Charles Dickens

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="hif">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>hifwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">saadhan</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">khaas</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">baat</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">sadasya</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">sadasya ke baat</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Wikipedia baat</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">file</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">file ke baat</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">MediaWiki ke baat</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Template</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Template ke baat</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">madat</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">madat ke baat</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">vibhag</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">voibhag ke baat</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Charles Dickens</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>338866</id>
      <parentid>332088</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T19:48:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>26740</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>338866</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10256" sha1="296qrxtlkstsz10zsgd9jfu73lpazyu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Writer &lt;!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] --&gt;
| name = Charles Dickens
| image = Charles Dickens - Project Gutenberg eText 13103.jpg
| caption = 
| birthname = Charles John Huffam Dickens
| birthdate = {{birth date|1812|2|7|df=yes}}&lt;br /&gt;Landport, Hampshire, [[England]]
| deathdate = {{death date and age|1870|6|9|1812|2|7|df=yes}}&lt;br /&gt;Gad's Hill Place, Higham, Kent, England
| occupation = Novelist
| notableworks = ''Sketches by Boz'', ''Oliver Twist'', ''Barnaby Rudge'', ''A Christmas Carol'', ''Martin Chuzzlewit'', ''A Tale of Two Cities'', ''David Copperfield'', ''Great Expectations'', ''Bleak House'', ''Little Dorrit'', ''Hard Times'', ''Our Mutual Friend'' 
| influences = Honoré de Balzac, Miguel de Cervantes, Victor Hugo, Washington Irving, William Shakespeare
| influenced = T. Coraghessan Boyle, Fyodor Dostoevsky, George Gissing, Thomas Hardy, John Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, Tom Wolfe, G. K. Chesterton, George Orwell, Ray Bradbury, Mervyn Peake
| signature = Charles Dickens Signature.jpg
}}
'''Charles Dickens''' ke janam [[7 February]] [[1812]] ke Portsmouth, [[England]] me bhaes rahaa.  Uske baap rahaa, John Dickens, ek [[navy|naval]] pay clerk, aur maiya rahii Elizabeth Barrow.

Jab Dickens paanch saal ke rahaa tab uske palwaar Chatham chal diin, aur paanch saal ke baad uu logan Camden, [[London]] me jaae ke rahe lagin. Dickens ek factory me kaam karis jab uske baap jahel me rahaa. Uske factory ke experience uske book lokhe me kaam diis.

Dickens ke book me rahaa ''Oliver Twist'', ''Great Expectations'', ''David Copperfield'', ''Nicholas Nickelby'' and ''The Old Curiosity Shop'', ''A Christmas Carol''.  Charles Dickens ke maut [[9 June]], [[1870]] me bhaes.

==Bachpan ke din==
[[File:CharlesDickens house Portsmouth.JPG|thumb|Charles Dickens ke janam sthaan, 393 Commercial Road, [[Portsmouth]], Hampshire]]
[[File:ChathamOrdnanceTerrCrop.jpg|thumb|alt=photograph|2 Ordnance Terrace (house on rahin left), [[Chatham, Medway|Chatham]], Kent, jon Dickens ke ghar  1817 se 1821 talak rahaa]]
Charles John Huffam Dickens ke janam 7 February 1812 me 1 Mile End Terrace (abi ke 393 Commercial Road), [[Landport]], [[Portsea Island]] me ([[Portsmouth]]), [[Hampshire]] bhais rahaa. Uu  of [[Elizabeth Dickens]] (née Barrow; 1789–1863) aur [[John Dickens]] (1785–1851) ke aath larrkan me se duusra rahaa. Uske pitaji  [[Royal Navy]] Pay Office me el clerk rahaa aur   temporarily ii district me stationed rahaa. Uu Christopher Huffam,  Royal Navy ke ek rigger aur ek  established firm ke heas, ke Charles ke  godfather bane ke puuchis rahaa.&lt;ref name=West1999&gt;{{cite journal |last=West |first=Gilian |title=Huffam and Son |journal=The Dickensian |volume=95 |number=447 |date=Spring 1999 |pages=5–18 |publisher=Dickens Fellowship}}&lt;/ref&gt; Huffam ke  Paul Dombey, jon ek shipping company ke malik Dickens ke novel ''[[Dombey and Son]]'' (1848) me rahaa, ke inspiration maana jaawe hae.&lt;ref name=West1999/&gt;

January 1815 me, John Dickens ke London balaawa gais rahaa, aur uske palwaar  Norfolk Street, [[Fitzrovia]] me jaae ke rahe lagaa.&lt;ref name=Callow2012p5&gt;{{harvnb|Callow|2012|p=5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jab Charles chaar saal ke rahaa tab uulog [[Sheerness]] aur iske baad [[Chatham, Kent|Chatham]], Kent me rahat rahin, jahaan pe uu aapan bhachpan ke din rahis , 11 saal ke umar talak.&lt;ref name=Callow2012p9&gt;{{harvnb|Callow|2012|p=9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uske bachpan ke din achchhaa rahaa, lekin uu apne ke  &quot;bahut chhotaa aur achchhaa se nai dekhaa gais larrkaa &quot; sochat rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Forster|2006|p=13}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Charles ghar se baahar jaada samay spend karis rahaa, lekin uu dher parrhat bhi rahaa, jisme  [[Tobias Smollett]] aur [[Henry Fielding]] ke[[picaresque novel]]s rahaa, aur iske saathe ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]'' aur ''[[Gil Blas]]''. Uu ''[[The Arabian Nights]]'' ke dher dafe parrhis rahaa aur &quot;TheCollected Farces of [[Elizabeth Inchbald]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=Callow2012p7&gt;{{harvnb|Callow|2012|p=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saat saal ke umar me, uu pahila dafe [[Joseph Grimaldi]]—modern [[clown]]ing ke father— ke perform karte  Star Theatre [[Rochester, Kent|Rochester]], Kent me dekhis rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;Charles Dickens: Collected Papers, Vol. 1, ''Preface to Grimaldi'', p. 9&lt;/ref&gt; Uu baad me Grimaldi ke clowning ke dher dafe nakal utaris rahaa, aur ''[[Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi]]'' ke edit karis rahaa.&lt;ref name=Forster65&gt;{{harvnb|Forster|2006|p=65}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|[[John Forster (biographer)|John Forster]] quotes an unpublished letter in which Dickens responds to the accusation that he must not have seen Grimaldi in person: &quot;Now, Sir, although I was brought up from remote country parts in the dark ages of 1819 and 1820 to behold the splendour of Christmas pantomimes and the humour of Joe, in whose honour I am informed I clapped my hands with great precocity, and although I even saw him act in the remote times of 1823&amp;nbsp;... I am willing&amp;nbsp;... to concede that I had not arrived at man's estate when Grimaldi left the stage&quot;.&lt;ref name=Forster65/&gt; When Dickens arrived in America for the first time in 1842, he stayed at the [[Tremont House (Boston)|Tremont House]], America's &quot;pioneer first-class hotel&quot;. Dickens &quot;bounded into the Tremont's foyer shouting out 'Here we are!', Grimaldi's famous catch-phrase and as such entirely appropriate for a great and cherished entertainer making his entrance upon a new stage.&quot;&lt;ref name=Slater178&gt;Slater, p. 178&lt;/ref&gt; Later, Dickens was known to imitate Grimaldi's clowning on several occasions.&lt;ref&gt;Dolby, pp. 39–40&lt;/ref&gt;|group=&quot;nb&quot;}} Uske aapan bachpan ke time achchhaa se yaad rahaa , jiske uu aapan lekh me kaam me laais rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Ackroyd|1990|pp=22–24:29–30}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Uske pitaji ke kuchh din ke kaam  Navy Pay Office ke clerk ke ruup me, ke kaaran uske kuchh din ke  private education milaa rahaa, pahile ek  [[dame school]] me aur baad me  ek school jiske William Giles, ek [[English Dissenters|dissenter]], Chatham me chalaat rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Ackroyd|1990|p=41}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Dickens-at-the-Blacking-Warehouse.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=drawing|An illustration by Fred Bernard of Dickens at work in a shoe-blacking factory after his father had been sent to rahin [[Marshalsea]], published in rahin 1892 edition of Forster's ''Life of Charles Dickens''&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Schlicke|1999|p=158}}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Ii time June 1822 me khalaas bhais, jab John Dickens ke Navy Pay Office headquarters [[Somerset House]] me balaawa gais rahaa aur uske palwaar (Charles ke chhorr ke, jon pichchhe ruk ke aapan school ke aakhri term ke khalaas karis)  [[Camden Town]], London mr jaae ke rahe lagin.&lt;ref name=Callow2009p13&gt;{{harvnb|Callow|2009|p=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uske palwaar  Kent ke chhorre rahin dher karjaa me,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Ackroyd|1990|p=76}}:'recklessly improvident'.&lt;/ref&gt; aur John Dickens ke uske  creditors uske [[Marshalsea]] [[debtors' prison]]  [[Southwark]], London me, 1824 me jahel karae de rahin. Uske aurat are sab se chhotaa larrkan uske saathe jahel me rahin, jaise uutime howat rahaa.. Charles, jon uutime 12 saal ke rahaa, Elizabeth Roylance, palwaar ke ek dost, 112 College Place, Camden Town  me rahat rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Pope-Hennessy|1945|p=11}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Mrs Roylance  &quot;a reduced impoverished old lady, long known to our family&quot;, jiske baare me baad me Dickens likhis rahaa, &quot;with a few alterations and embellishments&quot;, as &quot;Mrs Pipchin&quot; in ''Dombey and Son'' me. Baad me uu ek back-attic me ek ghar jon ek agent for rahin [[Insolvency|Insolvent Court]], Archibald Russell, &quot;ek motaa, achchhaa nature ke , dayalu buddhaa admii ... jiske ek chuppi burrhiyaa aurat rahaa &quot; aur ek langrraa larrkaa, [[Lant Street]], Southwark me.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Forster|2006|p=27}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Isse uske inspiration  Garlands in ''[[The Old Curiosity Shop]]'' ke khaatir milaa rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Ackroyd|1990|p=76}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Etwaar ke—aapan bahini, [[Fanny Dickens|Frances]] ke saathe, jon uutime aapan parrhai  [[Royal Academy of Music]] se free rahat rahii— uu din ke Marshalsea me bitais rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Wilson|1972|p=53}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Dickens baad me jahel ke aapan book me   ''[[Little Dorrit]]'' ke setting banais rahaa. Aapan rahe ke kharchaa aur aapan palwaar ke madat kare ke khaatir, Dickens ke school chhorr  Warren's [[Shoe polish|Blacking]] Warehouse, on Hungerford Stairs me 10 ghantaa roj ke kaam kare ke parraa rahaa. Ii abhi ke  [[Charing Cross railway station]] ke nagiich rahaa, jahaan pe uske chhe [[shilling]]s haftaa milat rahaa,  pots of boot blacking me labels chapkae  ke. Ii karraa kaam ke asar  Dickens pe rahaa aur uske  fiction aur essays ke influence karis rahaa, jon khaas kaaran rahaa ki uu reform of socio-economic aur labour conditions me interest liis rahaa, jon uu sochat rahaa ki garib jaada sahat rahin. Uu baad me likhis rahaa: &quot;how I could have been so easily cast away at such an age&quot;.&lt;ref name=Foster23/&gt;

Jab warehouse ke hatae ke Chandos Street ,  [[Covent Garden]] ke busy jagha me karaa gais rahaa, tab larrkaa logan ek room me kaam karat rahin jon ek street me khulat rahaa. Kuch log batur ke uulog ke dekhar rahin.  Dickens ke biographer [[Simon Callow]] ke estimation me, ii public display &quot;a new refinement added to his misery&quot; rahaa.&lt;ref name=Callow2009p25&gt;{{harvnb|Callow|2009|p=25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Courtyard of the former Marshalsea prison, 1897 (2).png|upright|thumb|[[Marshalsea]] lagbhag 1897 me, iske band hoe jaae ke baad. Dickens aapan books ke dher characters ke aapan experience aapan pitaji ke  debtors' prison, khaas kar ke [[Little Dorrit|Amy Dorrit]] se''Little Dorrit'' rahaa.]] 
Uske kahek jaae ke kuchh din baad, John Dickens, Elizabeth Dickens ke maiyaa, mar gais aur uske £450 milaa rahaa. Ii paisa mile ke kaaran , Dickens ke jahel se chhorr sewa gais rahaa.  [[Insolvent Debtors (England) Act 1813|Insolvent Debtors Act]] ke niche, Dickens aapan  creditors ke paisa diis, aur uu aur uske palwaar Marshalsea se bahaae aae gain,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Schlicke|1999|p=157}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- not for the bequest --&gt;  Mrs Roylance ke ghar me jaae ke rahe lagin.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Duusra websites ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200144/http://www.mobilebooks.org/?author=CD Charles Dickens mobile ebooks]

{{BD|1812|1870|Dickens, Charles}}

[[vibhag:D]]
[[vibhag:Great Britain ke lekhak]]</text>
      <sha1>296qrxtlkstsz10zsgd9jfu73lpazyu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Simone de Beauvoir</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4958</id>
    <revision>
      <id>338871</id>
      <parentid>337549</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T23:40:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>26740</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>338871</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11768" sha1="7m5xrrhl81oghdgu2gpq9jzj45rq02m" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox_Philosopher 
|region = Western Philosophy 
|era = 20th-century philosophy
|color = #B0C4DE |

 &lt;!-- Image and Caption --&gt;
 image_name = 	Simone de Beauvoir.jpg
|image_caption = de Beauvoir ke chapa 1968 me|

 &lt;!-- Information --&gt;
 name = Simone-Lucie-Ernestine-Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir 
|birth  = 9 January 1908&lt;br /&gt;[[Paris]], [[France]]
|death = 14 April 1986 &lt;br /&gt;Paris, France
|school_tradition = Existentialism&lt;br /&gt;Feminism 
|main_interests = Politics, Feminism, Ethics 
|influences = [[René Descartes|Descartes]], Wollstonecraft, [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], Husserl, [[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard]], Heidegger, [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], Sade 
|influenced = Butler, Camus, [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], Paglia, Friedan, Hoagland, Rich, Greer
|notable_ideas = ethics of ambiguity, feminist ethics, existential feminism |
}}
'''Simone de Beauvoir''' ([[9 January]] [[1908]] – [[14 April]] [[1986]]) ek [[France|French]] [[lekhak]] aur [[philosopher]] rahii. 

==Jiiwan kahaani==

=== Bachpan ke din ===
Beauvoir ke janam 9 January 1908 me,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/09/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-9-2020/6871578415895/|title= UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 9, 2020|work= [[United Press International]] | date= 9 January 2020|access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-date= 15 January 2020|archive-url= https://archive.today/20200115192229/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/09/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-9-2020/6871578415895/|url-status=live|quote=...French novelist Simone de Beauvoir in 1908}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paris]] ke ek  [[bourgeois]] palwaar me [[6th arrondissement of Paris|6th arrondissement]] me bhais rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/jun/06/classics.simonedebeauvoir |title=Still the second sex|first=Maureen|last=Freely|author-link=Maureen Freely|date=6 June 1999|access-date=6 January 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=UK|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190413171557/https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/jun/06/classics.simonedebeauvoir| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/08/top10s.debeauvoir |title=Lisa Appignanesi's top 10 books by and about Simone de Beauvoir|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=8 January 2008|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190413154026/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/08/top10s.debeauvoir|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/118617/anne-hollander-reviews-simone-de-beauvoir-biography-deidre-bair |title=The Open Marriage of True Minds|first=Anne|last=Hollander|date=11 June 1990|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150912233548/https://newrepublic.com/article/118617/anne-hollander-reviews-simone-de-beauvoir-biography-deidre-bair|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uske pitaji, Georges Bertrand de Beauvoir, ek wakiil rahaa jon ek actor bane maangat rahaaa,&lt;ref name=&quot;IEP Biography&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mussett |first=Shannon |title=Beauvoir, Simone de {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/simone-de-beauvoir/ |access-date=11 April 2010 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; aur maiyaa Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur), ek dhani banker ke larrki aur kattar [[Catholic]] rahii. Kaaheki uske maiyaa-bappa jaada time ghare nai rahat rahin,  Simone ke khaas kar ke uske  nanny, Louise paale rahii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Louise ke  relationship Françoise Beauvoir se achchhaaa nai rahaa. Simone ke ek bahini, [[Hélène de Beauvoir|Hélène]] rahii, jon 6 June 1910 ke paida bhae rahii. Beauvoir  intellectually precocious rahii, aapan pitaji ke protsahan ke kaaran, aur uu ii boast karat rahaa ki: 

{{Blockquote|text=“Simone ke ek admii ke dimaag hae; uu ek admii ke rakam soche hae; uu ek admii hae.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=A talk with Simone de Beauvoir |last=Moorehead |first=Caroline |date=1974-06-02 |pages=258 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/02/archives/a-talk-with-simone-de-beauvoirr-marriage-is-an-alienating.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003113522/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/02/archives/a-talk-with-simone-de-beauvoirr-marriage-is-an-alienating.html |archive-date=2025-10-03 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bair, p. 60&lt;/ref&gt;|author=Caroline Moorehead|title=A talk with Simone de Beauvoir|source=[[The New York Times]]|character=Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur)}}Uske bachpan ke din ke baare me likhte  ''Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter me,'' uu bolis rahaa:

{{Blockquote|text=...hamaar pitaji ke [[individualism]] aur nastik ethical standards hamaar maiyaa ke  rigidly moral [[conventionalism]] sikchhaa ke virod rahaa. Ii disequilibrium, jisse hamaar jindagi endless disputation hoe gais, khaas kaaran rahaa ki ham ek [[intellectual]] ban gayaa hae.&lt;ref&gt;''Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter'', Book One&lt;/ref&gt;|author=Simone de Beauvoir|title=Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter|source=Book One, pg. 41}}

==== Education ====
Beauvoir, high school ke baad aapan   post-secondary ke parrhai kare rahii {{Interlanguage link multi|Cours Desir|fr}} me.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Paris: sur les traces de Simone de Beauvoir |trans-title=Paris: On the trail of Simone de Beauvoir |url= https://www.en-vols.com/inspirations/culture/paris-simone-de-beauvoir/ |website=en-vols.com |date=22 November 2022 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baccalaureate exams ke mathematics aur philosophy ke 1925 me 17 saal ke umar me, uu   [[Institut Catholique de Paris]] me mathematics aur   literature/languages at the {{Interlanguage link multi|Institut Sainte-Marie|fr}} me parrhe rahii. 

[[File:EcoleNormaleDeParis - Jeanne Blancard-Colette Maze.tif|thumb|Class  [[École Normale]], Paris me, [[1930s]] me.]]

Jab ki uu sarkari taur pe bharti nai bhae rahii, Simone,  [[École Normale Supérieure]] me class me baithis aapan ''[[agrégation]]'' in philosophy ke taiyaari ke khaatir, jon ek bahut competitive postgraduate examination rahaa jisse  students ke nationally rank karaa jaawat rahaa. uu jab iske khaatir parrhat rahii tab uu  École Normale ke students [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Paul Nizan]], aur [[René Maheu]] (jon uske nickname &quot;''Castor''&quot;, nai to &quot;Beaver&quot;, diis rahaa) se mile rahii.&lt;ref name=&quot;IEP Biography&quot; /&gt;Uu  [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] me philosophy parrhe rahii, appan degree ke  1928 me khatam kare ke baad, uu likhe rahii ''[[Diplôme d'études supérieures spécialisées]]'' (jon [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] thesis ke rakam hae)  [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]] for [[Léon Brunschvicg]] 1929 me (uske topic rahaa &quot;Le concept chez Leibniz&quot; [&quot;The Concept in Leibniz&quot;]).&lt;ref&gt;Margaret A. Simons (ed.), ''Feminist Interpretations of Simone de Beauvoir'', Penn State Press, 1 November 2010, p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt; 1929 me, the jury for the ''agrégation'' kuchh mark se Sartre ke first place aur Beauvoir ke second place diis rahaa. Uu 21 saal ke rahii, jiske matlab hae ki uu sab se chhotii jan rahii jon ii exam ke pass kare rahii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Menand|first=Louis|date=19 September 2005|title=Stand by Your Man|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/09/26/stand-by-your-man|access-date=11 May 2010|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US|issn=0028-792X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iske alaawaa, Beauvoir ek exam certificate of &quot;General Philosophy and Logic&quot; khaatir karis jisme uu second rahii [[Simone Weil]] ke baad. Kaaheki uu 8th jan rahii jon ''agrégation'' ke pass kare rahii, uske achchhaa kaam mile lagaa aur uu ajaad hoe gais.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Dharmik paalan posan ====
Beauvoir ek [[Catholic]] aur uske parrhai  convent schools me bhais rahaa. Uu ekdam dharmik rahii aur ek nun bane maangat rahii.  14 saal ke umar me, Beauvoir aapan dharam ke sawaal kare lagis aur aapan teens me dharam ke chorr diiye rahaa. uu aapan baaki jindagi bhar ek [[atheism|atheist]] rahii.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Simone de Beauvoir|url=https://www.biography.com/scholar/simone-de-beauvoir|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Biography|date=9 July 2020 |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Thurman&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Thurman |first=Judith |date=28 May 2010 |title=Introduction to Simone de Beauvoir's 'The Second Sex' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/30/books/excerpt-introduction-second-sex.html |access-date=11 April 2010 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iske samjhaae ke khaatir, Beauvoir bole rahii, 

{{Blockquote|text=&quot;Dharam ke kaaran log uu kathnai se duur bhaage hae jon asliyat me hae. Aur isse jaada, biswas kare waala log  apne ke barraa samjhe hae  ii  cowardice act se.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bertrand de Beauvoir|first=Simone|title=All Said and Done|url=https://archive.org/details/allsaiddone00beau|publisher=G. P. Putnam's &amp; Sons|year=1974|isbn=9780399112515|location=New York|pages=478|translator-last=O'Brian|translator-first=Patrick}}&lt;/ref&gt;|author=Simone Bertrand de Beauvoir|title=All Said and Done}}

=== Biich waala saal ===
[[File:Sartre and de Beauvoir at Balzac Memorial.jpg|thumb|upright|Jean-Paul Sartre aur Simone de Beauvoir, Balzac Memorial me]]
Uske palwaar  bourgeois rahe ke khaatir struggle karat rahaa kaaheki uulog aapan daulat ke  [[World War I]] ke baad lutae de rahin aur and Françoise ke insistence ke uske larrki loagan ek  prestigious convent school jaawe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 July 2016|title=Simone de Beauvoir: Equality in Unity|url=https://the8percent.com/simone-de-beauvoir-equality-in-unity/|access-date=30 October 2025|website=The 8 Percent|language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Palwaar me paisa ke kami ke kaaran, uu aapan [[dahej]] pe nai nirbhar rahe sakat rahii. Iske kaaran uske saadi hoe ke chance kamti hoe gais. Iske kaaran uu apne se kamai kare lagii.&lt;ref name=&quot;oxfordreference.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-90|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History|chapter=Beauvoir, Simone de|date=January 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uu [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]] aur [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] ke saathe kaam karis, jab uu tiinao aapan  practice teaching requirements ke ekke secondary school me kare rahin.  1929 se 1943 talak, Beauvoir  [[lycée]] level ke parrhais, jabtak uu aapan likhai ke amdani pe nisrbahar rahe sakat rahii.  Uu {{Interlanguage link multi|Lycée Montgrand|fr}} ([[Marseille]]),  {{Interlanguage link multi|Lycée Jeanne-d'Arc (Rouen)|fr}}, aur [[Lycée Molière (Paris)]] (1936–39) me parrhae rahii.&lt;ref&gt;Kelly Oliver (ed.), ''French Feminism Reader'', Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers, 2000, p. 1; ''Bulletin 2006 de l'Association amicale des anciens et anciennes élèves du lycée Molière'', 2006, p. 22.&lt;/ref&gt;

1945 me [[Robert Brasillach]] ke trial ke time, Beauvoirek chhotaa group of  prominent intellectuals me se ek rahii jon jon uske maut ke maang kare rahii, uske   'intellectual crimes' of supporting [[Fascism]] aur genocide of Jewish log ke khaatir. Uu ii decision ke aapan 1946 ke essay &quot;An Eye for an Eye&quot; me defend kare rahii.&lt;ref&gt;David Newcastle, [https://tikhanovlibrary.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-pierre-drieu-la-rochelle/ ''The Rise and Fall of Pierre Drieu la Rochlle''], Gilles, Tikhanov Library, 2024, preface&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://academic.oup.com/book/11006/chapter-abstract/159332034?redirectedFrom=fulltext “An Eye for an Eye”: The Question of Revenge] Sonia Kirks&lt;/ref&gt;

{{BD|1908|1986|De Beauvoir, Simone}}

[[vibhag:France ke philosophers]]
[[vibhag:B]]</text>
      <sha1>7m5xrrhl81oghdgu2gpq9jzj45rq02m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ghoraiya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8345</id>
    <revision>
      <id>338867</id>
      <parentid>334494</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T20:44:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>26740</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>338867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1080" sha1="egz6k12vw9p3t7hy16rdrbmmupnianu" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Eleusine indica, closeup.jpg|160px|rifht]]
'''[[Ghoraiya]]''' (Scientific naam: ''Eleusine indica '', English: ''Indian goosegrass, Wiregrass, Crowfootgrass'', Kaiviti: ''kavoronaisivi, vorovoroisivi'') ek rakam ke giras hai jiske weed maana jaae hae. Ii garam des me hoe hae.

==Bahaari jorr==&lt;!-- Micronesica40:169. --&gt;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220302114927/https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8738,8961,8962 Jepson Manual Treatment]
* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ELIN3 USDA Plants Profile: ''Eleusine indica''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430064741/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ELIN3 |date=2013-04-30 }}
* [http://herbarium.usu.edu/webmanual/info2.asp?name=Eleusine_indica&amp;type=treatment Grass Manual Treatment]
* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&amp;where-taxon=Eleusine+indica Photo gallery]
* [http://weedipedia.net/wiki/index.php5?title=Eleusine_indica]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Category:Invasive Grass]]</text>
      <sha1>egz6k12vw9p3t7hy16rdrbmmupnianu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aizawl</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8662</id>
    <revision>
      <id>338864</id>
      <parentid>323975</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T18:56:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>26740</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>338864</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4462" sha1="mm273kuvitbvhajh9c55rcxo2dm1wr8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = Aizawl
| other_name               = Aijal
| settlement_type          = [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|Capital city of Mizoram]]
| image_skyline            = {{multiple image
| border                   = infobox
| total_width              = 300
| image_style              = 
| perrow                   = 1/2/2/1
| image1= DowntownAizawl.png
| image2= Mizoram Assembly House (wider view).jpg
| image3= Aizawl Bench, Gauhati High Court.jpg
| image4= Solomon's Temple, Aizawl, Mizoram, India.jpg
| image5 = AizawlSecretariat.jpg
| image6 = Aizawl City.jpg
}}
| image_alt                       = 
| image_caption                   = Clockwise from top: Aizawl city centre, [[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati High Court, Aizawl Bench]], [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram Assembly House]], [[Solomon's Temple, Aizawl|Solomon's Temple]], Mizoram Secretariat, Aizawl skyline
| nickname                 = {{lang|lus|Zofate Jerusalem}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/mnf-hopes-to-ride-mizo-nationalism-wave-post-manipur-9002389/ | title='Zofate Jerusalem': MNF hopes to ride Mizo nationalism wave post-Manipur, to another term | date=27 October 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &quot;The [[Jerusalem]] of the [[Zo people]]&quot; &lt;br /&gt; {{lang|lus|Zawlkhawpui}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://zalen.in/detail/zawlkhawpui-senmei-chan-ni | title=Zawlkhawpui senmei chan ni | access-date=2025-06-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130075552/https://zalen.in/detail/zawlkhawpui-senmei-chan-ni | archive-date=2024-11-30 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &quot;The great ''zawl'' city&quot;
| map_alt                  = 
| map_caption              = 
| pushpin_map              = India Mizoram#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position   = center
| pushpin_map_alt          = 
| pushpin_map_caption      = Location of Aizawl in India
| coordinates              = {{coord|23|43|38|N|92|43|04|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type         = Country
| subdivision_name         = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1        = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2        = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]
| established_title        = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;
| established_date         = 1889 &lt;small&gt;As Fort Aijal&lt;/small&gt;
| founder                  = 
| named_for                = 
| governing_body           = [[Aizawl Municipal corporation|Aizawl Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1            = Mayor
| leader_name1             = [[Lalrinenga Sailo|Lalrinênga Sailo]] ([[Mizo National Front|MNF]])
| unit_pref                = Metric
| area_footnotes           = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://amcmizoram.com|title=AMC facts}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank                = 
| area_total_km2           = 
| elevation_footnotes      = 
| elevation_m              = 
| population_total         = 405,000 (estimate)
| population_as_of         = 2024
| population_rank          = 1st in [[Mizoram]]
| population_density_km2   = 2253
| population_demonym       = 
| population_footnotes     = 
| demographics_type1       = Languages
| demographics1_title1     = Official
| demographics1_info1      = [[Mizo language|Mizo]] and [[English language|English]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mizoram, Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, North East India |url=https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/mizoram |website=mdoner.gov.in |access-date=13 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| timezone1                = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1              = +5:30
| postal_code_type         = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code              = 796001
| area_code_type           = Telephone code
| area_code                = 0389
| registration_plate       = MZ-01
| blank_name               = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank_info               = 1025 females per 1000 males [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank1_name              = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info              = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]
| blank_name_sec2          = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| blank_info_sec2          = 98.36%
| footnotes                = 
}}
'''Aizawl''' (population 228,280), [[India]] ke [[state]], [[Mizoram]] ke capital hae. Mizoam ke 26% population ii city me rahe hae.  
==References==
{{Stub}}

[[Category:India ke city]]
[[Category:Mizoram]]</text>
      <sha1>mm273kuvitbvhajh9c55rcxo2dm1wr8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Swami Vivekananda College</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13714</id>
    <revision>
      <id>338872</id>
      <parentid>327458</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T23:57:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>26740</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>338872</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3249" sha1="pndrm5nf8gw6v7im3viz0yl8bdsy1n0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox school
| name               = Swami Vivekananda College
| native_name        = 
| logo               = 
| motto              = 
| established        = &lt;!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt; 1949
| closed             =
| type               = Secondary
| status             = 
| category_label     = 
| category           = 
| gender_label       = 
| gender             = 
| affiliation        = Committee School
| affiliations       = 
| administrator      =
| asst admin         =
| president          = 
| chairman_label     = 
| chairman           = 
| principal          = Rajesh Krishna
| asst principal     = 
| deputy principal   = 
| campus director    = 
| headmaster         = 
| dean               = 
| rector             = 
| founder            =  
| chaplain           = 
| head label         = 
| head               = 
| oic                =
| faculty            = 
| teaching_staff     = 
| enrollment         = 1000
| enrolment          = 
| grades_label       = Year
| grades             = 
| address            = Tunalia Rd.,&lt;br&gt;Malolo
| city               = Nadi
| state              = 
| province           = 
| country            = Fiji
| coordinates        = &lt;!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|region:ZZ_type:edu|display=inline,title}} --&gt;
| district           =Lautoka-Yasawa
| oversight_label    = 
| oversight          = 
| accreditation      = 
| campus             = 
| colors             = 
| colours            =  
| athletics          = 
| nickname           =
| mascot             = 
| emblem             = 
| rival              =
| yearbook           = 
| newspaper          = 
| free_label_1       = Phone
| free_1             = 6700340/8987125
| free_label_2       = Mailing Address
| free_2             = P. O. Box 716, Nadi
| free_label_3       = Email
| free_3             = svcfiji@gmail.com&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.scribd.com/document/626587293/Secondary-School-Contact-List FEMIS School Contact List]]&lt;/ref&gt;
| testname           = 
| testaverage        = 
| national_ranking   = 
| website            = https://rkmfiji.org/
| footnotes          = 
| picture            = 
| image_caption      = 
| picture2           = 
| image_caption2     = 
}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}  (School Code: 3004)''', Fiji ke ek school hae jon [[Viti Levu]] ke [[Western Division]] me hae.    

==Principal ke suchi==
* 1949 - 1951: [[K. S. Reddy]]
* 1952 - 1960: P. N. Damodaran Moosad
* 1969 - 1980: Bala Ganapathi Pillai
* 1980 - 1989: Gangadharan Naikar
* 1990 - 1994: Padma Singh
* 1995 - 1997: Vishnu Dayal
* 1998 - 2001: Krishna Murthi
* 2002: Ganeshwar Prasad
* 2003 - 2008: Kumaran Subramani
* 2009: Swaran Lata Patel
* 2009 - 2010: Mahendra Singh
* 2010 - 2014: Rajesh Krishna
* 2015: Dhirendra Kumar
* 2016: Gyan Chand Sumer
* 2017: Swami Vedanishtanandaji
2018 - : Rajesh Krishna &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://rkmfiji.org/svc/history/ |title=Swami Vivekananda Colllege history |access-date=2025-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206161307/http://rkmfiji.org/svc/history/ |archive-date=2020-02-06 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Khaas student ke suchi==

== Aur dekho ==
* [[Fiji ke school]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NADISCHOOL2}}

[[Category:Nadi ke school]]
[[Category:Committee school]]
[[Category:Secondary school]]</text>
      <sha1>pndrm5nf8gw6v7im3viz0yl8bdsy1n0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alberta Cariño</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52056</id>
    <revision>
      <id>338865</id>
      <parentid>301603</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T18:59:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>26740</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>338865</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7460" sha1="2m9rjpk161m1uh97lfgj0ayisrex379" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix   = 
| name               = Alberta Cariño&lt;!-- use common name/article title --&gt;
| honorific_suffix   = 
| image              = &lt;!-- filename only, no &quot;File:&quot; or &quot;Image:&quot; prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --&gt;
| image_upright      = 
| landscape          = &lt;!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --&gt;
| alt                = &lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;
| caption            = 
| native_name        = Alberta Cariño
| native_name_lang   = 
| pronunciation      = 
| birth_name         = Alberta Cariño&lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;
| birth_date         = &lt;!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}. --&gt;
| birth_place        = [[Mexico]] 
| age                = 
| baptised           = &lt;!-- will not display if birth_date is entered --&gt;
| disappeared_date   = &lt;!-- {{Disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) --&gt;
| disappeared_place  = 
| disappeared_status = 
| death_date         = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (enter DEATH date then BIRTH date (e.g., ...|1908|31|8|1967|28|2}} use both this parameter and |birth_date to display the person's date of birth, date of death, and age at death) --&gt;
| death_place        = 
| death_cause        = 
| body_discovered    = 
| resting_place      = 
| resting_place_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --&gt;
| burial_place       = &lt;!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays &quot;Burial place&quot; as label) --&gt;
| burial_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --&gt;
| monuments          = 
| nationality        = [[Mexico]]
| other_names        = 
| siglum             = 
| citizenship        = [[Mexico]]
| education          = 
| alma_mater         = 
| occupation         = 
| years_active       = 
| era                = 
| employer           = 
| organization       = 
| agent = &lt;!-- Discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source --&gt;
| known_for          = 
| notable_works      = &lt;!-- produces label &quot;Notable work&quot;; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label &quot;Notable credit(s)&quot;; or by |works=, which produces label &quot;Works&quot;; or by |label_name=, which produces label &quot;Label(s)&quot; --&gt;
| style              = 
| net_worth          = &lt;!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --&gt;
| height             = &lt;!-- &quot;X cm&quot;, &quot;X m&quot; or &quot;X ft Y in&quot; plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --&gt;
| television         = 
| title              = &lt;!-- Formal/awarded/job title. The parameter |office=may be used as an alternative when the label is better rendered as &quot;Office&quot; (e.g. public office or appointments) --&gt;
| term               = 
| predecessor        = 
| successor          = 
| party              = 
| movement           = 
| opponents          = 
| boards             = 
| criminal_charges   = &lt;!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --&gt;
| criminal_penalty   =  
| criminal_status    = 
| spouse             = &lt;!-- Use article title or common name --&gt;
| partner            = &lt;!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --&gt;
| children           = 
| parents            = &lt;!-- overrides mother and father parameters --&gt;
| mother             = &lt;!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays &quot;Parent(s)&quot; as label) --&gt;
| father             = &lt;!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays &quot;Parent(s)&quot; as label) --&gt;
| grandparents            = &lt;!-- overrides grandmother and grandfather parameters --&gt;
| grandmother        = &lt;!-- may be used (optionally with grandfather parameter) in place of grandparents parameter (displays &quot;Grandparent(s)&quot; as label)
| grandfather        = &lt;!-- may be used (optionally with grandmother parameter) in place of grandparents parameter (displays &quot;Grandparent(s)&quot; as label)
| cousins            = &lt;!-- overrides younger cousin and older cousin parameters --&gt;
| younger cousin     = &lt;!-- may be used (optionally with older cousin parameter) in place of cousins parameter (displays &quot;Cousin(s)&quot; as label)
| older cousin       = &lt;!-- may be used (optionally with younger cousin parameter) in place of cousins parameter (displays &quot;Cousin(s)&quot; as label)
| aunts and uncles   = &lt;!-- overrides aunt and uncle parameters --&gt;
| aunt               = &lt;!-- may be used (optionally with uncle parameter) in place of aunts and uncles parameter (displays &quot;Aunt(s) and Uncle(s)&quot; as label)
| uncle              = &lt;!-- may be used (optionally with aunt parameter) in place of aunts and uncles parameter (displays &quot;Aunt(s) and Uncle(s)&quot; as label)
| family_relatives   = 
| callsign           = 
| awards             = 
| website            = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| module             = 
| module2            = 
| module3            = 
| module4            = 
| module5            = 
| module6            = 
| signature          = 
| signature_size     = 
| signature_alt      = 
| footnotes          = 
}}
'''Alberta Cariño''' ek mahila maanavaadhikaar rakshak, [[Mexico]] ke oksaaka mein ek saamudaayik sangathan, kaiktas (sentro dee apoyo komunitaariyo traibaajaando yoonidos) ke nideshak the. 27 aprail, 2010 ko, jab ardhasainik balon ne sain juaan kopaala ke svadeshee svaayatt samudaay ke raaste mein ek kaaravaan par ghaat lagaakar hamala kiya, to vah maara gaya. sthaaneey aur antarraashtreey maanavaadhikaar paryavekshakon sahit kaaravaan, us samudaay ko bhojan pahuncha raha tha, jo raajy sarakaar ke saath sambaddh ardhasainik balon kee naakaabandee ke tahat raha hae. bandookadhaariyon ne finish maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta zaayaree jaakkola ko bhee maar daala aur das se adhik log ghaayal ho gae. kairino miksatek tha aur meksiko mein svadeshee logon ke lie khaady samprabhuta, saamudaayik jal prabandhan, mittee sanrakshan aur svaayattata ke adhikaar ke lie ek vakeel tha. chachtus ke saath apane kaam ke hisse ke roop mein, unhonne uttaree oksaaka mein mahilaon ke samooh ko sangathit karane ka kaam kiya. vah 2006 ke oksaaka virodh ke javaab mein sarakaaree daman ke baad disambar 2006 mein asthaayee roop se oksaaka se bhaagane ke lie majaboor kaiktas ke netaon mein se ek thee.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/action/take-action-sang-gyun-han&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20100602222826/http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/files/en/Testimony%20by%20Bety%20Carino.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indymedia.ie/article/91966|title='Food Fight' Café at Seomra Spraoi 22nd April - Indymedia Ireland|website=www.indymedia.ie|access-date=2022-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425070126/http://www.indymedia.ie/article/91966|archive-date=2009-04-25|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cpt.org/cptnet/2006/12/18/oaxaca-mexico-ampquotwhat039s-wrong-thatampquot |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2021-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105225426/https://cpt.org/cptnet/2006/12/18/oaxaca-mexico-ampquotwhat039s-wrong-thatampquot |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[vibhag:2010 maut]]
[[vibhag:Mexico ke log]]</text>
      <sha1>2m9rjpk161m1uh97lfgj0ayisrex379</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>sadasya ke baat:Erebo.30</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>61876</id>
    <revision>
      <id>338861</id>
      <parentid>338794</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T16:47:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-55536-32</username>
        <id>41863</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>338861</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="656" sha1="0z0kgndj8d9d0g66q17jourk1v9j7e6" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Erebo.30}}

-- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 18:03, 20 Disambar 2024 (UTC)

:Hi @[[sadasya:Erebo.30|Erebo.30]] as you work on italian wiki we need you project contribution to move these pages: [[it:Robert Bosch]] to [[it:Robert Bosch (imprenditore)]] and [[it:Maasdam]] to [[it:Maasdam (Paesi Bassi)]]. Can you please help us? Thanks. [[khaas:Contributions/~2026-55151-29|~2026-55151-29]] ([[sadasya ke baat:~2026-55151-29|talk]]) 09:35, 14 Actobar 2026 (UTC)
::Sure. [[sadasya:Erebo.30|Erebo.30]] ([[sadasya ke baat:Erebo.30|talk]]) 10:41, 14 Actobar 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0z0kgndj8d9d0g66q17jourk1v9j7e6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>338862</id>
      <parentid>338861</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T16:47:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-55536-32</username>
        <id>41863</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */ Jawaab do</comment>
      <origin>338862</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="927" sha1="fvov77aqnz18ukuvd5ol5nyd4rcoxnh" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Erebo.30}}

-- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 18:03, 20 Disambar 2024 (UTC)

:Hi @[[sadasya:Erebo.30|Erebo.30]] as you work on italian wiki we need you project contribution to move these pages: [[it:Robert Bosch]] to [[it:Robert Bosch (imprenditore)]] and [[it:Maasdam]] to [[it:Maasdam (Paesi Bassi)]]. Can you please help us? Thanks. [[khaas:Contributions/~2026-55151-29|~2026-55151-29]] ([[sadasya ke baat:~2026-55151-29|talk]]) 09:35, 14 Actobar 2026 (UTC)
::Sure. [[sadasya:Erebo.30|Erebo.30]] ([[sadasya ke baat:Erebo.30|talk]]) 10:41, 14 Actobar 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[sadasya:Erebo.30|Erebo.30]] when you have time, please help us moving: [[it:Francesco Sabatini]] to [[it:Francesco Sabatini (architetto)]]. [[khaas:Contributions/~2026-55536-32|~2026-55536-32]] ([[sadasya ke baat:~2026-55536-32|talk]]) 16:47, 16 Actobar 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>fvov77aqnz18ukuvd5ol5nyd4rcoxnh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>338863</id>
      <parentid>338862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T16:48:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-55536-32</username>
        <id>41863</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>338863</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="935" sha1="dg4iwl340smse8txieiq5bex0e9ge2x" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Erebo.30}}

-- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 18:03, 20 Disambar 2024 (UTC)

:Hi @[[sadasya:Erebo.30|Erebo.30]] as you work on italian wiki we need you project contribution to move these pages: [[it:Robert Bosch]] to [[it:Robert Bosch (imprenditore)]] and [[it:Maasdam]] to [[it:Maasdam (Paesi Bassi)]]. Can you please help us? Thanks. [[khaas:Contributions/~2026-55151-29|~2026-55151-29]] ([[sadasya ke baat:~2026-55151-29|talk]]) 09:35, 14 Actobar 2026 (UTC)
::Sure. [[sadasya:Erebo.30|Erebo.30]] ([[sadasya ke baat:Erebo.30|talk]]) 10:41, 14 Actobar 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[sadasya:Erebo.30|Erebo.30]] when you have time, please help us moving: [[it:Francesco Sabatini]] to [[it:Francesco Sabatini (architetto)]]. Thanks. [[khaas:Contributions/~2026-55536-32|~2026-55536-32]] ([[sadasya ke baat:~2026-55536-32|talk]]) 16:47, 16 Actobar 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>dg4iwl340smse8txieiq5bex0e9ge2x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>338869</id>
      <parentid>338863</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T22:49:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-55599-40</username>
        <id>41868</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Resolved</comment>
      <origin>338869</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="656" sha1="0z0kgndj8d9d0g66q17jourk1v9j7e6" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Erebo.30}}

-- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 18:03, 20 Disambar 2024 (UTC)

:Hi @[[sadasya:Erebo.30|Erebo.30]] as you work on italian wiki we need you project contribution to move these pages: [[it:Robert Bosch]] to [[it:Robert Bosch (imprenditore)]] and [[it:Maasdam]] to [[it:Maasdam (Paesi Bassi)]]. Can you please help us? Thanks. [[khaas:Contributions/~2026-55151-29|~2026-55151-29]] ([[sadasya ke baat:~2026-55151-29|talk]]) 09:35, 14 Actobar 2026 (UTC)
::Sure. [[sadasya:Erebo.30|Erebo.30]] ([[sadasya ke baat:Erebo.30|talk]]) 10:41, 14 Actobar 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0z0kgndj8d9d0g66q17jourk1v9j7e6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>338870</id>
      <parentid>338869</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T22:50:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-55599-40</username>
        <id>41868</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */ Jawaab do</comment>
      <origin>338870</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="931" sha1="k795h4e06sizb2j0feutcu2n4c7fdst" xml:space="preserve">{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Erebo.30}}

-- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 18:03, 20 Disambar 2024 (UTC)

:Hi @[[sadasya:Erebo.30|Erebo.30]] as you work on italian wiki we need you project contribution to move these pages: [[it:Robert Bosch]] to [[it:Robert Bosch (imprenditore)]] and [[it:Maasdam]] to [[it:Maasdam (Paesi Bassi)]]. Can you please help us? Thanks. [[khaas:Contributions/~2026-55151-29|~2026-55151-29]] ([[sadasya ke baat:~2026-55151-29|talk]]) 09:35, 14 Actobar 2026 (UTC)
::Sure. [[sadasya:Erebo.30|Erebo.30]] ([[sadasya ke baat:Erebo.30|talk]]) 10:41, 14 Actobar 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[sadasya:Erebo.30|Erebo.30]] when possible please help us moving: [[it:Carruba]] to [[it:Carruba (disambigua)]]. We should fix redirect. Thanks. [[khaas:Contributions/~2026-55599-40|~2026-55599-40]] ([[sadasya ke baat:~2026-55599-40|talk]]) 22:50, 16 Actobar 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>k795h4e06sizb2j0feutcu2n4c7fdst</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jogesh Chandra Ghosh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>66420</id>
    <revision>
      <id>338868</id>
      <parentid>332499</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-16T21:23:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>26740</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>338868</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7267" sha1="tqevor8sgw6bm1dmucx62f2qhwwcjie" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Jogesh Chandra Ghosh
| image              = Jogesh Chandra Ghosh.jpg
| alt                = 
| caption            = 
| native_name        = যোগেশচন্দ্র ঘোষ
| native_name_lang   = bn
| birth_date   = 28 January 1887
| birth_place  = [[Gosairhat Upazila|Gosairhat]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1971|4|4|1887|1|28|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Dacca]], Bangladesh
| occupation   = Scholar, Ayurveda practitioner, entrepreneur
| nationality  = [[British Raj|British India]] (1887-1947) &lt;br /&gt;[[Pakistan]] (1947-1971)&lt;br&gt;[[Bangladesh]] (1971)
| known_for    = [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals|Martyred Intellectual]]
| spouse       = 
| parents      = 
|family=[[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Satyendra Mohan Dhar]] (nephews)}}

'''Jogesh Chandra Ghosh''' (1887{{snd}}4 April 1971) uu ek scholar, Ayurveda practitioner, entrepreneur aur philanthropist rahaa. Uu Ayurveda ke use British India me suru karel aur Ayurvedic drugstore [[Sadhana Aushadhalaya]] ke sthaapna karel.&lt;ref name=&quot;samsad&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subhodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |encyclopedia=Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Bibliographical Dictionary) |script-title=bn:যোগেশচন্দ্র ঘোষ |trans-title=Jogesh Chandra Ghosh |language=bn |edition=4th |date=January 2002 |publisher=Shishu Sahitya Samsad |volume=1 |location=Kolkata |isbn=81-85626-65-0 |pages=445}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bangladesh Liberation War ke dauran, uu Pakistan Army dwara goli mar ke maar dewa gais.&lt;ref name=&quot;time03051971&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|title=Dacca: City of the Dead|last=Coggin|first=Dan|date=3 May 1971|magazine=Time}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life ==
Ghosh janam lewa rahaa 1887 me, Kamalkanta Ghose aur Dakshinakali Ghose ke ghar me, Jalchhatra gaon me, jo purana Faridpur district, [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] me rahaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;samsad&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;banglapedia&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muazzam Hussain |year=2012 |chapter=Ghosh, Jogesh Chandra |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ghosh,_Jogesh_Chandra |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119150743/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ghosh%2C_Jogesh_Chandra |date=19 January 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Uska janm sthal ab [[Gosairhat Upazila]], [[Shariatpur District]], [[Dhaka Division]], [[Bangladesh]] me hai. Chhota me uu [[K. L. Jubilee High School &amp; College|K. L. Jubilee School]] Dhaka me gail aur 1902 me entrance exam dail. 1904 me uu F.A. [[Jagannath University|Jagannath College]], Dhaka se pass karel. 1906 me uu BA chemistry me [[Cooch Behar College]], [[Cooch Behar]] se pass karel. 1908 me uu MA chemistry [[University of Calcutta]] se pass karel. Uu [[Prafulla Chandra Ray|Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray]] ke student rahaa.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

== Career ==
1908 me uu Bhagalpur College me chemistry ke lecturer ban gail. 1911 me uu [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] ke Fellow ban gail. Uu [[American Chemical Society]] ke member bhi rahaa. 1912 me uu Bhagalpur chhode ke [[Jagannath University|Jagannath College]] me chemistry lecturer ban gail. 1947–48 me uu Jagannath College ke principal rahaa. 1948 me uu retire karel.  
[[File:Sadhana Aushadhalaya Dhaka 1924.png|thumb|right|[[Prafulla Chandra Ray|Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray]], [[Ashrafuddin Ahmad Chowdhury]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]] aur kavi [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] [[Sadhana Aushadhalaya]], [[Gendaria]], [[Old Dhaka]], lagbhag 1924 me]]

Bhagalpur me rahte uu Ayurveda me interest lewa suru karel. 1914 me uu Dhaka me Sadhana Aushadhalaya ke sthaapna karel. Sadhana Aushadhalaya ke Ayurvedic dawai famous ho gail aur Bengal aur British India ke anya hisson me branch khol gail. China, North America aur Africa me bhi distributing agency rahaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;dhakashohor&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dhakashohor.com/itihash_inside_details.php?itthash=143&amp;%20ida=449 |script-title=bn:যোগেশচন্দ্র ঘোষ |trans-title=Jogesh Chandra Ghosh |location=Dhaka |publisher=dhakashohor.com |language=bn |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131104090911/http://www.dhakashohor.com/itihash_inside_details.php?itthash=143&amp;%20ida=449 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Later life ==
Retirement ke baad, Ghosh apne Dhaka residence me rahaa aur [[Sadhana Aushadhalaya]] ke kaam dekhata rahaa, jo 21 Dinanath Sen Road, [[Gendaria]] me rahaa. 1964 ke East Pakistan anti-hindu riots ke dauran, uu aas-paas ke [[Bengali Hindus]] ke Sadhana Aushadhalaya ke factory me shelter dewa rahaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;banglapedia&quot;/&gt;

1971 me jab [[Pakistan Military]] [[Operation Searchlight]] shuru karel aur Dhaka me civilian log ke maarna suru karel, Ghosh bhi target me rahaa. Sadhana Aushadhalaya ke sab Hindu staff apne jaan bachawa India ke border paar chhode. &lt;ref name=&quot;banglapedia&quot;/&gt; 84 saal ke aur beemar Ghosh move karna mana karel. Uu apne sthapna me do guards ke sath rahaa. 4 April ko Pakistan Army, ek [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee|Peace Committee]] member ke lead me, Sadhana Aushadhalaya me gail aur rebels dhundat. Ghosh pe aarop lagail ki uu rebels ke shelter dewa. Char Pakistan Army ke soldier Ghosh ke office ke upar le gail aur waha goli maar ke maar dewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;banglapedia&quot;/&gt; Soldiers factory aur office loot lewa aur 1 million rupees se jyada cash loot lewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;time03051971&quot;/&gt;

Ghosh ke biwi Kiranbala Ghosh rahaa. Unke ek beta aur do betiya rahaa. Bangladesh ke liberation ke baad, unka beta Dr. Naresh Chandra Ghosh Sadhana Aushadhalaya fir se revive karel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gunijan.org.bd/GjProfDetails_action.php?GjProfId=244 |script-title=bn:যোগেশ চন্দ্র ঘোষ |trans-title=Jogesh Chandra Ghosh |last=Saha Ray |first=Chandan |website=[[Gunijan|Gunijan Trust]] |language=bn |access-date=2 November 2013 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104170941/http://www.gunijan.org.bd/GjProfDetails_action.php?GjProfId=244 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Books ==

=== English ===
* ''Whither Bound Are We''
* Home Treatment
* Text Book of Organic Chemistry
* Simple Geography
* Simple Arithmetic

=== Bengali ===
* Angnimandhya o Kosthaboddhota (Indigestion aur constipation)
* Arogyaer Path (The path to healing)
* Griho Chikitsha (Homeopathy)
* Charmo O Sadaron Sasthya Bidhi (Skin aur general health rules)
* Chokkhu - Karno O Mukhrog Chikitsha (Treatment of eye-ear-nose aur mouth diseases)
* Amra Kon Pothe (Which way are we?)
* Ayurved Itihas (History of Ayurveda)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{1971 Bangladesh genocide|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Jogesh Chandra}}
[[Category:1887 janam]]
[[Category:1971 maut]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Hindus]]
[[Category:Ayurvedacharyas]]
[[Category:People from Shariatpur District]]
[[Category:People from Dhaka]]</text>
      <sha1>tqevor8sgw6bm1dmucx62f2qhwwcjie</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dhruv rathee</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>69758</id>
    <revision>
      <id>338873</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T09:20:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-55658-47</username>
        <id>41872</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>made a page for dhruv rathee</comment>
      <origin>338873</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="106" sha1="p8xlgpf1ri9n939lwx4o3bj78bb6zm6" xml:space="preserve">Dhruv Rathee ek german sephard nasl ka kutta hai. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Shepherd&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>p8xlgpf1ri9n939lwx4o3bj78bb6zm6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>338874</id>
      <parentid>338873</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-17T09:29:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-55658-47</username>
        <id>41872</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>maine dhruv rathee ka vivran likha</comment>
      <origin>338874</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="790" sha1="sitizvbe57evn54uf6j573ut0dq9uo8" xml:space="preserve">Dhruv Rathee ek acche aur imandar vyakti hain. Unhein log baaz dafa German Shepherd kehte hain, magar yah ek bahut badi bhranti hai. Vastav mein vah ek Bhartiya nagrik hain, aur iske liye unke paas saare zaroori dastavez bhi hain.

Vah swayam ko ek Hindu-Nastik kehte hain, jis par kayi Hindu tatha nastik sangathan (Archon) unka kaafi virodh jatate hain. Yeh sabhi log aisa karke keval aur keval apne alpgyan ka pradarshan karte hain. Kyonki Bharatvarsh mein 'Hindu' shabd sarvpratham ek bhaugolik pehchaan ke roop mein prayog kiya gaya tha, jiska arth mahaz itna hai ki Sindhu nadi ke paar rehne wale log. Keval itna hi nahi, in Hinduon mein kayi nastik samooh jaise Charvak aadi bhi sammilit the, toh Hindu-Nastik hona koi virodhabhasi vichardhara nahi hai. Yeh poori tarah se vaidh hai.</text>
      <sha1>sitizvbe57evn54uf6j573ut0dq9uo8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>