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[[Fichye:Systemes de continents.gif|vignette| Kat anime ki montre [[#Nombre de continents|sistèm kontinan yo]].]]
Yon '''kontinan''' (ki soti nan mo laten ''continere'', ki vle di "kenbe ansanm," oubyen ''continents terra'', ki vle di "tè kontinyèl") literalman refere a yon gwo mas tè kontinyèl sou sifas Latè. Sepandan, nan jewografi, definisyon an souvan modifye selon kritè ki baze sou nòm istorik ak kiltirèl. Pa egzanp, gen kèk sistèm kontinantal ki konsidere [[Ewòp]] ak [[Azi]] kòm de kontinan, alòske Eurazi wè li kòm yon sèl mas tè.
Sitiyasyon sa a mennen egzistans plizyè modèl kontinantal,ki varye ant kat ak sèt kontinan. Men sa pa t toujou konsa, epi modèl sa yo varye pandan listwa ak ak dekouvèt nouvo teritwa.
Nan itilizasyon komen li, zòn kontinantal la gen ladan tou ti zile ki trè pre kòt la, men se pa sa yo ki separe pa gwo bout lanmè. Nan yon pèspektiv jeolojik, kontinan yo gen ladan tou zile ki tache ak plak kontinantal, tankou Zile Britanik yo an relasyon ak Erazi.
== Istwa Tèm nan ==
=== Premye Definisyon yo ===
[[Fichye:Strabo.jpg|vignette|Jewograf grèk la [[Strabon]] ki kenbe yon glòb ki make ''Ewòp'' ak ''Azi''.]]
Premye distenksyon ant kontinan yo te fèt pa maren grèk ansyen yo ki te bay non tè ki sou chak bò vwa navigab [[Lanmè Eje]] a, [[Dadanèl|Detwa Dadanèl]], [[Lanmè Marmara]], Detwa Bosfò a, ak [[Lanmè Nwa]]<ref name="Toynbee">[[Arnold J. Toynbee|Toynbee, Arnold J.]] (1954). ''A Study of History''. London: Oxford University Press, v. 8, {{p.|711-12}}.</ref>. Okòmansman, yo te sèlman aplike non yo sou tè ki toupre kòt la epi apre sa yo te pwolonje yo nan zòn andeyò a.<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=H. F.|nom1=Tozer|titre=A History of Ancient Geography|éditeur=University Press|lieu=Cambridge|année=1897|passage=69}}</ref>. Pansè nan Grès Ansyen te diskite si Afrik (yo te rele Libi lè sa a) ta dwe konsidere kòm yon pati nan Azi oswa yon twazyèm pati nan mond lan. Yon divizyon an twa pati te evantyèlman genyen.<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=H. F.|nom1=Tozer|titre=A History of Ancient Geography|éditeur=University Press|lieu=Cambridge|année=1897|passage=67}}</ref>. Nan pèspektiv grèk la, lanmè Eje a te sant mond lan, avèk Azi nan lès, Ewòp nan lwès ak nan nò, epi Afrik nan sid.<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=Martin W.|nom1=Lewis|auteur2=Kären E. Wigen|titre=The Myth of Continents|sous-titre=a Critique of Metageography|éditeur=[[University of California Press]]|lieu=Berkeley|année=1997|pages totales=344|passage=21-22|isbn=0-520-20742-4|isbn2=0-520-20743-2|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLT8X5E3bZIC&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>.
Pandan ke limit jewografik yo pa ka chanje (sou yon echèl tan imen), limit ki genyen ant kontinan yo pa fiks. Depi nan kòmansman, yo te konsidere fwontyè ant Ewòp ak Azi a soti nan Lanmè Nwa a, sou Rivyè [[Rioni]] (yo te rele l Phasis lè sa a) nan [[Jeoji|Jeòji]]. Pita, yo te konsidere li soti nan Lanmè Nwa a nan [[Detwa Kerch]], [[Lanmè Azov]], epi sou Rivyè [[Don (rivyè)|Don]] (yo te rele l Tanais lè sa a) nan Larisi<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=H. F.|nom1=Tozer|titre=A History of Ancient Geography|éditeur=University Press|lieu=Cambridge|année=1897|passage=68}}</ref>.
Anjeneral, yo te konsidere Nil la kòm fwontyè ant Azi ak Afrik. Herodotus, tradui pa George Rawlinson (2000), nan *Istwa Herodotus of Halicarnassus* li a, Ames, Iowa: Omphaloskepsis, Liv 2, p. 18, te fè objeksyon kont opinyon sa a, ki te mete Ejip sou de kontinan. Se poutèt sa, li te aliyen fwontyè ant Azi ak Afrik ak fwontyè lwès Ejip la, kidonk li te mete peyi a nan Azi. Li te kesyone tou divizyon an twa nan sa ki an reyalite se yon sèl mas tè. ''[[Ankèt (Ewodot)|Istwa Ewodot nan Halicarnassus]]''. <ref>{{en}} [[Hérodote]]. Traduit par George Rawlinson (2000). ''[[Enquête (Hérodote)|The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus]]''. Ames, Iowa: Omphaloskepsis, livre 4, {{p.|38}}. "I cannot conceive why three names... should ever have been given to a tract which is in reality one"</ref>, yon deba ki kontinye prèske de milenè edmi pita.
[[Fichye:T and O map Guntherus Ziner 1472.jpg|vignette|Pi ansyen egzanp enprime [[T-Map|kat T-O]] la, ki montre 3 kontinan yo kòm domèn pitit gason [[Noe (patriyach)|Noe]] yo: [[Sèm (Bib)|Sèm]], Jafèt ([[Jafèt]]) ak Kam ([[Kam (pitit gason Noe)|Kam]]).]]
[[Eratostèn]], nan 3yèm syèk la, te note ke gen kèk jewograf ki te divize kontinan yo pa rivyè (Nil la ak Don an), kidonk konsidere yo kòm zile. Gen lòt ki te divize kontinan yo pa istm, kidonk yo te rele kontinan yo penensil. Jeyograf sa yo te fikse fwontyè ant Ewòp ak Azi nan istm ki ant [[Lanmè Nwa|lanmè nwa]] a ak Lanmè Kaspyèn nan, epi fwontyè ant Azi ak Afrik nan istm ki ant Lanmè Wouj la ak bouch Lak Bardawil sou Lanmè Mediterane a. [[Strabon]] Tradiksyon Horace Leonard Jones (1917).<ref>{{en}} [[Strabon]]. Traduit par Horace Leonard Jones (1917). ''[[Geographica|Geography]]''.[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/] Harvard University Press, livre 1, {{chap.|4}}.[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/1D*.html]</ref>.
Pandan peryòd Women an ak Mwayennaj yo, kèk otè te pran Isthmus Suez la kòm fwontyè ant Azi ak Afrik, men pifò te kontinye konsidere Nil la oswa fwontyè lwès peyi Lejip la kòm fwontyè a. Nan Mwayennaj yo, mond lan te reprezante sou kat jeyografik T la, avèk T a ki reprezante dlo ki divize twa kontinan yo.
=== Arive Ewopeyen yo nan Amerik ===
[[Kristòf Kolon]] te travèse Oseyan Atlantik la pou l rive nan Zantiy yo an [[1492]], sa ki te louvri chemen pou eksplorasyon ak kolonizasyon Ewopeyen yo nan Amerik yo. Men, malgre kat vwayaj li yo nan direksyon lwès, Kristòf Kolon pa t janm konnen li te rive sou yon nouvo kontinan epi li te pèsiste nan kwè li te rive nan Azi. An [[1501]], [[Amerigo Vespucci]] te pilòt yon ekspedisyon ki t ap navige sou kòt Brezil la. Manm ekspedisyon an te vwayaje yon bon bout tan nan sid sou kòt Amerik di Sid la, sa ki te konfime ke tè yo t ap travèse a te gen pwopòsyon kontinantal<ref name=OGorman>{{Ouvrage|langue=en|auteur1=[[Edmundo O'Gorman]]|lien auteur1=Edmundo O'Gorman|titre=The Invention of America|éditeur=Indiana University Press|année=1961|passage=106-112}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>[http://www.americas-fr.com/histoire/vespucci.html Amerigo Vespucci : Un nom pour le Nouveau Monde]</ref>. Lè Vespucci te retounen an Ewòp, li te pibliye yon rapò sou vwayaj li a ki rele "Mundus Novus" (Nouvo Mond) an 1502 oswa 1503<ref name="formisano1">Formisano, Luciano (Ed.) (1992). ''Letters from a New World: Amerigo Vespucci's Discovery of America''. New York: Marsilio, pp. xx-xxi. {{ISBN|0-941419-62-2}}.</ref>, men li sanble te gen adisyon oswa modifikasyon pa yon lòt otè.<ref name="Zerubavel1">Zerubavel, Eviatar (2003). ''Terra Cognita: The Mental Discovery of America''. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, {{p.|77–79}}. {{ISBN|0-7658-0987-7}}.</ref>. Kèlkeswa moun ki te ekri pawòl sa yo, nou ka li nan "Mundus Novus" {{sitasyon|Mwen te dekouvri yon kontinan nan rejyon sid sa yo ki gen plis moun ak bèt pase an [[Ewòp]], an [[Azi]] oswa an [[Afrik]]}}<ref name="formisano2">Formisano, Luciano (Ed.) (1992). ''Letters from a New World: Amerigo Vespucci's Discovery of America''. New York: Marsilio, {{p.|45}}. {{ISBN|0-941419-62-2}}.</ref>, premye idantifikasyon eksplisit Amerik la, yon kontinan tankou twa lòt yo.
[[File:Waldseemuller map 2.jpg|vignette|Kat Waldseemüller an 1507 la, pibliye pa Martin Waldseemüller, se te premye kat mondyal ki te mansyone Amerik.]]
Apre kèk ane, non Nouvo Monn nan te kòmanse parèt kòm yon non pou Amerik di Sid sou kat, tankou Oliveriana (Pesaro) ki date 1504-1505. Kat epòk la montre byen klè Amerik di Nò konekte ak Azi epi Amerik di Sid kòm yon tè apa.<ref name=Zerubavel1/>.
An 1507, Martin Waldseemüller te pibliye yon kat mondyal, "Cosmographia Universalis," ki te premye a ki te montre Amerik di Nò ak Amerik di Sid separe ak Azi epi antoure pa dlo. Yon ti ankad anlè kat prensipal la te eksplike pou premye fwa ke Amerik te nan lès Azi epi separe ak Azi pa yon oseyan, paske Amerik te mete nan ekstrèm agoch kat la epi Azi nan ekstrèm adwat, sa ki te ka lakòz konfizyon. Nan liv ki akonpaye liv la, "Cosmographiae Introductio," Waldseemüller te note ke tè a te divize an kat pati: Ewòp, Azi, Afrik, ak yon katriyèm pati ke li te pran non li apati premye non Amerigo Vespucci. <ref name="Zerubavel2">Zerubavel, Eviatar (2003). ''Terra Cognita: The Mental Discovery of America''. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, {{p.|80–82}}. {{ISBN|0-7658-0987-7}}.</ref>. Sou kat la, mo {{sitasyon|Amerika}} a plase sou yon pati nan Amerik di Sid.
=== Etimoloji ===
Depi XVI syèk la syèk, mo a "kontinan" yo itilize kòm yon non pou refere a yon "zòn tè ki limite pa youn oubyen plizyè oseyan": an 1532, A. Fabre te note nan ''Extrait ou recueil des isles neuve trouvees'', "tè a yo te wè byen lwen anvan yo te kole ak kontinan nou an".<ref name=":02">{{Lyen brize|langue=français|titre=Continent, subst. masc.|url=http://atilf.atilf.fr/dendien/scripts/tlfiv5/visusel.exe?12;s=3492753105;r=1;nat=;sol=1;|site=Le trésor de la langue française informatisé|consulté le=14 novembre 2014}}</ref> Apre sa, li te vin gen lòt siyifikasyon tou, tankou siyifikasyon angle "tè pwensipal kontrèman ak yon zile ", oubyen menm "Ewòp konpare ak Angletè»" <ref name=":03">{{Lyen brize|langue=français|titre=Continent, subst. masc.|url=http://atilf.atilf.fr/dendien/scripts/tlfiv5/visusel.exe?12;s=3492753105;r=1;nat=;sol=1;|site=Le trésor de la langue française informatisé|consulté le=14 novembre 2014}}</ref>{{,}} <ref>{{Ouvrage|auteur1=G. Lyttleton|titre=Nouvelles lettres persanes, traduites de l'anglois|lieu=Londres|année=1735|pages totales=(voir par exemple G. Lyttleton, Nouvelles lettres persanes, traduites de l'anglois, t. II, p. 175)|passage=t. II, p. 175}}</ref>. Mo a «kontinan " te deja egziste an fransė. Premye aparisyon li nan lang ekri a dat depi XII syèk la. " syèk la, men yo te itilize l pou dekri yon moun ki pratike kontinans, sa vle di, ki te absteni, totalman oswa pasyèlman, nan relasyon seksyèl. Itilize nan yon sans jewografik, tèm nan prete nan mo laten kontinan, patisip prezan nan ''continere'' . rete konekte ", ki te itilize kòm yon non nan laten klasik pou refere a "tè pwensipal Ou ka jwenn li nan tradiksyon tèks grèk ak laten sou « yo.«pati " nan mond lan, byenke pa t gen okenn mo nan lang orijinal la ki te gen egzakteman menm siyifikasyon ak ''kontinan'' ki te itilize a <ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=Martin W.|nom1=Lewis|auteur2=Kären E. Wigen|titre=The Myth of Continents|sous-titre=a Critique of Metageography|éditeur=[[University of California Press]]|lieu=Berkeley|année=1997|pages totales=344|passage=29|isbn=0-520-20742-4|isbn2=0-520-20743-2|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLT8X5E3bZIC&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>.
Piske yo te itilize tèm "kontinan" an pou zòn ki te gen yon kontinwite tè relativman piti, jewograf yo te soulve kesyon [[Hérodote|Herodote]] a ankò sou poukisa yo ta dwe divize yon sèl gwo mas tè an de kontinan. Nan mitan XVII syèk la Nan 19yèm syèk la, [[Peter Heylin]] te ekri nan ''Kosmografi'' li a ke « Yon kontinan se yon gwo kantite tè, ki pa separe pa yon lanmè ak rès mond lan, tankou tout kontinan Ewòp la, nan Azi, nan Afrik. An «, [[1727 (almanak gregoryen)|Ephraim]] [[Ephraïm Chambers|Chambers]] te ekri nan ''Cyclopædia'' li a « Anjeneral, mond lan divize an de gwo kontinan. : ansyen an ak nouvo a. Epi, nan atlas li an 1752 a, [[Emanuel Bowen]] te defini yon kontinan « ««yon gwo zòn tè sèk ki gen ladan plizyè peyi, san separasyon pa dlo. Kidonk, Ewòp, Azi ak Afrik se yon sèl gwo kontinan, Amerik se yon lòt. » <ref>{{En}} Bowen, Emanuel. (1752). ''A Complete Atlas, or Distinct View of the Known World''. London, {{p.|3}}.</ref> Sepandan, ansyen lide Ewòp, Azi ak Afrik kòm « pati » nan mond lan finalman pèsiste, kounye a yo konsidere sa yo kòm kontinan.
Pi lwen pase kat kontinan yoDepi fen XVIIIe syèk la, kèk [[jewograf]] te kòmanse konsidere Amerik di Nò ak Amerik di Sid kòm de pati nan mond lan, sa ki fè yon total senk pati. Sepandan, divizyon an kat te vin pi gaye an jeneral pandan XIX syèk la. syèk <ref name="lewis302">{{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=Martin W.|nom1=Lewis|auteur2=Kären E. Wigen|titre=The Myth of Continents|sous-titre=a Critique of Metageography|éditeur=[[University of California Press]]|lieu=Berkeley|année=1997|pages totales=344|passage=30|isbn=0-520-20742-4|isbn2=0-520-20743-2|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLT8X5E3bZIC&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>. Ewopeyen yo te dekouvri [[Ostrali]] an [[1606 (almanak gregoryen)|1606]], men pandan yon tan li te konsidere kòm yon pati nan Azi. Nan fen XVIII syèk la Nan 19yèm syèk la, kèk jewograf te konsidere li kòm yon kontinan apa, sa ki te fè li sizyèm lan (oswa senkyèm lan pou moun ki konsidere Amerik kòm yon sèl kontinan) <ref name="lewis30">{{Cite book}}</ref> . An 1815, [[Samuel Butler (1774-1839)|Samuel Butler]] te ekri sou Ostrali. « Nouvo Oland, yon gwo zile, ke kèk jewograf rele yon lòt kontinan " epi [[Oxford English Dictionary|Diksyonè Angle Oxford]] la toujou anbigwi kèk deseni aprė<ref>{{En}} "continent n. 5. a." (1989) ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', {{2nd-en}} edition. [[Oxford University Press]]. "the great island of Australia is sometimes reckoned as another [continent]"</ref> .
Yo te wè [[Antatik (kontinan)|Antatik]] an [[1820 (almanak gregoryen)|1820]] epi [[Charles Wilkes]] te dekri li kòm yon kontinan pandan [[Expédition Wilkes|Ekspedisyon Wilkes]] la an 1838; se te dènye kontinan yo te idantifye a, byenke yo te konsidere egzistans yon gwo teritwa Antatik pandan plizyè milenè. An 1849, ki montre Antatik kòm yon kontinan, men se kèk lòt atlas sèlman ki te fè sa jouk aprė Dezyèm Gè Mondyal la <ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=Martin W.|nom1=Lewis|auteur2=Kären E. Wigen|titre=The Myth of Continents|sous-titre=a Critique of Metageography|éditeur=[[University of California Press]]|lieu=Berkeley|année=1997|pages totales=344|passage=32, 220|isbn=0-520-20742-4|isbn2=0-520-20743-2|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLT8X5E3bZIC&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>.
Nan XIX syèk la Nan 4yèm syèk anvan Jezikri, [[Mayanisme|Mayanis]] [[Augustus Le Plongeon]] te pwopoze ipotèz yon nouvo kontinan, yo te rele [[Mu (continent)|Mu]]. Li te baze sa sou tradiksyon—ki te konteste pita— [[Codex tro-cortesianus|Codex Trocortesianus]] pa [[Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg|Brasseur de Bourbourg]] <ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=en|auteur1=Augustus Le Plongeon|titre=Queen Móo & The Egyptian Sphinx|éditeur=The Author|année=1896|passage=277|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=x74RAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>. Yo te imajine lòt kontinan ipotetik nan yon epòk kote jewoloji a te mwens avanse pase sa l ye kounye a. Se ka [[Lémurie|Lemuria]] a, yon kontinan yo konsidere kòm yon fason pou eksplike disparisyon sèten [[mamifè]] <ref>[http://www.oeildusphinx.com/lemuria.html Les Mondes Perdus]</ref>. Nou ka mansyone tou [[Atlantid|Atlantis]], yo te mansyone l pou premye fwa nan IV syèk anvan Jezikri. syèk BC -C., kontinan ipotetik sa a ki te koule a toujou sijè espekilasyon jodi a <ref>Charles Berlitz, ''Le mystère de l'Atlantide'', 1977, avant-propos.</ref>.
[[Drapeau olympique|Drapo olenpik]] la, ki te fèt an 1913, gen senk bag ki reprezante senk peyi abite yo, li konsidere Amerik kòm yon sèl kontinan epi li pa enkli Antatik <ref name="IOC2">{{Lien brisé|url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_1303.pdf|titre=''The Olympic symbols.''}} [[Comité international olympique]]. 2002. Lausanne: Olympic Museum and Studies Centre. Les cinq anneaux du drapeau olympique représentent les cinq "continents" ({{Lien brisé|url=http://moscow2001.olympic.org/en/pdf/members_by_continent.pdf|titre=Africa, America, Asia, Europe, and Oceania}}) ; l'Antarctique est exclu du drapeau. Voir aussi [http://www.acnolympic.org Association of National Olympic Committees] : {{Lien brisé|url=http://www.acnoa.info}}</ref>.
Depi mitan XIXe syèk la, atlas Etazini yo te souvan trete Amerik di Nò ak Amerik di Sid kòm de kontinan, sa ki konsistan avèk konpreyansyon jewoloji ak tektonik plak yo. Sepandan, li pa t estraòdinè pou atlas ameriken yo trete yo kòm yon sèl kontinan, omwen jiska [[Dezyèm Gè mondyal|Dezyèm Gè Mondyal]] la <ref name="lewis322">{{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=Martin W.|nom1=Lewis|auteur2=Kären E. Wigen|titre=The Myth of Continents|sous-titre=a Critique of Metageography|éditeur=[[University of California Press]]|lieu=Berkeley|année=1997|pages totales=344|passage=32|isbn=0-520-20742-4|isbn2=0-520-20743-2|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLT8X5E3bZIC&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>. Anplis, dènye pwendvi sa a toujou valab an Ewòp jodi a.{{Referans nesesè}} .
Sepandan, nan dènye ane sa yo, gen yon konsansis ki grandi pou fè Ewòp ak Azi, ke tradisyonèlman yo konsidere kòm de kontinan, tounen yon sèl kontinan yo rele « Eurazi — konpatib tou ak konpreyansyon jewoloji ak tektonik plak. Nan modèl sa a, mond lan divize an sis kontinan (si yo konsidere Amerik di Nò ak Amerik di Sid kòm kontinan separe).
Anekdotikman, nou pale tou de " ''nyèm'' kontinan "pou dekri [[Vortex de déchets|plak dechè ki]] nan [[Plaque de déchets de l'Atlantique nord|Atlantik Nò]] ak [[Plaque de déchets du Pacifique nord|Pasifik Nò a]], plis espesyalman yo rele [[Vortex de déchets du Pacifique nord|Plak Fatra Pasifik Nò a]] ."
== Definisyon ak aplikasyon ==
Pa gen yon sèl definisyon pou yon kontinan. Se poutèt sa diferan kilti ak syans gen diferan lis kontinan. Nan yon pwen de vi restriktif, yon kontinan dwe yon gwo mas tè kontinyèl (ki parèt), ke zile ki tou pre yo ka asosye avèk li (gade lis soudivizyon kontinan ki anba a).
Kritè orijinal pou deziyen yon kontinan, kritè jewografik la, pafwa yo inyore l an favè kritè ki pi abitrè, souvan lye ak listwa ak kilti. Anfèt, pami sèt kontinan ki pi souvan aksepte yo, se sèlman Antatik ak Oseyani ki separe de lòt kontinan yo pa yon gwo kantite dlo ( [[Antatik (oseyan)|Oseyan Sid la]] ak lanmè achipèl Endyen an), alòske lòt yo separe sèlman pa [[Etwa|detwa]], pafwa fasil pou pase.
=== Limit kontinantal yo ===
Piske definisyon yon kontinan souvan abitrè, limit ki genyen ant yo pa toujou byen defini. Yo prefere fwontyè maritim, men sa yo pa toujou satisfezan, sitou akòz anpil zile ki genyen nan [[Oseyani]].
[[Fichye:Pm-map.png|vignette|[[Panama|Repiblik Panama a]], yon pon ant de [[Amerik|Amerik yo]].]]
Gen kèk fwontyè ki jwi yon sèten konsansis akòz klète jewografik yo:
* An [[Ewòp]], [[Détroit de Gibraltar|detwa Jibralta]] la konvansyonèlman make fwontyè sid li ak Afrik, nan lwès la <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lapenseedemidi.org/revues/revue10/articles/Galmot.pdf |title=En Afrique, des frontières de l'Europe |access-date=2025-11-20 |archive-date=2008-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081115061117/http://www.lapenseedemidi.org/revues/revue10/articles/Galmot.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ; pandan ke detwa [[Bosphore|Bosfò]] ak [[Dardanelles|Dardanèl]] yo make fwontyè li ak [[Asie du Sud-Ouest|Sidwès Azi]], nan lès la ;
* Fwontyè ant Azi ak [[Afrik]] jeneralman fikse nan [[Canal de Suez|Kanal Suez]] la, ki ekskli [[Sinaï|Sinayi]] a nan Afrik <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediefrancaise.com/L'Asie.html|title=L'Asie|website=Encyclopédie Française|access-date=6 avril 2009}}.</ref> ;
* Fwontyè ant Azi ak Amerik la fiks nan [[Détroit de Béring|detwa Bering lan.]] ;
* [[Amerik]] divize ant pati [[Amerik dinò|Nò]] ak [[Amerik disid|Sid]] li yo pa [[Isthme de Panama|Isthmus Panama a]] (epi plis espesyalman pa [[Kanal Panama|kanal]] la).
Akòz demakasyon fwontyè sa yo ki abitrè jewografikman, peyi tankou [[Ejip]], [[Tiki]], ak [[Panama]] twouve yo sou de kontinan. Anplis, fwontyè tankou kanal Suez ak Panama yo trè kesyonab, yo se atifisyèl nèt epi yo defòme reyalite jewografik natirèl la. Se poutèt sa, gen kèk jewograf ki pwopoze pou deplase fwontyè yo, omwen, nan limit politik ki pi prė separasyon jewografik la.
[[Fichye:Map_of_Europe_(political).png|vignette|Yon egzanp sou fwontyè abitrè Ewòp modèn nan.{{Lejand/Kòmanse}}{{Lejand|#67e863|L'Europe}}
{{Lejand|#9ac0ea|Territoire asiatique des pays transcontinentaux}}
{{Lejand|#5d66be|Géographiquement en Asie/Amérique, mais considéré en Europe par son histoire et sa culture}}{{Lejand/Fin}}]]
Gen lòt fwontyè ki pi kontwovèse.:
* Divizyon ant Oseyani ak Azi a toujou lajman deba jodi a. Nan [[1831 (almanak gregoryen)|lane 1831]], eksploratè ak jewograf [[Jules Dumont d'Urville]] te divize [[Oseyani]] an kat rejyon. [[Polynésie|Polinezi]], [[Micronésie (région)|Mikwonezi]], [[Mélanésie|Melanezi]], ak [[Insulinde|Achipèl Malay]] la (yo te rele Malezi lè sa a) <ref name="d'urville">Jules Dumont d'Urville, Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Paris ({{nobr romains|Tome XVII}}, {{n°|5}}, {{date-|janvier 1832}} {{Gallica|id=bpt6k37615z}})</ref> . Lèt la ta pita tache ak Azi, men li sanble ke, pa respè pou konvansyon politik ak diferans kiltirèl, tout [[Endonezi|teritwa Endonezyen an]] te enkli nan espas Azyatik la, ki gen ladan [[Nouvelle-Guinée occidentale|Nouvèl Gine Lwès]], pandan ke [[Papwazi-Nouvèl-Gine|Papouazi Nouvèl Gine]] te rete nan Oseyani. Sepandan, sa ekivalan a mete fwontyè a absidman nan mitan [[Nouvelle-Guinée|Nouvèl Gine]], san okenn jistifikasyon estrikteman jewografik tankou topografi. Nati abitrè liy demarkasyon an ap pouse jewograf yo rekonsidere li kounye a. Gen moun ki kwè li ta pi apwopriye pou itilize [[Ligne Wallace|Liy Wallace]] la <ref>[http://www.starfish.ch/dive/Wallacea.html Wallacea - a transition zone from Asia to Australia, specially rich in marine life and on land.]</ref>, alòske gen lòt ki ta prefere rete sèlman sou Achipèl Malay la, men san konte [[Timò oryantal]] ansanm ak Nouvèl Gine lwès. ;
* Fwontyè ki pi konteste a se san dout fwontyè ant Azi ak Ewòp, akòz mank yon separasyon klè ak presi nan vas espas ki genyen ant [[Aktik|Oseyan Aktik]] la ak [[Mer Caspienne|Lanmè Kaspyèn]] nan <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafe-geo.net/article.php3?id_article=625|title=Quelles frontières pour l’Europe ?|year=2005|website=Cafe-geo.net|access-date=15 avril 2009|archive-date=2010-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612153104/http://cafe-geo.net/article.php3?id_article=625|dead-url=yes}}.</ref> {{,}} <ref>[http://rh19.revues.org/document1062.html Gilles Pécout [dir.], Penser les frontières de l’Europe du {{sp-|XIX|au|XXI}}. Élargissement et union : approches historiques, Paris, Éditions ENS rue d’Ulm et Presses Universitaires de France, 2004, {{nb p.|378}}]. {{ISBN|2130543014}}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifri.org/frontDispatcher/ifri/publications/articles_1036502931790/publi_P_publi_tdm_turkey_1086708191879 |title=ifri |access-date=2025-11-20 |archive-date=2008-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616200547/http://www.ifri.org/frontDispatcher/ifri/publications/articles_1036502931790/publi_P_publi_tdm_turkey_1086708191879 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> . Jewograf yo te deplase [[Limites de l'Europe|limit Ewòp yo]] pandan plizyè syèk e yo pa byen defini. Kidonk, nan XVIII la Nan 18yèm syèk la, [[Pyè Legran|Tsar Pierre I]] te vle fè [[Anpi Ris|Larisi]] yon pisans Ewopeyen. Jewograf li a, [[Vassili Tatichtchev|Tatichtchev,]] te pwopoze an [[1703 (almanak gregoryen)|1703]] ke mòn [[Oural]] yo, rivyè [[Oural (fleuve)|Oural]] la ak [[Caucase|Kokaz]] la ta dwe konstitye fwontyè ant Ewòp ak Azi, olye de [[Don (fleuve)|rivyè Don]] an, ki te enkli Larisi nan Azi nan epòk sa a. ;
* An menm tan, yon diskisyon divize kèk jeograf sou delimitasyon egzak fwontyè Kokaz la, gen kèk ki vle pouse limit la nan sid Kokaz la pou enkli [[Ameni]] ak [[Jeoji|Georgia]] nan Ewòp, alòske gen lòt, okontrè, ki ta renmen wè fwontyè sa a fiks nan [[Dépression de Kouma-Manytch|depresyon Kuma-Manych]] ki sitiye nan nò Kokaz la, ak objektif pou enkli [[Peuples turcs|pèp Tik]] yo nan rejyon an nan Azi <ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Gérard Bacconnier|titre=L'Asie en fiches|éditeur=Éditions Bréal|lieu=Rosny-sous-Bois|année=2007|pages totales=12|isbn=978-2-7495-0496-4|isbn2=2-7495-0496-1|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=pF8Tnuzu0_MC&printsec=frontcover}}.</ref>.
Avèk dènye elajisman [[Inyon Ewopeyèn|Inyon Ewopeyen an]] rive nan fwontyè Azi yo, ni nan [[Balkans|Balkan]] yo ni [[Ewòp Lès|nan Ewòp de Lès]], kesyon demarkasyon egzak fwontyè Ewòp yo poze ankò, paske li soulve kesyon [[Futur élargissement de l'Union européenne|elajisman nan lavni]]. Pandan ke pwoblèm sa a pa gen anpil enpòtans pou Larisi, yon gwo pisans ki pa janm eksprime okenn volonte pou rantre nan kominote a, lòt peyi nan sid ak lès Mediterane a (Mawòk, Tiki, elatriye) ansanm ak nan Kokaz la (Ameni, Jewoji, elatriye) wè li kòm yon pwoblèm enpòtan an tèm de opòtinite komès ak devlopman ekonomik, epi yo reklame manm nan espas Ewopeyen an ki baze sou kritè istorik ak kiltirèl. [[Kap Vè]], yon peyi ki pi lwen toujou, prezante agiman jeyostratejik tou.
Sepandan, diskisyon sou enpòtans fwontyè yo revele yon bagay Li enpòtan pou nou pa konfonn kategorizasyon ki baze sou kritè jewografik ak sa yo ki baze sou kritè antwopolojik. Menm limit ki pi lajman aksepte yo, tankou detwa yo, pa koresponn ak okenn reyalite istorik oswa kiltirèl, e sa fasil pou verifye lè nou obsève distribisyon gwoup etnik yo nan zòn kle tankou Mediterane a, Achipèl Malay la, ak Ewòp de Lès. Se poutèt sa, dimansyon syantifik la (an tèm de tektonik plak) dwe distenge ak dimansyon imen an (an tèm de zòn kolonizasyon omojèn kiltirèlman).
=== Sitiyasyon zile yo ===
Nan yon sans ki pi laj, tèm "kontinan" an refere a divizyon komen Latè an gwo pati ki baze sou kritè jewografik kontinwite teritoryal ak omojènite kiltirèl, kidonk li gen ladan l tou zile ki nan lanmè. Sepandan, zile yo pa fè pati kontinan yo (nan sans komen oswa syantifik la) paske teritwa yo pa konekte ak teritwa kontinan an <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cosmovisions.com/terres.htm |title=Les continents et les îles |access-date=2025-11-20 |archive-date=2010-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717073137/http://www.cosmovisions.com/terres.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> {{,}} <ref name="Encarta">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028025748/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553387/Continent.html Continent]". ''[[Encarta|MSN Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006]].''</ref> . Se poutèt sa, yo anjeneral konsidere kòm fè pati kontinan kote yo pi prė a. Pa egzanp, [[Zile Kanari]] yo —byenke yo panyòl—yo konsidere kòm yon pati nan Afrik, [[Zile Baleares|Zile Balearic]] yo fè pati Ewòp, epi zile [[Oseyan Pasifik|Pasifik]] yo fè pati [[Oseyani]] . Menm bagay la tou vre pou Zile [[La Reyinyon|Reyinyon]] ak [[Île Maurice|Moris]], ki, malgre distans yo ak [[Afrik]], yo konsidere kanmenm kòm zile afriken.
Lè nou konsidere [[Amerik]] kòm yon peyi ki gen de kontinan, zile ki nan [[Antilles|achipèl Zantiy]] yo tache ak [[Amerik dinò|Amerik di Nò,]] eksepte [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Souvvan]] yo, [[Ti Zantiy]] yo ak [[Trinidad ak Tobago]], ki touprė kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyelyen an]]<ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Continents_vide_couleurs.png</ref>.
Ostrali se sètènman egzanp ki pi ilistratif sou anbivalans definisyon an. Souvan yo dekri li kòm yon kontinan zile, li difisil pou ba li yon estati ki pa abitrè. Si nou itilize gwosè mwayèn lòt kontinan yo, tankou Afrik, Azi, oswa Antatik, kòm yon kritè distenktif, Ostrali ta dwe fè pati kategori zile yo e pakonsekan tache ak Azi (jan li te ye lè yo te dekouvri li a). Sepandan, akòz distans li ak tè pwensipal Azyatik la, gwo gwosè li konpare ak zile [[Insulinde|Achipèl Malay]] la, espesifikite kiltirèl li yo, elatriye, li te finalman entegre kòm yon pati kontinantal nan gwo gwoup zile Pasifik yo ke yo rele Oseyani nan XIX syèk la. syèk <ref>Ce dernier constitue d'ailleurs le continent aux limites les plus probablement discutables, car composé d'un territoire extrêmement dispersé et arbitrairement fixé.</ref> . Anplis, an konparezon ak Ewòp, li sanble difisil pou refize li estati sa a.
=== Kantite kontinan ===
De nan gwo pwen dezakò yo konsène lide ke [[Ewòp]] ak [[Azi]] te kapab ini ( [[Ewazi|Erazi]] ), epi ke Amerik [[Amerik dinò|di Nò]] ak [[Amerik disid|Amerik di Sid]] te kapab fòme yon [[Amerik|sèl Amerik]] . Gen kèk [[Jewografi|jewograf]] ki pwopoze pou gwoup Ewòp, Azi ak [[Afrik]] nan yon [[Ewafrazi|Afro-Eurazi]].
[[Oseyani]] se yon rejyon nan mond lan tou ki pa yon kontinan ''[[Liste de locutions latines#Stricto sensu|nan sans strik la]]'', men [[jewograf]] yo souvan konsidere li kòm yon kontinan. Finalman, [[Zealandia]] se yon blòk kontinantal prèske anba dlo, ki gen tè ki emėje yo fòme sitou [[Nouvèl Zelann]] ak [[Nouvèl Kaledoni]], e ki ka konsidere kòm yon 8 kontinan <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/leditiondusoir/2017-09-28/le-huitieme-continent-livre-ses-premiers-secrets-d2aa412a-f60e-4e97-8425-153a96aec1a9|title=Le huitième continent livre ses premiers secrets|last=Katel Andréani|date=28 septembre 2017|website=Ouest-France|language=fr|access-date=12 décembre 2021}}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/sciences/2021/07/une-partie-de-lancien-supercontinent-zealandia-a-ete-decouvert-en-nouvelle-zelande|title=Une partie de l'ancien supercontinent Zealandia a été découverte en Nouvelle-Zélande|date=2021-07-22|website=National Geographic|language=fr|access-date=2021-12-12}}</ref>, oubyen jis tankou yon [[Microcontinent|mikwokontinan]].
[[Fichye:Continents_vide_couleurs.png|vignette| ]]
{| class="wikitable centre"
|{{Nowrap|7 continents}}<ref name="AoCA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060221064548/http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/world/referencemap_image_view The World - Continents], [http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/index.html ''Atlas of Canada'']</ref>{{,}}<ref name="EB">"[http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9361501 Continent]". ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. 2006. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</ref>{{,}}<ref name="NatlGeo">[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=world&Mode=d&SubMode=w World], ''[[National Geographic]] - [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/ Xpeditions Atlas].'' 2006. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society.</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Oxford1">''[[Oxford English Dictionary|The New Oxford Dictionary of English]].'' 2001. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Encarta2">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028025748/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761553387/Continent.html Continent]". ''[[Encarta|MSN Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006]].''</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Oxford2">"Continent". McArthur, Tom, ed. 1992. ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language''. New York: Oxford University Press; {{p.|260}}.</ref>
|<small><span style="background: #00cc00;"> </span></small> [[Amerik dinò|Amérique du Nord]]
|<small><span style="background: #008000;"> </span></small> [[Amerik disid|Amérique du Sud]]
|<small><span style="background: #0040ff;"> </span></small> [[Antatik (kontinan)|Antarctique]]
|<small><span style="background: #fed52e;"> </span></small> [[Afrik|Afrique]]
|<small><span style="background: #c10000;"> </span></small> [[Ewòp|Europe]]
|<small><span style="background: #f33e01;"> </span></small> [[Azi|Asie]]
|<small><span style="background: #c04080;"> </span></small> [[Oseyani|Océanie]]
|-
|6 continents<ref name="michel">{{Cite book}}.</ref>
|<small><span style="background: #00cc00;"> </span></small> [[Amerik dinò|Amérique du Nord]]
|<small><span style="background: #008000;"> </span></small> [[Amerik disid|Amérique du Sud]]
|<small><span style="background: #0040ff;"> </span></small> [[Antatik (kontinan)|Antarctique]]
|<small><span style="background: #fed52e;"> </span></small> [[Afrik|Afrique]]
|<small><span style="background: #c10000;"> </span></small> [[Ewòp|Europe]]
| colspan="2" |<small><span style="background: #f33e01;"> </span><span style="background: #c04080;"> </span></small> Asie et Océanie
|-
|6 continents<ref name="Columbia">"[http://www.bartleby.com/65/co/continent.html Continent]". ''[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ The Columbia Encyclopedia]''. 2001. New York: Columbia University Press - Bartleby.</ref>{{,}}<ref name="EB" />
|<small><span style="background: #00cc00;"> </span></small> [[Amerik dinò|Amérique du Nord]]
|<small><span style="background: #008000;"> </span></small> [[Amerik disid|Amérique du Sud]]
|<small><span style="background: #0040ff;"> </span></small> [[Antatik (kontinan)|Antarctique]]
|<small><span style="background: #fed52e;"> </span></small> [[Afrik|Afrique]]
| colspan="2" |<small><span style="background: #c10000;"> </span><span style="background: #f33e01;"> </span></small> [[Ewazi|Eurasie]]
|<small><span style="background: #c04080;"> </span></small> [[Oseyani|Océanie]]
|-
|6 continents<ref name="OU">Océano Uno, Diccionario Enciclopédico y Atlas Mundial, "Continente", page 392, 1730. {{ISBN|84-494-0188-7}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="LCC">Los Cinco Continentes (The Five Continents), Planeta-De Agostini Editions, 1997. {{ISBN|84-395-6054-0}}</ref>
| colspan="2" |<small><span style="background: #00cc00;"> </span><span style="background: #008000;"> </span></small> [[Amerik|Amérique]]<ref name=":1">Dans ce cas, on parle de 2 sous-continents : Amérique du Nord et Amérique du Sud, voire 3 en individualisant l'[[Amérique centrale]].</ref>
|<small><span style="background: #0040ff;"> </span></small> [[Antatik (kontinan)|Antarctique]]
|<small><span style="background: #fed52e;"> </span></small> [[Afrik|Afrique]]
|<small><span style="background: #c10000;"> </span></small> [[Ewòp|Europe]]
|<small><span style="background: #f33e01;"> </span></small> [[Azi|Asie]]
|<small><span style="background: #c04080;"> </span></small> [[Oseyani|Océanie]]
|-
|5 continents<ref name="michel" />
| colspan="2" |<small><span style="background: #00cc00;"> </span><span style="background: #008000;"> </span></small> [[Amerik|Amérique]]<ref name=":1" />
|<small><span style="background: #0040ff;"> </span></small> [[Antatik (kontinan)|Antarctique]]
|<small><span style="background: #fed52e;"> </span></small> [[Afrik|Afrique]]
|<small><span style="background: #c10000;"> </span></small> [[Ewòp|Europe]]
| colspan="2" |<small><span style="background: #f33e01;"> </span><span style="background: #c04080;"> </span></small> Asie et Océanie
|-
|5 continents<ref name="Columbia" />{{,}}<ref name="OU" />{{,}}<ref name="LCC" />
| colspan="2" |<small><span style="background: #00cc00;"> </span><span style="background: #008000;"> </span></small> [[Amerik|Amérique]]<ref name=":1" />
|<small><span style="background: #0040ff;"> </span></small> [[Antatik (kontinan)|Antarctique]]
|<small><span style="background: #fed52e;"> </span></small> [[Afrik|Afrique]]
| colspan="2" |<small><span style="background: #c10000;"> </span><span style="background: #f33e01;"> </span></small> [[Ewazi|Eurasie]]
|<small><span style="background: #c04080;"> </span></small> [[Oseyani|Océanie]]
|-
|5 continents<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref>
|<small><span style="background: #00cc00;"> </span></small> [[Amerik dinò|Amérique du Nord]]
|<small><span style="background: #008000;"> </span></small> [[Amerik disid|Amérique du Sud]]
|<small><span style="background: #0040ff;"> </span></small> [[Antatik (kontinan)|Antarctique]]
| colspan="3" |<small><span style="background: #c10000;"> </span><span style="background: #f33e01;"> </span><span style="background: #fed52e;"> </span></small> [[Ewafrazi|Afro-Eurasie]]
|<small><span style="background: #c04080;"> </span></small> [[Oseyani|Océanie]]
|-
|4 continents<ref name="Columbia" />{{,}}<ref name="OU" />{{,}}<ref name="LCC" />
| colspan="2" |<small><span style="background: #00cc00;"> </span><span style="background: #008000;"> </span></small> [[Amerik|Amérique]]<ref name=":1" />
|<small><span style="background: #0040ff;"> </span></small> [[Antatik (kontinan)|Antarctique]]
| colspan="3" |<small><span style="background: #c10000;"> </span><span style="background: #f33e01;"> </span><span style="background: #fed52e;"> </span></small> [[Ewafrazi|Afro-Eurasie]]
|<small><span style="background: #c04080;"> </span></small> [[Oseyani|Océanie]]
|-
|3 continents<ref name="Columbia" />{{,}}<ref name="OU" />{{,}}<ref name="LCC" />
| colspan="2" |<small><span style="background: #00cc00;"> </span><span style="background: #008000;"> </span></small> [[Amerik|Amérique]]<ref name=":1" />
|<small><span style="background: #0040ff;"> </span></small> [[Antatik (kontinan)|Antarctique]]
| colspan="4" |<small><span style="background: #c10000;"> </span><span style="background: #f33e01;"> </span><span style="background: #fed52e;"> </span><span style="background: #c04080;"> </span></small> Afro-Eurasie et Océanie
|}
Modèl sis kontinan an, ak sèlman Amerik yo kòm kontinan an, se peyi ki pale laten yo ki itilize li, sitou [[Frans|Lafrans]] ak pifò nan [[Francophonie|Francofoni an]], [[Espay]], [[Pòtigal]], ak [[Amerik Latin|Amerik Latin nan]] <ref name="RAE">{{Cite web|url=http://lema.rae.es/dpd/?key=norteamerica|title=Real Academia Española|publisher=Lema.rae.es|language=es|access-date=2013-09-30}}</ref>, [[Itali]], [[Woumani]], ak [[Grès|Lagrès]] <ref name="HEL">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100928055209/http://pi-schools.sch.gr/dimotiko/geografia_st/math/math_21_30.pdf] Older/previous official Greek Paedagogical Institute ''{{6th}} grade Geography textbook'' (at the [[Wayback Machine]]), 5+1 continents combined-America model; ''Pankosmios Enyklopaidikos Atlas'', CIL Hellas Publications, {{ISBN|84-407-0470-4}}, {{p.|30}}, 5+1 combined-America continents model; ''Neos Eikonographemenos Geographikos Atlas'', Siola-Alexiou, 6 continents combined-America model; ''Lexico tes Hellenikes Glossas'', Papyros Publications, {{ISBN|978-960-6715-47-1}}, lemma ''continent'' (''epeiros''), 5 continents model; ''Lexico Triantaphyllide'' online dictionary, Greek Language Center (''Kentro Hellenikes Glossas''), lemma ''continent'' (''[http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/search.html?lq=%CE%AE%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82 epeiros]''), 6 continents combined-America model; ''Lexico tes Neas Hellenikes Glossas'', [[Georgios Babiniotis|G.Babiniotes]], Kentro Lexikologias (Legicology Center) LTD Publications, {{ISBN|960-86190-1-7}}, lemma ''continent'' (''epeiros''), 6 continents combined-America model</ref> . Yo sòti nan modèl sa a yon modèl senk kontinan lè yo eskli [[Antatik (kontinan)|Antatik la]], ki lajman dezè. Modèl sa a itilize, an patikilye, pa [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm|title=United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49)|website=unstats.un.org|language=en|access-date=2016-11-09}}</ref>, [[Comité international olympique|Komite Olenpik Entènasyonal]] la <ref name="OC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/olympic_charter_en.pdf#page=11|title=Preamble|date=8 décembre 2014|website=Olympic Charter|publisher=International Olympic Committee|page=10|access-date=7 août 2015|quote=les cinq anneaux entrelacés, qui resprésentent les cinq continents}}</ref>, ak pou [[Drapeau olympique|drapo olenpik]] la.
Yo itilize modèl sis kontinan an ak yon blòk Erazyen an nan [[Japon]] ak [[Risi|Larisi]].
Modèl sèt kontinan an jeneralman anseye nan pifò peyi ki pale anglè (tankou [[Wayòm Ini]] a <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-curriculum-in-england-geography-programmes-of-study/national-curriculum-in-england-geography-programmes-of-study|title=National curriculum in England: geography programmes of study|publisher=UK Department for Education|language=en}}</ref>, [[Etazini]], [[Kanada]], [[Ostrali]] ) <ref>{{Lien archive|titre=F-10 Curriculum Geograph|éditeur=Australian Curriculum, Assessment, and Reporting Authority|horodatage archive=20140324191238|url=http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/humanitiesandsocialsciences/geography/Curriculum/F-10#cdcode=ACHGK009&level=2}}</ref>, epi tou nan [[Chin|Lachin]], [[End|peyi Zend]], [[Pakistan]], [[Filipin|Filipin yo]], plis kèk peyi [[Ewòp Lwès|Ewòp oksidantal]].
Nan [[Marketing international|maketin entènasyonal]], mond lan divize an twa zòn prensipal. [[Europe Middle East & Africa|EMEA]] (Ewòp, Mwayen Oryan ak Afrik), [[Asie-Pacifique|Azi Pasifik]] ak [[Amerik|Ameri]].
=== Denominasyon ===
* '''[[Afrik]]''', adopte depi nan [[Lantikite|Antikite]].
* '''[[Amerik]]''' (ki soti nan ''Amerik'' Latin nan), yo te rele l konsa apre [[Amerigo Vespucci]], sou pwopozisyon [[Martin Waldseemüller]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fr.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761560631/Am%C3%A9rique.html|title=Amérique|website=Encarta|access-date=7 avril 2009|archive-date=2009-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125174444/http://fr.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761560631/Am%C3%A9rique.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> .
* '''[[Antatik (kontinan)|Antatik]]''' soti nan Latin ''antarcticus'', ki soti nan Grèk ansyen ''antarktikós'', ki soti nan ''antí'', " kont », ak ''arktikós'' (“ [[Arctique|Aktik]] "), dènye mo sa a fòme apati de ''árktos'' (" lous " <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://logos.muthos.free.fr/etymologie/A.htm|title=Étymologie|website=Logos & Mûthos|access-date=29 avril 2009}}</ref> . Yo te rele Aktik la konsa paske li koresponn ak mwatye glòb la ki sou bò konstelasyon Ursa Major (Gran Lous la). Antatik, ki sou lòt bò a, kidonk « anti-Aktik la ».
* '''[[Azi]]''', swa soti nan non [[Océanides|Oseyanid]] [[Asia (Océanide)|Azi]] a (pi souvan rele [[Clymène (Océanide)|Clymene]] ), oswa yon derive de [[Assuwa]], yon eta konfedere ki sitiye nan lwès [[Anatolie|Anatoli]] e ki gen non soti nan [[Hittite (langue)|Hitit]] ''assu'' ki vle di « Bon ».
* '''[[Ewòp]]''', ki soti nan non prensès [[Phénicie|fenisyen]] [[Europe fille d'Agénor|Europa]] a, nan mitoloji grèk la, petèt yon konpozisyon mo grèk ''eurýs'' (εὐρύς, « laj " ) ak ''ṓps'' (ὤψ, « figi » ) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fr.encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761579286|title=Europe|website=Encarta|access-date=7 avril 2009}}</ref> .
* '''[[Oseyani]]''' soti nan Latin ''oceanus'', ki soti nan ansyen Grèk ''ōkeanós'' « oseyan, gwo lanmè deyò».
== Konparezon ==
=== Zòn ak popilasyon ===
Tablo ki anba la a bay [[Sipèfisi|sifas]], [[popilasyon]], [[dansite popilasyon]] ak kantite peyi sou chak kontinan, daprė modèl sèt kontinan an <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mapuniversal.com/what-are-the-7-continents-of-the-world/|title=What are the 7 Continents of the World/World Continents Map|date=2018-09-19|website=Map Universal|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref>.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
!Kontinan
!Sifas <small>(km²)</small> <ref name="CONT">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/geoquiz/thelist.htm|title=The List|website=WorldAtlas.com|language=en|access-date=6 avril 2009}}</ref>
!Zòn (%)
!Popilasyon apwoksimatif <small>(2016)</small> <ref name="CONT" />
!Pousantaj popilasyon total la
|-
![[Azi]]
|44 579 000
|30 %
|{{Unité|4436224000}}
|60.2 %
|-
![[Afrik]]
|30 065 000
|20 %
|{{Unité|1216130000}}
|16.5 %
|-
![[Amerik dinò|Amerik di Nò]]
|24 256 000
|16 %
|{{Nowrap|528 750 000}}
|7.2 %
|-
![[Amerik disid|Amerik di Sid]]
|17 819 000
|12 %
|410 013 492
|5.6 %
|-
![[Antatik (kontinan)|Antatik]]
|13 209 000
|9 %
|{{Unité|1500}}
|0.00002 %
|-
![[Ewòp]]
|9 938 000
|7 %
|738 849 000
|10.0 %
|-
![[Oseyani]]
|7 687 000
|5 %
|39 901 000
|0.5 %
|}
Sifas total kontinan yo se {{Inite|148647000 km2}} , oswa apeprè 29 % sifas Latè a ( {{Inite|510065600 km2}}).[[Fichye:World_population_by_continent.svg|vignette|Distribisyon [[Population mondiale|popilasyon mondyal]] la sou diferan kontinan yo.]]
=== Pwen Enpòtan ===
Tablo ki anba la a bay lis kontinan yo daprė pwen ki pi wo yo <ref name="CIA2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2020.html|title=The World Factbook, Field Listing - Elevation extremes|date=15 mai 2008|publisher=CIA|access-date=9 juin 2008|archive-date=2007-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003330/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2020.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.liensutiles.org/montagnepc.htm|title=Points culminants du monde|date=13 janvier 2008|website=liensutiles.org|access-date=8 avril 2009}}</ref> .
{| class="wikitable gauche" style="margin: 1em;"
!Kontinan
!Peyi
!Pwen ki pi wo a
!Altitid <small>(mèt)</small>
|-
| align="right" |[[Azi]]
|[[Chin|Lachin]] / [[Nepal]]
|[[Everest]]
| align="right" |8 849
|-
| align="right" |[[Amerik disid|Amerik di Sid]]
|[[Ajantin]]
|[[Aconcagua|Akonkagwa]]
| align="right" |6 960
|-
| align="right" |[[Amerik dinò|Amerik di Nò]]
|[[Etazini|ETAZINI]]
|[[Mont McKinley|Mòn McKinley]]
| align="right" |6 190
|-
| align="right" |[[Afrik]]
|[[Tanzani]]
|[[Kilimanjaro]]
| align="right" |5 892
|-
| align="right" |[[Ewòp]]
|[[Risi|Larisi]]
|[[Elbrouz]]
| align="right" |5 642
|-
| align="right" |[[Antatik (kontinan)|Antatik]]
|[[Territoire chilien de l'Antarctique|Reklamasyon Chilyen an]]
|[[Massif Vinson|Masif Vinson]]
| align="right" |4 897
|-
| align="right" |[[Oseyani]]
|[[Endonezi]]
|[[Puncak Jaya]]
| align="right" |4 884
|}
Azi gen pik ki pi wo nan mond lan, Mòn [[Everest]], epi li gen ladan l tou dis pik ki pi wo nan mond lan. Anpil chèn mòn leve nan Azi, tankou [[Tian Shan]] ak [[Himalaya]] yo. Peyizaj Amerik di Sid la defini pa [[Cordillère des Andes|chèn mòn Andes yo]], ki lonje sou tout kòt lwès li a. Peyizaj Amerik di Nò a oryante longitudinalman. Rejyon an divize an plizyè zòn diferan ki youn apre lòt soti nan lès rive nan lwès. Pwen ki pi wo nan Amerik di Nò, [[Mont McKinley|Mòn McKinley]], sitiye nan [[Alaska]].
Pwen ki pi wo ann [[Afrik]], [[Kilimanjaro]] (yon vòlkan ki pa fonksyone ankò), fè pati [[Vallée du Grand Rift|Gran Vale Rift]] la. Prensipal chèn mòn ann Ewòp yo se [[Oural]] yo, [[Caucase|Kokaz]] la, ak [[Alpes|Alp]] yo, Alp yo genyen [[Mont Blanc]], pik ki pi wo nan [[Ewòp Lwès|Ewòp oksidantal la]] . Antatik divize an de pati inegal pa [[Monts Transantarctiques|Mòn Transantarktik]] yo, yon chèn mòn ki gen {{Unité|3500|kilomètres}} longè epi ki fòme yon koub ki gen fòm « S " Soti nan kòt [[Mer de Weddell|lanmè Weddell]] la (anfas [[Île Berkner|zile Berkner]] ) rive nan kòt oseyan sid la anfas [[Îles Balleny|zile Balleny]] yo. Ostrali se yon kontinan relativman plat, byenke li make pa kèk zòn montay. Zile [[Nouvelle-Guinée|Nouvèl Gine]] a ofri pik ki pi wo nan rejyon Oseyani an."
=== Esperans lavi ===
Tablo ki anba la a bay [[esperans lavi]] moun ki rete nan senk gwo rejyon yo, daprė yon modèl ki gen " senk kontinan ", swivan modèl sibjektif Ewopeyen an ki separe Ewòp ak Azi.
{| class="wikitable gauche" style="margin-right:10px;"
! scope="col" |Kontinan
! scope="col" |Esperans lavi <small>(ane)</small>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Ewòp]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=continent&cid=5&nom=europe|title=L'Europe|website=PopulationData|access-date=6 avril 2009|archive-date=2010-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712105847/http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=continent&cid=5&nom=europe|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
|75
|-
! scope="row" |[[Oseyani]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=continent&cid=6&nom=oceanie|title=L'Océanie|website=PopulationData|access-date=6 avril 2009|archive-date=2010-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613172507/http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=continent&cid=6&nom=oceanie|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
|75
|-
! scope="row" |[[Amerik]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=continent&cid=2&nom=ameriques|title=L'Amérique|website=PopulationData|access-date=6 avril 2009|archive-date=2009-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617022513/http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=continent&cid=2&nom=ameriques|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
|74
|-
! scope="row" |[[Azi]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=continent&cid=4&nom=asie|title=L'Asie|website=PopulationData|access-date=6 avril 2009|archive-date=2016-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323122226/http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?cid=4&nom=asie&option=continent|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
|67,5
|-
! scope="row" |[[Afrik]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=continent&cid=1&nom=afrique|title=L'Afrique|website=PopulationData|access-date=6 avril 2009|archive-date=2010-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330071014/http://www.populationdata.net/index2.php?option=continent&cid=1&nom=afrique|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
|52
|}
Lafrik karakterize pa yon esperans lavi relativman ba, akòz yon [[to mòtalite]] ki wo, byenke sa varye selon diferan rejyon yo. Pa egzanp, [[Maghreb]] la gen yon to mòtalite {{Unité|6|‰}} alòske nan [[Afrique subsaharienne|Afrik subsaharyèn]] se {{Unité|15|‰}} <ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Sylvie Brunel|titre=L'Afrique : un contient en réserve de développement|éditeur=Éditions Bréal|année=2003|passage=136|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=iqXQKSBrNk4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=l%27afrique+par+sylvie+brunel}}</ref>.
Ewòp ak Oseyani gen esperans lavi ki pi wo a, toulede a {{Nowrap|75 ans}} . Esperans lavi nan Amerik yo pi ba pase nan Amerik di Sid, kote kèk peyi an devlopman gen esperans lavi relativman ba. Pa egzanp, [[Bolivi]] gen yon esperans lavi sèlman {{Nowrap|66,2 ans}} <ref name="CIAWF">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html|title=Life expectancy at birth|website=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]|language=en|access-date=1 mars 2008|archive-date=2014-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528191952/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html|dead-url=yes}}.</ref> . Esperans lavi nan Azi inegal, ak yon mwayèn {{Nowrap|43,7 ans}} pou moun ki rete nan [[Afganistan]], alòske [[Chin|Chinwa]] yo viv an mwayèn {{Nowrap|72,9 ans}} <ref name="CIAWF" /> .
== Nan jewoloji ==
=== Fòmasyon kontinan yo ===
Fòmasyon kontinan yo toujou anba deba <ref>{{Ouvrage|auteur1=G. Lyttleton|titre=Nouvelles lettres persanes, traduites de l'anglois|lieu=Londres|année=1735|pages totales=(voir par exemple G. Lyttleton, Nouvelles lettres persanes, traduites de l'anglois, t. II, p. 175)|passage=t. II, p. 175}}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=Martin W.|nom1=Lewis|auteur2=Kären E. Wigen|titre=The Myth of Continents|sous-titre=a Critique of Metageography|éditeur=[[University of California Press]]|lieu=Berkeley|année=1997|pages totales=344|passage=29|isbn=0-520-20742-4|isbn2=0-520-20743-2|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLT8X5E3bZIC&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>.
=== Derivasyon kontinantal ===
[[Fichye:Pangea_animation_03.gif|vignette|[[Tektonik plak|Dérivasyon kontinantal yo]], kòmanse nan [[Panje|Pangea]] .]]
Nan kòmansman XXe syèk la, [[Alfred Wegener]] te obsève ke, akòz aranjman kontinan yo, kòt lès Amerik di Sid la te sanble anfòm parfe nan kòt lwès Afrik la. Gen lòt moun anvan li ki te remake sa, men li te premye moun ki te pwopoze, baze sou obsèvasyon sa a, teyori dérivasyon kontinan yo. Yo kwè yon [[Supercontinent|sipèkontinan]], [[Panje|Pangea]], te fragmante nan kòmansman [[È Mezozoyik|epòk Mezozoyik]] la, epi depi lè sa a, mas kontinantal ki soti nan fragmentasyon sa a ap flote sou sifas Latè.
Pandan XXe syèk la, jewològ yo te aksepte ke kontinan yo deplase sou sifas Latè sou yon echèl tan jewolojik. Pwosesis sa a ke yo rekonèt kòm « Derivasyon kontinantal " epi li eksplike pa [[Tektonik plak|tektonik plak yo]] . Sifas [[Latè]] a jodi a gen douz gwo [[Plaques tectoniques|plak tektonik]] (epi anpil ti plak tou).
Se poutèt sa, sou yon echèl tan jewolojik, kantite kontinan yo varye. Gen lòt kontinan ki te egziste nan tan lontan jeolojik la; yo te rele sa yo [[Paléocontinent|paleokontinan]] . Yo detèmine ke te gen peryòd nan listwa Latè kote te gen yon sèl gwo kontinan sou sifas li. Pi resan an, [[Panje|Pangea]], date {{Nowrap|250 millions}} ane. Pwochen an « yon sèl kontinan " Si li ta dwe parèt nan {{Nowrap|250 millions}} ane atravè reyini [[Plaque africaine|Afrik]], [[Plaque eurasienne|Eurazi]] ak [[Amerik]] yo, li t ap [[Pangée prochaine|pwochen Pangea]] a <ref>{{Ouvrage|auteur1=G. Lyttleton|titre=Nouvelles lettres persanes, traduites de l'anglois|lieu=Londres|année=1735|pages totales=(voir par exemple G. Lyttleton, Nouvelles lettres persanes, traduites de l'anglois, t. II, p. 175)|passage=t. II, p. 175}}</ref> ."
=== Karakteristik ===
Pou jewològ yo, gen de eleman estriktirèl distenk sou sifas Latè. [[Kwout kontinantal]] la, ki konpoze sitou ak [[Granitik|granit]] ak wòch ki asosye avèk li, ak [[kwout oseyanik]] la, ki konpoze de [[bazalt]] ak [[gabwo]] . Se poutèt sa, limit ki genyen ant domèn kontinantal ak oseyanik la sitiye anba sifas lanmè a. : li vin tounen yon kesyon de « platfòm kontinantal " ki pafwa pwolonje plizyè kilomèt pi lwen pase litoral la. Pandan dènye laj glas la (nan pik [[Glaciation de Würm|glasyasyon Würm]] {{Inite|20000|ans}} de sa), nan Ewòp oksidantal, platfòm kontinantal la te pwolonje plizyè dizèn kilomèt nan lwès litoral aktyèl la.
[[Fichye:Erdkruste-i.png|vignette|upright|300px|lien=|classe=mw-file-element|300x300px]]
[[Fichye:Continental_shelf.svg|gauche|vignette|Yon koupe trè senplifye :{{Lejand/Kòmanse}} {{Lejand|#CB9866|Depo [[sediman]]è}} {{Lejand|#996633|Wòch}} {{Lejand|#663300|[[manto (jewoloji)|Manto]]}} {{Lejand/Fin}}]]
Gen kèk pati nan kontinan yo yo rekonèt kòm sou kontinan, patikilyèman sa yo ki sou diferan [[Plaques tectoniques|plak tektonik]] ki divize kontinan yo. Pi remakab yo se [[Sous-continent indien|soukontinan Endyen an]] ak [[Arabie|penensil Arabi]] a. [[Grinlann|Groenland]], ki sou plak Amerik di Nò a, pafwa konsidere kòm yon soukontinan. Lè yo wè Amerik yo kòm yon sèl kontinan, yo divize an de sou kontinan (Amerik di Nò ak Amerik di Sid) <ref>{{Ouvrage|auteur1=G. Lyttleton|titre=Nouvelles lettres persanes, traduites de l'anglois|lieu=Londres|année=1735|pages totales=(voir par exemple G. Lyttleton, Nouvelles lettres persanes, traduites de l'anglois, t. II, p. 175)|passage=t. II, p. 175}}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=Martin W.|nom1=Lewis|auteur2=Kären E. Wigen|titre=The Myth of Continents|sous-titre=a Critique of Metageography|éditeur=[[University of California Press]]|lieu=Berkeley|année=1997|pages totales=344|passage=29|isbn=0-520-20742-4|isbn2=0-520-20743-2|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLT8X5E3bZIC&printsec=frontcover}}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{En}} Bowen, Emanuel. (1752). ''A Complete Atlas, or Distinct View of the Known World''. London, {{p.|3}}.</ref> oubyen an divès rejyon <ref>{{En}} "continent n. 5. a." (1989) ''[./Oxford_English_Dictionary Oxford English Dictionary]'', {{2nd-en}} edition. [./Oxford_University_Press Oxford University Press]. "the great island of Australia is sometimes reckoned as another [continent]"</ref>.
Yon definisyon kontinan ki baze sou platfòm kontinantal yo ta ajoute plizyè kontinan ki gen ti sifas tè. Gen kèk zòn nan kwout kontinantal la ki lajman kouvri pa lanmè a men yo ka konsidere kòm kontinan ki anba dlo. Se ka [[Zealandia]], ki soti nan lanmè a nan [[Nouvèl Zelann]] ak [[Nouvèl Kaledoni]], oubyen menm [[Plateau de Kerguelen|plato Kerguelen]] ki prèske konplètman anba dlo nan sid [[Endyen (oseyan)|Oseyan Endyen an]].
Gen kèk zile ki sitiye sou seksyon kwout kontinantal ki te detache epi ki te derive lwen youn nan gwo kontinan yo. Malgre ke yo pa konsidere kòm kontinan akòz gwosè relativman piti yo, yo ka konsidere kòm [[Microcontinent|mikwokontinan]] . [[Madagaskar|Madagaska]], egzanp ki pi gaye a, jeneralman konsidere kòm yon pati nan Afrik, men yo te konn dekri li kòm « wityèm kontinan an » <ref>{{Ouvrage|auteur1=G. Lyttleton|titre=Nouvelles lettres persanes, traduites de l'anglois|lieu=Londres|année=1735|pages totales=(voir par exemple G. Lyttleton, Nouvelles lettres persanes, traduites de l'anglois, t. II, p. 175)|passage=t. II, p. 175}}</ref> .
== Nòt ak Referans ==
{{Traduction/Référence|fr|Continent|280778656}}
{{Références}}
== Ki gen rapò ==
{{lòt pwojè
| wikiversity = Grandes aires continentales
| wikiversity titre = Grandes aires continentales
}}
{{kategori prensipal}}
=== Bibliyografi ===
* [[Pierre Gentelle]], ''Géopolitique du monde contemporain'', Nathan, 2008 {{ISBN|978-2-09-160782-5}}
*[[Christian Grataloup]], ''L'invention des continents'', Larousse, 2009 {{ISBN|978-2-03-582594-0}}
* ''La Terre - Mers • Continents • Univers'', Cerise Bleue, coll. {{citation|Savoir Compact}}, 2008 {{ISBN|978-2-7583-0197-4}}
* {{en}} [[Hérodote]], traduit par George Rawlinson (2000), ''[[Enquête (Hérodote)|The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus]]'' [http://www.omphaloskepsis.com/ebooks/pdf/hrdts.pdf].
* {{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=Martin W.|nom1=Lewis|auteur2=Kären E. Wigen|titre=The Myth of Continents|sous-titre=a Critique of Metageography|éditeur=[[University of California Press]]|lieu=Berkeley|année=1997|pages totales=344|isbn=0-520-20742-4|isbn2=0-520-20743-2|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLT8X5E3bZIC&printsec=frontcover}}
* {{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=H. F.|nom1=Tozer|titre=A History of Ancient Geography|éditeur=University Press|lieu=Cambridge|année=1897}}
=== Lyen ekstèn ===
{{Liens}}
* [http://www.les-continents.com/ Site d'information sur les continents]
* [http://www.biologieenflash.net/animation.php?ref=geo-0062-1 Animation {{citation|La valse des continents}}]
* [https://actugeologique.fr/2020/12/des-scientifiques-ont-date-lemergence-des-premieres-masses-continentales/ Des scientifiques ont daté l’émergence des premières masses continentales – L'univers de la géologie]
[[Kategori:Kontinan|*]]
jd4uwwcew8zs3gy5nnq1lzdr8gip8c3
Module:Infobox
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2026-08-30T02:47:33Z
ChomponU Pongsawet
40257
Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q13107716|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]]
888253
Scribunto
text/plain
local p = {}
local args = {}
local origArgs = {}
local root
local empty_row_categories = {}
local category_in_empty_row_pattern = '%[%[%s*[Cc][Aa][Tt][Ee][Gg][Oo][Rr][Yy]%s*:[^]]*]]'
local has_rows = false
local yesno = require("Module:Yesno")
local lists = {
plainlist_t = {
patterns = {
'^plainlist$',
'%splainlist$',
'^plainlist%s',
'%splainlist%s'
},
found = false,
styles = 'Plainlist/styles.css'
},
hlist_t = {
patterns = {
'^hlist$',
'%shlist$',
'^hlist%s',
'%shlist%s'
},
found = false,
styles = 'Hlist/styles.css'
}
}
local function has_list_class(args_to_check)
for _, list in pairs(lists) do
if not list.found then
for _, arg in pairs(args_to_check) do
for _, pattern in ipairs(list.patterns) do
if mw.ustring.find(arg or '', pattern) then
list.found = true
break
end
end
if list.found then break end
end
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local function isUntitledChildBox(sval)
return sval and ( sval:match( '^%s*<%s*[Tt][Rr]' ) or sval:match( '^%s*\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-templatestyles%-%x+%-QINU[^\127]*\127%s*<%s*[Tt][Rr]' ) )
end
local function fixChildBoxes(sval, tt)
local function notempty( s ) return s and s:match( '%S' ) end
if notempty(sval) then
local marker = '<span class=special_infobox_marker>'
local s = sval
-- start moving templatestyles and categories inside of table rows
local slast = ''
while slast ~= s do
slast = s
s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(</[Tt][Rr]%s*>%s*)(%[%[%s*[Cc][Aa][Tt][Ee][Gg][Oo][Rr][Yy]%s*:[^]]*%]%])', '%2%1')
s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(</[Tt][Rr]%s*>%s*)(\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-templatestyles%-%x+%-QINU[^\127]*\127)', '%2%1')
end
-- end moving templatestyles and categories inside of table rows
s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(<%s*[Tt][Rr])', marker .. '%1')
s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(</[Tt][Rr]%s*>)', '%1' .. marker)
if s:match(marker) then
s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, marker .. '%s*' .. marker, '')
s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '([\r\n]|-[^\r\n]*[\r\n])%s*' .. marker, '%1')
s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, marker .. '%s*([\r\n]|-)', '%1')
s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(</[Cc][Aa][Pp][Tt][Ii][Oo][Nn]%s*>%s*)' .. marker, '%1')
s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(<%s*[Tt][Aa][Bb][Ll][Ee][^<>]*>%s*)' .. marker, '%1')
s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '^(%{|[^\r\n]*[\r\n]%s*)' .. marker, '%1')
s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '([\r\n]%{|[^\r\n]*[\r\n]%s*)' .. marker, '%1')
s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, marker .. '(%s*</[Tt][Aa][Bb][Ll][Ee]%s*>)', '%1')
s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, marker .. '(%s*\n|%})', '%1')
end
if s:match(marker) then
local subcells = mw.text.split(s, marker)
s = ''
for k = 1, #subcells do
if k == 1 then
s = s .. subcells[k] .. '</' .. tt .. '></tr>'
elseif k == #subcells then
local rowstyle = ' style="display:none"'
if notempty(subcells[k]) then rowstyle = '' end
s = s .. '<tr' .. rowstyle ..'><' .. tt .. ' colspan=2>\n' ..
subcells[k]
elseif notempty(subcells[k]) then
if (k % 2) == 0 then
s = s .. subcells[k]
else
s = s .. '<tr><' .. tt .. ' colspan=2>\n' ..
subcells[k] .. '</' .. tt .. '></tr>'
end
end
end
end
-- the next two lines add a newline at the end of lists for the PHP parser
-- [[Special:Diff/849054481]]
-- remove when [[:phab:T191516]] is fixed or OBE
s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '([\r\n][%*#;:][^\r\n]*)$', '%1\n')
s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '^([%*#;:][^\r\n]*)$', '%1\n')
s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '^([%*#;:])', '\n%1')
s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '^(%{%|)', '\n%1')
return s
else
return sval
end
end
-- Cleans empty tables
local function cleanInfobox()
root = tostring(root)
if has_rows == false then
root = mw.ustring.gsub(root, '<table[^<>]*>%s*</table>', '')
end
end
-- Returns the union of the values of two tables, as a sequence.
local function union(t1, t2)
local vals = {}
for k, v in pairs(t1) do
vals[v] = true
end
for k, v in pairs(t2) do
vals[v] = true
end
local ret = {}
for k, v in pairs(vals) do
table.insert(ret, k)
end
return ret
end
-- Returns a table containing the numbers of the arguments that exist
-- for the specified prefix. For example, if the prefix was 'data', and
-- 'data1', 'data2', and 'data5' exist, it would return {1, 2, 5}.
local function getArgNums(prefix)
local nums = {}
for k, v in pairs(args) do
local num = tostring(k):match('^' .. prefix .. '([1-9]%d*)$')
if num then table.insert(nums, tonumber(num)) end
end
table.sort(nums)
return nums
end
-- Adds a row to the infobox, with either a header cell
-- or a label/data cell combination.
local function addRow(rowArgs)
if rowArgs.header and rowArgs.header ~= '_BLANK_' then
has_rows = true
has_list_class({ rowArgs.rowclass, rowArgs.class, args.headerclass })
root
:tag('tr')
:addClass(rowArgs.rowclass)
:addClass( isUntitledChildBox( rowArgs.header ) and 'infobox-hiddenrow' or nil )
:cssText(rowArgs.rowstyle)
:tag('th')
:attr('colspan', '2')
:addClass('infobox-header')
:addClass(rowArgs.class)
:addClass(args.headerclass)
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-header
:cssText(args.headerstyle)
:cssText(rowArgs.rowcellstyle)
:wikitext(fixChildBoxes(rowArgs.header, 'th'))
if rowArgs.data and not yesno(args.decat) then
root:wikitext(
'[[Category:Pages using infobox templates with ignored data cells]]'
)
end
elseif rowArgs.data and rowArgs.data:gsub(category_in_empty_row_pattern, ''):match('^%S') then
has_rows = true
has_list_class({ rowArgs.rowclass, rowArgs.class })
local row = root:tag('tr')
row:addClass(rowArgs.rowclass)
row:cssText(rowArgs.rowstyle)
if rowArgs.label then
row
:tag('th')
:attr('scope', 'row')
:addClass('infobox-label')
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-label
:cssText(args.labelstyle)
:cssText(rowArgs.rowcellstyle)
:wikitext(rowArgs.label)
:done()
else
row:addClass( isUntitledChildBox( rowArgs.data ) and 'infobox-hiddenrow' or nil )
end
local dataCell = row:tag('td')
dataCell
:attr('colspan', not rowArgs.label and '2' or nil)
:addClass(not rowArgs.label and 'infobox-full-data' or 'infobox-data')
:addClass(rowArgs.class)
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox(-full)-data
:cssText(rowArgs.datastyle)
:cssText(rowArgs.rowcellstyle)
:wikitext(fixChildBoxes(rowArgs.data, 'td'))
else
table.insert(empty_row_categories, rowArgs.data or '')
end
end
local function renderTitle()
if not args.title then return end
has_rows = true
has_list_class({args.titleclass})
root
:tag('caption')
:addClass('infobox-title')
:addClass(args.titleclass)
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-title
:cssText(args.titlestyle)
:wikitext(args.title)
end
local function renderAboveRow()
if not args.above then return end
has_rows = true
has_list_class({ args.aboveclass })
root
:tag('tr')
:addClass( isUntitledChildBox( args.above ) and 'infobox-hiddenrow' or nil )
:tag('th')
:attr('colspan', '2')
:addClass('infobox-above')
:addClass(args.aboveclass)
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-above
:cssText(args.abovestyle)
:wikitext(fixChildBoxes(args.above,'th'))
end
local function renderBelowRow()
if not args.below then return end
has_rows = true
has_list_class({ args.belowclass })
root
:tag('tr')
:addClass( isUntitledChildBox( args.below ) and 'infobox-hiddenrow' or nil )
:tag('td')
:attr('colspan', '2')
:addClass('infobox-below')
:addClass(args.belowclass)
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-below
:cssText(args.belowstyle)
:wikitext(fixChildBoxes(args.below,'td'))
end
local function addSubheaderRow(subheaderArgs)
if subheaderArgs.data and
subheaderArgs.data:gsub(category_in_empty_row_pattern, ''):match('^%S') then
has_rows = true
has_list_class({ subheaderArgs.rowclass, subheaderArgs.class })
local row = root:tag('tr')
row:addClass(subheaderArgs.rowclass)
row:addClass( isUntitledChildBox( subheaderArgs.data ) and 'infobox-hiddenrow' or nil )
local dataCell = row:tag('td')
dataCell
:attr('colspan', '2')
:addClass('infobox-subheader')
:addClass(subheaderArgs.class)
:cssText(subheaderArgs.datastyle)
:cssText(subheaderArgs.rowcellstyle)
:wikitext(fixChildBoxes(subheaderArgs.data, 'td'))
else
table.insert(empty_row_categories, subheaderArgs.data or '')
end
end
local function renderSubheaders()
if args.subheader then
args.subheader1 = args.subheader
end
if args.subheaderrowclass then
args.subheaderrowclass1 = args.subheaderrowclass
end
local subheadernums = getArgNums('subheader')
for k, num in ipairs(subheadernums) do
addSubheaderRow({
data = args['subheader' .. tostring(num)],
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-subheader
datastyle = args.subheaderstyle,
rowcellstyle = args['subheaderstyle' .. tostring(num)],
class = args.subheaderclass,
rowclass = args['subheaderrowclass' .. tostring(num)]
})
end
end
local function addImageRow(imageArgs)
if imageArgs.data and
imageArgs.data:gsub(category_in_empty_row_pattern, ''):match('^%S') then
has_rows = true
has_list_class({ imageArgs.rowclass, imageArgs.class })
local row = root:tag('tr')
row:addClass(imageArgs.rowclass)
row:addClass( isUntitledChildBox( imageArgs.data ) and 'infobox-hiddenrow' or nil )
local dataCell = row:tag('td')
dataCell
:attr('colspan', '2')
:addClass('infobox-image')
:addClass(imageArgs.class)
:cssText(imageArgs.datastyle)
:wikitext(fixChildBoxes(imageArgs.data, 'td'))
else
table.insert(empty_row_categories, imageArgs.data or '')
end
end
local function renderImages()
if args.image then
args.image1 = args.image
end
if args.caption then
args.caption1 = args.caption
end
local imagenums = getArgNums('image')
for k, num in ipairs(imagenums) do
local caption = args['caption' .. tostring(num)]
local data = mw.html.create():wikitext(args['image' .. tostring(num)])
if caption then
data
:tag('div')
:addClass('infobox-caption')
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-caption
:cssText(args.captionstyle)
:wikitext(caption)
end
addImageRow({
data = tostring(data),
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-image
datastyle = args.imagestyle,
class = args.imageclass,
rowclass = args['imagerowclass' .. tostring(num)]
})
end
end
-- When autoheaders are turned on, preprocesses the rows
local function preprocessRows()
if not args.autoheaders then return end
local rownums = union(getArgNums('header'), getArgNums('data'))
table.sort(rownums)
local lastheader
for k, num in ipairs(rownums) do
if args['header' .. tostring(num)] then
if lastheader then
args['header' .. tostring(lastheader)] = nil
end
lastheader = num
elseif args['data' .. tostring(num)] and
args['data' .. tostring(num)]:gsub(
category_in_empty_row_pattern, ''
):match('^%S') then
local data = args['data' .. tostring(num)]
if data:gsub(category_in_empty_row_pattern, ''):match('%S') then
lastheader = nil
end
end
end
if lastheader then
args['header' .. tostring(lastheader)] = nil
end
end
-- Gets the union of the header and data argument numbers,
-- and renders them all in order
local function renderRows()
local rownums = union(getArgNums('header'), getArgNums('data'))
table.sort(rownums)
for k, num in ipairs(rownums) do
addRow({
header = args['header' .. tostring(num)],
label = args['label' .. tostring(num)],
data = args['data' .. tostring(num)],
datastyle = args.datastyle,
class = args['class' .. tostring(num)],
rowclass = args['rowclass' .. tostring(num)],
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> rowclass
rowstyle = args['rowstyle' .. tostring(num)],
rowcellstyle = args['rowcellstyle' .. tostring(num)]
})
end
end
local function renderNavBar()
if not args.name then return end
has_rows = true
root
:tag('tr')
:tag('td')
:attr('colspan', '2')
:addClass('infobox-navbar')
:wikitext(require('Module:Navbar')._navbar{
args.name,
mini = 1,
})
end
local function renderItalicTitle()
local italicTitle = args['italic title'] and mw.ustring.lower(args['italic title'])
if italicTitle == '' or italicTitle == 'force' or italicTitle == 'yes' then
root:wikitext(require('Module:Italic title')._main({}))
end
end
-- Categories in otherwise empty rows are collected in empty_row_categories.
-- This function adds them to the module output. It is not affected by
-- args.decat because this module should not prevent module-external categories
-- from rendering.
local function renderEmptyRowCategories()
for _, s in ipairs(empty_row_categories) do
root:wikitext(s)
end
end
-- Render tracking categories. args.decat == turns off tracking categories.
local function renderTrackingCategories()
if yesno(args.decat) then return end
if args.child == 'yes' then
if args.title then
root:wikitext(
'[[Category:Pages using embedded infobox templates with the title parameter]]'
)
end
elseif #(getArgNums('data')) == 0 and mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 0 then
root:wikitext('[[Category:Articles using infobox templates with no data rows]]')
end
end
--[=[
Loads the templatestyles for the infobox.
TODO: FINISH loading base templatestyles here rather than in
MediaWiki:Common.css. There are 4-5000 pages with 'raw' infobox tables.
See [[Mediawiki_talk:Common.css/to_do#Infobox]] and/or come help :).
When we do this we should clean up the inline CSS below too.
Will have to do some bizarre conversion category like with sidebar.
]=]
local function loadTemplateStyles()
local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame()
local hlist_templatestyles = ''
if lists.hlist_t.found then
hlist_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = lists.hlist_t.styles }
}
end
local plainlist_templatestyles = ''
if lists.plainlist_t.found then
plainlist_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = lists.plainlist_t.styles }
}
end
-- See function description
local base_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Module:Infobox/styles.css' }
}
local templatestyles = ''
if args['templatestyles'] then
templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = args['templatestyles'] }
}
end
local child_templatestyles = ''
if args['child templatestyles'] then
child_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = args['child templatestyles'] }
}
end
local grandchild_templatestyles = ''
if args['grandchild templatestyles'] then
grandchild_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{
name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = args['grandchild templatestyles'] }
}
end
return table.concat({
-- hlist -> plainlist -> base is best-effort to preserve old Common.css ordering.
-- this ordering is not a guarantee because the rows of interest invoking
-- each class may not be on a specific page
hlist_templatestyles,
plainlist_templatestyles,
base_templatestyles,
templatestyles,
child_templatestyles,
grandchild_templatestyles
})
end
-- common functions between the child and non child cases
local function structure_infobox_common()
renderSubheaders()
renderImages()
preprocessRows()
renderRows()
renderBelowRow()
renderNavBar()
renderItalicTitle()
renderEmptyRowCategories()
renderTrackingCategories()
cleanInfobox()
end
-- Specify the overall layout of the infobox, with special settings if the
-- infobox is used as a 'child' inside another infobox.
local function _infobox()
if args.child ~= 'yes' then
root = mw.html.create('table')
root
:addClass(args.subbox == 'yes' and 'infobox-subbox' or 'infobox')
:addClass(args.bodyclass)
-- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name>
:cssText(args.bodystyle)
has_list_class({ args.bodyclass })
renderTitle()
renderAboveRow()
else
root = mw.html.create()
root
:wikitext(args.title)
end
structure_infobox_common()
return loadTemplateStyles() .. root
end
-- If the argument exists and isn't blank, add it to the argument table.
-- Blank arguments are treated as nil to match the behaviour of ParserFunctions.
local function preprocessSingleArg(argName)
if origArgs[argName] and origArgs[argName] ~= '' then
args[argName] = origArgs[argName]
end
end
-- Assign the parameters with the given prefixes to the args table, in order, in
-- batches of the step size specified. This is to prevent references etc. from
-- appearing in the wrong order. The prefixTable should be an array containing
-- tables, each of which has two possible fields, a "prefix" string and a
-- "depend" table. The function always parses parameters containing the "prefix"
-- string, but only parses parameters in the "depend" table if the prefix
-- parameter is present and non-blank.
local function preprocessArgs(prefixTable, step)
if type(prefixTable) ~= 'table' then
error("Non-table value detected for the prefix table", 2)
end
if type(step) ~= 'number' then
error("Invalid step value detected", 2)
end
-- Get arguments without a number suffix, and check for bad input.
for i,v in ipairs(prefixTable) do
if type(v) ~= 'table' or type(v.prefix) ~= "string" or
(v.depend and type(v.depend) ~= 'table') then
error('Invalid input detected to preprocessArgs prefix table', 2)
end
preprocessSingleArg(v.prefix)
-- Only parse the depend parameter if the prefix parameter is present
-- and not blank.
if args[v.prefix] and v.depend then
for j, dependValue in ipairs(v.depend) do
if type(dependValue) ~= 'string' then
error('Invalid "depend" parameter value detected in preprocessArgs')
end
preprocessSingleArg(dependValue)
end
end
end
-- Get arguments with number suffixes.
local a = 1 -- Counter variable.
local moreArgumentsExist = true
while moreArgumentsExist == true do
moreArgumentsExist = false
for i = a, a + step - 1 do
for j,v in ipairs(prefixTable) do
local prefixArgName = v.prefix .. tostring(i)
if origArgs[prefixArgName] then
-- Do another loop if any arguments are found, even blank ones.
moreArgumentsExist = true
preprocessSingleArg(prefixArgName)
end
-- Process the depend table if the prefix argument is present
-- and not blank, or we are processing "prefix1" and "prefix" is
-- present and not blank, and if the depend table is present.
if v.depend and (args[prefixArgName] or (i == 1 and args[v.prefix])) then
for j,dependValue in ipairs(v.depend) do
local dependArgName = dependValue .. tostring(i)
preprocessSingleArg(dependArgName)
end
end
end
end
a = a + step
end
end
-- Parse the data parameters in the same order that the old {{infobox}} did, so
-- that references etc. will display in the expected places. Parameters that
-- depend on another parameter are only processed if that parameter is present,
-- to avoid phantom references appearing in article reference lists.
local function parseDataParameters()
preprocessSingleArg('autoheaders')
preprocessSingleArg('child')
preprocessSingleArg('bodyclass')
preprocessSingleArg('subbox')
preprocessSingleArg('bodystyle')
preprocessSingleArg('title')
preprocessSingleArg('titleclass')
preprocessSingleArg('titlestyle')
preprocessSingleArg('above')
preprocessSingleArg('aboveclass')
preprocessSingleArg('abovestyle')
preprocessArgs({
{prefix = 'subheader', depend = {'subheaderstyle', 'subheaderrowclass'}}
}, 10)
preprocessSingleArg('subheaderstyle')
preprocessSingleArg('subheaderclass')
preprocessArgs({
{prefix = 'image', depend = {'caption', 'imagerowclass'}}
}, 10)
preprocessSingleArg('captionstyle')
preprocessSingleArg('imagestyle')
preprocessSingleArg('imageclass')
preprocessArgs({
{prefix = 'header'},
{prefix = 'data', depend = {'label'}},
{prefix = 'rowclass'},
{prefix = 'rowstyle'},
{prefix = 'rowcellstyle'},
{prefix = 'class'}
}, 50)
preprocessSingleArg('headerclass')
preprocessSingleArg('headerstyle')
preprocessSingleArg('labelstyle')
preprocessSingleArg('datastyle')
preprocessSingleArg('below')
preprocessSingleArg('belowclass')
preprocessSingleArg('belowstyle')
preprocessSingleArg('name')
-- different behaviour for italics if blank or absent
args['italic title'] = origArgs['italic title']
preprocessSingleArg('decat')
preprocessSingleArg('templatestyles')
preprocessSingleArg('child templatestyles')
preprocessSingleArg('grandchild templatestyles')
end
-- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template.
-- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in.
function p.infobox(frame)
if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then
origArgs = frame:getParent().args
else
origArgs = frame
end
parseDataParameters()
return _infobox()
end
-- For calling via #invoke within a template
function p.infoboxTemplate(frame)
origArgs = {}
for k,v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs[k] = mw.text.trim(v) end
parseDataParameters()
return _infobox()
end
return p
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