 0 51901 337934 319274 2026-09-03T02:44:19Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337934 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gretta Pecl''' ek [[Australia]]n samudree paaristhitikeevid hain. Vah ostreliyan risarch kaunsil phyoochar phelo hain. Vah Tasmanian vishvavidyaalay mein samudree samaajashaastr kendr (seeemes) kee nideshak hain. Unka kaam jalavaayu parivartan ke lie prajaatiyon aur paaristhitikee tantr kee pratikriyaon par kendrit hai. Unke kaaryon mein jalavaayu parivartan ke lie praakrtik sansaadhan prabandhan ko anukoolit karane ke lie saamaajik-paaristhitik drshtikon ka upayog karana bhee shaamil hai. vah phish baayolojee end phishareej mein springar nechar rivyooj ke sampaadakeey bord mein hain. vah paaristhitikee ke vishay sampaadak hain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries|url=https://www.springer.com/journal/11160/editors|access-date=2021-06-18|website=Springer|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218224609/https://www.springer.com/journal/11160/editors|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Editorial Board|url=http://www.ecography.org/about-journal/editorial-board|access-date=2021-06-18|website=www.ecography.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622005630/https://www.ecography.org/about-journal/editorial-board|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Praarambhik Jeevan Aur Shiksha == Gretta Pecl Tasmania se hai. Unhonne 1994 mein jems kuk vishvavidyaalay mein snaatak kee upaadhi praapt kee. unhonne idiosaipius pygmaaius kee maansapeshiyon kee sanrachana aur gatisheelata par snaatak kee shiksha pooree kee. paichl apanee doktaret kee padhaee ke lie jems kuk yoonivarsitee mein rahee. unhonne 2000 mein peeechadee kee upaadhi praapt kee. unakee doktaret theesis ne ostreliya ke poorvee tat par do nikat se sambandhit sephalopod prajaatiyon ke jeevan-itihaas bhinnata kee tulana kee, sepiyotyoothis ostraalis aur sepiyotyoothis lesaniyaana. tasmaaniya vishvavidyaalay mein matsy anusandhaan aur vikaas nigam aur ostreliyaee anusandhaan parishad postadoktaral pheloship mein unaka shodh jaaree raha. vah sepiyotyoothis ostreliya ke aandolan ko dekh rahee thee. vah dhvanik sthaan aur tres tatv vishleshan ka upayog kar rahee thee.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.party-1508545|title=Pecl, Gretta - People and organisations|website=Trove|language=en|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.utas.edu.au/profiles/staff/imas/Gretta-Pecl|title=Gretta Pecl - Profiles|website=Profiles - University of Tasmania, Australia|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-05-29|archive-date=2019-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529215936/http://www.utas.edu.au/profiles/staff/imas/Gretta-Pecl|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Anusandhaan Aur Kairiyar == Gretta Pecl jalavaayu parivartan kee paaristhitikee ka adhyayan karata hai. usane adhyayan kiya ki garm hote mahaasaagaron mein vanyajeevon ka kya hota hai. usane mukhy roop se tasmaaniya ke tat ke garm paanee ka adhyayan kiya hai. 2009 mein, paichl ne renj eksatenshan detaabes aur maiping projekt (raidmap) kee sthaapana kee. yah ek bheed-bhaad vaala naksha hai jo machhaliyon ke saarvajanik darshanon ko ekatrit karata hai. ek kaaryashaala mein bhaag lene aur machhuaaron ko haal hee mein dekhe jaane ke baare mein jaanakaaree saajha karane ke baad, usane aisa kiya. prastut tasveeron ko satyaapit karane ke lie pariyojana vaigyaanikon kee ek teem ka upayog karatee hai. yah logon ko jalavaayu parivartan ke prati adhik jaagarook bana sakata hai. ve apane svayan ke vaataavaran mein baar-baar hone vaale parivartanon ko notis karate hain. redamaip ko 2010 mein royal joolojikal sosaitee of nyoo sauth vels vhaitalee avaard se sammaanit kiya gaya tha.<ref>{{Citation|last=University of Tasmania|title=Changing Oceans - Gretta Pecl|date=2015-06-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUPwGoP2bzo|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=ICES ASC 2019 - Keynote by Gretta Pecl|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SeK27HGUB0E|language=en|access-date=2021-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.redmap.org.au/|title=Redmap|website=Redmap|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://ecologyforthemasses.com/2018/10/31/gretta-pecl-climate-change-in-australian-waters/|title=Gretta Pecl: Climate Change in Coastal Waters|date=2018-10-31|website=Ecology for the Masses|language=en|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> 2009 mein, paichl ko alaaska-pheyarabainks vishvavidyaalay mein shaamil hone ke lie phulabrait prograam chhaatravrtti se sammaanit kiya gaya tha. usane adhyayan kiya ki kaise jalavaayu parivartan ne laal raaja kekade ko prabhaavit kiya hai. agale varsh unhen tasmaaniya vishvavidyaalay ke "raijing staars" mein se ek naamit kiya gaya. usane sahayogiyon ke saath ek intaraneshanal global mareen hotaspot netavark (gmhn) banaaya hai. vah samudr ke upayogakartaon aur prabandhakon ko ek saath laee. 2015 mein, paichl ko shaareerik aur paaristhitik tantr ka adhyayan karane ke lie ek ostreliyaee anusandhaan parishad phyoochar pheloship se sammaanit kiya gaya tha. isane samudree pranaaliyon ke maadhyam se prajaatiyon ke punarvitaran ko aadhaar banaaya tha. 2017 mein, paichl ne adhyayan kiya ki jalavaayu parivartan ke kaaran bhoomi aur taaje paanee kee prajaatiyon ka punarvitaran maanav svaasthy, bhalaee aur sanskrti ko kaise prabhaavit karata hai. in prabhaavon mein paryatan, manoranjak machhalee pakadane aur maleriya jaise svaasthy sambandhee khatare shaamil hain. vah 2014 se 2019 tak phish baayolojee aur phishareej mein rivyooj kee editar-in-cheeph theen. vah 2016 se 2020 tak siteejan sains: thyoree end praiktis kee esosiet editar theen.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=2010 Whitley Awards|journal=Australian Zoologist|volume=35|issue=4|pages=996–1004|doi=10.7882/AZ.2011.054|year=2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldsciencefestival.com.au/speakers/gretta-pecl-2017/|title=Gretta Pecl 2017|website=World Science Festival Brisbane|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-29|archive-date=2019-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529215933/https://www.worldsciencefestival.com.au/speakers/gretta-pecl-2017/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asfb.org.au/about/current-executive-council/show/1739|title=Executive Council » Australian Society For Fish Biology|website=www.asfb.org.au|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-05-29|archive-date=2020-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316082916/http://asfb.org.au/about/current-executive-council/show/1739|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} npewqgvpm6a8anw9gija2zifergm0pq Ana Rosario Contreras 0 51976 338032 302482 2026-09-03T10:03:11Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 338032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = | name =Ana Rosario Contreras  | honorific_suffix = | image = Venezuela ana rosario constreras (sq cropped).jpg  | image_upright = | landscape =  | alt =  | caption = Ana Rosario Contreras | native_name =Ana Rosario Contreras | native_name_lang = | pronunciation =Ana Rosario Contreras | birth_name =Ana Rosario Contreras  | birth_date =  | birth_place = Venezuela | age = | baptised =  | disappeared_date =  | disappeared_place = | disappeared_status = | death_date =  | death_place = | death_cause = | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates =  | burial_place =  | burial_coordinates =  | monuments = | nationality = Venezuela | other_names = | siglum = | citizenship = Venezuela | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | years_active = | era = | employer = | organization = | agent =  | known_for = International Women of Courage Award 2021 | notable_works =  | style = | net_worth =  | height =  | television = | title =  | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charges =  | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse =  | partner =  | children = | parents =  | mother =  | father =  | grandparents =  | grandmother =  | younger cousin =  | aunt =  | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} '''Ana Rosario Contreras''' [[Venezuela]] kee maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta aur nars hain. vah karaakas narsej esosieshan kee adhyaksh hain. kontrera maanav adhikaaron aur lokatantr kee aavashyakata ke lie khada hai. yah virodhiyon ko prataadit karane aur pareshaan karane kee sarakaaron kee aadat ke vipareet hai. unhen 2021 mein antarraashtreey mahila saahas puraskaar se sammaanit kiya gaya.<ref>https://www.state.gov/2021-international-women-of-courage-award-recipients-announced/?fbclid=IwAR2SjqVsdeMACkuUepLlkvyihsn8Uw4CpZLoeS3uqBvS5a8t8FyWF6pHf4E</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://presidenciave.com/regions/ana-rosario-contreras-its-time-for-venezuelans-to-understand-that-we-must-work-together/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-07 |archive-date=2021-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117004915/https://presidenciave.com/regions/ana-rosario-contreras-its-time-for-venezuelans-to-understand-that-we-must-work-together/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://finanzasdigital.com/2022/01/ana-rosario-contreras-sin-equipos/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-07 |archive-date=2022-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129111409/https://finanzasdigital.com/2022/01/ana-rosario-contreras-sin-equipos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://haciendopais.eldiario.com/ana-rosario-contreras</ref> == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} [[vibhag:Venezuela ke log]] i2z136gspw4ihuxqchee1imai4e2oq3 Iris Yassmin Barrios Aguilar 0 52009 338026 278450 2026-09-03T09:58:34Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 338026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Non-hif language}} [[File:Dr._Iris_Yassmin_Barrios_Aguilar_-_2014_IWOC_Awardee.png|thumb|Iris Yassmin Barrios Aguilar]] '''Iris Yassmin Barrios Aguilar''' (1962) gvaatemaala mein ek vakeel, nyaayaadheesh aur sarvochch jokhim pratham nyaayaalay a ke adhyaksh hae. bairiyos ne maariyaano gailvez vishvavidyaalay se kaanoon mein doktaret kee upaadhi praapt kee hae. unhonne pratiyogita se nyaayapaalika mein pravesh kiya. vah bees varshon talak aaparaadhik saja kee nyaayaadheesh rahii hain aur gvaatemaala mein sarvochch jokhim vaale pahale nyaayaalay kee adhyaksh hae. unhonne sena se jude kaee maamalon ka pareekshan kiya hae: gvaatemaala ko vitarit karane ke baad monasignor juaan jeraardee kee hatya: phir kabhee riport nahin; 1990 mein sena ke haathon ek maanavavigyaanee kee hatya, ya sepur zaarako phaarm par sainikon dvaara svadeshee mahilaon ko yaun daas banaane ka maamala. vah gvaatemaala ke poorv taanaashaah ephren riyos mont ke maamale mein nyaayaadheesh theen. us mukadame mein, mont ko may iksil svadeshee logon ke narasanhaar ka doshee paaya gaya tha. yah pahalee baar tha ki kisee raashtreey adaalat ne saabit kiya ki kisee raashtraadhyaksh ne apane desh mein narasanhaar kiya tha, jisane isee tarah ke any maamalon ke lie ek antararaashtreey misaal kaayam kee. phir bhee, 20 maee, 2013 ko, gvaatemaala ke sanvaidhaanik nyaayaalay ne saja ko radd kar diya, prakriya ko 19 aprail ko vaapas kar diya aur aadesh diya ki us bindu par pareekshan phir se shuroo kiya jae, yah dekhate hue ki adaalat ne us samay uthaee gaee chunautee ka samaadhaan nahin kiya. isake do sadasy hain, isalie aayojit sabhee nyaayik kaaryavaahee doharaee jaanee chaahie. 4 aprail 2014 se, use ek saal ke lie nilambit kar diya gaya hae, kyonki usake khilaaph epharen riyos mont se jude ek vakeel dvaara shikaayat kee gaee thee. bairiyos eguilar ne ek apeel daayar kee. bairiyos ko antarraashtreey mahila saahas puraskaar 2014. dvaara maanyata dee gaee thee 2013 mein, unhen [[Spain|Spanish]] vakeelon kee janaral kaunsil se 2013 ka maanavaadhikaar puraskaar mila aur 2015 mein, bainko indastriyal ke sthaayee naagarik kaaryakram ne unhen unake kariyar ke lie shraddhaanjali dee. unhen 2015 mein naagarik saahas ke lie tren phaundeshan puraskaar se sammaanit kiya gaya tha.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140307105823/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2014/bio/index.htm</ref><ref>http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/10/world/americas/guatemala-genocide-trial/</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24833642</ref><ref>http://www.voanews.com/content/us-honors-women-of-courage/1863937.html</ref> == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} c5ch85ktuxqr662uk4rrdhmuc3am9na Buddhas of Bamiyan 0 58105 338024 321081 2026-09-03T09:56:25Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 338024 wikitext text/x-wiki Baamiyaan (ya baamiyaan) ke buddh 6th shataabdee kee do smaarakeey moortiyaan theen, jo kaabul se 130 kilomeetar (81 meel) uttar-pashchim mein 2,500 meetar (8,200 pheet) kee oonchaee par, afganistaan kee baamiyaan ghaatee mein ek chattaan ke kinaare khudee huee theen.<ref name="Gall 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/05/world/asia/05iht-buddhas.3793036.html|title=Afghans consider rebuilding Bamiyan Buddhas|date=5 December 2006}}</ref> buddh ke sanrachanaatmak ghatakon kee kaarban deting se pata chala hai ki chhota 38 meetar (125 pheet) "poorvee buddh" lagabhag 570 eesvee mein banaaya gaya tha, aur bada 55 meetar (180 pheet) "pashchimee buddh" lagabhag 618 eesvee mein banaaya gaya tha, jo donon us samay ke hain jab hephthalaits ne is kshetr par shaasan kiya tha. .<ref name="Nic2018">{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity|date=19 April 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A09WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA708|language=en}}</ref> yah praacheen silk rod par bauddhon ke lie ek pavitr sthal tha. taalibaan ke sansthaapak mulla umar ke aadesh par, taalibaan sarakaar dvaara ghoshit kie jaane ke baad maarch 2001 mein moortiyon ko nasht kar diya gaya tha. antarraashtreey aur sthaaneey janamat ne buddhon ke vinaash kee kadee ninda kee.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="AmTali" /> On orders from Taliban founder Mullah Omar, the statues were destroyed in March 2001,<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://sacredland.org/bamiyan-valley-afghanistan/|title=Bamiyan Valley – Afghanistan}}</ref> after the Taliban government declared that they were idols.<ref name=":0">{{Citeweb|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/science/archaeology/2001-03-22-afghan-buddhas.htm|title=Why the Taliban are destroying Buddhas|date=22 March 2001}}</ref><ref name="AmTali">{{Cite book|title=American Taliban: How War, Sex, Sin, and Power Bind Jihadists and the Radical Right|url=https://archive.org/details/americantalibanh0000moul}}</ref> International and local opinion strongly condemned the destruction of the Buddhas.<ref name="Ind010611">{{Cite news|date=3 March 2001|title=Taliban destroy ancient Buddhist relics – International pleas ignored by Afghanistan's Islamic fundamentalist leaders|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/taliban-destroy-ancient-buddhist-relics-694425.html}}</ref> The statues represented a later evolution of the classic blended style of Gandhara art.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Morgan|first=Kenneth W|title=The Path of the Buddha|page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6OHBCgmmGAC&pg=PA43|access-date=2 June 2009|isbn=978-8120800304|year=1956|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.}}</ref> The larger statue was named ''"Salsal"'' ("the light shines through the universe") and was referred as a male. The smaller statue is called ''"Shah Mama"'' ("Queen Mother"), identified as a female figure.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=http://www.christian-frei.info/dvd/christian_frei-booklet_en.pdf|title=booklet web E.indd}}</ref><ref name="bamiyanculturalcentre">{{Citeweb|url=https://bamiyanculturalcentre.org/visit-bamiyan|title=Visit Bamiyan|publisher=Bamiyanculturalcentre.org}}</ref> The Buddhas were surrounded by numerous caves and surfaces decorated with paintings.<ref name="BBC299" /> It is thought that these mostly dated from the 6th to 8th centuries CE, ending with the Muslim conquests of [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="BBC299" /> The smaller works of art are considered as an artistic synthesis of Buddhist art and Gupta art from [[India]], with influences from the Sasanian Empire and the [[Byzantine Samrajya|Byzantine Empire]], as well as the Tokhara Yabghus.<ref name="BBC299">{{Cite journal|last1=Higuchi|first1=Takayasu|last2=Barnes|first2=Gina|title=Bamiyan: Buddhist Cave Temples in Afghanistan|journal=World Archaeology|date=1995|volume=27|issue=2|page=299|doi=10.1080/00438243.1995.9980308|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/125086|issn=0043-8243}}</ref> Mahaan patthar ke buddh, ek 175 pheet oonche aur doosare 125 pheet, kam se kam 6veen shataabdee se ghaatee kee nigaraanee kar rahe the. unhonne changej khaan aur samraat aurangajeb se lekar british aur soviyat tak, sadiyon ke mausam aur aakramanakaariyon kee ek shrrnkhala ko sahan kiya tha. jeevit chattaan se 800 guphaon, mathon aur mandiron ke netavark ke saath nakkaashee kee gaee, ve kaheen bhee pae jaane vaale praarambhik bauddh kala ke behatareen udaaharanon mein se ek the. pratimaon ko helenik tyooniks pahane hue darshaaya gaya tha, jo lagabhag ek sahasraabdee pahale madhy eshiyaee mishran mein sikandar mahaan ke yogadaan kee pratidhvani thee. aphagaanistaan kee asaadhaaran saanskrtik vividhata aur itihaas ke chauraahe par sthit ye bahut hee moort prateek taalibaan ke lie sahan karane ke lie bahut adhik the. bhale hee 10veen shataabdee ke baad se baamiyaan ghaatee mein koee bauddh nahin raha, mulla mohammad umar ne moortiyon ko "moortipoojak" aur "gair-islaamik" maana. maarch 2001 mein kaee dinon tak, taalibaan ne vimaan bhedee topon aur topakhaane se moortiyon par goleebaaree kee, jisase ve kshatigrast ho gaeen lekin unhen pooree tarah se nasht karane mein asamarth rahe. unhonne niche ke nichale hisse mein taink rodhee khadaanen lagaeen, taaki jab topakhaane kee aag se chattaan ke tukade tooten, to ve gir jaen aur phir se uda die jaen. ant mein, antarraashtreey samudaay, puraatatvavidon aur bauddh aur islaamee vidvaanon ke sakht virodh ke beech, unhonne kuchh sthaaneey hajaara purushon ke chaaron or rassiyaan baandh deen, unhen chattaan se neeche gira diya, aur unhen buddh ke chhed mein visphotak rakhane ke lie majaboor kiya. jin do hajaara logon se mainne baat kee, ve shiya the, jo taalibaan ke tahat bhayaanak roop se peedit the, unhonne us bhayankar uchhaal aur dhool ke baadal ka varnan kiya jo buddhon ke nasht hone par kothariyon se nikala tha. kisee bhee maanak ke anusaar, yah itihaas aur sanskrti ke khilaaph ek bhayaanak aparaadh tha, lekin taalibaan ne ise maaph nahin kiya. mulla umar ko yah kahate hue uddhrt kiya gaya, “aap kis baare mein shikaayat kar rahe hain? ham keval pattharon par yuddh lad rahe hain.” === 2002 to present === == References == * [https://japantoday.com/category/national/japan-offered-to-hide-bamiyan-statues-but-taliban-asked-japan-to-convert-to-islam-instead Japan offered to hide Bamiyan statues, but Taliban asked Japan to convert to Islam instead] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071023075942/http://tamu.edu/anthropology/Buddhas.html News articles about the Buddhas of Bamyan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070307141401/http://www.afghanistan-photos.com/crbst_21.html Photos of the Buddhas of Bamyan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141219085719/http://www.bamiyanlaser.org/ Bamyan Afghanistan Laser Project] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080407004350/http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/central-asia/afghanistan/bamiyan/monks-caves/sphere-quicktime.html World Heritage Tour: 360 degree image] (after destruction) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181231070512/http://www.bamiyan-development.org/ Bamyan Development] Community Portal for cultural heritage management of Bamyan * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080311222733/http://wmf.org/watch2008/watch.php?id=S8255 The World Monuments Fund's Watch List 2008 listing for Bamyan] * Historic Footage of Bamyan Statues, c. 1973 on YouTube * [[iarchive:TheValleyOfBamiyan|''The Valley of Bamiyan'']] A tourist pamphlet from 1967 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110302103707/http://www.aolnews.com/2011/03/01/researchers-say-they-can-restore-1-of-destroyed-bamiyan-buddhas/ Researchers Say They Can Restore 1 of Destroyed Bamiyan Buddhas] * [http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/1345.htm Secrets of the Bamiyan Buddhas], CNRS * [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/multimedia/photos/bamiyan-photo-gallery/ Bamiyan photo gallery], UNESCO * [http://www.esrf.eu/UsersAndScience/Publications/Highlights/2008/imaging/imaging8 Secrets of Bamiyan Buddhist murals]. ESRF * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130127085215/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2922/stories/20121116292206100.htm Photo Feature Covering Bamiyan Site] [[vibhag:B]] [[vibhag:Afghanistan]] [[vibhag:Buddhism]] 8no4dqvhxjrgxvpgupn3a8nj85o5fy0 Jane Austen 0 58338 338037 334381 2026-09-03T10:07:14Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 338037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer|name = Jane Austen|image = CassandraAusten-JaneAusten(c.1810) hires.jpg|image_size = 225px|caption = Jane Austen ke chhaapa, jiske uske bahiji, Cassandra banais rahaa (c. 1810)|birth_date = {{Birth date|1775|12|16|df=yes}}|birth_place = [[Steventon, Hampshire|Steventon]] Rectory, [[Hampshire]], [[England]]|death_date = {{Death date and age|1817|7|18|1775|12|16|df=yes}}|death_place = [[Winchester]], Hampshire, England|resting_place = [[Winchester Cathedral]], Hampshire, England|period = 1787 to 1809–11|genre = [[pyar]]|signature = Jane Austen signature from her will.svg}}'''Jane Austen''' ([[16 December]] [[1775]] – [[18 July]] [[1817]]) ek [[England|English]] ke [[novel]]ist rahii. Uu dher [[pyar]] waala [[fiction]] dhani admi logan ke baare me likhis. Uske kaam uske English Literature me sab se jaada jaana maana aur liked writer banais.<ref>Southam, "Criticism, 1870–1940", ''The Jane Austen Companion'', 102.</ref> She is one of the great masters of the English novel. [[File:Jane Austen (House in Chawton).jpg|thumb|Jane Austen ke Chawton vala ghar]] Austen's ke kaam, [[sentimental]] novel ke late 18th century me criticise karis, aur nineteenth-century ke [[asliyat]] novels ke hissa rahaa.<ref>Litz, 3–14; Grundy, "Jane Austen and Literary Traditions", ''The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen'', 192-93; Waldron, "Critical Responses, Early", ''Jane Austen in Context'', p. 83, 89–90; Duffy, "Criticism, 1814–1870", ''The Jane Austen Companion'', 93–94.</ref> Uu saadharan log ke bare me likhat rahii. Ii kaaran se uske novel ke modern character milat rahaa.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/43558/Jane-Austen |title=Jane Austen (English novelist) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia|encyclopedia=britannica.com |accessdate=31 May 2010}}</ref> Austen ke kahaani jaada kar ke hansae waala rahaa,<ref>Litz, 142.</ref> lekin ii bhi dekhaat rahaa ki [[aurat]] logan [[saadi]] ke uppar, social standing aur [[economy|economic]] security khatir dependhwar rahin .<ref>MacDonagh, 66–75; Collins, 160–161.</ref> Her works are also about [[morality|moral]] problems.<ref>Honan, 124-27; Trott, "Critical Responses, 1830–1970", ''Jane Austen in Context'', 92.</ref> Jane Austen ke janam [[16 December]] [[1775]] me Steventon, jon ki Basingstoke kenagiichme hae, me bhais rahaa.<ref name=jones>{{cite book | last =Jones | first = Vivien| title = Introduction to Pride and Prejudice| publisher = Penguin Classics| origyear = 1996| year = 2003| location = 80 Strand, [[London]], WC2R ORL, [[England]]| pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-141-43951-3}}</ref> Uske parrhai uske pitaji aur barraa bhaiyaa logan aur apne se book parr ke bhais rahaa. Uu aapan palwaar ke saathe Steventon me rahat rahii. Jab uske pitaji, 1801 me, retire bhais tab uske palwaar Bath [[city]] me rahe lagin. 1805 me, jab uske pitaji ke maut hoe gais tab uske palwwar Chawton, jon ki Alton, Hampshire ke nagiich hae,me rahelagin. Jane Austen aapan kaam be baare me sehi nai dekhat rahii.<ref name=jones/> Jab uu chhota larrki rahis tab uu khissa likhat rahii. Uske novel ke bahut dafe badle ke baad chhaapa jaawat rahaa. Uske khaali chaar novel ke chhaapa gaisrahaa jab uu jinda rahii. Ii rahaa ''Sense and Sensibility'' (1811), ''Pride and Prejudice'' (1813), ''Mansfield Park'' (1814) aur ''Emma'' (1815). Dui aur novels, ''Northanger Abbey'' aur ''Persuasion'', ke uske bhaiya 1817 me chhaapis rahaa. ''Persuasion'' ke uske maut sekuchhdin pahile likha gais rahaa. Pahile uudui aur book likhis rahaa, ''Lady Susan'', aur ek an unfinished novel, ''The Watsons''. Uu ek nawaa novel, ''Sanditon'', me kaam karat rahii, lekin iske khatam kare se pahile uske maut hoe gais. Uu abhi ek jaana maana lekhak hae. ==Bachpan ke din, 20 saal ke umar talak== ===Palwaar=== Jane Austen ke janam 16 December 1775 me [[Steventon, Hampshire]] me bhais rahaa. Uske pitaji, [[George Austen (cleric)|George Austen]] (1731–1805), uske paidais ke baare me ek chitthii me likhis rahaa ki Austen ke maiyaa , Cassandra, "certainly expected to have been brought to bed a month ago." Uu ii bhi likhis rahaa kinawaa paida bhais larrki "a present plaything for Cassy and a future companion rahii."<ref name="Le Faye 2004, 27">Le Faye (2004), 27</ref> 1775-1776 ke winter bahut kharaab rahaa , aur khaali 5 April me uske ek local church me baptise karaa gais rahaa aur Jane Christian karaa gais rahaa.<ref name="Le Faye 2004, 27"/> [[File:Chawton Church, Steventon, Hampshire.jpg|thumb|upright=1.20|Church of St Nicholas in [[Steventon, Hampshire|Steventon]], as depicted in ''[[A Memoir of Jane Austen]]''<ref name="Le Faye 2004 20">Le Faye (2004), 20</ref>]] George ek [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] Anglican parishes of Steventon aur [[Deane, Hampshire|Deane]] ke.<ref>Todd (2015), 2</ref> The Reverend Austen ek puraana dhani palwaar se aais rahaa jon wool merchants rahin. Jaise har ek generation of [[primogeniture|eldest sons]]ke uske inheritances milaa, George ke palwaar ke hissa garib hoe gais rahaa. Uu aur uske dui bahini, bina mai-baap ke rahin aur uulog ke uske palwaar dekh-bhaal kare rahin. 1745 me, 15 saal ke umar me , George ke bahini [[Philadelphia Austen Hancock|Philadelphia]] ke [[Hatmaking|milliner]] in [[Covent Garden]] me apprentice kar dewa gais rahaa.<ref name="geri">{{Cite web |date=21 October 2019 |title=Philadelphia Austen Hancock: Eliza de Feuillide's Mother |url=https://www.geriwalton.com/philadelphia-austen-hancock-eliza-de-feuillides-mother/ |access-date=22 May 2022 |website=Geri Walton |language=en-US |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523111447/https://www.geriwalton.com/philadelphia-austen-hancock-eliza-de-feuillides-mother/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Solah saal ke umar me , George [[St John's College, Oxford]] me bharti bhais,<ref>{{alox2|title=Austen, George (1)}}</ref> jahan hoe sake ki uu Cassandra Leigh (1739–1827) ke milis rahaa.<ref>Le Faye (2004), 3–5, 11</ref> Uu ek barraa [[Baron Leigh|Leigh palwaar]] ke rahii. Uske pitaji [[All Souls College, Oxford]] me rector rahaa, jahaan uu dhani log ke biich me barraa bhais rahaa. Uske sab se barraa bhaiyaa James barraa estate ke aapan great-aunt Perrot se inherit karis rahaa, jisme khaali ek condition rahaa ki uu [[Name change#Historical usage|aapan naam badal ke]] Leigh-Perrot kare.<ref>Le Faye (2004), 8; Nokes (1998), 51</ref> George Austen aur Cassandra Leigh engage hoe gay rahin, lagbhag 1763 me, jab uu logan [[Miniature portrait|miniatures]] ke badle rahin.<ref>Le Faye (2004), 11</ref> Uske milaa rahaa [[Benefice|living]] of the Steventon parish Thomas Knight se, jon wealthy husband uske second cousin ke rahaa.<ref>Le Faye (2004), 6</ref> Uulog ke saadi 26 April 1764 me [[Church of St Swithin, Bath|St Swithin's Church]], [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] me bhais rahaa, [[Marriage license#England and Wales|licence]] se, ek sadhaaran ceremony me, Cassandra ke pitaji ke mare ke dui mahina baad.<ref>Le Faye (2004), 11; Nokes (1998), 24, 26</ref> Uulog me amdani bahut nai rahaa George ke chhotaa ''per annum'' living se; Cassandra saadi me laais rahaa ek chhotaa inheritance ke expectation uske maiyaa ke maut ke time.<ref>Le Faye (2004), 12; Nokes (1998), 24</ref> Living ke baad at the nearby Deane rectory jiske George ke khaatir ek dhani uncle Francis Austen kharidis rahaa,<ref>Austen-Leigh, James Edward (1871). Memoir of Jane Austen (Second ed.). London: Richard Bentley and Son. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.</ref> Austens temporary residence huan pe rakkhin, jab talak Steventon rectory nai milaa, ek 16th-century ghar jon tuuta rahaa , aur iske uulog repai kare rahin. Cassandra tiin larrkan ke janam de rahii jab uu Deane me rahat rahii: [[James Austen|James]] 1765 me, George 1766 me, aur [[Edward Austen Knight|Edward]] 1767 me.<ref>Le Faye (2004), 11, 18, 19; Nokes (1998), 36</ref> Uske custom rahaa ki babay ke ghar me kuchh mahina talak rakkhe ke baad uske Elizabeth Littlewood ke lage chhorr de rahib, ek aurat jon nagiich ke [[Wet nurse|nurse]] rahii aur baraah se athaarah mahina talak larrkan ke dekhat rahii.<ref>Le Faye (2004), 19</ref> ===Steventon=== [[File:SteventonRectory.jpg|thumb|[[Steventon, Hampshire|Steventon]] parsonage, as depicted in ''[[A Memoir of Jane Austen]]'', was in a valley and surrounded by meadows.<ref name="Le Faye 2004 20"/>]] 1768 me uske palwaar aakhri me Steventon me rahe lagin. [[Henry Thomas Austen|Henry]] pahila larrka rahaa jon huan pe paida bhais rahaa, 1771 me.<ref>Nokes (1998), 37; Le Faye (2004), 25</ref> Lagbhag yahii time, Cassandra ii nai lukae sakat rahii ki George [[developmentally disabled]] rahaa. Uske mirgi aawat rahaa aur saait ginga aur bahira rahaa. Yahii time uu larrkaa ke foster ghar me bheje rahii.<ref>Le Faye (2004), 22</ref> me 1773 [[Cassandra Austen|Cassandra]] paida bhais rahaa, jiske baad [[Francis Austen|Francis]] 1774 me, aur Jane 1775 me.<ref>Nokes (1998), 37; Le Faye (2004), 24–27</ref> Biographer [[Park Honan]] ke anusaar, the Austen ke ghar me "open, amused, easy intellectual atmosphere" rahaa, jisme uulog ke ideas jisse Austen palwaar agree nai karat rahin politically nai to socially ke baare me baat karaa jaawat rahaa.<ref>Honan (1987), 211–212</ref> Uske palwaar aapan extended palwaar pe nirbhar rahaa aur dher palwaar ke log uske ghare aawat rahin.<ref name="Todd4">Todd (2015), 4</ref> Barraa Cassandra summer of 1770 ke London me George ke bahini, Philadelphia me bitais rahaa, aur uske larrki [[Eliza de Feuillide|Eliza]] ke saathe, aapan ek aur bahini , Mrs Walter ke saathe, aur uske Philly ke saathe.<ref>Nokes (1998), 39; Le Faye (2004), 22–23</ref> Philadelphia aur Eliza Hancock were, Le Faye ke anusaar, "the bright comets flashing into an otherwise placid solar system of clerical life in rural [[Hampshire]], and the news of their foreign travels and fashionable London life, together with their sudden descents upon the Steventon household in between times, all helped to widen Jane's youthful horizon and influence her later life and works."<ref>Le Faye (2004), 29</ref> == References == <references /> {{BD|1775|1817|Austen, Hans Jane}} [[vibhag:A]] [[vibhag:J]] [[vibhag:Writers]] [[vibhag:England ke log]] 0jpv1jst41ptrfgq3nq20m7kd2g3ijl World War I 0 58520 338023 312838 2026-09-03T09:54:57Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 338023 wikitext text/x-wiki '''World War I''', jiske '''First World War''', nai to '''the Great War''' ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae, [[28 July]] [[1914]] me suruu bhas aur [[11 November]] [[1918]] me khalaas bhais. Ii duniya bhar ke larrai rahaa aur 4 saal, 3 mahina aur 2 haptaa talak chalaa. Jaada kar ke larrai [[Europe]] me rahaa. Puura jorr ke 135 des ii larrai me hissa liin rahaa aur lagbhag 10 million log ke maut bhais rahaa. [[26 June]] [[1914]] me jab, [[Austria]] ke, Archduke Franz Ferdinand ke maar dewa gais rahaa tab [[Austria-Hungary]] [[Serbia]] ke uppar larrai suruu karis. Iske baat [[Russia]] aus [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Austria-Hungary]] ke taraf se, aur [[Russia]], [[France]] aur [[British Empire]] , Serbia ke taraf se larrai me aae gain. ==Larrai ke suruwaat== [[File:WWIchartX.svg|right|200px|thumb| Larrai se pahile,Europe ke alliances]] 1914 talak [[Europe]] me bawal (trouble) jaada hoe lagaa rahaa auch kuchh des sochat rahin ki duusra des uspe larrai kariyen. Jaise li, Germany jaad ataagatear hoe lagaa rahaa aur [[British Empire]] isse ek dhamki (threat) ke rakam se dekhat rahin. Europe ke des apne ke bachae ke khaatir duusra des se sandhi (alliance) banaun. Iske kaaran Europe dui gut (group) me hoe gain. Germany aur Austria-Hungary ke biich me 1879 se sandhi rahaa aur 1882 me isme Italy bhi join kar ke [[Tripe Alliance]] banain.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} Farance aur Russia ke biich me 1882 se sandhi rahaa aur 1894 me Britain isme saamil hoe ke [[Triple Entente]] banain.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=15}} 1908 me Austria-Hungary, [[Bosnia]] ke aapan niche kar liis rahaa. Kuchh Serbian log jon ki Bosnia me rahat rahin, maangat rahin ki Bosnia, Serbia ke niche rahe. Austria-Hungary ke rajkumar (prince), jon ki Bosnia ke capital [[Sarajevo]] me rahaa, ke hatya (murder) ek Serbian nationalist kar diis.{{Sfn|Finestone|Massie|1981 |p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|p=}}]] Austria-Hungary iske khaatir Serbia pe dosh (blame) lagais aur ek aakhri chetauni (ultimatum) Serbia ke diis aur ii batais ki agar uske sart ke Serbia nai maani tab uspe larrai karaa jaai.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} Jab ke Serbia jaada sart ke maan liis, fir bhi Austria-Hungary, Serbia pe larrai suruu kar diis. Russia, Serbia ke bagal se ii larrai me aae gais, kaaheki duuni Serbiam aur Russian log Slavic hae.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} Germany, Russia ke uppar larrai ke declare kar diis, Austria-Hugary ke support me.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/harrachmemoir.htm|website=First World War.com|title=Primary Documents: Archduke Franz Ferdinand's Assassination, 28 June 1914|author=Michael Duffy|date=2002-11-03|accessdate=2017-02-16|archive-date=2018-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628005343/http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/harrachmemoir.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|right|200px|Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910.]] Germany Europe ke biich me hae, ii kaaran se uske duuno east aur west me ek saathe larrai kare ke dar rahaa. Germany maangat rahaa ki uu jaldi se France se harae de, kaaheki Russia ke mobilise kare ke time lagii. Germany sidhe se France pe larrai nai kare sakat rahaa kaaheki Grance ke border achhchha se fortified rahaa. II kaaran se Germany [[Belgium]] me su ghus ke France me French-Belgian border ke rasta se larrai karis. Britain bhi larrai me saamil hoe gais kaaheki uske Belgium ke bachae ke sandhi rahaa. [[Ottoman Empire]] bhi larrai me Germany aur Austria-Hungary ke taraf se join hoe gais. Jab ke Italy ke Germany aur Austria-Hungary ke saathe alliance rahaa, uu larrai me nai join bhias ii bol ke ki Austria-Hungary, Serbia ke pahile attack karis rahaa. ==Germany ke larrai Belgium aur France me== [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|right|200px|French bayonet charge kare hae.]] Suruu me Germany ke safaltaa milaaa aur August ke end talak British Expeditionary Force pichhe jaawat rahin. Alsace-Lorraine me Franch, Germany ke attack kare ke kosis karis lekin uske dher siphahi ke maut hoe gais.{{Sfn|Jackson|2018|p=55}} Jaise Germany ke army [[Paris]] ke nagiich pahunchis, France ke army, British expeditionary corps ke sahaetaa se "counter-attack" karis aur Germany ke army ke 40 se 80 kilometre piche dhalek diis. Ii time talak duuno bagal ke army ekdam thak gae rahin aur trench ke khod ke wahii ruk gain. Germany isme tagrraa position me rahaa, kaaheki ii France ke koila ke mines ke aapan niche kar liis rahaa aur 230,000 apne se jaada Alloed siphai ke ghaael (would) karis , nai to maaris rahaa.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|pp=376–378}} ==Asia aur Pacific me larrai== [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Japanese siphai ek German trench ke China me le liin, 1914]] 30 August 1914 me, [[New Zealand]] ke siphai [[Samoa]] ke Germany se le liin. 11 September me [[Australia]] ke siphai, [[New Britain]], jon ki Germany ke New Guinea me rahaa, me land bhain. [[Japan]], Germany pe larrai ke declare kar ke uske north Pacific aur [[China]] ke sab territory ke lae liis. Kuchh hi mahina me allied des ke siphai, ii ilaaka ke sab German territory ke le liin.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==Africa me larrai== 6 Auguast me British aur French siphai, Germany ke colony [[Togo]] aur [[Cameroon]] pe larrai suruu karin. 10 August ke Germany ke South West Africa ([[Namibia]]) aur [[South Africa]] ke biich me larrai suruu bhais. Germany ke East Africa (Tanganika) me bhi larrai suruu bhais aus WWI ke khalaas hoe talak chalte rahaa.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==France me larrai, 1914 se 1916== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|right}200px|thumb|India ke siphai France me trench khode hae, 1915]] 1914 ke ant talak, English Channel se lae ke [[Switzwerland]] ke border talak , France me allies aur Germany ke army ek duusre ke saamna trench me se larr ke karat rahin.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} Duuna bagal aage barrhae ke kosis karat rahin lekin koi safaltaa nai milat rahaa. Iske baad nawaa [[hathiyaar]], jaise ki poison gas aur [[tank]] ke kaam me laawa gais rahaa.<ref>{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Duffy |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |publisher=Firstworldwar.com |date=22 August 2009 |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-date=21 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Love |1996}} February 1916 me Battle of Verdum suruu bhais jab Germany, France ke defensive position ke attack karis . Ii December 1916 talak chalaa aur ant me duuno bagal jahaan suruu me rahin, wahii pe khalaas bhain. Duuno side ke milae ke lahbhag 1.5 million casualty rahaa.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/verdun-myths-and-memories-of-the-lost-villages-of-france-5335493.html |title=Verdun: myths and memories of the 'lost villages' of France |last=Lichfield |first=John |date=21 February 2006 |work=The Independent |access-date=23 July 2013 |archive-date=22 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022235418/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/verdun-myths-and-memories-of-the-lost-villages-of-france-5335493.html |url-status=live }}</ref> July 1916 se November 1916 talak Battle of Somme chalaa, jisme duuna bagal ke lagbhag 1 million siphai ke maut bhais . Ii larrai me jaada log bemaari se mare rahin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chorba |first1=Terence |title=Trench Conflict with Combatants and Infectious Disease |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |url=https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2411.AC2411 |publisher=CDC |access-date=29 February 2024 |pages=2136–2137 |language=en-us |doi=10.3201/eid2411.ac2411 |date=November 2018 |volume=24 |issue=11 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610092106/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/11/AC-2411_article |url-status=live |issn=1080-6040 }}</ref> ==Samundar me larrai== [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Germany ke Fleet, 1917]] Jab World War I suruu bhais tab Germany ke navy ke jahaaj [[dunia]] bhar me faila rahin. Isme se jaade ke ek ek kar ke Royal Navy dubae diis. Dher Germany ke jahaaj Germany laute ke time dui ENglish cruisers ke dubain lekin baad me ii group ke Royal navy gher ke dubae diis. Larrai suruu hoe ke kuch din baad, Britain, Germany pe naval blokade karis, jon ki bahut kamyaab rahaa.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} Britain international samundar me mine bhi bichhais.{{sfn|Halpern |1995 |p=293}} Iske badle me Germany unrestricted submarine warfare suruu karis.{{sfn|Zieger |2001 |p=50}} May 1916 me, Battle of Jutland khaali ek dafe rahaa jab duuno des ke navy ek duusre se larrin. Jab ki Britain ke isme jaada damage bhais rahaa, ii larrai ke baad Germany ke navy aapan port se bahaar fir nai niklaa.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Jeremy Black | author-link = Jeremy Black (historian) |title=Jutland's Place in History |journal=Naval History |date=June 2016 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=16–21}}</ref> [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Germany ke ek [[submarine]]]] Germany ke [[U-boat]] Britain ke supply line America se, ke kaate ke kosis karin. <ref name="Sheffield">{{cite web |last=Sheffield |first=Garry | author-link = Gary Sheffield (historian) |title=The First Battle of the Atlantic |website=World Wars in Depth |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/battle_atlantic_ww1_01.shtml |publisher=BBC |access-date=11 November 2009 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603135501/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/battle_atlantic_ww1_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Isme merchant ship ke koi warning nai dewa jaat rahaa, aur duube ke baad uske crew ke bache ke koi aasra nai rahaa.<ref name="Sheffield" />{{sfn|Gilbert |1994 |p=306}} 1915 me Lusitania ke dube ke baad, Germany aapan submarine warfare me promise karis ki uu passenger liner ke fir nai target karii. Lekin 197 me, ii jaante ki [[America]] larrai me join kare waala rahaa, Germany unrestricted submarune warfare ke fir se suruu karis.<ref name="Sheffield" />{{sfn|Jones |2001 |p=80}} Germany sought to strangle Allied [[sea lane]]s before the United States could transport a large army overseas, but, after initial successes, eventually failed to do so.<ref name="Sheffield" /> ==References== <references/> {{stub}} [[vibhag:W]] [[vibhag:Larrai]] jlf6fdlnte2lqawd2wam7pgxbqkk92t Catholic Church 0 58815 337912 336768 2026-09-03T01:00:40Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Christian denomination | icon = Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg | icon_width = 25px | icon_alt = Emblem of the Holy See | name = Catholic Church | native_name = Ecclesia Catholica | native_name_lang = la | image = Saint Peter's Basilica facade, Rome, Italy.jpg | imagewidth = 300px | alt = Saint Peter's Basilica | caption = [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in Vatican City, the largest Catholic church building in the world | abbreviation = | main_classification = [[Catholicity|Catholic]] | type = | scripture = [[Catholic Bible]] | theology = [[Catholic theology]] | polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]<ref name=Episcopal_Polity>{{cite book|title=Notes of the Episcopal Polity of the Holy Catholic Church|last=Marshall|first=Thomas William|year=1844|location=London|publisher=Levey, Rossen and Franklin|id={{ASIN|1163912190|country=uk}}}}</ref> | governance = [[Holy See]] and [[Roman Curia]] | leader_title = [[Pope]] | leader_name = {{incumbent pope}} | fellowships_type = [[Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites|Particular churches ''sui iuris'']] | fellowships = [[Latin Church]] and 23 [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] | fellowships_type1 = | fellowships1 = | division_type = [[List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)|Dioceses]] | division = {{plainlist| * Archdioceses: [[List of Catholic archdioceses|640]] * Dioceses: [[List of Catholic dioceses (alphabetical)|2,851]]}} | division_type1 = [[Parish in the Catholic Church|Parishes]] | division1 = 221,700 approx. | area = [[Catholic Church by country|Worldwide]] | language = [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] and [[native languages]] | liturgy = [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin]] and [[Eastern Catholic liturgy|Eastern]] | headquarters = [[Vatican City]] | founder = {{Ubl | [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus]], according to | [[Sacred tradition#In the Catholic and Orthodox churches|sacred tradition]]}} | founded_date = [[Christianity in the 1st century|1st century]] | founded_place = [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judaea]], [[Roman Empire]]<ref name="RCC">{{cite web|last=Stanford|first=Peter|title=Roman Catholic Church|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/catholic/catholic_1.shtml|website=BBC Religions|publisher=BBC|access-date=1 February 2017|archive-date=6 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106083425/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/catholic/catholic_1.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bokenkotter|2004|p=18}} | separations = {{plainlist| *[[Protestantism]] *[[Old Catholic Churches]] *[[Independent Catholicism]] *[[Sedevacantism]]}} | members = 1.28 billion according to World Christian Database (2024)<ref name="WorldChristianDatabase">{{cite web |url=https://www.gordonconwell.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2024/01/Status-of-Global-Christianity-2024.pdf |title=Status of Global Christianity, 2024, in the Context of 1900–2050 |publisher=Center for the Study of Global Christianity, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary |quote=Christian total 2,631,941,000, Catholic total 1,278,009,000 (48.6%) |access-date=23 May 2024}}</ref> 1.39 billion according to [[Annuario Pontificio]] (2022)<ref name="Yearbook_4/4/2024">{{cite web | title=The Pontifical Yearbook 2024 and the Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae 2022 | website=L'Osservatore Romano | date=April 4, 2024 | url=https://www.osservatoreromano.va/it/news/2024-04/quo-077/pubblicati-l-annuario-pontificio-2024-e-l-annuarium-statisticum.html | language=it | access-date=April 29, 2024}}</ref><ref name= "Vatican News_4/4/2024">{{cite web | title=New Church statistics reveal more Catholics, fewer vocations | website=[[Vatican News]] | date=April 4, 2024 | url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2024-04/vatican-central-statistical-office-church-pontifical-yearbook.html | language=en | access-date=2024-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702161125/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2024-04/vatican-central-statistical-office-church-pontifical-yearbook.html |archive-date=2024-07-02 |url-status=live}}</ref> | ministers_type = [[Hierarchy of the Catholic Church|Clergy]] | ministers = {{plainlist| * [[Bishop in the Catholic Church|Bishops]]: 5,353 * [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|Priests]]: 407,730 * [[Deacon]]s: 50,150 * (2022)<ref name="Yearbook_4/4/2024"/> }} | hospitals = [[Catholic Church and health care|5,500]]<ref name="World Development p.40">Calderisi, Robert. ''Earthly Mission – The Catholic Church and World Development''; TJ International Ltd; 2013; p. 40</ref> | primary_schools = [[Catholic school|95,200]]<ref name="Vermont_winter">{{cite journal|title=Laudato Si|journal=Vermont Catholic|date=2016–2017|edition=Winter|volume=8|issue=4|page=73|url=http://www.onlinedigeditions.com/publication/index.php?i=365491&m=&l=&p=1&pre=&ver=html5#{%22page%22:74,%22issue_id%22:365491}|access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref> | secondary_schools = 43,800 | website = [https://www.vatican.va/ vatican.va] }} '''Catholic Church''', sab se barraa [[Isai Dharam|Isai]] church hae. Duniya bhar me 1 billion se jaada log iske member hae. Iske member log biswas kare hae ki [[Isu Masih]] ii Chucrch ke 2,000 saal pahile suruu karis rahaa. Chuch ke headquarters, [[Vatican City]] hae, jahaan Church ke leader, Pope rahe hae. duniya bhar ke aadha Catholic log [[South America]] merahe hae. ==Dunia bhar ke Catholics== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ '''Catholics ek-ek des me ketna hae''' ! Des ! Puura abaadi ! data-sort-type="number" | % Catholic ! data-sort-type="number" | Catholic total |- [[Central Asia]] | {{flag|Afghanistan}} | align="right" | 29,928,987 | align="center" | 0% | align="right" | 0<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Catholic News Agency]]|title=The leader of Afghanistan's Catholic community longs to return to the country |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/249728/the-leader-of-afghanistan-s-catholic-community-longs-to-return-to-the-country|access-date=24 August 2023|first=Andrea|last=Gagliarducci|date=29 November 2021}}</ref> |- [[Southern Europe]] | {{flag|Albania}} | align="right" | 3,020,000 | align="center" | 10%<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.instat.gov.al/en/census/census-2011/census-data.aspx|title=Census Data - INSTAT|date=13 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113172816/http://www.instat.gov.al/en/census/census-2011/census-data.aspx |access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=13 November 2015}}</ref> | align="right" | 302,000 |- [[North Africa]] | {{flag|Algeria}} | align="right" | 32,531,853 | align="center" | 0.14%<ref name="rm">[[Mary-Jane Deeb|Deeb, Mary Jane]]. "Religious minorities" ''Algeria (Country Study)''. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress; Helen Chapan Metz, ed. December 1993. ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]]''.[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html]</ref> | align="right" | 45,000 |- [[Southern Europe]] | {{flag|Andorra}} | align="right" | 70,000 | align="center" | 88.2%<ref name=PEW10 /> | align="right" | 61,740 |- [[Southern Africa]] | {{flag|Angola}} | align="right" | 35,121,734 | align="center" | 41.1%<ref name="CensoAO">{{cite web | title=Angolan Population Census 2014 | url=https://www.ine.gov.ao/Arquivos/arquivosCarregados/Carregados/Publicacao_637981512172633350.pdf | date=March 2016 | language=pt}}</ref>–50%<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper|title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2015|website=2009-2017.state.gov}}</ref>–55%<ref>{{cite web|year=2015|title=Introduction - Religions in Angola: History, Gender and Politics |publisher=[[Queen's University Belfast]]|url=https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/17157569/SSM_Introduction_Angola_2015.pdf}}</ref>–56.4%<ref>{{cite web|date=2015|title=Angola|access-date=18 May 2020|publisher=[[Association of Religion Data Archives]]|url=http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_7_1.asp|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030191322/https://thearda.com/internationalData/Countries/Country_7_1.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>–60%<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idw0DQAAQBAJ&q=60%25+Angola+Catholic&pg=PA69|page=69|last=Joseph|first=Paul|isbn=9781483359885|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2016|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives}}</ref> | align="right" | 12,500,000–20,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2013/02/igrejas-evangelicas-competem-com-a-catolica-em-angola.html|last=Presse|first=France|title=Igrejas evangélicas competem com a católica em Angola|date=7 February 2013|publisher=[[G1 (website)|G1]]}}</ref> |- [[North America]] | {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} | align="right" | 84,816 | align="center" | 5.5%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=ATGPHC2011&lang=ENG|title=Antigua and Barbuda (2011 census)|access-date=2025-03-18|archive-date=2021-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525223150/https://redatam.org/binatg/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=ATGPHC2011&lang=ENG|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 4,752 |- [[South America]] | {{flag|Argentina}} | align="right" | 47,300,000 | align="center" | 48.9%<ref name="statista22">{{cite news|title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America|url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/|work=Statista|date=26 October 2022}}</ref>–62.9%<ref>South America: Argentina - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency cia.gov 27 April 2023.</ref>–63%<ref>[http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ii25-2encuestacreencias.pdf Segunda Encuesta Nacional Sobre Creencias y Actitudes Religiosas en Argentina 2019], Ceil-conicet.gov.ar</ref><ref>Latinobarometro Informe 2024.</ref>–63.3%<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latinobarometro.org/latOnline.jsp|title=Latinobarómetro Database|website=Latinobarometro.org}}</ref>–66%<ref name=latinobarometro/> | align="right" | 23,100,000–31,200,000 |- [[Caucasus]] | {{flag|Armenia}} | align="right" | 3,018,854 | align="center" | 0.3%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf|title= Armenia (2011 census)}}</ref> | align="right" | 8,695 |- [[Oceania]] | {{flag|Australia}} | align="right" | 25,380,000 | align="center" | 20.0%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/AUS/download/GCP_AUS.xlsx|format=XLSX|title=Australian Bureau of Statistics : 2021 Census of Population and Housing : General Community Profile|website=Abs.gov.au|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref> | align="right" | 5,076,000 |- [[Central Europe]] | {{flag|Austria}} | align="right" | 9,185,000 | align="center" | 50.6% | align="right" | 4,640,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.katholisch.at/statistik |title=Statistics|work= Catholic Church Austria}}</ref> |- [[Caucasus]] | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | align="right" | 8,581,400 | align="center" | 0.03% | align="right" | 2,574 |- [[Caribbean]] | {{flag|Bahamas}} | align="right" | 330,000 | align="center" | 12%<ref name=FACTBOOK /> | align="right" | 39,600 |- [[Middle East]] | {{flag|Bahrain}} | align="right" | 800,000 | align="center" | 8.9%<ref name=PEW10 /> | align="right" | 71,200 |- [[South Asia]] | {{flag|Bangladesh}} | align="right" | 158,000,000 | align="center" | 0.07% | align="right" | 110,000<ref name=PEW10 /> |- [[Caribbean]] | {{flag|Barbados}} | align="right" | 250,012 | align="center" | 4.2%<ref name=FACTBOOK /> | align="right" | 10,000 |- [[Eastern Europe]] | {{flag|Belarus}} | align="right" | 9,500,000 | align="center" | 7.1%<ref name=mfa>{{cite web|title=Religion and denominations in the Republic of Belarus|url=http://www.mfa.gov.by/upload/pdf/religion_eng.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus|access-date=17 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014085840/http://www.mfa.gov.by/upload/pdf/religion_eng.pdf|archive-date=14 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 674,500 |- [[Western Europe]] | {{flag|Belgium}} | align="right" | 11,200,000 | align="center" | 44%<ref name="EB2021">{{cite web|url=https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/s2237_95_2_516_eng?locale=en|via=[[European Data Portal]] (see Volume C: Country/socio-demographics: BE: Question D90.2.)|title=Special Eurobarometer 516 : European citizens' knowledge and attitudes towards science and technology|publisher=[[European Union]]: [[European Commission]]|date=September 2021|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref>–57.1%<ref name=EB2018/> | align="right" | 5,000,000–6,500,000 |- [[Central America]] | {{flag|Belize}} | align="right" | 334,000 | align="center" | 40%<ref name="belize2000">{{Cite web|url=https://belize.com/belize-demographics/|title=Belize Demographics Country Profile | With Belize Census Data|website=Belize.com|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref> | align="right" | 133,600 |- [[West Africa]] | {{flag|Benin}} | align="right" | 7,460,025 | align="center" | 26.6%<ref name=clerus.org>{{cite web|url=http://www.clerus.org/clerus/dati/2008-12/05-6/proportioncathos08.htm|title= Data|publisher=[[Congregation for the Clergy]]|access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> | align="right" | 1,984,366 |- [[South Asia]] | {{flag|Bhutan}} | align="right" | 2,232,291 | align="center" | 0.06% | align="right" | 1,339 |- [[South America]] | {{flag|Bolivia}} | align="right" | 10,500,000 | align="center" | 70%<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1066911/religious-affiliation-in-bolivia/ | title=Religion affiliation in Bolivia as of 2018, by type | date=29 April 2020 | first=Marina | last=Pasquali | publisher=statista.com | access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>–73%<ref name=latinobarometro />–77%<ref name="Pew Latin"/> | align="right" | 7,980,000 |- [[Southern Europe]] | {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} | align="right" | 3,531,159 | align="center" | 15.19%<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.popis2013.ba/popis2013/doc/Popis2013prvoIzdanje.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224103940/http://www.popis2013.ba/popis2013/doc/Popis2013prvoIzdanje.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 536,333 |- [[Southern Africa]] | {{flag|Botswana}} | align="right" | 1,640,115 | align="center" | 4.9% | align="right" | 80,365 |- [[South America]] | {{flag|Brazil}} | align="right" | 210,600,000 | align="center" | 50%<ref name="2020estimate"> [https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2020/01/13/50percent-dos-brasileiros-sao-catolicos-31percent-evangelicos-e-10percent-nao-tem-religiao-diz-datafolha.ghtml - 50% dos brasileiros são católicos, 31%, evangélicos e 10% não têm religião, diz Datafolha. 2020] Retrieved February 7, 2022.</ref>–54%<ref name=latinobarometro />–54.7%<ref>"Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religion in Latin America" Statista 26 October 2022.</ref>–58.1%<ref>{{cite web|title=Religion affiliation in Brazil as of 2018, by type |publisher=[[Statista]]|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1066928/religious-affiliation-in-brazil/}}</ref>–61%<ref name="Pew Latin">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america|title=Religion in Latin America|date=13 November 2014|publisher=[[Pew Forum]]|access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref>–64.6%<ref>[https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/reinaldo/o-ibge-e-a-religiao-cristaos-sao-86-8-do-brasil-catolicos-caem-para-64-6-evangelicos-ja-sao-22-2/ O IBGE e a religião — Cristãos são 86,8% do Brasil; católicos caem para 64,6%; evangélicos já são 22,2%] [[Reinaldo Azevedo]] in [[Veja (magazine)|Veja]]</ref>–65.0%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population|title=The Global Catholic Population|date=2013-02-13}}</ref>-70.57%<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Brazil {{!}} World Religion |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=31c |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.thearda.com}}</ref> | align="right" | 105,300,000–134,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2013/03/america-latina-abriga-40-dos-catolicos-do-mundo.html|title=América Latina abriga 40% dos católicos do mundo|first=France|last=Presse|date=13 March 2013|website=Mundo}}</ref>–140,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaudiumpress.org/content/24332-mexico-e-o-segundo-pais-com-mais-catolicos-no-mundo-informam-dados-oficiais-mexicanos/|title=México é o segundo país com mais católicos no mundo, informam dados oficiais mexicanos|date=10 March 2011|website=Gaudium Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catracalivre.com.br/viagem-livre/importancia-do-turismo-religioso-pelo-mundo/|title=A importância do turismo religioso pelo mundo|date=9 July 2017|website=Catraca Livre}}</ref> |- [[Southeast Asia]] | {{flag|Brunei}} | align="right" | 372,361 | align="center" | 5%<ref name=PEW10 /> | align="right" | 38,709 |- [[Southern Europe]] | {{flag|Bulgaria}} | align="right" | 6,519,789 | align="center" | 0.6%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/pressreleases/Census2021_ethnos.pdf|title= Bulgaria (2021 census)}}</ref> | align="right" | 37,251 |- [[West Africa]] | {{flag|Burkina Faso}} | align="right" | 13,925,313 | align="center" | 20.1%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aib.media/2022/07/01/burkina-481-de-la-population-du-sud-ouest-pratique-lanimisme-officiel/|title=Burkina Faso (2019 census)|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030716/https://www.aib.media/2022/07/01/burkina-481-de-la-population-du-sud-ouest-pratique-lanimisme-officiel/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 4,121,536 |- [[East Africa]] | {{flag|Burundi}} | align="right" | 12,000,000 | align="center" | 62.1%<ref name=FACTBOOK /> | align="right" | 7,440,000 |- [[West Africa]] | {{flag|Cabo Verde}} | align="right" | 512,096 | align="center" | 77.3%<ref name=FACTBOOK /> | align="right" | 395,850 |- [[Southeast Asia]] | {{flag|Cambodia}} | align="right" | 13,607,069 | align="center" | <0.1% | align="right" | <10,000<ref name=PEW10 /> |- [[Central Africa]] | {{flag|Cameroon}} | align="right" | 31,000,000 | align="center" | 33.1%<ref>{{Citation |title=Cameroon |date=2024-08-28 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=2021-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110023649/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>–38.4%<ref name="FACTBOOK" /> | align="right" | 10,300,000 |- [[North America]] | {{flag|Canada}} | align="right" | 40,769,890<ref>http://www.cbc.ca and infostats@statcan.gc.ca (2024)</ref> | align="center" | 29.9<ref name="religion2021d">{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=0&SearchText=Canada |title=Religions in Canada—Census 2021 |date=October 26, 2022 |publisher=Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada}}</ref> | align="right" | 12,189,931 |- [[Central Africa]] | {{flag|Central African Republic}} | align="right" | 3,799,897 | align="center" | 29%<ref>{{cite web|title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2016|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2016&dlid=268630|work=U.S. Department of State|access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref> | align="right" | 949,974 |- [[Central Africa]] | {{flag|Chad}} | align="right" | 12,000,000 | align="center" | 20%<ref name=FACTBOOK />–22.8%<ref name=pewchad>[http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/chad/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Chad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216202531/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/chad/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 |date=16 December 2013}}. [[Pew Research Center]]. 2010.</ref> | align="right" | 2,520,000 |- [[South America]] | {{flag|Chile}} | align="right" | 18,000,000 | align="center" | 42%<ref name="Encuesta">[https://encuestabicentenario.uc.cl/wp-content//uploads/2022/01/Encuesta-Bicentenario-2021-Religion.pdf "Encuesta Nacional Bicentenario 2021: Religión"]</ref>–45%<ref>[https://encuestabicentenario.uc.cl/resultados/ "Encuesta Nacional Bicentenario 2019: Religión"], Encuestabicentenario.uc.cl</ref>–52.6%<ref>"Catholicism and evangelism the two most common religions in Latin America" Statista 26 October 2022.</ref>–55%<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207182725/http://plazapublica.cl/wp-content/uploads/658799.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>–64%<ref name="Pew Latin"/>–66.6%<ref>8 236 900 out of 12 366 108 people over 15 years of age. {{cite web|title=Population 15 years of age or older, by religion, region, sex and age groups. (censused population) |url=http://www.censo.cl/cuadros/censada/Cuadro06_1.xls |work=Censo 2012 |access-date=1 March 2014 |language=es |format=.xls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301095110/http://www.censo.cl/cuadros/censada/Cuadro06_1.xls |archive-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> | align="right" | 8,100,000–9,468,000–12,000,000 |- [[East Asia]] | {{flag|China}} | align="right" | 1,400,000,000 | align="center" | 0.43%–0.7%<ref name=PEW10 /> | align="right" | 6,000,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scio.gov.cn/zfbps/ndhf/37884/Document/1626520/1626520.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508020010/http://www.scio.gov.cn/zfbps/ndhf/37884/Document/1626520/1626520.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-05-08|title=《中国保障宗教信仰自由的政策和实践》白皮书（全文）|date=2018-04-03|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref>–12,000,000<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49494016|publisher=[[BBC]]|title=Chinese Catholic bishop ordained with Pope's approval|date=28 August 2019|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> |- [[South America]] | {{flag|Colombia}} | align="right" | 48,000,000 | align="center" | 70.9%<ref name="Colombia1">{{cite book |url=http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/10780/1/Del%20monopolio%20cat%C3%B3lico%20a%20la%20explosi%C3%B3n%20pentecostal.pdf |title=Del monopolio católico a la explosión pentecostal' |first1=Beltrán |last1=Cely |first2=William |last2=Mauricio |year=2013 |publisher=Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Centro de Estudios Sociales (CES), Maestría en Sociología |language=es |isbn=978-958-761-465-7 |page=101 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327173229/http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/10780/1/Del%20monopolio%20cat%C3%B3lico%20a%20la%20explosi%C3%B3n%20pentecostal.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Colombia2">{{cite journal|url=http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/8486/1/williammauriciobeltran.2011.pdf|title=Descripción cuantitativa de la pluralización religiosa en Colombia|first1=Beltrán|last1=Cely|first2=William|last2=Mauricio|journal=Universitas Humanística|volume=73|year=2012|pages=201–238|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329185722/http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/8486/1/williammauriciobeltran.2011.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2014}} Based on a 2010 survey in "major cities throughout the country, many mid-size cities, and the rural region of Uraba".</ref>–73%<ref name="latinobarometro">[http://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/site/artic/20180112/asocfile/20180112124342/f00006494_religion_chile_america_latina_2017.pdf Latinobarometro], Cooperativa.cl, retrieved 8 February 2018.</ref>–75%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/vida-de-hoy/religion/informe-de-latinobarometro-sobre-el-catolicismo-en-america-latina_13842815-4|title=Fieles católicos caen 13 por ciento en A. Latina entre 1995 y el 2014|work=eltiempo.com|date=16 April 2014|access-date=14 February 2015}}</ref>–79%<ref name="Pew Latin"/><ref name=CIA>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Colombia |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618105825/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | align="right" | 34,000,000–37,900,000 |- [[East Africa]] | {{flag|Comoros}} | align="right" | 800,000 | align="center" | 0.2%<ref name=PEW10 /> | align="right" | 1,600 |- [[Central Africa]] | {{flag|Congo, Republic of}} | align="right" | 5,062,021 | align="center" | 33.1%<ref name=FACTBOOK />–52.9%<ref>{{cite web|date=2015|title=Congo, Republic of the|access-date=18 May 2020|publisher=[[Association of Religion Data Archives]]|url=http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_58_1.asp|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022230535/https://thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_58_1.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 1,675,529–2,409,661 |- [[Central Africa]] | {{flag|Congo, Democratic Republic of}} | align="right" | 109,000,000 | align="center" | 45%<ref name="auto"/><ref>"Pope's Congo visit seeks to heal 'still bleeding' wounds, envoy says," Reuters.com/world/Africa/ 2023-01-22</ref>–47.3%<ref name="PEW10" />–55%<ref>{{cite web|date=2015|title=Congo, Democratic Republic of the|access-date=18 May 2020|publisher=[[Association of Religion Data Archives]]|url=http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_57_1.asp|archive-date=11 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511034429/http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_57_1.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 49,000,000–60,000,000 |- [[Central America]] | {{flag|Costa Rica}} | align="right" | 5,100,000 | align="center" | 47%<ref name=ciep>{{cite news|last1=Murillo|first1=Alvaro|title=Encuesta CIEP-UCR evidencia a una Costa Rica estatista y menos religiosa|url=https://semanariouniversidad.com/pais/encuesta-ciep-ucr-evidencia-a-una-costa-rica-estatista-y-menos-religiosa/|access-date=8 July 2021|agency=Semanario Universidad|date=7 July 2021}}</ref><ref>[https://ciep.ucr.ac.cr/sites/default/files/Informe-encuesta-MARZO6-2018.pdf Informe de Resultados de la Encuesta de Opinión Sociopolítica Realizada en Febrero de 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107195838/https://ciep.ucr.ac.cr/sites/default/files/Informe-encuesta-MARZO6-2018.pdf |date=7 November 2020}} Publicado el 6 March 2018.</ref>–57%<ref name=latinobarometro/>–62%<ref name=PEWLAT />–71.8%<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkWoDwAAQBAJ&q=71.8%25+Roman+Catholic+Costa+Rica&pg=PA29|title=Costa Rica|first=Alicia Z.|last=Klepeis|publisher=Bellwether Media|year=2019|isbn=9781618915887}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HmNDwAAQBAJ&q=71.8%25+Roman+Catholic+Costa+Rica&pg=PT987|title=The CIA World Factbook 2019-2020|author=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|year=2019|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781510750470}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Costa Rica|date=11 February 2022|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/costa-rica/|publisher=The World Factbook|quote=Roman Catholic 71.8%, Evangelical and Pentecostal 12.3%, other Protestant 2.6%, Jehovah's Witness 0.5%, other 2.4%, none 10.4%|access-date=18 March 2025|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111084149/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/costa-rica/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 2,350,000–3,500,000 |- [[Southern Europe]] | {{flag|Croatia}} | align="right" | 3,872,000 | align="center" | 83.2%<ref>{{cite web |title=2021 Croatian census results |url=https://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/u-hrvatskoj-je-po-popisu-stanovnistva-832-katolika-a-ne-789/2397558.aspx}}</ref> | align="right" | 3,240,000 |- [[North America]] | {{flag|Cuba}} | align="right" | 11,163,934 | align="center" | 51%<ref name=PEW10 />–60%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127386.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130032011/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127386.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-11-30 |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2009: Cuba | date= October 2009| access-date=2010-07-16 | publisher=US State Department}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Cuba-2.pdf|title=CUBA 2017 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT|website=State.gov|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref> | align="right" | 6,000,000<ref>{{cite book|quote=Of Cuba's 6 Million Catholics|publisher=[[Routledge]]|title=Covering Castro|year=2018|isbn=9781351294188|first=Jay|last=Mallin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vZKDwAAQBAJ&q=6+million+catholics+in+cuba&pg=PT55}}</ref> |- [[Middle East]] | {{flag|Cyprus}} | align="right" | 1,100,000 | align="center" | 2.9%<ref name="Cyprus">{{cite web |url=http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/8B96E149FE049F49C2257AD90055559F/$file/POP_CEN_11-POP_FOREIGN_LANG_RELIG-EN-170615.xls?OpenElement |title=Population census of Cyprus |publisher=Statistical Service of Cyprus |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727083419/http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/8B96E149FE049F49C2257AD90055559F/$file/POP_CEN_11-POP_FOREIGN_LANG_RELIG-EN-170615.xls?OpenElement |archive-date=27 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 11,000 |- [[Central Europe]] | {{flag|Czech Republic}} | align="right" | 10,524,167 | align="center" | 9.3%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.czso.cz/documents/142154812/176236044/sldb2021_pv_obyvatelstvo_podle_cirkvi_a_kraju.xlsx|title=Czechia (2021 census)|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121163456/https://www.czso.cz/documents/142154812/176236044/sldb2021_pv_obyvatelstvo_podle_cirkvi_a_kraju.xlsx|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> | align="right" | 985,318 |- [[West Africa]] | {{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} | align="right" | 23,800,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ins.ci/n/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19&Itemid=27|title=Informations Générales sur la COTE D'IVOIRE|author=Administrator|access-date=14 February 2015}}</ref> | align="center" | 21.4%<ref name=PEW10 /> | align="right" | 5,093,000 |- [[Northern Europe]] | {{flag|Denmark}} | align="right" | 5,630,000 | align="center" | 0.7%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.katolsk.dk/1635/|title=katolsk.dk: The Catholic Church in Denmark|access-date=14 February 2015|archive-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823023404/http://www.katolsk.dk/1635/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 46,000 |- [[East Africa]] | {{flag|Djibouti}} | align="right" | 476,703 | align="center" | 0.2% | align="right" | 953 |- [[Caribbean]] | {{flag|Dominica}} | align="right" | 71,540 | align="center" | 58.1%<ref name=PEW10 /> | align="right" | 41,564 |- [[Caribbean]] | {{flag|Dominican Republic}} | align="right" | 10,400,000 | align="center" | 48%<ref name=latinobarometro/>–57%<ref name=PEWLAT /> | align="right" | 4,992,000–5,928,000 |- [[Southeast Asia]] | {{flag|East Timor}} | align="right" | 1,054,000 | align="center" | 97.57%<ref name="religion">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/3_2015-V2-Nationality-Citizenship-Religion.xls|title=Nationality, Citizenship, and Religion|date=25 October 2015|access-date=29 January 2020|publisher=Government of Timor-Leste|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714155507/http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/3_2015-V2-Nationality-Citizenship-Religion.xls|archive-date=14 July 2019}}</ref> | align="right" | 1,021,000 |- [[South America]] | {{flag|Ecuador}} | align="right" | 15,223,680 | align="center" | 69.5%<ref name="statista22"/>–77.0%<ref name=latinobarometro />–79%<ref name="Pew Latin"/>–80.4%<ref name="INEC">{{cite web|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas y Censos|date=15 August 2012|title=INEC presenta por primera vez estadísticas sobre religión |url=https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/inec-presenta-por-primera-vez-estadisticas-sobre-religion/}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web|publisher=According to a 2012 survey by the National Institute of Statistics and Census, the most recent government survey available, approximately 92 percent of the population professes a religious affiliation or belief. Of those, 80.4 percent is Roman Catholic; 11.3 percent evangelical Christian, including Pentecostals; and 1.3 percent Jehovah's Witnesses. Seven percent belongs to other religious groups|title=ECUADOR 2018 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT|url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ECUADOR-2018-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf}}</ref> | align="right" | 11,265,523 |- [[Central Africa]] | {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} | align="right" | 1,620,000 | align="center" | 80.7%<ref name=PEW10 /> | align="right" | 1,410,000 |- [[North Africa]] | {{flag|Egypt}} | align="right" | 77,505,756 | align="center" | 0.1% | align="right" | 187,320<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat17.pdf |title=The Eastern Catholic Churches 2017 |access-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024215818/http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat17.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- [[Central America]] | {{flag|El Salvador}} | align="right" | 7,000,000 | align="center" | 39%<ref name=latinobarometro />–47%<ref name="state2017">{{cite web |title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2017: El Salvador |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2017&dlid=281072 |website=State.gov |access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref>–50%<ref name="Pew Latin"/> | align="right" | 2,730,000–3,500,000 |- [[East Africa]] | {{flag|Eritrea}} | align="right" | 4,561,599 | align="center" | 3.3% | align="right" | 150,532 |- [[Northern Europe]] | {{flag|Estonia}} | align="right" | 1,332,893 | align="center" | 0.8%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__usk/RL21454/table/tableViewLayout2|title= Estonia (2021 census)}}</ref> | align="right" | 8,690 |- [[East Africa]] | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | align="right" | 73,053,286 | align="center" | 0.7%<ref name=FACTBOOK /> | align="right" | 584,426 |- [[Oceania]] | {{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}} | align="right" | 104,468 | align="center" | 52.6%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/federated-states-of-micronesia#/?affiliations_religion_id=26&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in the Federated States of Micronesia {{pipe}} PEW-GRF|publisher=Globalreligiousfutures.org|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910191432/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/federated-states-of-micronesia#/?affiliations_religion_id=26&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>–55%<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Micronesia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/micronesia/}}</ref> | align="right" | 60,000 |- [[Oceania]] | {{flag|Fiji}} | align="right" | 893,354 | align="center" | 9.1%<ref name=PEW10 /> | align="right" | 80,401 |- [[Northern Europe]] | {{flag|Finland}} | align="right" | 5,451,270 | align="center" | 0.2%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dhels.html|title=Helsinki (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy]|author=David M. Cheney|access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=20313|title=Finland's tiny Catholic community expanding, will open new parish|access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicworldreport.com/Blog/2906/bp_sippo_confirms_new_catholic_church_opening_in_may_in_kuopio_in_eastern_finland.aspx|title=Bp. Sippo confirms new Catholic church opening in May in Kuopio, in Eastern Finland|access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref> | align="right" | 12,434 |- [[Western Europe]] | {{flag|France}} | align="right" | 66,600,000 | align="center" | 47%<ref>{{Cite journal|date=September 2019|title=Special Eurobarometer 493, pages 229-230|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251|journal=European Union: European Commission}}</ref>–48%<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2019|title=État des lieux de la laïcité en France|url=http://www.institut-viavoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Etat-des-lieux-de-la-la%C3%AFcit%C3%A9-en-France.-Etude-Viavoice-pour-lObservatoire-de-la-la%C3%AFcit%C3%A9.pdf|journal=Observatoire de la Laïcité|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=10 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110171721/http://www.institut-viavoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Etat-des-lieux-de-la-la%C3%AFcit%C3%A9-en-France.-Etude-Viavoice-pour-lObservatoire-de-la-la%C3%AFcit%C3%A9.pdf|url-status=dead|archivedate=10 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110171721/http://www.institut-viavoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Etat-des-lieux-de-la-la%C3%AFcit%C3%A9-en-France.-Etude-Viavoice-pour-lObservatoire-de-la-la%C3%AFcit%C3%A9.pdf}}</ref>–51%<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref>–57%<ref>''[https://www.reforme.net/actualite/societe/sondage-les-protestants-en-france-en-2017-1-qui-sont-les-protestants/ Les protestants en France en 2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019192134/https://www.reforme.net/actualite/societe/sondage-les-protestants-en-france-en-2017-1-qui-sont-les-protestants/ |date=19 October 2017}}'' Ipsos.</ref>–60%<ref name="2017PRC">{{cite web|url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/05/24150841/Full-Topline-FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf|title=Being Christian in Western Europe|date=2018|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802131920/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/05/24150841/Full-Topline-FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 31,300,000–44,000,000 |- [[Central Africa]] | {{flag|Gabon}} | align="right" | 1,389,201 | align="center" | 50% | align="right" | 694,600 |- [[West Africa]] | {{flag|Gambia}} | align="right" | 1,593,256 | align="center" | 2.1% | align="right" | 33,458 |- [[Caucasus]] | {{flag|Georgia}} | align="right" | 3,713,804 | align="center" | 0.5%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|title= Georgia (2014 census)}}</ref> | align="right" | 18,569 |- [[Central Europe]] | {{flag|Germany}} | align="right" | 84,400,000 | align="center" | 24.0%<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dbk.de/presse/aktuelles/meldung/kirchenstatistik-2023 |title=Kirchenstatistik 2023 |date=2022-06-28 |first=Deutsche|last=Bischofskonferenz|website=Deutsche Bischofskonferenz |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref> | align="right" | 20,346,000 |- [[West Africa]] | {{flag|Ghana}} | align="right" | 30,792,608 | align="center" | 10.0%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf|title= Ghana (2021 census)}}</ref> | align="right" | 3,079,261 |- [[Southern Europe]] | {{flag|Greece}} | align="right" | 10,413,982<ref>{{Cite web |title=Estimated Population and Migration Flows, 2023 |url=https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/de3e26f6-9b77-d2e5-2ca3-e13bcafe482a}}</ref> | align="center" | 2.4% | align="right" | 250,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Η Καθολική Εκκλησία στην Ελλάδα |date=23 December 2020 |url=https://cathecclesia.gr/%ce%b7-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b8%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%ae-%ce%b5%ce%ba%ce%ba%ce%bb%ce%b7%cf%83%ce%af%ce%b1-%cf%83%cf%84%ce%b7%ce%bd-%ce%b5%ce%bb%ce%bb%ce%ac%ce%b4%ce%b1/}}</ref> |- [[Caribbean]] | {{flag|Grenada}} | align="right" | 89,502 | align="center" | 44.6%<ref name=FACTBOOK /> | align="right" | 39,917 |- [[Central America]] | {{flag|Guatemala}} | align="right" | 15,773,000 | align="center" | 43%<ref name=latinobarometro />–45%<ref name="GUATEMALA">{{cite web |title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2017: Guatemala |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2017&dlid=281076 |website=State.gov |access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref>–50%<ref name="Pew Latin"/> | align="right" | 7,000,000 |- [[West Africa]] | {{flag|Guinea}} | align="right" | 9,467,866 | align="center" | 2.6% | align="right" | 246,164 |- [[West Africa]] | {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} | align="right" | 1,416,027 | align="center" | 8.9% | align="right" | 126,026 |- [[South America]] | {{flag|Guyana}} | align="right" | 746,955 | align="center" | 7.1%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/download.php?file=93|title= Ghana (2021 census)}}</ref> | align="right" | 53,034 |- [[Caribbean]] | {{flag|Haiti}} | align="right" | 10,000,000 | align="center" | 54.7%<ref name=FACTBOOK />–56.7%<ref name=PEW10 />–56.8%<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/haiti#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015|title=Religions in Haiti {{pipe}} PEW-GRF|website=Globalreligiousfutures.org|access-date=14 May 2021|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929181606/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/haiti#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 5,470,000 |- [[Central America]] | {{flag|Honduras}} | align="right" | 8,800,000 | align="center" | 37%<ref name=latinobarometro/>–46%<ref name=PEWLAT/> | align="right" | 3,256,000–4,048,000 |- [[Central Europe]] | {{flag|Hungary}} | align="right" | 9,877,000 | align="center" | 29.2%<ref>{{cite web|title=Population by religion and gender according to the 2001, 2011 and 2022 censuses|type=report with the detailed subdivisions of religious denominations|website=Census Database|url=https://nepszamlalas2022.ksh.hu/adatbazis/#/table/WBS008/N4IgFgpghgJiBcBtEAVAkgWQKIH0AKWASmgPIAiIAugDQgDOAljBAsgGoCCAMlxwMo42AJiq06EAMYAXBgHsAdq1QdCfAFJYeARlEgAZgwA2UiACc6CUAGsG8uPBAYoABxC0I8qaYYQLSdty8AsJu1rb2IHwQUm4gAG5QhgCuvkqEuADCsek4hFm0OQDi-SA5JIXZuCSEAKqVOCR89dUkzQBCzXUFVa3dOBkc9Vxdpbg1AHL1bYN92PUcFH0E85N9agDq9QBiJTkZvaM4avUYU_UAEs0ZZCJ94yQo9eODlAC-NMjo2PhEpIthdgQkWisQSyVSSBAQgADEJblDoVodLQYYiqO9qJ8VOpNFxkQCIlEYrQwSk_MhxlhvnwsAANWKnWhbdGUN6vIA===}}</ref>–38.1%<ref>data for both Latin (37.2%) and Greek Catholic (1.9%) Churches in communion with Rome, Factbook CIA, Oct. 6, 2023 https://www.cia.gov> the-world-factbook</ref>–53.0%<ref name="Special Eurobarometer 393">''[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf Special Eurobarometer 393 - Discrimination in the European Union in 2012]'' p. T98, T99 (233-234).</ref>–56%<ref name="Pew2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-affiliation/|title=Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe|date = 10 May 2017| publisher = Pew Research Center| access-date = 2017-09-09}}</ref>–62%.<ref name="EURO2019">[https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251 Special Eurobarometer 493, European Union: European Commission, September 2019, pages 229-230], Ec.europa.eu Retrieved 17 January 2020. The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox Christian, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim - Shia, Muslim - Sunni, Other Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, Non believer/Agnostic and Other. Also space was given for Refusal (SPONTANEOUS) and Don't Know. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist and Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.</ref> | align="right" | 2,808,000–6,123,740 |- [[Northern Europe]] | {{flag|Iceland}} | align="right" | 355,277 | align="center" | 3.9%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://icelandmag.is/article/icelanders-abandon-national-state-church-old-pagan-asatru-continues-grow|title=Icelanders abandon National State Church, as old pagan Ásatrú continues to grow|publisher=Iceland Magazine|access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref> | align="right" | 13,799 |- [[South Asia]] | {{flag|India}} | align="right" | 1,400,000,000 | align="center" | 0.9%<ref name=PEW10 />–1.5%<ref>James Roberts and Ellen Teague, "COVID-19 fuels Dalit bias," TABLET, 2 May 2020, 24.</ref><ref name="CatholicHierarchy">{{Catholic-hierarchy|country|sc3|Statistics by Country|21 January 2015}}</ref> | align="right" | 13,000,000–21,000,000 |- [[Southeast Asia]] | {{flag|Indonesia}} | align="right" | 270,000,000 | align="center" | 3.12%<ref name="RELIGION">{{cite web|url=https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat|title=Statistik Umat Menurut Agama di Indonesia|publisher=[[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Religious Affairs]]|date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903221250/https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat|archive-date=3 September 2020|access-date=24 September 2020|language=id}}</ref><ref>UCA News, Union of Catholic Asia News, directory@ucanews.com</ref> | align="right" | 8,424,000 |- [[Middle East]] | {{flag|Iran}} | align="right" | 85,202,000 | align="center" | 0.02% | align="right" | 13,603 |- [[Middle East]] | {{flag|Iraq}} | align="right" | 38,000,000 | align="center" | 0.35%<ref name=PEW10 /> | align="right" | 133,000 |- [[Western Europe]] | {{flag|Ireland}} | align="right" | 5,100,000 | align="center" | 69%<ref name="journal2023">{{cite web|url = https://www.thejournal.ie/census-2022-population-cso-religion-6081108-May2023/ | website = thejournal.ie | title = Census 2022: Number who identify as Catholic falls by 10 percentage points to 69% | date = 30 May 2023 | accessdate = 30 May 2023}}</ref> | align="right" | 3,500,000 |- [[Middle East]] | {{flag|Israel}} | align="right" | 7,746,000 | align="center" | 1.2%<ref name=PEW10 /> | align="right" | 92,952 |- [[Southern Europe]] | {{flag|Italy}} | align="right" | 60,800,000 | align="center" | 66.7%<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220421144408/https://www.uaar.it/doxa2019/]</ref>-74%<ref name="Ipsos2017">{{Cite news|url=http://www.acli.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Cattolici-e-politica-analisi-Ipsos-novembre-2017.pdf|title=I cattolici tra presenza nel sociale e nuove domande alla politica|publisher=Ipsos MORI|date=17 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124122738/http://www.acli.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Cattolici-e-politica-analisi-Ipsos-novembre-2017.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124122738/http://www.acli.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Cattolici-e-politica-analisi-Ipsos-novembre-2017.pdf |date=24 January 2018 }}</ref>–75%<ref name="doxa">{{cite web|url=http://www.doxa.it/news/religiosita-e-ateismo-in-italia-nel-2014|title=Religiosità e ateismo in Italia nel 2014 - Doxa|website=Doxa.it|access-date=2025-03-18|archive-date=2017-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120193715/http://www.doxa.it/news/religiosita-e-ateismo-in-italia-nel-2014/|url-status=dead}}</ref>–76.5%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cronachelaiche.globalist.it/Detail_News_Display?ID=20167|title=Cattolici maggioranza in Italia?|publisher=cronachelaiche.globalist.it|date=14 May 2012|access-date=2 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115355/http://cronachelaiche.globalist.it/Detail_News_Display?ID=20167|archive-date=26 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>–78.9%<ref name=EB2018>{{cite book|title=Eurobarometer 90.4: Attitudes of Europeans towards Biodiversity, Awareness and Perceptions of EU customs, and Perceptions of Antisemitism|publisher=European Commission|url=https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V11&stubs=V204&previousmode=table&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V412&V204slice=1&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA7556&charttype=null&gs=7&V11slice=1&V204subset=1+-+10%2C11%2C12+-+13%2C14&mode=table&top=yes|date= August 2019|via=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences|GESIS]]}}</ref>–81.7%<ref name="spring2016">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/dataset/spring-2016-survey-data/|title=Spring 2016 Survey Data {{!}} Pew Research Center|website=Pewglobal.org|date=February 2017 |pages=Questions Q109ITA and Q109ITAb|access-date=2017-10-09}}</ref> | align="right" |44,400,000–50,000,000 |- [[Caribbean]] | {{flag|Jamaica}} | align="right" | 2,697,983 | align="center" | 2.2%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://statinja.gov.jm/Census/PopCensus/PopulationUsuallyResidentinJamaicabyParish.aspx|title= Jamaica (2011 census)}}</ref> | align="right" | 59,356 |- [[East Asia]] | {{flag|Japan}} | align="right" | 124,000,000 | align="center" | 0.3%–<ref name=PEW10 /> 0.5%<ref name="chy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/sc1.html|title=Statistics by Country, by Catholic Population [Catholic-Hierarchy]|website=Catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref> | align="right" | 372,000–620,000 |- [[Middle East]] | {{flag|Jordan}} | align="right" | 5,759,732 | align="center" | 0.4%<ref name=PEW10 /> | align="right" | 23,038 |- [[Central Asia]] | {{flag|Kazakhstan}} | align="right" | 15,185,844 | align="center" | 0.6% | align="right" | 91,115 |- [[East Africa]] | {{flag|Kenya}} | align="right" | 47,560,000 | align="center" | 20.6%<ref name=Census2019>{{cite web|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> | align="right" | 9,816,000 |- [[Oceania]] | {{flag|Kiribati}} | align="right" | 98,000 | align="center" | 55.8%<ref name=FACTBOOK />–57.3%<ref name="Census 2015">{{cite book |title=Kiribati Census 2015 |url=http://www.mfed.gov.ki/sites/default/files/2015%20Population%20Census%20Report%20Volume%201%28final%20211016%29.pdf |access-date=21 December 2018 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930092440/http://www.mfed.gov.ki/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Census-Report-2010-Volume-1.pdf |date=30 September 2013 }}</ref> | align="right" | 54,684 |- [[East Asia]] | {{flag|Korea, North}} | align="right" | 22,912,177 | align="center" | 0.01% | align="right" | 2,291 |- [[East Asia]] | {{flag|Korea, South}} | align="right" | 53,121,668 | align="center" | 11.1%<ref name=CBCK>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbck.or.kr/Notice/20190453|title=Catholic Church in Korea Statistics 2019|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803192320/http://www.cbck.or.kr/Notice/20190453|archive-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> | align="right" | 5,914,669 |- [[Southern Europe]] | {{flag|Kosovo}} | align="right" | 1,739,825 | align="center" | 1.4%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/censuskb20/KnowledgebaseArticle10700.aspx|title=Kosovo (2011 census)|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925200735/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/censuskb20/KnowledgebaseArticle10700.aspx/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 25,837 |- [[Middle East]] | {{flag|Kuwait}} | align="right" | 2,335,648 | align="center" | 8.5% | align="right" | 402,000 |- [[Central Asia]] | {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} | align="right" | 5,146,281 | align="center" | 0.1% | align="right" | 5,146 |- [[Southeast Asia]] | {{flag|Laos}} | align="right" | 6,217,141 | align="center" | 0.6% | align="right" | 37,302 |- [[Northern Europe]] | {{flag|Latvia}} | align="right" | 2,290,237 | align="center" | 19.1%<ref name=PEW10 /> | align="right" | 437,435 |- [[Middle East]] | {{flag|Lebanon}} | align="right" | 4,800,000 | align="center" | 28.8%<ref name=PEW10 /> | align="right" | 1,382,400 |- [[Southern Africa]] | {{flag|Lesotho}} | align="right" | 2,067,000 | align="center" | 45.7%<ref name=PEW10 />–49.4%<ref name=Lesotho>{{cite web|date=2015|title=Lesotho|access-date=18 May 2020|publisher=[[Association of Religion Data Archives]]|url=http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_130_1.asp|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811214132/https://thearda.com/internationalData/Countries/Country_130_1.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 946,000–1,052,237<ref name=Lesotho/> |- [[West Africa]] | {{flag|Liberia}} | align="right" | 3,482,211 | align="center" | 5.4% | align="right" | 188,039 |- [[North Africa]] | {{flag|Libya}} | align="right" | 5,765,563 | align="center" | 0.7% | align="right" | 40,358 |- [[Central Europe]] | {{flag|Liechtenstein}} | align="right" | 40,000 | align="center" | 69.6%<ref>[https://www.statistikportal.li/de/themen/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstruktur ''Volkszählung 2020'', Bevölkerungsstruktur, retrieved 12 March 2025.]</ref> | align="right" | 28,000 |- [[Northern Europe]] | {{flag|Lithuania}} | align="right" | 2,810,761 | align="center" | 77.2%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/lt/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?hash=dadee47b-9204-48d2-a55e-e125d581f1b6#/|title= Lithuania (2021 census)}}</ref> | align="right" | 2,085,340 |- [[Western Europe]] | {{flag|Luxembourg}} | align="right" | 538,000 | align="center" | 63.8%<ref name=EB2018/>–65.9%<ref name=PEW10 /> | align="right" | 369,600 |- [[Southern Africa]] | {{flag|Madagascar}} | align="right" | 18,040,341 | align="center" | 29.5%<ref name=clerus.org />–38.1%<ref name=Madagascar>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/madagascar#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2015 |title=Religions in Madagascar {{pipe}} PEW-GRF |publisher=Globalreligiousfutures.org |access-date=20 September 2017 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109064122/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/madagascar#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 5,318,293–7,890,000<ref name=Madagascar/> |- [[Southern Africa]] | {{flag|Malawi}} | align="right" | 17,563,749 | align="center"| 17.2%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=Malawi (2018 census)|access-date=2025-03-18|archive-date=2020-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 3,028,435 |- [[Southeast Asia]] | {{flag|Malaysia}} | align="right" | 34,671,895 | align="center" | 4.63%<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Profiles {{!}} World Religion |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=139c |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=www.thearda.com}}</ref> | align="right" | 1,570,000 |- [[South Asia]] | {{flag|Maldives}} | align="right" | 349,106 | align="center" | 0.02% | align="right" | 80 |- [[West Africa]] | {{flag|Mali}} | align="right" | 12,291,529 | align="center" | 1.5% | align="right" | 189,289 |- [[Southern Europe]] | {{flag|Malta}} | align="right" | 428,000 | align="center" | 82.6%<ref name=2021census>[https://nso.gov.mt/wp-content/uploads/Census-of-Population-2021-volume1-final.pdf Census final report 2021]</ref> | align="right" | 361,372 |- [[Oceania]] | {{flag|Marshall Islands}} | align="right" | 62,000 | align="center" | 8.4%<ref name=FACTBOOK/> | align="right" | 5,208 |- [[North Africa]] | {{flag|Mauritania}} | align="right" | 3,086,859 | align="center" | 0.1%<ref name=PEW10 /> | align="right" | 3,086 |- [[Southern Africa]] | {{flag|Mauritius}} | align="right" | 1,237,091 | align="center" | 26.0%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/CensusandSurveys/Documents/HPC/2011/HPC_TR_Vol2_Demography_Yr11.pdf|website=Statistics Mauritius|page=68|title=Resident population by religion and sex (2011 census)}}</ref> | align="right" | 324,811 |- [[North America]] | {{flag|Mexico}} | align="right" | 129,875,000 | align="center" | 74%<ref name="statista22"/>–77.7%<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Díaz Domínguez |first=Alejandro |date=February 1, 2021 |title=¿Qué nos dice el Censo 2020 sobre religión en México? |url=https://datos.nexos.com.mx/que-nos-dice-el-censo-2020-sobre-religion-en-mexico/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=Nexos |language=es}}</ref> 78%<ref>CIA Factbook, Mexcio, 2024.</ref><ref>2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Mexico</ref> | align="right" | 96,101,000–100,912,000–101,302,000 |- [[Eastern Europe]] | {{flag|Moldova}} | align="right" | 4,455,421 | align="center" | 0.5% | align="right" | 20,494 |- [[Southern Europe]] | {{flag|Monaco}} | align="right" | 36,371 | align="center" | 82.3%<ref name="PEW10" /> | align="right" | 29,933 |- [[Central Asia]] | {{flag|Mongolia}} | align="right" | 2,791,272 | align="center" | 0.04% | align="right" | 1,116 |- [[Southern Europe]] | {{flag|Montenegro}} | align="right" | 625,266 | align="center" | 3.4% | align="right" | 21,299 |- [[North Africa]] | {{flag|Morocco}} | align="right" | 32,725,847 | align="center" | 0.07% | align="right" | 22,908 |- [[Southern Africa]] | {{flag|Mozambique}} | align="right" | 19,406,703 | align="center" | 27.2%<ref name=FACTBOOK/>–28.4%<ref name="PEW10" />–30.5%<ref name="DHS 2015">{{cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/AIS12/AIS12.pdf|title=Moçambique: Inquérito de Indicadores de Imunização, Malária e HIV/SIDA em Moçambique (IMASIDA), 2015|publisher=Ministério da Saúde & Instituto Nacional de Estatística|language=pt|page=40|access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref> | align="right" | 5,270,000–9,900,000 |- [[Southeast Asia]] | {{flag|Myanmar}} | align="right" | 42,909,464 | align="center" | 1.1% | align="right" | 450,549 |- [[Southern Africa]] | {{flag|Namibia}} | align="right" | 2,030,692 | align="center" | 22.8%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf|title=Namibia : Demographic and Health Survey 2013|website=Dhsprogram.com|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref> | align="right" | 344,202 |- [[Oceania]] | {{flag|Nauru}} | align="right" | 10,084 | align="center" | 32.96%<ref>{{cite web |publisher=US Department of State |year=2003 |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/24314.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2003 – Nauru |access-date=2 May 2005}}</ref> | align="right" | 3,324 |- [[South Asia]] | {{flag|Nepal}} | align="right" | 27,676,547 | align="center" | 0.03% | align="right" | 8,302 |- [[Western Europe]] | {{flag|Netherlands}} | align="right" | 18,000,000 | align="center" | 17%<ref name="cbs2024">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/cijfers/detail/82904NED|date=2024-03-29|title=Religieuze betrokkenheid; persoonskenmerken |last=[[Statistics Netherlands|CBS]]|website=www.cbs.nl|language=nl|access-date=2024-03-29}}</ref>–18.2%<ref name="cbs2023">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2023/14/deel-bevolking-dat-bij-religieuze-groep-hoort-in-2022-niet-afgenomen|date=2023-04-07|title=Deel bevolking dat bij religieuze groep hoort in 2022 niet afgenomen|last=[[Statistics Netherlands|CBS]]|website=www.cbs.nl|language=nl|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>–20.8%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ru.nl/kaski/onderzoek/cijfers-rooms/ |title=Cijfers Rooms-Katholieke Kerk |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref> | align="right" | 3,060,000–3,740,000 |- [[Oceania]] | {{flag|New Zealand}} | align="right" | 4,700,000 | align="center" | 10.0%<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights |title=Census 2018 results |access-date=5 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923102431/https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights |archive-date=23 September 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 470,000 |- [[Central America]] | {{flag|Nicaragua}} | align="right" | 6,000,000 | align="center" | 40%<ref name=latinobarometro/>–50%<ref name=PEWLAT />–55%<ref>[http://www.prolades.com/ The Latin American Socio-Religious Studies Program / Programa Latinoamericano de Estudios Sociorreligiosos (PROLADES)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112003048/http://www.prolades.com/ |date=12 January 2018}}, Prolades.com</ref><ref name="Census2005">{{cite web|title=CENSO DE POBLACIÓN 2005|url=http://www.inide.gob.ni/censos2005/ResumenCensal/Resumen2.pdf|website=Inide.gob.ni|access-date=4 April 2015|date=2005}}</ref> | align="right" | 2,400,000–3,000,000 |- [[West Africa]] | {{flag|Niger}} | align="right" | 11,665,937 | align="center" | 0.1% | align="right" | 11,665 |- [[West Africa]] | {{flag|Nigeria}} | align="right" | 230,000,000 | align="center" | 10.6%<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/#people-and-society | title=Nigeria | access-date=2025-03-18 | archive-date=2021-01-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria#people-and-society | url-status=dead }}</ref>–12.6%<ref name="PEW10" /> | align="right" | 24,400,000–29,000,000 |- [[Southern Europe]] | {{flag|North Macedonia}} | align="right" | 1,836,713 | align="center" | 0.4%<ref>{{cite web|title=Total resident population in the Republic of North Macedonia by religious affiliation and sex, Census 2021|url=https://makstat.stat.gov.mk/PXWeb/pxweb/en/MakStat/MakStat__Popisi__Popis2021__Naselenie/T1010P21.px/?rxid=46ee0f64-2992-4b45-a2d9-cb4e5f7ec5ef|access-date=27 December 2022|archive-date=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227224756/https://makstat.stat.gov.mk/PXWeb/pxweb/en/MakStat/MakStat__Popisi__Popis2021__Naselenie/T1010P21.px/?rxid=46ee0f64-2992-4b45-a2d9-cb4e5f7ec5ef|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 6,746 |- [[Northern Europe]] | {{flag|Norway}} | align="right" | 5,060,000 | align="center" | 2.4%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssb.no/trosamf/|title=Trus- og livssynssamfunn utanfor Den norske kyrkja - SSB|access-date=14 February 2015}}</ref>–3.02%<ref name="stat2018christiancommunities">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/en/kultur-og-fritid/statistikker/trosamf/aar/2019-12-03?fane=tabell&sort=nummer&tabell=405229|title=2019-12-03|website=Ssb.no|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref> | align="right" | 120,900 |- [[Middle East]] | {{flag|Oman}} | align="right" | 3,000,000 | align="center" | 4.1%<ref name="PEW10" /> | align="right" | 110,000 |- [[South Asia]] | {{flag|Pakistan}} | align="right" |207,000,000 | align="center" | 0.8% | align="right" | 1,656,000 |- [[Oceania]] | {{flag|Palau}} | align="right" | 17,661 | align="center" | 46.0%<ref name="census2015">{{cite book |last1=Palau |title=2015 Census of Population, Housing and Agriculture Tables |date=2015 |page=53 |url=https://palaugov.pw/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/2015-Census-of-Population-Housing-Agriculture-.pdf |access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> | align="right" | 8,124 |- [[Middle East]] | {{flag|Palestine}} | align="right" | 3,761,904 | align="center" | 2% | align="right" | 80,000 |- [[Central America]] | {{flag|Panama}} | align="right" | 3,500,000 | align="center" | 55%<ref name=latinobarometro/>–63%<ref name=2015survey>{{Cite journal|date=December 2016|title=Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Hogares, Panama 2015|url=http://ministeriopublico.gob.pa/wp-content/multimedia/2017/09/Encuesta-de-Hogares-2015-16-viii-17-publicaci%C3%B3n-digital.pdf|journal=Ministerio Público de la República de Panamá|access-date=24 December 2019|archive-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081846/http://ministeriopublico.gob.pa/wp-content/multimedia/2017/09/Encuesta-de-Hogares-2015-16-viii-17-publicaci%C3%B3n-digital.pdf|url-status=dead|archivedate=18 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081846/http://ministeriopublico.gob.pa/wp-content/multimedia/2017/09/Encuesta-de-Hogares-2015-16-viii-17-publicaci%C3%B3n-digital.pdf}}</ref>–70%<ref name=PEWLAT /> | align="right" | 1,925,000–2,400,000 |- [[Oceania]] | {{flag|Papua New Guinea}} | align="right" | 7,000,000 | align="center" | 26%<ref>{{cite web |last1=Koloma. Kele |first1=Roko. Hajily |title=PAPUA NEW GUINEA 2011 NATIONAL REPORT-NATIONAL STATISTICAL OFFICE |url=http://sdd.spc.int/en/resources/document-library?view=preview&format=raw&fileId=218 |website=sdd.spc.int |access-date=11 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812174041/http://sdd.spc.int/en/resources/document-library?view=preview&format=raw&fileId=218 |archive-date=12 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 1,890,000 |- [[South America]] | {{flag|Paraguay}} | align="right" | 6,800,000 | align="center" | 88.3%<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1067159/paraguay-religion-affiliation-share-type/|title=Religion affiliations in Paraguay 2020|website=Statista.com|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>–89%<ref name="Pew Latin"/><ref name=latinobarometro/> | align="right" | 6,000,000 |- [[South America]] | {{flag|Peru}} | align="right" | 34,300,000 | align="center" | 74%<ref name=latinobarometro/>–76%<ref name=PEWLAT /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page = 231 |website= Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática}}</ref> | align="right" | 25,725,000 |- [[Asia]] | {{flag|Philippines}} | align="right" | 108,700,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/64465-100-millionth-filipino-born|title=Philippine population officially hits 100 million|work=Rappler|date=27 July 2014|access-date=14 February 2015}}</ref> | align="center" | 78.8%<ref name="PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion">{{Cite press release |last=Mapa |first=Dennis S. |date=February 22, 2023 |title=Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310184554/https://psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing |archive-date=March 10, 2023 |access-date=March 12, 2023 |website=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]]}}</ref> | align="right" | 85,600,000 |- [[Central Europe]] | {{flag|Poland}} | align="right" | 38,496,000 | align="center" | 71.1%<ref name="nsp-2021">{{cite web|url=https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/nsp-2021/nsp-2021-wyniki-ostateczne/tablice-z-ostatecznymi-danymi-w-zakresie-przynaleznosci-narodowo-etnicznej-jezyka-uzywanego-w-domu-oraz-przynaleznosci-do-wyznania-religijnego,10,1.html|title=Tablice z ostatecznymi danymi w zakresie przynależności narodowo-etnicznej, języka używanego w domu oraz przynależności do wyznania religijnego - NSP 2021 |date=28 September 2023|access-date=28 September 2023|publisher=[[Statistics Poland]]}}</ref> | align="right" | 27,121,000 |- [[Southern Europe]] | {{flag|Portugal}} | align="right" | 10,343,066<ref>{{cite web|url=https://expresso.pt/sociedade/censos-2021/2022-11-23-Residentes-emigrantes-regressados-municipios-idosos-a-populacao-portuguesa-em-cinco-grandes-numeros-1b4cf05e|title=Residentes, emigrantes, regressados, municípios, idosos: a população portuguesa em cinco grandes números |publisher=Expresso |date=2022-11-23 |accessdate=2022-11-23}}</ref> | align="center" | 80.2%<ref name="Censos2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/censos-2021-catolicos-diminuem-mas-ainda-sao-mais-de-80-dos-portugueses_n1449073|title=Censos 2021. Católicos diminuem, mas ainda são mais de 80% dos portugueses |publisher=RTP |date=2022-11-23 |accessdate=2022-11-23}}</ref> | align="right" | 7,043,016–8,260,000 |- [[Middle East]] | {{flag|Qatar}} | align="right" | 863,051 | align="center" | 10.5% | align="right" | 350,000 |- [[Eastern Europe]] | {{flag|Romania}} | align="right" | 22,329,977 | align="center" | 4.7%<ref name=FACTBOOK/> | align="right" | 1,787,408 |- [[Eastern Europe]] | {{flag|Russia}} | align="right" | 143,420,309 | align="center" | 0.5%<ref name="PEW10" /> | align="right" | 717,101 |- [[East Africa]] | {{flag|Rwanda}} | align="right" | 11,000,000 | align="center" | 43.7%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://statistics.gov.rw/system/files/user_uploads/files/books/RPHC4_Socio_cultural_characteristics_population.pdf|title=Census 2012|work=Rwanda Census Office|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319060208/http://statistics.gov.rw/system/files/user_uploads/files/books/RPHC4_Socio_cultural_characteristics_population.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>–49.5%<ref name=Rwanda>{{cite web|title=Religions in Rwanda - PEW-GRF|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/rwanda#/?affiliations_religion_id=26&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|access-date=7 June 2020|archive-date=3 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103215539/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/rwanda#/?affiliations_religion_id=26&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 4,807,000 |- [[Caribbean]] | {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} | align="right" | 51,000 | align="center" | 6.7% | align="right" | 3,400 |- [[Caribbean]] | {{flag|Saint Lucia}} | align="right" | 165,600 | align="center" | 61.3% | align="right" | 101,500 |- [[Caribbean]] | {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} | align="right" | 106,000 | align="center" | 7.5% | align="right" | 7,950 |- [[Oceania]] | {{flag|Samoa}} | align="right" | 179,000 | align="center" | 19.6%<ref name=FACTBOOK/> | align="right" | 35,084 |- [[Southern Europe]] | {{flag|San Marino}} | align="right" | 32,500 | align="center" | 90.5%<ref name="PEW10"/>–97%<ref name="CIASANMARINO">{{cite news|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/san-marino/|title=People of San Marino|work=[[CIA World Fact Book]]|access-date=1 November 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112213547/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/san-marino/ |date=12 January 2021 }}</ref> | align="right" | 29,412 |- [[Central Africa]] | {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}} | align="right" | 163,000 | align="center" | 73.5%<ref name=clerus.org /> | align="right" | 119,805 |- [[Middle East]] | {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | align="right" | 26,417,599 | align="center" | 2.5%–3.8%<ref name=FACTBOOK/>–7%<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=1436|title=A catacomb Church? Perhaps, but one that is alive and well . . . and universal|website=Asianews.it|access-date=2025-03-18|archive-date=2019-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424130728/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 660,439–1,300,000 |- [[West Africa]] | {{flag|Senegal}} | align="right" | 11,126,832 | align="center" | 3.5% | align="right" | 389,439 |- [[Southern Europe]] | {{flag|Serbia}} | align="right" | 7,120,600 | align="center" | 6.1%<ref name=FACTBOOK/> | align="right" | 433,167 |- [[East Africa]] | {{flag|Seychelles}} | align="right" | 93,000 | align="center" | 76.2%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nsb.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Population_and_Housing_Census_2010_Report.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-04-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514112130/http://www.nsb.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Population_and_Housing_Census_2010_Report.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> | align="right" | 70,866 |- [[West Africa]] | {{flag|Sierra Leone}} | align="right" | 6,017,643 | align="center" | 2.9% | align="right" | 174,511 |- [[Southeast Asia]] | {{flag|Singapore}} | align="right" | 6,052,486 | align="center" | 6.7%<ref name="Singapore Census 2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/visualising_data/infographics/c2020/c2020-religion.pdf |title=Census of Population 2020: Religion |website=Department of Statistics Singapore |access-date=25 June 2021 |date=16 June 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022053824/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/visualising_data/infographics/c2020/c2020-religion.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | align="right" | 398,006 |- [[Central Europe]] | {{flag|Slovakia}} | align="right" | 5,450,000 | align="center" | 55.8%<ref>{{cite web | title =Roman Catholics represents 56% of the population | publisher = Statistical Office of the SR |year=2022 | url =https://www.scitanie.sk/en/roman-catholics-represents-56-percent-of-the-population | access-date = January 23, 2022}}</ref> | align="right" | 3,038,511 |- [[Central Europe]] | {{flag|Slovenia}} | align="right" | 2,116,972 | align="center" | 69.92%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://katoliska-cerkev.si/letno-porocilo-katoliske-cerkve-v-sloveniji-2020|title=Slovenian Catholic Church official report for 2019|publisher=Slovenian Catholic Church|access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prebivalstvo in katoličani v Sloveniji (page 72)|url=https://katoliska-cerkev.si/media/datoteke/Dokumenti%20in%20publikacije/LETNO%20POROCILO%202020-SPLET.pdf|publisher=katoliska-cerkev.si|access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://katoliska-cerkev.si/letno-porocilo-katoliske-cerkve-v-sloveniji-2023|title=Slovenian Catholic Church official report for 2023|publisher=Slovenian Catholic Church|date=19 February 2024}}</ref> | align="right" | 1,480,156 |- [[Oceania]] | {{flag|Solomon Islands}} | align="right" | 523,000 | align="center" | 19%<ref name=FACTBOOK/> | align="right" | 100,000 |- [[East Africa]] | {{flag|Somalia}} | align="right" | 8,591,629 | align="center" | 0.001% | align="right" | 100 |- [[Southern Africa]] | {{flag|South Africa}} | align="right" | 60,000,000 | align="center" | 6.8%<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index.php/catalog/611|title=South Africa – Community Survey 2016|website=datafirst.uct.ac.za|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/south-africa/ | title=South Africa}}</ref> | align="right" | 4,080,000 |- [[North Africa]] | {{flag|South Sudan}} | align="right" | 10,000,000 | align="center" | 39.7%<ref name=SouthSudan>{{cite web|title=Religions in South Sudan - PEW-GRF|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-sudan#/?affiliations_religion_id=26&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|access-date=6 October 2018|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202113435/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-sudan#/?affiliations_religion_id=26&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 3,950,000<ref name=SouthSudan/> |- [[Southern Europe]] | {{flag|Spain}} | align="right" | 48,300,000 | align="center" | 52.9%<ref>[https://www.cis.es/cis/export/sites/default/-Archivos/Marginales/3400_3419/3413/es3413mar.pdf Barometro July 2023]</ref>–59%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cis.es/cis/export/sites/default/-Archivos/Marginales/3340_3359/3344/es3344mar.pdf|title=BARÓMETRO DE DICIEMBRE 2021|website=Cis.es|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>–66.0%<ref name=CIS2018>{{Cite web|url=http://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es3231mar_A.pdf|author=''Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas'' (Centre for Sociological Research)|title=Barómetro de noviembre de 2018|date=November 2018|page=21 |access-date=5 December 2018 |language=es}}</ref>–67%<ref>[http://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es3273marMT_A.pdf Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas: Barómetro de Febrero 2020, page 27] Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a? Datos.cis.es</ref>–68%<ref name=CIS>{{Cite web|url=http://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es3101mar_A.pdf|author=''Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas'' (Centre for Sociological Research)|title=Barómetro de junio de 2015|date=June 2015|page=131|access-date=7 June 2015|language=es}}</ref>–70%<ref>{{cite book|title=Religion and Law in Spain|first=Javier Martínez-|last=Torrón|isbn=9789403500447|year=2018|publisher=Kluwer Law International B.V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZT9sDwAAQBAJ&q=70%25+Spain+Catholic&pg=PT12|quote=The last months' surveys show that approximately 70% of the Spanish people recognize themselves as Catholic}}</ref> | align="right" | 25,550,000–33,000,000 |- [[South Asia]] | {{flag|Sri Lanka}} | align="right" | 20,264,000 | align="center" | 6.1%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/cph2011Pub/pop43.pdf|title=A3 : Population by religion according to districts, 2012 : Sri Lanka|website=Statistics.gov.lk|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=24 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124033657/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/Activities/Reports/cph2011Pub/pop43.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 1,237,000 |- [[North Africa]] | {{flag|Sudan}} | align="right" | 31,000,000 | align="center" | 1% | align="right" | 300,000 |- [[South America]] | {{flag|Suriname}} | align="right" | 551,000 | align="center" | 21.6%<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics-suriname.org/images/Presentatie.pdf |title=National Census |access-date=5 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105905/http://www.statistics-suriname.org/images/Presentatie.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 119,000 |- [[Southern Africa]] | {{flag|Swaziland}} | align="right" | 1,100,000 | align="center" | 4.9%<ref name="PEW10" /> | align="right" | 62,803 |- [[Northern Europe]] | {{flag|Sweden}} | align="right" | 10,000,000 | align="center" | 1.8% | align="right" | 180,000 |- [[Central Europe]] | {{flag|Switzerland}} | align="right" | 9,000,000 | align="center" | 30.7%<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office |first=Federal Statistical |title=Religions |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung/sprachen-religionen/religionen.html |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.bfs.admin.ch}}</ref> | align="right" | 2,700,000 |- [[Middle East]] | {{flag|Syria}} | align="right" | 18,448,752 | align="center" | 2.1%<ref name=FACTBOOK/> | align="right" | 368,975 |- [[East Asia]] | {{flag|Taiwan}} | align="right" | 22,894,384 | align="center" | 1.3% | align="right" | 297,626 |- [[Central Asia]] | {{flag|Tajikistan}} | align="right" | 7,163,506 | align="center" | 0.01% | align="right" | <1,000<ref name="PEW10" /> |- [[East Africa]] | {{flag|Tanzania}} | align="right" | 65,642,000<ref>"Tanzania" ''The World Factbook'' (2023) Central Intelligence Agency</ref> | align="center" | 25.6<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.partner-religion-development.org/fileadmin/user_upload/190915_Faith_Development_in_Focus_Tanzania.pdf|title=Faith and Development in Focus : Tanzania|date=September 2019|website=Partner-religion-development.org|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407010508/https://www.partner-religion-development.org/fileadmin/user_upload/190915_Faith_Development_in_Focus_Tanzania.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>–31.4%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/tanzania#/?affiliations_religion_id=26&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religion in Tanzania|year=2010|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=2025-03-18|archive-date=2019-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301140032/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/tanzania#/?affiliations_religion_id=26&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | align="right" | 16,604,000–20,611,000 |- [[Southeast Asia]] | {{flag|Thailand}} | align="right" | 69,000,000 | align="center" | 0.3%<ref name="PEW10" />–0.58%<ref name="BP-20191120">{{cite news |last1=Suksamran |first1=Nauvarat |last2=Mala |first2=Dumrongkiat |title=How Catholicism took root in Thailand |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1798124#cxrecs_s |access-date=20 November 2019 |work=Bangkok Post |date=20 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="LiCAS.news">{{cite news |title=Celebrating 350 Years of the Vatican's Mission to Siam |url=https://missiontosiam.licas.news/ |access-date=13 January 2020 |work=LiCAS.news |archive-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113071125/https://missiontosiam.licas.news/ |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113071125/https://missiontosiam.licas.news/ |date=13 January 2020 }}</ref> | align="right" | 388,468<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thaitrakulpanich |first1=Asaree |title=HERE'S POPE FRANCIS' SCHEDULE FOR HIS THAILAND VISIT |url=http://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/2019/10/02/heres-pope-francis-schedule-for-his-thailand-visit/ |access-date=2 October 2019 |work=Khaosod English |date=2 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pope Francis to visit Thailand November 20–23 |url=https://www.thaipbsworld.com/pope-francis-to-visit-thailand-november-20-23/ |access-date=14 September 2019 |work=Thai PBS |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=13 September 2019}}</ref> |- [[West Africa]] | {{flag|Togo}} | align="right" | 5,681,519 | align="center" | 26.4%<ref name="PEW10" /> | align="right" | 1,499,921 |- [[Oceania]] | {{flag|Tonga}} | align="right" | 102,000 | align="center" | 15.6%<ref name=FACTBOOK/> | align="right" | 15,912 |- [[Caribbean]] | {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} | align="right" | 1,330,000 | align="center" | 21.6%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cso.planning.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf|title=TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 2011 Demographic Report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508024958/http://cso.planning.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf |access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=8 May 2014}}</ref> | align="right" | 286,000 |- [[North Africa]] | {{flag|Tunisia}} | align="right" | 11,000,000 | align="center" | 0.2% | align="right" | 22,000 |- [[Middle East]] | {{flag|Turkey}} | align="right" | 77,700,000 | align="center" | 0.05% | align="right" | 35,000 |- [[Central Asia]] | {{flag|Turkmenistan}} | align="right" | 4,750,000 | align="center" | 0.01%<ref>{{cite web|author=Fides Staff |date=2010-07-15 |title=ASIA/TURKMENISTAN - Local Catholic Church receives official government recognition |work=Fides |url=http://www.fides.org/aree/news/newsdet.php?idnews=27086&lan=eng |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414190630/http://www.fides.org/aree/news/newsdet.php?idnews=27086&lan=eng |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-14 |access-date=2013-02-05}}</ref> | align="right" | 500 |- [[Oceania]] | {{flag|Tuvalu}} | align="right" | 10,000 | align="center" | 1% | align="right" | 100 |- [[East Africa]] | {{flag|Uganda}} | align="right" | 47,729,000<ref>"Uganda" ''The World Factbook'' (2023) Central Intelligence Agency</ref> | align="center" | 39.3%<ref name="Census 2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/2014%20National%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census – Main Report|publisher=Uganda Bureau of Statistics|access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref>–45%<ref>"Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Sahara Africa," http://www.pewforum.org</ref> | align="right" | 18,757,000–21,478,000 |- [[Eastern Europe]] | {{flag|Ukraine}} | align="right" | 43,000,000 | align="center" | 5.6%<ref name=PEW10 />–10%<ref>Pew Research Center, 12/19/18, 5 facts about Catholics in Europe</ref><ref>Razumkov Center, 26 May 2016 pp 22,29.\ </ref><ref>"2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Ukraine," ''U.S. State Department'' (Office of International Religious Freedom), May 12, 2021.</ref> | align="right" | 2,408,000–4,300,000 |- [[Middle East]] | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | align="right" | 2,563,212 | align="center" | 5% | align="right" | 128,160 |- [[Western Europe]] | {{flag|United Kingdom}} | align="right" | 63,100,000 | align="center" | 9%<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prct.org.uk/downloads/research/18-table-1-2011-2012-statistics-of-rc-population-fourth-draft-1/file|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420034328/http://www.prct.org.uk/downloads/research/18-table-1-2011-2012-statistics-of-rc-population-fourth-draft-1/file|url-status=dead|title=Table 1 2011 2012 statistics of RC population fourth draft by the Pastoral Research Centre Trust, an independent research organization|archive-date=20 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/2011-census-key-results-from-releases-2a-to-2d/|title=2011 Census: Key Results from Releases 2A to 2D|website=Scotland's Census}}</ref><ref name="2011census">{{cite web |url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS209SCb.pdf |title=Scotland's Census 2011 – Table KS209SCb |publisher=scotlandscensus.gov.uk |access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/pivotgrid.aspx?dataSetVars=ds-3971-lh-73-yn-2011-sk-136-sn-Census%202011-yearfilter--|title=NINIS Home Page|access-date=14 February 2015}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | align="right" | 5,700,000 |- [[North America]] | {{flag|United States}} | align="right" | 341,000,000<ref>US Census Bureau, Dec.31, 2024 pio@census.gov</ref> | align="center" | 20%<ref>"In US, Decline of Christianity Continues at Rapid Pace," Pew Research Center, 17 October 2019.</ref> 21%<ref>"About Three-In-Ten U.S. Adults Are Now Religiously Unaffiliated, Pew Research Center, 12/14/2021</ref><ref>Jeff Diamant, "Faith on the Hill: The Religious Composition of the 118th Congress," Pew Research Center, Jan. 3, 2023.</ref>–22%<ref>PRRI, 02/24/2023 "Census of American Religion : Religious Affiliations and Updates and Trends, 2022"</ref><ref name=AVA2017>{{cite book|last1=Cox|first1=Daniel|last2=Jones|first2=Ribert P.|title=America's Changing Religious Identity|url=https://www.prri.org/research/american-religious-landscape-christian-religiously-unaffiliated/|work=2020 American Values Atlas|publisher=Public Religion Research Institute|date=7 July 2021}}</ref><ref>ABC News/Washington Post poll (Langer Research Associates), Allison de Jong, 10 May 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.news.gallup.com/poll/238837/church-membership-down-sharply-past-two-decades.aspx] {{dead link|date=July 2022}}</ref><ref>Susan Crabtree, "Americans Embrace Religion, Reject Religious Bigotry," ''Real Clear Politics'', Jan. 10, 2024.</ref>–23%<ref name="Gallup2016religion">{{Cite news|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/200186/five-key-findings-religion.aspx|title=Five Key Findings on Religion in the U.S.|last=Newport|first=Frank|date=23 December 2016|work=Gallup|access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>–25%<ref>{{Cite web |author=Megan Brenan |title=Religiosity Largely Unaffected by Events of 2020 in U.S. |date=March 29, 2021 |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/341957/religiosity-largely-unaffected-events-2020.aspx#:~:text=%20Religiosity%20Largely%20Unaffected%20by%20Events%20of%202020,The%202020%20average%20of%20Americans%27%20religious...%20More%20 |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref> | align="right" | 68,200,000–71,600,000–75,020,000–78,430,000–85,250,000 |- [[South America]] | {{flag|Uruguay}} | align="right" | 3,500,000 | align="center" | 38%<ref name = latinobarometro />–41%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-in-secular-uruguay-a-populist-cardinal-rallies-the-faithful-and-kicks/|title=In secular Uruguay, a populist cardinal rallies the faithful and kicks off a feud|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=14 May 2018}}</ref>–42%<ref name="Pew Latin"/>–47.1%<ref name=FACTBOOK/> | align="right" | 1,330,000 |- [[Central Asia]] | {{flag|Uzbekistan}} | align="right" | 26,851,195 | align="center" | 0.01% | align="right" | 2,685 |- [[Southern Europe]] | {{flag|Vatican City}} | align="right" | 842 | align="center" | 100% | align="right" | 842 |- [[Oceania]] | {{flag|Vanuatu}} | align="right" | 243,304 | align="center" | 13.1%<ref name=FACTBOOK/> | align="right" | 36,500 |- [[South America]] | {{flag|Venezuela}} | align="right" | 32,000,000 | align="center" | 64.2%<ref name="statista22"/>–67%<ref name=latinobarometro/>–71%<ref name="grumilla">{{cite news|last1=Aguire|first1=Jesus Maria|language=es|title=Informe Sociográfico sobre la religión en Venezuela|url=http://www.gumilla.org/biblioteca/bases/biblo/texto/SIC2012745_211-222.pdf|access-date=5 April 2015|publisher=El Centro Gumilla|date=June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024236/http://www.gumilla.org/biblioteca/bases/biblo/texto/SIC2012745_211-222.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024236/http://www.gumilla.org/biblioteca/bases/biblo/texto/SIC2012745_211-222.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>–73%<ref name=PEWLAT /> | align="right" | 20,000,000–23,360,000 |- [[Southeast Asia]] | {{flag|Vietnam}} | align="right" | 96,208,984 | align="center" | 6.1%<ref name="Census">{{Cite web |title=Completed results of the 2019 Viet Nam population and housing census – General Statistics Office of Vietnam |url=https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2020/11/completed-results-of-the-2019-viet-nam-population-and-housing-census/}}</ref> | align="right" | 5,868,748 |- [[North Africa]] | {{flag|Western Sahara}} | align="right" | 273,008 | align="center" | 0.06% | align="right" | 163 |- [[Middle East]] | {{flag|Yemen}} | align="right" | 20,727,063 | align="center" | 0.02% | align="right" | 4,145 |- [[Southern Africa]] | {{flag|Zambia}} | align="right" | 14,300,000 | align="center" | 21%<ref name="PEW10" /> | align="right" | 3,003,000 |- [[Southern Africa]] | {{flag|Zimbabwe}} | align="right" | 12,746,990 | align="center" | 7.71% | align="right" | 982,792 |- colspan="2" | ! Total ! 8,000,000,000<ref>Alyssa Lukpat and Joanna Sugden, "World Population Hits 8 Billion, UN says," ''The Wall Street Journal'', November 15, 2022.</ref><ref>Robert Hart, "World's Population Reaches 8 Million -- Here's What You Need To Know," ''Forbes'', November 15, 2022.</ref> ! 13.57%–17.68% ! 1,085,600,000–1,420,400,000 |} [[vibhag:C]] [[vibhag:Isai dharam]] pon16pf9mli2zr5izjwcfht8fdnsaam The Holocaust 0 66013 338028 336968 2026-09-03T10:00:03Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 338028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox civilian attack | title = The Holocaust | partof = [[World War II]] | image = Selection on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 1944 (Auschwitz Album) 1b.jpg | image_size = 250px | alt = Large number of people standing beside a railway siding with the camp gate in the background | type = [[Genocide]], [[ethnic cleansing]], [[mass murder]], [[mass shooting]], [[death marches]], [[poison gas]], [[hate crime]] | caption = Yahudi log [[Auschwitz concentration camp#Auschwitz II-Birkenau|Auschwitz II]], [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German-occupied Poland]] me, May 1944 me. Isme se jaada ke gas chamber me maare ke khaatir chuna gais rahaa. | location = Europe, khaas kar ke German-occupied Poland aur [[Soviet Union]] me | coordinates = | date = 1941–1945 | fatalities = Around 6 million Jews | perps = [[Nazi Germany]], iske [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy| collaborators]] aur [[Axis powers|allies]] }} '''The Holocaust''' ({{respell|HOL|ə|kawst}}), jiske [[Hebrew language|Hebrew bhasa]] me '''{{lang|he-Latn|Shoah|i=no}}''' ( {{respell|SHOH|ə}}; {{IPA|he|ʃoˈʔa|IPA}}, ) nai to '''{{lang|he-Latn|HaShoah|i=no}}''' bola jaawe hae,<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Holocaust |url=https://aboutholocaust.org/he |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=About Holocaust}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=השואה - יד ושם |url=https://wwv.yadvashem.org/yv/he/holocaust/index.asp |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=wwv.yadvashem.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=השואה |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/discover/judaism/jewish-history/holocaust |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[World War II]] ke time [[Europe]] ke [[Yahudi]] log ke [[genocide]] rahaa. 1941 se 1945 talak, [[Nazi Germany]] aur iske saathi des aur puppet state systematically lagbhag chhe million Yhudi log ke , [[German-occupied Europe]] me, lagbhag [[Europe]] ke Yahudi abaadi ke two-thirds hissa, ke hatya kar de rahin. Ii hatya ke jaada kar ke Eastern Europe me [[banduuk]] se daag ke, [[extermination camp]]s me poison gas chambers me , khaas kar ke [[Auschwitz concentration camp#Auschwitz II-Birkenau|Auschwitz-Birkenau]], [[Treblinka extermination camp|Treblinka]], [[Belzec extermination camp|Belzec]], [[Sobibor extermination camp|Sobibor]], aur [[Chełmno extermination camp|Chełmno]] occupied Poland me karaa gais rahaa. Iske alaawa Nazi persecutions aur kuchh million non-Yahudi civilians aur prisoners of war (POWs) ke bh maare rahin, Kabhi-kabhi, ''Holocaust'' sabd ke non-Yahudi log ke hatya ke bhi bola jaawe hae. Nazi log [[Nazism|aapan ideology]] [[racism]] aur [[Lebensraum| "living space" ke khoj me]] banae rahin, aur [[Adolf Hitler]] 1933 me power me aais rahaa. Des ke sab Yahudi log ke majbuur kar ke des chhorr ke bhaage ke khaatir, November 1938 me, Nazi sarkar anti-Yahudi kaanun bane rahin, uulog ke tang kare ke prosaan de rahin, aur des bhar me ek [[pogrom]] ke laabu kare rahin, jiske ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' bola jaawat rahaa. September 1939 me , Germany ke Poland ke invasion ke baad, occupation authorities ghettos banae rahin Yahudi log ke alag kare ke khaatir. June 1941 me, Soviet Union ke invasion ke baad, 1.5 se 2 million Yahudi log ke German forces aur local collaborators banduuk se daag de rahin. 1942 ke suruwaat me, Nazis ii nischay kare rahin ki Europe ke sab Yahudi ke maar dewa jaae. Victims ke extermination camps me deport karaa gais rahaa, jahaan pe jon ii trip me bach gais rahaa ke poisonous gas se maar dewa gais rahaa, aur duusra jan ke forced labour camp me bheja gais rahaa, jahaan pe dher bhukmari, atyachaar, thakaan, nai to experimentation ke kaaran mar gay rahin. Maara gais Yahudi log ke property ke German occupiers aur non-Yahudi ke de dewa gais rahaa. Jab ki jaada jan Holocaust me 1942 me mare rahin, ii hatya May 1945 me larrai ke ant talak chalte rahaa. ==Background== [[File:Synagoge Pegnitz Nuernberg 1900.jpg|thumb|alt=A postcard of a river with buildings behind it|Pegnitz Naddi (c. 1900) jisme Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg dekhae hae, jiske 1938 ke November pogroms me destroy kar dewa gais rahaa]] [[Yahudi]] log [[Europe]] me dui hajaar saal se rae hae.{{sfn|Gilbert|2015|p=22}} [[Middle Ages]] bhar, Europe me, Jews logan antisemitism based on Christian theology ke niche suffer kare rahin, jon uulog ke [[Jesus]] ke maare ke blame karat rahin.{{sfn|Bergen|2016|pp=14–17}}{{sfn|Weitz|2010|p=58}} [[19th century]] me dher Europe ke des me Yahudi log ke puura citizenship dewa gais rahaa, ii soch ke ki assimilate hoe jaien.{{sfn|Gerlach|2016|pp=20–21}} [[20th century]] ke suruwaat talak, jaada Yahudi, central aur western Europe me des ke samaj me integrated rahin, jab eastern Europe me, jahaan emancipation baad me aais rahaa, dher Yahudi log chhota-chhota town me rahat rahin, [[Yiddish bhasa]] me baat karat rahin, aur [[Orthodox Judaism]] ke practice karat rahin.{{sfn|Gerlach|2016|pp=21–22}} Political antisemitism, jon Jewish question ke baare me baat karat rahin aur jaada kar ke ek international Jewish conspiracy 18th aur 19th centuries me suruu bhais rahaa, jiske kaaran rise of nationalism in Europe aur industrialization rahaa, jon Yahudi aur gaer-Yahudi ke biich me economic conflicts ke jaada kar diis rahaa.{{sfn|Bartov|2023b|p=195}}{{sfn|Beorn|2018|pp=21–23}} Kuchh scientists insaan ke jati me categorise kare ke suruu karin rahaa aur argue karin rahaa ki ki uulog ke biich me jindagi aur maut ke struggle rahaa.{{sfn|Beorn|2018|p=25}} Dher racist log ii argue karin ki Yahudi log ek alag jaat ke log hae aur Europe ke nai hae. {{sfn|Gerlach|2016|p=146}}{{sfn|Bartov|2023b|p=196}} Twentieth century ke suruwaat ke time [[Germany]] ek overseas colonial empire banae ke kosis karat rahaa, jisme [[Herero and Nama genocide]] aur baad ke racial apartheid regime [[German South West Africa|South West Africa]] me banaa rahaa.{{sfn|Weitz|2010|p=62}}{{sfn|Gerlach|2016|p=37}} [[World War I]] (1914–1918) ke kaaran, nationalism aur barrhaa rahaa aur aracist sentiments Germany aur duusra European des me.{{sfn|Weitz|2010|pp=64–65}} Yahudi log eastern Europe ke targat karaaa gais rahaa, widespread pogroms me.{{sfn|Beorn|2018|p=24}} Germany ke WWI me [[Casualties of World War I|dui million log mare rahin]] aur dher jamiin ke khoi de rahin,Treaty of Versailles ke niche;{{sfn|Weitz|2010|pp=64–65}} Germany me postwar settlement ke virodh Germans ke across the political spectrum ek saathe karis rahaa.{{sfn|Weitz|2010|p=65}}{{sfn|Bloxham|2009|p=133}} Military promote karis rahaa ii idea ki German army haris nai rahaa lekin iske pithi me chhurri maare waala log socialists aur Yahudi rahaa.{{sfn|Weitz|2010|p=65}}{{sfn|Bloxham|2009|p=135}} [[File:Stab-in-the-back postcard.jpg|thumb|alt=see caption|1919 ke Austrian postcard jon dekhae hae ek Yahudi ek German Army soldier ke pithi me chhuurri bhoke hae]] Larrai ke baad, [[Nazi Party]] banaa rahaa,{{sfn|Bartov|2023b|p=197}} aur [[Nazism|its ideology]] ke bataawa jaae hae ki khaas factor rahaa, jab Holocaust ke samjhaawa jaae hae.{{sfn|Gerlach|2016|p=143}} Suruu se,, the Nazis—duusra Europe ke des ke rakam— sapna dekhat rahaa ek [[dunia]] jisme Yahudi nai hae, jiske uulog identify kare rahin as "the embodiment of everything that was wrong with modernity".{{sfn|Stone|2023|loc=Introduction: What is the Holocaust?}} Nazis German des ke define kare rahin as ek racial community unbounded by Germany's physical borders{{sfn|Beorn|2018|p=57}} aur des se foreign log aur socially deficient elements ke khatam kare maangat rahin.{{sfn|Weitz|2010|p=65}}{{sfn|Stone|2020|pp=61, 65}} Nazi Party aur iske neta, [[Adolf Hitler]], bhi maangat rahin ki Germany ke territorial losses ke reverse karaa jaawe aur iske alaawa Eastern Europe me aur jagha lewa jaae colonisation ke khaatir.{{sfn|Beorn|2018|p=42}}{{sfn|Bergen|2016|pp=52–54}} Ii ideas se dher Germans sahmat rahin.{{sfn|Stone|2020|pp=62–63, 65}} Nazis European civilization ke bachae ke promise kare rahin Soviet threat se.{{sfn|Stone|2010|p=17}} Hitler biswas karat rahaa ki Yahudi log Soviet Union ke control kare hae,aur Western powers ke bhi, aur Yahudi log Germany ke barbaad kare ki kosis karat rahin.{{sfn|Evans|2019|pp=120–121, 123}}{{sfn|Beorn|2018|p=59}}{{sfn|Stone|2010|p=18}} ==Nazis ke Germany me raaj ke suruwaat== [[File:Das Grossdeutsche Reich.jpeg|upright=1.2|thumb|alt=see caption|Ilaaka jiske Germany annex karis rahaa, 1933 se 1941 talak]] Dunia bhar ke economic depression aur political fragmentation ke kaaran, Nazi Party jor se aapan support ke barrhae rahin, jon sab se jaada 37 percent in mid-1932 elections rahaa,{{sfn|Bloxham|2009|pp=138–139}}{{sfn|Beorn|2018|p=33}} aisan issue me ca,paign kar ke, jaise [[anticommunism]] aur economic recovery.{{sfn|Gerlach|2016|p=151}}{{sfn|Beorn|2018|pp=33–34}} January 1933 me Hitler ke chancellor banaawa gais rahaa ek backroom deal me jiske right-wing politicians support kare rahin.{{sfn|Bloxham|2009|pp=138–139}} Kuchh mahina me, duusra sab political party ke ban kar dewa gais rahaa, sarkar media ke aapan niche kar liis rahaa,{{sfn|Gerlach|2016|p=39}} hajaaro political opponents—khaas kar ke communists—ke arrest karaa gais rahaa, aur ek system of camps]] for ke nanaawa gais rahaa extrajudicial imprisonment ke khaatir.{{sfn|Wachsmann|2015|pp=32–38}} Nazi regime crime aur social outsiders ke crack down kare rahin—jaise Roma and Sinti, homosexual men, aur uu jiske workshy mmana jaawat rahaa—dher rakam se, jisme concentration camps me jahel bhi rahaa.{{sfn|Stone|2020|p=66}} Nazis 400,000 log ke compusorily sterilise kar de rahin aur duuse ke forced abortion karwae ke parraa rahaa, asliii nai to nakli hereditary bemaari ke khaatir.{{sfn|Stone|2020|p=67}}{{sfn|Gerlach|2016|p=55}}{{sfn|Longerich|2010|pp=47–48}} Nazis jindagi ke sab aspects ke control kare ke kosis karat rahin,{{sfn|Beorn|2018|p=35}} Nazi repression ke jaada kar ke uu group pe direct karaa gais rahaa jske national community se bahaar maana jaawat rahaa. Jaada Germans ke koi dar nai rahaa kaaheki uulog sarkar ke samarthan karat rahin. {{sfn|Bloxham|2009|p=148}}{{sfn|Stone|2020|p=65}} Nawaa sarkar aapan support ke barra karis rahaa economic growth se, jon jaada kar ke bhais rahaa state-led measures se, jaise rearmament.{{sfn|Gerlach|2016|p=39}} 1039 me [[Austria]] ke annexations (1938), Sudetenland (1938), aur Bohemia and Moravia (1939) ke kaaran Nazis ke popular support aur barrhaa rahaa.{{sfn|Gerlach|2016|p=40}} Germans ke uppar dher [propaganda barsaawa jaawt rahaa, duuni Yahudi ke virodh me {{sfn|Gerach|2016|p=39}} aur duusra log jiske Nazis target karat rahin.{{sfn|Gerlach|2016|p=55}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[vibhag:H]] [[vibhag:Yahudi]] [[vibhag:World War II]] [[vibhag:Europe]] ifj9z0vqpd99anjqdw1tq03fniuoibn Indo-Scythian Samrajya 0 67071 338044 330202 2026-09-03T10:13:23Z Itihasik 41234 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 338044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Indo-Scythian kingdom | common_name = Indo-Scythian kingdom | era = [[ancient history|Antiquity]] | government_type = Monarchy | year_start = {{circa}} 150 BCE | year_end = 400 CE | p1 = Greco-Bactrian kingdom | p2 = Indo-Greek kingdom | p3 = Maurya Empire | s1 = Kushan Empire | s2 = Sassanid Empire | s3 = Apracharajas | s4 = Indo-Parthians | s5 = Paratarajas | s6 = Gupta Empire | image_map = Map of the Indo-Scythians.png | image_map_caption = Indo-Scythians ke ilaaka jab uu log sab se taagatwar rahin, jisme [[Northern Satraps]] aur [[Western Satraps]] bhi hae. | capital = [[Taxila]] | common_languages = [[Saka language|Saka]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diringer |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57042/page/n351/mode/2up |title=The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind |date=1953 |publisher=Hutchinson's Scientific and Technical Publications |edition=Second and revised |location=London |page=350 |language=en |orig-date=1948}}</ref> [[Koine Greek|Greek]], [[Pali]] and [[Gandhari language|Gandhāri]] ([[Kharoshthi]] script), [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]] ([[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] script) | religion = [[Hinduism]] {{ublist|[[Scythian religion]]|[[Ancient Greek religion]]|[[Buddhism]]| }} | title_leader = [[King]] | leader1 = [[Maues]] | year_leader1 = 85–60 BCE | leader2 = [[Rajuvula]] | year_leader2 = 10–25 CE | stat_year1 = 20 est.<ref name="Taagepera">{{cite journal|last1=Taagepera|first1=Rein|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D|journal=Social Science History|date=1979|volume=3|issue=3/4|pages=115–138|doi=10.2307/1170959|jstor=1170959}}</ref> | stat_area1 = 2600000 }} '''Indo-Scythian Kingdom''', jiske '''Indo-Sakas''' ke naam se bhi jaana jaae hae, ghumtu log rahin jon [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] aur [[Scythians|Scythian]] origin ke rahii jon [[Central Asia]] se [[Indus River|Indus Valley]], abhi ke [[Pakistan]] aur [[Afghanistan]], Eastern [[Iran]] aur [[northern India]] me aapan samrajya banae rahin. Ii migrations second century BCE se fourth century CE talak hote rahaa. Indian subcontinent ke pahila [[Saka]] raaja [[Maues|Maues/Moga]] (first century BCE) rahaa, jon Saka ke raajya ke [[Gandhara]], [[Indus Valley]], aur duusra ilaaka me suruu karis rahaa. Indo-Scythian log aapan taagat ke north-western subcontinent bhar barrhae rahin, aur iske saathe [[Indo-Greek Samrajya|Indo-Greeks]] aur duusra log ke aapan niche kar le rahin. Ii log ke ant uu time aais jab uulog ke [[Kushan Empire]] ke [[Kujula Kadphises]], nai to [[Kanishka]] harais rahaa. Lekin Saka log ke ii jagha pe [[subedar]] ke rupp me raaj karte dewa gais rahaa, jisse [[Northern Satraps]] aur [[Western Satraps]] banaa rahaa. Saka ke raaja log ke taagat 2nd century CE ke baad kamjor hoe lagaa jab Indo-Scythians ke [[Satavahana]] samraat [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] harais rahaa.<ref>''World history from Early Times to AD 2000'' by B. V. Rao, p. 97</ref><ref>A Brief History of India, by Alain Daniélou p. 136</ref> Indo-Scythian ke raaj, northwestern subcontinent me, uu time khalaas bhais jab aakhri Western Satrap, [[Rudrasimha III]], [[Gupta Samrajya|Gupta]] samraat [[Chandragupta II]] 395 CE me harais rahaa.<ref>''India in a Globalised World'' by Sagarika Dutt, p. 24</ref><ref>''Ancient India'' by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, p. 234</ref> Northern Indian subcontinent ke Scythian tribes, jon Central [[Asia]] ke rahin, ke invasion ke jaada kar ke Indo-Scythian invasion bola jaawe hae, aur iske khaas asar [[history of India|history of the subcontinent]] aur parros ke ilaaka me rahaa. Indo-Scythian larrai ke kaaran nomads ke Central Asia se bhaage ke kaaran rahaa kaaheki uulog ke duusra tribe, jaise [[Xiongnu]] se matbhed rahaa second century CE me, jiske dher din ke asar [[Bactria]], [[Kabul]] aur Indian subcontinent east me, aur [[Rome]] aur [[Parthia]] west me. Puraana Roman historians, jaise [[Arrian]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/arrian-bookVIII-India.asp|title=Arrian: Anabasis Alexandri: Book VIII (Indica); Section V|website=Ancient History Sourcebooks|publisher=[[Fordham University]]|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref> aur [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemy]], ii batain hae ki puraana Sakas ("Sakai") nomadic log rahin.<ref>[[Ptolemy]] vi, xiii (1932), p. 143.</ref> Indo-Scythian samrajya ke pahila raaja [[Maues]] (c. 85–60 BCE) aur [[Vonones of Indo-Scythia|Vonones]] (c. 75–65 BCE) rahin.<ref>{{cite book|access-date=2023-01-28|author=Suchandra Ghosh|title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |date=2016-01-11|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe067|editor=Nigel Dalziel, John M MacKenzie|isbn=978-1-118-45507-4|language=en|location=Oxford, UK|pages=1–2|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|chapter=Indo-Scythian (Saka) Kingdom|chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe067}}</ref> ==References== <references/> [[vibhag:I]] [[vibhag:India ke samrajya]] 46tw7l8gezbc1r0qm1p2pmdmw727bzh Boris Georgiyevich Perchatkin 0 69589 337911 337885 2026-09-03T00:55:24Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 337911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Boris Georgiyevich Perchatkin | native_name = Борис Георгиевич Перчаткин | image = | caption = | birth_date = [[1 July]] [[1946]] | birth_place = [[Mirgorod]], Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Soviet, American | occupation = Human rights activist, religious leader | spouse = | children = 6 | website = {{URL|https://bperchatkin.wordpress.com/}} }} '''Boris Georgiyevich Perchatkin''' (Russian: ''Бори́с Гео́ргиевич Перча́ткин''; janam [[1 July]] [[1946]]<ref name="nashaamerica">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nashaamerica.com/blogi/chtivo/item-894/|title=Он спас 1 млн человек. Сегодня они не могут собрать ему на операцию. Как же так?|website=www.nashaamerica.com|access-date=2023-09-26|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926133215/http://www.nashaamerica.com/blogi/chtivo/item-894/|archive-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>) ek prasiddh Soviet aur American human rights activist aur 1970s ke aakhiri aur 1980s ke shuruaati saalon me [[Nakhodka]] city ke religious emigration movement ke neta rahaa<ref name="ostrovskaya">{{Cite book|last=Островская|first=О.П.|chapter=Судьбы участников эмиграционного движения пятидесятников на дальнем востоке в 1970-1980-х гг.|title=Владивосток – точка возвращения: прошлое и настоящее русской эмиграции. Материалы Второй международной научной конференции|url=http://dot.kostacademy.kz/bible/files/769476832.pdf#page=65|publisher=Дальневосточный юридический институт Министерства внутренних дел Российской Федерации|location=[[Khabarovsk]]|date=23 June 2017|pages=65–71|language=ru|isbn=978-5-9753-0229-8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926080912/http://dot.kostacademy.kz/bible/files/769476832.pdf#page=65|archive-date=2023-09-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926080912/http://dot.kostacademy.kz/bible/files/769476832.pdf#page=65 |date=2023-09-26 }}</ref>. Uu USA me 1989 me "Lautenberg Amendment" ke paas karwae ke khatir lobbying karis rahaa, jisse purana Soviet Union ke deson se lagbhag 1 million log USA me emmigrated bhais rahaa<ref name="romanovich">{{Cite web|url=https://spasenie.by/publ/pravozashhitnik_boris_perchatkin_smertelno_bolen/4-1-0-82|title=Правозащитник, Борис Перчаткин, смертельно болен|website=spasenie.by|author=Михаил Романович|access-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>. == Jiwani == === Shuruatai saal aur church se rishta === Boris Perchatkin ke janam ek military pilot ke pwar me bhais rahaa, jon ki Boris ke janam ke kuchh time baad ek road accident me mar gais rahaa. Boris ke mummy aapan pahila aadmi ke maut ke kuchh time baad dusra military aadmi se shaadi kar liis, jisse 1953 me ek riot ke time order nahi maane ke khatir arrest kar liya gais aur [[Vorkuta]] camps me 25 saal ke exile ke sajaa diis. 16 saal ke umar me, Boris Nakhodka city me ek Pentecostal church se jurris. Baad me uu believers ke persecution ke baare me information collect karis aur videshi journalists ke saath share karis<ref name="semenova">{{Cite web|url=https://usa.one/2020/01/boris-perchatkin-o-veruyushhix-v-sssr-immigracii-v-ssha-i-aktivizme/|title=Борис Перчаткин — о том, как помогал верующим из СССР попасть в США|website=usa.one|author=Виктория Семёнова|date=2020-01-03|access-date=2023-09-25}}</ref>. === Emigration movement me shaamil hona aur dissidents se sampark (1976–1980) === 1976 me, Perchatkin aapan saathi Vasili Patrushev, V. A. Burlachenko aur Vladimir Stepanov ke saath [[Moscow]] me dissidents se sampark karis aur "emigration wave ke ek organized direction me le jaane" ke salah liis. Usi saal [[Moscow Helsinki Group]] ke representative L. V. Voronina Nakhodka aais. Us saal se Perchatkin [[Soviet Union]] se Pentecostals ke mass emigration ke khatir aage aais<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. Usi saal Perchatkin [[United Nations|UN]], [[World Council of Churches]] aur [[Helsinki Accords]] sign kare waale deson ke leaders ke appeals bhejis, jisme uu Soviet Union me believers ke lagataar persecution ke baare me batayis<ref name="nashaamerica"/>. 1977 me, Nikolai Gorety ke saath milkar arrest bhaye dissidents [[Alexander Ginzburg]], [[Yuri Orlov]] aur [[Anatoly Sharansky]] ke defense me bolis aur Pentecostals ke taraf se duniya bhar ke Christians se baat karis<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. Usi saal dusre Christian denominations ke saath milkar ek public hunger strike me hissa liis, jiska aim persecution face kar rahe Christians ke USSR se bahar jaane ke permission milna rahaa<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.ukrweekly.com/print-media/1977/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1977-38.pdf|title=Dissidents fast across USSR|newspaper=The Ukrainian Weekly|date=1977-10-09|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926074510/https://archive.ukrweekly.com/print-media/1977/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1977-38.pdf|archive-date=2023-09-26}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926074510/https://archive.ukrweekly.com/print-media/1977/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1977-38.pdf |date=2023-09-26 }}</ref>. 20 December 1978 ke, Perchatkin Nakhodka post office se [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Jimmy Carter]] ke New Year greeting telegram bheje ke koshish karis jisme un logo par dhyan dene ke maang rahaa jinke paas religious freedom nahi rahaa<ref name="ostrovskaya"/><ref name="nashaamerica"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.rusbaptist.stunda.org/aven-ezer-primorje.pdf|title=АВЕН-ЕЗЕР. Евангельское движение в Приморье 1898-1990 годы|author=Андрей Дементьев|publisher=Русский остров|year=2011|pages=213|isbn=978-5-93577-054-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925212100/http://www.rusbaptist.stunda.org/aven-ezer-primorje.pdf|archive-date=2023-09-25}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925212100/http://www.rusbaptist.stunda.org/aven-ezer-primorje.pdf |date=2023-09-25 }}</ref>. 1979 se, uu USSR me emigration-minded believers ke Center banane ke organizational kaam karis aur neta bane ke koshish karis. 1980 me uu bane hue Council of Churches of Soviet Pentecostals leaning towards emigration ke secretary chuna gais<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. 1979 ke aakhiri me, Perchatkin "US Congress aur government, Canada, Australia, England, West Germany, France aur Italy ke governments" ke naam ek statement likhis, jisme uu Soviet reality, USSR me religion par CPSU ke program points, aur religious cults par Soviet legislation ke baare me batayis<ref name="nashaamerica"/>. === Government repression aur jail === Uu emigration ke khatir apply kare waale believers ke committee ke sabse active member rahaa. Soviet authorities city ke main newspaper me "Hypocrite wholesale aur retail me", "Calculation ke hisaab se convictions", "Der hone se pahile" jaise articles publish karke Perchatkin aur unke pwar ke khilaaf campaign chalayis<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. 21 August 1980 ke, Perchatkin ke Nakhodka me arrest kar liya gais, aur March 1981 ke aakhiri me<ref name="dtic">{{Cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA145453.pdf|title=Chronology of Soviet Dissidence: January 1970 through December 1982|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002220919/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA145453.pdf|archive-date=2023-10-02}}</ref> RSFSR Criminal Code ke Article 190.1 ke tehat "Soviet state aur social system ke dishonor kare waale jhoothe statements phelane" ke khatir 2 saal ke jail ke sajaa diis<ref name="dtic"/>. Radio station "Voice of America" ke report ke mutabiq, investigation aur trial ke time Perchatkin par chemicals (neuroleptics) use kiya gais jisse uu behosh ho jata rahaa<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. August 1982 me Perchatkin jail se chhutis aur USSR se emigration ke right ke khatir aage bhi ladta rahaa. February 1983 me uu fir se arrest bhais aur RSFSR Criminal Code ke Article 218 part 2 ke tehat illegal weapons rakhne ke khatir 1.5 saal ke sajaa paais<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. === Diplomatic kaam aur USA emigration === 1987 me, Perchatkin US Congress ke khatir "USSR me Religion ke status par" ek report tayyar karis. Ee report US Congress me padha gais aur Perchatkin ke US Secretary of State [[George Shultz]]<ref name="romanovich"/> se milne ke khatir bulaya gais taaki religious migration par baat ho sake, aur [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]] Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist]]<ref name="romanovich"/> aur Deputy Secretary of State for Religious Affairs se bhi milis. May 1988 me, jab US President [[Ronald Reagan]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] se milne official visit par USSR aais, tab Perchatkin ke Reagan ke bibi — [[Reagan, Nancy|Nancy Reagan]] — se 40 logo ke delegation ke saath USSR me religious freedom par baat kare ke khatir bulaya gais rahaa. 30 May 1988 ke Perchatkin Soviet Protestants ke represent karis. Lagbhag 2 ghante tak uu Nancy Reagan ke USSR me religious freedom ke baare me batayis, jiske baad Nancy Reagan Perchatkin ke US Congress me aapan report padhne ke khatir invite karis<ref name="gura">{{Cite journal|last=Гура|first=В.О.|title=Історія та есхатологічні мотиви релігійної еміграції пізніх протестантів із СРСР 1987–2017 рр.|journal=Гілея: науковий вісник|location=[[Kyiv]]|year=2018|issue=135|pages=171–175|language=uk|issn=2076-1554|url=http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?C21COM=2&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&IMAGE_FILE_DOWNLOAD=1&Image_file_name=PDF/gileya_2018_135_47.pdf}}</ref>. 26 July 1988 ke Perchatkin aapan pure pwar ke saath USA emigrate kar gais<ref name="gura"/><ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. 4 August 1988 ke uu [[United States Congress|US Congress]] me USSR me believers ke genocide par ek report diis<ref name="ostrovskaya"/><ref name="gura"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://russiainphoto.ru/photos/195013/|title=Фото|language=ru|website=russiainphoto.ru|access-date=2023-09-26|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926063526/https://russiainphoto.ru/photos/195013/}}</ref>, jiske baare me uu congressmen, senators aur diplomats se baat karis<ref name="gura"/>. Is discussion ke result se 1989 me [[New Jersey]] ke Democratic Senator [[Frank Lautenberg]] ke naam par "Lautenberg Amendment" paas bhais<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://issuu.com/afisha/docs/diaspora_08-11-13/9|title=25-летие начала исхода|newspaper=Диаспора. Славянская общественная газета|author=Виталий Футорный|date=2013-08-11|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508015913/https://issuu.com/afisha/docs/diaspora_08-11-13/9|archive-date=2024-05-08}}</ref>. Ee amendment ke pahile 10 saal me lagbhag 350,000 religious migrants USA aaye<ref name="gura"/><ref name="semenova"/>, aur 2010 tak lagbhag 1 million log aaye<ref name="romanovich"/>. Nakhodka se Pentecostals ke mass exit 1988 me shuru bhais jab 152 adults chhodke gaye. 1989 me Nakhodka se 45 adult Pentecostals emigrate bhaye<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. === USA me Human Rights Activity === USA me rehte hue, Perchatkin aapan website banayis jisme uu aapan arrest aur prison ke details likhis<ref name="ostrovskaya"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bperchatkin.wordpress.com/|title=Персональный сайт Бориса Перчаткина|access-date=2023-09-25|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926084710/https://bperchatkin.wordpress.com/}}</ref> aur Christian human rights organization ARRC<ref name="romanovich"/> (American-Russian Relief Committee)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YhIiVBx_5kC&pg=PA21|title=Unregistered Religious Groups in Russia: Hearing Before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=2007|language=en|isbn=978-0-16-077910-7}}</ref> founded karis. Uu aapan autobiographical book "Fiery Paths" (Огненные тропы) bhi publish karis jiske kayi editions aaye<ref name="ostrovskaya"/>. 2025 ke summer me, Boris Perchatkin [[United States Department of State|US Department of State]] aur [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] me Ukraine aur Russia me pacifist Christians ke persecution, alternative civil service deny kare, forced mobilization, arrests aur violence ke baare me baat karis. Boris Perchatkin [[Uniting for Ukraine|U4U]] program ke tehat USA aaye Ukrainian pacifist Christians ke khatir alag migration quota ke khatir lobbying karis<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.slavicsac.com/2025/07/14/ukraine-russian-christians/|title=В США обсуждают защиту христиан из Украины и России|website=Slavic Sacramento|date=2025-07-15|access-date=2025-11-27|archive-date=2025-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815145842/https://www.slavicsac.com/2025/07/14/ukraine-russian-christians/}}</ref>. == Mention == Physicist aur Nobel laureate [[Andrei Sakharov]] aapan 1981 ke article "Responsibility of Scientists" me Soviet political prisoners ke saath Boris Perchatkin ke naam bhi diis rahaa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakharov.space/lib/otvetstvennost-uchenyh|title=Сахаров. Ответственность учёных|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002222415/https://www.sakharov.space/lib/otvetstvennost-uchenyh|archive-date=2023-10-02}}</ref>. == Sandarbh == {{reflist}} == Bahaari jodd == * [https://bperchatkin.wordpress.com/ Boris Perchatkin ke personal site] * {{Cite journal|author=Michael Rowe|title=The Soviet pentecostal emigration movement|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/09637498308431098|journal=Religion in Communist Lands|date=2 January 2008|volume=11|issue=3|pages=337–339|language=en|doi=10.1080/09637498308431098}} * {{Cite journal|author=Catherine Wanner|title=Religion and Refugee Resettlement: Evolving Connections to Ukraine since World War II|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/css/44/1-2/article-p44_4.xml|journal=Canadian-American Slavic Studies|publisher=Brill Schöningh|date=January 2010|volume=44|issue=1–2|pages=44–66|language=en|issn=2210-2396|doi=10.1163/221023910X512796}} * {{Cite news|author=Special To the New York Times|title=Soviet Pentecostals Meet Illegally and Form Council|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/05/archives/soviet-pentecostals-meet-illegally-and-form-council-20-delegates.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2025-12-18|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310060316/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/09/05/archives/soviet-pentecostals-meet-illegally-and-form-council-20-delegates.html|archive-date=2018-03-10}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1946 janam]] [[Category:America ke log]] qsn1hn141o24fzf1tychqbd7c81xh7d sadasya ke baat:Itihasik 3 69595 338021 2026-09-03T09:49:34Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 338021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Itihasik}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 09:49, 3 Saptambar 2026 (UTC) kkc6h23nxrbf5tb70it47fnero428py sadasya:Itihasik 2 69596 338046 2026-09-03T10:22:58Z Itihasik 41234 Panna jisme "Kaise" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 338046 wikitext text/x-wiki Kaise p94gsay1d64211hypgxdgzvjsywx78h Template:Infobox military conflict 10 69597 338048 2026-09-03T10:28:04Z Itihasik 41234 Panna jisme "<includeonly>{{#invoke:Infobox military conflict|main}}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox military conflict with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox military conflict]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y|mapframe_args=y | pushpin_map_args = y | action | alt | campaignbox | caption | regexp1=casualties[1-6]+ | regexp2 =..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 338048 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Infobox military conflict|main}}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox military conflict with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox military conflict]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y|mapframe_args=y | pushpin_map_args = y | action | alt | campaignbox | caption | regexp1=casualties[1-6]+ | regexp2 = combatant[1-6]+[a-e]* | regexp3 = commander[1-6]+[a-d]* | combatants_header | conflict | coordinates | date | image | image_size | image_upright | location | notes | params | part_of | result | status | regexp4 = strength[1-6]+ | territory | regexp5 = units[1-6]+ | width | regexp6=milstrength[1-6]+ | regexp7=polstrength[1-6]+ | combatants_header | units_header | strengths_header | polstrengths_header | milstrengths_header | casualties_header }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 44nhk0vzpb9s2qpanmtfloj0odwjlzk Module:Infobox military conflict 828 69598 338049 2026-09-03T10:31:56Z Itihasik 41234 Panna jisme "require('strict') local infoboxStyle = mw.loadData('Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style') local templatestyles = 'Module:Infobox military conflict/styles.css' local imf, locMap -- lazy load [[Module:Infobox mapframe]] and [[Module:Location map]] local IMC = {} IMC.__index = IMC function IMC:renderPerCombatant(builder, headerText, prefix, suffix) prefix = prefix or '' suffix = suffix or '' local colspans = {} -- This may result in colspans[1] get..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 338049 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local infoboxStyle = mw.loadData('Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style') local templatestyles = 'Module:Infobox military conflict/styles.css' local imf, locMap -- lazy load [[Module:Infobox mapframe]] and [[Module:Location map]] local IMC = {} IMC.__index = IMC function IMC:renderPerCombatant(builder, headerText, prefix, suffix) prefix = prefix or '' suffix = suffix or '' local colspans = {} -- This may result in colspans[1] getting set twice, but -- this is no big deal. The second set will be correct. local lastCombatant = 1 for i = 1,self.combatants do if self.args[prefix .. i .. suffix] then colspans[lastCombatant] = i - lastCombatant lastCombatant = i end end local jointText = self.args[prefix .. (self.combatants + 1) .. suffix] if headerText and (colspans[1] or jointText) then builder:tag('tr') :tag('th') :attr('colspan', self.combatants) :cssText(infoboxStyle.header_raw) :wikitext(headerText) end -- The only time colspans[1] wouldn't be set is if no -- combatant has a field with the given prefix and suffix. if colspans[1] then -- Since each found argument set the colspan for the previous -- one, the final one wasn't set above, so set it now. colspans[lastCombatant] = self.combatants - lastCombatant + 1 builder = builder:tag('tr') for i = 1,self.combatants do -- At this point, colspans[i] will be set for i=1 unconditionally, and for -- any other value of i where self.args[prefix .. i .. suffix] is set. if colspans[i] then builder:tag('td') -- don't bother emitting colspan="1" :attr('colspan', colspans[i] ~= 1 and colspans[i] or nil) :css('width', math.floor(100 / self.combatants * colspans[i] + 0.5) .. '%') -- no border on the right of the rightmost column :css('border-right', i ~= lastCombatant and infoboxStyle.internal_border or nil) -- no padding on the left of the leftmost column :css('padding-left', i ~= 1 and '0.25em' or nil) -- don't show the border if we're directly under a header :css('border-top', not headerText and infoboxStyle.internal_border or nil) :newline() :wikitext(self.args[prefix .. i .. suffix]) end end end if jointText then builder:tag('tr') :tag('td') :attr('colspan', self.combatants) :css('text-align', 'center') -- don't show the border if we're directly under a header :css('border-top', (not headerText or colspans[1]) and infoboxStyle.internal_border or nil) :newline() :wikitext(jointText) end end function IMC:renderHeaderTable(builder) builder = builder:tag('table') :css('width', '100%') :css('margin', 0) :css('padding', 0) :css('border', 0) :css('display', 'inline-table') if self.args.date then builder:tag('tr') :tag('th') :css('padding-right', '1em') :wikitext('Date') :done() :tag('td') :wikitext(self.args.date) end builder = builder:tag('tr') :tag('th') :css('padding-right', '1em') :wikitext('Location') :done() :tag('td') :tag('div') :addClass('location') :wikitext(self.args.place or self.args.location or '{{{location}}}') -- hack so that people who don't know Lua know that this parameter is required :done() if self.args.coordinates then builder:wikitext(self.args.coordinates) end builder = builder:done():done() -- only for "Putsch" if self.args.action then builder:tag('tr') :tag('th') :css('padding-right', '1em') :wikitext(self.args.action and 'Action') :done() :tag('td') :wikitext(self.args.action) end if self.args.status or self.args.result then builder:tag('tr') :tag('th') :css('padding-right', '1em') :wikitext(self.args.status and 'Status' or 'Result') :done() :tag('td') :addClass('status') :newline() :wikitext(self.args.status or self.args.result) end if self.args.territory then builder:tag('tr') :tag('th') :css('padding-right', '1em') :wikitext('Territorial changes') :done() :tag('td') :newline() :wikitext(self.args.territory) end end function IMC:render() local builder = mw.html.create() if self.args.campaignbox then -- this should be the same as using {{stack|clear=right|...}} builder:wikitext(self.frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'stack begin', args = { clear='true'} }) end builder = builder:tag('table') :addClass('infobox vevent') :cssText(infoboxStyle.main_box_raw) :css('width', self.args.width or nil) builder:tag('tr') :tag('th') :addClass('summary') :attr('colspan', self.combatants) :cssText(infoboxStyle.header_raw) :wikitext(self.args.conflict or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text) if (self.args.partof or self.args.part_of) then builder:tag('tr') :tag('td') :attr('colspan', self.combatants) :cssText(infoboxStyle.sub_header_raw) :wikitext('Part of ' .. (self.args.partof or self.args.part_of)) end if self.args.image then builder:tag('tr') :tag('td') :attr('colspan', self.combatants) :cssText(infoboxStyle.image_box_raw) :wikitext(string.format('%s%s%s', require('Module:InfoboxImage').InfoboxImage{args = { image = self.args.image, size = self.args.image_size, sizedefault = 'frameless', upright = self.args.image_upright or 1.2, alt = self.args.alt }}, self.args.caption and ' ' or '', self.args.caption or '' )) end self:renderHeaderTable(builder:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', self.combatants)) self:renderPerCombatant(builder, self.args.combatants_header or 'Belligerents', 'combatant') -- can be un-hardcoded once gerrit:165108 is merged for _,v in ipairs{'a','b','c','d','e'} do self:renderPerCombatant(builder, nil, 'combatant', v) end self:renderPerCombatant(builder, self.args.commanders_header or 'Commanders and leaders', 'commander') for _,v in ipairs{'a','b','c','d'} do self:renderPerCombatant(builder, nil, 'commander', v) end self:renderPerCombatant(builder, self.args.units_header or 'Units involved', 'units') self:renderPerCombatant(builder, self.args.strengths_header or 'Strength', 'strength') self:renderPerCombatant(builder, self.args.polstrengths_header or 'Political support', 'polstrength') self:renderPerCombatant(builder, self.args.milstrengths_header or 'Military support', 'milstrength') self:renderPerCombatant(builder, self.args.casualties_header or 'Casualties and losses', 'casualties') if self.args.notes then builder:tag('tr') :tag('td') :attr('colspan', self.combatants) :css('border-top', infoboxStyle.section_border) :newline() :wikitext(self.args.notes) end if self.args.pushpin_map and self.args.coordinates then local locMapCoords = self.args.coordinates if not mw.ustring.match(locMapCoords,'') then locMap = require('Module:Location map') locMapCoords = locMap.main(self.frame, { self.args.pushpin_map, relief = self.args.pushpin_relief, coordinates = self.args.coordinates, width = self.args.pushpin_map_size or 220, float = 'center', border = 'none', mark = self.args.pushpin_mark, marksize = self.args.pushpin_mark_size or 8, label = self.args.pushpin_label, alt = self.args.pushpin_alt, caption = self.args.pushpin_caption or ('Location within ' .. (locMap.data(self.frame, {self.args.pushpin_map, 'name'}))) }) end builder:tag('tr') :tag('td') :attr('colspan', self.combatants) :css('border-top', infoboxStyle.internal_border) :node(locMapCoords) end if self.args.coordinates then local imfCoords = self.args.coordinates if not mw.ustring.match(imfCoords,'') then imf = require('Module:Infobox mapframe') imfCoords = imf.autoWithCaption(self.frame) end -- FIXME: this update of the default zoom level does not work self.frame.args.zoom = "7" builder:tag('tr') :tag('td') :attr('colspan', self.combatants) :css('border-top', infoboxStyle.internal_border) :css('text-align', 'center') :node(imfCoords) end builder = builder:done() if self.args.campaignbox then builder = builder:done() builder:wikitext(self.args.campaignbox .. self.frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'stack end'}) end return builder end function IMC.new(frame, args) if not args then args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Infobox military conflict'}) end local obj = { frame = frame, args = args } -- until gerrit:165108 is merged, there's still a cap on combatants, but as soon as it merges, we can update this little bit of code to uncap it -- also, don't try to make this more efficient, or references could be in the wrong order obj.combatants = 2 for _,v in ipairs{'', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'} do for i = 1,5 do if args['combatant' .. i .. v] then obj.combatants = math.max(obj.combatants, i) end end end return setmetatable(obj, IMC) end local p = {} function p.main(frame) return frame:extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = templatestyles} } .. tostring(IMC.new(frame):render()) end return p gyth6yge9t3gf62kt4r4meplfpob1ug