Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 398 338369 25996 2026-09-25T00:37:31Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338369 wikitext text/x-wiki Fiji ke Hindustani logan boxing lag bhag second world war ke baad suruu kain. Hindustani logan jaada kar ke lower weight division jaise, lightweight, flyweigh aur bantamweight me larrat rahin. * Mansoor Ali * [[Subhash Chand (boxer)|Subhash Chand]] * [[Basdeo (boxer)|Basdeo]] [http://www.boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=94280&cat=boxer] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[Mohammed Shameem]] * [[Zulfikar Joy Ali]] * [[Junior Farzan Ali]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140213025149/http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=15301&cat=boxer] [http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=120096] * [[Abhay Chand]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140419024451/http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=177049&cat=boxer] * [[Kunal Karan Nair]] [http://www.boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=322508&cat=boxer] * [[Binnu Singh]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140418035115/http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=142978&cat=boxer] * [[Mohammed Maraiya]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150329204256/http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=336440&cat=boxer] * [[Birbal Junior]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140213025149/http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=15301&cat=boxer] * [[Balwant Singh]] [http://www.boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=94283&cat=boxer] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [[Ambika Prasad]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150330072706/http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=94276&cat=boxer] * [[John Krishna Chotka]] [http://www.boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=126116&cat=boxer] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Category:Fiji me boxing|*]] gtp64d75b1hznbjgw0psetipodxtxs9 0 796 338379 318868 2026-09-25T02:28:52Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338379 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mohammed Shameem''', [[Fiji]] ke ek ke boxer hai, jon 17 saal ke umar me Fiji ke Youth Commonwealth Games, [[India]] October, [[2008]] me 57 kilogram division me Fiji ke represent kari. == References == * [http://www.fijilive.com/sports/news/2008/05/06/3039.Fijilive Fiji youths off to India for boxing meet] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150328205422/http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=324599&cat=boxer boxer: Mohammed Shameem] [[Category:M]] [[Category:S]] [[Category:Fiji me boxing|Shameem, Mohammed (boxing)]] [[Category:Fiji ke Hindustani khilarri|Shameem, Mohammed (boxing)]] [[Category:Nausori ke log|Shameem, Mohammed (boxing)]] e4oxlzj2gk2iqmlm1tmth1b8frhsvs4 0 1264 338358 267703 2026-09-24T22:37:23Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{MayCalendar}} '''1 May''' saal ke 121st din hae (122nd leap saal me). Saal ke khalaas hoe me 244 din bachaa hae. == Ghatna == * [[2009]] - The '''[[w:Pacific Islands Forum|Pacific Islands Forum]]''' Fiji me political, legal aur human rights prastithi ke kaaran, Fiji ke membership ke indefinitely suspend kar diis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/01/2558859.htm?section=justin |title=Fiji isolated after election deadline expires |access-date=2009-05-04 |archive-date=2009-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502233647/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/01/2558859.htm?section=justin |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Janam == * [[1920]] - Manna Dey, Hindi film ke playback singer, ke janam Calcutta me bhais rahaa.<ref>[[w:Manna Dey|Manna Dey]]</ref> == Maut == [[File:dvorak.jpg|right|160px|thumb|Antonín Dvořák]] * [[1904]] - '''[[Antonín Dvořák]]''', ek Czech composer rahaa jiske maut Prague me bhais rahaa. (janam: [[8 September]] [[1841]]) == References == <references/> {{TAARIK}} [[Category:May|01 May]] [[vibhag:1]] otfbg8293i41n0ralyg3cz6n0ozkxrp 0 1695 338359 338182 2026-09-24T22:37:29Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (MMIX) ek sadhaaran saal rahaa, jon [[:wikt:bif|bif]] ke din suruu bhais rahaa. Ii [[3rd millennium]] aur [[21st century]] 9th saal rahaa, aur [[2000s]] dassak ke 10th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 2065-2066, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1930-1931, Kali Yuga ke 5109-5110, Buddhist calendar ke 25553 Islamic calendar ke 1430-1431, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 541 saal rahaa. == Ghatna == * [[12 October]] - Navua ke football team, final me Lautoka ke 2-0 se harae ke, '''[[Inter-District Championship (Fiji) 2009|71st Inter-District Championship]]''' ke pahila dafe jiitis.<ref> [http://www.fijilive.com/sports/football/news/2009/10/12/11862.Fijilive Navua puts 71-year IDC ghost to rest] </ref> * [[12 June]] - 20 saal me pahila dafe, [[India]], [[w:Kashmir|Kashmir]] ke town aur city se aapan soldier log ke hatai. * [[11 June]] - [[w:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]], swine flu ([[w:H1N1|H1N1]]) ke bemari ke “pandemic” ghosna karis. Ii [[w:1968 Hong Kong flu|1968 Hong Kong flu]] ke baad pahila pandemic hae. * [[9 June]] - Melbourne aur Sydney me '''[[w:2009 attacks on Indian students in Australia|Hindustani student ke uppar racist attack]]''' ke kaaran protest protest bhaes. * [[17 May]] - '''[[Sri Lanka]]''' ke President, 26 saal ke civil war ke baad, [[w:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)]] ke uppar jiit ke announce karis. [[File:Manmohansingh04052007.jpg|right|80px|thumb|India ke P. M. Manmohan Singh]] * [[17 May]] - [[India]] ke '''[[w:Indian NAtional Congress|Congress Party]]''' aur uske allies general election me aur bhari majority se jiit gais. * [[1 May]] - The '''[[w:Pacific Islands Forum|Pacific Islands Forum]]''' Fiji me political, legal aur human rights prastithi ke kaaran, Fiji ke membership ke indefinitely suspend kar diis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/01/2558859.htm?section=justin |title=Fiji isolated after election deadline expires |access-date=2009-05-04 |archive-date=2009-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502233647/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/01/2558859.htm?section=justin |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[10 April]] - [[Fiji]] ke President, Ratu Josefa Iloilo, '''Fiji ke Constitution ke abrogate''' kar ke apne ke Head of State banais, sab judge ke dismiss kar diis aur September 2014 talak election kare ke batais. <ref> [http://www.fijilive.com/news_new/index.php/news/show_news/15058 Fiji President abrogates 1997 Constitution] </ref> * [[9 April]] - '''Fiji ke Court of Appeal''' ii batais ki [[December]] [[2006]] ke military coup unlawful rahaa aur President ke chaahi ki uu ek caretaker Prime Minister ke appoint kare aur nawaa general election karwae. <ref>[http://www.fijilive.com/news_new/index.php/news/show_news/15040 Qarase’s removal unlawful, Fiji court rules] </ref> * [[8 April]] - L'Aquila, [[Italy]] me ek '''[[w:L'Aquila earthquake|earthquake]]''' ke kaaran 207 log ke maut aur 17,000 logan homeless hoe gain. <ref> [[w:L'Aquila earthquake|earthquake]] </ref> [[File:20080325 wilkins figure2.jpg|right|80px]] * [[5 April]] - Ek ice ke pul jon ki Antarctica ke '''[[w:Wilkins Ice Shelf|Wilkins Ice Shelf]]''' (right) ke Charcot Island se jorre hae global warming ke kaaran tuut gais.<ref> [[w:Wilkins Ice Shelf|Wilkins Ice Shelf]] </ref> * [[22 March]] - [[India]] ke Board of Control for Cricket '''[[w:2009 Indian Premier League|2009 Indian Premier League]]''' ke South Africa me khele ke decide karis. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=e3d93445-8de1-4c0a-8d79-0fd6bf32cf50&Headline=IPL+shifted+out+of+the+country |title=Archive copy |access-date=2009-03-28 |archive-date=2011-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606050857/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=e3d93445-8de1-4c0a-8d79-0fd6bf32cf50&Headline=IPL+shifted+out+of+the+country |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:BaSoccerBall.jpg|right|80px|thumb|Ba me football]] * [[7 March]] - '''[[Ba Football Association|Ba ke football team]]''', [[Govind Park]], Ba me, [[Lautoka Football Association|Lautoka]] ke 1-0 aur 4-2 se harae ke [[Champion versus Champion (Fiji) 2008|17th Champion versus Champion tournament]] ke jiit liis. * [[3 March]] - '''[[w:Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka national cricket team]]''' ke paanch player log ke [[w:Lahore|Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] me terrorist logan daag ke ghayal kar diin. * [[28 February]] - '''54th [[w:Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]''' me [[w:Jodha Akbar|Jodha Akbar]] ke Best Film, Actor, Director, Background Score aur Lyricist ke award milaa. * [[22 February]] - 81st Academy Awards me '''Slumdog Millionaire''' ke aath Academy Awards jisme ''Best Picture'' bi rahaa, milaa. <ref> [[w:81st Academy Awards|81st Academy Awards]] </ref> * [[8 February]] - '''BAFTA Award for Best Film''' me ''Slumdog Millionaire'' ke Best Film ke award milaa. <ref> [[w:BAFTA Award for Best Film|BAFTA Award for Best Film]] </ref> * [[7 February]] - '''Victoria''', [[Australia]] me jangle me aagi ke kaaran 173 log ke aut hoe gais.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/749137/bushfire-death-toll-climbs-to-166 |title=Bushfire death toll climbs to 173 |access-date=2009-02-10 |archive-date=2009-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211011525/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/749137/bushfire-death-toll-climbs-to-166 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:MuralitharanBust2004IMG.JPG|right|160px|thumb|Muttiah Muralitharan]] * [[5 February]] - Sri Lanka ke '''Muttiah Muralitharan''' 503 One Day International wicket lae ke dunia ke highest one-day wiket taker hoe gais. <ref> [[w:Muttiah Muralitharan|Muttiah Muralitharan]] </ref> [[File:MotiTikaram.jpg|right|80px|thumb|Moti Tikaram]] * [[30 January]] - Fiji ke retired Supreme Court Judge, '''Sir Moti Tikaram''' ke New Delhi me Indian Diaspora Celebrations ke time "Sardar Vallabhae Patel Award" dewa gais. <ref>[http://www.fijilive.com/news_new/index.php/news/show_news/13176 Sir Moti honoured in India] </ref> * [[30 January]] - Fiji ke 10 town aur city councils ke Interim Sarkar dismiss kar diis. <ref> [http://www.fijilive.com/news_new/index.php/news/show_news/13183 Fiji mayors end term quietly] </ref> [[File:Barack Obama after inaugural address 1-20-09 hires 090120-N-0696M-327a.jpg|right|160px|thumb|Barak Obama]] * [[20 January]] - '''Barak Obama''' ke United States ke 44th President ban gais.<ref>[[w:Barak Obama|Barak Obama]] </ref> [[File:US Airways Flight 1549 (N106US) after crashing into the Hudson River (crop 1).jpg|right|160px|thumb|Flight 1549, Hudson River me]] * [[15 January]] - '''US Airways Flight 1549''', ek Airbus A320, New York City ke LaGuardia Airport se take off kare ke thorra deri baad, Hudson River me emergency landing karis , jab kuchh chirrya uske engine se dhakka maar diis.<ref> [[w:US Airways Flight 1549|US Airways Flight 1549]] </ref> [[File:Cyclone Gene.JPG|right|160px|thumb|Cyclone Gene, Fiji ke lage]] * [[12 January]] - Fiji, north-west district me, Cyclone Gene ke kaaran, baarr se aath log ke maut hoe gais. <ref>[[w:Cyclone Gene|Cyclone Gene]]</ref> * [[11 January]] - '''66th Golden Globe Awards''' me ''Slumdog Millionaire'' ke Best Motion Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay aur Best Original Score ke award milaa. <ref>[[w:66th Golden Globe Awards|66th Golden Globe Awards]]</ref> <ref>[[w:Slumdog Millionaire|Slumdog Millionaire]]</ref> == Janam == == Maut == * [[27 April]] - '''[[Feroz Khan]]''', [[Hindi]] film actor, ke maut, Bangaluru, [[India]] me bhaes rahaa. (janam:[[25 September]] [[1939]]) <ref>[[w:Feroz Khan|Feroz Khan]] </ref> [[File:Michael Jackson 1984.jpg|right|160px|thumb|Michael Jackson]] * [[2009]] - U.S. pop singer '''[[Michael Jackson]]''' ke maut, heart attack ke kaaran, Los Angeles, California ke UCLA Medical Center me bhaes. == Chhutti aur teohaar == [[File:Srisita ram laxman hanuman manor.JPG|right|160px|thumb|Ram, Lakshman aur Sita]] * [[9 March]] - Fiji me '''Prophet Mohammed ke birthday''' khatir chhutti rahi. <ref name="holidays">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/public_holidays.shtml |title=Public Holidays - 2009 |access-date=2008-10-09 |archive-date=2008-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925171530/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/public_holidays.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[23 March]] - Fiji me '''Youth Day''' ke chhutti rahi. <ref name="holidays"/> * [[3 April]] - '''Rama Navami''', Ram ke janam ke celebrate karaa gais. <ref>[[w:Rama Navami|Rama Navami]]</ref> * [[10 April]] - Fiji me '''Good Friday''' ke chhutti rahi <ref name="holidays"/> * [[13 April]] - Fiji me '''Easter Monday''' ke chhutti rahi <ref name="holidays"/> * [[29 May]] - Fiji me '''Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna Day''' ke chhutti rahi. <ref name="holidays"/> * [[15 June]] - Fiji me '''Queen's Birthday''' ke chhutti rahi. <ref name="holidays"/> * [[12 October]] - Fiji me '''Fiji Day''' ke chhutti rahi. <ref name="holidays"/> * [[19 October]] - Fiji me '''Diwali''' ke chhutti rahi. <ref name="holidays"/> ==Sammaan (Awards)== * '''[[Jitendra Durga Maharaj]]''' - Fiji Olympic Order, uske outstanding contribution to the development of football in Fiji == References == <references/> <br /> [[Vibhag:2]] [[Category:2009| ]] 6zyac4nu9u9ngj1wh06g3orkycowv0l 0 2757 338360 336600 2026-09-24T22:55:50Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Amsterdam |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = A'dam, 020 |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = Flag of Amsterdam.svg |flag_size = 120px |image_seal = Wapen van Amsterdam bewerkt.PNG |seal_size = 120px |image_shield = |shield_size = |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |image_map = LocationAmsterdam.png |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Amsterdam, [[Netherlands]] me kon jagah pe hae |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = |subdivision_name = |subdivision_type1 = |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = Municipality |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Job Cohen |leader_title1 = Aldermen |leader_name1 = Lodewijk Asscher </br> Carolien Gehrels </br> Tjeerd Herrema </br> Maarten van Poelgeest </br> Marijke Vos </br> |leader_title2 = Secretary |leader_name2 = Erik Gerritsen |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = 13th century |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = 1 E9 |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 219 |area_land_km2 = 166 |area_water_km2 = 53 |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = 1003 |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = 1815 |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |abaadi_as_of = |abaadi_footnotes = |abaadi_note = |abaadi_total = |abaadi_density_km2 = 4459 |abaadi_density_sq_mi = |abaadi_metro = 2,410,960 |abaadi_density_metro_km2 = |abaadi_density_metro_sq_mi = |abaadi_urban = 1,351,587 |abaadi_density_urban_km2 = |abaadi_density_urban_sq_mi = |abaadi_blank1_title = City |abaadi_blank1 = 851,373 |abaadi_density_blank1_title = |abaadi_density_blank1_km2 = |abaadi_density_blank1_sq_mi = |abaadi_blank2_title = |abaadi_blank2 = |abaadi_density_blank2_title = |abaadi_density_blank2_km2 = |abaadi_density_blank2_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = CET |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = CEST |utc_offset_DST = +2 |latd=52 |latm=22 |lats=23 |latNS=N |longd=4 |longm=53 |longs=32 |longEW=E |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 2 |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = Postcode |postal_code = 1011-1019 |area_code = 020 |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = http://www.amsterdam.nl |footnotes = }} '''Amsterdam''' (pronouncedˈæmstərdæm; Dutch bhasa: ɑmstərˈdɑm), [[Netherlands]] ke sab se barraa aur [[capital]] [[city]] hae. Iske abaadi 1.36 million log hae. Iske naam ''Amstellerdam'' se aais hae,<ref name="Britannica Eleven">[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]], Vol 1, p896-898.</ref> jon ki ii dekhae hae ki ii city Amstel Naddi pe ek daam se suruu bhais rahaa. Ii suruu me ek chhota machhri maare waala gaon rahaa. 12th century me, Amsterdam, dunia ke ek sab se khaas port banaa, Dutch Golden Age ke time, jab trade me dher progress bhais. Ii time me ii city finance aur [[diamond]] ke ek khaas centre rahaa.<ref>[http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521845359&ss=exc] Capitals of Capital -A History of International Financial Centres - 1780–2005, Youssef Cassis, ISBN 978-0-521-84535-9</ref> 19th aur 20th century me aur dher suburbs jorraa gais rahaa. The city is the financial and cultural<ref>After Athens in 1985 and Florence in 1986, Amsterdam was in 1986 chosen as the [[European Capital of Culture]], confirming its eminent position in Europe and the Netherlands. See here [http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc443_en.htm] for an overview of the European cities and capitals of culture over the years.</ref> capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and 7 of the world's top 500 companies, including [[Philips]] and [[ING Group|ING]], are based in the city.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/18/biz_2000global08_The-Global-2000-Netherlands_10Rank.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609080634/https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/18/biz_2000global08_The-Global-2000-Netherlands_10Rank.html |date=2017-06-09 }} [[Forbes Global 2000]] Largest Companies - Dutch rankings.</ref> The [[Amsterdam Stock Exchange]], the oldest stock exchange in the world is located in the city centre. [[List of tourist attractions in Amsterdam|Amsterdam's main attractions]], including its [[Canals of Amsterdam|historic canals]], the [[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam|Rijksmuseum]], the [[Van Gogh Museum]], [[Hermitage Amsterdam]], [[Anne Frank]] ke ghar, its [[red-light district]], and its many [[cannabis coffee shop]]s draw more than 3.66 million international visitors annually.<ref name="ams2009">{{cite web|title=Key Figures Amsterdam 2009: Tourism|url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/13871/|publisher=City of Amsterdam Department for Research and Statistics|date=2009|accessdate=30 September 2009}}</ref> == Jagha == [[File:Amsterdam Photo 2020 Copernicus Sentinel-2.jpg|thumb|[[Satellite imagery|Satellite image]] of Amsterdam]] Amsterdam, North Holland province me, Netherlands ke west me Utrecht aur Flevoland province ke bagal me hae. Amstel Naddi aae ke city ke biich me khalaas hoe hae.Hian se dher canal paani ke samundar ke taraf lae jaawe hae. Amsterdam, samundar se khaali dui mertre uppar hae. Bagal ke sab maidaan samthar hae. City ke south-west me ek admi-se banawa gais jangle, ''het Amsterdamse Bos'' hae. Amsterdam ke North Sea Canal, [[North Sea]] se jorree hae. Amsterdam , aur uske urban area me bahut dense abaai hae. Iske area 219.4 square kilometres, log ke density 4,457 inhabitants per km² aur ghar ke density 2,725 gjar per km² hae.<ref name="density"> {{cite web |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2007_jaarboek_hoofdstuk_01.pdf |title=Kerncijfers Amsterdam 2007 |language=Dutch |format=PDF |accessdate=18 May 2008 }}</ref> Parks aur[[nature reserve]] Amsterdam ke 12% jagha me hae.<ref name="12percent"> {{cite web |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/feitenencijfers/24112/ |title=Openbare ruimte en groen: Inleiding |language=Dutch |accessdate=18 May 2008 }}</ref> === Mausam === Amsterdam ke oceanic mausam hae jispe North Sea se jaada asar parre hae. Hian, aur northern Holand ke winter otna thanda nai rahe hae. Frost uu time hoe hae jab ki northeasterly hawaa European continent se bahe hae. Summer thora garam rahe hae lekin bahut garam nahii. August me jaada se jaada temerature average pe 21.8 degree rahe hae. {{convert|21.8|°C|1}}, aur saal me khaali tiin din talak temperature {{convert|30|°C}} 30 degree se upar rahe hae. Saal ke 186 din me hian pe paani barrse hae aur saaal bhar me hian pe {{convert|833|mm|in|1}} paani barrse hae. {{Weather box |location = Amsterdam (1981–2010 data) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan high C = 5 |Feb high C = 6 |Mar high C = 10 |Apr high C = 14 |May high C = 18 |Jun high C = 21 |Jul high C = 23 |Aug high C = 23 |Sep high C = 20 |Oct high C = 16 |Nov high C = 10 |Dec high C = 6 |year high C = 15 |Jan mean C = 3.1 |Feb mean C = 3.3 |Mar mean C = 6.2 |Apr mean C = 9.2 |May mean C = 13.1 |Jun mean C = 15.6 |Jul mean C = 17.9 |Aug mean C = 17.5 |Sep mean C = 14.5 |Oct mean C = 10.7 |Nov mean C = 6.7 |Dec mean C = 3.7 |year mean C = 10.1 |Jan low C = 1 |Feb low C = 0 |Mar low C = 3 |Apr low C = 4 |May low C = 8 |Jun low C = 11 |Jul low C = 13 |Aug low C = 13 |Sep low C = 10 |Oct low C = 7 |Nov low C = 3 |Dec low C = 1 |year low C = 6 |Jan precipitation mm = 69.6 |Feb precipitation mm = 56.2 |Mar precipitation mm = 66.8 |Apr precipitation mm = 42.3 |May precipitation mm = 61.9 |Jun precipitation mm = 65.6 |Jul precipitation mm = 81.1 |Aug precipitation mm = 72.9 |Sep precipitation mm = 78.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 82.8 |Nov precipitation mm = 79.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 75.7 |year precipitation mm = 832.8 |Jan sun = 62.3 |Feb sun = 86.4 |Mar sun = 121.6 |Apr sun = 173.6 |May sun = 207.2 |Jun sun = 194.0 |Jul sun = 206.0 |Aug sun = 187.7 |Sep sun = 138.4 |Oct sun = 112.4 |Nov sun = 62.6 |Dec sun = 48.8 |year sun = 1601 |date=January 2011 |source 1 =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weer.nl |title=Nieuwe normaal 1981–2010 |accessdate=24 January 2011 |publisher=Meteo Consult}}</ref> |date=January 2011 }} == Chapa ke gallery == <gallery> File:Martelaarsgracht.jpg|Amsterdam ke street File:Nederlandsche Bank.jpg|Amsterdam ke museum File:Kermis dam.jpg|Amsterdam ke fun fair File:Canal_in_Amsterdam,_Holland_Crop.png|Amsterdam ke canal </gallery> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Capital cities]] [[Category:Netherlands]] h8bylquyod9ap2u25jk5ac4p0bsbron 0 3421 338370 329898 2026-09-25T00:59:53Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338370 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GreatBarrierReef-EO.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Satellite picture of part of the Great Barrier Reef]] '''Great Barrier Reef''' dunia ke duusra sabse barraa [[coral reef]] hae. Ii [[Queensland]], [[Australia]] me hae aur 2,300 kilometre lamba hae. Ii 3000 coral reefs 600 se jaada [[island]] se banaa hae. == Duusra websites == {{Commons|Great Barrier Reef}} * [http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/great-barrier-reef.htm How the Great Barrier Reef Works] * [https://www.kopekpansiyonu.org/ Köpek pansiyonu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804151738/https://www.kopekpansiyonu.org/ |date=2022-08-04 }} Great Barrier * [http://environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world/great-barrier-reef/index.html World heritage listing for Great Barrier Reef] * [http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority] * [http://www.reef.crc.org.au/ CRC Reef Research Centre] * [https://yuyyu.com/ Yuyyu Dating App] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418161329/https://yuyyu.com/ |date=2022-04-18 }} from Youtube * [http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/ecoregions/great_barrier_reef/index.cfm Great Barrier Reef (World Wildlife Fund)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20010305212835/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/earthpulse/reef/reef1_flash.html Dive into the Great Barrier Reef] from National Geographic {{coord|18|17|10|S|147|42|00|E|display=title}} == References == {{reflist|2}} [[vibhag:G]] [[Category:Australia ke jagha]] 6iulvtb3388wzwif2jdn01btn1w9a4x 0 3476 338386 302667 2026-09-25T03:23:57Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Football player infobox | playername = Roy Krishna | fullname = Roy Krishna | nickname = | image = | dateofbirth = 20 August 1987 | cityofbirth = Siberia, Macuata | countryofbirth = [[Fiji]] | height = | currentclub = ATK | clubnumber = 12 | position = striker | youthyears = | youthclubs = | years = 2007<br/>2008-present | clubs = [[Labasa Soccer Association|Labasa]]<br/>Waitakere United | caps(goals) = <br/>17 (11) | nationalyears = 2007-present | nationalteam = Fiji | nationalcaps(goals) = 8 (4) | pcupdate = 9 April 2009 | ntupdate = 14 April 2008 }} '''Roy Krishna''' (janam: [[20 August]] [[1987]] Fiji me Siberia jon ki [[Labasa]] ke nangiche hai) ek [[Fiji]] ke football player hai jon ki [[New Zealand]] ke Waitakere United football club khatir khele hai aur abhi Wellington Phoenix khatir trial pe hai. == International career == Krishna Fiji ke national team khatir South Pacific Games 2007 me khele ke suruu karis aur 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification tournament khatir khelis hai.<ref>[http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=278780/index.html Record at FIFA Tournaments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100746/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=278780/index.html |date=2012-02-05 }} - FIFA</ref> == Club career == Krishna New Zealand ke Waitakere United me Fiji ke [[Labasa Soccer Association|Labasa]] Soccer Team se January 2008 me join karis. May 2008 me ii talented youngster dui hatta talak Wellington Phoenix ke saathe train karis. <ref>[http://www.oceaniafootball.com/ofcnewsdetails/waitakeres-krishna-to-train-with-the-phoenix WAITAKERE'S KRISHNA TO TRAIN WITH THE PHOENIX] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706202513/http://www.oceaniafootball.com/ofcnewsdetails/waitakeres-krishna-to-train-with-the-phoenix |date=2008-07-06 }} - Oceania Football</ref> March 2009 me Krishna ke PSV Eindhoven aapan taraf se khelae mangat rahaa.<ref>[http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=118070 Dutch giants PSV check out our Roy] - Fiji Times</ref> Lekin uu Wellington Phoenix me khele maange hai kaahe ki uu soche hai ki abhi uu Europe khatir taiyar nai hai. == Aur dekho == * [[Fiji me football]] {{portal|Fiji me football|Soccer ball.svg|size=50|left=yes}} <br/><br/><br/> == Bahaari jorr == * [http://www.waitakereunited.co.nz/football/07profile/krishna.html Player profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420182043/http://www.waitakereunited.co.nz/football/07profile/krishna.html |date=2008-04-20 }} - Waitakere Utd * [http://www.national-football-teams.com/v2/player.php?id=24149 Career stats] - National Football Teams * [http://www.nzfc.co.nz/index.php?id=72 2007/2008 season stats] - NZFC == References == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Roy}} [[Category:Fiji ke football khilarri]] jl02i5prdikw8btni7c6bknyh4ddh3b 0 4182 338366 335455 2026-09-24T23:56:19Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] --> | name = Dante Alighieri | image = | caption = Dante Alighieri, painted by Giotto in the chapel of the Bargello palace in Florence. This oldest portrait of Dante was painted during his lifetime before his exile from his native city. | alt = head-and-chest side portrait of Dante in red and white coat and cowl | pseudonym = | birthdate = mid-May to mid-June 1265 | birthplace = Florence | deathdate = {{death date|1321|9|14}} (aged about 56) | deathplace = Ravenna | occupation = Statesman, poet, language theorist | nationality = [[Italy|Italian]] | genre = | movement = | influences = Aristotle, Cicero, Virgil, Ovid, Boethius, Averroes, Thomas Aquinas}}'''Dante Alighieri''', jiske jaada kar ke '''Dante'''ke naam se jaana jaawe hae ([[14 May]]/[[13 June]] [[1265]] - [[14 September]] [[1321]]), ek [[Italy|Italian]] [[poet]] rahaa jon ki [[Florence]] me rahat rahaa. Uske khaae kaam ''Commedia'' (''Divine Comedy''), ke Italian bhasa me sab se achchhaa literary work maana jaawe hae. [[Italian bhasa|Italian]] me uske "the Supreme Poet" (''il Sommo Poeta'') bola jaawe hae. == Duusra websites == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080502132221/http://www.greatdante.net/ "Dante Alighieri on the Web"], about the Dante's life, and (complete) work. * [http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Banquet-Il-Convito-1.html The Banquet (Il Convito)] * [http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides2/DivineCom.html#Dante%20Home The Divine Comedy: A Study Guide about Divine Comedy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703142904/http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides2/DivineCom.html#Dante%20Home |date=2009-07-03 }} * [http://www.centocanti.it/template/contenuto.asp?IDFolder=195&LN=IT The Divine Comedy, Italian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508211327/http://www.centocanti.it/template/contenuto.asp?IDFolder=195&LN=IT |date=2007-05-08 }} * [http://www.readprint.com/author-2/Dante-Alighieri Dante Alighieri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060326233757/http://www.readprint.com/author-2/Dante-Alighieri |date=2006-03-26 }} and his Divine Comedy in English on [http://www.readprint.com Read Print] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509145414/http://www.readprint.com/ |date=2008-05-09 }} * [http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Fperson=23&Itemid=28 The Online Library of Liberty: Dante's Divine Comedy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723073102/http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Fperson=23&Itemid=28 |date=2008-07-23 }} Italian text with English translation, Cambridge, 1918. * [http://www.danteonline.it/english/home_ita.asp Società Dantesca Italiana (bilingual site)] manuscripts of Dante's works, images and text transcripts * [http://books.guardian.co.uk/authors/author/0,5917,-2,00.html Guardian Books: small "Author Page"] * [http://www.litweb.net/biography/205/Dante_Alighieri.html LitWeb.net: Dante Alighieri Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010145416/http://litweb.net/biography/205/Dante_Alighieri.html |date=2008-10-10 }} * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dante/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Another biography, on his works and bibliography] {{BD|1265|1321|Alighieri, Dante}} <!-- interwiki --> [[Category:A]] [[Category:D]] [[Category:Italy ke log]] [[Category:Poets]] ipel3r9wqbwkfobkdhg86tlolc7mauh 0 4319 338385 337326 2026-09-25T03:07:46Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country| fullcountryname= Republic of the Philippines<br /> Repúbliká ng̃ Pilipinas | image_flag= Flag of the Philippines.svg | image_coa= | image_location= LocationPhilippines.png | nationalmotto= Maka-Diyos, Makatao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansa (English: God, People, Nature, and Country) | nationalsong= "Lupang Hinirang" (Chosen Land) | nationalflower= n/a | nationalanimal= n/a | officiallanguages= Filipino (Tagalog), [[English bhasa|English]], [[Spanish bhasa|Spanish]] | populationtotal= 87,857,473 | populationrank= 12 | populationdensity= 276 | countrycapital= [[Manila]] | countrylargestcity= Quezon City | areatotal= 300,000 | arearank= 71 | areawater= n/a | areawaterpercent= 0.6 | establishedin= [[12 June]], [[1898]] | leadertitlename= President: Rodrigo Duterte<br />Vice President: Leni Robredo | currency= Philippine peso (piso) (PHP) | utcoffset= +8 | dialingcode= +63 | internettld= .ph }} Philippines ek 7,000 se jaada [[island]] waala [[des]] hae. Ii [[Pacific Ocean]] me [[Asia]] se 100 kilometers southeast me hae. [[Spain]] ([[1521]]-[[1898]]) aur [[United States]] ([[1898]]-[[1946]]), ii des pe raaj karin rahaa. Philippines, [[South Korea]], aur [[East Timor]], East Asia ke uu des hae jahan pe jaada log [[Isai dharam|Isai]] hae. Philippine Islands ke east me [[Pacific Ocean]], west me [[South China Sea]], aur south me [[Celebes Sea]] hae . == Naam == [[Spain]] ke explorer [[Ruy López de Villalobos]], aapan 1542 ke expedition me, [[Leyte]] aur [[Samar]] ke naam "{{lang|es|Felipinas}}" diis rahaa, [[Prince of Asturias]], baad me [[Philip&nbsp;II of Castile]] ke baad. Dhire-dhire "{{lang|es|Las Islas Filipinas}}" ke naam se ii archipelago ke Spanish possession ke bola jaae lagaa.<ref name="Scott-1994" /> Duusra naam, jaise "{{lang|es|Islas del Poniente}}" (Western Islands), "{{lang|pt|Islas del Oriente}}" (Eastern Islands), [[Ferdinand Magellan]] ke naam aur "{{lang|es|San Lázaro}}" (Islands of St. Lazarus), ke kaam me laae ke Spanish log ii islands ke refer karat rahin, jabtak ii ilaaka me Spanish raj established nai rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Malcolm |first=George A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |title=The Government of the Philippine Islands: Its Development and Fundamentals |series=Philippine Law Collection |date=1916 |publisher=[[Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company]] |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |location=Rochester, N.Y. |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924051298937/page/2/mode/2up 3] |language=en |author-link=George A. Malcolm |oclc=578245510 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Spate |first=Oskar H.K. |title=The Spanish Lake |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-7099-0049-8 |series=The Pacific since Magellan |volume=I |location=London, England |page=97 |chapter=Chapter 4. Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos |doi=10.22459/SL.11.2004 |author-link=Oskar Spate |access-date=July 6, 2020 |orig-date=1979 |chapter-url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805022835/http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-date=August 5, 2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia |date=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-66370-0 |editor-last=Tarling |editor-first=Nicholas |volume=2: From c. 1500 to c. 1800 |location=Cambridge, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC&pg=PA12 12] |language=en |author-link=Nicholas Tarling |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402114137/https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Philippine Revolution]] ke time, [[Malolos Congress]] {{lang|es|República Filipina}} (the [[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]]) ke elaan karis.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 1899 Malolos Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605215334/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-date=June 5, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Título I – De la República; Articulo 1 |language=es, en}}</ref> America ke colonial authorities ii des ke Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name) bolat rahin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Constantino |first=Renato |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |title=The Philippines: A Past Revisited |date=1975 |publisher=Tala Pub. Services |isbn=978-971-8958-00-1 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |author-link=Renato Constantino |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[United States]], dhire-chire naam ke "the Philippine Islands" se badal ke "the Philippines" kar diin, Philippine Autonomy Act aur [[Jones Law (Philippines)|Jones Law]] se.<ref>{{cite web|date=August 29, 1916 |title=The Jones Law of 1916 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808093938/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=March 12, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Section 1.―The Philippines}}</ref> 1935 ke constitution me, sarkari naam "Republic of the Philippines" rakkhaa gais rahaa, jon aage ke ajaad des ke naam rahii,<ref>{{cite web|title=The 1935 Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625234400/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Article XVII, Section 1}}</ref> aur baad ke sab constitutional ke badlao me ii naam rakkha gais hae.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 17, 1973 |title=1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191553/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=February 11, 1987 |title=The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607182503/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-date=June 7, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> == Itihaas == === Puraana itihaas (900 se pahile) === [[File:Manunggul Jar.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Manunggul Jar|Manunggul burial jar]], dher burial jar me se ek, jiske gifaa me paawa gais rahaa|alt=A burial jar with its lid decorated with two people on a boat|left]] Iske sabuut hae ki puraana jamaana ke [[hominins]], jon jagha abi Philippines hae, me 709,000 saal pahile rahat rahin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ingicco |first1=T. |last2=van den Bergh |first2=G. D. |last3=Jago-on |first3=C. |last4=Bahain |first4=J. |last5=Chacón |first5=M. G. |last6=Amano |first6=N. |last7=Forestier |first7=H. |last8=King |first8=C. |last9=Manalo |first9=K. |last10=Nomade |first10=S. |last11=Pereira |first11=A. |last12=Reyes |first12=M. C. |last13=Sémah |first13=A. |last14=Shao |first14=Q. |last15=Voinchet |first15=P. |date=May 1, 2018 |title=Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709&nbsp;thousand years ago |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |journal=Nature |publisher=[[University of Wollongong]] |volume=557 |issue=7704 |pages=233–237 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..233I |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 |pmid=29720661 |s2cid=256771231 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429133325/https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |archive-date=April 29, 2019 |first16=C. |last16=Falguères |first17=P.C.H. |last17=Albers |first18=M. |last18=Lising |first19=G. |last19=Lyras |first20=D. |last20=Yurnaldi |first21=P. |last21=Rochette |first22=A. |last22=Bautista |first23=J. |last23=de Vos |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> [[Callao Cave]] me paawa gais haddi, saait ek nawaa species, ''[[Homo luzonensis]]'' ke hae, jon 50,000 se 67,000 saal pahile rahat rahin.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greshko |first1=Michael |last2=Wei-Haas |first2=Maya |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New species of ancient human discovered in the Philippines |work=[[National Geographic]] |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410173110/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |archive-date=April 10, 2019}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410173110/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |date=April 10, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rincon |first1=Paul |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New human species found in Philippines |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410192730/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |author-link1=Paul Rincon}}</ref> Sab se puraana [[modern human]] ke remain ii islands ke [[Palawan]] ke [[Tabon Caves]] me paawa gais hae, jiske [[U/Th-dated]] hae 47,000 ± 11–10,000 saal pahile.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Détroit |first1=Florent |last2=Dizon |first2=Eusebio |last3=Falguères |first3=Christophe |last4=Hameau |first4=Sébastien |last5=Ronquillo |first5=Wilfredo |last6=Sémah |first6=François |date=2004 |title=Upper Pleistocene ''Homo sapiens'' from the Tabon cave (Palawan, The Philippines): description and dating of new discoveries |url=http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |journal=Human Palaeontology and Prehistory |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=3 |issue=2004 |pages=705–712 |bibcode=2004CRPal...3..705D |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164554/http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |archive-date=February 18, 2015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Tabon Man]] ke [[Negrito]] maana jaae hae, jon ii islands me rahe waala pahila log rahin, Africa se coastal route lae ke, along [[South Asia|southern Asia]] se abhi duubaa waala [[Sundaland]] aur [[Sahul]] se ii islands me aae rahin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jett |first=Stephen C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas |date=2017 |publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]] |isbn=978-0-8173-1939-7 |location=Tuscaloosa, Ala. |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ&pg=168 168–171] |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Philippines pahunche waala pahila Austronesians , Taiwan se, lagbhag 2200 BC me aae rahin, [[Batanes]] Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as ''[[ijang]]s'') me aae ke base rahin<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |title=The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community |date=2005 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] |isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Jessica |location=Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, England |pages=101–102 |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2023 |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Nora J. |editor-last3=Beresford |editor-first3=Michael |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232535/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> aur northern [[Luzon]] me bhi. [[Philippine jade culture|Jade artifacts]] ke 2000 BC ke date karaa gais hae,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |title=Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-971-10-0227-5 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |page=17 |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ness |first=Immanuel |editor-last1=Bellwood |editor-first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |title=The Global Prehistory of Human Migration |date=2014 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-118-97059-1 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289 289] |author-link1=Immanuel Ness |editor-link1=Peter Bellwood |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> jisme [[lingling-o]] Luzon ke jade ke banaa chij ke Taiwan ke raw material se banaawa gais rahaa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hung |first1=Hsiao-Chun |last2=Iizuka |first2=Yoshiyuki |last3=Bellwood |first3=Peter |last4=Nguyen |first4=Kim Dung |last5=Bellina |first5=Bérénice |last6=Silapanth |first6=Praon |last7=Dizon |first7=Eusebio |last8=Santiago |first8=Rey |last9=Datan |first9=Ipoi |last10=Manton |first10=Jonathan H. |date=December 11, 2007 |title=Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2007-12-11_104_50/page/19745 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=104 |issue=50 |pages=19745–19750 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0707304104 |pmc=2148369 |pmid=18048347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> 1000 BC talak, ii islands ke log chaar society me develop hoe gay rahin : [[hunter-gatherer]] tribes, warrior societies, highland [[plutocracies]], aur port principalities.<ref name="Legarda-2001">{{Cite journal |last=Legarda |first=Benito Jr. |author-link=Benito J. Legarda |year=2001 |title=Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines |journal=Kinaadman (Wisdom): A Journal of the Southern Philippines |publisher=[[Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan]] |volume=23 |page=40}}</ref> === Pahila states (900–1565) === [[File:Naturales 4.png|thumb| 1590's ke early Spanish colonial jamaana ke ek native praani jon sona pahinin hae.]] Philippines ke sab se pahila likha gias record, 900 AD ke [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]] hae, jiske [[Old Malay]] bhasa me, [[Kawi alphabet|Kawi]] script me likha gais hae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Postma |first=Antoon |author-link=Antoon Postma |date=1992 |title=The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018 |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=182–203 |issn=0031-7837 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208053836/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018 |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=June 19, 2025 |archivedate=December 8, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208053836/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018 }}</ref> 14th century talak, dher barraa-barraa coastal settlements trading centers ban ke [[Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines|societal changes]] ke kaaran ban gais.<ref name="deGraaf-1977">{{Cite book |last1=de Graaf |first1=Hermanus Johannes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ |title=Geschichte: Lieferung 2 |last2=Kennedy |first2=Joseph |last3=Scott |first3=William Henry |date=1977 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-04859-1 |location=Leiden, Switzerland |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA198 198] |language=en |author-link3=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306102637/https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Kuchh basti ke log, Asia ke duusra state se chij ke trade karat rahin. <ref name="Junker-1999">{{Cite book |last=Junker |first=Laura Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC |title=Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms |date=1999 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |isbn=978-0-8248-2035-0 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072919/https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadeau |first=Kathleen M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C |title=Liberation Theology in the Philippines: Faith in a Revolution |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-275-97198-4 |location=Westport, Conn. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C&pg=PA8 8] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317084801/https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tang dynasty]] ke time, China se trade suruu bhais,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2022/09/20/the-9th-to-10th-century-archaeological-evidence-of-maritime-relations-between-the-philippines-and-the-islands-of-southeast-asia/|title=The 9th to 10th century archaeological evidence of maritime relations between the Philippines and the islands of Southeast Asia|publisher=[[National Museum of the Philippines]]|access-date=December 4, 2023|date=n.d.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Robert B. |author-link=Robert Bradford Fox |title=More Tsinoy Than We Admit: Chinese-Filipino Interactions Over the Centuries |publisher=Vibal Foundation, Inc. |year=2015 |isbn=9789719706823 |editor-last=Chu |editor-first=Richard T. |location=Quezon City |pages=10–13 |chapter=The Archaeological Record of Chinese Influences in the Philippines}}</ref> aur [[Song dynasty]] ke time aur barrha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC |title=Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History |date=2004 |publisher=[[RoutledgeCurzon]] |isbn=978-0-415-29777-6 |editor-last=Glover |editor-first=Ian |location=London, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC&pg=PA267 267] |author-link2=Peter Bellwood |editor-last2=Bellwood |editor-first2=Peter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pre-colonial Manila|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724010336/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-date=July 24, 2015|access-date=December 26, 2020|website=Malacañan Palace: Presidential Museum And Library}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Second millennium AD bhar, kuch basti [[China]] ke niche rahin.<ref name="Scott-1994">{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC |title=Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-971-550-135-4 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=October 18, 2015 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Junker-1999" /> Jaada trade aur diplomacy ke kaaran, [[Northern and southern China|Southern]] [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] merchants aur migrants [[Southern Fujian]] se,<ref>{{Cite book |last=San Buena Ventura |first=Fr. Pedro de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ |title=Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero |publisher=La Noble Villa de Pila |year=1613 |editor-last=de Silva |editor-first=Juan (Don.) |page=545 |language=[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] & [[Early Modern Spanish]] |quote=Sangley) Langlang (pc) anſi llamauan los viejos deſtos [a los] ſangleyes cuando venian [a tratar] con ellos |trans-quote=Sangley) Langlang (pc) this is what the elderlies called [the] Sangleyes when they came [to deal] with them}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=San Buena Ventura |first=Fr. Pedro de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ |title=Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero |publisher=La Noble Villa de Pila |year=1613 |editor-last=de Silva |editor-first=Juan (Don.) |page=170 |language=[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] & [[Early Modern Spanish]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326 |title=Boxer Codex (Manila Manuscript) |others=[[Boxer Codex]], once kept by Sir [[C. R. Boxer]] |year=1590s |location=Manila |pages=415 [PDF] / 204 [As Written] |language=[[Early Modern Spanish]] & [[Philippine Hokkien|Early Manila Hokkien]] |via=[[Indiana University]] Digital Library, as digitized from the [[Lilly Library]] |access-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324113344/https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326 |url-status=live}}</ref> aae ke ii islands me rahe lagin, aur ii log natives log ke saathe mix hoe lagin.. Indian ke sankriti, jaise ki bhasa aur dharam ke influence Philippines me 14th century me faela, Indianized Hindu [[Majapahit|Majapahit Empire]] se.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Philippines |encyclopedia=Concise Encyclopedia of World History |publisher=[[Atlantic Books|Atlantic Publishers & Distributors]] |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC |last=Ramirez-Faria |first=Carlos |date=2007 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PA560 560] |isbn=978-81-269-0775-5 |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131629/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Evangelista |first=Alfredo E. |date=1965 |title=Identifying Some Intrusive Archaeological Materials Found in Philippine Proto-historic Sites |url=https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf |journal=Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Asian Center|Asian Center]], [[University of the Philippines]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=87–88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429072742/https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref> 15th century talak Islam [[Sulu Archipelago]] me aapan adda jamae ke huan se aur bagal faela.<ref name="deGraaf-1977" /> 10th aur 16th centuries ke biich me bane waala basti me [[Maynila (historical polity)|Maynila]],<ref name="Ring-1996">{{Cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |last2=Salkin |first2=Robert M. |last3=La Boda |first3=Sharon |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-884964-04-6 |location=Chicago, Ill. |pages=565–569 |name-list-style=amp |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]], [[Namayan]], [[Pangasinan (historical polity)|Pangasinan]], [[Caboloan]], [[Cebu (historical state)|Cebu]], [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]], [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Maguindanao]], [[Confederate States of Lanao|Lanao]], [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]], aur [[Ma-i]] rahaa.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historical-atlas-of-the-republic/page/n65/mode/2up |title=Historical Atlas of the Republic |date=2016 |publisher=[[Presidential Communications Group|Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office]] |isbn=978-971-95551-6-2 |editor-last=Quezon |editor-first=Manuel L. III |editor-link=Manolo Quezon |location=Manila, Philippines |page=64 |editor-last2=Goitia |editor-first2=Pocholo}}</ref> Suruu ke basti me tiin -tier ke social structure rahaa: nobility, freemen, aur dependent debtor-bondsmen.<ref name="Junker-1999" /><ref name="Wernstedt-1967">{{cite book |last1=Wernstedt |first1=Frederick L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C |title=The Philippine Island World: A Physical, Cultural, and Regional Geography |last2=Spencer |first2=Joseph Earle |date=January 1967 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, Calif. |isbn=978-0-520-03513-3 |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072939/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C |url-status=live}}</ref> Raj kare waala log me neta rahin jaise [[datu]]s, jon groups ([[Barangay state|barangays]] or dulohan) pe raj karat rahin.<ref>{{cite book |last=Arcilla |first=José S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C |title=An Introduction to Philippine History |date=1998 |edition=Fourth enlarged |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-550-261-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C&pg=PA15 15]}}</ref> Jab barangays saathe hoe ke barraa basti banaawat rahin ,<ref name="Junker-1999" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Decasa |first=George C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC |title=The Qur'anic Concept of Umma and Its Function in Philippine Muslim Society |series=Interreligious and Intercultural Investigations |volume=1 |date=1999 |publisher=[[Pontificia Università Gregoriana]] |location=Rome, Italy |isbn=978-88-7652-812-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC&pg=PA328 328] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074637/https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC |url-status=live}}</ref> tab uske neta ke "[[Paramount rulers in early Philippine history|paramount datu]]" maana jaawat rahaa,<ref name="Newson">{{cite book |last=Newson |first=Linda A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ |title=Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines |date=April 16, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-6197-1 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308195926/https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Legarda-2001" /> [[rajah]] or [[sultan]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Carley |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last2=Jenkins |editor-first2=Paul |editor-last3=Smith |editor-first3=Harry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ |title=Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities |year=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Sterling, Va. |isbn=978-1-134-20050-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 108] |chapter=Chapter 7 |orig-date=2001 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317140423/https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> aur janata pe raj karat rahaa .<ref>{{cite book |last=Tan |first=Samuel K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C |title=A History of the Philippines |date=2008 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-542-568-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C&pg=PA37 37] |author-link1=Samuel K. Tan}}</ref> 15th aur 16th century ii islands ke population density bahut kamti rahaa<ref name="Newson" /> jiske kaaran rahaa [[Typhoon#Frequency|frequency of typhoons]] aur Philippines ke location, Pacific [[Ring of Fire]] me.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bankoff |first1=Greg |editor-last1=Boomgaard |editor-first1=Peter |title=A World of Water: Rain, Rivers and Seas in Southeast Asian Histories |series=Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=240 |publisher=[[KITLV Press]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-25401-5 |date=January 1, 2007 |pages=153–184 |chapter=Storms of history: Water, hazard and society in the Philippines: 1565-1930 |jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w76vd0.9 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> Portuguese explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] 1521 me aais aur ii islands ke Spain ke khaatir claim karis, lekin uske [[Lapulapu]]'s log [[Battle of Mactan]] me maar de rahin.<ref name="Woods-2006">{{cite book |last=Woods |first=Damon L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C |title=The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook |date=2006 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-85109-675-6 |language=en |author-link1=Damon Woods |access-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073501/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Guillermo-2012">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Guillermo |first=Artemio R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines |edition=Third |series=Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East |date=2012 |publisher=[[The Scarecrow Press]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-0-8108-7246-2 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073356/https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC |url-status=live}}</ref> === Spain aur America ke colonial raj (1565–1934) === [[File:Vista del Puente de Manila (1847).png|alt=See caption|thumb|[[Manila]], 1847]] Philippines ke unification aur colonization uu time suruu bhais jab Spanish explorer [[Miguel López de Legazpi]], [[New Spain]] se 1565 me aais.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wing |first=J.T. |title=Roots of Empire: Forests and State Power in Early Modern Spain, c.1500–1750 |publisher=Brill |series=Brill's Series in the History of the Environment |year=2015 |isbn=978-90-04-26137-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 109] |quote=At the time of Miguel López de Legazpi's voyage in 1564-5, the Philippines were not a unified polity or nation. |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=January 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128213911/https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Arthur L. |title=Higher Education in the Philippines |series=Bulletin |date=1961 |issue=29 |url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544128.pdf |publisher=[[Office of Education]], [[United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |oclc=755650 |page=7 |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413085104/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544128.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="deBorja-2005">{{cite book |last=de Borja |first=Marciano R. |url=https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff |title=Basques In The Philippines |series=The Basque Series |date=2005 |publisher=[[University of Nevada Press]] |location=Reno, Nev. |isbn=978-0-87417-590-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326224340/https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff |archive-date=March 26, 2022 |access-date=April 25, 2023 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326224340/https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff |date=March 26, 2022 }}</ref> Dher [[Filipinos]] ke New Spain me force kar ke boat me kaam kar ke laawa gais rahaa,<ref>{{cite book |last=Seijas |first=Tatiana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ |title=Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians |series=Cambridge Latin American Studies |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2014 |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-107-06312-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 36] |chapter=The Diversity and Reach of the Manila Slave Market |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213113750/https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> jab dher [[Latin American Asian|Latin Americans]] ke Philippines sipahi aur colonists ke ruup me laawa gais rahaa.<ref>[https://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/431623 "Orden de enviar hombres a Filipinas desde México" (Consejo de Indias España)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104042736/https://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/431623 |date=2025-01-04 }}(English Translation from Spanish original: "Royal Decree to the Count of Coruña, Viceroy of New Spain, informing him that, according to information from Captain Gabriel de Rivera who came from the Philippines, on a journey made by Governor Gonzalo Ronquillo to the Cagayan River some Spaniards were lost, and that to make up for this lack and populate these islands it was necessary to take up to two hundred men to them. The viceroy is ordered to attend to this request and send them from New Spain, in addition to another two hundred that were entrusted to him from Lisbon."</ref> Philippines, Latin American ke asia me khaali ek district rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Coast of the Island Of Luzon {{pipe}} Tourist Attractions |url=http://www.livinginthephilippines.com/travel-guides/getting-to-philippines/979-tourist-attraction-city-of-manila |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206200644/http://www.livinginthephilippines.com/travel-guides/getting-to-philippines/979-tourist-attraction-city-of-manila |archive-date=December 6, 2016 |access-date=December 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Colonial Latin Asia? The case for incorporating the Philippines and the Spanish Pacific into colonial Latin American studies|first=Kristie|last=Patricia Flannery|date=April 3, 2023|journal=Colonial Latin American Review|volume=32|issue=2|pages=235–242|doi=10.1080/10609164.2023.2205233|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Intramuros|Spanish Manila]], [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]] aur [[Spanish East Indies]] ke capital 1571 me banaa,<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Beaule |editor-first1=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ |title=The Global Spanish Empire: Five Hundred Years of Place Making and Pluralism |editor-last2=Douglass |editor-first2=John G. |date=April 21, 2020 |publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]] |location=Tucson, Ariz. |isbn=978-0-8165-4084-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204 204] |language=en |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321081230/https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Santiago |first=Fernando A. Jr. |year=2006 |title=Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589–1898 |trans-title=A Short History of Pandacan, Manila 1589–1898 |url=https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7887 |url-status=live |journal=Malay |language=fil |publisher=[[De La Salle University]] |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=70–87 |issn=2243-7851 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821002744/https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7887 |archive-date=August 21, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2008 |via=Philippine E-Journals}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |last=Andrade |first=Tonio |url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/ |title=How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han colonialization in the Seventeenth Century |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-12855-1 |year=2005 |chapter=Chapter 4: La Isla Hermosa: The Rise of the Spanish Colony in Northern Taiwan |author-link=Tonio Andrade |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121160327/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html |archive-date=November 21, 2007 |via=Gutenberg-e}}</ref> Spanish log local states ke [[divide and rule|divide and conquer]] principle kae kaam me laae ke, invade kare rahin ,<ref name="Guillermo-2012" /> aur ii rakam se , jon abhi ke Philippines hae ke ek unified administration ke niche kar liin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Giráldez |first1=Arturo |title=The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy |date=March 19, 2015 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-4422-4352-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 2] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402112011/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Acabado |first=Stephen |date=March 1, 2017 |title=The Archaeology of Pericolonialism: Responses of the "Unconquered" to Spanish Conquest and Colonialism in Ifugao, Philippines |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3tp1p8m3/qt3tp1p8m3.pdf?t=qa7wdn |journal=[[International Journal of Historical Archaeology]] |publisher=[[Springer New York]] |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1007/s10761-016-0342-9 |s2cid=254541436 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106150313/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3tp1p8m3/qt3tp1p8m3.pdf?t=qa7wdn |archive-date=November 6, 2020 |via=Springer Link}}</ref> Alag-alag barangay ke jaan ke ek town me karaa gais rahaa , jahaan pe Catholic missionaries sahaj me log ke [[Isai dharam]] me convert kare sake,<ref name="Abinales-2005">{{cite book |last1=Abinales |first1=Patricio N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC |title=State and Society in the Philippines |last2=Amoroso |first2=Donna J. |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7425-1024-1 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073346/https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Constantino |first1=Renato |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ |title=A History of the Philippines: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War |last2=Constantino |first2=Letizia R. |publisher=[[Monthly Review Press]] |location=New York, N.Y. |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-85345-394-9 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 58–59] |author-link1=Renato Constantino |access-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073504/https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schumacher |first1=John N. |title=Syncretism in Philippine Catholicism: Its Historical Causes |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |volume=32 |issue=3 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |date=1984 |page=254 |url=http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/3833/4054 |issn=2244-1093 |oclc=6015358201 |jstor=42632710 |author-link1=John N. Schumacher |access-date=October 5, 2023 |archive-date=October 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006144446/http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/3833/4054 |url-status=live |archivedate=October 6, 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006144446/http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/3833/4054 }}</ref> [[Christianization]], Spanish friars se, jaada kar ke basaa gais lowlands me bhais. 1565 se 1821 talak, Philippines ke [[Mexico City]] ke ek territory ke ruup me govern karaa jaawat rahaa- jon New Spain ke vice royality rahaa; lekin [[Mexican War of Independence]] ke baad iske directly [[Madrid]] se administer karaa gais rahaa .<ref name="Halili-2004">{{cite book |last=Halili |first=Maria Christine N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC |title=Philippine History |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |year=2004 |edition=First |isbn=978-971-23-3934-9 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=December 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230123021/https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC |url-status=live}}</ref>Manila [[Spanish treasure fleet|trans-Pacific trade]] ke western hub ban gais rahaa<ref>{{cite book |last=Kane |first=Herb Kawainui |title=Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8248-1829-6 |editor-last=Bob Dye |volume=I |pages=25–32 |chapter=The Manila Galleons |author-link=Herb Kawainui Kane}}</ref> <ref>{{cite report |type=Conference proceeding |last=Bolunia |first=Mary Jane Louise A. |chapter=Astilleros: the Spanish shipyards of Sorsogon |chapter-url=http://www.themua.org/collections/files/original/34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf |title=Proceedings of the 2014 Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Conference; Session 5: Early Modern Colonialism in the Asia-Pacific Region |url=http://www.themua.org/collections/collections/show/13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413233643/http://www.themua.org/collections/files/original/34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2015 |access-date=October 26, 2015 |publisher=Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Planning Committee |page=1 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |oclc=892536655 |via=The Museum of Underwater Archaeology}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McCarthy |first=William J. |date=December 1, 1995 |title=The Yards at Cavite: Shipbuilding in the Early Colonial Philippines |url=https://archive.org/details/international-journal-of-maritime-history_1995-12_7_2/page/149 |journal=[[International Journal of Maritime History]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=149–162 |doi=10.1177/084387149500700208 |s2cid=163709949}}</ref> == Duusra websites == === Official websites === * [http://www.gov.ph www.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101105754/http://www.gov.ph/ |date=2012-01-01 }} - Government portal * [http://www.op.gov.ph www.op.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609185330/http://www.op.gov.ph/ |date=2007-06-09 }} - Office of the President * [http://www.senate.gov.ph www.senate.gov.ph] - Senate * [http://www.congress.gov.ph www.congress.gov.ph] - House of Representatives * [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph www.supremecourt.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512084154/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/ |date=2008-05-12 }} - Supreme Court * [http://www.comelec.gov.ph www.comelec.gov.ph] - Commission on Elections === News websites === * [http://www.inq7.net Philippine Daily Inquirer and GMA News] * [http://www.abs-cbnnews.com ABS-CBN News] * [http://www.philstar.com Philippine Star] * [http://www.mb.com.ph The Manila Bulletin Online] * [http://www.manilatimes.net The Manila Times Online] * [http://www.sunstar.com.ph Sun Star Network Online] * [http://www.tribune.net.ph The Daily Tribune Online] * [http://www.malaya.com.ph Malaya Online] * [http://www.today.net.ph Today Online] * [http://www.kabayanonline.com Kabayan Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018220647/http://www.kabayanonline.com/ |date=2019-10-18 }} === Aurr === * [http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Philippines/ Open Directory Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040819050600/http://dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Philippines/ |date=2004-08-19 }} * [http://www.filipinotvchannel.com The Filipino Channel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712052253/http://www.filipinotvchannel.com/ |date=2009-07-12 }} - Satellite TV from the Philippines [[vibhag:Philippines| ]] [[vibhag:ASEAN ke member]] [[vibhag:English bhasa waala des]] g6h2ipfbu4b6s4powsyqt6ungxpc8tc 0 4606 338393 197638 2026-09-25T04:27:37Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338393 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:JoyAli.jpg|right|120px|thumb|Joy Ali 2009 me]] '''Zulfikar Joy Ali''' (janam: [[22 December]] [[1978]] - [[5 January]] [[2015]]) - jiske "The Jet" ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae, [[Fiji]] ke ek boxer hae jon ki super middlewight division me larre hae. Uu [[Nadi district, Fiji|Nadi]] me rahe hae aur abhi Fiji me aapan division me No 1 rated hae aur dunia me 108 rated hae. Uu 44 professional fight laris hae aur usme se 29 jiitis (24 KO), 8 haaris ( 6 KO) aur 8 draw rahaa. * [[15 August]] [[2009]] - Suva ke Vodaphone Arena me Joe Naleca ke harae ke nawaa Fiji Boxing Commission Junior Middle Weight title ke jiit liis. Isse pahile, Naleca ekko fight nai haris rahaa. <ref> [http://www.fijilive.com/sports/news/2009/08/16/11079.Fijilive Joy ends Naleca’s unbeaten record] </ref> * [[19 December]] 2009 - Ghana ke boxer, Joseph Kwadjo, Joy Ali ke Universal Boxing Organization Super Middleweight Inter-continental Title ke fight me Suva ke Vodafone Arena me unanimous points decision se harais.<ref> [http://www.fijilive.com/sports/news/2009/12/20/12895.Fijilive No Joy for Ali as Kwadjo wins] </ref> == References == <references/> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150316062535/http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=58511&cat=boxer BoxRec] [[Category:Fiji me boxing|Ali, Zulfikar Joy]] [[Category:Fiji ke khilaarri|Ali, Zulfikar Joy]] [[Category:Nadi ke log|Ali, Zulfikar Joy]] lx5pjsbjnrx4j1iyunsn8f2qvk1z106 0 4625 338374 85499 2026-09-25T01:32:55Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338374 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Junior Farzan Ali''' (janam: [[27 April]] [[1980]]), jiske "The Razor" ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae, [[Fiji]] ke ek boxer hae jon ki light welterwieight division me larre hae. Uu [[Nadi district, Fiji]] me rahe hae aur abhi Fiji me aapan division me No 1 rated hae aur dunia me 340 rated hae. Uu 28 professional fight laris hae aur usme se 22 jiitis (16 KO), 5 haaris ( 2 KO) aur 1 draw rahaa. Uske bhaiya [[Zulfikar Joy Ali]], bhi ek achchhaa boxer hae. * [[15 August]] [[2009]] - Suva ke Vodafone Arena me Waisale Ratu ke harae ke Fiji ke Junior Welterweight Champion ban gais. <ref> [http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=127559 Farzan's simply too sharp] </ref> == References == <references/> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140213025149/http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=15301&cat=boxer BoxRec] [[Category:Fiji me boxing|Ali, Junior Farzan]] [[Category:Fiji ke khilaarri|Ali, Junior Farzan]] [[Category:Nadi ke log|Ali, Junior Farzan]] gdpf2v3x07kmds1cz8k6pf725604azn 0 4736 338387 323933 2026-09-25T03:34:32Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Actor |bgcolour = silver |name = Satyajit Ray |image = Satyajit_Ray.jpg |imagesize=180px |caption = Satyajit Ray's portrait |birthdate = {{birth date|df=yes|1921|5|2}} |location = [[Kolkata]], India |deathdate = {{death date and age|df=yes|1992|4|23|1921|5|2}} |deathplace = [[Kolkata]], India |academyawards = '''Academy Honorary Award'''<br />1992 Lifetime Achievement |filmfareawards = '''Best Movie - Critics'''<br />1978 ''Shatranj Ke Khiladi'' <br /> '''Best Director'''<br />1979 ''Shatranj Ke Khiladi'' }} '''Satyajit Ray''' ([[2 May]] [[1921]] – [[23 April]] [[1992]]) ek [[West Bengal|Bengali]] [[India]]n film director rahaa. Uske janam [[Kolkata]] me bhais rahaa. Uske palwaar arts me rahaa. Ray 37 film ke direct karis rahaa, jisme documentary aur shorts hae. Ray ke pahila film, ''Pather Panchali'', ke gyarah international prizes mila jisme ''Best Human Document'' hae Cannes Film Festival me mila. ==Jawaani ke din aur parrhai== Satyajit ke pitaji ke naam Sukumar Ray aur maiya ke naam Suprabha Ray ( nee Das Gupta) rahaa. Jab Satyajit dui saal ke rahaa tab uske pitaji ke maut hoe gais rahaa aur uu aapan aaja ke ghare barraa bhais rahaa. Uske aaja ke ek printing press rahaa aur satyajit printing me dher interest liis rahaa. Ray Ballygunge Government High School me parrhis rahaa aur uu Bachelor of Arts Presidency College, Calsutta se karis rahaa. II time uu dher Hollywood movie dekhis aur isse uske cinema me interest barrhaa. 1940 me Ray, Visva-Bharati University, jiske [[Rabindranath Tagore]] suruu karis rahaa, me parrhe ke suruu karis. Uu fine arts parrhis aur oriental arts ke pasand karis. 1943 me Ray ek British advertising ajency me kaam suruu karis, jahan pe uske artist, Annada Munshi train karis.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/west-bengal/annada-munshis-character-sparks-debate-in-anik-duttas-aparajito/na20220525090909619619394 | title=Annada Munshi's character sparks debate in Anik Dutta's Aparajito | date=25 May 2022 }}</ref> Iske baad uu uu ek duursa jagha bhi kaam kare lagaa jahaan pe uu Book ke cover ke desin karat rahaa. 1950 me uu [[London]] kaam kare khatir gais. 1955 me uu aapan pahila film, Pathar Panchali, ke release karis. 1956 me uu duusra film, Aparajito, ke release karis. ==Honours== {| class="wikitable" style="width: 85%; font-size: 0.90em;" !Year !Awards and Honours !Awarding body |- |1958 |[[Padma Shri]] |[[Government of India]] |- |1965 |[[Padma Bhushan]] |Government of India |- |1967 |[[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] |Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation |- |1971 |Star of [[Yugoslavia]] |[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Government of Yugoslavia]] |- |1973 |[[Doctor of Letters]] |[[University of Delhi]] |- |1974 |[[Doctor of Letters|D. Litt.]] |[[Royal College of Art]], London |- |1976 |[[Padma Vibhushan]] |[[Government of India]] |- |1978 |D. Litt. |[[University of Oxford]] |- |1978 |Special Award |[[Berlin Film Festival]] |- |1978 |[[Desikottam]] |[[Visva-Bharati University]], India |- |1979 |Special Award |[[Moscow Film Festival]] |- |1980 |D. Litt. |[[University of Burdwan]], India |- |1980 |D. Litt. |[[Jadavpur University]], India |- |1981 |[[Doctorate]] |[[Benaras Hindu University]], India |- |1981 |D. Litt. |[[University of North Bengal]], India |- |1982 |Hommage à Satyajit Ray |[[Cannes Film Festival]] |- |1982 |Special [[Golden Lion]] of St. Mark |[[Venice Film Festival]] |- |1982 |[[Vidyasagar Award]] |[[Government of West Bengal]] |- |1983 |[[Fellow]]ship |[[British Film Institute|The British Film Institute]] |- |1985 |D. Litt. |[[University of Calcutta]], India |- |1985 |[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] |Government of India |- |1985 |[[Soviet Land Nehru Award]] |[[Soviet Union]] |- |1986 |Fellowship |[[Sangeet Natak Academy]], India |- |1987 |[[Légion d'Honneur]] |[[Government of France]] |- |1987 |D. Litt. |[[Rabindra Bharati University]], India |- |1992 |[[Academy Award]] for [[Academy Honorary Award|Lifetime Achievement]] |[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]], United States |- |1992 |[[Akira Kurosawa]] Award for Lifetime Achievement |[[San Francisco International Film Festival]] |- |1992 |[[Bharat Ratna]] |Government of India |- |} ==Indian film awards== ===[[National Film Awards]]=== Satyajit Ray had won the maximum number of the coveted [[National Film Awards]] (the Indian version of the [[Academy Award|Oscars]]). He won 32 National Film Awards. * 1956 - [[National Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] - [[Pather Panchali|''Pather Panchali'' (''Song of the Little Road'')]] ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]) * 1956 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] - ''[[Pather Panchali]]'' * 1959 - [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]] - ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' (Bengali) * 1959 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] - ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' * 1960 - [[National Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] - [[The World of Apu|''Apur Sansar'' (''The World of Apu'')]] (Bengali) * 1962 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] - ''[[Teen Kanya]]'' * 1963 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] - ''[[Abhijan]]'' * 1963 - [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]] - ''[[Abhijan]]'' (Bengali) * 1965 - [[National Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] - ''[[Charulata]]'' (Bengali) * 1967 - [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] - ''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]'' (Bengali) * 1968 - [[National Film Award for Best Directing|Best Directing]] - ''[[Chiriakhana]]'' (Bengali) * 1969 - [[National Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] - ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'' (Bengali) * 1969 - [[National Film Award for Best Directing|Best Directing]] - ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'' (Bengali) * 1970 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] - ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'' * 1971 - [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]] - ''[[Pratidwandi]]'' (Bengali) * 1971 - [[National Film Award for Best Directing|Best Directing]] - ''[[Pratidwandi]]'' (Bengali) * 1971 - [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] - ''[[Pratidwandi]]'' (Bengali) * 1971 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] - ''[[Pratidwandi]]'' * 1972 - [[National Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] - ''[[Seemabaddha]]'' (Bengali) * 1973 - [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]] - ''[[Ashani Sanket]]'' (Bengali) * 1974 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] - ''[[Ashani Sanket]]'' * 1975 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] - ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' * 1975 - [[National Film Award for Best Directing|Best Directing]] - ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (Bengali) * 1975 - [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] - ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (Bengali) * 1976 - [[National Film Award for Best Directing|Best Directing]] - ''[[Jana Aranya]]'' (Bengali) * 1981 - [[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]] - ''[[Hirak Rajar Deshe]]'' (Bengali) * 1982 - [[National Film Award - Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Feature Film)]] - ''[[Sadgati]]'' ([[Hindi]]) * 1985 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] - ''[[Ghare Baire]]'' * 1990 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]] - ''[[Ganashatru]]'' * 1992 - [[National Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] - ''[[Agantuk (The Stranger)|Agantuk]]'' (Bengali) ([[India]]/[[France]]) * 1992 - [[National Film Award for Best Directing|Best Directing]] - ''[[Agantuk]]'' (Bengali) * 1994 - [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] - ''Uttoran'' (Bengali) ===[[Filmfare Awards]]=== * 1978 - [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie|Critics Award for Best Film]] - ''[[The Chess Players|Shatranj Ke Khilari]]'' (''The Chess Players'') * 1978 - [[Filmfare Best Director Award|Best Director]] - ''[[The Chess Players|Shatranj Ke Khilari]]'' (''The Chess Players'') ===Other Indian film awards=== ;''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road''), 1955 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/pather.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623012707/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/pather.htm |date=2007-06-23 }} * President's Gold & Silver Medals, [[New Delhi]], 1955 ;''[[Jalsaghar]]'' (''The Music Room''), 1958 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/jalsagh.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125101243/http://satyajitray.org/films/jalsagh.htm |date=2009-01-25 }} * President's Silver Medal, [[New Delhi]], 1959 ;''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]'' (''The World Of Apu''), 1959 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/apursan.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629110513/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/apursan.htm |date=2007-06-29 }} * President's Gold Medal, [[New Delhi]], 1959 ;''[[Devi (1960 film)|Devi]]'' (''The Goddess''), 1960 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/devi.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616223004/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/devi.htm |date=2007-06-16 }} * President's Gold Medal, [[New Delhi]], 1961 ;''[[Teen Kanya]]'' (''Three Daughters / Two Daughters''), 1961 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/teenkan.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629115538/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/teenkan.htm |date=2007-06-29 }} * President's Silver Medal, [[New Delhi]], 1961 (for Samapti) ;''[[Rabindranath Tagore]]'' (documentary film), 1961 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/tagore.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629130640/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/tagore.htm |date=2007-06-29 }} * President's Gold Medal, [[New Delhi]], 1961 ;''[[Abhijan]]'' (''The Expedition''), 1962 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/abhijan.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616222726/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/abhijan.htm |date=2007-06-16 }} * President's Silver Medal, [[New Delhi]], 1962 ;''[[Mahanagar]]'' (''The Big City''), 1963 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/mahanag.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625082645/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/mahanag.htm |date=2007-06-25 }} * Certificate of Merit, [[New Delhi]], 1964 ;''[[Charulata]]'' (''The Lonely Wife''), 1964 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/charu.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629130207/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/charu.htm |date=2007-06-29 }} * President's Gold Medal, [[New Delhi]], 1964 ;''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]'' (''The Hero''), 1966 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/nayak.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616214259/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/nayak.htm |date=2007-06-16 }} * Best Screenplay and Story, [[New Delhi]], 1967 ;''Chiryakhana'' (''The Zoo''), 1967 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/chiriakhana.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703090624/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/chiriakhana.htm |date=2007-07-03 }} * Best Direction, [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal Government]], 1968 ;''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'' (''The Adventures of Goopy and Bagha''), 1968 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/goopy.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430074555/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/goopy.htm |date=2007-04-30 }} * Award for Best Direction, [[New Delhi]], 1968 * President's Gold and Silver Medals, [[New Delhi]], 1970 ;''[[Pratidwandi]]'' (''The Adversary) 1970 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/pratidw.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528102143/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/pratidw.htm |date=2007-05-28 }} * Special Award, [[New Delhi]], 1971 * President's Silver Medal, [[New Delhi]], 1971 ;''[[Seemabaddha]]'' (''Company Limited''), 1971 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/seemabaddha.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927092825/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/seemabaddha.htm |date=2011-09-27 }} * President's Gold Medal, [[New Delhi]], 1972 * PIPRESCI Award, [[Venice Film Festival]], 1972 ;''[[The Inner Eye]]''', 1972 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/innereye.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811014228/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/innereye.htm |date=2007-08-11 }} * President's Gold Medal, [[New Delhi]], 1974 ;''[[Ashani Sanket]]'' (''Distant Thunder''), 1973 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/ashani.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616222151/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/ashani.htm |date=2007-06-16 }} * President's Gold Medal for Music Direction, [[New Delhi]], 1973 * Best Regional Film, [[New Delhi]], 1973 ;''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (''The Golden Fortress''), 1974 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/sonar_kella.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629105911/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/sonar_kella.htm |date=2007-06-29 }} * President's Silver Medal, Best Screenplay, Direction, [[New Delhi]], 1974 * Best Film, Direction and Screenplay, [[Government of West Bengal]], 1974 ;''[[Jana Aranya]]'' (''The Middleman''), 1975 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/jana.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930030241/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/jana.htm |date=2014-09-30 }} * Best Direction, [[New Delhi]], 1975 * Best Film, Direction, Screenplay, [[Government of West Bengal]], 1975 ;''[[The Chess Players|Shatranj Ke Khilari]]'' (''The Chess Players''), 1977 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/shatran.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026200942/http://satyajitray.org/films/shatran.htm |date=2018-10-26 }} * Best Feature Film in Hindi, [[New Delhi]], 1977 * Best Color Photography, [[New Delhi]], 1977 ;''[[Joi Baba Felunath]]'' (''The Elephant God''), 1978 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/joibaba_felunath.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811014447/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/joibaba_felunath.htm |date=2007-08-11 }} * Best Children's Film, [[New Delhi]], 1978 ;''[[Hirak Rajar Deshe]]'' (''The Kingdom of Diamonds''), 1980 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/hirak_rajar_deshe.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930030236/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/hirak_rajar_deshe.htm |date=2014-09-30 }} * Best Music, Director, [[New Delhi]], 1980 * Best Lyrics, [[New Delhi]], 1980 ;''[[Sadgati]]'' (''Deliverance''), 1981 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/sadgati.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616214529/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/sadgati.htm |date=2007-06-16 }} * Special Jury Award, [[New Delhi]], 1981 ;''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]'' (''The Home and the World''), 1984 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/ghare.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625082925/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/ghare.htm |date=2007-06-25 }} * Best Bengali Film, [[New Delhi]], 1984 * Best Costume design, [[New Delhi]], 1984 ;''[[Ganashatru]]'' (''An Enemy of the People''), 1989 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/ganasha.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625082529/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/ganasha.htm |date=2007-06-25 }} * Best Bengali Film, [[New Delhi]], 1989 ;''[[Agantuk]]'' (''The Stranger''), 1991 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/agantuk.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811013741/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/agantuk.htm |date=2007-08-11 }} * Best Film, [[New Delhi]], 1991 * Best Director, [[New Delhi]], 1991 ==International film awards== ===International film festivals=== ;[[Cannes Film Festival]] * '''Winner''' - [[1956 Cannes Film Festival|1956]] - Best Human Document - ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'') * '''Winner''' - [[1956 Cannes Film Festival|1956]] - [[SIGNIS|OCIC Award]] (Special Mention) - ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'') * '''Winner''' - [[1982 Cannes Film Festival|1982]] - Hommage à Satyajit Ray *Nominated - [[1956 Cannes Film Festival|1956]] - [[Palme d'Or|Golden Palm for Best Film]] - ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'') *Nominated - [[1958 Cannes Film Festival|1958]] - [[Palme d'Or|Golden Palm for Best Film]] - ''[[Parash Pathar]]'' (''The Philosopher's Stone'') *Nominated - [[1962 Cannes Film Festival|1962]] - [[Palme d'Or|Golden Palm for Best Film]] - ''[[Devi (1960 film)|Devi]]'' (''The Goddess'') *Nominated - [[1984 Cannes Film Festival|1984]] - [[Palme d'Or|Golden Palm for Best Film]] - ''[[Ghare Baire (film)|Ghare Baire]]'' (''The Home and the World'') ;[[Berlin International Film Festival]] *'''Winner''' - [[7th Berlin International Film Festival|1957]] - [[David O. Selznick|Selznick]] Golden Laurel for Best Film - ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'') *'''Winner''' - [[10th Berlin International Film Festival|1960]] - [[David O. Selznick|Selznick]] Golden Laurel for Best Film - ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'') *'''Winner''' - [[13th Berlin International Film Festival|1963]] - [[David O. Selznick|Selznick]] Golden Laurel for Best Film - ''[[Teen Kanya]]'' (''Three Daughters'' / ''Two Daughters'') *'''Winner''' - [[14th Berlin International Film Festival|1964]] - [[Silver Bear for Best Director]] - ''[[Mahanagar]]'' (''The Big City'')<ref name="berlinale 1964">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1964/03_preistr_ger_1964/03_Preistraeger_1964.html |title=Berlinale 1964: Prize Winners |accessdate=2010-02-19 |work=berlinale.de}}</ref> *'''Winner''' - [[15th Berlin International Film Festival|1965]] - [[Silver Bear for Best Director]] - ''[[Charulata]]'' (''The Lonely Wife'')<ref name="berlinale 1965">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1965/03_preistr_ger_1965/03_Preistraeger_1965.html |title=Berlinale 1965: Prize Winners |accessdate=2010-02-20 |work=berlinale.de}}</ref> *'''Winner''' - 1965 - [[SIGNIS|OCIC Catholic Award]] - ''[[Charulata]]'' (''The Lonely Wife'') *'''Winner''' - [[16th Berlin International Film Festival|1966]] - Critics' Prize (UNICRIT Award) - ''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]'' (''The Hero'') *'''Winner''' - 1966 - Special Jury Award - ''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]'' (''The Hero'')<ref name="berlinale 1966">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1966/03_preistr_ger_1966/03_Preistraeger_1966.html |title=Berlinale 1966: Prize Winners |accessdate=2010-02-24 |work=berlinale.de}}</ref> *'''Winner''' - [[23rd Berlin International Film Festival|1973]] - [[Golden Bear|Golden Bear for Best Film]] - ''[[Ashani Sanket]]'' (''Distant Thunder'') <ref name="berlinale 1973">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1973/03_preistr_ger_1973/03_Preistraeger_1973.html |title=Berlinale 1973: Prize Winners |accessdate=2010-06-27 |work=berlinale.de}}</ref> *'''Winner''' - 1978 - Special Award *Nominated - [[14th Berlin International Film Festival|1964]] - [[Golden Bear|Golden Bear for Best Film]] - ''[[Mahanagar]]'' (''The Big City'') *Nominated - [[15th Berlin International Film Festival|1965]] - [[Golden Bear|Golden Bear for Best Film]] - ''[[Charulata]]'' (''The Lonely Wife'') *Nominated - [[16th Berlin International Film Festival|1966]] - [[Golden Bear|Golden Bear for Best Film]] - ''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]'' (''The Hero'') *Nominated - [[19th Berlin International Film Festival|1969]] - [[Golden Bear|Golden Bear for Best Film]] - ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'' (''The Adventures of Goopy and Bagha'') *Nominated - [[20th Berlin International Film Festival|1970]] - [[Golden Bear|Golden Bear for Best Film]] - ''[[Aranyer Din Ratri]]'' (''Days and Nights in the Forest'') *Nominated - [[28th Berlin International Film Festival|1978]] - [[Golden Bear|Golden Bear for Best Film]] - ''[[The Chess Players|Shatranj Ke Khiladi]]'' (''The Chess Players'') ;[[Venice Film Festival]] *'''Winner''' - 1957 - [[Golden Lion|Golden Lion of St. Mark for Best Film]] - ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'') *'''Winner''' - 1957 - Cinema Nuovo Award - ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'') *'''Winner''' - 1957 - Critics Award - ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'') *'''Winner''' - 1972 - [[FIPRESCI|FIPRESCI Award]] - ''[[Seemabaddha]]'' (''Company Limited'') [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/seemabaddha.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927092825/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/seemabaddha.htm |date=2011-09-27 }} *'''Winner''' - 1982 - [[Golden Lion|Special Golden Lion of St. Mark]] *'''Winner''' - 1991 - [[FIPRESCI|FIPRESCI Award]] - ''[[Agantuk]]'' (''The Stranger'') [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/agantuk.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811013741/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/agantuk.htm |date=2007-08-11 }} *Nominated - 1965 - [[Golden Lion|Golden Lion for Best Film]] - ''[[Kapurush]]'' (''The Coward'') ;[[Moscow International Film Festival]] *'''Winner''' - 1959 - Silver Medal for Music - ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' (''The Music Room'') [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/jalsagh.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125101243/http://satyajitray.org/films/jalsagh.htm |date=2009-01-25 }} *'''Winner''' - 1979 - Special Award (Honorary Prize) *Nominated - 1959 - Grand Prix for Best Film - ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' (''The Music Room'') ;[[Locarno International Film Festival]] *'''Winner''' - 1961 - Golden Seal - ''[[Rabindranath Tagore]]'' (documentary film) [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/tagore.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629130640/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/tagore.htm |date=2007-06-29 }} ;[[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]] *'''Winner''' - 1976 - Karlovy Vary Prize - ''[[Jana Aranya]]'' (''The Middleman'') [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/jana.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930030241/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/jana.htm |date=2014-09-30 }} ;[[British Film Institute|British Film Institute Awards]], [[London Film Festival]] *'''Winner''' - 1957 - [[FIPRESCI|FIPRESCI Award]] - ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'') *'''Winner''' - 1960 - [[Sutherland Trophy|Sutherland Trophy for Best Original And Imaginative Film]] - ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]'' (''The World of Apu'') *'''Winner''' - 1980 - Wington Award - [[Apu Trilogy]] (for each film) [http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/apu_trilogy.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710145800/http://www.satyajitray.org/about_ray/apu_trilogy.htm |date=2017-07-10 }} ;[[Edinburgh International Film Festival]] *'''Winner''' - 1956 - Diploma Of Merit - ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'') *'''Winner''' - 1960 - Diploma Of Merit - ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]'' (''The World of Apu'') ;[[San Francisco International Film Festival]] *'''Winner''' - 1957 - Golden Gate for Best Picture - ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'') *'''Winner''' - 1957 - Golden Gate for Best Director - ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'') *'''Winner''' - 1958 - Golden Gate for Best Picture - ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'') *'''Winner''' - 1958 - Golden Gate for Best Director - ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'') *'''Winner''' - 1958 - International Critics' Award - ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'') *'''Winner''' - 1992 - [[Akira Kurosawa]] Award for Lifetime Achievement ;[[Vancouver International Film Festival]] *'''Winner''' - 1958 - Best Film - ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'') ;[[Stratford, Ontario|Stratford]] Film Festival *'''Winner''' - 1958 - Critics' Award for Best Film - ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'') ;[[New York Film Festival]] *'''Winner''' - 1959 - Best Foreign Film - ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'') ;[[Melbourne International Film Festival]] *'''Winner''' - 1962 - Golden Boomerang for Best Film - ''[[Teen Kanya]]'' (''Three Daughters / Two Daughters'') [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/teenkan.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629115538/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/teenkan.htm |date=2007-06-29 }} *'''Winner''' - 1970 - Best Film - ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'' (''The Adventures of Goopy and Bagha'') ;[[Adelaide Film Festival]] *'''Winner''' - 1969 - Silver Cross - ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'' (''The Adventures of Goopy and Bagha'') ;[[Auckland International Film Festival]] *'''Winner''' - 1969 - Best Director - ''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'' (''The Adventures of Goopy and Bagha'') ;[[Chicago International Film Festival]] *'''Winner''' - 1974 - Golden Hugo for Best Film - ''[[Ashani Sanket]]'' (''Distant Thunder'') [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/ashani.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616222151/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/ashani.htm |date=2007-06-16 }} ;[[Hong Kong International Film Festival]] *'''Winner''' - 1979 - Best Feature Film - ''[[Joi Baba Felunath]]'' (''The Elephant God'') [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/joibaba_felunath.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811014447/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/joibaba_felunath.htm |date=2007-08-11 }} ;[[Cyprus International Film Festival]] *'''Winner''' - 1984 - Special Award - ''[[Hirak Rajar Deshe]]'' (''The Kingdom of Diamonds'') [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/hirak_rajar_deshe.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930030236/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/hirak_rajar_deshe.htm |date=2014-09-30 }} ;[[Tokyo International Film Festival]] *'''Winner''' - 1991 - Special Achievement Award (Young Cinema Competition) ===Annual film awards=== ;[[Academy Award]]s (United States) *'''Winner''' - 1992 - [[Academy Honorary Award|Honorary Award for Lifetime Achievement]] ;[[National Board of Review of Motion Pictures|National Board of Review Awards]] (United States) *'''Winner''' - [[National Board of Review Awards 1958|1958]] - [[National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Film]] - ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'') *'''Winner''' - [[National Board of Review Awards 1960|1960]] - [[National Board of Review Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Film]] - ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]'' (''The World of Apu'') [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/apursan.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629110513/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/apursan.htm |date=2007-06-29 }} ;[[Kinema Junpo|Kinema Junpo Awards]] (Tokyo) *'''Winner''' - 1967 - Best Foreign Film - ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'') [https://web.archive.org/web/20040925233308/http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Kinema_Junpo_Awards/1967] ;[[Bodil Awards]] (Denmark) *'''Winner''' - 1967 - [[Bodil Award for Best Non-European Film|Best Non-European Film]] - ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'') *'''Winner''' - 1967 - [[Bodil Award for Best Non-European Film|Best Non-European Film]] - ''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]'' (''The Hero'') *'''Winner''' - 1969 - [[Bodil Award for Best Non-European Film|Best Non-European Film]] - ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'') [http://www.filmkritik.dk/1b.lasso?n=4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007153021/http://www.filmkritik.dk/1b.lasso?n=4 |date=2008-10-07 }} ;[[British Academy Film Awards]] (United Kingdom) *Nominated - [[11th British Academy Film Awards|1958]] - [[BAFTA Award for Best Film]] - ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road'') *Nominated - [[12th British Academy Film Awards|1959]] - [[BAFTA Award for Best Film]] - ''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished'') *Nominated - [[15th British Academy Film Awards|1962]] - [[BAFTA Award for Best Film]] - ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]'' (''The World of Apu'') ===Other international film awards=== ;''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (''Song of the Little Road''), 1955 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/pather.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623012707/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/pather.htm |date=2007-06-23 }} * Vatican Award, [[Rome]], 1956 * Golden Carbao, [[Manila]], 1956 ;''[[Aparajito]]'' (''The Unvanquished''), 1956 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/aparaji.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121160346/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/aparaji.htm |date=2015-11-21 }} * Golden Laurel for Best Foreign Film, 1958-1959, USA ;''[[Rabindranath Tagore]]'' (documentary film), 1961 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/tagore.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629130640/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/tagore.htm |date=2007-06-29 }} * Special Mention, [[Montevideo]], 1962 ;''[[Charulata]]'' (''The Lonely Wife''), 1964 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/charu.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629130207/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/charu.htm |date=2007-06-29 }} * Best Film, [[Acapulco]], 1965 ;''[[Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne]]'' (''The Adventures of Goopy and Bagha''), 1968 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/goopy.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430074555/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/goopy.htm |date=2007-04-30 }} * Merit Award, [[Tokyo]], 1970 ;''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (''The Golden Fortress''), 1974 [http://www.satyajitray.org/films/sonar_kella.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629105911/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/sonar_kella.htm |date=2007-06-29 }} * Best Feature Film for Children and Young Adults, [[Tehran]], 1975 == References == {{reflist|3}} {{BD|1921|1992|Ray, Satyajit}} [[Category:Film directors]] [[Category:India ke log]] cqk02v9tv2o9pdvp0w3gc3fqmcd69r2 0 6185 338362 335852 2026-09-24T23:14:34Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox City |official_name = Bangui |image_skyline = Bangui 18.45905E 4.41140N.jpg |imagesize = 200px |image_caption = Bangui ke satellite chapa |image_map = CAR-Bangui.png |mapsize = 150px |map_caption = [[Central African Republic]] ke chapa jisme Bangui dekhae hae |subdivision_type = Des |subdivision_name = [[Central African Republic]] |subdivision_type1 = Prefecture |subdivision_name1 = Ombella-M'Poko |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Jean-Barkes Gombe-Kette |abaadi_as_of = 2012 |abaadi_total = 734,350 |abaadi_density = |abaadi_density_mi2 = |area_total = 67 |TotalArea_sq_mi = 26 |timezone = |utc_offset = +1 |latd=4 |latm=22 |latNS=N |longd=18 |longm=35 |longEW=E |elevation = |elevation_ft = |established_title = Founded |established_date = [[1889]] |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = }} '''Bangui''', [[Central African Republic]] ke [[capital]] [[city]] hae. Ii des ke sab se barraa [[city]] bhi hae. Ii city ke [[abaadi]] 734,350 log hae (2012). Central African Republic ke jaada log des ke west me Bangui ke nangich rahe hae. == Itihaas == Ii city ke [[1889]] me uu time suruu karaa gais rahaa jab ki ii [[France|French]] [[colony]] [[Haut-Oubangui]] ('Upper Ubangi') rahaa. Ii colony ke naam baad me badal ke [[French Equatorial Africa]] kar dewa gais rahaa. Ii city [[Ubangi Naddi]] ke kinare ek French [[military]] post ke lage suruu bhais rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.world66.com/africa/centralafricanrepublic/bangui |title=World66 - Bangui travel guide |access-date=2010-02-09 |archive-date=2013-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002344/http://www.world66.com/africa/centralafricanrepublic/bangui |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bangui pahile ii French colony ke [[administration]] center rahaa aur abhi ii Central African Republic ke administrative center hae. == Geography and Climate == Bangui is located on the northern banks of the [[Ubangi River]]. It is just below a series of [[rapids]]. The [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese]] town of [[Zongo]] is on the opposite side of the river from Bangui. The city centre lies near the river. It has a large [[triumphal arch]], the Presidential Palace and the central [[market]]. North of the city lie rolling [[hills]]. The Central African Republic is located just north of the [[Equator]]. Because of this, the daily high [[temperature]]s rarely fall below the high 80s [[Fahrenheit]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT004980 |title=BBC - World Weather - Average Conditions - Central African Republic |access-date=2010-02-09 |archive-date=2007-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021085309/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT004980 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[rain]]y season lasts from May until October. Bangui, being in the south of the country and closest to the Equator, is slightly hotter and wetter than the northern parts of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/africa/central-african-republic/essential?a=weather |title=Lonely Planet Destination Guide - Bangui Weather |access-date=2010-02-09 |archive-date=2022-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615135909/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/africa?a=weather |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Economy == Bangui is an [[administration|administrative]], [[trade]], and [[commerce|commercial]] center. Bangui makes [[textiles]], [[food]] products, [[beer]], [[shoe]]s, and [[soap]]. The main [[exports]] are [[cotton]], [[timber]], [[coffee]], and [[sisal]]. [[Employment|Unemployment]] in the city was near 23% as of 2001. == Transportation == Bangui is a [[river]] [[harbor|port]]. It is served by [[Bangui M'Poko International Airport]]. The port handles the most of the country's trade with other countries. River [[ferry|ferries]] sail to [[Brazzaville]] and [[Zongo]]. Roads connect the city to [[Cameroon]], [[Chad]], and [[Sudan]]. == Culture == Several [[magazine|periodicals]] and three daily [[newspaper]]s [[wikt:publish|publish]] in Bangui. Other things to see in Bangui include [[Boganda Museum]] and [[Bokassa Palace]]. == Education == Bangui is home to the [[University of Bangui]]. It was founded in 1970<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.univ-bangui.info/ |title=University of Bangui Official Site |access-date=2010-02-09 |archive-date=2012-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216214707/http://www.univ-bangui.info/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. The University of Bangui is the only non-[[agriculture|agricultural]] [[college]] in the Central African Republic. == Notes and references == {{reflist}} <!--Categories--> <!--Other languages--> [[Category:Capital cities]] [[Category:Central African Republic]] 4y3avm8v8y56kqdvah5fiv8555bc268 0 6351 338390 338355 2026-09-25T04:17:46Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Vietnam War | part_of = the [[Indochina wars|Indochina Wars]] and the [[Cold War]] | image = {{Multiple image | image1 = U.S. Army UH-1H Hueys insert ARVN troops at Khâm Đức, Vietnam, 12 July 1970 (79431435).jpg | caption1 = American [[Bell UH-1 Iroquois|Huey]] helicopters inserting South Vietnamese [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|ARVN]] troops, 1970 | image2 = Pavnbattle.jpg | caption2 = North Vietnamese [[People's Army of Vietnam|PAVN]] troops in action, {{circa|1966}} | image3 = Hue Massacre Interment.jpg | caption3 = Burial of civilians killed in the [[Massacre at Huế|Huế massacre]], 1968 | image4 = Flame Thrower. Operation New Castle. - NARA - 532488.tif | caption4 = [[United States Marine Corps|American marines]] using a [[flamethrower]], 1967 | image5 = Bombing in Vietnam (rotated).jpg | caption5 = Aerial bombing in [[Operation Rolling Thunder]] | image6 = Saigon Execution.jpg | caption6 = ''[[Saigon Execution]]'': South Vietnamese general [[Nguyễn Ngọc Loan]] summarily executes [[Viet Cong]] captain Lê Công Nà during the [[Tet Offensive]], 1968 | width = 180 | perrow = 1/2/2/1 | border = infobox | total_width = 300 }} | date = circa 1955<ref group=A name="start date" />{{snd}}30 April 1975 | location = {{flatlist| * [[South Vietnam]] * [[North Vietnam]] * [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]] * [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]] * [[South China Sea]] * [[Gulf of Thailand]] }} | territory = {{bulleted list | Reunification of [[North Vietnam]] and [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|South Vietnam]] into the [[Vietnam|Socialist Republic of Vietnam]] in 1976 |Chinese control of the [[Paracel Islands]] }} | result = [[North Vietnam]]ese victory | combatant2 = {{Plainlist| * {{Flag|South Vietnam}} * {{Flag|United States|1960}} * {{Flagcountry|Third Republic of Korea}} * {{Flag|Australia}} * {{Flag|New Zealand}} * {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Laos}} (from 1959) * {{Flagcountry|Khmer Republic}} * {{Flag|Thailand|1932}} * {{Flagcountry|Fourth Philippine Republic}} * {{Flag|Taiwan}} }} | combatant1 = {{Plainlist| * {{Flag|North Vietnam}} * {{Flagcountry|Viet Cong}} and [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|PRG]] * {{Flagdeco|Laos}} [[Pathet Lao]] * {{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} [[Khmer Rouge]] * {{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1973}} [[GRUNK]] * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Soviet Union|1955}} * {{Flag|North Korea|1948}} }} | strength1 = '''≈860,000''' (1967) {{Plainlist| * {{Flagdeco|North Vietnam}} North Vietnam:<br>690,000 (1966, including [[People's Army of Vietnam|PAVN]] and Viet Cong){{Refn|group="A"|According to Hanoi's official history, the Viet Cong was a branch of the People's Army of Vietnam.<ref>{{Harvnb|Military History Institute of Vietnam|2002|p=182}}. "By the end of 1966 the total strength of our armed forces was 690,000 soldiers."</ref>}} * {{Flagdeco|Republic of South Vietnam}} Viet Cong:<br>~200,000 (estimated, 1968)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Doyle |first1=Edward |title=The Vietnam Experience The North |last2=Lipsman |first2=Samuel |last3=Maitland |first3=Terence |publisher=Time Life Education |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-939526-21-5 |pages=45–49}}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|China|1949}} China:<br>170,000 (1968)<br>320,000 total<ref name="Toledo Blade 320,000 Chinese troops">{{Cite news |date=16 May 1989 |title=China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam |work=Toledo Blade |agency=Reuters |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19890516&id=HkRPAAAAIBAJ&pg=3769,1925460 |access-date=24 December 2013 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702034430/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19890516&id=HkRPAAAAIBAJ&pg=3769,1925460 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Roy">{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Denny |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasforeignrel0000royd/page/27 |title=China's Foreign Relations |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8476-9013-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chinasforeignrel0000royd/page/27 27]}}</ref><ref name="Womack">{{Cite book |last=Womack |first=Brantly |title=China and Vietnam |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-61834-2 |page=[{{GBurl|id=GaZvX2BzeegC|p=176}} 179]|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} Khmer Rouge:<br>70,000 (1972)<ref name="Tucker">{{Cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer C |title=The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-85109-960-3}}</ref>{{Rp|376}} * {{Flagdeco|Laos}} Pathet Lao:<br>48,000 (1970)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Area Handbook Series Laos |url=http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/laos/la_glos.html#Lao |access-date=1 November 2019 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033933/http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/laos/la_glos.html#Lao |url-status=live }}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|USSR}} Soviet Union: 10,359+<ref name="LMN">{{Cite web |last=Lê Minh Nam |date=2025 |title=Chuyên gia quân sự Liên Xô và hành trình 10 năm hỗ trợ Việt Nam chống Mỹ, cứu nước |url=https://vietnamnet.vn/chuyen-gia-quan-su-lien-xo-va-10-nam-ho-tro-viet-nam-chong-my-cuu-nuoc-2389949.html |website=VietnamNet |quote=Theo thống kê của Tổng cục Tác chiến Bộ Tổng Tham mưu Các lực lượng vũ trang Liên Xô, từ ngày 11/7/1965 đến ngày 31/12/1974, có 6.359 sĩ quan, tướng lĩnh và hơn 4.500 binh sĩ, hạ sĩ quan Liên Xô đã tham gia chiến đấu, trong đó, có 13 chuyên gia đã hy sinh do bom đạn Mỹ, 3 chuyên gia mất tại Việt Nam vì bệnh tật |trans-quote=According to statistics from the [[Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces|Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff]] of the Soviet Armed Forces, between 11 July 1965 and 31 December 1974, 6,359 Soviet officers and generals and over 4,500 Soviet soldiers and non-commissioned officers took part in combat activities, including 13 specialists who died due to US bombs and 3 specialists who died in Vietnam from illness.}}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|North Korea|1948}} North Korea: 200<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pham Thi Thu Thuy |date=1 August 2013 |title=The colorful history of North Korea-Vietnam relations |work=[[NK News]] |url=https://www.nknews.org/2013/08/the-colorful-history-of-north-korea-vietnam-relations/ |access-date=3 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424055821/http://www.nknews.org/2013/08/the-colorful-history-of-north-korea-vietnam-relations/|archive-date=24 April 2015}}</ref> }} | strength2 = '''≈1,420,000''' (1968) {{Plainlist| * {{Flagdeco|South Vietnam}} South Vietnam:<br>850,000 (1968)<br>1,500,000 (1974–1975)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Gro |first=William |url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-29/CMH_Pub_90-29.pdf |title=Vietnam from ceasefire to capitulation |publisher=US Army Center of Military History |year=1985 |isbn=978-1-4102-2542-9 |page=28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202012033/https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-29/CMH_Pub_90-29.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2023}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417132414/https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-29/CMH_Pub_90-29.pdf |date=17 April 2019 }}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|US|1960}} United States:<br>2,709,918 serving in Vietnam total<br>Peak: 543,400 (April 1969)<ref name=Tucker/>{{Rp|xlv}} * {{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1970}} Khmer Republic:<br>200,000{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} * {{Flagdeco|Laos|1952}} Laos:<br>72,000 (Royal Army and [[Hmong people|Hmong]] militia)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The rise of Communism |url=http://www.footprinttravelguides.com/c/4999/the-rise-of-communism |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117114707/http://footprinttravelguides.com/c/4999/the-rise-of-communism/ |archive-date=17 November 2010 |access-date=31 May 2018 |website=www.footprinttravelguides.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hmong rebellion in Laos |url=http://members.ozemail.com.au/~yeulee/Topical/Hmong%20rebellion%20in%20Laos.html |access-date=11 April 2021 |website=Members.ozemail.com.au|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404230156/http://members.ozemail.com.au/~yeulee/Topical/Hmong%20rebellion%20in%20Laos.html|archive-date=4 April 2023}}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|Third Republic of Korea}} South Korea:<br>48,000 per year (1965–1973, 320,000 total) * {{Flagdeco|Thailand|1939}} Thailand: Peak: 11,570 (1969)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam War Allied Troop Levels 1960–73 |url=http://www.americanwarlibrary.com/vietnam/vwatl.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802134052/http://www.americanwarlibrary.com/vietnam/vwatl.htm |archive-date=2 August 2016 |access-date=2 August 2016}}, accessed 7 November 2017</ref> * {{Flagdeco|Australia}} Australia: 50,190 total (Peak: 8,300 combat troops)<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Doyle |first1=Jeff |last2=Grey |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Pierce |first3=Peter |date=2002 |title=Australia's Vietnam War – A Select Chronology of Australian Involvement in the Vietnam War |url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/14206/3/14206_Doyle_et_al_2002_Back_Pages.pdf |publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110165929/https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/14206/3/14206_Doyle_et_al_2002_Back_Pages.pdf|archive-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|New Zealand}} New Zealand: Peak: 552 in 1968<ref name=Blackburn>{{cite book|last=Blackburn|first=Robert M.|title=Mercenaries and Lyndon Johnson's "More Flage": The Hiring of Korean, Filipino, and Thai Soldiers in the Vietnam War|url=https://archive.org/details/mercenarieslyndo0000blac|publisher=McFarland|year=1994|isbn=0-89950-931-2}}</ref>{{rp|158}} * {{Flagdeco|Fourth Philippine Republic}} Philippines: 2,061 }} | commander1 = {{Plainlist| * {{Flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh|Hồ Chí Minh]]{{Natural Causes}} * {{Flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Lê Duẩn]] * {{Flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Lê Đức Thọ]] * {{Flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Phạm Văn Đồng]] * {{Flagdeco|South Vietnam|1975}} [[Nguyễn Chí Thanh]]{{Natural Causes}} * {{Flagdeco|South Vietnam|1975}} [[Trần Văn Trà]] * ''...{{Nbsp}}[[Leaders of the Vietnam War#Communist forces|and others]]'' }} | commander2 = {{Plainlist| * {{Flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ngô Đình Diệm]]{{Assassinated|Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem}} * {{Flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] * {{Flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] * {{Flagicon|US|1960}} [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Dwight Eisenhower]] * {{Flagicon|US|1960}} [[John F. Kennedy]]{{Assassinated|Assassination of John F. Kennedy}} * {{Flagicon|US|1960}} [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] * {{Flagicon|US|1960}} [[Richard Nixon]] * {{Flagicon|US|1960}} [[Robert McNamara]] * {{Flagicon|US|1960}} [[Melvin Laird]] * {{Flagicon|US|1960}} [[William Westmoreland|W. C. Westmoreland]] * {{Flagicon|US|1960}} [[Creighton Abrams]] * ''...{{Nbsp}}[[Leaders of the Vietnam War#Anti-communist forces|and others]]'' }} | casualties1 = {{Plainlist| * {{Flagdeco|North Vietnam}}{{Flagdeco|Republic of South Vietnam}} North Vietnam and Viet Cong: * 30,000–182,000 civilian dead<ref name=Tucker/>{{Rp|176}}<ref name="Hirschman">{{cite journal |last1=Hirschman |first1=Charles |last2=Preston |first2=Samuel |last3=Loi |first3=Vu Manh |title=Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_population-and-development-review_1995-12_21_4/page/783 |journal=Population and Development Review |date=1995 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=783–812 |doi=10.2307/2137774 |jstor=2137774 }}</ref><ref name=Lewy/>{{Rp|450–453}}<ref name=bfvietnam>{{Cite web |title=Battlefield:Vietnam – Timeline |url=http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/timeline/index2.html |publisher=[[PBS]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604101618/http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/timeline/index2.html|archive-date=4 June 2023}}</ref> * 849,018 military dead (per Vietnam; 1/3 non-combat deaths)<ref name="Moyar, Mark" /><ref name="Chuyen">{{Cite web |year=2015 |orig-year=2013 |title=Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM, QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO |trans-title=Special Subject 4: The Work of Locating and Recovering the Remains of Martyrs From Now Until 2020 and Later Years |url=http://datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Qu%E1%BA%A3n%20l%C3%BD%20ch%E1%BB%89%20%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o/Chuy%C3%AAn%20%C4%91%E1%BB%81%204.doc |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404230151/http://datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Qu%E1%BA%A3n%20l%C3%BD%20ch%E1%BB%89%20%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o/Chuy%C3%AAn%20%C4%91%E1%BB%81%204.doc |archive-date=4 April 2023}}<br /> In {{Cite web |year=2015 |orig-year=2013 |title=Tập huấn công tác chính sách |trans-title=Training on Policy Affairs |url=http://chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/tinbai/309/Tap-huan-cong-tac-chinh-sach |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217065036/http://chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/tinbai/309/Tap-huan-cong-tac-chinh-sach |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=11 June 2018 |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Vietnam)|Ministry of Defence]], Government of Vietnam |language=vi}}</ref> * 666,000–950,765 dead (US estimated 1964–1974){{Refn|Upper figure initial estimate, later thought to be inflated by at least 30% (lower figure)<ref name=Hirschman/><ref name=Lewy/>{{Rp|450–453}}|name=USclaim|group=A}}<ref name=Hirschman/><ref name=Lewy/>{{Rp|450–451}} * 232,000+ military missing (per Vietnam)<ref name="Moyar, Mark">Moyar, Mark. "Triumph Regained: The Vietnam War, 1965–1968". Encounter Books, December 2022. Chapter 17 index: "Communists provided further corroboration of the proximity of their casualty figures to American figures in a postwar disclosure of total losses from 1960 to 1975. During that period, they stated, they lost 849,018 killed plus approximately 232,000 missing and 463,000 wounded. Casualties fluctuated considerably from year to year, but a degree of accuracy can be inferred from the fact that 500,000 was 59% of the 849,018 total and that 59% of the war's days had passed by the time of Fallaci's conversation with Giap. The killed in action figure comes from "Special Subject 4: The Work of Locating and Recovering the Remains of Martyrs From Now Until 2020 And Later Years," downloaded from the Vietnamese government website datafile on 1 December 2017. The above figures on missing and wounded were calculated using Hanoi's declared casualty ratios for the period of 1945 to 1979, during which time the Communists incurred 1.1 million killed, 300,000 missing, and 600,000 wounded. Ho Khang, ed, ''Lich Su Khang Chien Chong My, Cuu Nuoc 1954–1975, Tap VIII: Toan Thang'' (Hanoi: Nha Xuat Ban Chinh Tri Quoc Gia, 2008), 463."</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph Babcock |date=29 April 2019 |title=Lost Souls: The Search for Vietnam's 300,000 or More MIAs |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/lost-souls-search-vietnams-300000-or-more-mias |access-date=28 June 2021 |website=Pulitzer Centre|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110165934/https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/lost-souls-search-vietnams-300000-or-more-mias|archive-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> * 600,000+ military wounded{{sfn|Hastings|2018|p=739}} *{{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} Khmer Rouge: unknown *{{Flagicon|Laos}} Pathet Lao: unknown *{{Flagu|China|1949}}: ~1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded<ref name=Womack/> *{{Flagu|Soviet Union}}: 16 dead<ref name="LMN" /> *{{Flagu|North Korea|1948}}: 14 dead<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2000 |title=North Korea fought in Vietnam War |work=[[BBC News Online]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/696970.stm |access-date=18 October 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312063506/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/696970.stm|archive-date=12 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/NKIDP_eDossier_2_North_Korean_Pilots_in_Vietnam_War.pdf|title=North Korean Pilots in the Skies over Vietnam|last=Pribbenow|first=Merle|publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]|date=November 2011|access-date=3 March 2023|page=1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605173651/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/NKIDP_eDossier_2_North_Korean_Pilots_in_Vietnam_War.pdf|archive-date=5 June 2023}}</ref> }} {{Plainlist| * '''Total military dead:''' * ≈1,100,000 * '''Total missing:''' * ≈300,000 * '''Total military wounded:''' * ≈604,200 * (excluding [[Khmer Rouge]] and [[Pathet Lao]]) }} | casualties2 = {{Plainlist| * {{Flagu|South Vietnam}}: * 195,000–430,000 civilian dead<ref name=Hirschman/><ref name="Lewy">{{Cite book |last=Lewy |first=Guenter |title=America in Vietnam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-19-987423-1 |author-link=Guenter Lewy}}</ref>{{Rp|450–453}}{{sfn|Thayer|1985|p={{page needed|date=May 2025}}}} * Military dead: 313,000 (total)<ref name="Rummel">{{Citation |last=Rummel |first=R. J. |title=Vietnam Democide |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF |work=Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War, University of Hawaii System |year=1997 |format=GIF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313125242/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF|archive-date=13 March 2023}}</ref> 1,170,000 military wounded<ref name=Tucker/>{{Rp|}} * ≈1,000,000 captured<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hosmer |first1=Stephen T. |last2=Jenkins |first2=Brian Michael |last3=Kellen |first3=Konrad |title=The Fall of South Vietnam: Statements by Vietnamese Military and Civilian Leaders |date=1978 |publisher=Rand |isbn=978-0-8330-0045-3 |oclc=855302546 |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R2208.html }}{{page needed|date=May 2025}}</ref> * {{Flagu|United States|1960}}: * 58,281 dead<ref name="2new">{{Cite press release |title=2021 NAME ADDITIONS AND STATUS CHANGES ON THE VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL |date=4 May 2021 |url=https://www.vvmf.org/News/2021-Name-Additions-and-Status-Changes-on-the-Vietnam-Veterans-Memorial/ |author=Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429132111/https://www.vvmf.org/News/2021-Name-Additions-and-Status-Changes-on-the-Vietnam-Veterans-Memorial/|archive-date=29 April 2023}}</ref> (47,434 from combat)<ref name="NARACasualties">{{Citation |title=National Archives–Vietnam War US Military Fatal Casualties |date=15 August 2016 |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam-war/casualty-statistics#hostile |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526173917/https://www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam-war/casualty-statistics#hostile |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NARACasualties"/> * 303,644 wounded<ref name="USd&w" group="A" /> * {{Flagu|Laos|1952}}: 15,000 army dead<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lomperis |first1=Timothy J. |title=From People's War to People's Rule: Insurgency, Intervention, and the Lessons of Vietnam |url=https://archive.org/details/frompeopleswarto0000lomp_g5z3 |date=1996 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-2273-9 }}{{page needed|date=May 2025}}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1970}} Khmer Republic: unknown * {{Flagdeco|Third Republic of Korea}} South Korea: 5,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missing * {{Flagu|Australia}}: 526 dead; 3,129 wounded<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dva.gov.au/news/latest-stories/remembering-those-who-served-in-the-vietnam-war |title=Remembering those who served in the Vietnam War |access-date=18 August 2025 |year=2025 |publisher=Australian Government - Department of Veterans' Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian casualties in the Vietnam War, 1962–72 |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/vietnam/statistics |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=Australian War Memorial|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214111653/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/vietnam/statistics|archive-date=14 February 2023}}</ref> * {{Flagu|Thailand|1939}}: 351 dead<ref name=Tucker/>{{Rp|}} * {{Flagu|New Zealand}}: 37 dead<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 1965 |title=Overview of the war in Vietnam |url=http://vietnamwar.govt.nz/resources |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726010609/http://vietnamwar.govt.nz/resources |archive-date=26 July 2013 |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=New Zealand and the Vietnam War}}</ref> * {{Flagu|Taiwan}}: 25 dead;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2013 |title=America Wasn't the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War |url=http://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/10/02/the-international-vietnam-war-the-other-world-powers-that-fought-in-south-east-asia/ |access-date=10 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418045659/http://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/10/02/the-international-vietnam-war-the-other-world-powers-that-fought-in-south-east-asia/|archive-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> * 17 captured<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|115866424}} |title=Vietnam Reds Said to Hold 17 From Taiwan as Spies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/13/archives/vietnam-reds-said-to-hold-17-from-taiwan-as-spies.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 July 1964 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307170856/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/13/archives/vietnam-reds-said-to-hold-17-from-taiwan-as-spies.html |archive-date=7 March 2023 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|Fourth Philippine Republic}} Philippines: 9 dead;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Larsen |first1=Stanley Robert |last2=Collins, Jr. |first2=James Lawton |title=Allied Participation in Vietnam |date=2005 |url=https://history.army.mil/Portals/143/Images/Publications/Publication%20By%20Title%20Images/A%20Titles%20PDF/CMH_Pub_90-5-1.pdf?ver=kNA54nobZmjnmnuA6dNRng%3d%3d }}{{page needed|date=May 2025}}</ref> 64 wounded<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1970 |title=Asian Allies in Vietnam |url=http://175thengineers.homestead.com/Philcav.pdf |access-date=18 October 2015 |publisher=Embassy of South Vietnam|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521032045/http://175thengineers.homestead.com/Philcav.pdf|archive-date=21 May 2023}}</ref> }} {{Plainlist| * '''Total military dead:''' * 392,369 * '''Total military wounded:''' * ≈1,340,000<ref name=Tucker/>{{Rp|}} * (excluding [[Khmer National Armed Forces|FANK]]) * '''Total military captured:''' * ≈1,000,000 }} | casualties3 = {{Plainlist| * Vietnamese civilian dead: 405,000–2,000,000<ref name=Lewy/>{{Rp|450–453}}<ref name="Shenon">{{Cite news |last=Shenon |first=Philip |date=23 April 1995 |title=20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html |access-date=24 February 2011 |quote=The Vietnamese government officially claimed a rough estimate of 2 million civilian deaths, but it did not divide these deaths between those of North and South Vietnam |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527230912/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html|archive-date=27 May 2023 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Obermeyer">{{Cite journal |last1=Obermeyer |first1=Ziad |last2=Murray |first2=Christopher J. L. |last3=Gakidou |first3=Emmanuela |date=23 April 2008 |title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-medical-journal_2008-06-28_336_7659/page/n43 |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=336 |issue=7659 |pages=1482–1486 |doi=10.1136/bmj.a137 |pmc=2440905 |pmid=18566045 |quote=From 1955 to 2002, data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths{{Nbsp}}... 3.8 million in Vietnam}}</ref> * '''Vietnamese total dead''': 966,000<ref name=Hirschman/>–3,010,000<ref name=Obermeyer/> * '''Cambodian Civil War dead''': 275,000–310,000<ref name="Heuveline">{{Cite book |last=Heuveline |first=Patrick |title=Forced Migration and Mortality |url=https://archive.org/details/forcedmigrationm0000unse_t3v0 |publisher=[[National Academies Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-309-07334-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/forcedmigrationm0000unse_t3v0/page/102 102]–104, 120, 124 |chapter=The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979 |quote=As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime.{{Nbsp}}... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less.}}</ref><ref name="Banister">{{Cite book |last1=Banister |first1=Judith |url=https://archive.org/details/genocidedemocrac00kier |title=Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community |last2=Johnson |first2=E. Paige |publisher=Yale University Southeast Asia Studies |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-938692-49-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/genocidedemocrac00kier/page/97 97] |quote=An estimated 275,000 excess deaths. We have modeled the highest mortality that we can justify for the early 1970s. |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Sliwinski">{{Cite book |last=Sliwinski |first=Marek |title=Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique |publisher=[[L'Harmattan]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-2-7384-3525-5 |pages=42–43, 48 |trans-title=The Khmer Rouge genocide: A demographic analysis}}</ref> * '''Laotian Civil War dead''': 20,000–62,000<ref name=Obermeyer/> * '''Non-Indochinese military dead''': 65,494 * '''Total dead''': 1,326,494–3,447,494 * {{Crossreference|For more information see [[Vietnam War casualties]] and [[List of aircraft losses of the Vietnam War|Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War]]}} }} | notes = {{flagicon image|Flag of FULRO.svg}} [[FULRO]] fought an [[FULRO insurgency|insurgency]] against both [[South Vietnam]] and [[North Vietnam]] with the [[Viet Cong]], and was supported by [[Cambodia]]. | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indochina Wars}} {{Campaignbox Vietnam War}} {{Campaignbox Vietnam War massacres}} }} '''Vietnam ke Larrai''' [[1959]] se [[1975]] talak chalaa. Ii larrai [[North Vietnam]] aur [[South Vietnam]] ke biich me rahaa. North Vietnam ke [[Soviet Union|USSR]] aur [[China]] support karat rahaa, jab ki South Vietnam ke [[United States]], [[South Korea]], [[Thailand]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], aur [[Philippines]] support karat rahaa. Ii larrai jon ki communists aur pro-American des ke biich me rahaa ke [[Cold War]] ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa. == Larrai ke kaaran == [[World War II]] se pahile, Vietnam, French colony [[Indochina]] ke ek hissa rahaa. World War II ke time, Japanese Indochina ke occupy kar liis rahaa. Larrai ke baad jab French logan Vietnam ke fir se aapan niche kare ke kosis karis tab uske virod Vietminh karis. Vietminh 1941 me communist party suruu karis rahaa aur iske leader [[Ho Chi Minh|Hồ Chí Minh]] rahaa. July 1954 me France aur Vietminh [[Geneva Peace Accord]] sign karin jiske niche Vietminh North Vietnam ke sarkar banis aur anti-communist Vietnamese, jaada kar ke Catholics, "regrouped" South me, Bao Dai ke niche, jon ki pahile ke emperor rahaa ke niche sarkar banaa. == References == {{reflist}} == Duusra websites == * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3798581.stm The herbicide Agent Orange has left a lasting legacy on Vietnam] {{commons}} [[Category:V]] [[Category:Vietnam]] 7xj22tbu7dh6zkla1qik27cml1dhs01 0 6696 338384 184955 2026-09-25T03:04:45Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338384 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Elfmeter-birgit-prinz-2008-ffc001.jpg|thumb|A player preparing to take a penalty]] Ek '''penalty kick''' (nai to '''penalty'''), football (soccer) ke game me ek rakam ke free kick hae jiske goal se barah yard (gyrah metres) se lewa jaawe hae jab ki khaali goalie aapan goal ke bachae waala rahe hae. == Notes == <references/> == Bahaari jorr == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121030195422/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/law/summary.html History of Laws of the Game - From 1863 to the Present Day] <!-- interwiki --> [[Category:P]] [[Category:Fiji me football]] rulkqns6b680ehezzkvijpbw3pxs60h 0 8254 338368 317536 2026-09-25T00:37:07Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338368 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Sitiveni Rabuka]] Fiji ke Pradhan mantri [[File:Sitiveni Rabuka 2020.jpg|thumb|Sitiveni Rabuka - 24 December 2022 se Fiji ke prime minister ]] == List of prime ministers of Fiji (1970–present) == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Portrait !Prime Minister !Took office !Left office !Time in office ! colspan="2" |Party !Election !Head(s) of state |- ! colspan="9" |Prime Ministers of the Dominion of Fiji |- | |[[Kamisese Mara|Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara]]<small>(1920–2004)</small> |10 October 1970 |13 April 1987 |16 years, 185 days | |[[Alliance Party (Fiji)|Alliance Party]] |1972 1977 (Mar) 1977 (Sep) 1982 |Elizabeth II |- | |[[Timoci Bavadra|'''Timoci Bavadra''']]<small>(1934–1989)</small> |13 April 1987 |14 May 1987 |31 days | |[[Fiji Labour Party]] |1987 |Elizabeth II |- | colspan="9" |''Vacant (14 May 1987 – 5 December 1987)'' |- ! colspan="9" |Prime Ministers of the Republic of Fiji |- | |''Ratu'' Sir '''Kamisese Mara''' <small>(1920–2004)</small> |5 December 1987 |2 June 1992 |4 years, 180 days | |Independent |— |Ganilau |- | |Major general (Rtd) '''[[Sitiveni Rabuka]]''' <small>(born 1948)</small> |2 June 1992 |19 May 1999 |6 years, 351 days | |[[Fijian Political Party]] |1992 1994 |Ganilau Mara |- | |[[Mahendra Chaudhry|'''Mahendra Chaudhry''']]<small>(born 1942)</small> |19 May 1999 |27 May 2000 |1 year, 8 days | |[[Fiji Labour Party]] |1999 |Mara |- | |''Ratu'''''Tevita Momoedonu'''<small>(1946–2020)</small> |27 May 2000 |27 May 2000 |0 days | |[[Fiji Labour Party]] |— |Mara |- | colspan="9" |''Vacant (27 May 2000 – 4 July 2000)'' |- | |[[Laisenia Qarase|'''Laisenia Qarase''']]<small>(1941–2020)</small> |4 July 2000 |14 March 2001 |253 days | |Independent |— |Bainimarama Iloilo |- | |''Ratu'''''Tevita Momoedonu'''<small>(1946–2020)</small><small>''Acting''</small> |14 March 2001 |16 March 2001 |2 days | |[[Fiji Labour Party]] |— |Iloilo |- | |[[Laisenia Qarase|'''Laisenia Qarase''']]<small>(1941–2020)</small> |16 March 2001 |5 December 2006 |5 years, 264 days | |SDL |2001 2006 |Iloilo |- | |Dr. '''Jona Senilagakali''' <small>(1929–2011)</small><small>''Acting''</small> |5 December 2006 |4 January 2007 |30 days | |Independent |— |Bainimarama |- | |Commodore '''Frank Bainimarama''' <small>(born 1954)</small><small>''Acting''</small> |5 January 2007 |22 September 2014 |7 years, 260 days | |RFMF |— |Iloilo Nailatikau |- | |Commodore (Rtd) '''Frank Bainimarama''' <small>(born 1954)</small> |22 September 2014 |24 December 2022 |8 years, 93 days | |FijiFirst |2014 2018 |Nailatikau Konrote Katonivere |- | |Major general (Rtd) '''[[Sitiveni Rabuka]]''' <small>(born 1948)</small> |24 December 2022 |''Incumbent'' |1 day | |People's Alliance |2022 |Katonivere |} == Timeline[edit] == {| class="wikitable" |- ! # ! Name ! Term of office ! Political Party |- | 1 || [[Kamisese Mara|Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara]] || 20 September 1967 - 13 April 1987 || [[Alliance Party (Fiji)|Alliance Party]] |- | 2 || [[Timoci Bavadra]] || 13 April 1987 - 14 May 1987 || [[Fiji Labour Party]] |- |colspan=4 align=center|Vacant (14 May 1987 - 5 December 1987) [1] |- | — || [[Kamisese Mara|Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara]] || 5 December 1987 - 2 June 1992 || None [2] |- | 3 || [[Sitiveni Rabuka]] || 2 June 1992 - 19 May 1999 || [[Fijian Political Party]] |- | 4 || [[Mahendra Chaudhry]] || 19 May 1999 - 27 May 2000 || [[Fiji Labour Party]] |- | 5 || [[Tevita Momoedonu|Ratu Tevita Momoedonu]]|| 27 May 2000 || [[Fiji Labour Party]][3] |- |colspan=4 align=center|Vacant (27 May 2000 - 4 July 2000) [1] |- | 6 || [[Laisenia Qarase]] || 4 July 2000 - 14 March 2001 || None [4] |- | — || [[Tevita Momoedonu|Ratu Tevita Momoedonu]]|| 14 March 2001 - 16 March 2001 (interim) || [[Fiji Labour Party]] |- | — || [[Laisenia Qarase]] || 16 March 2001 - 5 December 2006 || [[Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua]] [4] |- | 7 || [[Jona Senilagakali|Dr Jona Baravilala Senilagakali]]|| 5 December 2006 - 4 January 2007 || Installed by [[2006 Fijian coup d'état|military coup]] [5] |- | 8 || [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Frank Bainimarama]]|| 5 January 2007<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.monstersandcritics.com/asiapacific/news/article_1239841.php/Fiji_military_boss_to_be_sworn_in_as_prime_minister |title=Fiji military boss 'to be sworn in as prime minister' - Asia-Pacific<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2010-11-03 |archive-date=2012-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307091433/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/asiapacific/news/article_1239841.php/Fiji_military_boss_to_be_sworn_in_as_prime_minister |url-status=dead }}</ref> - 10 April 2009<ref name="abc.net.au">[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/04/10/2540501.htm?section=world "Fiji's Bainimarama steps down as PM"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412000319/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/04/10/2540501.htm?section=world |date=2009-04-12 }}, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, April 10, 2009</ref>|| [[Military of Fiji|Military]] |- |colspan=4 align=center|Vacant (10 April 2009 - 11 April 2009) [6] |- | — || [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Frank Bainimarama]]|| 11 April 2009 - Present<ref name="fiji.gov.fj">[http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_14685.shtml "Commodore Bainimarama sworn in as Prime Minister"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415063612/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_14685.shtml |date=2009-04-15 }}, Fiji government, April 11, 2009</ref> || [[Military of Fiji|Military]] |- |colspan=4| * [1] Two [[Fiji coups of 1987|military coups]] in 1987 and a civilian [[Fiji coup of 2000|coup d'état]] in 2000 left Fiji without a Prime Minister each time. * [2] Mara's party, the [[Fijian Alliance]], was dissolved in the wake of the [[Fiji coups of 1987|1987 coups]], so he was effectively a non-party Prime Minister in his last term. * [3] Ratu Momoedonu was appointed Prime Minister on 27 May 2000, by the then-[[List of Presidents of Fiji|President]], Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, in order to meet a constitutional technicality. He resigned only a few minutes later, as soon as the technicality had been attended to, in order to allow the President to assume full executive power. * [4] Qarase was not a member of a political party when he headed the interim government in 2000 and early 2001. Following his reinstatement on 16 March 2001 (after two days' absence from office), he founded the [[Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua]] to contest the [[Fiji election of 2001|parliamentary election]] that was to be held later that year. * [5] Senilagakali was installed as Interim Prime Minister as [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Frank Bainimarama|Josaia Voreqe (Frank) Bainimarama]] took control of the Government. He was previously a highly esteemed medical doctor, the former President of the Fijian Medical Association, and was military doctor at the time of the coup.<ref>{{cite news|title=Military now in charge in Fiji|url= http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=52960|publisher=[[Fiji Times]]|date=5 December 2006}}</ref> * [6] The Bainimarama government was dismissed as illegal by Fiji's Court of Appeal, leading to the Prime Minister's immediate resignation. He was re-appointed the next day by President [[Josefa Iloilo]], following the latter's [[2009 Fijian constitutional crisis|abrogation of the Constitution]].<ref name="abc.net.au"/><ref name="fiji.gov.fj"/> |} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[vibhag:Fiji]] [[vibhag:Suchi]] 2jwwisltsvetu7ts6q36ce5klkummzs 0 8353 338392 327287 2026-09-25T04:22:30Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | logo = World Bank Group logo.svg | image = The World Bank Group (53844804648).jpg | caption = The World Bank Group building (Washington, D.C.) | map = | motto = | established = {{start date and age|1944|07|4|df=y}} | extinction = | type = Intergovernmental organization | status = Treaty | purpose = [[Economic development]], [[extreme poverty|poverty]] elimination | headquarters = 1818 H Street Northwest,<br/>[[Washington D.C.]], U.S.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the World Bank |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/about |website=World Bank}}</ref> | leader_title = President | leader_name = Ajay Banga<ref>{{Cite news |title=U.S. Businessman Ajay Banga Approved to Lead World Bank|work=scroll.in |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-businessman-ajay-banga-approved-to-lead-world-bank-adb5f1ad |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref> | leader_title2 = MD & CFO | leader_name2 = [[Anshula Kant]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sbi-md-anshula-kant-appointed-as-md-cfo-of-world-bank-group/1599829964995 |access-date=13 July 2019 |website=antopedia.org |title=SBI MD Anshula Kant appointed as MD, CFO of World Bank Group }} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | main_organ = Board of Directors<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/ORGANIZATION/BODEXT/0,,pagePK:1262504318911~theSitePK:281079,00.html |access-date=31 May 2010 |publisher=Web.worldbank.org }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | parent_organization = [[United Nations]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN System | url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-system |access-date=17 February 2024}}</ref> | membership = 189 states (188 [[United Nations member states|UN countries]] and [[Kosovo]])<ref name="WBG Member Countries">{{Cite web |title=Member Countries |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/about/leadership/members |access-date=2016-06-03 |publisher=World Bank Group}}</ref> | website = {{URL|https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/home|worldbank.org}} }} '''World Bank Group''' paanch international sastha ke ek group hae. World Bank Group, member des ke advice aur finance for economic development aur [[poverty]] kamti kae ke khatir de hae. Ii ek non-profit-making international organization hae jiske member governments own kare hae. Group ke headquarters [[Washington, D.C.]] e hae. Iske office 124 member countries me hae. Iske 27th December 1945. ke Bretton Woods, New Hampshire me suruu karaa gais rahaa. == The group == Ii paanch organisation World Bank Group ke member hae: * International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), established in 1945, * International Finance Corporation (IFC), established in 1956, * International Development Association (IDA), established in 1960, * Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), established in 1988 and * International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), established in 1966. == Duusra websites == * [http://www.worldbankgroup.org/ World Bank Group (website)] <!-- interwiki --> [[Category:Dher des ke sanstha]] nzdj7w2gqlavr6aylw88pyxkqk5y55b 0 8610 338364 322383 2026-09-24T23:39:35Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338364 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Burj Khalifa''' nai to '''"Khalifa Tower"''', [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] me ek bahut uuncha emaarat hae aur duniya ka sabse unch emaarat. Iss pehle iska naam tha Burj Dubai jo opening ke samay change hoga tha. == Gallery == <gallery> file:Burj2.jpg|Construction work during on February 2006* file:20060829 Burj Dubai.jpg|29 August 2006 file:84floors.jpg|November 11, 2006 file:Burjdubaijanuary07.jpg|January 2, 2007 file:Burjdubai030106.jpg|January 3, 2007 file:Burjdubaifeb2107.jpg|21 March 2007 file:Burj Dubai 20071204.jpg|4 December 2007* file:Burj dubai 3.11.08.jpg|Construction work during 11 March 2008* file:Burj Dubai Under Construction on 8 May 2008 Pict 2.jpg|May 8th, 2008** file:Burj Dubai 001.jpg|4 January 2010, Burj Khalifa and skyline of Dubai** file:Burj Dubai 20090121 (close-up of spire).jpg|The [[spire]] is added along with the [[communications mast|TV/radio mast]], 20 January 2009.** </gallery> == Li bhi dekho == United Arab emairates ki sabse badi building hai, aur duniya ki sabse badi building. = Duusra websites = <!-- do not add links to blogs or other unofficial pages, there are enough links now --> {{Commons|Category:Burj Dubai|Burj Khalifa}} * [http://www.burjdubai.com/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203024106/http://www.burjdubai.com/ |date=2011-02-03 }} * [http://www.burjdubaiskyscraper.com/ Burj Dubai Skyscraper.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060722131427/http://www.burjdubaiskyscraper.com/ |date=2006-07-22 }} * [http://www.som.com/ Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP], architects * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070120063252/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=burjdubai-dubai-unitedarabemirates Emporis page on Burj Khalifa] * {{PDFlink|[http://www.structuremag.org/archives/2006/June-2006/SF-Wind-Engineering-Burj-Dubai-Tower-June-06.pdf "The Burj Dubai Tower Wind Engineering"]|597&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 611419 bytes -->}} (Irwin, Baker, June 2006) [http://www.structuremag.org STRUCTURE magazine] * {{PDFlink|[http://www.structuremag.org/archives/2006/Nov-2006/F-Burj-Dubai-Tower-Irwin-etal-Nov_06.pdf "The Burj Dubai Tower – Wind Channel Testing of Cladding and Pedestrian Level"]|620&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 635029 bytes -->}} (Erwin, etal, November 2006) [http://www.structuremag.org STRUCTURE magazine] * [http://www.otisworldwide.com/c1-projects.html Otis Worldwide, Signature Projects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610204332/http://www.otisworldwide.com/c1-projects.html |date=2012-06-10 }}, information on the project's elevators at the Otis Elevator Company * [http://www.rwdi.com/project_profiles/burj_dubai/ Wind and Other Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503022255/http://www.rwdi.com/project_profiles/burj_dubai/ |date=2007-05-03 }} performed by [[RWDI]] * [https://www.dubaievisaonline.com/ Burj Khalifa Skyscraper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614003653/https://www.dubaievisaonline.com/ |date=2021-06-14 }} * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWVLzVhnYE0 View from the top] * [http://www.2daydubai.com/pages/downtown-burj-dubai.php 2daydubai.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107050204/http://www.2daydubai.com/pages/downtown-burj-dubai.php |date=2010-01-07 }}, Burj Khalifa Project Review * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8438857.stm BBC report on Burj Khalifa opening with video and links] * [http://maps.google.com/maps?cid=1824507652352035266&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=&ll=25.192127,55.273247&spn=0.057862,0.076818&z=14 A map of its location] (Google Maps) == references == [[Category:2009]] [[Category:United Arab Emirates]] [[Category:Architecture]] [[Category:Buildings and structures]] <references /> [[vibhag:B]] [[vibhag:D]] 3x61hvtv24vm3itvwyf7x1qn0tfvc14 0 8614 338367 326799 2026-09-25T00:26:27Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338367 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Empire State Building''', [[New York City]], [[United States]] me ek bahut uuncha building hae. Ii 381 meters (1,250 feet) uuncha hae aur ii 102 storey ke hae. Chalis saal talak ii dunia ke sab se uuncha building rahaa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zimbio.com/Tallest+buildings+in+the+world/articles/22/Empire+State+Building|title=Tallest building in the world for 41 years}}</ref> Iske naam New York ke nuckname, The Empire State se aais hae. Iske [[1931]] me banae ke khalaas karaa gais rahaa. == Photo gallery == <gallery> File:Empire State Building Red and Green.JPG File:Empire State Building3 Dec.2005.jpg File:Empire states3.jpg File:Manhattan at Dusk by slonecker.jpg File:Empire State Building Feb 2006.jpg File:Mast Empire State Building.JPG File:Empire State Building 2005.jpg File:Empire State Building 55.jpg </gallery> == Duusra websites == * [http://www.esbnyc.com/index2.cfm?noflash=1 Official Website - Empire State Building] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090206224611/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=114095 Emporis.com - Empire State Building] * [http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=23 SkycraperPage.com – Empire State Building] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504060000/http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=23 |date=2012-05-04 }} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Empire State Building}} {{Skyscrapers in New York City}} [[Category:Buildings aur structures]] [[Category:Unites States of America]] jh372l7hjd6yd8zhq2u33z3watltmv0 0 8830 338361 321645 2026-09-24T22:57:48Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338361 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Animhorse.gif|thumb|180px|Ek animated [[ghorraa]].]] '''Animation''' ek tarika hae jisse [[sakis]] banawa jaae sake hae. == Duusra websites == {{commons category|Animations}} * [http://www.keyframeonline.com Keyframe - The Animation Resource] * [http://www.utpattiecom.com A Live work of Animation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408064404/http://www.utpattiecom.com/ |date=2016-04-08 }} * [http://www.toonopedia.com Don Markenstein's Toonopedia] * [http://www.awn.com Animation World Network] * [http://www.onlinemartdeal.com/product-category/electronic-products-online/best-zombie-video-games-of-all-time Animated and full graphics game]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.cartoonresearch.com Cartoon Research (site has a complete list of American release dates for animated features)] * [http://www.iafistanbul.com IAF - Istanbul Animation Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424100759/http://www.iafistanbul.com/ |date=2008-04-24 }} * [[Internet Movie Database]]'s page for [http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Genres/Animation/ animation] (and also [https://web.archive.org/web/20120721183801/http://www.imdb.com/chart/animation its lists of best and worst titles]) * [http://pptheaven.mvps.org/ PowerPoint Heaven - The Power to Animate] Contains tutorials on creating animations for PowerPoint Presentations. [[Category:Movies]] [[Category:Animation| ]] 35boxlhjus2suazssu2ucpqiqeteazw 0 23204 338373 325085 2026-09-25T01:32:45Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor | bgcolour = silver | name = Judy Garland | image = Judy Garland-publicity.JPG | imagesize = 200px | caption = Judy Garland, 1940 me | birthdate = [[10 June]] [[1922]] | birthplace = Grand Rapids, [[Minnesota]], [[United States]] | deathdate = [[22 June]] [[1969]] | deathplace = [[London]], [[England]] | birthname = Frances Ethel Gumm | occupation = Actress/Singer | yearsactive = 1924-1969 (singer)<br>1929-1967 (actress) | spouse = [[David Rose]] (1941–1944)<br />[[Vincente Minnelli]] (1945–1951)<br />[[Sid Luft]] (1952–1965)<br />[[Mark Herron]] (1965–1967)<br />[[Mickey Deans]] (1969) | children = [[Liza Minnelli]]<br />[[Lorna Luft]]<br />[[Joey Luft]] | academyawards = | tonyawards = '''Special Tony Award''' (1952) | goldenglobeawards = '''Special Award'''<br />1955 ''[[A Star Is Born]]''<br />'''[[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] - [[Motion pictures]]'''<br />''1715 Vine Street'' | homepage = http://www.thejudyroom.com/ }} '''Judy Garland''' ([[10 June]], [[1922]] – [[22 June]], [[1969]]), [[United States|America]] ke ek abhinetri (actress), gawaiya, aur entertainer rahii. [[1999]] me uske American film insitute sab time ke eighth greatest film star declare karaa gais.<ref>[http://www.afi.com/tvevents/100years/stars.aspx AFI's 100 YEARS...100 STARS]</ref> == Chapa ke gallery == <gallery> Love Finds Andy Hardy trailer.JPG|1938 ke ''Love Finds Andy Hardy'' me Judy Garland in The Wizard of Oz trailer.jpg|1939 ke ''The Wizard of Oz'' ke trailer me Judy Garland in Meet Me in St Louis trailer 2.jpg|1944 ke ''Meet Me in St Louis'' me TillTheClouds3.jpg|1946 ke ''Till the Clouds Roll By'' me Garland Star Born recrop.jpg|1954 ke ''A Star Is Born'' me </gallery> == Films == *1929 - ''The Big Revue'' *1929 - ''A Holiday in Storyland'' *1929 - ''The Wedding of Jack and Jill'' *1929 - ''Bubbles'' *1935 - ''La Fiesta de Santa Barbara'' *1936 - ''Every Sunday'' *1936 - ''Pigskin Parade'' *1937 - ''Broadway Melody of 1938'' *1937 - ''Thoroughbreds Don't Cry'' *1937 - ''Silent Night'' *1938 - ''Everybody Sing'' *1938 - ''Love Finds Andy Hardy'' *1938 - ''Listen, Darling'' *1939 - ''The Wizard of Oz'' *1939 - ''Babes in Arms'' *1940 - ''If I Forget You'' *1940 - ''Andy Hardy Meets Debutante'' *1940 - ''Strike Up the Band'' *1940 - ''Little Nellie Kelly'' *1941 - ''Ziegfeld Girl'' *1941 - ''Life Begins for Andy Hardy'' *1941 - ''Babes on Broadway'' *1941 - ''We Must Have Music'' *1942 - ''For Me and My Gal'' *1943 - ''Presenting Lily Mars'' *1943 - ''Girl Crazy'' *1943 - ''Thousands Cheer'' *1944 - ''Meet Me in St. Louis'' *1945 - ''The Clock'' *1946 - ''The Harvey Girls'' *1946 - ''Ziegfeld Follies'' *1946 - ''Till the Clouds Roll By'' *1948 - ''The Pirate'' *1948 - ''Easter Parade'' *1948 - ''Words and Music'' *1949 - ''In the Good Old Summertime'' *1950 - ''Summer Stock'' *1954 - ''A Star Is Born'' *1960 - ''Pepe'' *1961 - ''Judgment at Nuremberg'' *1963 - ''Gay Purr-ee'' *1963 - ''A Child Is Waiting'' *1963 - ''I Could Go On Singing'' == References == {{reflist}} == Duusra websites == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131102032133/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/judy-garland/159192 Judy Garland] * [http://www.thejudyroom.com The Judy Room] * [http://www.judygarlandclub.info The Judy Garland Club] {{BD|1922|1969|Garland, Judy}} [[vibhag:G]] [[vibhag:United States ke actor]] [[vibhag:United States ke gawaiyaa]] t6wlnmjv6susrloi0016fkn4i7zr8r9 0 23262 338391 326591 2026-09-25T04:21:51Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338391 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sears Tower ss.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Willis Tower]] '''Willis Tower''', [[Chicago]], [[United States]] me ek bahut uuncha building hae. Ii 527 meters (1,730 feet) uuncha hae aur ii 108 storey ke hae.<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> Chalis saal talak ii dunia ke sab se uuncha building rahaa.<ref name=skyscraperCenter/> Iske [[1970]] me banae ke khalaas karaa gais rahaa.<ref name=skyscraperCenter>{{cite web |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/chicago/willis-tower/ |title=Willis Tower - The Skyscraper Center |work=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |access-date=2013-12-27 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232024/http://skyscrapercenter.com/chicago/willis-tower/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Photo gallery == <gallery> File:Willis Tower.jpg File:Sears Tower.jpg File:Chicago - View of Sears Tower Willis Tower from John Hancock Center.jpg File:Chicago architecture.jpg File:Chicago buildings 01.jpg File:Chicago Grattacieli 1.jpg File:Sears-tower.jpg File:SearsTower.jpg </gallery> == Duusra websites == * [http://www.willistower.com/ Official website] * [http://www.the-skydeck.com/ Chicago Skydeck website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080317120656/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=117064 Emporis.com - Willis Tower] * [http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=5 SkycraperPage.com – Willis Tower] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723055943/http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=5 |date=2012-07-23 }} * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9_lLf_EqT4 A view from 103rd floor of the tower] == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Chicago}} [[vibhag:W]] [[Category:Towers]] [[Category:United States of America]] m1b3rthrln43q5o26vk2qid5pvhwb6m 0 23643 338380 312795 2026-09-25T02:40:49Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Monturiol face.JPG | alt = | caption = Narcís Monturiol around 1880 | birth_name = Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol | birth_date = {{Birth date|1819|9|28|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Figueres]], [[Spain]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1885|9|6|1819|9|28|df=yes}} | death_place = Sant Martí de Provençals (ab [[Barcelona]] me), [[Spain]] | other_names = | occupation = Inventor, engineer, artist, politician | known_for = Submarine pe kie kaam ke lie }} '''Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol''' (<small>Catalan pronunciation:</small> [nərˈsiz muntuɾiˈɔɫ i əstəriˈɔɫ], Spanish: Narciso Monturiol y Estarriol; 28 September 1819 &ndash; 6 September 1885) [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Catalonia|Catalan]] intellectual, artist, politician aur engineer rahaa. Ii binaa hawa ke chala combustion engine driven [[submarine]] bnae.<ref>Cargill Hall, R. (1986). ''History of rocketry and astronautics: proceedings of the third through the sixth History Symposia of the International Academy of Astronautics, Volumen 1''. NASA conference publication. American Astronautical Society by Univelt, p. 85. ISBN 0-87703-260-2</ref><ref>[http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2008/08/submarines-1.html A steam powered submarine: the Ictíneo] Low-tech Magazine, 24 August 2008</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Bahari jorr == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150421034848/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_26/monturiol.html Monturiol, a forgotten submariner; by Thomas Holian in Undersea Warfare.] * [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Monturiol's+Dream%3A+the+Extraordinary+Story+of+the+Submarine+Inventor...-a0122410413 Monturiol's Dream: the Extraordinary Story of the Submarine Inventor Who Wanted to Save the world.] *R<small>ODRÍGUEZ</small> C<small>ABANACH</small>, Pau: [http://www.aboriginemag.com/narcis-monturiol-trajectoria-i-pensament-politic-mes-enlla-del-submari/ Narcís Monturiol: Trajectòria i pensament polític més enllà del submarí], Ab Origine, 2021. {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> | NAME = Monturiol i Estarriol, Narcis | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = | DATE OF BIRTH = 28 September 1819 | PLACE OF BIRTH = | DATE OF DEATH = 6 September 1885 | PLACE OF DEATH = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Monturiol i Estarriol, Narcis}} [[vibhag:1819 janam]] [[vibhag:1885 maut]] [[vibhag:Catalonia ke log]] m0sbs0y5d7387esa0anwxxu1sxyn434 0 24315 338377 335480 2026-09-25T02:18:40Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} {{Infobox football club | clubname = Manchester City | image = | fullname = Manchester City Football Club | nickname = City, The Citizens, The Sky Blues | motto = Superbia in Proelia (Latin for: Pride in Battle) | founded = 1880<br>''St. Mark's (West Gorton)'' jaisan<br>16 April 1894<ref>{{cite book |last=James |first=Gary |title=Manchester City - The Complete Record |publisher=Breedon |location=Derby |year=2006 |isbn=1-85983-512-0}} p17</ref><br>''Manchester City'' jaisan<ref>On 16 April 1894, the name was changed to ''Manchester City''.</ref> | ground = [[City of Manchester Stadium]],<br>[[Manchester]] | capacity = 47,405<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/handbooks/premier-league-handbook-2013-14.pdf |title=Premier League Handbook Season 2013/14 |format=PDF |accessdate=17 August 2013 |work=[[Premier League]] |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019021137/http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/handbooks/premier-league-handbook-2013-14.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | owner = [[City Football Group]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan has a deep love of sport and deeper pockets |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-city/2664795/Sheikh-Mansour-bin-Zayed-Al-Nahyan-has-a-deep-love-of-sport-and-deeper-pockets-Football.html |publisher=telegraph.co.uk |date=2 सितंबर 2008 |accessdate=19 अगस्त 2010 | location=London | first=Louise | last=Armitstead}}</ref> | chairman = [[Khaldoon Al Mubarak]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/3041607/Robinho-inspires-Manchester-City-slickers----Football.html|title=Robinho inspires Manchester City slickers|last=Rich|first=Tim|date=21 सितंबर 2008|work=[[Telegraph.co.uk]]|publisher=[[Hollinger Inc.]]|accessdate=21 सितंबर 2008|archive-date=2009-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123150125/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/3041607/Robinho-inspires-Manchester-City-slickers----Football.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ceo = [[Ferran Soriano]] | manager = | league = [[Premier League]] | website = http://www.mancity.com/ | pattern_la1 = _mancity2223h | pattern_b1 = _mancity2223h | pattern_ra1 = _mancity2223h | pattern_sh1 = _mancity2223h | pattern_so1 = _mancity2223hl | leftarm1 = 78BCFF | body1 = 78BCFF | rightarm1 = 78BCFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = 78BCFF | pattern_la2 = _mancity2223a | pattern_b2 = _mancity2223a | pattern_ra2 = _mancity2223a | pattern_sh2 = _mancity2223a | pattern_so2 = _mancity2223al | leftarm2 = FFFFFF | body2 = FFFFFF | rightarm2 = FFFFFF | shorts2 = FFFFFF | socks2 = FFFFFF | pattern_la3 = _mancity2223t | pattern_b3 = _mancity2223t | pattern_ra3 = _mancity2223t | pattern_sh3 = _mancity2223t | pattern_so3 = _mancity2223tl | leftarm3 = D3FE7A | body3 = D3FE7A | rightarm3 = D3FE7A | shorts3 = 384157 | socks3 = D3FE7A }} '''Manchester City Football Club''', ek prasid english football club hae, jo [[England]] kay [[Manchester]] shehr, mae sthit hae.<ref>http://int.soccerway.com/teams/england/manchester-city-football-club/676/</ref> Ii ka home ground [[City of Manchester Stadium]] hae,<ref>http://int.soccerway.com/teams/england/manchester-city-football-club/676/venue/</ref> ii team abhi premier league mae khel rahiis hae. 2008 mae ii club ka Abu Dhabhi group ne kharid liya tha,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manchester City's new owners put national pride before profit |last=Montague |first=James |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/sep/01/manchestercity.premierleague1 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=1 September 2008 |accessdate=2012-06-22}}</ref> aur ii club duniya mae sab se ameer football club mae se ek ban gais hae.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deloitte money league: the world's top football teams and how much money they make |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2011/feb/10/deloitte-money-league-teams-manchester-spurs |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 February 2011 |accessdate=27 August 2011}}</ref> {{-}} == References == <references /> ==Bahaari jorr== {{Commonscat|Manchester City FC}} * [http://www.mcfc.co.uk/ Manchester City Football Club ka official website] * [http://www.bbc.com/sport/football/teams/manchester-city Manchester City Football Club] BBC par * [https://www.facebook.com/mcfcofficial Manchester City Football Club ka facebook] * [https://twitter.com/MCFC Manchester City Football Club ka twitter] * [http://www.scoreshelf.com/wmbb/en/Manchester_City Manchester City Football Club] ScoreShelf.com par [[vibhag:England ke Football Club]] lrqwtkveoqf24502sdlfeyshql1qdwt 0 24317 338365 301707 2026-09-24T23:51:37Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} {{Infobox stadium <!-- PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE CHANGING ANY OF THE FOLLOWING "stadium name", "nickname" or "former names" PARAMETERS: The stadium name is in a process of transition and commonly referred to by its original name (City of Manchester Stadium), its sponsorship name (Etihad Stadium/The Etihad), and nicknames (Eastlands, CoMS). It is Wikipedia practice to use a long-standing and article title in preference to one based on a new or transitory sponsored stadium name – see "article renaming" discussion on Talk Page for further details.--> | stadium_name = City of Manchester Stadium | image = [[File:Mcfc stad pano.jpg|300px]]<br>'''UEFA Category 4 Stadium'''<ref>{{cite web|title=UEFA Stadium Infrastructure Regulations: Edition 2010|publisher=Union of European Football Associations|year=2010|url=http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/Regulations/uefaorg/Stadium&Security/01/48/48/85/1484885_DOWNLOAD.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=9 January 2015|archive-date=4 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904173610/http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/Regulations/uefaorg/Stadium%26Security/01/48/48/85/1484885_DOWNLOAD.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>[[Image:Nuvola apps mozilla.png|12px]] [[Image:Nuvola apps mozilla.png|12px]] [[Image:Nuvola apps mozilla.png|12px]] [[Image:Nuvola apps mozilla.png|12px]] | location = [[Manchester]]<br />[[England]] | coordinates = {{coord|53|28|59|N|2|12|1|W||display=inline,title}} | broke_ground = 12 December 1999<ref name="foundation stone"> {{Cite news | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/city-of-manchester-stadium-the-wembley-rescuers-1132001.html | title=City of Manchester Stadium: The Wembley rescuers | last=Hubbard | first=Alan | newspaper=The Independent | publisher=Independent Print Limited | location=London | date=12 December 1999 | accessdate=7 January 2008 | quote=... the foundation stone was laid for the nation's other super stadium for the millennium. The Prime Minister, Tony Blair, did the honours in Manchester on Monday. }}</ref> | opened = 25 July 2002 | renovated = | expanded = 2002–2003 | closed = | demolished = | owner = [[Manchester City Council]] | operator = [[Manchester City Football Club]] | surface = Ghas | construction_cost = £112 million <ref name="naming rights"> {{Cite news | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2011/oct/04/manchester-city-council-stadium-naming-rights? | title=Manchester City to pay council £2m a year for stadium naming rights | last=Conn | first=David |work=The Guardian | publisher=Guardian News and Media | location=London | date=4 October 2011 | accessdate=12 November 2011 }}</ref> | architect = [[Arup Group Limited|ArupSport]] <small>(stadium design)</small><br>[[KSS Design Group]] <small>(interior fitout)</small><br>[[Populous (company)|Populous]] <small>(stadium expansion)</small> | structural engineer = [[Arup Group Limited|Arup Associates]] | general_contractor = <small>[[John Laing plc|Laing Construction Ltd.]] (initial construction)<br>[[Laing O'Rourke]](stadium conversion) | main_contractors = Watson Steel Ltd. (steelwork construction)</small> | seating_capacity = 47,805 – Domestic football<ref name="max capacity"> {{Cite news | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-city/8843970/Manchester-City-plan-for-bigger-stadium.html | title=Manchester City plan for bigger stadium | last=White | first=Duncan | work=The Telegraph | publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited | location=London | date=22 October 2011 | accessdate=29 November 2011 | quote=The Etihad Stadium's capacity is currently 47,805 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Manchester City - Etihad Stadium|url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/clubs/profile.stadium.html/man-city|publisher=Premier League|accessdate=29 August 2014|archive-date=7 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307070548/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/clubs/profile.stadium.html/man-city|url-status=dead}}</ref><br>45,500 – [[UEFA]]-governed football<ref>{{Cite news |title=Champions League: Manchester City's Roberto Mancini urges caution ahead of momentous match against Napoli|last=Smith|first=Rory|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-city/8760841/Champions-League-Manchester-Citys-Roberto-Mancini-urges-caution-ahead-of-momentous-match-against-Napoli.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=13 September 2011|accessdate=10 June 2012}}</ref> | suites = 68 | dimensions = 105 X 68 metres<br />(115 X 74 yd)<ref name="stadium stats">{{cite web | url=http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/American-Pre-season-tour/2011/Dublin-Super-Cup-Stadium-comparisons | title=Dublin Super Cup: Aviva Stadium v CoMS | last=Clayton | first=David | work=mcfc.co.uk | publisher=(Manchester City Football Club) | date=24 June 2011 | accessdate=4 July 2011 | archive-date=4 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604073738/http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/American-Pre-season-tour/2011/Dublin-Super-Cup-Stadium-comparisons | url-status=dead }}</ref> | tenants = [[Manchester City Football Club]] }} '''City of Manchester Stadium''', ii [[England]] kay [[Manchester]] shehr, mae sthit ek football stadium hae. Ii [[Manchester City Football Club]] ka home ground hae, ii ma 47,805 logo ke baithe ke jagah hae.<ref name="max capacity"/><ref name="stadium stats"/> Sponsorship ki waja se, iika '''"Etihad Stadium"''' ka naam se bhi jana jata hae.<ref name="renaming"> {{Cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/14080388.stm | title=Manchester City strike deal to rename Eastlands |work=BBC Sport | date=8 July 2011 | accessdate=13 November 2011 | quote=Manchester City have confirmed the City of Manchester Stadium will be renamed the Etihad Stadium after signing a 10-year deal with the airline. }}</ref> {{-}} == References == <references /> ==Bahaari jorr== {{Commonscat|City of Manchester Stadium}} *[http://www.cityofmanchesterstadium.co.uk/ City of Manchester Stadium ka official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023051119/http://www.cityofmanchesterstadium.co.uk/ |date=2011-10-23 }} *[http://www.mcfc.co.uk/ Manchester City Football Club ka official website] *[http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=City%20of%20Manchester%20Stadium&w=all City of Manchester Stadium] flickr photo *[http://www.arup.com/_assets/_download/download71.pdf Stadium ka design] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327124708/http://www.arup.com/_assets/_download/download71.pdf |date=2014-03-27 }} *[http://www.arup.com/_assets/_download/download153.pdf Stadium ka design] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330074151/http://www.arup.com/_assets/_download/download153.PDF |date=2012-03-30 }} *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JZRCk4o46I Stadium ka future ka design ka youtube video] [[vibhag:England ke Football Stadium]] n87m0ci0uy6myge0q5xbvtu6n377s3h 0 34042 338389 316966 2026-09-25T03:42:42Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338389 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:A Sikh at Golden Temple.jpg||thumb| Ek Sikh shadhaloo Golden Temple Amritsar mein pavitr snan karte huey]] |the Sikh people|information about the Sikh religion|Sikhism}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2012}} {{Infobox ethnic group |group= Sikh | flag = | flag_caption = |caption= |population = 30 million<ref>James Minahan, ''Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World'' 2016 p.385</ref> |region1={{flag|Nepal}} |pop1 = 20,815,730 |ref1 = <ref>{{cite web |title = Census of India |url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |accessdate =4 April 2008 }}</ref> |region4={{flag|Canada}} |pop4 = 468,673 |ref4 = <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm | title = 2011 National Household Survey | publisher = Statistics Canada | date = 8 May 2013 | accessdate = 12 May 2013 }}</ref> |region2={{flag|United Kingdom}} |pop2 = 750,000 |ref2 = <ref>{{cite news | title = Sikhs celebrate harvest festival | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/south_east/3015089.stm | location=London | work=BBC }}</ref> |region3={{flag|United States}} |pop3 = 500,000-700,000 |ref3 =,<ref>{{cite news | title = Sikhs express shock after shootings at Wisconsin temple | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-19143281 | accessdate =6 August 2012 | date= 6 August 2012 | work=BBC }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Racialization of Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism in the United States, Khyati Y. Joshi, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://saldef.org/archive/learn-about-sikhs/#.VmexWriDGko|title = Learn About Sikhs|access-date = 13 December 2016|archive-date = 4 February 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170204103858/http://saldef.org/archive/learn-about-sikhs/#.VmexWriDGko|url-status = dead}}</ref> |region5={{flag|Malaysia}} |pop5 = 100,000 |ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Overseas Indian: Connecting India with its Diaspora |url=http://www.overseasindian.in/2007/jan/news/25n3.shtml |accessdate=4 April 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081231094957/http://www.overseasindian.in:80/2007/jan/news/25n3.shtml |archivedate=31 December 2008 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot }}{{cbignore}}</ref> |region12={{flag|Philippines}} |pop12 = 100,000 |ref12 = <ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Gurdwara Philippines: Sikh Population of the Philippines |url=http://www.angelfire.com/ca6/gurdwaraworld/philippines.html |accessdate=11 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201014811/http://www.angelfire.com/ca6/gurdwaraworld/philippines.html |archivedate=1 December 2011 }}</ref> |region7={{flag|Australia}} |pop7 = 72,000 |ref7 = <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features752012-2013 | title = Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census | publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics | date = 21 June 2012 | accessdate = 11 May 2013 }}</ref> |region8={{flag|Italy}} |pop8 = 70,000 |ref8 = <ref>{{cite web | title = 2004 Sikh Population of Italy | url = http://www.nriinternet.com/EUROPE/ITALY/2004/111604Gurdwara.htm | accessdate =4 April 2008 }}</ref> |region9={{flag|Thailand}} |pop9 = 70,000 |ref9 = <ref>{{cite web | title = 2006 Sikh Population | url = http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71359.htm | accessdate = 26 September 2012 }}</ref> |region11={{flag|United Arab Emirates}} |pop11 = 50,000 |ref11 = <ref>{{cite news | title = Dubai's Sikh temple feeds the masses | url = http://www.thenational.ae/blogs/national-view/dubais-sikh-temple-feeds-the-masses | date = 9 April 2014 | accessdate = 21 March 2015 | work = The National (Abu Dhabi) }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132908/http://www.thenational.ae/blogs/national-view/dubais-sikh-temple-feeds-the-masses |date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> |region6={{flag|Pakistan}} |pop6 = 50,000 |ref6 = <ref>{{cite news | title = Pak NGO to resolve issues of Sikh community | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pak-NGO-to-resolve-issues-of-Sikh-community-/articleshow/7382102.cms | accessdate = 29 January 2011 | work = The Times Of India | first1 = Yudhvir | last1 = Rana }}</ref> |region13={{flag|New Zealand}} |pop13 = 19,191 |ref13 = <ref name="New Zealand Sikh population">{{cite web|title=2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/religion.aspx|website=Statistics New Zealand|accessdate=12 November 2016|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828162758/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/religion.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region14={{flag|Singapore}} |pop14 = 15,000<ref name="Iyer">{{cite news|url=http://www.topnews.in/law/sikhs-singapore-turbanators-rich-tradition-donning-uniform-254324|title=Sikhs in Singapore: Turbanators with rich tradition of donning uniform|last=Iyer|first=Raman|accessdate=9 March 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017042229/https://www.topnews.in/law/sikhs-singapore-turbanators-rich-tradition-donning-uniform-254324 |date=17 October 2019 }}</ref> |rels = [[Sikhism]] |langs = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ([[Gurmukhi]])<br/> Spoken by the Sikh diaspora:<br/>{{Flatlist| * [[English language|English]] * [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] * [[Hindi]]/[[Urdu]] * [[Swahili language|Swahili]] * [[Malay language|Malay]] * [[Thai language|Thai]] }} | footnotes = }} '''Sikh''' ({{IPAc-en|s|iː|k|,_|s|ɪ|k}}; {{lang-pa|ਸਿੱਖ}} ''{{IAST|sikkh}}'' {{IPA-pa|sɪkkʰ|}}) [[Sikhisim]], jo ik dharam hai jo [[Republic of India]] ke [[Punjab]] State mein 15 vin Shatabdi mein paida hua, ke maan ne vale ko kehte hain.Ii dharam ke das (10) guru raha aur iske pahle sansthapak [[Guru Nanak]] Dev ji raha. 343g1sctq2byhejrpcvm4ezr48ce1bn 0 34982 338376 258862 2026-09-25T02:06:53Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338376 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lendl Mark Platter Simmons''' (janam 25 January 1985) ek Trinidadian cricketer hae.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - Zimbabwe in West Indies T20I Series">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/593978.html|title=Zimbabwe in West Indies T20I Series Scorecard|date=25 February 2015|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609162143/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/593978.html |date=9 June 2015 }}</ref> ==References== <references/> [[vibhag:1985 janam]] [[vibhag:Jinda log]] [[vibhag:Cricketers]] 4be837vylcqwrg3lssykhhjfgtp85a9 0 40121 338378 324514 2026-09-25T02:25:36Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | Name = Michael Jackson | Img = Michael Jackson 1984.jpg | Img_alt = | Img_capt = Michael Jackson (1984) | Img_size = 250 |Landscape = Yes | Background = solo_singer | Birth_name = Michael Joseph Jackson | Born = August 29, 1958<br /><small>Gary, [[Indiana]], U.S.</small> | Died = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|2009|6|25|1958|8|29}}<br /><small>[[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.</small> | Instrument = Vocals | Genre = Pop | Occupation = Musician | Years_active = 1964–2009 | Label = | Associated_acts = | URL = }} '''Michael Joseph Jackson''' ([[29 August]] [[1958]] - [[25 June]] [[2009]]<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/michael-jackson-mn0000467203/biography |title=Michael Jackson |publisher=AllMusic.com |date= |accessdate=July 27, 2018}}</ref>) [[United States|American]] ke ek pop musician rahaa. 40 saal se jaada ke career me, uske safalta America me jaati ke deewar ke tuurris aur [[dunia]] bhar me mashuur bhais. Uu gaana, stage pe performance, aur fashion ke khaatir mashuur rahaa. Uu street naach ke moves, jaise "moonwa;k", "robot" aur "anti0gravity lean" ke mashuur karis rahaa. Uske sab time ke sab barra entertainer maana jaae hae.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Villarreal |first=Yvonne |date=June 29, 2009 |title=Remembering Michael Jackson: 'The Greatest Entertainer of All Time' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jun-29-et-jackson-tribute29-story.html |access-date=January 16, 2025 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}} {{Cite magazine |date=December 6, 2022 |title=Michael Jackson Was The Most Influential Entertainer Of The 20th Century & Shaped The Future Of Music, Dance & Film |url=https://okmagazine.com/p/michael-jackson-influential-entertainer-20th-century/ |access-date=December 24, 2024 |magazine=[[OK!]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Satariano |first=Adam |date=July 8, 2009 |title=Family, Fans Mourn Jackson at Site of Final Rehearsal |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2009-07-08/family-fans-mourn-jackson-at-site-of-final-rehearsal |access-date=January 16, 2025 |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |quote="the greatest entertainer that ever lived."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bennett |first=Jessica |date=December 31, 2024 |title=The Greatest Live Performer Of Every Decade, 1950-Present |url=https://www.vibe.com/lists/greatest-live-performer-every-decade-1950-present/ |access-date=January 16, 2025 |magazine=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |quote=Widely considered the greatest performer of all time, Michael Jackson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ratliff |first=Michaela |date=August 29, 2024 |title='The greatest artist who ever lived': Michael Jackson leaves impact 15 years after death |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/greatest-artist-ever-lived-michael-195539668.html |access-date=January 16, 2025 |agency=[[Yahoo! News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=June 5, 2010 |title=Michael Jackson Immortalized |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/50-best-michael-jackson-songs-22188/ |access-date=December 25, 2024 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |quote=Michael Jackson, the greatest pop artist that ever lived}}</ref> Michael, Jackson palwaar ke 8th bachchaa rahaa, aur uu public me pahila dafe 1964 me, jab uu chhe saal ke rahaa, gaae ke surru karis rahaa. 1968 me [[Motown]] ke saathe sign kare ke baad, [[the Jackson 5]] jisme uu lead gaayak rahaa, dunia bhar me safaltaa paais. Jackson apne se star banaa jab uu 1979 me aapan 5th albim "Off th Wall" ke release karis rahaa. Iske baad, 1982 me uu "THriller" ke release karis, jon sab time ke sab se jaada bike waala album rahaa, aur uu au jaada mashuur bhais.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1uUyAAAAIBAJ&dq=Michael+Jackson+most+recognizable+person&pg=PA20&article_id=6851,5208830 |title=Michael Jackson Is Los Olivos Most Famous, Reclusive Resident. |date=February 27, 1993 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Daily News]] |quote=The Most Recognizable Person in the World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 30, 1988 |title=Weird Al Couldn't resist Fat Parody |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4uBRAAAAIBAJ&dq=Michael+Jackson+most+recognizable+person&pg=PA7&article_id=770,5591192 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |quote=Michael Jackson is probably the most famous and popular person in the world}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Handelman |first=Michael Goldberg,David |date=September 24, 1987 |title=Is Michael Jackson For Real? |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/is-michael-jackson-for-real-102872/ |access-date=May 28, 2025 |magazine=Rolling Stone |quote=The World's Biggest Celebrity}}</ref> [[1980s]] ke akhri saal se, Jackson vivaad (controversy) aur speculation ke jan hoe gais, uske badalte ruup, sambandh, chaal aur rahan-sahan ke kaaran. 1993 me Jackson ke ek larrka ke 1993 me secually abuse kare ke arop lagaawa gais rahaa. 2005 me, Jackson pe ek aur bachchaa ke abuse kare khaatir mukadmaa karaa gia srahaa lekin uske bekasuur paawa gais rahaa. 2009 me jab uu ek comback concert ke khaatir taiyaari karat rahaa, tab uske drug ke overdose se maut hoe gais rahaa. Jackson ke sab time ke sab se jaada record beche waala jan maana jaae hae, aur uu 500 million record ke bechis hae.<ref>{{cite news |title=Billboard Music Awards 2014: Michael Jackson hologram steals the show |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=May 19, 2014 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/10840106/Billboard-Music-Awards-2014-Michael-Jackson-hologram-steals-the-show.html |archive-date=June 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606193639/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/10840106/Billboard-Music-Awards-2014-Michael-Jackson-hologram-steals-the-show.html }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229014845/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/10840106/Billboard-Music-Awards-2014-Michael-Jackson-hologram-steals-the-show.html |date=December 29, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/new-michael-jackson-song_n_5250500 |title=New Michael Jackson Song, 'Love Never Felt So Good,' Features Justin Timberlake |newspaper=[[HuffPost]] |agency=Reuters |date=May 1, 2014 |access-date=June 30, 2024 |archive-date=September 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915165131/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/new-michael-jackson-song_n_5250500 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Uske 13 "Billboard" hot 100 number-one singles rahaa aur uu pahila artist hae jon ek top-ten single ke paanch different decade me produce karis hae. Jackson ke Rock and Roll Hall of Fame me dui dafe induct karaa gais rahaa, aur National Rythm and Blues Hall of Fame, Vocal Group Hall of Fame, the Songwriters hall of Fame aur Dance Hall of Fame me bhi. Uske 12 Grammy Awards, Grammy Legend Award, Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, 26 American Music Awards, 6 Brit Awards, 12 World Music Awards, Bambi Award aur tiin Presidential honours mila rahaa. 1992 me JacksonHeal th World Foundation ke suruu karis rahaa jisme uu $600 million daan diis rahaa. 2024 me uske aadha music catalogue ke Sony ke $600 million me becha gais rahaa. ==Jindagi aur kaam== ===Bachpan aur Jackson 5 (1958-1975)=== [[File:2300 Jackson Street Yuksel.jpg|thumb|alt=The single-story house has white walls, two windows, a central white door with a black door frame, and a black roof. In front of the house there is a walkway and multiple colored flowers and memorabilia.|Jackson ke bachpan ke ghar [[Gary, Indiana]] me, July 2009 me utaara gais hae|left]] Michael Joseph Jackson<ref name="certificate">[[Los Angeles County Department of Health Services|County of Los Angeles Department of Health Services]] (2009). [[:File:Michael Jackson death certificate.jpg|Michael Jackson death certificate]].</ref><ref name="allmusic">{{cite web |first=Steve |last=Huey |title=Michael Jackson – Artist Biography |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |access-date= May 31, 2015 |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/michael-jackson-mn0000467203/biography |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150507080746/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/michael-jackson-mn0000467203/biography |archive-date= May 7, 2015}}</ref> ke janam [[Gary, Indiana]] me, 29 August 1958 me bhais rahaa.<ref name="Barnes">{{cite news |first=Brokes |last=Barnes |title=A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 25, 2009 |access-date=July 12, 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html |url-access=subscription |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208194246/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html?ref=obituaries&_r=0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Michael Jackson: 10 Achievements That Made Him The King of Pop |publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences |date=June 24, 2014 |access-date=October 20, 2016 |url=https://www.grammy.com/blogs/michael-jackson-10-achievements-that-made-him-the-king-of-pop |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215072653/https://www.grammy.com/blogs/michael-jackson-10-achievements-that-made-him-the-king-of-pop |url-status=live }}</ref> Uu Jackson palwaar me, 10 larrkan me se 8th rahaa. Ii working-class [[African Americans|African-American]] palwaar, dui-bedroom waala ghar me, Jackson Street merahat rahin.{{sfn|Jackson|2009|p=26}}{{sfn|Young|2009|p=18}} Uske maiyaa, [[Katherine Jackson|Katherine Esther Jackson]] (saadi se pahile ke naam; Scruse), clarinet, cello, aur piano bajaawat rahin, aur [[Country music|country-and-western]] performer bane maangat rahii, aur [[Sears]] me part-time kaam karat rahii.{{sfn|Young|2009|pp=17, 19}} Uu ek [[Jehovah's Witness]] rahii.<ref name="monstrous">{{cite news |first=Alexis |last=Petridis |title=Joe Jackson was one of the most monstrous fathers in pop |newspaper=The Guardian |date=June 27, 2018 |access-date=April 18, 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-one-of-the-most-monstrous-fathers-in-pop |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208194300/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-one-of-the-most-monstrous-fathers-in-pop |url-status=live }}</ref> Jackson ke pitaji, [[Joe Jackson (manager)|Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson]], pahile boxer, crane operator [[US Steel]] me, ek local [[rhythm and blues]] band, the Falcons ke guitarist rahaa<ref name="Obit Guardian">{{cite news |first=Adam |last=Sweeting |title=Joe Jackson obituary |newspaper=The Guardian |date=June 27, 2018 |access-date=April 14, 2019 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-obituary |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208194246/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-obituary |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Young|2009|pp=18–19}} Joe ke great-grandfather, July "Jack" Gale, ek US Army [[Cavalry scout|scout]] rahaa; palwaar me ii bataawa jaawat rahaa ki uu Native American [[medicine man]] rahaa.{{sfn|Knopper|2016|p=6. Note: No tribal affiliation named in source}} Michael tiin bahini log ke saathe barraa bhais rahaa ([[Rebbie Jackson|Rebbie]], [[La Toya Jackson|La Toya]], aur [[Janet Jackson|Janet]]) aur paanch bhaiyaa ([[Jackie Jackson|Jackie]], [[Tito Jackson|Tito]], [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]], [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]], aur [[Randy Jackson (Jacksons singer)|Randy]]).<ref name="Obit Guardian"/> Ek 6th bhaiyaar, Marlon ke twin Brandon, paida hoe ke baad mar gais rahaa.<ref>{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Morris |title=Joe Jackson, Jackson Family Patriarch, Dies at 89 |magazine=Variety |date=June 27, 2018 |access-date=April 27, 2019 |url=https://variety.com/2018/music/news/joe-jackson-dead-dies-89-1202859242/ |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108051352/https://variety.com/2018/music/news/joe-jackson-dead-dies-89-1202859242/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == References == <references/> == Duusra websites == {{commons}} * [http://www.michaeljackson.com/ Official site of Michael Jackson] * [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001391/ Michael Jackson at the Internet Movie Database] {{BD|1958|2009|Jackson, Michael}} [[vibhag:J]] [[vibhag:United States ke log‎]] [[vibhag:Musicians]] ovqnrzpknryk4503zhtk3plsih4ugqa 0 51967 338381 317840 2026-09-25T02:43:13Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338381 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazanin_Afshin-Jam,_Royal_Tour_2014.jpg|thumb|Nazanin Afshin-Jam]] '''Nazanin Afshin-Jam''' (janm 11 aprail 1979) ek eeraanee-kanaadaee maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta, lekhak aur saarvajanik vakta hae. vah ek poorv mis varld kanaada hae. vah stop chaild ekzeekyooshans kee adhyaksh aur sah-sansthaapak hone ke saath-saath "da naazaneen faundeshan" kee sansthaapak bhee hae. vah 1981 mein apane parivaar ke saath kanaada aa gaeen. unhonne kanaada ke poorv nyaay mantree aur atornee janaral peetar maike se shaadee kee. bachapan naazaneen aphashin-jaam ka janm 11 aprail 1979 ko eeraan ke teharaan mein hua tha. usake pita teharaan (ab teharaan homa hotal) mein sheretan hotal ke pramukh the, jisamen aksar pashchimee log aate the. eeraanee kraanti ke dauraan, unake pita ko rivolyooshanaree gaard ne jel mein daal diya tha. jel se riha hone ke baad, vah apane parivaar ke saath eeraan se spen hissa gaya, aur ek saal ke baad ve kanaada chale gae apravaasiyon ke roop mein, vainkoovar mein bas gae.<ref name="features.kodoom.com">https://features.kodoom.com/en/iran-society/afshin-jam-on-nazanin-foundation-family-and-life/v/5476/</ref><ref name="shahrvand.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.shahrvand.com/archives/22006 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-07 |archive-date=2016-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630033135/http://www.shahrvand.com/archives/22006 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="news.nationalpost.com">http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/nazanin-afshin-jam-a-model-of-achievement {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/01/04/peter-mackay-marries-former-miss-canada-world-nazanin-afshin-jam/ {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="huffingtonpost.ca">http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/01/05/nazanin-afshin-jam-peter-mackay_n_1186823.html</ref> == Shiksha Aur Red Kros == Nazanin Afshin-Jam ne British kolambiya vishvavidyaalay se antararaashtreey sambandhon aur raajaneeti vigyaan mein digree ke saath snaatak kiya. 2011 mein, unhonne norvich vishvavidyaalay se kootaneeti mein maastar oph aarts kee upaadhi praapt kee. unhen vestarn ontaariyo vishvavidyaalay se doktaret kee maanad upaadhi praapt hae. apane snaatak star kee padhaee ke baad, aphashin-jaim ne red kros ke saath global yooth ejuketar ke roop mein kaam kiya, laind mains, bachchon aur yuddh, gareebee-beemaaree chakr aur praakrtik aapadaon jaise maamalon mein shaamil ho gae.<ref name="features.kodoom.com"/><ref name="shahrvand.com"/><ref name="news.nationalpost.com"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="huffingtonpost.ca"/><ref>http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1314102-peter-mackay-and-nazanin-afshin-jam-announce-birth-of-baby-girl-valentia</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140505213335/http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/01/04/peter-mackay-wedding-afshin-jam_n_1184844.html</ref> {{Non-hif language}} == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} pmuozsorza1br0vnj2fcfn01um8fvxb 0 51997 338371 301821 2026-09-25T01:10:30Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Non-hif language}} '''Helen Bamber''' (1 maee 1925 - 21 agast 2014), ek british manochikitsak aur maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta theen. 1945 mein yaatana shiviron se mukt hone ke baad usane jarmanee mein holokost bache logon ke saath kaam kiya. 1947 mein, vah briten laut aaee aur apana kaam jaaree rakha, emanestee intaraneshanal kee sthaapana mein madad kee aur baad mein yaatana ke peediton kee dekhabhaal ke lie medikal phaundeshan kee sah-sthaapana kee. 2005 mein, unhonne maanavaadhikaaron ke ullanghan se bache logon kee madad karane ke lie helen bambar phaundeshan kee sthaapana kee. apane poore jeevan mein, bambar ne un logon ke saath kaam kiya jo sabase adhik haashie par the: holokost bache, sharan-chaahane vaale, sharanaarthee, uttaree aayaralaind mein sangharsh ke shikaar, taskaree kie gae purush, mahilaen aur bachche, narasanhaar se bache, yaatana, balaatkaar, mahila jananaang vikrti, british poorv sudoor poorv yuddh ke kaidee, poorv bandhak aur any log jinhen videshon mein yaatana ka saamana karana pada. unhonne gaaja, kosovo, yugaanda, turkee aur uttaree aayaralaind sahit kaee deshon mein kaam kiya. bambar ke pita luee baalamuth ka janm nyooyork mein hua tha. unaka parivaar yahoodee narasanhaar ke samay polaind laut aaya aur 1895 mein phir se inglaind chala gaya jab baalamuth nau varsh ka tha. vah apane 30 ke dashak ke uttaraardh mein the jab unhonne mairee bedar se shaadee kee, jo briten mein polish nishkarshan mein paida huee theen. unakee betee helen baalamuth (baad mein, bambar) ka janm 1925 mein hua tha, aur vah uttar-poorvee landan ke ek yahoodee kshetr emharst paark mein palee-badhee. luee baalamuth ne din ke dauraan ek lekhaakaar ke roop mein aur kaaryaalay samay ke baahar ek daarshanik, lekhak aur ganitagy ke roop mein kaam kiya. unakee patnee mairee ek gaayika aur piyaanovaadak theen, jinhen ummeed thee ki unakee betee ek prasiddh kalaakaar banegee. jab luee ka chhota bhaee maikal, jo aarthik roop se saphal tha aur jisake saath luee aur maikal ke maata-pita sahit poora baalamuth parivaar, maikal ke bade ghar mein rahata tha, kathin vitteey samay par gir gaya, bambar aur usake maata-pita paas ke staimaphord hil mein ek chhote se ghar mein chale gae. Helen Bamber ko landan ke ek nijee yahoodee skool se ek bahu-saampradaayik praathamik mein le jaaya gaya, jahaan se usane totenaham mein haee skool mein chhaatravrtti jeetee. usane bachapan mein bahut samay beemaar bitaaya tha aur shaayad vah tapedik se peedit thee. bambar ke daada ek raajaneta the, jinhonne peetar kropotakin ke vichaaron ka paalan kiya tha aur unake pita ke maanavaadhikaaron mein majaboot vishvaas kattarapanthee gharaane mein vyaapt tha. parivaar ne naazee khatare ko drdhata se mahasoos kiya, aur 1930 ke dashak ke dauraan, usake pita, jo dhaaraapravaah jarman bolate the, ne saamane aane vaalee raajaneetik sthiti ko traik karane ke lie rediyo barlin prasaaran ka anusaran kiya. unhonne daanv par lage muddon ko rekhaankit karane ke lie parivaar ko maiin kampf ke anubhaagon ko padha, aur bambair apane ghar mein nirantar poorvaabhaas kee bhaavana ka varnan karatee hai. 1930 ke dashak ke ant mein ek kishor ke roop mein, bambar osavaald mosle ke british yooniyan of faasiston ka virodh karane vaale pradarshanakaariyon ke ek samooh mein shaamil ho gae. dviteey vishv yuddh ke dauraan, bambar ko safok le jaaya gaya tha. usakee maan ke chachere bhaee, chaim aur menaakem, haashomar hatazeyar ke pramukh neta the, aur unhonne bambar ke maata-pita se aagrah kiya ki vah use ek filisteenee kibutz par rahane ke lie bhej den. menaakem badar baad mein 1944 mein hangeriyan yahoodiyon ko bachaane ke prayaas mein eses ke saath maal ke badale khoon vaarta mein shaamil honge.<ref>http://www.helenbamber.org/</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2000/mar/11/women</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2000/mar/11/women</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/profile/helen_bamber.shtml |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-07 |archive-date=2010-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027084719/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/profile/helen_bamber.shtml |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1133227.stm</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hmd.org.uk/resources/education/helen-bamber |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-07 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162053/http://www.hmd.org.uk/resources/education/helen-bamber |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} r6mr2bpo9eazrm1idmr3y0ckvcn3r7h 0 52009 338372 338026 2026-09-25T01:19:58Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Non-hif language}} [[File:Dr._Iris_Yassmin_Barrios_Aguilar_-_2014_IWOC_Awardee.png|thumb|Iris Yassmin Barrios Aguilar]] '''Iris Yassmin Barrios Aguilar''' (1962) gvaatemaala mein ek vakeel, nyaayaadheesh aur sarvochch jokhim pratham nyaayaalay a ke adhyaksh hae. bairiyos ne maariyaano gailvez vishvavidyaalay se kaanoon mein doktaret kee upaadhi praapt kee hae. unhonne pratiyogita se nyaayapaalika mein pravesh kiya. vah bees varshon talak aaparaadhik saja kee nyaayaadheesh rahii hain aur gvaatemaala mein sarvochch jokhim vaale pahale nyaayaalay kee adhyaksh hae. unhonne sena se jude kaee maamalon ka pareekshan kiya hae: gvaatemaala ko vitarit karane ke baad monasignor juaan jeraardee kee hatya: phir kabhee riport nahin; 1990 mein sena ke haathon ek maanavavigyaanee kee hatya, ya sepur zaarako phaarm par sainikon dvaara svadeshee mahilaon ko yaun daas banaane ka maamala. vah gvaatemaala ke poorv taanaashaah ephren riyos mont ke maamale mein nyaayaadheesh theen. us mukadame mein, mont ko may iksil svadeshee logon ke narasanhaar ka doshee paaya gaya tha. yah pahalee baar tha ki kisee raashtreey adaalat ne saabit kiya ki kisee raashtraadhyaksh ne apane desh mein narasanhaar kiya tha, jisane isee tarah ke any maamalon ke lie ek antararaashtreey misaal kaayam kee. phir bhee, 20 maee, 2013 ko, gvaatemaala ke sanvaidhaanik nyaayaalay ne saja ko radd kar diya, prakriya ko 19 aprail ko vaapas kar diya aur aadesh diya ki us bindu par pareekshan phir se shuroo kiya jae, yah dekhate hue ki adaalat ne us samay uthaee gaee chunautee ka samaadhaan nahin kiya. isake do sadasy hain, isalie aayojit sabhee nyaayik kaaryavaahee doharaee jaanee chaahie. 4 aprail 2014 se, use ek saal ke lie nilambit kar diya gaya hae, kyonki usake khilaaph epharen riyos mont se jude ek vakeel dvaara shikaayat kee gaee thee. bairiyos eguilar ne ek apeel daayar kee. bairiyos ko antarraashtreey mahila saahas puraskaar 2014. dvaara maanyata dee gaee thee 2013 mein, unhen [[Spain|Spanish]] vakeelon kee janaral kaunsil se 2013 ka maanavaadhikaar puraskaar mila aur 2015 mein, bainko indastriyal ke sthaayee naagarik kaaryakram ne unhen unake kariyar ke lie shraddhaanjali dee. unhen 2015 mein naagarik saahas ke lie tren phaundeshan puraskaar se sammaanit kiya gaya tha.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140307105823/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2014/bio/index.htm</ref><ref>http://www.cnn.com/2013/05/10/world/americas/guatemala-genocide-trial/</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24833642</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/us-honors-women-of-courage/1863937.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2016-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605221152/http://www.voanews.com/content/us-honors-women-of-courage/1863937.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} gp0h22ekn8xjujq6ohjmy8zhmytn6f2 0 56048 338388 335431 2026-09-25T03:36:31Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338388 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:PM installs ‘Sengol’ at new Parliament building, in New Delhi on May 28, 2023 (4).jpg|thumb|PM Modi ne 2023 mein nae Sansad bhavan mein Sengol sthaapit kiya]] '''Sengol''' (Tamil: செங்கோல், romanised: ceṅkōl, [[Hindi]]: सेंगोल (राजदंड)) ek 5-foot (1.5 m) lamba, 2-inch (5&nbsp;cm) motaa gold-plated sceptre <ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite web |date=24 May 2023 |title=নতুন সংসদ ভবনে থাকছে স্বাধীনতার অন্যতম প্রতীক 'সেঙ্গল'! সোনার রাজদণ্ডে লুকিয়ে কোন ইতিহাস? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/photogallery/all-you-need-to-know-about-historical-septre-sengol-that-is-going-to-be-placed-in-new-parliament-building-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1432390?slide=4 |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=Anandabazar |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=Vummidi Sudhakar: How 'Sengol' was crafted? |language=en-GB |work=www.hamaribaat.com |url=https://www.hamaribaat.com/vummidi-sudhakar-how-sengol-was-crafted |access-date=2023-05-26 |archive-date=2023-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526143600/https://www.hamaribaat.com/vummidi-sudhakar-how-sengol-was-crafted |url-status=dead }}</ref> hae. 28 May, 2023 ko [[India]] ke [[New Parliament House, India|New Parliament House]] ke inaugural ceremony me, Hindu praarthanaon ke saath, India ke Pradhan Mantri Shri [[Narendra Modi]] ko diya gaya raha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-24 |title=‘Sengol’ to be installed in the new parliament: Significance of the sceptre, first given to Nehru |language=en-IN |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/sengol-new-parliament-significance-nehru-8626977/ |access-date=2023-06-11}}</ref> nae sansad bhavan ke udghaatan ke avasar par, [[Narendra Modi|Modi]] ne nae sansad bhavan mein Lok-sabha adhyaksh kee kursee ke paas sengol sthaapit kiya. sthaapana hindoo praarthanaon ke saath kee gaee thee. India ke ajadi ke in ii Sengol India ke pahile pradhan mantri Jwaharlal ko ii diya gaya raha aur kai saal [[Pryagraj]] me ek museum me rakhe raha. [[file:Sengol Photo Andhra Patrika Telugu.jpg|thumb|Andhra Patrika was one of the erstwhile Telugu newspapers that played major role in Indian independence movement. On 17th August 1947, a photo of 'Sengol' being presented to Nehru by a Tamil Saiva Math was published in that paper.]] == Banaavat (Design) == Sengol ek sone kee parat chadha hua raajadand hae, jisakee lambaee lagabhag 5 pheet aur 2 inch motee hotee hae, jisamen chaandee ka kor hota hae, aur sengol banaane ke lie kul 800 graam sone ka istemaal kiya gaya tha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Parliament: What Is The Significance Of Sengol In Rs 20,000 Crore-Worth Central Vista Project? |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/business/new-parliament-what-is-the-significance-of-sengol-in-rs-20-000-crore-worth-central-vista-project--news-289354}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-25 |title=Jeweller had charged Centre Rs 15,000 in 1947 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jeweller-had-charged-centre-rs-15000-in-1947/articleshow/100487698.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ise jatil dijainon se sajaaya gaya hae aur sheersh par nandee kee nakkaashee kee gaee hae. nandee hindoo dharm mein ek pavitr pashu hae aur bhagavaan [[shiv]] ka parvat hae. ise [[dharm]] ke prateek ke roop mein dekha jaata hae, jise puraanon mein ek bail ke roop mein vyakt kiya gaya hae.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-24 |title=New Parliament building opening {{!}} How a letter to PMO set off a search for the Sengol |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-parliament-building-opening-how-a-letter-to-pmo-set-off-search-for-the-sengol/article66889495.ece |access-date=2023-05-25 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524181219/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-parliament-building-opening-how-a-letter-to-pmo-set-off-search-for-the-sengol/article66889495.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=அகஸ்டஸ் |date=2023-05-25 |title=நாடாளுமன்றத்தில் செங்கோல்; இதற்கும் சோழர்களுக்கும் என்ன தொடர்பு? - தரவுகளுடன் விரிவான அலசல் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/story-about-historic-sengol-to-be-installed-in-new-parliament-building |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=www.vikatan.com |language=ta}}</ref> == Itihaas (History) == Lokapriy pustak "Freedom at Midnight" mein, lekhakon ne ullekh kiya hae ki svatantrata divas kee poorv sandhya par, do hindoo sannyaasee ek praacheen parampara ka paalan karate hue pradhaanamantree neharoo ko svarn raajadand, sengol saumpane aae the, jisamen hindoo santon ne bhaarat ke raaja apanee shakti ke prateekon ke saath.<ref>{{citation |last1=Collins |first1=Larry|last2=Lapierre |first2=Dominique |title= Freedom at Midnight |year=1997 |page=230 |quote=As once Hindu holy men had conferred upon ancient India's kings their symbols of power, so sannyasin had come to York Road to bestow their antique emblems of authority on the man about to assume the leadership of a modern Indian nation. They sprinkled Jawaharlal Nehru with holy water, smeared his forehead with sacred ash, laid their sceptre on his arms.}}</ref> ==References== <references/> ==Ii bhi dekho== * [[Narendra Modi]] ==Bahaari jorr== [[vibhag:India ke politics]] 9c5wk5e4swpgr5ab6kcahz0r5nbvt34 0 58105 338363 338024 2026-09-24T23:37:56Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338363 wikitext text/x-wiki Baamiyaan (ya baamiyaan) ke buddh 6th shataabdee kee do smaarakeey moortiyaan theen, jo kaabul se 130 kilomeetar (81 meel) uttar-pashchim mein 2,500 meetar (8,200 pheet) kee oonchaee par, afganistaan kee baamiyaan ghaatee mein ek chattaan ke kinaare khudee huee theen.<ref name="Gall 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/05/world/asia/05iht-buddhas.3793036.html|title=Afghans consider rebuilding Bamiyan Buddhas|date=5 December 2006}}</ref> buddh ke sanrachanaatmak ghatakon kee kaarban deting se pata chala hai ki chhota 38 meetar (125 pheet) "poorvee buddh" lagabhag 570 eesvee mein banaaya gaya tha, aur bada 55 meetar (180 pheet) "pashchimee buddh" lagabhag 618 eesvee mein banaaya gaya tha, jo donon us samay ke hain jab hephthalaits ne is kshetr par shaasan kiya tha. .<ref name="Nic2018">{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity|date=19 April 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A09WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA708|language=en}}</ref> yah praacheen silk rod par bauddhon ke lie ek pavitr sthal tha. taalibaan ke sansthaapak mulla umar ke aadesh par, taalibaan sarakaar dvaara ghoshit kie jaane ke baad maarch 2001 mein moortiyon ko nasht kar diya gaya tha. antarraashtreey aur sthaaneey janamat ne buddhon ke vinaash kee kadee ninda kee.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="AmTali" /> On orders from Taliban founder Mullah Omar, the statues were destroyed in March 2001,<ref>{{Citeweb|url=https://sacredland.org/bamiyan-valley-afghanistan/|title=Bamiyan Valley – Afghanistan}}</ref> after the Taliban government declared that they were idols.<ref name=":0">{{Citeweb|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/science/archaeology/2001-03-22-afghan-buddhas.htm|title=Why the Taliban are destroying Buddhas|date=22 March 2001}}</ref><ref name="AmTali">{{Cite book|title=American Taliban: How War, Sex, Sin, and Power Bind Jihadists and the Radical Right|url=https://archive.org/details/americantalibanh0000moul}}</ref> International and local opinion strongly condemned the destruction of the Buddhas.<ref name="Ind010611">{{Cite news|date=3 March 2001|title=Taliban destroy ancient Buddhist relics – International pleas ignored by Afghanistan's Islamic fundamentalist leaders|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/taliban-destroy-ancient-buddhist-relics-694425.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106181318/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/taliban-destroy-ancient-buddhist-relics-694425.html |date=6 January 2011 }}</ref> The statues represented a later evolution of the classic blended style of Gandhara art.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Morgan|first=Kenneth W|title=The Path of the Buddha|page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6OHBCgmmGAC&pg=PA43|access-date=2 June 2009|isbn=978-8120800304|year=1956|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.}}</ref> The larger statue was named ''"Salsal"'' ("the light shines through the universe") and was referred as a male. The smaller statue is called ''"Shah Mama"'' ("Queen Mother"), identified as a female figure.<ref>{{Citeweb|url=http://www.christian-frei.info/dvd/christian_frei-booklet_en.pdf|title=booklet web E.indd}}</ref><ref name="bamiyanculturalcentre">{{Citeweb|url=https://bamiyanculturalcentre.org/visit-bamiyan|title=Visit Bamiyan|publisher=Bamiyanculturalcentre.org}}</ref> The Buddhas were surrounded by numerous caves and surfaces decorated with paintings.<ref name="BBC299" /> It is thought that these mostly dated from the 6th to 8th centuries CE, ending with the Muslim conquests of [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="BBC299" /> The smaller works of art are considered as an artistic synthesis of Buddhist art and Gupta art from [[India]], with influences from the Sasanian Empire and the [[Byzantine Samrajya|Byzantine Empire]], as well as the Tokhara Yabghus.<ref name="BBC299">{{Cite journal|last1=Higuchi|first1=Takayasu|last2=Barnes|first2=Gina|title=Bamiyan: Buddhist Cave Temples in Afghanistan|journal=World Archaeology|date=1995|volume=27|issue=2|page=299|doi=10.1080/00438243.1995.9980308|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/125086|issn=0043-8243}}</ref> Mahaan patthar ke buddh, ek 175 pheet oonche aur doosare 125 pheet, kam se kam 6veen shataabdee se ghaatee kee nigaraanee kar rahe the. unhonne changej khaan aur samraat aurangajeb se lekar british aur soviyat tak, sadiyon ke mausam aur aakramanakaariyon kee ek shrrnkhala ko sahan kiya tha. jeevit chattaan se 800 guphaon, mathon aur mandiron ke netavark ke saath nakkaashee kee gaee, ve kaheen bhee pae jaane vaale praarambhik bauddh kala ke behatareen udaaharanon mein se ek the. pratimaon ko helenik tyooniks pahane hue darshaaya gaya tha, jo lagabhag ek sahasraabdee pahale madhy eshiyaee mishran mein sikandar mahaan ke yogadaan kee pratidhvani thee. aphagaanistaan kee asaadhaaran saanskrtik vividhata aur itihaas ke chauraahe par sthit ye bahut hee moort prateek taalibaan ke lie sahan karane ke lie bahut adhik the. bhale hee 10veen shataabdee ke baad se baamiyaan ghaatee mein koee bauddh nahin raha, mulla mohammad umar ne moortiyon ko "moortipoojak" aur "gair-islaamik" maana. maarch 2001 mein kaee dinon tak, taalibaan ne vimaan bhedee topon aur topakhaane se moortiyon par goleebaaree kee, jisase ve kshatigrast ho gaeen lekin unhen pooree tarah se nasht karane mein asamarth rahe. unhonne niche ke nichale hisse mein taink rodhee khadaanen lagaeen, taaki jab topakhaane kee aag se chattaan ke tukade tooten, to ve gir jaen aur phir se uda die jaen. ant mein, antarraashtreey samudaay, puraatatvavidon aur bauddh aur islaamee vidvaanon ke sakht virodh ke beech, unhonne kuchh sthaaneey hajaara purushon ke chaaron or rassiyaan baandh deen, unhen chattaan se neeche gira diya, aur unhen buddh ke chhed mein visphotak rakhane ke lie majaboor kiya. jin do hajaara logon se mainne baat kee, ve shiya the, jo taalibaan ke tahat bhayaanak roop se peedit the, unhonne us bhayankar uchhaal aur dhool ke baadal ka varnan kiya jo buddhon ke nasht hone par kothariyon se nikala tha. kisee bhee maanak ke anusaar, yah itihaas aur sanskrti ke khilaaph ek bhayaanak aparaadh tha, lekin taalibaan ne ise maaph nahin kiya. mulla umar ko yah kahate hue uddhrt kiya gaya, “aap kis baare mein shikaayat kar rahe hain? ham keval pattharon par yuddh lad rahe hain.” === 2002 to present ===   == References == * [https://japantoday.com/category/national/japan-offered-to-hide-bamiyan-statues-but-taliban-asked-japan-to-convert-to-islam-instead Japan offered to hide Bamiyan statues, but Taliban asked Japan to convert to Islam instead] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071023075942/http://tamu.edu/anthropology/Buddhas.html News articles about the Buddhas of Bamyan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070307141401/http://www.afghanistan-photos.com/crbst_21.html Photos of the Buddhas of Bamyan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141219085719/http://www.bamiyanlaser.org/ Bamyan Afghanistan Laser Project] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080407004350/http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/central-asia/afghanistan/bamiyan/monks-caves/sphere-quicktime.html World Heritage Tour: 360 degree image] (after destruction) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181231070512/http://www.bamiyan-development.org/ Bamyan Development] Community Portal for cultural heritage management of Bamyan * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080311222733/http://wmf.org/watch2008/watch.php?id=S8255 The World Monuments Fund's Watch List 2008 listing for Bamyan] * Historic Footage of Bamyan Statues, c. 1973 on YouTube * [[iarchive:TheValleyOfBamiyan|''The Valley of Bamiyan'']] A tourist pamphlet from 1967 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110302103707/http://www.aolnews.com/2011/03/01/researchers-say-they-can-restore-1-of-destroyed-bamiyan-buddhas/ Researchers Say They Can Restore 1 of Destroyed Bamiyan Buddhas] * [http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/1345.htm Secrets of the Bamiyan Buddhas], CNRS * [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/multimedia/photos/bamiyan-photo-gallery/ Bamiyan photo gallery], UNESCO * [http://www.esrf.eu/UsersAndScience/Publications/Highlights/2008/imaging/imaging8 Secrets of Bamiyan Buddhist murals]. ESRF * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130127085215/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2922/stories/20121116292206100.htm Photo Feature Covering Bamiyan Site] [[vibhag:B]] [[vibhag:Afghanistan]] [[vibhag:Buddhism]] 3j8i4fqqc3jkma1kit6s3efwv3536cn 0 62170 338383 333349 2026-09-25T02:56:40Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Pankaj Tripathi | image = Pankaj Tripathi World Premiere Newton Zoopalast Berlinale 2017 06.jpg | caption = Tripathi at the [[Berlin International Film Festival]] in 2017 | birth_name = Pankaj Tiwari<ref name = "OutlookIndiaTripathi">{{cite news |date=3 May 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/how-did-pankaj-tiwari-become-pankaj-tripathi-long-before-he-dreamt-of-being-an-actor-news-194689 |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503113118/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/how-did-pankaj-tiwari-become-pankaj-tripathi-long-before-he-dreamt-of-being-an-actor-news-194689 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |title=How Did Pankaj Tiwari Become Pankaj Tripathi Long Before He Dreamt of Being an Actor? |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |first=Sudhirendar |last=Sharma }} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | birth_date = 5 September 1976 (age {{age|1976|9|5}}) | birth_place = [[Gopalganj District, India|Belsand]], [[Bihar]], India<ref name="TimesOfIndia-10Jun18">{{cite news |title=Story of Pankaj Tripathi: From jail cell, hotel kitchen to big screen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/story-of-pankaj-tripathi-from-jail-cell-hotel-kitchen-to-big-screen/articleshow/64529484.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 June 2018 |access-date=13 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008222358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/story-of-pankaj-tripathi-from-jail-cell-hotel-kitchen-to-big-screen/articleshow/64529484.cms |archive-date=8 October 2018 |url-status=live |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> | nationality = <!--Do not add per [[WP:INFONAT]]--> | alma_mater = {{unbulleted list |[[National School of Drama]] |[[Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])}} | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2004–present | spouse = {{marriage|Mridula Tripathi|2004}} | children = 1 | works = [[Pankaj Tripathi filmography|Full list]] }} '''Pankaj Tripathi''' (Janam: 5 September 1976), [[India]] ke ek Bollywood ke actor hae. {{BD|1976||Tripathi, Pankaj}} [[vibhag:P]] [[vibhag:T]] [[vibhag:India ke log]] 47turw17l61b01tnnspwlklpmjq9cr3 0 62254 338394 338347 2026-09-25T06:53:06Z ~2026-50969-70 41517 338394 wikitext text/x-wiki '''V. Vijaya Prabhakaran''' == Related == List of rapists, perpetraror of the 26/11 attacks, THANI LIST OF SUSPECTS [[Category:Tamil Nadu politicians]] [[Category:Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam politicians]] [[Category:Indian politicians]] [[vibhag:V]] [[vibhag:P]] gbovbqa7ez2ubxmfssa52nbl0zwh7d8 0 63327 338382 337572 2026-09-25T02:48:15Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = North America ke barraa talaab | other_name = Great Lakes | image = Great Lakes, No Clouds (4968915002) Brighter.jpg | alt = Five continent-sized lakes | caption = North America ke barraa talaab ke chhaapa NASA<br/> ke Aqua satellite August 2010 me liis rahaa. Left se<br/> right: [[Lake Superior]], [[Lake Michigan|Michigan]], [[Lake Huron|Huron]], [[Lake Erie|Erie]], [[Lake Ontario|Ontario]] | image_bathymetry = Great Lakes bathymetry map.png | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = Great Lakes ke Bathymetry map | location = [[North America]] ke east me | coordinates = {{coord|45|N|84|W|region:US_type:waterbody_scale:7500000}} | type = mitthaa paani waala kuchh<br/> talaab jon ek duusre se jurraa hae | part_of = [[Great Lakes Basin]] | inflow = Past: [[precipitation]] and [[meltwater]]<br />Now: [[river]]s, precipitation,<br/> aur [[Spring (hydrology)|groundwater spring]]s | outflow = Evaporation, [[Saint Lawrence Naddi]]<br/>se [[Atlantic Ocean]] | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = [[Canada]], [[United States]] | agency = | area = {{convert|94250|sqmi|0}} | depth = {{cvt|60–480|ft|m}} talaab pe nirbhar | max-depth = {{cvt|210–1300|ft|m}} talaab pe nirbhar | volume = {{convert|5439|cumi|0}} (lowest) | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | frozen = around January to March | islands = | trenches = | cities = <!-- Map --> | website = | reference = <!-- In the article --> }} '''Great Lakes''', jiske '''North America ke barraa talaab''' bhi bola jaae hae, kuchh barraa jurraa mitthaa paani waala talaab hae jon Canada–United States border pe hae. Paanch talaab he [[Lake Superior|Superior]], [[Lake Michigan|Michigan]], [[Lake Huron|Huron]], [[Lake Erie|Erie]], aur [[Lake Ontario|Ontario]] . Great Lakes Waterway ke kaaran log taab me boat se travel kare sake hae. Ii sab lake [[Atlantic Ocean]] ke [[Saint Lawrence Naddi]] se, aur [[Mississippi Naddi]] se Illinois Waterway me jurre hae. Great Lakes, mitthaa paani waala talaab ke sab se barraa group hae agar area ke dekha jaae aur duusra sab se barraa agar volume dekha jaae. <ref>{{cite web |title=Great Lakes |url=http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/basicinfo.html |publisher=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] |date=June 28, 2006 |access-date=February 19, 2011 |archive-date=December 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201211425/http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/basicinfo.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LUHNA Chapter 6: Historical Landcover Changes in the Great Lakes Region |publisher=USGS: Ecosystems |date=November 20, 2003 |access-date=February 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111122929/http://biology.usgs.gov/luhna/chap6.html |url=http://biology.usgs.gov/luhna/chap6.html |archive-date=January 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ghassemi |first=Fereidoun |title=Inter-basin water transfer |url=https://archive.org/details/interbasinwatert0000ghas |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-86969-0}}</ref> Puura surface area {{convert|94250|sqmi|0}} aur puura volume {{convert|5439|cumi|0}} hae. <ref name="EPAphysical">{{cite web |title=Great Lakes: Basic Information: Physical Facts |url=http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/physfacts.html |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |date=May 25, 2011 |access-date=November 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529233616/http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/physfacts.html |archive-date=May 29, 2012}}</ref> [[vibhag:N]] [[vibhag:North America ke talaab]] cupr5h8t9vn8t6j18u8jl8ti2v8p36j 0 64350 338375 337330 2026-09-25T02:02:16Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 338375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}} [[File:Kuiper belt plot objects of outer solar system.png|upright=1.3|thumb|Varungrah ke orbit se duur, Kuiper belt ke chij.<br/> (Scale [[Astronomical unit|AU]]; [[epoch (astronomy)|epoch]] me, January 2015 me.) {| | {{legend2|#FFFF00|[[Suraj]]}}<br /> {{legend2|#666666|[[Arungrah trojan]]}}<br /> {{legend2|#FF3333|[[Gas daano]]: {{hlist|class=inline|[[Brahaspati|B]]|[[Sanigrah|S]]|[[Arungrah|A]]|[[Varungrah|V]]}}}}<br /> {{legend2|#006700|[[Centaur]]}} | valign=top | {{legend2|#870087|[[Varungrah trojan]]}}<br /> {{legend2|#FFD68F|'''Resonant Kuiper belt'''}}<br /> {{legend2|#009EE6|'''Classical Kuiper belt'''}}<br /> {{legend2|#545400|[[Scattered disc]]}} |} <div style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: 4px; line-height: 1.2em;">''Distances scale me nai hae, lekin size hae. Biich me ke [[piyar]] disc Mangalgrah ke orbit ke baraabar har..<br />Source: Minor Planet Center, {{URL|https://www.cfeps.net/}} and others''</div> ]] '''Kuiper belt''' <ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/help/pronunciation-key |title=Pronunciation Key: Quick Reference |website=Merriam-Webster.com |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=3 April 2025 |archive-date=1 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601152219/http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/pronsymbols.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Saur Mandal]] ke sab se duur waala hissa ke [[circumstellar disc]] hae, jon Varungrah ke [[orbit]] se, 30 [[astronomical unit]]s (AU) pe, se lagbhag [[Suraj]] se 50 AU talak.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Alan |last1=Stern |title=Collisional erosion in the primordial Edgeworth-Kuiper belt and the generation of the 30–50&nbsp;AU Kuiper gap |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1997-12-01_490_2/page/879 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=490 |issue=2 |pages=879–882 |date=1997 |doi=10.1086/304912 |last2=Colwell |first2=Joshua E. |bibcode=1997ApJ...490..879S|doi-access=free }}</ref> Ii [[asteroid belt]] ke rakam hae, lekin dher barraa hae—20&nbsp;chaurraa aur –200&nbsp;dafe aur garrhu hae.<ref name="beyond">{{cite book |title=The Solar System beyond the Planets |first1=Audrey |last1=Delsanti |first2=David |last2=Jewitt |name-list-style=amp |department=Institute for Astronomy |publisher=University of Hawaii |url=http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/papers/2006/DJ06.pdf |access-date=9 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925203400/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/papers/2006/DJ06.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2007 |bibcode=2006ssu..book..267D |year=2006}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925203400/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/papers/2006/DJ06.pdf |date=25 September 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1-link=Georgij A. Krasinsky |first1=G. A. |last1=Krasinsky |last2=Pitjeva |first2=E. V. |bibcode=2002Icar..158...98K |title=Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt |journal=Icarus |volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=98–105 |date=July 2002 |doi=10.1006/icar.2002.6837 |author2-link=Elena V. Pitjeva |last3=Vasilyev |first3=M.V. |last4=Yagudina |first4=E.I.}}</ref> Asteroid belt belt ke rakam, isme chhota-chhota chij hae jon [[Saur Mandal]] ke bane ke time se bachaa hae. Jab ki dher [[asteroid]] patthar aur [[metal]] ke banaa hae, jaada Kuiper belt ke chij frozen [[volatiles]] (termed "ices"), jaise [[methane]], [[ammonia]], aur [[paani]] se banaa hae. Kuiper belt uu chij ke ghar hae jiske astronomer log jaada kar ke [[bauna grah]] bole hae: [[Orcus]], [[Yamgrah]],<ref name="pluto_dwarf">{{cite web |last1=Christensen |first1=Lars Lindberg |title=IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes |url=https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0603/ |publisher=IAU |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429212224/https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0603/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Haumea]],<ref name="Dwarf_5">{{cite web |last1=Christensen |first1=Lars Lindberg |title=IAU names fifth dwarf planet Haumea |url=https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0807/ |publisher=IAU |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=25 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425065601/http://iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0807/ |url-status=dead |date=17 September 2008}}</ref> [[Quaoar]], aur [[Makemake]].<ref name="Dwarf_4">{{cite web |last1=Christensen |first1=Lars Lindberg |title=Fourth dwarf planet named Makemake |date=19 July 2008|url=https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0806/ |publisher=IAU |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616154815/https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0806/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Saur Mandal]] ke kuchh [[chaand]], jaise Varungrah ke [[Triton]] aur [[Sanigrah]] ke [[Phoebe]], saait ii jagha se aae hoi.<ref>Johnson, Torrence V.; and Lunine, Jonathan I.; ''Saturn's moon Phoebe as a captured body from the outer Solar System'', Nature, Vol. 435, pp. 69–71</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Neptune's capture of its moon Triton in a binary-planet gravitational encounter |author1=Craig B. Agnor |author2=Douglas P. Hamilton |name-list-style=amp |journal=Nature |volume=441 |issue=7090 |pages=192–4 |url=http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~cagnor/papers_pdf/2006AgnorHamilton.pdf |date=2006 |access-date=20 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621182809/http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~cagnor/papers_pdf/2006AgnorHamilton.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2007 |url-status=dead |bibcode=2006Natur.441..192A |doi=10.1038/nature04792 |pmid=16688170|s2cid=4420518 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Saur Mandal}} [[vibhag:K]] [[vibhag:Varungrah paar ke chij]] ozfkx8c20aueg1k8rpxewmi47a1dd3q