Aza

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Aza, Nenpòt jwèt yon jwè oblije mize pou li kontinye patisipe nan li.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirrorhistory.com/mirror-facts/broken-mirror/|title=Breaking a mirror - Meaning of broken mirror|website=www.mirrorhistory.com|access-date=2022-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://navajocodetalkers.org/navajo-superstitions/|title=Navajo Superstitions|website=navajocodetalkers.org|access-date=2024-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823182612/https://navajocodetalkers.org/navajo-superstitions/|archive-date=2024-08-23|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[Franse]]:
*[[Angle]]:
*[[Alman]]:
*[[Panyòl]]:

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

== referans ==</text>
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Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
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Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
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Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
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{{definisyon
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Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
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{{definisyon
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|objè=
|imaj=
|referans=
}}
Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== Konsèp &quot; moniman istorik » ==

=== Nan mond lan ===

==== An Frans ====
An [[Frans]], estati [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] la te parèt an 1830, li te konsakre pa yon lwa an 1887 epi lejislatè a te konfime li atravè lwa 31 décembre 1913 . Administrasyon an ka konfere li san distenksyon sou nenpòt byen materyèl, mobil oswa immobilier, depi konsèvasyon oswa prezèvasyon li ka, dapre sèten kritè, konsidere kòm nan enterè jeneral la.

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
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{{definisyon
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|referans=
}}
Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== Konsèp &quot; moniman istorik » ==

=== Nan mond lan ===

==== An Frans ====
An [[Frans]], estati [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] la te parèt an 1830, li te konsakre pa yon lwa an 1887 epi lejislatè a te konfime li atravè lwa 31 desanm 1913 . Administrasyon an ka konfere li san distenksyon sou nenpòt byen materyèl, mobil oswa immobilier, depi konsèvasyon oswa prezèvasyon li ka, dapre sèten kritè, konsidere kòm nan enterè jeneral la.

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
      <sha1>n5nilmttlrskxpim2demh9uwthiuwz2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888754</id>
      <parentid>888753</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T22:20:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* An Frans */</comment>
      <origin>888754</origin>
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      <text bytes="3416" sha1="a1v6zeep9dh6fkan1ent24a55qn6zld" xml:space="preserve">{{ebòch}}
{{definisyon
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|objè=
|imaj=
|referans=
}}
Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== Konsèp &quot; moniman istorik » ==

=== Nan mond lan ===

==== An Frans ====
An [[Frans]], estati [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] la te parèt an 1830, li te konsakre pa yon lwa an 1887 epi lejislatè a te konfime li atravè lwa 31 desanm 1913 . Administrasyon an ka konfere li san distenksyon sou nenpòt byen materyèl, mobil oswa imobilye, depi konsèvasyon oswa prezèvasyon li ka, dapre sèten kritè, konsidere kòm nan enterè jeneral la.

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
      <sha1>a1v6zeep9dh6fkan1ent24a55qn6zld</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888755</id>
      <parentid>888754</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T22:21:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* An Frans */</comment>
      <origin>888755</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3936" sha1="49876djpg8qbovd2vyzabs8zwmi5nw6" xml:space="preserve">{{ebòch}}
{{definisyon
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|objè=
|imaj=
|referans=
}}
Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== Konsèp &quot; moniman istorik » ==

=== Nan mond lan ===

==== An Frans ====
An [[Frans]], estati [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] la te parèt an 1830, li te konsakre pa yon lwa an 1887 epi lejislatè a te konfime li atravè lwa 31 desanm 1913 . Administrasyon an ka konfere li san distenksyon sou nenpòt byen materyèl, mobil oswa imobilye, depi konsèvasyon oswa prezèvasyon li ka, dapre sèten kritè, konsidere kòm nan enterè jeneral la.

Se pa t jiskaske [[1887 (almanak gregoryen)|an 1887]] ke lejislati a te entèveni nan domèn [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik yo]] . Lwa 30 mars 1887 la, ki te gen yon dimansyon limite piske li te limite klasifikasyon an sèlman pou moniman ki pou moun piblik e ki enteresan pou listwa ak atizay nasyonal la, te pwovoke gwo manifestasyon. An patikilye, anpil minisipalite pa t apresye lefèt ke travay restorasyon yo t ap fè a te sijè a apwobasyon [[Administration centrale|administrasyon santral]] la.

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
      <sha1>49876djpg8qbovd2vyzabs8zwmi5nw6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888756</id>
      <parentid>888755</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T22:21:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* An Frans */</comment>
      <origin>888756</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3935" sha1="54m32k59feoffcgwtazf4lzf4zrhyqf" xml:space="preserve">{{ebòch}}
{{definisyon
|fanmi=non komen
|objè=
|imaj=
|referans=
}}
Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== Konsèp &quot; moniman istorik » ==

=== Nan mond lan ===

==== An Frans ====
An [[Frans]], estati [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] la te parèt an 1830, li te konsakre pa yon lwa an 1887 epi lejislatè a te konfime li atravè lwa 31 desanm 1913 . Administrasyon an ka konfere li san distenksyon sou nenpòt byen materyèl, mobil oswa imobilye, depi konsèvasyon oswa prezèvasyon li ka, dapre sèten kritè, konsidere kòm nan enterè jeneral la.

Se pa t jiskaske [[1887 (almanak gregoryen)|an 1887]] ke lejislati a te entèveni nan domèn [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik yo]] . Lwa 30 mas 1887 la, ki te gen yon dimansyon limite piske li te limite klasifikasyon an sèlman pou moniman ki pou moun piblik e ki enteresan pou listwa ak atizay nasyonal la, te pwovoke gwo manifestasyon. An patikilye, anpil minisipalite pa t apresye lefèt ke travay restorasyon yo t ap fè a te sijè a apwobasyon [[Administration centrale|administrasyon santral]] la.

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
      <sha1>54m32k59feoffcgwtazf4lzf4zrhyqf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888757</id>
      <parentid>888756</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T22:22:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* An Frans */</comment>
      <origin>888757</origin>
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      <text bytes="4531" sha1="qcfggyfntd0rt274fayy6x9swt4pioj" xml:space="preserve">{{ebòch}}
{{definisyon
|fanmi=non komen
|objè=
|imaj=
|referans=
}}
Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== Konsèp &quot; moniman istorik » ==

=== Nan mond lan ===

==== An Frans ====
An [[Frans]], estati [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] la te parèt an 1830, li te konsakre pa yon lwa an 1887 epi lejislatè a te konfime li atravè lwa 31 desanm 1913 . Administrasyon an ka konfere li san distenksyon sou nenpòt byen materyèl, mobil oswa imobilye, depi konsèvasyon oswa prezèvasyon li ka, dapre sèten kritè, konsidere kòm nan enterè jeneral la.

Se pa t jiskaske [[1887 (almanak gregoryen)|an 1887]] ke lejislati a te entèveni nan domèn [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik yo]] . Lwa 30 mas 1887 la, ki te gen yon dimansyon limite piske li te limite klasifikasyon an sèlman pou moniman ki pou moun piblik e ki enteresan pou listwa ak atizay nasyonal la, te pwovoke gwo manifestasyon. An patikilye, anpil minisipalite pa t apresye lefèt ke travay restorasyon yo t ap fè a te sijè a apwobasyon [[Administration centrale|administrasyon santral]] la.

Se apre lwa separasyon yo ki te mete anpil legliz riral yo an danje, ki kounye a pa t resevwa sibvansyon nan men Ministè Afè Relijye yo, yo te prepare lwa 1913 la ak yon nouvo mezi, enskripsyon nan Envantè Siplemantè a. Lwa sa a konfime enterè k ap grandi nan lòt peryòd apa de Mwayennaj yo, patikilyèman nan achitekti klasik la. Adjektif nasyonal la te disparèt nan mo li yo ki te kenbe sèlman enterè istorik oswa atistik la. Li konplete pa lwa 2 mai 1930 konsènan sit yo epi li te modifye an [[1943 (almanak gregoryen)|1943]] pou pèmèt pwoteksyon anviwònman moniman istorik yo.

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
      <sha1>qcfggyfntd0rt274fayy6x9swt4pioj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888758</id>
      <parentid>888757</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T22:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* An Frans */</comment>
      <origin>888758</origin>
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{{definisyon
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|objè=
|imaj=
|referans=
}}
Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== Konsèp &quot; moniman istorik » ==

=== Nan mond lan ===

==== An Frans ====
An [[Frans]], estati [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] la te parèt an 1830, li te konsakre pa yon lwa an 1887 epi lejislatè a te konfime li atravè lwa 31 desanm 1913 . Administrasyon an ka konfere li san distenksyon sou nenpòt byen materyèl, mobil oswa imobilye, depi konsèvasyon oswa prezèvasyon li ka, dapre sèten kritè, konsidere kòm nan enterè jeneral la.

Se pa t jiskaske [[1887 (almanak gregoryen)|an 1887]] ke lejislati a te entèveni nan domèn [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik yo]] . Lwa 30 mas 1887 la, ki te gen yon dimansyon limite piske li te limite klasifikasyon an sèlman pou moniman ki pou moun piblik e ki enteresan pou listwa ak atizay nasyonal la, te pwovoke gwo manifestasyon. An patikilye, anpil minisipalite pa t apresye lefèt ke travay restorasyon yo t ap fè a te sijè a apwobasyon [[Administration centrale|administrasyon santral]] la.

Se aprè lwa separasyon yo ki te mete anpil legliz riral yo an danje, ki kounye a pa t resevwa sibvansyon nan men Ministè Afè Relijye yo, yo te prepare lwa 1913 la ak yon nouvo mezi, enskripsyon nan Envantè Siplemantè a. Lwa sa a konfime enterè k ap grandi nan lòt peryòd apa de Mwayennaj yo, patikilyèman nan achitekti klasik la. Adjektif nasyonal la te disparèt nan mo li yo ki te kenbe sèlman enterè istorik oswa atistik la. Li konplete pa lwa 2 mai 1930 konsènan sit yo epi li te modifye an [[1943 (almanak gregoryen)|1943]] pou pèmèt pwoteksyon anviwònman moniman istorik yo.

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
      <sha1>07hq07j1dd0n17ssts6hor8yuykbxwk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888759</id>
      <parentid>888758</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T22:24:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* An Frans */</comment>
      <origin>888759</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4751" sha1="loy0f22gqwt8qucwcv50xikqtxkzaqa" xml:space="preserve">{{ebòch}}
{{definisyon
|fanmi=non komen
|objè=
|imaj=
|referans=
}}
Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== Konsèp &quot; moniman istorik » ==

=== Nan mond lan ===

==== An Frans ====
An [[Frans]], estati [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] la te parèt an 1830, li te konsakre pa yon lwa an 1887 epi lejislatè a te konfime li atravè lwa 31 desanm 1913 . Administrasyon an ka konfere li san distenksyon sou nenpòt byen materyèl, mobil oswa imobilye, depi konsèvasyon oswa prezèvasyon li ka, dapre sèten kritè, konsidere kòm nan enterè jeneral la.

Se pa t jiskaske [[1887 (almanak gregoryen)|an 1887]] ke lejislati a te entèveni nan domèn [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik yo]] . Lwa 30 mas 1887 la, ki te gen yon dimansyon limite piske li te limite klasifikasyon an sèlman pou moniman ki pou moun piblik e ki enteresan pou listwa ak atizay nasyonal la, te pwovoke gwo manifestasyon. An patikilye, anpil minisipalite pa t apresye lefèt ke travay restorasyon yo t ap fè a te sijè a apwobasyon [[Administration centrale|administrasyon santral]] la.

Se aprè lwa separasyon yo ki te mete anpil legliz riral yo an danje, ki kounye a pa t resevwa sibvansyon nan men Ministè Afè Relijye yo, yo te prepare lwa 1913 la ak yon nouvo mezi, enskripsyon nan Envantè Siplemantè a. Lwa sa a konfime enterè k ap grandi nan lòt peryòd apa de Mwayennaj yo, patikilyèman nan achitekti klasik la. Adjektif nasyonal la te disparèt nan mo li yo ki te kenbe sèlman enterè istorik oswa atistik la. Li konplete pa lwa 2 mai 1930 konsènan sit yo epi li te modifye an [[1943 (almanak gregoryen)|1943]] pou pèmèt pwoteksyon anviwònman moniman istorik yo.

Lè l te rekonèt wòl Leta nan pwoteksyon moniman istorik yo, lwa 1913 la te etabli prensip ke gen yon enterè piblik nan prezèvasyon moniman istorik yo ki jistifye kapasite Leta pou vyole dwa pwopriyete nan non li.

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
      <sha1>loy0f22gqwt8qucwcv50xikqtxkzaqa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888760</id>
      <parentid>888759</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T22:24:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* An Frans */</comment>
      <origin>888760</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5025" sha1="au9lanxnxp2zs4rgu9se5f32urac7w2" xml:space="preserve">{{ebòch}}
{{definisyon
|fanmi=non komen
|objè=
|imaj=
|referans=
}}
Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== Konsèp &quot; moniman istorik » ==

=== Nan mond lan ===

==== An Frans ====
An [[Frans]], estati [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] la te parèt an 1830, li te konsakre pa yon lwa an 1887 epi lejislatè a te konfime li atravè lwa 31 desanm 1913 . Administrasyon an ka konfere li san distenksyon sou nenpòt byen materyèl, mobil oswa imobilye, depi konsèvasyon oswa prezèvasyon li ka, dapre sèten kritè, konsidere kòm nan enterè jeneral la.

Se pa t jiskaske [[1887 (almanak gregoryen)|an 1887]] ke lejislati a te entèveni nan domèn [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik yo]] . Lwa 30 mas 1887 la, ki te gen yon dimansyon limite piske li te limite klasifikasyon an sèlman pou moniman ki pou moun piblik e ki enteresan pou listwa ak atizay nasyonal la, te pwovoke gwo manifestasyon. An patikilye, anpil minisipalite pa t apresye lefèt ke travay restorasyon yo t ap fè a te sijè a apwobasyon [[Administration centrale|administrasyon santral]] la.

Se aprè lwa separasyon yo ki te mete anpil legliz riral yo an danje, ki kounye a pa t resevwa sibvansyon nan men Ministè Afè Relijye yo, yo te prepare lwa 1913 la ak yon nouvo mezi, enskripsyon nan Envantè Siplemantè a. Lwa sa a konfime enterè k ap grandi nan lòt peryòd apa de Mwayennaj yo, patikilyèman nan achitekti klasik la. Adjektif nasyonal la te disparèt nan mo li yo ki te kenbe sèlman enterè istorik oswa atistik la. Li konplete pa lwa 2 mai 1930 konsènan sit yo epi li te modifye an [[1943 (almanak gregoryen)|1943]] pou pèmèt pwoteksyon anviwònman moniman istorik yo.

Lè l te rekonèt wòl Leta nan pwoteksyon moniman istorik yo, lwa 1913 la te etabli prensip ke gen yon enterè piblik nan prezèvasyon moniman istorik yo ki jistifye kapasite Leta pou vyole dwa pwopriyete nan non li.

Li make pa otorite inilateral [[Eta|Leta a]], ki pa prèske modifye depi lè sa a malgre elajisman kritè klasifikasyon yo, difikilte bidjetè yo, desantralizasyon an ak volonte konpatriyòt nou yo pou patisipe pi aktivman nan defans patrimwàn yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
      <sha1>au9lanxnxp2zs4rgu9se5f32urac7w2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888761</id>
      <parentid>888760</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T22:39:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888761</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5269" sha1="azssob9gds3zruddoydj4damfd35xvm" xml:space="preserve">{{ebòch}}
{{definisyon
|fanmi=non komen
|objè=
|imaj=
|referans=
}}
Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== Konsèp &quot; moniman istorik » ==

=== Nan mond lan ===

==== An Frans ====
An [[Frans]], estati [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] la te parèt an 1830, li te konsakre pa yon lwa an 1887 epi lejislatè a te konfime li atravè lwa 31 desanm 1913 . Administrasyon an ka konfere li san distenksyon sou nenpòt byen materyèl, mobil oswa imobilye, depi konsèvasyon oswa prezèvasyon li ka, dapre sèten kritè, konsidere kòm nan enterè jeneral la.

Se pa t jiskaske [[1887 (almanak gregoryen)|an 1887]] ke lejislati a te entèveni nan domèn [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik yo]] . Lwa 30 mas 1887 la, ki te gen yon dimansyon limite piske li te limite klasifikasyon an sèlman pou moniman ki pou moun piblik e ki enteresan pou listwa ak atizay nasyonal la, te pwovoke gwo manifestasyon. An patikilye, anpil minisipalite pa t apresye lefèt ke travay restorasyon yo t ap fè a te sijè a apwobasyon [[Administration centrale|administrasyon santral]] la.

Se aprè lwa separasyon yo ki te mete anpil legliz riral yo an danje, ki kounye a pa t resevwa sibvansyon nan men Ministè Afè Relijye yo, yo te prepare lwa 1913 la ak yon nouvo mezi, enskripsyon nan Envantè Siplemantè a. Lwa sa a konfime enterè k ap grandi nan lòt peryòd apa de Mwayennaj yo, patikilyèman nan achitekti klasik la. Adjektif nasyonal la te disparèt nan mo li yo ki te kenbe sèlman enterè istorik oswa atistik la. Li konplete pa lwa 2 mai 1930 konsènan sit yo epi li te modifye an [[1943 (almanak gregoryen)|1943]] pou pèmèt pwoteksyon anviwònman moniman istorik yo.

Lè l te rekonèt wòl Leta nan pwoteksyon moniman istorik yo, lwa 1913 la te etabli prensip ke gen yon enterè piblik nan prezèvasyon moniman istorik yo ki jistifye kapasite Leta pou vyole dwa pwopriyete nan non li.

Li make pa otorite inilateral [[Eta|Leta a]], ki pa prèske modifye depi lè sa a malgre elajisman kritè klasifikasyon yo, difikilte bidjetè yo, desantralizasyon an ak volonte konpatriyòt nou yo pou patisipe pi aktivman nan defans patrimwàn yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Moniman ansyen yo ==
Premye moniman yo te date depi pre-istwa, nan kote adorasyon kote tonm ak [[Tumulus|tumul]] ki make pa [[Mégalithe|megalit]] tankou [[menhir]] ak [[Dolmen|dolmèn]] [[Carnac]] ak [[Stonehenge]] te gen anpil enpòtans.

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
      <sha1>azssob9gds3zruddoydj4damfd35xvm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888762</id>
      <parentid>888761</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T22:39:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
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      <comment>/* Moniman ansyen yo */</comment>
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{{definisyon
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|objè=
|imaj=
|referans=
}}
Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== Konsèp &quot; moniman istorik » ==

=== Nan mond lan ===

==== An Frans ====
An [[Frans]], estati [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] la te parèt an 1830, li te konsakre pa yon lwa an 1887 epi lejislatè a te konfime li atravè lwa 31 desanm 1913 . Administrasyon an ka konfere li san distenksyon sou nenpòt byen materyèl, mobil oswa imobilye, depi konsèvasyon oswa prezèvasyon li ka, dapre sèten kritè, konsidere kòm nan enterè jeneral la.

Se pa t jiskaske [[1887 (almanak gregoryen)|an 1887]] ke lejislati a te entèveni nan domèn [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik yo]] . Lwa 30 mas 1887 la, ki te gen yon dimansyon limite piske li te limite klasifikasyon an sèlman pou moniman ki pou moun piblik e ki enteresan pou listwa ak atizay nasyonal la, te pwovoke gwo manifestasyon. An patikilye, anpil minisipalite pa t apresye lefèt ke travay restorasyon yo t ap fè a te sijè a apwobasyon [[Administration centrale|administrasyon santral]] la.

Se aprè lwa separasyon yo ki te mete anpil legliz riral yo an danje, ki kounye a pa t resevwa sibvansyon nan men Ministè Afè Relijye yo, yo te prepare lwa 1913 la ak yon nouvo mezi, enskripsyon nan Envantè Siplemantè a. Lwa sa a konfime enterè k ap grandi nan lòt peryòd apa de Mwayennaj yo, patikilyèman nan achitekti klasik la. Adjektif nasyonal la te disparèt nan mo li yo ki te kenbe sèlman enterè istorik oswa atistik la. Li konplete pa lwa 2 mai 1930 konsènan sit yo epi li te modifye an [[1943 (almanak gregoryen)|1943]] pou pèmèt pwoteksyon anviwònman moniman istorik yo.

Lè l te rekonèt wòl Leta nan pwoteksyon moniman istorik yo, lwa 1913 la te etabli prensip ke gen yon enterè piblik nan prezèvasyon moniman istorik yo ki jistifye kapasite Leta pou vyole dwa pwopriyete nan non li.

Li make pa otorite inilateral [[Eta|Leta a]], ki pa prèske modifye depi lè sa a malgre elajisman kritè klasifikasyon yo, difikilte bidjetè yo, desantralizasyon an ak volonte konpatriyòt nou yo pou patisipe pi aktivman nan defans patrimwàn yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Moniman ansyen yo ==
Premye moniman yo te date depi pre-istwa, nan kote adorasyon kote tonm ak [[Tumulus|tumul]] ki make pa [[Mégalithe|megalit]] tankou [[menhir]] ak [[Dolmen|dolmèn]] [[Carnac]] ak [[Stonehenge]] te gen anpil enpòtans.

Anplis, [[Ejip|peyi Lejip]] se youn nan pi bon egzanp yo ak [[Pyramide|piramid]] li yo, [[Statue|estati li yo]] ak [[Obélisque|obelisk li yo]] .

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
      <sha1>7spx07tbyr176bvbjhrm37r2al6h5cz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888763</id>
      <parentid>888762</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T22:40:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Moniman ansyen yo */</comment>
      <origin>888763</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5575" sha1="lf949z6h6egtewq9f9jc02k6mw4d1pw" xml:space="preserve">{{ebòch}}
{{definisyon
|fanmi=non komen
|objè=
|imaj=
|referans=
}}
Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== Konsèp &quot; moniman istorik » ==

=== Nan mond lan ===

==== An Frans ====
An [[Frans]], estati [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] la te parèt an 1830, li te konsakre pa yon lwa an 1887 epi lejislatè a te konfime li atravè lwa 31 desanm 1913 . Administrasyon an ka konfere li san distenksyon sou nenpòt byen materyèl, mobil oswa imobilye, depi konsèvasyon oswa prezèvasyon li ka, dapre sèten kritè, konsidere kòm nan enterè jeneral la.

Se pa t jiskaske [[1887 (almanak gregoryen)|an 1887]] ke lejislati a te entèveni nan domèn [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik yo]] . Lwa 30 mas 1887 la, ki te gen yon dimansyon limite piske li te limite klasifikasyon an sèlman pou moniman ki pou moun piblik e ki enteresan pou listwa ak atizay nasyonal la, te pwovoke gwo manifestasyon. An patikilye, anpil minisipalite pa t apresye lefèt ke travay restorasyon yo t ap fè a te sijè a apwobasyon [[Administration centrale|administrasyon santral]] la.

Se aprè lwa separasyon yo ki te mete anpil legliz riral yo an danje, ki kounye a pa t resevwa sibvansyon nan men Ministè Afè Relijye yo, yo te prepare lwa 1913 la ak yon nouvo mezi, enskripsyon nan Envantè Siplemantè a. Lwa sa a konfime enterè k ap grandi nan lòt peryòd apa de Mwayennaj yo, patikilyèman nan achitekti klasik la. Adjektif nasyonal la te disparèt nan mo li yo ki te kenbe sèlman enterè istorik oswa atistik la. Li konplete pa lwa 2 mai 1930 konsènan sit yo epi li te modifye an [[1943 (almanak gregoryen)|1943]] pou pèmèt pwoteksyon anviwònman moniman istorik yo.

Lè l te rekonèt wòl Leta nan pwoteksyon moniman istorik yo, lwa 1913 la te etabli prensip ke gen yon enterè piblik nan prezèvasyon moniman istorik yo ki jistifye kapasite Leta pou vyole dwa pwopriyete nan non li.

Li make pa otorite inilateral [[Eta|Leta a]], ki pa prèske modifye depi lè sa a malgre elajisman kritè klasifikasyon yo, difikilte bidjetè yo, desantralizasyon an ak volonte konpatriyòt nou yo pou patisipe pi aktivman nan defans patrimwàn yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Moniman ansyen yo ==
Premye moniman yo te date depi pre-istwa, nan kote adorasyon kote tonm ak [[Tumulus|tumul]] ki make pa [[Mégalithe|megalit]] tankou [[menhir]] ak [[Dolmen|dolmèn]] [[Carnac]] ak [[Stonehenge]] te gen anpil enpòtans.

Anplis, [[Ejip|peyi Lejip]] se youn nan pi bon egzanp yo ak [[Pyramide|piramid]] li yo, [[Statue|estati li yo]] ak [[Obélisque|obelisk li yo]] .

Pandan peryòd grèk-women an, prensipal kalite moniman modèn yo te vin etabli. : gwo moniman finerè, [[Mausolée|mozole]] ak natirèlman [[Temple|tanp]] .

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
      <sha1>lf949z6h6egtewq9f9jc02k6mw4d1pw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888764</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-11T23:21:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
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      <text bytes="5903" sha1="r7qremlopz8ia3f94u7eaeo7kd6en4c" xml:space="preserve">{{ebòch}}
{{definisyon
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|objè=
|imaj=
|referans=
}}
Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== Konsèp &quot; moniman istorik » ==

=== Nan mond lan ===

==== An Frans ====
An [[Frans]], estati [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] la te parèt an 1830, li te konsakre pa yon lwa an 1887 epi lejislatè a te konfime li atravè lwa 31 desanm 1913 . Administrasyon an ka konfere li san distenksyon sou nenpòt byen materyèl, mobil oswa imobilye, depi konsèvasyon oswa prezèvasyon li ka, dapre sèten kritè, konsidere kòm nan enterè jeneral la.

Se pa t jiskaske [[1887 (almanak gregoryen)|an 1887]] ke lejislati a te entèveni nan domèn [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik yo]] . Lwa 30 mas 1887 la, ki te gen yon dimansyon limite piske li te limite klasifikasyon an sèlman pou moniman ki pou moun piblik e ki enteresan pou listwa ak atizay nasyonal la, te pwovoke gwo manifestasyon. An patikilye, anpil minisipalite pa t apresye lefèt ke travay restorasyon yo t ap fè a te sijè a apwobasyon [[Administration centrale|administrasyon santral]] la.

Se aprè lwa separasyon yo ki te mete anpil legliz riral yo an danje, ki kounye a pa t resevwa sibvansyon nan men Ministè Afè Relijye yo, yo te prepare lwa 1913 la ak yon nouvo mezi, enskripsyon nan Envantè Siplemantè a. Lwa sa a konfime enterè k ap grandi nan lòt peryòd apa de Mwayennaj yo, patikilyèman nan achitekti klasik la. Adjektif nasyonal la te disparèt nan mo li yo ki te kenbe sèlman enterè istorik oswa atistik la. Li konplete pa lwa 2 mai 1930 konsènan sit yo epi li te modifye an [[1943 (almanak gregoryen)|1943]] pou pèmèt pwoteksyon anviwònman moniman istorik yo.

Lè l te rekonèt wòl Leta nan pwoteksyon moniman istorik yo, lwa 1913 la te etabli prensip ke gen yon enterè piblik nan prezèvasyon moniman istorik yo ki jistifye kapasite Leta pou vyole dwa pwopriyete nan non li.

Li make pa otorite inilateral [[Eta|Leta a]], ki pa prèske modifye depi lè sa a malgre elajisman kritè klasifikasyon yo, difikilte bidjetè yo, desantralizasyon an ak volonte konpatriyòt nou yo pou patisipe pi aktivman nan defans patrimwàn yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Moniman ansyen yo ==
Premye moniman yo te date depi pre-istwa, nan kote adorasyon kote tonm ak [[Tumulus|tumul]] ki make pa [[Mégalithe|megalit]] tankou [[menhir]] ak [[Dolmen|dolmèn]] [[Carnac]] ak [[Stonehenge]] te gen anpil enpòtans.

Anplis, [[Ejip|peyi Lejip]] se youn nan pi bon egzanp yo ak [[Pyramide|piramid]] li yo, [[Statue|estati li yo]] ak [[Obélisque|obelisk li yo]] .

Pandan peryòd grèk-women an, prensipal kalite moniman modèn yo te vin etabli. : gwo moniman finerè, [[Mausolée|mozole]] ak natirèlman [[Temple|tanp]] lan .

== Apre avenman Krisyanis la ==
[[Krisyanis]] kondane ansyen kil yo, e poutèt sa li lakòz abandone moniman ansyen yo, an favè konstriksyon legliz ak nouvo [[Basilique (christianisme)|bazilik]] ki gen yon fonksyon relijye. Gen kèk bilding ansyen ki transfòme, pa egzanp [[Panthéon (Rome)|Panteon an nan lavil Wòm]] .

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
      <sha1>r7qremlopz8ia3f94u7eaeo7kd6en4c</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>888765</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-11T23:22:04Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
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      <comment>/* Apre avenman Krisyanis la */</comment>
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{{definisyon
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|referans=
}}
Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== Konsèp &quot; moniman istorik » ==

=== Nan mond lan ===

==== An Frans ====
An [[Frans]], estati [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] la te parèt an 1830, li te konsakre pa yon lwa an 1887 epi lejislatè a te konfime li atravè lwa 31 desanm 1913 . Administrasyon an ka konfere li san distenksyon sou nenpòt byen materyèl, mobil oswa imobilye, depi konsèvasyon oswa prezèvasyon li ka, dapre sèten kritè, konsidere kòm nan enterè jeneral la.

Se pa t jiskaske [[1887 (almanak gregoryen)|an 1887]] ke lejislati a te entèveni nan domèn [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik yo]] . Lwa 30 mas 1887 la, ki te gen yon dimansyon limite piske li te limite klasifikasyon an sèlman pou moniman ki pou moun piblik e ki enteresan pou listwa ak atizay nasyonal la, te pwovoke gwo manifestasyon. An patikilye, anpil minisipalite pa t apresye lefèt ke travay restorasyon yo t ap fè a te sijè a apwobasyon [[Administration centrale|administrasyon santral]] la.

Se aprè lwa separasyon yo ki te mete anpil legliz riral yo an danje, ki kounye a pa t resevwa sibvansyon nan men Ministè Afè Relijye yo, yo te prepare lwa 1913 la ak yon nouvo mezi, enskripsyon nan Envantè Siplemantè a. Lwa sa a konfime enterè k ap grandi nan lòt peryòd apa de Mwayennaj yo, patikilyèman nan achitekti klasik la. Adjektif nasyonal la te disparèt nan mo li yo ki te kenbe sèlman enterè istorik oswa atistik la. Li konplete pa lwa 2 mai 1930 konsènan sit yo epi li te modifye an [[1943 (almanak gregoryen)|1943]] pou pèmèt pwoteksyon anviwònman moniman istorik yo.

Lè l te rekonèt wòl Leta nan pwoteksyon moniman istorik yo, lwa 1913 la te etabli prensip ke gen yon enterè piblik nan prezèvasyon moniman istorik yo ki jistifye kapasite Leta pou vyole dwa pwopriyete nan non li.

Li make pa otorite inilateral [[Eta|Leta a]], ki pa prèske modifye depi lè sa a malgre elajisman kritè klasifikasyon yo, difikilte bidjetè yo, desantralizasyon an ak volonte konpatriyòt nou yo pou patisipe pi aktivman nan defans patrimwàn yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Moniman ansyen yo ==
Premye moniman yo te date depi pre-istwa, nan kote adorasyon kote tonm ak [[Tumulus|tumul]] ki make pa [[Mégalithe|megalit]] tankou [[menhir]] ak [[Dolmen|dolmèn]] [[Carnac]] ak [[Stonehenge]] te gen anpil enpòtans.

Anplis, [[Ejip|peyi Lejip]] se youn nan pi bon egzanp yo ak [[Pyramide|piramid]] li yo, [[Statue|estati li yo]] ak [[Obélisque|obelisk li yo]] .

Pandan peryòd grèk-women an, prensipal kalite moniman modèn yo te vin etabli. : gwo moniman finerè, [[Mausolée|mozole]] ak natirèlman [[Temple|tanp]] lan .

== Apre avenman Krisyanis la ==
[[Krisyanis]] kondane ansyen kil yo, e poutèt sa li lakòz abandone moniman ansyen yo, an favè konstriksyon legliz ak nouvo [[Basilique (christianisme)|bazilik]] ki gen yon fonksyon relijye. Gen kèk bilding ansyen ki transfòme, pa egzanp [[Panthéon (Rome)|Panteon an nan lavil Wòm]] .

== Nan XVIII lan syèk ==
Kòmansman retou stil neoklasik la, tankou [[Panthéon (Paris)|Panteon nan Pari]], pwojè konstriksyon an te kòmanse depi 1755.&lt;ref&gt;Alexia Lebeurre, ''Le Panthéon : temple de la nation'', éd. Patrimoine, 2000, p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
      <sha1>bkmy253cdqzo24aepw3rks8m6rymfn5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888766</id>
      <parentid>888765</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T23:24:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nan XVIII lan syèk */</comment>
      <origin>888766</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6444" sha1="2srgixughswpx64lz1oh91y5m0c8itr" xml:space="preserve">{{ebòch}}
{{definisyon
|fanmi=non komen
|objè=
|imaj=
|referans=
}}
Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== Konsèp &quot; moniman istorik » ==

=== Nan mond lan ===

==== An Frans ====
An [[Frans]], estati [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] la te parèt an 1830, li te konsakre pa yon lwa an 1887 epi lejislatè a te konfime li atravè lwa 31 desanm 1913 . Administrasyon an ka konfere li san distenksyon sou nenpòt byen materyèl, mobil oswa imobilye, depi konsèvasyon oswa prezèvasyon li ka, dapre sèten kritè, konsidere kòm nan enterè jeneral la.

Se pa t jiskaske [[1887 (almanak gregoryen)|an 1887]] ke lejislati a te entèveni nan domèn [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik yo]] . Lwa 30 mas 1887 la, ki te gen yon dimansyon limite piske li te limite klasifikasyon an sèlman pou moniman ki pou moun piblik e ki enteresan pou listwa ak atizay nasyonal la, te pwovoke gwo manifestasyon. An patikilye, anpil minisipalite pa t apresye lefèt ke travay restorasyon yo t ap fè a te sijè a apwobasyon [[Administration centrale|administrasyon santral]] la.

Se aprè lwa separasyon yo ki te mete anpil legliz riral yo an danje, ki kounye a pa t resevwa sibvansyon nan men Ministè Afè Relijye yo, yo te prepare lwa 1913 la ak yon nouvo mezi, enskripsyon nan Envantè Siplemantè a. Lwa sa a konfime enterè k ap grandi nan lòt peryòd apa de Mwayennaj yo, patikilyèman nan achitekti klasik la. Adjektif nasyonal la te disparèt nan mo li yo ki te kenbe sèlman enterè istorik oswa atistik la. Li konplete pa lwa 2 mai 1930 konsènan sit yo epi li te modifye an [[1943 (almanak gregoryen)|1943]] pou pèmèt pwoteksyon anviwònman moniman istorik yo.

Lè l te rekonèt wòl Leta nan pwoteksyon moniman istorik yo, lwa 1913 la te etabli prensip ke gen yon enterè piblik nan prezèvasyon moniman istorik yo ki jistifye kapasite Leta pou vyole dwa pwopriyete nan non li.

Li make pa otorite inilateral [[Eta|Leta a]], ki pa prèske modifye depi lè sa a malgre elajisman kritè klasifikasyon yo, difikilte bidjetè yo, desantralizasyon an ak volonte konpatriyòt nou yo pou patisipe pi aktivman nan defans patrimwàn yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Moniman ansyen yo ==
Premye moniman yo te date depi pre-istwa, nan kote adorasyon kote tonm ak [[Tumulus|tumul]] ki make pa [[Mégalithe|megalit]] tankou [[menhir]] ak [[Dolmen|dolmèn]] [[Carnac]] ak [[Stonehenge]] te gen anpil enpòtans.

Anplis, [[Ejip|peyi Lejip]] se youn nan pi bon egzanp yo ak [[Pyramide|piramid]] li yo, [[Statue|estati li yo]] ak [[Obélisque|obelisk li yo]] .

Pandan peryòd grèk-women an, prensipal kalite moniman modèn yo te vin etabli. : gwo moniman finerè, [[Mausolée|mozole]] ak natirèlman [[Temple|tanp]] lan .

== Apre avenman Krisyanis la ==
[[Krisyanis]] kondane ansyen kil yo, e poutèt sa li lakòz abandone moniman ansyen yo, an favè konstriksyon legliz ak nouvo [[Basilique (christianisme)|bazilik]] ki gen yon fonksyon relijye. Gen kèk bilding ansyen ki transfòme, pa egzanp [[Panthéon (Rome)|Panteon an nan lavil Wòm]] .

== Nan XVIII lan syèk ==
Kòmansman retou stil neoklasik la, tankou [[Panthéon (Paris)|Panteon nan Pari]], pwojè konstriksyon an te kòmanse depi 1755.&lt;ref&gt;Alexia Lebeurre, ''Le Panthéon : temple de la nation'', éd. Patrimoine, 2000, p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nan XIX syèk la ==

=== Premye mwatye ===
Stil neoklasik la te vin dominan epi li te reentwodui fòm grèk-women yo, pa egzanp estati Napoléon an. Premye a , kreye pa [[Antonio Canova]] . Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile nan Pari, ki te konstwi an 1836, te enspire pa Ach Titus nan Wòm.

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
      <sha1>2srgixughswpx64lz1oh91y5m0c8itr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888767</id>
      <parentid>888766</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T23:26:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Premye mwatye */</comment>
      <origin>888767</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="6691" sha1="66l8hddnvgwb275isuyocscj30x74x5" xml:space="preserve">{{ebòch}}
{{definisyon
|fanmi=non komen
|objè=
|imaj=
|referans=
}}
Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== Konsèp &quot; moniman istorik » ==

=== Nan mond lan ===

==== An Frans ====
An [[Frans]], estati [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] la te parèt an 1830, li te konsakre pa yon lwa an 1887 epi lejislatè a te konfime li atravè lwa 31 desanm 1913 . Administrasyon an ka konfere li san distenksyon sou nenpòt byen materyèl, mobil oswa imobilye, depi konsèvasyon oswa prezèvasyon li ka, dapre sèten kritè, konsidere kòm nan enterè jeneral la.

Se pa t jiskaske [[1887 (almanak gregoryen)|an 1887]] ke lejislati a te entèveni nan domèn [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik yo]] . Lwa 30 mas 1887 la, ki te gen yon dimansyon limite piske li te limite klasifikasyon an sèlman pou moniman ki pou moun piblik e ki enteresan pou listwa ak atizay nasyonal la, te pwovoke gwo manifestasyon. An patikilye, anpil minisipalite pa t apresye lefèt ke travay restorasyon yo t ap fè a te sijè a apwobasyon [[Administration centrale|administrasyon santral]] la.

Se aprè lwa separasyon yo ki te mete anpil legliz riral yo an danje, ki kounye a pa t resevwa sibvansyon nan men Ministè Afè Relijye yo, yo te prepare lwa 1913 la ak yon nouvo mezi, enskripsyon nan Envantè Siplemantè a. Lwa sa a konfime enterè k ap grandi nan lòt peryòd apa de Mwayennaj yo, patikilyèman nan achitekti klasik la. Adjektif nasyonal la te disparèt nan mo li yo ki te kenbe sèlman enterè istorik oswa atistik la. Li konplete pa lwa 2 mai 1930 konsènan sit yo epi li te modifye an [[1943 (almanak gregoryen)|1943]] pou pèmèt pwoteksyon anviwònman moniman istorik yo.

Lè l te rekonèt wòl Leta nan pwoteksyon moniman istorik yo, lwa 1913 la te etabli prensip ke gen yon enterè piblik nan prezèvasyon moniman istorik yo ki jistifye kapasite Leta pou vyole dwa pwopriyete nan non li.

Li make pa otorite inilateral [[Eta|Leta a]], ki pa prèske modifye depi lè sa a malgre elajisman kritè klasifikasyon yo, difikilte bidjetè yo, desantralizasyon an ak volonte konpatriyòt nou yo pou patisipe pi aktivman nan defans patrimwàn yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Moniman ansyen yo ==
Premye moniman yo te date depi pre-istwa, nan kote adorasyon kote tonm ak [[Tumulus|tumul]] ki make pa [[Mégalithe|megalit]] tankou [[menhir]] ak [[Dolmen|dolmèn]] [[Carnac]] ak [[Stonehenge]] te gen anpil enpòtans.

Anplis, [[Ejip|peyi Lejip]] se youn nan pi bon egzanp yo ak [[Pyramide|piramid]] li yo, [[Statue|estati li yo]] ak [[Obélisque|obelisk li yo]] .

Pandan peryòd grèk-women an, prensipal kalite moniman modèn yo te vin etabli. : gwo moniman finerè, [[Mausolée|mozole]] ak natirèlman [[Temple|tanp]] lan .

== Apre avenman Krisyanis la ==
[[Krisyanis]] kondane ansyen kil yo, e poutèt sa li lakòz abandone moniman ansyen yo, an favè konstriksyon legliz ak nouvo [[Basilique (christianisme)|bazilik]] ki gen yon fonksyon relijye. Gen kèk bilding ansyen ki transfòme, pa egzanp [[Panthéon (Rome)|Panteon an nan lavil Wòm]] .

== Nan XVIII lan syèk ==
Kòmansman retou stil neoklasik la, tankou [[Panthéon (Paris)|Panteon nan Pari]], pwojè konstriksyon an te kòmanse depi 1755.&lt;ref&gt;Alexia Lebeurre, ''Le Panthéon : temple de la nation'', éd. Patrimoine, 2000, p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nan XIX syèk la ==

=== Premye mwatye ===
Stil neoklasik la te vin dominan epi li te reentwodui fòm grèk-women yo, pa egzanp estati Napoléon an. Premye a , kreye pa [[Antonio Canova]] . Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile nan Pari, ki te konstwi an 1836, te enspire pa Ach Titus nan Wòm.

=== Dezyèm mwatye ===
Travay senbolik ak alegorik yo, oubyen okontrè sa yo ki reyalis, gen plis valè. Estati Libète a te kreye pa eskiltè franse Auguste Bartholdi ak enjenyè Gustave Eiffel ant 1875 ak 1884. Li komemore endepandans Etazini.

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
      <sha1>66l8hddnvgwb275isuyocscj30x74x5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888768</id>
      <parentid>888767</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T23:30:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dezyèm mwatye */</comment>
      <origin>888768</origin>
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      <text bytes="6693" sha1="nevgfnguvxsyzdl19posgbbrh6493od" xml:space="preserve">{{ebòch}}
{{definisyon
|fanmi=non komen
|objè=
|imaj=
|referans=
}}
Moniman, Yon bagay moun konstwi pou reprezante yon bagay ki te egziste nan yon moman ki pase; konsa piti yon peyi, yon zòn kapab wè, toujou sonje bagay sa a.  Yon moniman kapab reprezante yon moun tou, menm yon moun vivan. 

Yon '''moniman''' (ki soti nan mo laten monumentum, ki sòti nan vèb moneō &quot; pou sonje &quot;) okòmansman te refere a yon [[eskilti]] oswa yon travay [[achitekti]] ki te itilize pou komemore yon evènman oswa yon moun, kidonk siyifikasyon prensipal li se &quot; [[Tombeau (architecture)|tonm]] &quot; Men, pa [[Analogie|analoji]], e pi lajman, tèm sa a kalifye depi lè sa a nenpòt objè ki ateste egzistans, reyalite yon bagay epi ki ka sèvi kòm temwayaj,&lt;ref&gt;Cf. {{CNRTL|monument|}} Voir aussi « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/monument monument] » et « [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/témoignage témoignage] » sur le [[Wiksyònari|Wiktionnaire]].&lt;/ref&gt; tankou yon [[Langue|lang]], yon [[Penti (atizay)|penti]] oswa yon [[mòn]] . 

Nan itilizasyon komen, tèm nan &quot; moniman &quot; refere plis a yon bilding oswa yon estrikti ki gen valè istorik ak kiltirèl. 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[franse|Franse]]: monument
*[[angle|Angle]]: monument
*[[alman|Alman]]: Denkmal
*[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: monumento

== Istwa == 
Istwa mo sa

=== Itilizasyon tèm &quot; moniman » ===
Pou [[Aloïs Riegl|Alois Riegl]],&lt;ref&gt;Cf. [[Aloïs Riegl]], ''Le Culte moderne des monuments'', Le Seuil, Paris, 1984 &lt;sup class=&quot;need_ref_tag&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:2px;&quot;&gt;[[Aide:Préciser un fait|[Où&amp;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;?]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;. Cité par Stéphanie Beauchêne, sous la dir. de [[François Laplantine]], ''Ethnographie d'un monument : récits d'une fondation contemporaine : le Centre civique de Bucarest'' [Thèse de doctorat : Sociologie et sciences sociales : Lyon-2 : 2001], Lyon, université Lumière, 2001, p. 49 ([http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/beauchene_s en ligne]).&lt;/ref&gt; yon moniman se, nan ansyen sans mo a, yon travay kreye pa men lòm epi bati ak objektif presi pou prezève toujou prezan ak vivan nan konsyans [[Générations futures|jenerasyon kap vini yo]] memwa yon aksyon konsa oswa yon desten konsa.

Pou [[Françoise Choay]], nan ''Alegori Eritaj la'', moniman an fonksyone epi mobilize memwa atravè &quot; medyasyon afeksyon an &quot;, pou evoke tan lontan an lè li fè l rezone nan fason prezan an. Tan lontan sa a ede kenbe epi prezève idantite yon kominote etnik, kiltirèl oswa politik.&lt;ref&gt;Voir, par exemple, [http://www.icrc.org/fre/resources/documents/misc/5x8f8n.htm François Bugnion, « La genèse de la protection juridique des biens culturels en cas de conflit armé dans le cadre du droit international humanitaire conventionnel et coutumier », Genève, Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, 14-02-2004].&lt;/ref&gt; Moniman an bay asirans, rasirans, ak trankilite lè li evoke egzistans prezan an.

== Konsèp &quot; moniman istorik » ==

=== Nan mond lan ===

==== An Frans ====
An [[Frans]], estati [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] la te parèt an 1830, li te konsakre pa yon lwa an 1887 epi lejislatè a te konfime li atravè lwa 31 desanm 1913 . Administrasyon an ka konfere li san distenksyon sou nenpòt byen materyèl, mobil oswa imobilye, depi konsèvasyon oswa prezèvasyon li ka, dapre sèten kritè, konsidere kòm nan enterè jeneral la.

Se pa t jiskaske [[1887 (almanak gregoryen)|an 1887]] ke lejislati a te entèveni nan domèn [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik yo]] . Lwa 30 mas 1887 la, ki te gen yon dimansyon limite piske li te limite klasifikasyon an sèlman pou moniman ki pou moun piblik e ki enteresan pou listwa ak atizay nasyonal la, te pwovoke gwo manifestasyon. An patikilye, anpil minisipalite pa t apresye lefèt ke travay restorasyon yo t ap fè a te sijè a apwobasyon [[Administration centrale|administrasyon santral]] la.

Se aprè lwa separasyon yo ki te mete anpil legliz riral yo an danje, ki kounye a pa t resevwa sibvansyon nan men Ministè Afè Relijye yo, yo te prepare lwa 1913 la ak yon nouvo mezi, enskripsyon nan Envantè Siplemantè a. Lwa sa a konfime enterè k ap grandi nan lòt peryòd apa de Mwayennaj yo, patikilyèman nan achitekti klasik la. Adjektif nasyonal la te disparèt nan mo li yo ki te kenbe sèlman enterè istorik oswa atistik la. Li konplete pa lwa 2 mai 1930 konsènan sit yo epi li te modifye an [[1943 (almanak gregoryen)|1943]] pou pèmèt pwoteksyon anviwònman moniman istorik yo.

Lè l te rekonèt wòl Leta nan pwoteksyon moniman istorik yo, lwa 1913 la te etabli prensip ke gen yon enterè piblik nan prezèvasyon moniman istorik yo ki jistifye kapasite Leta pou vyole dwa pwopriyete nan non li.

Li make pa otorite inilateral [[Eta|Leta a]], ki pa prèske modifye depi lè sa a malgre elajisman kritè klasifikasyon yo, difikilte bidjetè yo, desantralizasyon an ak volonte konpatriyòt nou yo pou patisipe pi aktivman nan defans patrimwàn yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Moniman ansyen yo ==
Premye moniman yo te date depi pre-istwa, nan kote adorasyon kote tonm ak [[Tumulus|tumul]] ki make pa [[Mégalithe|megalit]] tankou [[menhir]] ak [[Dolmen|dolmèn]] [[Carnac]] ak [[Stonehenge]] te gen anpil enpòtans.

Anplis, [[Ejip|peyi Lejip]] se youn nan pi bon egzanp yo ak [[Pyramide|piramid]] li yo, [[Statue|estati li yo]] ak [[Obélisque|obelisk li yo]] .

Pandan peryòd grèk-women an, prensipal kalite moniman modèn yo te vin etabli. : gwo moniman finerè, [[Mausolée|mozole]] ak natirèlman [[Temple|tanp]] lan .

== Apre avenman Krisyanis la ==
[[Krisyanis]] kondane ansyen kil yo, e poutèt sa li lakòz abandone moniman ansyen yo, an favè konstriksyon legliz ak nouvo [[Basilique (christianisme)|bazilik]] ki gen yon fonksyon relijye. Gen kèk bilding ansyen ki transfòme, pa egzanp [[Panthéon (Rome)|Panteon an nan lavil Wòm]] .

== Nan XVIII lan syèk ==
Kòmansman retou stil neoklasik la, tankou [[Panthéon (Paris)|Panteon nan Pari]], pwojè konstriksyon an te kòmanse depi 1755.&lt;ref&gt;Alexia Lebeurre, ''Le Panthéon : temple de la nation'', éd. Patrimoine, 2000, p. 9&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nan XIX syèk la ==

=== Premye mwatye ===
Stil neyoklasik la te vin dominan epi li te reentwodui fòm grèk-women yo, pa egzanp estati Napoléon an. Premye a , kreye pa [[Antonio Canova]] . Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile nan Pari, ki te konstwi an 1836, te enspire pa Ach Titus nan Wòm.

=== Dezyèm mwatye ===
Travay senbolik ak alegorik yo, oubyen okontrè sa yo ki reyalis, gen plis valè. Estati Libète a te kreye pa eskiltè fransè Auguste Bartholdi ak enjenyè Gustave Eiffel ant 1875 ak 1884. Li komemore endepandans Etazini.

== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==</text>
      <sha1>nevgfnguvxsyzdl19posgbbrh6493od</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Moye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15796</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="1307" sha1="mnh03cpo0v631u15e9ngiasjsp1kusl" xml:space="preserve">{{ebòch}} 
'''Moye''' se yon plant. 
Li nan fanmi plant ''[[:kategori: Anacardiaceae]].
Non syantifik li se ''Schinus molle L. ''
{{Vejetal
|non komen=Moye 
|imaj=Schinus-areira.JPG
|lejann= 
|dekouvrè= 
|dat= 
|domèn=Eukaryota
|rèy=Plantae
|sou-rèy=
|sipè-filòm=
|filòm= 
|sou-filòm=
|sipè-klas=
|klas=
|sou-klas=
|enfra-klas=
|sipè-òd=
|òd=
|sou-lòd=
|sipè-fanmi=
|fanmi= Anacardiaceae 
|sou-fanmi= 
|tribi=
|jan= Schinus molle L. 
|sou-jan=
|espès=
|nòt= 
|koulè1=#CFC 
|koulè2=#6C6
|koulè3=lightgreen
}}

&lt;gallery&gt;
Imaj:Peppercorns.jpg|Peppercorns
Imaj:Schinus Molle.jpg
Imaj:Schinus molle01.jpg|Schinus
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Istwa ==
Istwa

== referans ==
* Coe, Sophie D. (1994) ''America's first cuisines'' ISBN 0-292-71159-X
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071218103345/http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?315,324,325 Jepson Manual, University of California]
* [http://trees.stanford.edu/ENCYC/SCHmo.htm Encyclopedia of Stanford Trees, Shrubs, and Vines, Stanford University]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080413233354/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph43.htm The Sumac Family]

== Kèk lyen ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041121182853/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=907 ''Schinus molle'' List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's)]</text>
      <sha1>mnh03cpo0v631u15e9ngiasjsp1kusl</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hagen Kleinert</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21719</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888809</id>
      <parentid>868473</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T01:33:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25431</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="2433" sha1="2qwkxgxizi94s2wra1gys0bjv8j80gk" xml:space="preserve">{{Administre}}
{{ebòch}}
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' se yon [[fizisyen]] [[alman]], nan peyi [[Almay]] .
Dat li yo : .

{{moun
|non=Hagen Kleinert 
|foto=Hagmich.jpg
|tèks=Hagen Kleinert nan lane 2006
|fonksyon=fizisyen
|dat nesans= [[15 jen]] [[1941]]
|lye nesans= Festenberg
|peyi nesans=[[Almay]]
|dat lanmò= 
|lye lanmò= 
|peyi lanmò= 
|nasyonalite= Alman
|zèv=
|nòt=Li se yon fizisyen
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== Byografi ==
* Dat enpòtan yo

== Zèv li yo ==
* Sa li fè, piblikasyon li nan domèn konesans fizik li

== Referans ==

* ''Gauge Fields in Condensed Matter'', Vol. I, &quot; SUPERFLOW AND VORTEX LINES&quot;, pp.&amp;nbsp;1–742, Vol. II, &quot;STRESSES AND DEFECTS&quot;, pp.&amp;nbsp;743–1456, [http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/0356.html World Scientific (Singapore, 1989)]; Paperback ISBN 9971-5-0210-0 '' (also available online: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080527174206/http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleiner_reb1/contents1.html Vol. I] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20080527174211/http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleiner_reb1/contents2.html Vol. II])''
* ''Critical Properties of φ&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;-Theories'', [http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/4733.html World Scientific (Singapore, 2001)]; Paperback ISBN 981-02-4658-7'' (also available [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716075110/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleinert/?p=booklist&amp;details=6 online]) (together with V. Schulte-Frohlinde)''
* ''Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, Statistics, Polymer Physics, and Financial Markets'', 5th edition, [http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/7305.html World Scientific (Singapore, 2006)] (also available [https://web.archive.org/web/20090101070536/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleinert/?p=booklist&amp;details=11 online])
* ''Multivalued Fields in in Condensed Matter, Electrodynamics, and Gravitation'', [http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/6742.html World Scientific (Singapore, 2008)] (also available [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318161544/http://users.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/kleinert/?p=booklist&amp;details=9 online])
* ''Proceedings of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20080414182436/http://www.icra.it/MG/mg11 Eleventh Marcel Grossmann Meeting] on [[General Relativity]]'',
[http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/6997.html World Scientific (Singapore, 2008)] (together with R.T. Jantzen)''

[[Kategori:Fizisyen]]
[[Kategori:Fizisyen alman]]
[[Kategori:Fizik]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1941]]</text>
      <sha1>2qwkxgxizi94s2wra1gys0bjv8j80gk</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jah Cure</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28994</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888812</id>
      <parentid>733678</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T02:13:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25431</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>888812</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1264" sha1="51vqgr0ozm434g78g3remdf40ox9af7" xml:space="preserve">{{mizisyen
|non=Jah Cure
|foto=Jah_Cure_Lean_On_Rasta_Wall.jpg
|tèks= Jah Cure
|dat nesans= [[11 oktòb]] [[1978]]
|lye nesans= Hanover
|peyi nesans=[[Jamayik]]
|dat lanmò= 
|lye lanmò= 
|peyi lanmò= 
|nasyonalite= jamayiken
|zèv= 
|nòt= 
|gwoup=
|mizik=
|enstriman=
}}

'''Siccature Alcock''', rele '''Jah Cure''', ki fèt [[11 oktòb]] [[1978]] nan Hanover ([[Jamayik]]), se yon chantè, mizisyen rege, raga [[Jamayik|jamayiken]].
== Biyografi ==
*Dat enpòtan yo

== Zèv li yo ==
* [[2000]] : ''Free Jah Cure'' 
* [[2003]] : ''Ghetto Life''
* [[2005]] : ''Freedom Blues''
* [[2007]] : ''True Reflection''
* [[2009]] : ''The Universal cure''
* [[2013]] : ''World Cry''
* [[2015]] : ''The Cure''
# ''No Friend of Mine''
# ''Corruption''
# ''Life We Live''
# ''I Surrender''
# ''Set Me Free''
# ''Made in California''
# ''Show Love''
# ''All Of Me''
# ''Still Remains''
# ''Other Half of Me''
# ''That Girl''
# ''Rasta''
# ''Stay With Me''

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110202174138/http://jahcure.com/ Sitwèb ofisyèl Jah Cure]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cure, Jah}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Mizik]]
[[Kategori:Mizisyen]]
[[Kategori:Mizisyen jamayiken]]
[[Kategori:Mizisyen rege]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1978]]</text>
      <sha1>51vqgr0ozm434g78g3remdf40ox9af7</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alabama, Pennsilvani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>40514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888743</id>
      <parentid>745849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T18:03:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Peter James</username>
        <id>22031</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888743</origin>
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      <text bytes="1000" sha1="gt1sc3jhwu9gu35u6pa6vpagl73qryi" xml:space="preserve">{{ebòch}}

 {{kolektivite tèritoryal
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 |koodone_lat=
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Abington se yon vil nan eta [[Pennsilvani]], nan [[Etazini]].
== Istwa == 
Istwa

== Relasyon ak Ayiti == 
*Kominote Ayisyen, relasyon ant eta sa epi Ayiti
== Jewografi ==
== Ekonomi ==
== Devlòpman ==
== Politik ==
== Edikasyon ==
== Anviwònman ==
== referans ==
== Kèk lyen ==

[[Kategori:Vil nan Pennsilvani]]
[[Kategori:Vil nan Etazini]]
[[Kategori:Jewografi]]</text>
      <sha1>gt1sc3jhwu9gu35u6pa6vpagl73qryi</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>888744</id>
      <parentid>888743</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T18:10:35Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Peter James</username>
        <id>22031</id>
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      <text bytes="1300" sha1="3nh3bevokzyrcvgglvbr7pcmw0vg35a" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|1=This article was created from a list that had been vandalised (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_Pennsylvania&amp;diff=227773161&amp;oldid=226629208). There is no place called Alabama in Pennsylvania, and there is already an article for Abington, which is not a city.}}
{{ebòch}}

 {{kolektivite tèritoryal
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|frontyè_tè=
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|rote_mwayen=
|pli_ro_kote=
|pli_ro=
|pli_ba_kote=
|pli_ba=
|popilasyon_dat=
|popilasyon_ran=
|popilasyon_total=
|popilasyon_dansite=
|popilasyon_tip=
|aktivite=
|kat_anplasman=
|kat_politik=
|kat_jewografik=
|kat_satelit=
|divizyon_tip=
|divizyon_non=
|vwazen=
|sitwèb=
|kòd_tip=jewografik
|kòd=
|nòt=
}}
Abington se yon vil nan eta [[Pennsilvani]], nan [[Etazini]].
== Istwa == 
Istwa

== Relasyon ak Ayiti == 
*Kominote Ayisyen, relasyon ant eta sa epi Ayiti
== Jewografi ==
== Ekonomi ==
== Devlòpman ==
== Politik ==
== Edikasyon ==
== Anviwònman ==
== referans ==
== Kèk lyen ==

[[Kategori:Vil nan Pennsilvani]]
[[Kategori:Vil nan Etazini]]
[[Kategori:Jewografi]]</text>
      <sha1>3nh3bevokzyrcvgglvbr7pcmw0vg35a</sha1>
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    <title>Chester, Pennsilvani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-11T17:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Peter James</username>
        <id>22031</id>
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Chesterico se yon vil nan eta [[Pennsilvani]], nan [[Etazini]].
== Istwa == 
Istwa

== Relasyon ak Ayiti == 
*Kominote Ayisyen, relasyon ant eta sa epi Ayiti
== Jewografi ==
== Ekonomi ==
== Devlòpman ==
== Politik ==
== Edikasyon ==
== Anviwònman ==
== referans ==
== Kèk lyen ==

[[Kategori:Vil nan Pennsilvani]]
[[Kategori:Vil nan Etazini]]
[[Kategori:Jewografi]]</text>
      <sha1>qbm5vxugb2jt4xypszldf9wkxztwd2i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888737</id>
      <parentid>888736</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T17:57:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Peter James</username>
        <id>22031</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888737</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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|dat=
|zòn_tip=Eta
|zòn=[[Pennsilvani]]
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|kat_jewografik=
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|divizyon_non=
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|sitwèb=
|kòd_tip=jewografik
|kòd=
|nòt=
}}
Chester se yon vil nan eta [[Pennsilvani]], nan [[Etazini]].
== Istwa == 
Istwa

== Relasyon ak Ayiti == 
*Kominote Ayisyen, relasyon ant eta sa epi Ayiti
== Jewografi ==
== Ekonomi ==
== Devlòpman ==
== Politik ==
== Edikasyon ==
== Anviwònman ==
== referans ==
== Kèk lyen ==

[[Kategori:Vil nan Pennsilvani]]
[[Kategori:Vil nan Etazini]]
[[Kategori:Jewografi]]</text>
      <sha1>3yn1abuc7w5h7answb5gmj172i3n5q2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888738</id>
      <parentid>888737</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T17:58:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Peter James</username>
        <id>22031</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Peter James a déplacé la page [[Chesterico, Pennsilvani]] vers [[Chester, Pennsilvani]]</comment>
      <origin>888737</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="998" sha1="3yn1abuc7w5h7answb5gmj172i3n5q2" xml:space="preserve">{{ebòch}}

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|zòn=[[Pennsilvani]]
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|divizyon_non=
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|sitwèb=
|kòd_tip=jewografik
|kòd=
|nòt=
}}
Chester se yon vil nan eta [[Pennsilvani]], nan [[Etazini]].
== Istwa == 
Istwa

== Relasyon ak Ayiti == 
*Kominote Ayisyen, relasyon ant eta sa epi Ayiti
== Jewografi ==
== Ekonomi ==
== Devlòpman ==
== Politik ==
== Edikasyon ==
== Anviwònman ==
== referans ==
== Kèk lyen ==

[[Kategori:Vil nan Pennsilvani]]
[[Kategori:Vil nan Etazini]]
[[Kategori:Jewografi]]</text>
      <sha1>3yn1abuc7w5h7answb5gmj172i3n5q2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>New Castle, Pennsilvani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>40555</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888740</id>
      <parentid>759556</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T17:59:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Peter James</username>
        <id>22031</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888740</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1010" sha1="046xj7yyn74ikyjwwcpzwofngnk4x97" xml:space="preserve">
{{ebòch}}

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|zòn=[[Pennsilvani]]
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|kòd_tip=jewografik
|kòd=
|nòt=
}}
New Castle se yon vil nan eta [[Pennsilvani]], nan [[Etazini]].
== Istwa == 
Istwa

== Relasyon ak Ayiti == 
*Kominote Ayisyen, relasyon ant eta sa epi Ayiti 
== Jewografi ==

== Ekonomi ==

== Devlòpman ==

== Politik ==

== Edikasyon ==

== Anviwònman ==


== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==

[[kategori:vil nan Pennsilvani]]
[[Kategori:Vil nan Etazini]]
[[kategori:jewografi]]</text>
      <sha1>046xj7yyn74ikyjwwcpzwofngnk4x97</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888741</id>
      <parentid>888740</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T17:59:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Peter James</username>
        <id>22031</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Peter James a déplacé la page [[Nayomie, Pennsilvani]] vers [[New Castle, Pennsilvani]] : https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_Pennsylvania&amp;diff=227773161&amp;oldid=226629208</comment>
      <origin>888740</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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{{ebòch}}

 {{kolektivite tèritoryal
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 |koodone_lat=
 |koodone_lon=
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|anblèm_imaj=
|tip=vil
|dat=
|zòn_tip=Eta
|zòn=[[Pennsilvani]]
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|divizyon_non=
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|kòd_tip=jewografik
|kòd=
|nòt=
}}
New Castle se yon vil nan eta [[Pennsilvani]], nan [[Etazini]].
== Istwa == 
Istwa

== Relasyon ak Ayiti == 
*Kominote Ayisyen, relasyon ant eta sa epi Ayiti 
== Jewografi ==

== Ekonomi ==

== Devlòpman ==

== Politik ==

== Edikasyon ==

== Anviwònman ==


== referans ==

== Kèk lyen ==

[[kategori:vil nan Pennsilvani]]
[[Kategori:Vil nan Etazini]]
[[kategori:jewografi]]</text>
      <sha1>046xj7yyn74ikyjwwcpzwofngnk4x97</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>67450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888811</id>
      <parentid>888700</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T02:09:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>11567</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-42 */ nouvelle section</comment>
      <origin>888811</origin>
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      <text bytes="271120" sha1="89d1bvvb29y1c0l2fh2vqoerg1ocm6y" xml:space="preserve">{{Achiv auto
 | recherche = oui
 | âge       = 90 jou
}}


== Modèl:Refsou ==

Is [[Modèl:Refsou]] the same as [[w:en:Template:Citation needed]]? [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 19 jiyè 2024 à 17:14 (UTC)

:Hello @[[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]], Of course they are the same, and it is copied from the French version with translation into Haitian Creole [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 28 septanm 2024 à 01:37 (UTC)
::So the same as [[Modèl:Referans nesesè]]? [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 28 septanm 2024 à 02:56 (UTC)

== Thank You for Your Contribution to Feminism and Folklore 2024! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|center|500px]]

{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikimedian,

We extend our sincerest gratitude to you for making an extraordinary impact in the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition. Your remarkable dedication and efforts have been instrumental in bridging cultural and gender gaps on Wikipedia. We are truly grateful for the time and energy you've invested in this endeavor.

As a token of our deep appreciation, we'd love to send you a special postcard. It serves as a small gesture to convey our immense thanks for your involvement in organizing the competition. To ensure you receive this token of appreciation, kindly fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeHYAhFA9Q5vUs9UA1N45TOUxUdSNO8igGTmg4oPUL_qXS1EQ/viewform?usp=sf_link this form] by August 15th, 2024.

Looking ahead, we are thrilled to announce that we'll be hosting Feminism and Folklore in 2025. We eagerly await your presence in the upcoming year as we continue our journey to empower and foster inclusivity.

Once again, thank you for being an essential part of our mission to promote feminism and preserve folklore on Wikipedia.

With warm regards,

'''Feminism and Folklore International Team'''.
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 21 jiyè 2024 à 12:28 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;.
&lt;!-- Message envoyé par User:Tiven2240@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf2024&amp;oldid=26557949 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Rathaus-Glockenspiel]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:2019-11-16, Glockenspiel, Neues Münchner Rathaus, IMG 7463 edit Christoph Braun.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Rathaus-Glockenspiel''' is a large mechanical clock located in Marienplatz Square, in the heart of Munich, Germany. Famous for its life-size characters, the clock twice daily re-enacts scenes from Munich's history. First is the story of the marriage of Duke Wilhelm V to Renata of Lorraine in 1568, followed by the story of the Schäfflerstanz, also known as the coopers' dance. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 22 jiyè 2024 à 01:56 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message envoyé par User:Shizhao@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27031540 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]])&amp;#32;([[:nl:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Nederlandsche Cocainefabriek Schinkelstraat Amsterdam architect HH Baanders 1902.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek''' (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈneːdərlɑntsə koːkaːˈinəfaːˌbrik]; English: Dutch Cocaine Factory) or NCF was an Amsterdam-based company producing cocaine for medical purposes in the 20th century. It imported its raw materials mainly from the Dutch East Indies and sold its products across Europe, making good profits especially in the early years of World War I. The NCF produced morphine, heroin and ephedrine as well. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 29 jiyè 2024 à 01:44 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message envoyé par User:Shizhao@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27150339 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Suffrage drama]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pamphlet from NAWSA for women's suffrage plays, page 1.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Suffrage drama''' (also known as suffrage plays or suffrage theatre) is a form of dramatic literature that emerged during the British women's suffrage movement in the early twentieth century. Suffrage performances lasted approximately from 1907-1914. Many suffrage plays called for a predominant or all female cast. Suffrage plays served to reveal issues behind the suffrage movement. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 5 out 2024 à 02:13 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message envoyé par User:Shizhao@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=27150339 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Karatgurk]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:it:Karatgurk]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In the Australian Aboriginal mythology of the Aboriginal people of south-eastern Australian state of Victoria, the '''Karatgurk''' were seven sisters who represented the constellation known in western astronomy as the Pleiades. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 12 out 2024 à 02:13 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:B1 (classification)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''B1''' is a medical-based Paralympic classification for blind sport. Athletes in this classification are totally or almost totally blind. It is used by a number of blind sports including blind tennis, para-alpine skiing, para-Nordic skiing, blind cricket, blind golf, five-a-side football, goalball and judo. Some other sports, including adaptive rowing, athletics and swimming, have equivalents to this class.

The B1 classification was first created by the IBSA in the 1970s, and has largely remained unchanged since despite an effort by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) to move towards a more functional and evidence-based classification system. Classification is often handled on the international level by the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) but it sometimes handled by national sport federations. There are exceptions for sports like athletics and cycling, where classification is handled by their own governing bodies.

Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may differ from sport to sport, and may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and clapsticks. There may be some modifications related to equipment and rules to specifically address needs of competitors in this class to allow them to compete in specific sports. Some sports specifically do not allow a guide, whereas cycling and skiing require one. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 19 out 2024 à 01:56 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Erzi (village)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Caucasus, Ingushetia, Ингушские боевые и смотровые башни, горы Кавказа.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Erzi''' (Russian: Эрзи; Ingush: Аьрзи, romanized: Ärzi, lit. 'Eagle') is a medieval village (aul) in the Dzheyrakhsky District of Ingushetia. It is part of the rural settlement (administrative center) of Olgeti. The entire territory of the settlement is included in the Dzheyrakh-Assa State Historical-Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve and is under state protection. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 26 out 2024 à 03:19 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cappadocian calendar]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Cappadocian calendar''' was a solar calendar that was derived from the Persian Zoroastrian calendar. It is named after the historic region Cappadocia in present-day Turkey, where it was used. The calendar, which had 12 months of 30 days each and five epagomenal days, originated between 550 and 330 BC, when Cappadocia was part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. The Cappadocian calendar was identical to the Zoroastrian calendar; this can be seen in its structure, in the Avestan names and in the order of the months. The Cappadocian calendar reflects the Iranian cultural influence in the region. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 9 septanm 2024 à 01:42 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-39 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Independence Day (Albania)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Independence Day''' (Albanian: Dita e Pavarësisë) is a public holiday in Albania observed on 28 November. It commemorates the Albanian Declaration of Independence (from the Ottoman Empire), which was ratified by the All-Albanian Congress on 28 November 1912, establishing the state of Albania. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 23 septanm 2024 à 00:29 (UTC)
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== Voters ==

Have you invited eligible voters to [[Wikipedya:Administratè#Kitanago 2024-2025]], or would you like me to? [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 27 septanm 2024 à 01:56 (UTC)

:Hello @[[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]], no I don't do it yet. Thanks for helping me! [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 28 septanm 2024 à 01:32 (UTC)
::I'll post messages to the more active editors in [[Espesyal:ItilizatèAktif]].  (I have done this for admin elections here for years now.) [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 28 septanm 2024 à 02:59 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-40 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Wildlife of Bahrain]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Birds in Al-Areen Wildlife Park.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The wildlife of the archipelago of Bahrain, is more varied than might be expected of this small group of islands in the Persian Gulf. Apart from a strip of the north and west of the main island, where crops are grown with irrigation, the land is arid. With a very hot dry summer, a mild winter, and brackish groundwater, the plants need adaptations in order to survive. Nevertheless, 196 species of higher plant have been recorded here, as well as about seventeen species of terrestrial mammals, many birds and reptiles, and many migratory birds visit the islands in autumn and spring. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 30 septanm 2024 à 01:57 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-42 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Little Danes experiment]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:آزمایش دانمارکی‌های کوچک]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Children play at a Danish Red Cross-run orphanage in Greenland.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''little Danes experiment''' was a 1951 Danish operation where 22 Greenlandic Inuit children were sent to Danish foster families in an attempt to re-educate them as &quot;little Danes&quot;. While the children were all supposed to be orphans, most were not. Six children were adopted while in Denmark, and sixteen returned to Greenland, only to be placed in Danish-speaking orphanages and never live with their families again. Half of the children experienced mental health disturbances, and half of them died in young adulthood. The government of Denmark officially apologised in 2020, after several years of demands from Greenlandic officials. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 14 oktòb 2024 à 03:16 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-43 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Kharayeb]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Muharram 1Oth-Ashouraa 2007 in Kharayeb - panoramio.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Kharayeb''' (Arabic: الخرايب) is a historic town in the Sidon District in the South Governorate, Lebanon. The town is 77 km (48 mi) south of Beirut, and stands at an average altitude of 190 m (620 ft) above sea level. The town boasts a rich historical legacy, with archaeological excavations revealing a complex settlement history spanning from Prehistory to the Ottoman period. Notably, Kharayeb's origins can be traced back to the Persian period (539–330 BC), when it played a pivotal role in the region's agricultural and economic landscape, culminating in the construction of its Phoenician temple around the 6th century BC. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 21 oktòb 2024 à 02:38 (UTC)
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== Request ==

Hi! Can you please take a look at [[:Kategori:Pou efase]]? Thanks, [[Itilizatè:TenWhile6|TenWhile6]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:TenWhile6|diskisyon]]) 25 oktòb 2024 à 09:36 (UTC)

:Okay [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 25 oktòb 2024 à 16:59 (UTC)

== Feminism and Folklores  2024 Organizers Feedback ==

Dear Organizer,
[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg | right | frameless]]

We extend our heartfelt gratitude for your invaluable contributions to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2024 Feminism and Folklore 2024]. Your dedication to promoting feminist perspectives on Wikimedia platforms has been instrumental in the campaign's success.

To better understand your initiatives and impact, we invite you to participate in a short survey (5-7 minutes). 

Your feedback will help us document your achievements in our report and showcase your story in our upcoming blog, highlighting the diversity of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore Feminism and Folklore] initiatives.

Click to participate in the [https://forms.gle/dSeoDP1r7S4KCrVZ6  survey]. 

By participating in the By participating in the survey, you help us share your efforts in reports and upcoming blogs. This will help showcase and amplify your work, inspiring others to join the movement.

The survey covers:
#Community engagement and participation
#Challenges and successes
#Partnership

Thank you again for your tireless efforts in promoting  [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore Feminism and Folklore].

Best regards,&lt;br&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 14:23, 26 October 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-44 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Christmas horror]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Terror navideño]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Christmascarol1843 -- 169.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Christmas horror''' is a fiction genre and film genre that incorporates horror elements into a seasonal setting. It is popular in multiple countries.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 28 oktòb 2024 à 02:05 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-45 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Placenta cake]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:simple:Placenta cake]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Bucharest, Greek pie-maker, 1880.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Placenta cake''' is a dish from ancient Greece and Rome consisting of many dough layers interspersed with a mixture of cheese and honey and flavored with bay leaves, baked and then covered in honey. The dessert is mentioned in classical texts such as the Greek poems of Archestratos and Antiphanes, as well as the De agri cultura of Cato the Elder. It is often seen as the predecessor of baklava and börek. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 4 novanm 2024 à 02:17 (UTC)
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== [Reminder] Apply for Cycle 3 Grants by December 1st! ==

Dear Feminism and Folklore Organizers,

We hope this message finds you well. We are excited to inform you that the application window for Wikimedia Foundation's Cycle 3 of our grants is now open. Please ensure to submit your applications by December 1st.

For a comprehensive guide on how to apply, please refer to the Wiki Loves Folklore Grant Toolkit: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Folklore_Grant_Toolkit

Additionally, you can find detailed information on the Rapid Grant timeline here: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid#Timeline

We appreciate your continuous efforts and contributions to our campaigns. Should you have any questions or need further assistance, please do not hesitate to reach out:  '''support@wikilovesfolkore.org'''

Kind regards, &lt;br&gt;
On behalf of the Wiki Loves Folklore International Team. &lt;br&gt;
[[User:Joris Darlington Quarshie | Joris Darlington Quarshie]] ([[User talk:Joris Darlington Quarshie|talk]]) 08:39, 9 November 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-46 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Trisomy 16]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Chromosome 16.svg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Trisomy 16''' is a chromosomal abnormality in which there are 3 copies of chromosome 16 rather than two. It is the most common trisomy leading to miscarriage and the second most common chromosomal cause of it, closely following X-chromosome monosomy. About 6% of miscarriages have trisomy 16. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 11 novanm 2024 à 02:09 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-47 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Boana platanera]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Rana platanera - Boana platanera.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Boana platanera''''', commonly known as the banana tree dwelling frog, is a species of tree frog in the family Hylidae. It is distributed within Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago. Boana platanera was described in 2021, and individuals of the species were previously classified as Boana crepitans or Boana xerophylla. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 18 novanm 2024 à 02:53 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-48 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Wang Su-bok]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:وانگ سو بوک]])&amp;#32;([[:ko:왕수복]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Wang Su-bok''' was a singer from North Korea, who was the most popular singer in Japanese-occupied Korea in 1935. She was credited as a ground-breaking female artist, whose work led the way for the modern K-pop phenomenon. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 25 novanm 2024 à 01:57 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-49 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Storm Filomena]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Spain’s chilly blanket ESA22415247.jpeg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Storm Filomena''' was an extratropical cyclone in early January 2021 that was most notable for bringing unusually heavy snowfall to parts of Spain, with Madrid recording its heaviest snowfall in over a century, and with Portugal being hit less severely. The eighth named storm of the 2020–21 European windstorm season, Filomena formed over the Atlantic Ocean close to the Canary Islands on 7 January, subsequently taking a slow track north-eastwards towards the Iberian Peninsula and then eastwards across the Mediterranean Sea. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 2 desanm 2024 à 02:48 (UTC)
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== [Workshop] Identifying Win-Win Relationships with Partners for Wikimedia ==

Dear Recipient,&lt;br&gt;
We are excited to invite you to the third workshop in our Advocacy series, part of the Feminism and Folklore International Campaign. This highly anticipated workshop, titled &lt;b&gt;&quot;Identifying Win-Win Relationships with Partners for Wikimedia,&quot;&lt;/b&gt; will be led by the esteemed Alex Stinson, Lead Program Strategist at the Wikimedia Foundation. Don't miss this opportunity to gain valuable insights into forging effective partnerships.

===Workshop Objectives===
* &lt;b&gt;Introduction to Partnerships: &lt;/b&gt;Understand the importance of building win-win relationships within the Wikimedia movement.
* &lt;b&gt;Strategies for Collaboration: &lt;/b&gt;Learn practical strategies for identifying and fostering effective partnerships.
* &lt;b&gt;Case Studies:&lt;/b&gt; Explore real-world examples of successful partnerships in the Wikimedia community.
* &lt;b&gt;Interactive Discussions: &lt;/b&gt;Engage in discussions to share experiences and insights on collaboration and advocacy.

===Workshop Details===
📅 Date: 7th December 2024&lt;br&gt;
⏰ Time: 4:30 PM UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1733589000 Check your local time zone])&lt;br&gt;
📍 Venue: Zoom Meeting

===How to Join:===
Registration Link: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Identifying_Win-Win_Relationships_with_Partners_for_Wikimedia &lt;br&gt;
Meeting ID: 860 4444 3016 &lt;br&gt;
Passcode: 834088

We welcome participants to bring their diverse perspectives and stories as we drive into the collaborative opportunities within the Wikimedia movement. Together, we’ll explore how these partnerships can enhance our advocacy and community efforts.

Thank you,

Wiki Loves Folklore International Team

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 07:34, 03 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Evènman nan Nouyòk ==

Bonjou ! Demen, dimanch 8 desanm, pral gen yon ti evènman nan Nouyòk, kote mwen pral montre kèk moun ki pale kreyòl ayisyen ki jan yo edite Wikipedia. Nou pral petèt kreye ak modifye kèk atik. Ou se administratè a, donk mwen te vle fè w konnen sa. Mwen pa pale kreyòl ayisyen byen, men mwen ka li ak ekri kreyòl yon ti, ak mwen pral fè tout sa mwen kapab pou gade ki moun sa a edite byen. Mèsi ! [[Itilizatè:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Amire80|diskisyon]]) 7 desanm 2024 à 21:02 (UTC)

:Bonjou @[[Itilizatè:Amire80|Amire80]] ! Pa gen pwoblèm, si ou ta bezwen sipò mwen, pa neglije kontakte m. [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 7 desanm 2024 à 22:43 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-50 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Syrian literature]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Poem about Baybars page 1 from Hakawati book.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Syrian literature''' is modern fiction written or orally performed in Arabic by writers from Syria since the independence of the Syrian Arab Republic in 1946. It is part of the historically and geographically wider Arabic literature. The modern states of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel as well as the Palestinian autonomous areas only came into being in the mid-20th century. Therefore, Syrian literature has since been referred to by literary scholarship as the national literature of the Syrian Arab Republic, as well as the works created in Arabic by Syrian writers in the diaspora. This literature has been influenced by the country's political history, the literature of other Arabic-speaking countries and, especially in its early days, by French literature. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 9 desanm 2024 à 01:59 (UTC)
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== Lang template ==

In [https://ht.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Who&amp;oldid=856014 this]: The {{tl|lang}} template here is meant to put a small (80%) language code in the article, like this: {{lang|en|Something}}.  It has mostly been used in the ==External links== section. [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 12 desanm 2024 à 17:36 (UTC)

:Hello @[[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]], Likewise in wp fr this model is used to indicate the language of a text, of any word. I don't know yet, does it have another role? [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 14 desanm 2024 à 20:20 (UTC)
::I think that [[Template:Lang]] on this wiki might have been intended, when it was originally created, to correspond to [[w:en:Template:In lang]] and not [[w:en:Template:Lang]].  See [[Lis endikatif telefòn entènasyonal pa kòd zòn#Lyen ekstèn]] for one that uses both {{tl|en}} and also {{tl|lang|en||}}.  
::80% font size is okay for a note that says &lt;small&gt;(In English)&lt;/small&gt;.  It's not okay for text in the middle of an article, or in its title:   &quot;{{lang|en|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone}} is the first Harry Potter book.&quot;  Also, I don't really want to see &quot;(en)&quot; in ordinary sentences.
::For pure markup purposes, then the visual editor adds the codes (same menu as other character formatting):  &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;This is English&lt;/span&gt;. [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 14 desanm 2024 à 21:57 (UTC)
:::The majority of articles using this template are directly translated from French, mainly using machine translation. Therefore, it is used in the same way as in the French version. If this template were to be changed now, wouldn't it require increased monitoring of translations coming from French? [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 14 desanm 2024 à 22:32 (UTC)
::::Well... that depends on whether the translation method is &quot;Paste raw wikitext into Google Translate and hope that what comes out isn't too broken&quot; or &quot;Use the [[mw:Content translation]] tools, which are designed to map templates to their matching pairs via Wikidata&quot;.  Google Translate screws up all kinds of things (e.g., turning &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Link]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; into &lt;code&gt;[Link ] ]&lt;/code&gt;) so this would be just one more among hundreds of problems it creates. 
::::If we want to turn it into a way of wrapping some text in &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags, then we need to change the template. [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 15 desanm 2024 à 02:11 (UTC)
:::::I understand, maybe it's a copy of the English or French version? [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 16 desanm 2024 à 03:28 (UTC)
::::::The creator here spoke French, but the creation of this template predates the creation of [[w:fr:Modèle:Lang]] (which has since been renamed &quot;Langue&quot;).  Meta-Wiki's and the English Wikipedia's are a couple of months older, but they don't match the formatting.   [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 16 desanm 2024 à 20:07 (UTC)
:::::::In this sense what do you think is the best solution according to you? We must correct it immediately and avoid the same thing in future articles. [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 16 desanm 2024 à 21:38 (UTC)
::::::::I replaced the template with the one from the English version ([[:en:template:Lang]]) although it will have an effect on the articles that use it, but I think it is better to use it instead ([[:fr:Modèle:en langue]]) &lt;==&gt; ht :([[modèl:Nan lang]]) to better respond. Here you have to scrupulously monitor the articles automatically translated from the French version. [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 17 desanm 2024 à 14:41 (UTC)
:::::::::That sounds good. [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 19 desanm 2024 à 21:21 (UTC)
::::::::::Great [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 20 desanm 2024 à 18:47 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-51 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Mars ocean theory]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:AncientMars.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Mars ocean theory''' states that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was covered by an ocean of liquid water early in the planet's geologic history. This primordial ocean, dubbed Paleo-Ocean or Oceanus Borealis (/oʊˈsiːənəs ˌbɒriˈælɪs/ oh-SEE-ə-nəs BORR-ee-AL-iss), would have filled the basin Vastitas Borealis in the northern hemisphere, a region that lies 4–5 km (2.5–3 miles) below the mean planetary elevation, at a time period of approximately 4.1–3.8 billion years ago. Evidence for this ocean includes geographic features resembling ancient shorelines, and the chemical properties of the Martian soil and atmosphere 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 16 desanm 2024 à 01:45 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-52 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2023 Slovenia floods]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Sava v Tacnu 4. avgusta ob 16h.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In August 2023, major floods occurred in large part of Slovenia and neighbouring areas of Austria and Croatia due to heavy rain. Amongst others, the level of rivers Sava, Mur and Drava was exceptionally high. Several settlements and transport links in Slovene Littoral, Upper Carniola and Slovenian Carinthia were flooded. Due to the amount of rain, the streams in Idrija, Cerkno and Škofja Loka Hills overflowed. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 23 desanm 2024 à 02:55 (UTC)
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== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 in Your Country ==

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless]]

Dear Team,
My name is Joris Darlington Quarshie (user: Joris Darlington Quarshie), and I am the Event Coordinator for the Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 (WLF) International campaign.

Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 is a photographic competition aimed at highlighting folk culture worldwide. The annual international photography competition is held on Wikimedia Commons between the 1st of February and the 31st of March. This campaign invites photographers and enthusiasts of folk culture globally to showcase their local traditions, festivals, cultural practices, and other folk events by uploading photographs to Wikimedia Commons.

As we celebrate the seventh anniversary of Wiki Loves Folklore, the international team is thrilled to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and organizations worldwide to host a local edition in their respective countries. This is an opportunity to bring more visibility to the folk culture of your region and contribute valuable content to the internet.

* Please find the project page for this year’s edition at:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2025
* To sign up and organize the event in your country, visit:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2025/Organize

If you wish to organize your local edition in either February or March instead of both months, feel free to let us know.

In addition to the photographic competition, there will also be a Wikipedia writing competition called Feminism and Folklore, which focuses on topics related to feminism, women's issues, gender gaps, and folk culture on Wikipedia.

We welcome your team to organize both the photo and writing campaigns or either one of them in your local Wiki edition. If you are unable to organize both campaigns, feel free to share this opportunity with other groups or organizations in your region that may be interested.

* You can find the Feminism and Folklore project page here:
https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025

* The page to sign up is:
https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025/Project_Page

For any questions or to discuss further collaboration, feel free to contact us via the Talk page or email at support@wikilovesfolklore.org. If your team wishes to connect via a meeting to discuss this further, please let us know.

We look forward to your participation in Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 and to seeing the incredible folk culture of your region represented on Wikimedia Commons.

Sincerely,

The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 08:50, 27 December 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message envoyé par User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF1&amp;oldid=27662256 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-01 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Uganda Railways Corporation]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Schienenverkehr in Uganda]])&amp;#32;([[:no:Uganda Railways Corporation]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:9620 mit Güterzug.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Uganda Railways Corporation''' (URC) is the parastatal railway of Uganda. It was formed after the breakup of the East African Railways Corporation (EARC) in 1977 when it took over the Ugandan part of the East African railways. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 30 desanm 2024 à 02:37 (UTC)
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== Invitation to Organise Feminism and Folklore 2025 ==

== Invitation to Organise Feminism and Folklore 2025 ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]]
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;{{int:please-translate}}&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Dear {{PAGENAME}},

My name is [[User:SAgbley|Stella Agbley]], and I am the Event Coordinator for the Feminism and Folklore 2025 (FnF) International campaign.

We're thrilled to announce the Feminism and Folklore 2025 writing competition, held in conjunction with Wiki Loves Folklore 2025! This initiative focuses on enriching Wikipedia with content related to feminism, women's issues, gender gaps, and folk culture.

=== Why Host the Competition? ===
* Empower voices: Provide a platform for discussions on feminism and its intersection with folk culture.
* Enrich Wikipedia: Contribute valuable content to Wikipedia on underrepresented topics.
* Raise awareness: Increase global understanding of these important issues.

=== Exciting Prizes Await! ===
We're delighted to acknowledge outstanding contributions with a range of prizes:

**International Recognition:**
* 1st Prize: $300 USD
* 2nd Prize: $200 USD
* 3rd Prize: $100 USD
* Consolation Prizes (Top 10): $50 USD each

**Local Recognition (Details Coming Soon!):**
Each participating Wikipedia edition (out of 40+) will offer local prizes. Stay tuned for announcements!  
All prizes will be distributed in a convenient and accessible manner. Winners will receive major brand gift cards or vouchers equivalent to the prize value in their local currency.

=== Ready to Get Involved? ===
Learn more about Feminism and Folklore 2025: [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025 Feminism and Folklore 2025]  
Sign Up to Organize a Campaign: [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025/Project_Page Campaign Sign-Up Page]

=== Collaboration is Key! ===
Whether you choose to organize both photo and writing competitions (Wiki Loves Folklore and Feminism and Folklore) or just one, we encourage your participation. If hosting isn't feasible, please share this opportunity with interested groups in your region.

=== Let's Collaborate! ===
For questions or to discuss further collaboration, please contact us via the Talk page or email at support@wikilovesfolklore.org. We're happy to schedule a meeting to discuss details further.  
Together, let's celebrate women's voices and enrich Wikipedia with valuable content!

Thank you,  
**Wiki Loves Folklore International Team**

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]]) 23:02, 05 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-02 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Internment of Japanese Canadians]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Japanese road camp.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
From 1942 to 1949, Canada forcibly relocated and incarcerated over 22,000 Japanese Canadians—comprising over 90% of the total Japanese Canadian population—from British Columbia in the name of &quot;national security&quot;. The majority were Canadian citizens by birth and were targeted based on their ancestry. This decision followed the events of the Japanese Empire's war in the Pacific against the Western Allies, such as the invasion of Hong Kong, the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, and the Fall of Singapore which led to the Canadian declaration of war on Japan during World War II. Similar to the actions taken against Japanese Americans in neighbouring United States, this forced relocation subjected many Japanese Canadians to government-enforced curfews and interrogations, job and property losses, and forced repatriation to Japan 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 6 janvye 2025 à 03:56 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-03 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Christmas seals]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:no:Julemerke]])&amp;#32;([[:ru:Рождественская виньетка]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
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[[File:1915 US Christmas Seal.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Christmas seals''' are adhesive labels that are similar in appearance to postage stamps that are sold then affixed to mail during the Christmas season to raise funds and awareness for charitable programs. Christmas seals have become particularly associated with lung diseases such as tuberculosis, and with child welfare in general. They were first issued in Denmark beginning in 1904, with Sweden and Iceland following with issues that same year. Thereafter the use of Christmas seals proved to be popular and spread quickly around the world, with 130 countries producing their own issues. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 13 janvye 2025 à 02:24 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-04 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:it:Scontri del Nagorno Karabakh del 2010]])&amp;#32;([[:tr:2010 Dağlık Karabağ çatışmaları]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''2010 Nahorno karabakh war''' were a series of exchanges of gunfire that took place on February 18 on the line of contact dividing Azerbaijani and the Karabakh Armenian military forces. Azerbaijan accused the Armenian forces of firing on the Azerbaijani positions near Tap Qaraqoyunlu, Qızıloba, Qapanlı, Yusifcanlı and Cavahirli villages, as well as in uplands of Agdam Rayon with small arms fire including snipers. As a result, three Azerbaijani soldiers were killed and one wounded. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 20 janvye 2025 à 01:20 (UTC)
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== Thank you for being a medical contributors! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]]
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' 
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! 

Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2025]]''', there are no associated costs.

Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating].
|}

Thanks again :-)  -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 26 janvye 2025 à 06:24 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-05 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Jinnah's birthday]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
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[[File:Yorkstatue.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Jinnah's Birthday''', officially Quaid-e-Azam Day and sometimes known as Quaid Day, is a public holiday in Pakistan observed annually on 25 December to celebrate the birthday of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, known as Quaid-i-Azam (&quot;Great Leader&quot;). A major holiday, commemorations for Jinnah began during his lifetime in 1942, and have continued ever since. The event is primarily observed by the government and the citizens of the country where the national flag is hoisted at major architectural structures such as private and public buildings, particularly at the top of Quaid-e-Azam House in Karachi. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 27 janvye 2025 à 01:30 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-06 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:French conquest of Corsica]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Bataille de Ponte Novu.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''French conquest of Corsica''' was a successful expedition by French forces of the Kingdom of France under Comte de Vaux, against Corsican forces under Pasquale Paoli of the Corsican Republic. The expedition was launched in May 1768, in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 3 fevriye 2025 à 12:21 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-07 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Assassination of Spencer Perceval]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:PercevalShooting.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
On 11 May 1812, at about 5:15 pm, Spencer Perceval, the prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons by John Bellingham, a Liverpool merchant with a grievance against the government. Bellingham was detained; four days after the murder, he was tried, convicted and sentenced to death. He was hanged at Newgate Prison on 18 May, one week after the assassination and one month before the start of the War of 1812. Perceval remains the sole British prime minister to have been assassinated. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 10 fevriye 2025 à 02:18 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-08 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2010 Malagasy constitutional referendum]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A constitutional referendum was held in Madagascar on 17 November 2010, in which voters approved a proposal for the state's fourth Constitution. The Malagasy people were asked to answer &quot;Yes&quot; or &quot;No&quot; to the proposed new constitution, which was considered to help consolidate Andry Rajoelina's grip on power. At the time of the referendum, Rajoelina headed the governing Highest Transitional Authority (HAT), an interim junta established following the military-backed coup d'état against then President Marc Ravalomanana in March 2009. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 17 fevriye 2025 à 01:21 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-09 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cooler Heads Coalition]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Cooler Heads Coalition]])&amp;#32;([[:fr:Cooler Heads Coalition]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Cooler Heads Coalition''' is a politically conservative &quot;informal and ad-hoc group&quot; in the United States, financed and operated by the Competitive Enterprise Institute. The group, which rejects the scientific consensus on climate change, made efforts to stop the government from addressing climate change. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 24 fevriye 2025 à 02:23 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-10 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:pt:Transmissor de Ondas]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Wave Transmitter]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
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[[File:Esq eletr transm ondas color.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Transmissor de Ondas''' é um equipamento precursor do rádio, desenvolvido por Roberto Landell de Moura na década de 1890, capaz de transmitir áudio via ondas eletromagnéticas, com sua primeira demonstração pública documentada tendo ocorrido no dia 16 de julho de 1899. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 3 mas 2025 à 01:50 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-11 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Smoky (mascotte olimpica)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Smoky (Olympic mascot)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
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[[File:Smoky 1932 Olympic Village Mascot.webp|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Smoky''' (Los Angeles, 1931 o 1932 - Los Angeles, aprile 1934), occasionalmente scritto Smokey, è stato un cane che divenne la mascotte del villaggio olimpico estivo del 1932 e, successivamente, dell'evento generale. Pur non essendo oggi riconosciuto dal CIO, è stato, seppur non in modo ufficiale, la prima mascotte olimpica dei Giochi, oltre che a essere attualmente l'unica a essere stata un animale vero. Le successive edizioni non ebbero mascotte, dovendo aspettare i X Giochi olimpici invernali di Grenoble nel 1968 per ritrovarne una ufficialmente riconosciuta, lo sciatore stilizzato Schuss, allora non considerato ufficiale ma successivamente riconosciuto come tale. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 10 mas 2025 à 02:50 (UTC)
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== Join Us Today: Amplify Women’s Stories on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;
[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]]

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{{center|''{{int:please-translate}}''}}

Dear {{PAGENAME}},
{{quote|Join us this International Women’s Month to uncover hidden stories and reshape cultural narratives! Dive into an interactive workshop where we’ll illuminate gaps in folklore and women’s history on Wikipedia—and take action to ensure their legacies are written into history.}}

Facilitated by '''Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight''', this workshop will explore how to identify and curate missing stories about women’s contributions to culture and heritage. Let’s work together to amplify voices that have been overlooked for far too long!

== Event Details ==
* '''📅 Date''': Today (15 March 2025)
* '''⏰ Time''': 4:00 PM UTC ([https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/converter.html Convert to your time zone])
* '''📍 Platform''': [https://us06web.zoom.us/j/87522074523?pwd=0EEz1jfr4i9d9Nvdm3ioTaFdRGZojJ.1 Zoom Link]
* '''🔗 Session''': [[meta:Event:Feminism and Folklore International Campaign: Finding and Curating the Missing Gaps on Gender Disparities|Feminism and Folklore International Campaign: Finding and Curating the Missing Gaps on Gender Disparities]]
* '''🆔 Meeting ID''': 860 8747 3266
* '''🔑 Passcode''': FNF@2025

== Participation ==
Whether you’re a seasoned editor or new to Wikipedia, this is your chance to contribute to a more inclusive historical record. ''Bring your curiosity and passion—we’ll provide the tools and guidance!''

'''Let’s make history ''her'' story too.''' See you there!

Best regards,&lt;br&gt;
'''Joris Quarshie'''&lt;br&gt;
[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:1em; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;
Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]  [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|msg]]) 07:15, 24 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-12 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])&amp;#32;([[:es:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Frame A from Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo''''' (lit. 'Amazon: The Greatest River in the World') is a 1922 Brazilian silent documentary film produced in 1918 by Silvino Santos. It is a black-and-white film that portrays life in the Amazon rainforest. Completed in 1920, it is considered one of the oldest cinematic records of the Amazon. It was presumed lost in 1931 and only rediscovered in 2023 at the Czech Film Archive.

Silvino Santos produced the work over three years using sophisticated cinematic techniques, which led it to be deemed of &quot;immense artistic value&quot; by Le Monde. It has also been described as the &quot;Holy Grail of Brazilian silent cinema&quot; by The Guardian. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 17 mas 2025 à 01:57 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-13 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ali of the Eretnids]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:tr:Alaaddin Ali Bey]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Ala al-Din Ali''' (January 1353 – August 1380) was the third Sultan of the Eretnids ruling from 1366 until his death. He inherited the throne at a very early age and was removed from administrative matters. He was characterized as particularly keen on personal pleasures, which later discredited his authority. During his rule, emirs under the Eretnids enjoyed considerable autonomy, and the state continued to shrink as neighboring powers captured several towns. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 24 mas 2025 à 01:59 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-14 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Chilembwe uprising]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Chilembwe supporters being led to be executed (cropped).jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Chilembwe uprising''' was a rebellion against British colonial rule in Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi) which took place in January 1915. It was led by John Chilembwe, an American-educated Baptist minister. Based around his church in the village of Mbombwe in the south-east of the colony, the leaders of the revolt were mainly from an emerging black middle class. They were motivated by grievances against the British colonial system, which included forced labour, racial discrimination and new demands imposed on the African population following the outbreak of World War I. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 31 mas 2025 à 03:52 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-15 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:1930 Bago earthquake]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:my:၁၉၃၀ ပဲခူးငလျင်]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Thiao Mueang Phama (1955, p. 165).jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
An earthquake affected Myanmar on 5 May 1930 with a moment magnitude (Mw ) 7.4. The shock occurred 35 km (22 mi) beneath the surface with a maximum Rossi–Forel intensity of IX (Devastating tremor). The earthquake was the result of rupture along a 131 km (81 mi) segment of the Sagaing Fault—a major strike-slip fault that runs through the country. Extensive damage was reported in the southern part of the country, particularly in Bago and Yangon, where buildings collapsed and fires erupted. At least 550, and possibly up to 7,000 people were killed. A moderate tsunami struck the Burmese coast which caused minor damage to ships and a port. It was felt for over 570,000 km2 (220,000 sq mi) and as far as Shan State and Thailand. The mainshock was followed by many aftershocks; several were damaging. The December earthquake was similarly sized which also occurred along the Sagaing Fault. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 7 avril 2025 à 01:54 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-16 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Museu de Zoologia da USP 02.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo''' (Portuguese: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, abbreviated MZUSP) is a public natural history museum located in the historic Ipiranga district of São Paulo, Brazil. The MZUSP is an educational and research institution that is part of the University of São Paulo. The museum began at the end of the 19th century as part of the Museu Paulista; in 1941, it moved into a dedicated building. In 1969 the museum became a part of the University of São Paulo, receiving its current name. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 14 avril 2025 à 02:27 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-17 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Fear of crime]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ar:الخوف من الجريمة]])&amp;#32;([[:it:Criminofobia]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Fear of crime''' refers to the fear of being a victim of crime, which is not necessarily reflective of the actual probability of being such a victim. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 21 avril 2025 à 02:24 (UTC)
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== Invitation: Gendering the Archive - Building Inclusive Folklore Repositories (April 30th) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;
[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]]

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{{center|''{{int:please-translate}}''}}
Dear {{PAGENAME}},

You are invited to a hands-on session focused on [[meta:Gendering the Archive: Building Inclusive Repositories for Folklore Documentation|Gendering the Archive: Building Inclusive Repositories for Folklore Documentation]]. This online workshop will guide participants on how to create, edit, and expand gender-inclusive folklore articles and multimedia archives on Wikipedia and Wikidata. The session will be led by Rebecca Jeannette Nyinawumuntu.

=== Objectives ===
* '''Design Inclusive Repositories:''' Learn best practices for structuring folklore archives that foreground gender perspectives.
* '''Hands-On Editing:''' Practice creating and improving articles and items on Wikipedia and Wikidata with a gender-inclusive lens.
* '''Collaborative Mapping:''' Work in small groups to plan new entries and multimedia uploads that document underrepresented voices.
* '''Advocacy &amp; Outreach:''' Discuss strategies to promote and sustain these repositories within your local and online communities.

=== Details ===
* '''Date:''' 30th April 2025
* '''Day:''' Wednesday
* '''Time:''' 16:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746028800 Check your local time zone])
* '''Venue:''' Online (Zoom)
* '''Speaker:''' Rebecca Jeannette Nyinawumuntu (Co-founder, Wikimedia Rwanda &amp; Community Engagement Director)

=== How to Join ===
* '''Zoom Link:''' [https://us06web.zoom.us/j/89158738825?pwd=ezEgXbAqwq9KEr499DvJxSzZyXSVQX Join here]
* '''Meeting ID:''' 891 5873 8825
* '''Passcode:''' FNF@2025
* '''Add to Calendar:''' [https://zoom.us/meeting/tZ0scuGvrTMiGNH4I3T7EEQmhuFJkuCHL7Ci/ics?meetingMasterEventId=Xv247OBKRMWeJJ9LSbX2hA Add to your calendar] ''''

=== Agenda ===
# Welcome &amp; Introductions: Opening remarks and participant roll-call.
# Presentation: Overview of gender-inclusive principles and examples of folklore archives.
# Hands-On Workshop: Step-by-step editing on Wikipedia and Wikidata—create or expand entries.
# Group Brainstorm: Plan future repository items in breakout groups.
# Q&amp;A &amp; Discussion: Share challenges, solutions, and next steps.
# Closing Remarks: Summarise key takeaways and outline follow-up actions.

We look forward to seeing you there!

Best regards,&lt;br&gt;
Stella&lt;br&gt;
Feminism and Folklore Organiser

-[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 10:28, 24 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-18 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Heritage preservation in South Korea]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Korean.Dance-03.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The heritage preservation system of South Korea is a multi-level program aiming to preserve and cultivate Korean cultural heritage. The program is administered by the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), and the legal framework is provided by the Cultural Heritage Protection Act of 1962, last updated in 2012. The program started in 1962 and has gradually been extended and upgraded since then. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 28 avril 2025 à 00:57 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-19 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lhamana]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:We-Wa, a Zuni berdache, weaving - NARA - 523796 (cropped).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Lhamana''', in traditional Zuni culture, are biologically male people who take on the social and ceremonial roles usually performed by women in their culture, at least some of the time. They wear a mixture of women's and men's clothing and much of their work is in the areas usually occupied by Zuni women. Some contemporary lhamana participate in the pan-Indian two-spirit community. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 5 me 2025 à 07:29 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-20 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Gruppo del Sileno]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Parco3.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sileno ed Egle con Mnasilo e Cromi''', meglio noto come Gruppo del Sileno, è un monumento in marmo di Carrara, realizzato da Jean-Baptiste Boudard nel 1765 per il Giardino Ducale di Parma; sostituito nel 1991 con una copia in polvere di marmo e resina, l'originale si trova provvisoriamente nel chiostro della Fontana del monastero di San Paolo, in attesa della definitiva collocazione prevista all'interno del palazzetto Eucherio Sanvitale nel parco Ducale. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 12 me 2025 à 02:28 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-21 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lorrin A. Thurston]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fi:Lorrin Thurston]])&amp;#32;([[:ko:로린 A. 서스턴]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lorrinandrewsthurston1892.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Lorrin Andrews Thurston''' (July 31, 1858 – May 11, 1931) was a Hawaiian citizen lawyer, politician, and businessman. Thurston played a prominent role in the revolution that overthrew the Hawaiian Kingdom to replace Queen Liliʻuokalani with the Republic of Hawaii, with discreet US support for which Congress much later apologized. He published the Pacific Commercial Advertiser (a forerunner of the present-day Honolulu Star-Advertiser), and owned other enterprises. From 1906 to 1916, he and his network lobbied with national politicians to create a national park to preserve the Hawaiian volcanoes. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 19 me 2025 à 02:33 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-22 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Lamiera bugnata]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Tread plate]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Diamond Plate.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Una '''lamiera bugnata''' o mandorlata è una lamiera di metallo ottenuta dalla laminazione di una bramma attraverso rulli che, tramite punzonatura o goffratura, imprimono sulla lamina rilievi a forma di rombo o ellisse, detti bugne. Nel caso questi rilievi siano alternati singolarmente nei due assi, si parla di lamiera diamantata, mentre se le forme sono predisposte in maniera parallela per formare piccoli quadranti tra di loro tangenti, questo pattern viene identificato con il nome di mandorlato.

We tend to ignore the fact that this type of plate is the only reason we don't slip when we walk on steel and wet or frozen surfaces. The Italian article it's short but quite complete, and has just the right amount of citations, unlike other poor languages' versions. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 26 me 2025 à 06:04 (UTC)
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== Kanada ==

Bonjou,

Nan paj [[Kanada]], mwen te wè ou te modifye infobox la avèk youn Wikipedya fransè. Tradiksyon an infobox sa a pa komplete, ou vle tradui li oubyen mwen ka fè sa mwen mèm ? (Petèt fen semèn sa a) [[Itilizatè:HalikhSovar78|HalikhSovar78]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:HalikhSovar78|diskisyon]]) 1 jen 2025 à 16:15 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-23 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Angelo azzurro (cocktail)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Ángel azul (cóctel)]])&amp;#32;([[:fr:Ange bleu (cocktail)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Angelo Azzurro Cocktail.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
L''''angelo azzurro''' è un cocktail alcolico italiano. È considerato uno dei cocktail più popolari in Italia negli anni novanta, insieme al B-52 e all'Invisibile. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 2 jen 2025 à 05:39 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-24 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fi:Kotiryssä]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Kotiryssä]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''kotiryssä''' (jocular Finnish: one’s home Russky or home Russian) was a Soviet or Russian contact person of a Finnish politician, bureaucrat, businessman or other important person. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 9 jen 2025 à 02:33 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-25 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Future self]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pl:Przyszła jaźń]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In the psychology of self, the '''future self''' concerns the processes and consequences associated with thinking about oneself in the future. People think about their future selves similarly to how they think about other people. The extent to which people feel psychologically connected (e.g., similarity, closeness) to their future self influences how well they treat their future self. When people feel connected to their future self, they are more likely to save for retirement, make healthy decisions, and avoid ethical transgressions. Interventions that increase feelings of connectedness with future selves can improve future-oriented decision making across these domains. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 16 jen 2025 à 02:18 (UTC)
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== You're invited: Feminism and Folklore Advocacy Session – June 20! ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

Hello {{PAGENAME}}

[[File:Feminism and Folklore logo.svg | right | frameless]]

We are pleased to invite you to an inspiring session in the Feminism and Folklore International Campaign Advocacy Series titled:

🎙️ Documenting Indigenous Women’s Wisdom: The Role of Grandmothers and Elders&lt;br&gt;
🗓 Friday, June 20, 2025&lt;br&gt;
⏰ 4:00 PM UTC&lt;br&gt;
🌍 Online – [https://us06web.zoom.us/j/86470824823?pwd=s7ruwuxrradtJNcZLVT9EyClb8g7ho.1 Zoom link]&lt;br&gt;
👤 Facilitator: Obiageli Ezeilo (Wiki for Senior Citizens Network)&lt;br&gt;

Join us as we explore how the oral teachings of grandmothers and elders preserve cultural heritage and influence today’s feminist movements. Learn how to document these narratives using Wikimedia platforms!

🔗 Event Page &amp; Details:
https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Documenting_Indigenous_Women%E2%80%99s_Wisdom:_The_Role_of_Grandmothers_and_Elders

This session includes:&lt;br&gt;
✔️ A keynote presentation&lt;br&gt;
✔️ Story-sharing interactive segment&lt;br&gt;
✔️ Q&amp;A + tools for documenting women’s wisdom on Wikimedia&lt;br&gt;

We hope to see you there!

Warm regards,&lt;br&gt;
Stella&lt;br&gt;
On behalf of Feminism and Folklore Team&lt;br&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 23:49, 17 June 2025 (UTC)
 &lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-26 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pictorial map]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:نقشه تصویری]])&amp;#32;([[:ja:絵地図]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Blake Britain Spearhead of Attack.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pictorial maps''' (also known as illustrated maps, panoramic maps, perspective maps, bird's-eye view maps, and geopictorial maps) depict a given territory with a more artistic rather than technical style. It is a type of map in contrast to road map, atlas, or topographic map. The cartography can be a sophisticated 3-D perspective landscape or a simple map graphic enlivened with illustrations of buildings, people and animals. They can feature all sorts of varied topics like historical events, legendary figures or local agricultural products and cover anything from an entire continent to a college campus. Drawn by specialized artists and illustrators, pictorial maps are a rich, centuries-old tradition and a diverse art form that ranges from cartoon maps on restaurant placemats to treasured art prints in museums. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 23 jen 2025 à 01:18 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-27 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Queen Elizabeth University Hospital]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:QEUH.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Queen Elizabeth University Hospital''' (QEUH) is a 1,677-bed acute hospital located in Govan, in the south-west of Glasgow, Scotland. The hospital is built on the site of the former Southern General Hospital and opened at the end of April 2015. The hospital comprises a 1,109-bed adult hospital, a 256-bed children's hospital and two major Emergency Departments; one for adults and one for children. There is also an Immediate Assessment Unit for local GPs and out-of-hours services, to send patients directly, without having to be processed through the Emergency Department. The retained buildings from the former Southern General Hospital include the Maternity Unit, the Institute of Neurological Sciences, the Langlands Unit for medicine of the elderly and the laboratory. The whole facility is operated by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, and is one of the largest acute hospital campuses in Europe. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 30 jen 2025 à 02:05 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-28 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Non-constituency Member of Parliament]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''Non-constituency Member of Parliament''' (NCMP) is a member of an opposition political party in Singapore who, as stipulated in Article 39 of the Constitution and the Parliamentary Elections Act, is declared to have been elected a Member of Parliament (MP) without constituency representation, despite having lost in a general election, by virtue of having been one of the opposition candidates with the highest vote shares among the unelected. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 7 jiyè 2025 à 02:10 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-29 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Immunolabeling]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Immunolabeling process image.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Immunolabeling''' is a biochemical process that enables the detection and localization of an antigen to a particular site within a cell, tissue, or organ. Antigens are organic molecules, usually proteins, capable of binding to an antibody. These antigens can be visualized using a combination of antigen-specific antibody as well as a means of detection, called a tag, that is covalently linked to the antibody 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
---[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 14 jiyè 2025 à 13:44 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Vespa analis]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Plumpy hornet on the ground - 1.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Vespa analis''''', the yellow-vented hornet, is a species of common hornet found in Southeast Asia 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 21 jiyè 2025 à 01:28 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Baía dos Porcos - Fernando de Noronha (32811749914).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park''' (Portuguese: Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha) is a national park in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 28 jiyè 2025 à 01:40 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Itilizatè:Kitanago]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Xie Zhiliu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Xie Zhiliu''' (Chinese: 谢稚柳; 1910–1997) was a leading traditional painter, calligrapher, and art connoisseur of modern China. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 4 out 2025 à 01:21 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lethocerus patruelis]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lethocerus patruelis.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Lethocerus patruelis''''' is a giant water bug in the family Belostomatidae. It is native to southeastern Europe, through Southwest Asia, to Pakistan, India and Burma. 

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----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 11 out 2025 à 02:20 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ikiza]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:CIA map of Burundi and surrounding countries during 1972 killings.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Ikiza''' (variously translated from Kirundi as the Catastrophe, the Great Calamity, and the Scourge), or the Ubwicanyi (Killings), was a series of mass killings—often characterised as a genocide—which were committed in Burundi in 1972 by the Tutsi-dominated army and government, primarily against educated and elite Hutus who lived in the country. Conservative estimates place the death toll of the event between 100,000 and 150,000 killed, while some estimates of the death toll go as high as 300,000. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 18 out 2025 à 02:43 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Corallite]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) - ZooKeys-227-001-g004.jpeg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''corallite''' is the skeletal cup, formed by an individual stony coral polyp, in which the polyp sits and into which it can retract. The cup is composed of aragonite, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, and is secreted by the polyp. Corallites vary in size, but in most colonial corals they are less than 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 25 out 2025 à 02:18 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-36 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Diksam Plateau]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Dixam plateau (6407168437).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Diksam Plateau''' or Dixam Plateau (Arabic: دكسم) is a limestone plateau in Socotra, Yemen. The Firmihin forest, located east of the Dirhur canyon within the plateau, has the highest concentration of Dragon's Blood Trees on the entire island. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 1 septanm 2025 à 02:40 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Ttongsul]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ja:トンスル]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Ttongsul (imitation).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''ttongsul''' (똥술), o vino di feci, è una tradizionale preparazione medicinale coreana con gradazione alcolica al 9% a base di feci, solitamente umane e preferibilmente di bambino. Nato probabilmente traendo spunto dalla medicina tradizionale cinese, nelle credenze popolari il vino di feci avrebbe proprietà benefiche per molti tipi di malesseri: sarebbe un rimedio per dolori muscolari, ustioni, infiammazioni, epilessia e fratture ossee.

Sebbene alcuni media occidentali abbiano in passato riportato che questa bevanda sia diffusa tra la popolazione coreana, al giorno d'oggi un numero molto limitato di persone ne fa uso, dopo aver subito un declino di popolarità nei secoli scorsi, tanto che la maggioranza dei giovani coreani non ne ha mai sentito parlare.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 8 septanm 2025 à 02:28 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-38 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pak Kum-chol]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pak Kum-chol in 1961 (cropped).jpg|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pak Kum-chol''' was a North Korean politician. Having been a guerrilla during the anti-Japanese struggle, he became a high-ranking politician after the liberation of Korea. Pak aligned himself with his former guerrilla brothers in arms from the Kapsan Operation Committee to form a faction within the ruling Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) called the &quot;Kapsan faction&quot;. This faction sought to replace Kim Il Sung with Pak. Kim retaliated by purging the faction in 1967 in what is known as the Kapsan faction incident. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 15 septanm 2025 à 02:18 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-39 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Federation of Central America (1921–1922)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Federación de Centro América (1921-1922)]])&amp;#32;([[:ar:اتحاد أمريكا الوسطى (1921-1922)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Central America's Northern Triangle (orthographic projection).png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Federation of Central America''' (Spanish: Federación de Centro América)[1] was a short-lived federal republic that existed in Central America between 1921 and 1922. The federation consisted of the Central American nations of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 22 septanm 2025 à 02:45 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-40 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Palazzo delle Poste (Latina)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Postelittoria2.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''Palazzo delle Poste''', fino al 1945 Ricevitoria Postelegrafonica di Littoria, è un edificio postale di Latina, situato in piazzale dei Bonificatori.

Costruito nel 1932 in stile razionalista con influenze futuriste, riscontrabili nell'utilizzo di ampie superfici vetrate e di volumi verticali, oltre che per la presenza di l’utilizzo di materiali e scelte di design molto in voga all'epoca come, come i mattoni a vista, il travertino di Tivoli e l'Anticorodal (una lega di alluminio), ospita l'ufficio postale Latina Centro. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 29 septanm 2025 à 00:58 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-41 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Majed Abu Maraheel]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Majed Abu Maraheel''' was a Palestinian long-distance runner, football player, security officer, and athletics coach, who was the first Palestinian to compete at the Olympic Games. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 6 oktòb 2025 à 12:48 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-42 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Abortion in Eritrea]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In Eritrea, abortion is banned except on the grounds of pregnancy from rape or incest, pregnancy of a minor, or risk to physical or mental health. Legal abortions require medical or judicial approval. Prior to Eritrea's independence, it applied Ethiopia's abortion law of the 1950s, which banned abortion unless life-saving. After independence, the 1991 penal code adapted this law to lift punishments on abortions on the grounds of rape, incest, or risk to life or health, but legal abortions did not exist in effect. The penal codes of 2001 and 2015 required physicians to prove health grounds for abortion. Unsafe abortion is common and contributes to maternal mortality in Eritrea. Post-abortion care is unavailable in some regions. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 13 oktòb 2025 à 01:06 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-43 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Auschwitz Liberated January 1945.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
On 27 January 1945, Auschwitz—a Nazi concentration camp and extermination camp in occupied Poland where more than a million people were murdered as part of the Nazis' &quot;Final Solution&quot; to the Jewish question—was liberated by the Soviet Red Army during the Vistula–Oder Offensive. Although most of the prisoners had been forced onto a death march, about 7,000 had been left behind. The Soviet soldiers attempted to help the survivors and were shocked at the scale of Nazi crimes. The date is recognized as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 20 oktòb 2025 à 02:04 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-44 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Black Diaries]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Black Diaries''' are diaries purported to have been written by the Irish revolutionary Roger Casement, which contained accounts of homosexual liaisons with young men. They cover the years 1903, 1910 and 1911 (two) and were handed in to Scotland Yard after his capture in April 1916. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 27 oktòb 2025 à 02:51 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-45 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Consolations (Liszt)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Franz Liszt - Consolation No. 3, Lento placido.ogg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Consolations''', S. 171a/172 (German: Tröstungen) are a set of six solo piano works by Franz Liszt. The compositions take the musical style of nocturnes with each having its own distinctive style. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 3 novanm 2025 à 01:52 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-46 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Marine coastal ecosystem]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Vegetation and fauna processes controlling benthic biogeochemical fluxes.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''marine coastal ecosystem''' is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Worldwide there is about 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats extend to the margins of the continental shelves, occupying about 7 percent of the ocean surface area. Marine coastal ecosystems include many very different types of marine habitats, each with their own characteristics and species composition. They are characterized by high levels of biodiversity and productivity.

For example, estuaries are areas where freshwater rivers meet the saltwater of the ocean, creating an environment that is home to a wide variety of species, including fish, shellfish, and birds. Salt marshes are coastal wetlands which thrive on low-energy shorelines in temperate and high-latitude areas, populated with salt-tolerant plants such as cordgrass and marsh elder that provide important nursery areas for many species of fish and shellfish. Mangrove forests survive in the intertidal zones of tropical or subtropical coasts, populated by salt-tolerant trees that protect habitat for many marine species, including crabs, shrimp, and fish. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 10 novanm 2025 à 01:54 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-47 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Elephant communication]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Three elephant's curly kisses.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Elephants communicate''' via touching, visual displays, vocalisations, seismic vibrations, and semiochemicals. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 17 novanm 2025 à 02:24 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-48 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Animal-made art]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Painting Queen 1024x768.png|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Animal-made art''' consists of works by non-human animals, that have been considered by humans to be artistic, including visual works, music, photography, and videography. Some of these are created naturally by animals, often as courtship displays, while others are created with human involvement.

There have been debates about the copyright status of these works, with the United States Copyright Office stating in 2014 that works that lack human authorship cannot have their copyright registered at the US Copyright Office. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 24 novanm 2025 à 02:13 (UTC)

(Ce message a été envoyé à [[:Itilizatè:Kitanago]] et est publié ici en raison d’une redirection.)
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Bonjou Kitanago

Mwen ekri w jis pou w sa banm yon ti limyè 
Pou kisa apre konkou wiki kreyolo yo, pa g on kote 
Ki montre ganyan yo ak prim ke yo resevwa an?

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-49 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Halachic state]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The term &quot;'''halachic state'''&quot; (Hebrew: מְדִינַת הֲלָכָה‎ Medīnat Hălāḵā) refers to a sovereign state that endorses Judaism in an official capacity and governs by Jewish religious law. It has been a subject of discussion among Orthodox Jews, particularly with regard to modern Israel, which, although a Jewish state, is not classified as a theocracy. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 1 desanm 2025 à 08:01 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-50 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:ru:Сто лошадей]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:One Hundred Horses]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:A_Hundred_Steeds.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''One Hundred Horses''''' (Chinese: 百駿圖) is a Qing dynasty silk and ink painting by Giuseppe Castiglione. It was painted in 1728 for the Yongzheng emperor. The painting depicts a hundred horses in a variety of poses and activities, combining Western realism with traditional Chinese composition and brushwork.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 8 desanm 2025 à 02:29 (UTC)

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== Invitation to Organise Feminism and Folklore 2026 ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]]
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;{{int:please-translate}}&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Dear {{PAGENAME}},

Hope you’re doing well. I’m reaching out with some exciting updates about '''[[m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]'''. Thanks to the amazing support from organizers like you, the campaign has grown into one of the biggest and most collaborative initiatives in the entire Wikimedia movement. Your efforts have played a huge part in that, and we’re truly grateful. We’re hoping to make the 2026 edition even larger and even more community-driven.

We’d be very happy to have you join again as an organizer. The sign-up process is simple this year:

#Create your local event page (you can copy from the [[:m:Feminism_and_Folklore/Sample|sample]])
#Set up your Fountain or [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/campwiz/ CampWiz] campaign.
#Add your campaign link to the 2026 '''[[:m:Feminism_and_Folklore_2026/Project_Page|registration list]]'''

The focus of the campaign remains the same - creating or expanding Wikipedia content on feminism, women’s issues, gender topics, and diverse folk traditions from around the world. International and local prizes will continue as before.

'''Special Prize for 2026:'''

Every participant will receive a Wikipedia 25 digital postcard as a token of appreciation for contributing to the global movement during Wikipedia’s 25th anniversary year. This will be sent to all contributors who take part in the campaign.

We’re also adding an optional one-time internet and childcare support for organizers who may need extra assistance to carry out their local campaign. This is entirely optional and meant to help those who might otherwise face challenges in organizing. More details will be shared soon.

If you’re unable to organize this year, no worries at all - please feel free to share the invitation with others in your community who might be interested.

If you have any questions or would like to discuss plans, you can reach us on the [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026|talk page]] or by email.

Looking forward to collaborating again,

'''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''

--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 12 desanm 2025 à 18:18 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-51 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:First Universal Races Congress]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Premier Congrès universel des races]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Universal Races Congress seated outside the entrance to the Imperial Institute, London, 1911.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''First Universal Races Congress''' met in 1911 for four days at the University of London as an early effort at anti-racism. Speakers from a number of countries discussed race relations and how to improve them. The congress, with 2,100 attendees, was organised by prominent humanists of that era. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 15 desanm 2025 à 01:56 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-52 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pin Malakul]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pin Malakul, January 1922.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pin Malakul''' (24 October 1903 – 5 October 1995) was a Thai professor, educator and writer. His contributions to education in Thailand include the establishment of various institutions of higher education, the introduction of fixed class schedules, and the implementation of teacher-training programmes. In his career he served as Director-General of the Department of General Education, later becoming Permanent Secretary, and Minister, of Education. He was also a member of the executive board of UNESCO. His writings earned him the title of National Artist in 1987, and the 100th anniversary of his birth was celebrated by the UNESCO in 2003 as recognition of his contribution to the advancement of education in Thailand and Southeast Asia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
-[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 22 desanm 2025 à 02:26 (UTC)

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== Atik ==

Men mwen pral montre w atik sa a: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZephyrMusic&lt;/nowiki&gt; Sa a se yon mizisyen franse ki pa byen koni, li pa gen notoryete pou l gen yon atik sou Wikipedya. Li kreye plizyè kont pou l pale de tèt li. Atik sa a li menm te kreye l epi li gen anpil enfòmasyon trivial sou li, sa ki fè l fè pwomosyon pou tèt li isit la. Pèsonn pa konnen enfòmasyon sa yo sou li eksepte tèt li. Li se yon sockpuppet ki te deja pini anvan e menm yo te bloke kont li, men li kreye plizyè kont kòmsi li te yon sockpuppet pou l evite pinisyon. [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2025-42618-52|&amp;#126;2025-42618-52]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2025-42618-52|discussion]]) 23 desanm 2025 à 13:23 (UTC)

:The user of the request above is using one of Amy Ivy's temporary accounts. This user is blocked on most other versions of Wikipedia for vandalism and spam, and they're doing it again; it's all they do all day. They enjoy destroying articles with small accounts and a large number of temporary ones. Look at Amy Ivy's main account to see for yourself. [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2025-42722-69|&amp;#126;2025-42722-69]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2025-42722-69|discussion]]) 24 desanm 2025 à 14:14 (UTC)
::Hello @[[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]], this article has now been improved and sources have been added. [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2025-43035-10|&amp;#126;2025-43035-10]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2025-43035-10|discussion]]) 26 desanm 2025 à 03:55 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-01 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:The Morning of the Magicians]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Le Matin des magiciens, couverture.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''The Morning of the Magicians: Introduction to Fantastic Realism''''' (French: Le Matin des magiciens: Introduction au réalisme fantastique) is a 1960 book by the journalists Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier. It covers topics like cryptohistory, ufology, occultism in Nazism, alchemy, spiritual philosophy. The second half of the book is entirely dedicated to the Nazi-Occult connections; the book is widely credited with the proliferation of numerous myths related to occultism in Nazism. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 29 desanm 2025 à 02:20 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-02 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Somaliland War of Independence]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Somaliland, fighters of the Somali National Movement (SNM), 1980s.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Somaliland War of Independence''' was a rebellion waged by the Somali National Movement (SNM) against the ruling military junta in Somalia led by General Siad Barre lasting from its founding on 6 April 1981 and ended on 18 May 1991 when the SNM declared what was then northern Somalia independent as the Republic of Somaliland. The conflict served as the main theater of the larger Somali Rebellion that started in 1978. The conflict was in response to the harsh policies enacted by the Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the Isaaq, including a declaration of economic warfare on the clan-family. These harsh policies were put into effect shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous Ogaden War in 1978. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 5 janvye 2026 à 03:00 (UTC)

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== Atik ==

Gade atik nèg sa a; li pa satisfè kondisyon notoryete yo. Mizisyen sa a pa popilè, men l ap eseye ak tout pri pou l jwenn yon atik Wikipedya. Li deja kreye plizyè kont pou l pale de tèt li isit la. Se yon moun sòt; li ekri atik yo sou tèt li. Donk m ap mande w, kijan yon nèg konsa moun pa konnen ka gen tout enfòmasyon sa yo isit la? Menm bagay pèsonèl li yo nan atik sa a; li menm li ekri l, pa vre? San mansyone nouvèl sa yo, ki te piblikasyon peye oswa ki te ekri sou lòd li pou fè pwomosyon pou tèt li. Se yon moun ki anvi atansyon ak validasyon, men Wikipedya gen kritè pa l, epi li pa satisfè yo. Analize l epi efase l. →&lt;nowiki&gt;[https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZephyrMusic]&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2026-11261-6|&amp;#126;2026-11261-6]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2026-11261-6|discussion]]) 6 janvye 2026 à 14:07 (UTC)

:Bypassing [[metawiki:Special:CentralAuth/AmyIvy|AmyIvy]]&lt;nowiki&gt; user block through multiple temporary accounts + continuous spam and vandalism despite the warnings and blockages ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2026-11577-7|&amp;#126;2026-11577-7]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2026-11577-7|discussion]]) 6 janvye 2026 à 14:28 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-03 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Pietro Lauro]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Pietro Lauro]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Master I.A.V.F., Pietro Lauro, born 1508, Modenese Poet and Scholar (obverse), 1555, NGA 45072.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pietro Lauro''', conosciuto anche come Pietro Lauro Modonese o Pietro Lauro da Modona (Modena o dintorni, 1510 circa – Venezia, 1568 circa) è stato un traduttore, scrittore e divulgatore scientifico italiano. Nonostante non si conosca gran parte della sua biografia, fu uno dei poligrafi italiani più conosciuti del Cinquecento. La sua produzione raccoglie traduzioni dal latino, dal greco e dallo spagnolo e riguardano opere di autori classici, stranieri e protestanti. Lauro si dimostrò abile nel trattare testi con temi molto diversi, come la filosofia, l'architettura, la medicina, il giardinaggio, l'agronomia, le scienze biologiche, la storia, la teologia e l'astronomia. Si cimentò anche nella scrittura di un poema cavalleresco sullo stile di quelli spagnoli, il Polendo, sua magnum opus in questo senso.

Aderente alla Riforma protestante, sebbene le sue trasposizioni siano state oggetto di critiche già degli autori a lui contemporanei, che le giudicarono troppo letterali, rozze e imparziali, a Lauro si deve il merito di aver ultimato la traduzione in lingua volgare di numerosi testi sia classici, sia scientifici, sia epistolari. I suoi lavori ebbero una notevole diffusione, non solo tra i letterati veneziani della sua epoca, ma in tutta Italia, tanto che alcune sue traduzioni vengono ancora oggi ristampate in nuove edizioni. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 12 janvye 2026 à 01:45 (UTC)

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== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge; padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]]

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;padding: 1em 2em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026

Dear {{BASEPAGENAME}},

We are pleased to invite you to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and women.

;What Can Participants Write About?
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:

* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances
* Women and queer figures in folklore
* Women in mythology and oral traditions
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:

# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]]
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline
#* Local and international prizes
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
*For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.
* Join the office hours on 23 January 2026 and connect with the international Team. ([[:m:Event:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 Office Hours|sign up now]])

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,

'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 18 janvye 2026 à 16:31 (UTC)
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== Vandalis twòp sou yon peryòd tan ki long ==

Bonjou @[[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]], yon itilizatè ki bloke pou abi kont ak vandalis ap itilize plizyè kont tanporè pou kontourne bloke a epi vandalize ansiklopedi a. Yo regilyèman vize menm atik la, retire paragraf ak sous nan medya serye menm apre yo fin etabli lejitimite atik la. Li ta pi bon pou pran aksyon kont plizyè kont tanporè pwoblèmatik sa yo oswa pou pwoteje paj la. Mèsi. [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2026-38626-5|&amp;#126;2026-38626-5]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2026-38626-5|discussion]]) 18 janvye 2026 à 22:51 (UTC)

:Bonjou @[[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]], moun ki kache dèyè kont tanporè yo pou vandalize a frape ankò. Piske yo pa gen anyen pi bon pou yo fè ak lavi yo, ou ta dwe pran mezi pou anpeche yo kontinye deranje Wikipedya. [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2026-51934-9|&amp;#126;2026-51934-9]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2026-51934-9|discussion]]) 24 janvye 2026 à 11:30 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-04 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Volto di Palazzo Vecchio]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Piazza della signoria angolo via della ninna, palazzo vecchio, cantonata con testa scolpita 02.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''volto di Palazzo Vecchio''' (conosciuto anche come L'importuno o L'inopportuno) è un incisione su pietraforte attibuita a Michelangelo Buonarroti, scolpita in una delle pietre di Palazzo Vecchio a Firenze.

Secondo le varie leggende, il profilo sarebbe stato realizzato come graffito dall'artista toscano, con soggetto un suo importunatore, un debitore, un condannato a morte o se stesso. Nel 2020, gli studiosi hanno ipotizzato possa invece trattarsi di un ritratto di Francesco Granacci, pittore amico di Michelangelo. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 19 janvye 2026 à 02:14 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-05 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Raffaello Kobayashi]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Raffaello Kobayashi]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Raffaello Kobayashi''', nato Raffaele Sanzio (Bari, 14 gennaio 1917 – Yokohama, 1 aprile 2011), è stato un militare italiano naturalizzato giapponese.

Sommergibilista durante la Seconda guerra mondiale, prestò servizio per tutte e tre le principali Potenze dell'Asse: Regno d'Italia, Germania nazista e Impero giapponese. Alla fine della guerra si nascose in Giappone per evitare di subire l'internamento in un campo di prigionia, divenendo poi cittadino nipponico e cambiando il proprio nome.

Prese parte all'affondamento della HMS Calypso nel 1940, primo successo italiano in campo navale nel corso del conflitto mondiale. Con l'abbattimento di un bombardiere statunitense il 22 agosto 1945, otto giorni dopo il discorso di resa del Giappone alle potenze alleate della seconda guerra mondiale, a bordo del Comandante Cappellini, sarebbe stata l'ultima persona in assoluto a mettere fuori combattimento un velivolo degli Alleati nella stessa guerra. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 26 janvye 2026 à 02:05 (UTC)

(Ce message a été envoyé à [[:Itilizatè:Kitanago]] et est publié ici en raison d’une redirection.)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-06 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Censorship in the Czech Republic]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:cs:Cenzura v Česku]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Censorship in the Czech Republic''' had been highly active until 17 November 1989 and the fall of Communism in the former Czechoslovakia. Czech Republic was ranked as the 13th most free country in the World Press Freedom Index in 2014. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 2 fevriye 2026 à 02:32 (UTC)

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== Atik ==

Gade atik nèg sa a; li pa satisfè kondisyon notoryete yo. Mizisyen sa a pa popilè, men l ap eseye ak tout pri pou l jwenn yon atik Wikipedya. Li deja kreye plizyè kont pou l pale de tèt li isit la. Se yon moun sòt; li ekri atik yo sou tèt li. Donk m ap mande w, kijan yon nèg konsa moun pa konnen ka gen tout enfòmasyon sa yo isit la? Menm bagay pèsonèl li yo nan atik sa a; li menm li ekri l, pa vre? San mansyone nouvèl sa yo, ki te piblikasyon peye oswa ki te ekri sou lòd li pou fè pwomosyon pou tèt li. Se yon moun ki anvi atansyon ak validasyon, men Wikipedya gen kritè pa l, epi li pa satisfè yo. Analize l epi efase l. →&lt;nowiki&gt;https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZephyrMusic&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2026-72028-6|&amp;#126;2026-72028-6]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2026-72028-6|discussion]]) 2 fevriye 2026 à 13:44 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-07 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Jacquemart de Hesdin 002.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry''' is an illuminated book of hours commissioned by John, Duke of Berry between 1375 and 1385–90. It is known for its ornate miniature leaves and border decorations. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 9 fevriye 2026 à 03:59 (UTC)

(Ce message a été envoyé à [[:Itilizatè:Kitanago]] et est publié ici en raison d’une redirection.)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-08 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lysmata grabhami]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lysmata grabhami1.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Lysmata grabhami''''' is a species of saltwater shrimp in the family Hippolytidae. It was first described by Gordon in 1935. It occurs in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean and is a cleaner shrimp, operating a cleaning station to which fish come to have parasites removed. 

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-09 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Elefante di Cremona]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Elefant von Cremona]])&amp;#32;([[:eo:Elefanto de Cremona]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
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[[File:Matthew Paris Elephant from Parker MS 16 fol 151v.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
L''''elefante di Cremona''' (Asia, prima del 1228 - Parma, gennaio 1248) fu un esemplare di elefante donato nel 1228 a Federico II di Svevia da parte del sultano ayyubide al-Malik al-Kamil durante gli incontri che porteranno alla Pace di Giaffa. Usato principalmente per le manifestazioni trionfali del sovrano, l'elefante è citato da numerosi cronachisti e testimoni dell'epoca ed è noto per aver trainato il Carroccio dopo la grande vittoria delle armate di Federico II nella battaglia di Cortenuova del 1237. Rimasto a lungo nell'immaginario popolare collettivo, l'animale venne ucciso durante alcuni scontri occorsi nelle settimane immediatamente precedenti alla battaglia di Parma. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 23 fevriye 2026 à 11:43 (UTC)

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== Atik ==

Gade atik nèg sa a; li pa satisfè kondisyon notoryete yo. Mizisyen sa a pa popilè, men l ap eseye ak tout pri pou l jwenn yon atik Wikipedya. Li deja kreye plizyè kont pou l pale de tèt li isit la. Se yon moun sòt; li ekri atik yo sou tèt li. Donk m ap mande w, kijan yon nèg konsa moun pa konnen ka gen tout enfòmasyon sa yo isit la? Menm bagay pèsonèl li yo nan atik sa a; li menm li ekri l, pa vre? San mansyone nouvèl sa yo, ki te piblikasyon peye oswa ki te ekri sou lòd li pou fè pwomosyon pou tèt li. Se yon moun ki anvi atansyon ak validasyon, men Wikipedya gen kritè pa l, epi li pa satisfè yo. Analize l epi efase l. →&lt;nowiki&gt;https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZephyrMusic&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2026-12378-61|&amp;#126;2026-12378-61]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2026-12378-61|discussion]]) 25 fevriye 2026 à 18:44 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-10 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Treaty of the Danish West Indies]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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[[File:The Virgin islands of the United States of America; historical and descriptive, commercial and industrial facts, figures, and resources (1918) (14596880870).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Treaty of the Danish West Indies''' (Danish: Vestindiens traktat), officially the Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies (Danish: Konventionen mellem USA og Danmark), was a 1916 treaty transferring sovereignty of the Danish West Indies from Denmark to the United States in exchange for a sum of US$25,000,000 in gold ($722 million in 2024) and a declaration from the United States that it would &quot;not object to the Danish Government extending their political and economic interests to the whole of Greenland&quot;. It is one of the most recent permanent expansions of United States territory.

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 2 mas 2026 à 02:43 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-11 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Steens Mountain]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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----
[[File:Steens Mountain near Andrews, Oregon.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Steens Mountain''' is a large fault-block mountain in the northwest United States, located in Harney County, Oregon. Stretching some fifty miles (80 km) north to south, on its east side it rises from the Alvord Desert at an elevation of about 4,200 feet (1,280 m) to 9,738 feet (2,968 m) at the summit. Steens Mountain is not part of a mountain range but is properly a single mountain, the largest of Oregon's fault-block mountains. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 9 mas 2026 à 07:31 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-12 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Casque (anatomy)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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[[File:Great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''casque''' is an anatomical feature found in some species of birds, reptiles, and amphibians. In birds, it is an enlargement of the bones of the upper mandible or the skull, either on the front of the face, the top of the head, or both. The casque has been hypothesized to serve as a visual cue to a bird's sex, state of maturity, or social status; as reinforcement to the beak's structure; or as a resonance chamber, enhancing calls. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 16 mas 2026 à 02:43 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-13 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Etruscan sculpture]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
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[[File:Frontone A del grande tempio di luni con concilio degli dei, 175-150 ac. ca. 01.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Etruscan sculpture''' was one of the most important artistic expressions of the Etruscan people, who inhabited the regions of Northern Italy and Central Italy between about the 9th century BC and the 1st century BC. Etruscan art was largely a derivation of Greek art, although developed with many characteristics of its own. Given the almost total lack of Etruscan written documents, a problem compounded by the paucity of information on their language—still largely undeciphered—it is in their art that the keys to the reconstruction of their history are to be found, although Greek and Roman chronicles are also of great help. Like its culture in general, Etruscan sculpture has many obscure aspects for scholars, being the subject of controversy and forcing them to propose their interpretations always tentatively, but the consensus is that it was part of the most important and original legacy of Italian art and even contributed significantly to the initial formation of the artistic traditions of ancient Rome. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 23 mas 2026 à 02:07 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-14 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pulse (nightclub)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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[[File:Orlando FL Pulse Nightclub01.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pulse''' was a gay bar, dance club, and nightclub in Orlando, Florida, founded in 2004 by Barbara Poma and Ron Legler. On June 12, 2016, the club was the scene of the second-deadliest mass shooting by a single gunman in U.S. history, and the second-deadliest terrorist attack on U.S. soil since the September 11 attacks. Forty-nine people were killed and 58 other people were injured. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 30 mas 2026 à 02:37 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-15 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Tofana di Rozes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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[[File:Tofana di Rozes 04.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Tofana di Rozes''' (3,225 metres (10,581 ft)) is a mountain of the Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Veneto, Italy. Located west of the resort of Cortina d'Ampezzo, the mountain's giant three-edged pyramid shape and its vertical south face, above the Falzarego Pass, makes it the most popular peak in the Tofane group, and one of the most popular in the Dolomites. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 6 avril 2026 à 12:27 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-16 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Very-low-calorie diet]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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----
[[File:Green smoothie (8222465502).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''very-low-calorie diet''' (VLCD), also known as semistarvation diet and crash diet, is a type of diet with very or extremely low daily food energy consumption. VLCDs are defined as a diet of 800 kilocalories (3,300 kJ) per day or less. Modern medically supervised VLCDs use total meal replacements, with regulated formulations in Europe and Canada which contain the recommended daily requirements for vitamins, minerals, trace elements, fatty acids, protein and electrolyte balance. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 13 avril 2026 à 02:56 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-17 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Chromodoris willani]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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----
[[File:Babosa de mar (Chromodoris willani), Anilao, Filipinas, 2023-08-24, DD 34.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Chromodoris willani''''', commonly known as Willan's chromodoris, is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae. The species is named for the renowned nudibranch taxonomist Dr. Richard C. Willan. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 20 avril 2026 à 02:34 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-18 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Platypus venom]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
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[[File:Platypus spur.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The platypus is one of the few living mammals to produce venom. The venom is made in venom glands that are connected to hollow spurs on their hind legs; it is primarily made during the mating season.[1] While the venom's effects are described as extremely painful, it is not lethal to humans. Many archaic mammal groups possess similar tarsal spurs, so it is thought that, rather than having developed this characteristic uniquely, the platypus simply inherited this characteristic from its ancestors. Rather than being a unique outlier, the platypus is the last demonstration of what was once a common mammalian characteristic, and it can be used as a model for non-therian mammals and their venom delivery and properties. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 27 avril 2026 à 02:04 (UTC)

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== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

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Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 28 avril 2026 à 18:33 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-19 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Kuwait National Assembly Building]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Kuwait City Arabian Gulf Street 10.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Kuwait National Assembly Building''' is the building that housed the National Assembly of Kuwait.

Designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon in 1972, it was completed in 1982 under the direction of his son Jan. The structural design was by Max Walt. The building was seriously damaged in February 1991 when retreating Iraqi troops set it on fire but has since been restored. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 4 me 2026 à 12:16 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-20 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Macau National Security Law]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lei relative à defesa da segurança do Estado projecto.JPG|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Macau National Security Law''' is a law in Macau which prohibits and punishes acts of treason, secession, and subversion against the Central government, as well as preparative acts leading to any of the three acts. Taken into effect on 3 March 2009, the purpose of the law is to fulfil Article 23 of the Macau Basic Law, the de facto constitution of the Macau Special Administration Region. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 11 me 2026 à 02:53 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-21 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Stela of the cactus bearer]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Estela del portador del cactus]])&amp;#32;([[:ca:Estela del portador del cactus]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Estela Wachumero en Chavin.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''stela of the cactus bearer''' is a monolith or stele of a single piece of granite, belonging to the Chavín culture of ancient Peru, which remains in its original location on the northwest side of the circular plaza at the archaeological site known as the ceremonial center of Chavín de Huántar in the Ancash region of Peru. It was discovered during the 1972 excavation season by Peruvian archaeologist Luis Guillermo Lumbreras. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 21 me 2026 à 04:05 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-22 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Griffith Hughes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The Reverend '''Griffith Hughes''' (1707 – c.1758), FRS, was a Welsh naturalist, clergyman, and author. Hughes wrote The Natural History of Barbados, which included the first description of the grapefruit (also known as &quot;The Forbidden Fruit&quot;). His work was praised by Linnaeus, but it has also been considered a &quot;scientific fraud&quot;. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 25 me 2026 à 02:32 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-23 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Umuganda]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Umuganda&quot;Rwandan community work&quot;.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Umuganda''' is a national holiday in Rwanda taking place on the last Saturday of every month for mandatory nationwide community service from 08:00 to 11:00. Participation in Umuganda is required by law; failure to participate can result in a fine.

The program was most recently re-established under President Paul Kagame in 2009, having resulted in a notable improvement in the cleanliness of Rwanda. Also, there are other informal Umuganda day activities that occur in the middle of the month. These activities are initiated by either society or the government. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 1 jen 2026 à 01:55 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-24 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Juryeonggu]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:kr:주령구]])&amp;#32;([[:ja:酒令具]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:주령구의 발굴 당시 사진.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''Juryeonggu''' (주령구?, 酒令具?, JuryeongguLR, ChuryŏngguMR) è un dado a 14 facce, risalente al periodo del Silla unificato (668-935 d.C.), ritrovato nel 1975 dopo alcuni scavi occorsi presso il Donggung e lo stagno Wolji di Gyeongju, in Corea del Sud. Le facce del dado mostravano inscrizioni recanti varie penalità o sfide, legate ad un gioco di bevute, dimostrando l'importanza dell'alcool e la raffinatezza con cui la sua assunzione veniva celebrata.

L'artefatto originale è andato perduto, incendiato in un maldestro tentativo di preservazione: oggi ne esistono delle repliche, disponibili anche commercialmente. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 8 jen 2026 à 01:20 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-25 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cape Fiolent]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Beach of Cape Fiolent, Crimea.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Cape Fiolent''' (Crimean Tatar: Felenk Burun; Ukrainian: Фіолент; Russian: Фиолент; Latin: Parthenium), also historically called Cape Fiolente, is a cape and nature reserve (zakaznik) located in southern Sevastopol, a city within Crimea that is internationally recognised as part of Ukraine but currently occupied by Russia since 2014. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 15 jen 2026 à 02:24 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-26 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Renovating Action Party]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Partido de Acción Renovadora]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Flag of the Renovating Action Party.svg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Renovating Action Party''' was a left-wing Salvadoran political party that existed from 1944 to 1967. The party had three distinct phases of its existence under the leaderships of Colonel José Asencio Menéndez (1944–1950), the old line (1950–1964), and the new line (1964–1967). 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 22 jen 2026 à 01:52 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-27 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Facial age estimation]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Facial age estimation''' is the use of artificial intelligence to estimate the age of a person based on their facial features. Computer vision techniques are used to analyse the facial features in the images of millions of people whose age is known and then deep learning is used to create an algorithm that tries to predict the age of an unknown person. The key use of the technology is to prevent access to age-restricted goods and services. Examples include restricting children from accessing internet pornography, checking that they meet a mandatory minimum age when registering for an account on social media, or preventing adults from accessing websites, online chat or games designed only for use by children. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 29 jen 2026 à 00:44 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-28 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Paulo César Vinha State Park]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Capim dourado.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Paulo César Vinha State Park''' (Portuguese: Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha) is a state park in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. It protects an area of dunes, lagoons and marshes along the Atlantic shore. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 6 jiyè 2026 à 01:35 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-29 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Caledonian MacBrayne]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Cal-Mac HQ2005.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Caledonian MacBrayne''', in short form CalMac, is the trade name of CalMac Ferries Ltd, the major operator of passenger and vehicle ferries to the west coast of Scotland, serving ports on the mainland and 22 of the major islands. It is a subsidiary of holding company David MacBrayne, which is owned by the Scottish Government. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
-[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 13 jiyè 2026 à 01:20 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Immigration to Switzerland]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In 2023, resident foreigners made up 26.3% of Switzerland's population. Most of these (83%) were from European countries. Italy provided the largest single group of foreigners, accounting for 14.7% of total foreign population, followed closely by Germany (14.0%), Portugal (11.7%), France (6.6%), Kosovo (5.1%), Spain (3.9%), Turkey (3.1%), North Macedonia (3.1%), Serbia (2.8%), Austria (2.0%), United Kingdom (1.9%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1.3%) and Croatia (1.3%). Immigrants from Sri Lanka (1.3%), most of them former Tamil refugees, were the largest group of Asian origin (7.9%).  

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 20 jiyè 2026 à 02:18 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fr:Study of Man's Impact on Climate]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
La '''Study of Man's Impact on Climate''' (traduisible en français par « Étude de l'impact de l'homme sur le climat ») est une conférence scientifique internationale consacrée à l'influence humaine sur le climat qui s'est tenue à Stockholm, en Suède, du 28 juin au 16 juillet 1971. Elle aborde diverses hypothèses parmi lesquelles la destruction de la couche d'ozone et le réchauffement (ou refroidissement) climatique, établit l'état du savoir à leur sujet et, soulignant les nombreuses inconnues qui demeurent, appelle à consacrer davantage de fonds à la recherche scientifique sur le climat. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 27 jiyè 2026 à 02:00 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Plot of Prats de Molló]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ca:Fets de Prats de Molló]])&amp;#32;([[:es:Complot de Prats de Molló]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''plot of Prats de Molló''' was an attempted military invasion of Catalonia carried out from France to achieve its independence planned by Francesc Macià and the leadership of the Estat Català party, discovered and aborted in 1926. The plan consisted of the penetration of two columns (one from Saint-Laurent-de-Cerdans, the other from Coll d'Ares), which were to occupy Olot and proclaim the Catalan Republic. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 3 out 2026 à 03:11 (UTC)

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== Albèta ==

Bonjou. Pourriez-vous renommer l'article [[Alberta]] vers [[Albèta]] ? Mèsi. [[Itilizatè:Yue|Yue]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Yue|diskisyon]]) 4 out 2026 à 20:58 (UTC)

:D'accord. Merci ! [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 8 out 2026 à 14:09 (UTC)
::Mèsi anpil, zanmi mwen! [[Itilizatè:Yue|Yue]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Yue|diskisyon]]) 8 out 2026 à 20:53 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Composizione VII]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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----
[[File:Composition VII - Wassily Kandinsky, GAC.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Composizione VII''' (Композиция VII o Zu Komposition 7) è un olio su tela del 1913, realizzato dal pittore russo Vasilij Vasil'evič Kandinskij e conservato nella Galleria Tret'jakov di Mosca.

Prodotto centrale del pittore russo nel periodo 1910-1915, essa è considerata l'opera che certificò la raggiunta maturità creativa da parte di Kandinskij, rappresentando anche l'apice della sua energia creativa. È considerato il più rappresentativo tra i lavori completati durante l'anno del successo internazionale dell'artista, simboleggiando il punto di emancipazione definitivo dell'Astrattismo.

Opera più grande mai realizzata dall'artista per dimensione, facente parte della serie denominata Composizioni, rappresenta un'allegoria dell'Apocalisse, di cui riprende il tema e lo propone in una versione astratta, trasfigurata dalla realtà in una forma composta da sole linee e colori. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 10 out 2026 à 02:24 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Divorce in Poland]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Divorce in Poland''' occurs at a rate slightly below that of the average for Europe. In the Polish legal system, divorce proceedings fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the civil court; there is no legal basis for resolving a marriage through the agreement of the spouses or through administrative procedures. Divorce requests are assessed by the court, in accordance with the positive and negative prerequisites set in the relevant law. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 17 out 2026 à 01:59 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:mk:Ден на македонската револуционерна борба]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle''' (Macedonian: Ден на македонската револуционерна борба),[1] also known as Day of VMRO, is a national holiday which is celebrated on October 23 in North Macedonia. In 2007, the holiday was voted into law as a new national holiday. It is a non-working day. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 24 out 2026 à 02:15 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-36 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Wimmen's Comix]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Wimmen's Comix''''', later retitled (respelled) as Wimmin's Comix, is an influential all-female underground comics anthology published from 1972 to 1992. Though it covered a wide range of genres and subject matters, Wimmen's Comix focused more than other anthologies of the time on feminist concerns, homosexuality, sex and politics in general, and autobiographical comics. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 31 out 2026 à 01:54 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Paulet affair]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Paulet affair''', also known as British Hawaii, was the insubordinate five-month occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1843 by British naval officer Captain Lord George Paulet, of HMS Carysfort. It was ended by the arrival of American warships sent to defend Hawaii's independence. The British government in London did not authorise the move and it had no official status. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 7 septanm 2026 à 01:59 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-38 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:No-AI label]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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----
[[File:No AI Sign.svg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''no-AI label''' is a label used on a product to signify that it was not made using generative AI. Phrases on the labels include but are not limited to &quot;human-made&quot;, &quot;proudly human&quot; and &quot;AI-free&quot;. Some organisations that provide the labels allow product creators to download and use their no-AI labels for free, while others charge creators for analysing the content and allowing the use of the labels if the organisation believes that no AI was used. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 14 septanm 2026 à 02:43 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-39 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Scotty (dinosaur)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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----
[[File:Scotty Tyrannosaurus.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Scotty''' is the nickname for the Tyrannosaurus rex fossil, catalogued as RSM P2523.8, that was discovered in Saskatchewan, Canada in 1991.[3] The fossilised remains were painstakingly removed, almost completely by hand, over two decades from the rock in which they were embedded. When the preparation was complete in 2011, an around 65% complete T. rex skeleton was revealed. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 21 septanm 2026 à 02:02 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-40 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Descartes Highlands]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
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----
[[File:Apollo 16 landingsite.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Descartes Highlands''' is an area of lunar highlands located on the near side that served as the landing site of the American Apollo 16 mission in early 1972. The Descartes Highlands is located in the area surrounding Descartes crater, after which the feature received its name 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 28 septanm 2026 à 02:27 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-41 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Battaglia del pastificio]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Battle of Checkpoint Pasta]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
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[[File:OTO Melara Somalia 1993.jpg|300px|center|]]
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La '''battaglia del pastificio''', talvolta chiamata anche battaglia del checkpoint Pasta, fu uno scontro a fuoco verificatosi a Mogadiscio tra le truppe italiane e le milizie Mooryaan somale del generale Aidid ed è ricordata per essere stata la prima battaglia che vide impiegati i militari dell'Esercito Italiano dalla fine della seconda guerra mondiale. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 5 oktòb 2026 à 12:39 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-42 ==
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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----
[[File:Lineup.5.JPG|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft''' is a transport museum which specialises in the preservation of trolleybuses. It is located by the village of Sandtoft, near Belton on the Isle of Axholme in the English county of Lincolnshire. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 12 oktòb 2026 à 02:09 (UTC)

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    <title>Hector Berlioz</title>
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      <text bytes="4964" sha1="r33d72q3ts8vlhgi7aooyg2dqbt3nh5" xml:space="preserve">{{moun
|non=Hector Berlioz
|foto=Hector_Berlioz_fusain.JPG
|tèks=Hector Berlioz, litografi pa Charles Baugniet (1851)
|fonksyon=[[konpozitè]], [[chèfdòkès]], [[kritik mizikal]] ak [[ekriven]] 
|domèn=Mizik
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=[[11 desanm]] [[1803]]
|lye nesans=[[La Côte-Saint-André]]
|peyi nesans=[[Frans]]
|dat lanmò=[[8 mas]] [[1869]]
|lye lanmò=[[Pari]]
|peyi lanmò=[[Frans]]
|nasyonalite= franse
|relijyon=
|rezidans=
|kontak=
|Biyografi=
|zèv=
|omaj=
|rekonpans=
|remak=
|fim=
}}
'''Hector Berlioz''', ki fèt [[11 desanm]] [[1803]] nan [[La Côte-Saint-André]] ([[Frans]]) epi ki mouri [[8 mas]] [[1869]] nan [[Pari]], se yon [[konpozitè]], [[chèfdòkès]], [[kritik mizikal]] ak [[ekriven]] [[Frans|franse]].

== Biyografi ==
[[Fichye:Berlioz as a child.jpg|vignette|upright=1|Hector Berlioz (timoun).]]

== Zèv li yo ==
=== Mizik sinfonik ===
* Gade tou ː Atik detaye ː [[Louvèti pa Hector Berlioz]]

* [[1830]] : ''[[Symphonie fantastique]], épisode de la vie d’un artiste'', op. 14
* [[1831]] : ''[[Ouvertures d'Hector Berlioz#Le Roi Lear, op. 4|Le Roi Lear]]'', pou okès
* [[1834]] : ''[[Harold en Italie]]'', [[Musique à programme|symphonie à programme]] avèk [[Alto (instrument à cordes)|alto]] principal, op. 16
* [[1839]] : ''[[Roméo et Juliette (Berlioz)|Roméo et Juliette]]'', symphonie pour solistes, [[Chœur (instrument)|chœur]] ak [[okès]], op. 17
* [[1840]] : ''[[Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale|Grande Symphonie funèbre et triomphale]]'', op. 15
* [[1843]]–[[1844]] : ''[[Le Carnaval romain]]'', ouvèti pou okès, op. 9

== Galeri foto == 
&lt;gallery caption=&quot;Enfliyans mizikal&quot;&gt;
Joseph Siffred Duplessis - Christoph Willibald Gluck - Google Art Project.jpg|[[Christoph Willibald Gluck]] (1714-1787)|alt=Portrait de Gluck
Caroline Bardua - Bildnis des Komponisten Carl Maria von Weber.jpg|[[Carl Maria von Weber]] (1786-1826)|alt=Portrait de Weber
Beethoven.jpg|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]] (1770-1827)|alt=Portrait de Beethoven
Gaspare Spontini - ritratto.jpg|[[Gaspare Spontini]] (1774-1851)|alt=Portrait de Spontini
&lt;/gallery&gt;

&lt;gallery caption=&quot;Amitye atistik&quot;&gt;
Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (AMZ 1837).png|[[Felix Mendelssohn]] (1809-1847)|alt=Portrait de Mendelssohn
Robert Schumann 1839.jpg|[[Robert Schumann]] (1810-1856)|alt=Portrait de Schumann
Johannes Brahms 1853.jpg|[[Johannes Brahms]] (1833-1897)|alt=Photographie sépia de Brahms
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;gallery&gt;
Michail Ivanovič Glinka.jpg|[[Mikhaïl Glinka]] (1804-1857)|alt=Photographie de Glinka
Balakirev1860s CuiIP 73 600.jpg|[[Mili Balakirev]] (1837-1910)|alt=Photographie de Balakirev
Borodin.jpg|[[Alexandre Borodine]] (1833-1887)|alt=Photographie de Borodine
Musorgskiy in 1865b.jpg|[[Modeste Moussorgski]] (1839-1881)|alt=Photographie de Moussorgski
Nikolai Rimski-Korsakov.jpg|[[Nikolaï Rimski-Korsakov]] (1844-1908)|alt=Photographie de Rimski-Korsakov
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;gallery&gt;
Giacomo Meyerbeer nuorempana.jpg|[[Giacomo Meyerbeer]] (1791-1864)|alt=Portrait de Meyerbeer
Charles Gounod 1859 - Huebner 1990 plate2.jpg|[[Charles Gounod]] (1818-1893)|alt=Photographie de Gounod
Young Georges Bizet.png|[[Georges Bizet]] (1838-1875)|alt=Photographie de Bizet
Saint-saens-01a.jpg|[[Camille Saint-Saëns]] (1835-1921)|alt=Photographie de Saint-Saëns
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/author/Hector_Berlioz Zèv Hector Berlioz] sou gutenberg.org
* [http://musiqueorguequebec.ca/catal/berlioz/berh.html Katalog Zèv] sou musiqueorguequebec.ca
* {{cite web |title=Musée Hector-Berlioz (La Côte-Saint-André) |url=http://www.musee-hector-berlioz.fr/ |date= |website=musee-hector-berlioz.fr |access-date=26 me 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203131159/http://www.musee-hector-berlioz.fr/ |archive-date=2011-02-03 |dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite web |title=Association nationale Hector-Berlioz |url=http://www.berlioz-anhb.com/ |date= |website=berlioz-anhb.com |access-date=26 me 2015}}
* {{cite web |title=Site Hector Berlioz |url=http://www.hberlioz.com/BerliozAccueil.html |date= |website=hberlioz.com |access-date=26 me 2015}} (avèk tout tèks literè)
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120722195242/http://berlioz2003.voila.net/messe.htm Achiv Mès solanèl]'' sou archive.is
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141029163923/http://www.museedeslettres.fr/public/sous-thematique/hector-berlioz/36 Korespondans ak patisyon maniskri Berlioz] nan [[Musée des lettres et manuscrits]] de Paris sou museedeslettres.fr
* {{cite web|title=Festival Berlioz (La Côte-Saint-André) |url=http://www.festivalberlioz.com/ |date= |website=festivalberlioz.com |access-date=26 me 2015}}
* [http://mediatheque.cnsmdp.fr/ Médiathèque Hector-Berlioz du Conservatoire de Paris (CNSMDP)] sou mediatheque.cnsmdp.fr

{{DEFAULTSORT:Berlioz, Hector}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Mizik]]
[[Kategori:Mizisyen]]
[[Kategori:Mizisyen franse]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1803]]
[[Kategori:Lanmò 1869]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gwanm</title>
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'''Gwanm''' (nan lang Chamorro Guåhan / / ˈɡʷɑ &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;[ɑ] « â » dans « pâte ».&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;[h] « h » dans « hop ». En anglais, « h » dans « hut »&quot;&gt;hɑn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;[ɑ] « â » dans « pâte ».&quot;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;[n] en français « n » dans « nous » ; ailleurs avec la langue un peu plus en arrière.&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; oswa Guahan ) se yon [[Il|zile]] ki sitiye nan lès-sidès Lanmè Filipin yo, fwontyè li ak [[Oseyan Pasifik|Oseyan Pasifik la]], ak sid-sidwès Marianas dinò yo . Li se pi gwo zile a ( 549  km2) nan Mikwonezi ak achipèl la nan zile Maryàn, kote li se zile ki pi sid la. Li se yon teritwa ki pa enkòpore nan [[Etazini]] ak yon gouvènè eli ak yon palman. Nan lane 2017 popilasyon li se 164 229 moun ak kapital li se Hagåtña. Chamorros yo se popilasyon endijèn nan zile a, kolonize pa [[Espay]] nan XVIyèm syèk la. jiskaske li te bay Etazini an 1898 aprè defèt panyòl nan Lagè Panyòl-Ameriken an .

== Istwa ==
Premye popilasyon Gwanm ak rès zile Maryàn yo te fèt alantou1500 anvan Jezikri soti nan [[Filipin|Filipin yo]]. Desandan migrasyon sa yo se moun endijèn Gwanm, Chamorros yo.
[[Fichye:Umatac_Bay_plaque,_Guam_-_DSC00938.JPG|gauche|vignette| Plak ki komemore arive Fernand de Magellan nan Bay Umatac .]]
Premye kontak avèk Ewopeyen yo te fèt nan mwa mas 1521 lè navigatè Fernand de Magellan &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140215064713/http://www.cosmovisions.com/Mariannes.htm Les îles Mariannes] sur ''Imago Mundi''.&lt;/ref&gt; te jete lank nan yon bè sou zile a. Nan lane 1528, Álvaro de Saavedra te pran posesyon yon pati nan achipèl Maryàn nan non wa Espay la. Nan lane 1565, Miguel López de Legazpi te plante yon kwa sou zile a ki montre manm li nan kouwòn [[Espay|panyòl]] la, ki te dire jiska 1898, lè li te sede li bay [[Etazini]] apre Lagè panyòl-ameriken an .

Pandan [[Dezyèm Gè mondyal|Dezyèm Gè Mondyal la]], Gwanm te atake pa Anpi Japon an epi konkeri twa (3) jou aprè atak la sou Pearl Harbor, apre Premye batay Gwanm nan mwa desanm 1941. Nan kad kanpay zile Marianas ak Palau Islands pandan ete 1944, Etazini te rekonkeri zile a nan Dezyèm batay Gwanm jis apre envazyon Tinyan an .

Li rete yon baz enpòtan pou fòs lame Etazini yo nan Pasifik la. Depi lè sa a, baz Andersen Air Force te itilize pou atak bonbadman estratejik ak lòt rezon, epi baz naval Gwanm  se youn nan twa (3) ki kapab akomode transpòtè avyon US Navy nan rejyon an.

Sou 5 jen 2015, Gwanm vin premye teritwa Ozetazini ki te adopte maryaj moun menm sèks, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/guam-officially-approves-same-sex-marriage050615 |title=Guam adopte officiellement le mariage pour les couples de même sexe. ''En anglais: Guam officially approves same-sex marriage'' |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2015-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607185111/http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/guam-officially-approves-same-sex-marriage050615 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; premye maryaj yo te solennize sou 9 jen 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/guam-lesbian-couple-to-apply-for-marriage-application/2015/06/07/d132ab3c-0d75-11e5-a0fe-dccfea4653ee_story.html|title=Gay couples in Guam start applying for marriage licenses|date=2015/06/07|website=washingtonpost.com|language=en|access-date=2022-05-12|archive-date=2015-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609010425/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/guam-lesbian-couple-to-apply-for-marriage-application/2015/06/07/d132ab3c-0d75-11e5-a0fe-dccfea4653ee_story.html|dead-url=yes}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nan dat 8 out 2017, pandan tansyon ant Etazini ak [[Kore dinò]] te ogmante, dènye a te menase pou li frape zile Gwanm. Li detaye plan li kèk jou aprè : tire 4 misil an menm tan ki pral pase sou Japon epi ki pral fè aksidan a 30 oswa 40 km de kòt la &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2017-08-10CEST08:15:45+02:00|title=La Corée du Nord dévoile son plan d'attaque sur l'île américaine de Guam|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/pacifique-pyongyang-precise-son-plan-d-attaque-sur-guam-et-se-moque-de-trump-10-08-2017-7185555.php|journal=leparisien.fr|access-date=2017-08-12}}.&lt;/ref&gt; . Gouvènè Gwanm, sepandan, eksplike sou CNN pou li pa enkyete w pou menas misil Kore dinò paske, daprè li, zile a ekipe ak dènye plak pwotèj pwoteksyon anti-misil ki disponib jiskaprezan.

== Ekoloji ==
Zile a enfeste ak sèpan nan espès ''Boiga irregularis'', ki lakòz disparisyon nan plizyè espès [[zwazo]] endemic nan Gwanm. Anplis li te lakòz disparisyon douz (12) sou katòz (14) espès zwazo endemik sou zile a, li responsab tou pou disparisyon de (2) sou twa (3) espès chòvsourit andemik ak sis (6) espès leza. Sèpan sa a ta te prezante kèk ane aprè [[Dezyèm Gè mondyal|Dezyèm Gè Mondyal la]], pwobableman pa yon avyon militè oswa komèsyal ki soti nan [[Papwazi-Nouvèl-Gine|Papwazi Nouvèl Gine]]  .

Nan kòmansman ane 2013, zile a ta gen de (2) milyon nan sèpan sa yo. &lt;ref name=&quot;lepoint&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Vissière|first=Hélène|date=2013-02-26|title=L'île de Guam envahie par les serpents !|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/insolite/l-ile-de-guam-envahie-par-les-serpents-26-02-2013-1632518_48.php|journal=[[Le Point]]|language=fr-FR|access-date=2018-03-04}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Aprè disparisyon zwazo yo, zile a ap fè eksperyans tou yon eksplozyon nan kantite areye yo &lt;ref name=&quot;lepoint&quot;/&gt; Nan mwa mas 2013, otorite yo deside atake pwoblèm sipèpilasyon sèpan. Pou sa, milye de sourit mouri — kote  yo mete medikaman - yo tonbe nan forè avèk ti parachit katon &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maxisciences.com/serpent/des-souris-empoisonnees-pour-eradiquer-les-serpents-sur-l-ile-de-guam_art28761.html|title=Des souris empoisonnées pour éradiquer les serpents sur l'île de Guam|last=Maxime Lambert|date=2013-02-27|website=Maxisciences|language=fr|access-date=2020-12-05}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/animaux/les-etats-unis-parachutent-des-souris-a-guam-pour-tuer-des-serpents_473900.html|title=Les États-Unis parachutent des souris à Guam pour tuer des serpents|date=2013-12-03|website=[[France Info (offre globale)|Franceinfo]]|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-12-05}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Sèpan gen yon alèji fatal ak parasetamol . Otorite yo konsa espere limite siyifikativman reptil sa yo, ki pa gen okenn predatè sou zile a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Joëlle Stolz|date=2015-07-09|title=L’île de Guam envahie par deux&amp;nbsp;millions de serpents|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/biodiversite/article/2015/07/09/l-ile-de-guam-envahie-par-deux-millions-de-serpents_4676348_1652692.html|journal=[[Le Monde|Le Monde.fr]]|language=fr|page=|issn=|access-date=2020-12-05}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Jewografi ==
Sitiye nan Lanmè Filipin, Gwanm fwontyè [[Oseyan Pasifik|Oseyan Pasifik la]]. Li sitiye 217 km nan sid-sidwès Capitol Hill (Iil Saypan), Northern Mariana Islands, ak 845 km  lès-nòdès Colonia, sou zile Yap, [[Mikwonezi (peyi)|Mikronezi]] . Gwanm kouvri yon zòn nan 541,3 km2 . Pati nò li a fòme pa yon atol ki monte &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://islands.unep.ch/ILI.htm#4|title=Islands of Guam (United States)|language=en|access-date=21 juin 2017|archive-date=2022-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410022624/http://islands.unep.ch/ILI.htm#4|dead-url=yes}}.&lt;/ref&gt; . Hagåtña se [[Kapital|kapital la]] (ansyen non Agaña). Daprè resansman 2010 la, li te gen 1 051 moun.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot; caption=&quot;&quot;&gt; 
Fichye:GuamMap.png|Kat jeyografik nan Guam.
Fichye:North Guam from space.jpg|Nò Guam wè nan espas.
Fichye:South Guam from space.jpg|Sid Guam wè nan espas.
Fichye:Dulce Nombre de Maria Cathedral Basilica in Hagatna, Guam.jpg|Sweet Non Mari Katedral ak yon estati Pap Jan Pòl II te pran nan Hagåtña (Guam).
Fichye:Apra Harbor.jpg|Pò Apra.
Fichye:Guam beach.jpg|Yon plaj nan Guam.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Klima ===
{{Relevé météo|Charte=commune|neige-nov=|neige-avr=|neige-mai=|neige-jui=|neige-jul=|neige-aou=|neige-sep=|neige-oct=|neige-dec=|neige-fev=|neige-ann=|pluie-jour-jan=19.6|pluie-jour-fev=17.2|pluie-jour-mar=17.7|pluie-jour-avr=18.7|pluie-jour-mai=19.2|pluie-jour-jui=22.9|pluie-jour-jul=25.7|neige-mar=|neige-jan=|pluie-jour-sep=25|prec-mar=70.4|tmin-record-nov=20|tmin-record-date-nov=1967|tmin-record-dec=20|tmin-record-date-dec=1962|tmin-record-ann=18|tmin-record-date-ann=1973|prec-jan=135.6|prec-fev=105.4|prec-avr=88.9|prec-ann=2492.3|prec-mai=113|prec-jui=165.4|prec-jul=311.2|prec-aou=448.6|prec-sep=385.3|prec-oct=323.3|prec-nov=210.6|prec-dec=134.6|pluie-jour-aou=25.8|pluie-jour-oct=25|tmin-record-oct=19|humidité-mar=|soleil-aou=142.6|soleil-sep=132|soleil-oct=133.3|soleil-nov=135|soleil-dec=142.6|soleil-ann=2048.3|humidité-jan=|humidité-fev=|humidité-avr=|soleil-jui=195|humidité-mai=|humidité-jui=|humidité-jul=|humidité-aou=|humidité-sep=|humidité-oct=|humidité-nov=|humidité-dec=|soleil-jul=155|soleil-mai=220.1|pluie-jour-nov=23.4|neige-jour-jul=|pluie-jour-dec=22.2|pluie-jour-ann=262.4|neige-jour-jan=|neige-jour-fev=|neige-jour-mar=|neige-jour-avr=|neige-jour-mai=|neige-jour-jui=|neige-jour-aou=|soleil-avr=213|neige-jour-sep=|neige-jour-oct=|neige-jour-nov=|neige-jour-dec=|neige-jour-ann=|soleil-jan=176.7|soleil-fev=186|soleil-mar=217|tmin-record-date-oct=1966|tmin-record-date-sep=1995|titre=[[Fichier:Nuvola apps kweather.png|20px]]Données climatiques à Guam 1991–2020.|tmax-fev=29.8|tmax-record-nov=33|tmax-record-date-nov=2018|tmax-record-dec=33|tmax-record-date-dec=2018|tmax-record-ann=36|tmax-record-date-ann=1990|tmax-jan=29.8|tmax-mar=30.4|tmax-record-oct=34|tmax-avr=31.1|tmax-mai=31.4|tmax-jui=31.4|tmax-jul=30.9|tmax-aou=30.6|tmax-sep=30.6|tmax-oct=30.7|tmax-nov=30.8|tmax-record-date-oct=2018|tmax-record-date-sep=2016|tmax-ann=30.7|tmax-record-avr=36|source=Climatologie mensuelle d'après NOAA&lt;ref name=&quot;NCDC&quot;&gt;D'après {{Lien web |url=https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=gum |titre=NOAA Online Weather Data |site=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |consulté le=16 février 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;|diagramme=oui|tmax-record-jan=34|tmax-record-date-jan=1989|tmax-record-fev=34|tmax-record-date-fev=1946|tmax-record-mar=34|tmax-record-date-mar=1964|tmax-record-date-avr=1990|tmax-record-sep=34|tmax-record-mai=34|tmax-record-date-mai=1971|tmax-record-jui=35|tmax-record-date-jui=1969|tmax-record-jul=35|tmax-record-date-jul=1969|tmax-record-aou=34|tmax-record-date-aou=1964|tmax-dec=30.3|tmoy-jan=26.8|tmin-record-sep=21|tmin-record-avr=20|tmin-dec=24.7|tmin-ann=24.6|tmin-record-jan=19|tmin-record-date-jan=2000|tmin-record-fev=18|tmin-record-date-fev=1973|tmin-record-mar=19|tmin-record-date-mar=1965|tmin-record-date-avr=1965|tmin-oct=24.6|tmin-record-mai=21|tmin-record-date-mai=1993|tmin-record-jui=21|tmin-record-date-jui=1966|tmin-record-jul=21|tmin-record-date-jul=1949|tmin-record-aou=21|tmin-record-date-aou=1989|tmin-nov=25|tmin-sep=24.4|tmoy-fev=26.7|tmoy-nov=27.9|tmoy-mar=27.2|tmoy-avr=27.9|tmoy-mai=28.3|tmoy-jui=28.4|tmoy-jul=27.9|tmoy-aou=27.5|tmoy-sep=27.5|tmoy-oct=27.6|tmoy-dec=27.6|tmin-aou=24.5|tmoy-ann=27.6|tmin-jan=23.9|tmin-fev=23.7|tmin-mar=24.1|tmin-avr=24.8|tmin-mai=25.3|tmin-jui=25.4|tmin-jul=24.9|humidité-ann=}}
{| style=&quot;text-align:center; margin: 1em auto; border:solid 1px silver; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; |[[Diagramme climatique]] 
|-
|&lt;abbr title=&quot;janvier&quot;&gt;J&lt;/abbr&gt;
|&lt;abbr title=&quot;février&quot;&gt;F&lt;/abbr&gt;
|&lt;abbr title=&quot;mars&quot;&gt;M&lt;/abbr&gt;
|&lt;abbr title=&quot;avril&quot;&gt;A&lt;/abbr&gt;
|&lt;abbr title=&quot;mai&quot;&gt;M&lt;/abbr&gt;
|&lt;abbr title=&quot;juin&quot;&gt;J&lt;/abbr&gt;
|&lt;abbr title=&quot;juillet&quot;&gt;J&lt;/abbr&gt;
|&lt;abbr title=&quot;août&quot;&gt;A&lt;/abbr&gt;
|&lt;abbr title=&quot;septembre&quot;&gt;S&lt;/abbr&gt;
|&lt;abbr title=&quot;octobre&quot;&gt;O&lt;/abbr&gt;
|&lt;abbr title=&quot;novembre&quot;&gt;N&lt;/abbr&gt;
|&lt;abbr title=&quot;décembre&quot;&gt;D&lt;/abbr&gt;
|-
|&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;margin:0;height:16.5em;width:1.6em;background:white;padding:0;color:black;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:0;height:6em;width:1.6em;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px dotted #AAA;border-bottom:1px dotted #AAA;background:none;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:.4em;height:2.712em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:#6478FF;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:12.78em;left:.4em;height:1.18em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:black;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:13.71em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:red&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;29,8&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:11.28em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:blue&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;23,9&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:.5em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:#6478FF&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;135,6&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;margin:0;height:16.5em;width:1.6em;background:white;padding:0;color:black;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:0;height:6em;width:1.6em;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px dotted #AAA;border-bottom:1px dotted #AAA;background:none;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:.4em;height:2.108em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:#6478FF;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:12.74em;left:.4em;height:1.22em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:black;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:13.71em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:red&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;29,8&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:11.24em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:blue&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;23,7&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:.5em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:#6478FF&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;105,4&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;margin:0;height:16.5em;width:1.6em;background:white;padding:0;color:black;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:0;height:6em;width:1.6em;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px dotted #AAA;border-bottom:1px dotted #AAA;background:none;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:.4em;height:1.408em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:#6478FF;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:12.82em;left:.4em;height:1.26em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:black;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:13.83em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:red&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;30,4&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:11.32em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:blue&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;24,1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:.5em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:#6478FF&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;70,4&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;margin:0;height:16.5em;width:1.6em;background:white;padding:0;color:black;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:0;height:6em;width:1.6em;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px dotted #AAA;border-bottom:1px dotted #AAA;background:none;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:.4em;height:1.778em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:#6478FF;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:12.96em;left:.4em;height:1.26em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:black;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:13.97em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:red&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;31,1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:11.46em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:blue&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;24,8&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:.5em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:#6478FF&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;88,9&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;margin:0;height:16.5em;width:1.6em;background:white;padding:0;color:black;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:0;height:6em;width:1.6em;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px dotted #AAA;border-bottom:1px dotted #AAA;background:none;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:.4em;height:2.26em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:#6478FF;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:13.06em;left:.4em;height:1.22em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:black;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:14.03em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:red&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;31,4&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:11.56em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:blue&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;25,3&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:.5em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:#6478FF&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;113&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;margin:0;height:16.5em;width:1.6em;background:white;padding:0;color:black;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:0;height:6em;width:1.6em;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px dotted #AAA;border-bottom:1px dotted #AAA;background:none;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:.4em;height:3.308em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:#6478FF;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:13.08em;left:.4em;height:1.2em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:black;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:14.03em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:red&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;31,4&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:11.58em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:blue&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;25,4&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:.5em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:#6478FF&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;165,4&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;margin:0;height:16.5em;width:1.6em;background:white;padding:0;color:black;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:0;height:6em;width:1.6em;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px dotted #AAA;border-bottom:1px dotted #AAA;background:none;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:.4em;height:6.224em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:#6478FF;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:12.98em;left:.4em;height:1.2em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:black;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:13.93em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:red&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;30,9&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:11.48em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:blue&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;24,9&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:.5em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:#6478FF&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;311,2&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;margin:0;height:16.5em;width:1.6em;background:white;padding:0;color:black;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:0;height:6em;width:1.6em;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px dotted #AAA;border-bottom:1px dotted #AAA;background:none;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:.4em;height:8.972em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:#6478FF;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:12.9em;left:.4em;height:1.22em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:black;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:13.87em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:red&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;30,6&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:11.4em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:blue&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;24,5&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:.5em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:#6478FF&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;448,6&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;margin:0;height:16.5em;width:1.6em;background:white;padding:0;color:black;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:0;height:6em;width:1.6em;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px dotted #AAA;border-bottom:1px dotted #AAA;background:none;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:.4em;height:7.706em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:#6478FF;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:12.88em;left:.4em;height:1.24em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:black;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:13.87em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:red&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;30,6&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:11.38em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:blue&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;24,4&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:.5em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:#6478FF&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;385,3&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;margin:0;height:16.5em;width:1.6em;background:white;padding:0;color:black;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:0;height:6em;width:1.6em;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px dotted #AAA;border-bottom:1px dotted #AAA;background:none;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:.4em;height:6.466em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:#6478FF;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:12.92em;left:.4em;height:1.22em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:black;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:13.89em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:red&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;30,7&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:11.42em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:blue&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;24,6&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:.5em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:#6478FF&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;323,3&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;margin:0;height:16.5em;width:1.6em;background:white;padding:0;color:black;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:0;height:6em;width:1.6em;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px dotted #AAA;border-bottom:1px dotted #AAA;background:none;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:.4em;height:4.212em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:#6478FF;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:13em;left:.4em;height:1.16em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:black;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:13.91em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:red&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;30,8&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:11.5em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:blue&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;25&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:.5em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:#6478FF&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;210,6&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;margin:0;height:16.5em;width:1.6em;background:white;padding:0;color:black;line-height:1.5;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:0;height:6em;width:1.6em;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px dotted #AAA;border-bottom:1px dotted #AAA;background:none;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:2em;left:.4em;height:2.692em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:#6478FF;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:12.94em;left:.4em;height:1.12em;width:.8em;overflow:hidden;background:black;padding:0;color:transparent&quot;&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:13.81em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:red&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;30,3&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:11.44em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:blue&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;24,7&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;margin:0;bottom:.5em;left:0;height:1.5em;width:1.6em;background:none;padding:0;color:#6478FF&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;134,6&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
			|-
| colspan=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Moyennes : &lt;abbr title=&quot;Températures&quot;&gt;• Temp.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;maxi&lt;/span&gt; et &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue&quot;&gt;mini&lt;/span&gt; &lt;abbr title=&quot;Degrés Celsius&quot;&gt;°C&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#6478FF&quot;&gt;• Précipitation&lt;/span&gt; &lt;abbr title=&quot;Millimètres&quot;&gt;mm&lt;/abbr&gt;
			|}

== Politik ==
Yo eli gouvènè Gwanm pou yon manda kat (4) ane. Demokrat Lou Leon Guerrero te okipe pozisyon an depi 7 janvye 2019.

Pouvwa lejislatif la kenbe pa Lejislati Gwanm, yo te rele ''I Liheslaturan Guåhan'' nan lang Chamorro . Kontrèman ak prèske tout lejislati eta Ozetazini, se yon palman monokameral, ki gen 15 senatè eli pou dezan nan yon sèl sikonskripsyon ki kouvri tout zile a.

Antanke yon teritwa ki pa enkòpore e menmsi moun li yo se sitwayen ameriken, Gwanm pa vote pou eleksyon prezidansyèl ameriken an, li pa eli yon senatè nan Sena Etazini, epi li eli yon sèl delege, pa gen okenn vòt nan Chanm Reprezantan Ameriken an . Men, si yon rezidan Gwanm demenaje ale nan yon eta Ozetazini, alò, yo gen menm dwa vòt ak yon rezidan nan eta sa a.

Michael San Nicolas te sèvi kòm delege Gwanm nan Chanm Reprezantan an depi3 janvier 20193 janvye 2019 .

Prezans franse a se yon anèks konsila pèmanan nan Konsila Jeneral Lafrans nan San Francisco nan vil Sinajana.

== Ekonomi ==
Gwanm gen, grasa an patikilye touris, yon ekonomi an sante. Peyi a gen yon GDP de 3,2 milya dola. Revni anyèl pa moun se 22 000 dola an 2005, 26 fwa pi wo pase nan [[Endonezi]] ak yon ti kras pi wo pase nan [[Kore disid]] .

Gwanm gen depo enpòtan nan boksit.

Lame ameriken an gen yon gwo baz lè ak yon baz naval. Li se yon gwo kontribisyon nan ekonomi zile a, anpil nan moun ki rete sèvi nan inifòm. &lt;ref name=&quot;CNN&quot;&gt;[https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/29/asia/guam-military-families/index.html &quot;Father and son fight for a country which doesn't allow them to vote&quot;] par Ivan Watson, Pamela Boykoff, Paul Devitt et Joshua Berlinger, CNN, 30 août 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Kèk bonbadye B1 estasyone nan Gwanm. [[Japon]], [[Kore disid]] ak [[Kore dinò]] yo nan distans vòl avyon militè sa yo.

== Sendwòm Gwanm ==
Nan mitan XXyèm syèk la, yon ensidans anòmalman wo (50 a 100 fwa pi wo pase nòmal) nan yon sendwòm nan maladi newodejeneratif  ak ka esporadik nan mitan jèn moun (tankou pou maladi priyon), yo te obsève nan popilasyon an endijèn Chamorro, &lt;ref name=&quot;Guam2009&quot;&gt;Bradley WG, Mash DC., ''Beyond Guam: the cyanobacteria/BMAA hypothesis of the cause of ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases.'' ; Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2009; 10 Suppl 2:7-20. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19929726 résumé])&lt;/ref&gt; trè entrigan ak mangonmen pou epidemyolojis.

Pafwa yo rele sendwòm sa a sendwòm Gwanm.&lt;ref name=&quot;SyndGuam&quot;&gt;Syndrome dit « Syndrome de Guam » ou ''AL-SPDC'' pour ''Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex''&lt;/ref&gt; Li konbine sentòm yo nan esklewoz lateral amyotwofik ak sa yo ki nan demans parkinsonyen, ki konstitye yon maladi newodejeneratif, ki parèt sou trant ane aprè aparisyon anpwazonnman akòz fwi yo nan ''Cycas micronesica''.&lt;ref name=&quot;RevueBMAA2008&quot;&gt;Karamyan VT, Speth RC., ''Animal models of BMAA neurotoxicity: a critical review'' ; Life Sci. 2008 Jan 30;82(5-6):233-46. Epub 7 décembre 2007. ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18191417 résumé])&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demografi ==
{{Historical populations|1910|14=84996|23=2016|22=159358|21=2010|20=154805|19=2000|18=133152|17=1990|16=105979|15=1980|13=1970|11806|12=67044|11=1960|10=59498|9=1950|8=22290|7=1940|6=18509|5=1930|4=13275|1920|24=162742}}Nan resansman 2010 la, Gwanm gen yon popilasyon de 159 358 moun, ki gen ladan &lt;ref name=&quot;census2010&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;ouvrage&quot;&gt;&lt;abbr class=&quot;abbr indicateur-langue&quot; title=&quot;Langue : anglais&quot;&gt;(en)&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;[https://archive.today/20200213025510/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DPGU/GUDP1/0400000US66 « &lt;cite style=&quot;font-style:normal;&quot;&gt;Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2010&lt;/cite&gt; »]&lt;/span&gt;, sur &lt;span class=&quot;italique&quot;&gt;factfinder.census.gov&lt;/span&gt; &lt;small style=&quot;line-height:1em;&quot;&gt;(consulté le &lt;time datetime=&quot;2017-08-10&quot; class=&quot;nowrap&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;2017-08-10&quot;&gt;10 août 2017&lt;/time&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; :

* 49.3 % nan Oseyan Ameriken yo
** 37.3 % nan Chamoros
** 7.0 % nan Chuukois
** 5.0 % lòt moun
* 32.2 % nan Ameriken Azyatik
** 26.3 % Filipino Ameriken yo
** 2.2 % Koreyen-Ameriken yo
** 1.5 % Chinwa Ameriken yo
** 2.2 % lòt moun
* 7.1 %  Blan Ameriken yo
* 1.0 % [[Afriken-Ameriken|Afriken Ameriken yo]]
* 0.8 % Panyòl ak Latino
* 9.4 % metis
* 0.3 % lòt moun.

=== Relijyon ===
Daprè Pew Research Center, an 2010, 94.2 % rezidan Gwanm yo se [[kretyen]], sitou Katolik (75 %) ak nan yon pi piti pwotestan (17.7 %). Anplis de sa, 1.1 % nan popilasyon an se [[boudis]], 1.5 % pratike yon relijyon popilè ak 3.2 % pratike yon lòt relijyon oswa pa pratike okenn. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/guam/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&amp;affiliations_year=2010|title=Religions in Guam|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org|language=en|access-date=2022-05-12|archive-date=2022-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410022716/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/guam/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&amp;affiliations_year=2010|dead-url=yes}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Espò ==
Ekip foutbòl Gwanm te sibi yon gwo defèt kont Kore dinò nan dat 11 mas 2005 ak skò 21-0. Apre sa, li te ranpòte yon match kont Tikmenistan pou yon match ki ap konte pou kalifikasyon Mondyal 2018 la ak skò 1-0 jou 11 jen 2015. Se te premye viktwa nan istwa li nan yon match ki ap konte pou yon kalifikasyon Mondyal. Epi kat (4) jou aprè, 15 jen, yo bat peyi Zend 2-1.

Federasyon eskrim Gwanm te afilye ak Federasyon eskrim Entènasyonal la sou yon baz pwovizwa depi 5 avril 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://static.fie.org/uploads/8/40957-Statuts%20FIE%20fra.pdf|title=Statuts FIE (Décembre 2015)|website=wwe.fie.org|access-date=2022-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217120330/https://static.fie.org/uploads/8/40957-Statuts%20FIE%20fra.pdf|archive-date=2023-02-17|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Yon federasyon rigbi XV prezan tou.

Ekip bisiklèt la, ki ap patisipe nan sikui yo monte bisiklèt Continental ki baze nan Gwanm.

== Pèsonalite ==

* Saint Peter Calungsod (1654-1672), katechis filipin
* Benediksyon Diego Luis de San Vitores (1627-1672), prèt Jezuit panyòl, misyonè

== Kòd ==
'''Gwanm''' gen kòd yo :

* GU, dapre ISO 3166-1 (lis kòd peyi), alpha-2 kòd ;
* .gu, dapre lis TLD Entènèt yo ( Top Level Domain ) ;
* GUM, dapre ISO 3166-1 (lis kòd peyi), alpha-3 kòd ;
* GUM, dapre lis kòd peyi IOC ;
* N, dapre lis prefiks enskripsyon avyon ICAO ;
* PG, dapre lis prefiks kòd ayewopò ICAO ,

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Jewografi]]</text>
      <sha1>3benu7nnpquzf0caj65f01tjf63abx7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lis pèsonalite nan orijin pòtoriken</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888813</id>
      <parentid>881710</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T04:25:39Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25431</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="27993" sha1="tc2wkhk4bya6cvpbekhtwwdpu3jwk5m" xml:space="preserve">Lis sa a prezante pèsonalite nan [[dyaspora pòtoriken]] an oswa nan orijin pòtoriken (pou pèsonalite pòtoriken an, gade nan [[:Kategori:Pèsonalite pòtorikèn]]). Yo klase nan chak kategori nan lòd alfabetik.

==Aktè, aktris, komedyen ak reyalizatè ==
[[Fichye:Henry Darrow.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Henry Darrow]]]]
[[Fichye:Benicio Del Toro - Guardians of the Galaxy premiere - July 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|140px|[[Benicio del Toro]]]]
[[Fichye:Erik Estrada.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Erik Estrada]]]]
[[Fichye:Jose Ferrer - 1952.jpg|thumb|140px|[[José Ferrer]]]]
[[Fichye:Juano hernandez in intruder in the dust.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Juano Hernández]]]]
[[Fichye:2019 TIFF premiere of Hustlers, Jennifer Lopez (48696671561) (cropped).jpg|thumb|140px|[[Jennifer Lopez]]]]
[[Fichye:Lin-Manuel Miranda by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Lin-Manuel Miranda]]]]
[[Fichye:Rita Moreno face.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Rita Moreno]]]]
[[Fichye:Lymari Nadal.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Lymari Nadal]]]]
[[Fichye:Rosie Perez 2012.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Rosie Perez]]]]
[[Fichye:Joaquin Phoenix at the 2018 Berlin Film Festival.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Joaquin Phoenix]]]]
[[Fichye:Marquita Rivera 3.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Marquita Rivera]]]]
[[Fichye:Jon Seda at 2014 Imagen Awards.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Jon Seda]]]]
[[Fichye:Jimmy Smits by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Jimmy Smits]]]]
[[Fichye:Liz Torres 2003.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Liz Torres]]]]
[[Fichye:David Zayas.jpg|thumb|140px|[[David Zayas]]]]

'''A'''
* [[Kirk Acevedo]] (1971-)
* [[José Miguel Agrelot]] (rele &quot;Don Cholito&quot;), komedyen
* [[Jorge Alberti]] (1977-), aktè
* [[Trini Alvarado]] (1967-), aktris
* [[Janet Alvarez Gonzalez]] (1965-), aktris, senaris, reyalizatris ak pwodiktris
* [[Miguel Angel Alvarez]] (1928–2011), aktè ak komedyen
* [[La La Anthony]] (1982-), aktris, MTV VJ
* [[Amanda Ayala]] (1997-), chantèz
* [[Marc Anthony]] (1968-), chantè ak aktè
* [[Victor Argo|Víctor Argo]] (1934–2004), aktè
* [[Yancey Arias]] (1971-), aktè
* [[Raymond Arrieta]] (1965-), komedyen ak animatè televizyon
* [[Miguel Arteta]] (1965-), reyalizatè fim / televizyon&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.wesleyan.edu/filmstudies/video-arteta.html |title=Miguel Arteta – Wesleyan University |website=Wesleyan.edu |access-date=21 oktòb 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021010402/http://www.wesleyan.edu/filmstudies/video-arteta.html |archive-date=21 oktòb 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Rick Aviles|Rick Avilés]] (1952–1995), aktè ak komedyen
* [[Charlotte Ayanna]] (1976-), aktris


'''B'''
* [[Ivonne Belén]] (1955-), reyalizatè ak pwodiktè dokimantè
* [[Rosa Blasi]] (1972-), aktris teyat
* [[Giselle Blondet]] (1966-), aktris ak animatris televizyon
* [[Diego Boneta]] (1990-), aktè, chantè-pawolye (Granpapa pòtoriken)
* [[Lucy Boscana]] (1915–2001), aktris televizyon ak teyat

'''C'''
* [[Paul Calderón]] (1959-), aktè
* [[Armando Calvo]] (1919–1996), aktè
* [[Norma Candal]] (1930–2006), aktris ak komedyèn
* [[Irene Cara]] (1959-), aktris ak chantèz
* [[Awilda Carbia]] (1938–2009), aktris ak komedyèn&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090325044509/http://www.elnuevodia.com/fallece_awilda_carbia/548014.html Awilda Carbia obituary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325044509/http://www.elnuevodia.com/fallece_awilda_carbia/548014.html |date=25 mas 2009}}, elnuevodia.com; accessed April 4, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Raulito Carbonell]], aktè ak komedyen&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wapa.tv/programas/vivalatarde/raulito-carbonell-y-los-mas-buscados_20131122364179.html|title=Raulito Carbonell y los más buscados|access-date=2022-10-26|archive-date=2022-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026211604/https://www.wapa.tv/programas/vivalatarde/raulito-carbonell-y-los-mas-buscados_20131122364179.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Braulio Castillo]] (1933–2015), aktè
* [[Braulio Castillo, hijo]] (1958-), aktè
* [[David Castro (aktè)|David Castro]] (1996), aktè (papa pòtoriken)
* [[Raquel Castro]] (1994-), aktris (papa pòtoriken)&lt;ref name=&quot;award&quot;&gt;[http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms26.htm 26th Annual Young Artist Awards – Nominations/Special Awards: Raquel Castro] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304222052/http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms26.htm |date=March 4, 2008 }}, youngartistawards.org; accessed April 4, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Melwin Cedeño]] (1964-), komedyen
* [[Iris Chacón]] (1950-), chantè and dancer
* [[Abdiel Colberg (reyalizatè)|Abdiel Colberg]] (1957-), reyalizatè fim ak pwodiktè televizyon
* [[Ivonne Coll]] (1947-), aktris
* [[Míriam Colón]] (1936–2017), aktris ki fonde teyat &quot;Puerto Rican Traveling&quot;
* [[Liza Colón-Zayas|Liza Colón Zayas]] (1972-), aktris fim ak teyat
* [[Kevin Corrigan]] (1969-), aktè&lt;ref name=lwjr&gt;{{cite news|last=O'Hare|first=Kate|title=Donal Logue Is Grounded For Life|publisher=Lawrence Journal-World|date=2001-02-24|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kSAyAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=VuYFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5301,2887288&amp;dq=donal+logue+is+grounded+for+life&amp;hl=en|access-date=2010-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[Luis Antonio Cosme]], aktè, chantè, mizisyen, senaris ak kwizinye&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://prpop.org/biografias/luis-antonio-cosme/|title=Luis Antonio Cosme – Fundación Nacional para la Cultura Popular}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Paquito Cordero]] (1932–2009), komedyen ak pwodiktè televizyon&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?CategoryId=13003&amp;ArticleId=338270|title=Latin American Herald Tribune – Puerto Rican TV Pioneer Paquito Cordero Dies|website=Laht.com|date=January 11, 1965|access-date=April 5, 2016|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113924/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?CategoryId=13003&amp;ArticleId=338270}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mapita Cortés]] (1939–2006), aktris
* [[Mapy Cortés]] (1910–1998), aktris
* [[Auliʻi Cravalho]] (2000-), aktris ak chantèz&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Wang|first1=Frances Kai-Hwa|title=The Next Disney Princess is Native Hawaiian AuliCravalho|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/next-disney-princess-native-hawaiian-aulii-cravalho-n440131|access-date=February 27, 2017|work=NBC News|publisher=NBCUniversal|date=October 7, 2015|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mara Croatto]] (1969-), aktris
* [[Alexis Cruz]] (1974-), aktè
* [[Wilson Cruz]] (1973-), aktè
* [[Ismael Cruz Córdova]] (1987-), aktè&lt;ref&gt;[https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/10/new-sesame-street-character_n_3253712.html &quot;Sesame Street Announces New Latino Character 'Mando' played By Ismael Cruz Córdova&quot;], HuffingtonPost.com, May 10, 2013; accessed April 4, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Monique Gabriela Curnen]] (1970-), film and television aktris&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.berkshireeagle.com/stories/county-fare-on-international-womens-day-a-look-at-berkshire-based-women-making-their-mark,500476|title=County Fare: On International Women's Day, a look at Berkshire-based women making their mark|work=The Berkshire Eagle|access-date=January 22, 2018|language=en|archive-date=January 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125450/http://www.berkshireeagle.com/stories/county-fare-on-international-womens-day-a-look-at-berkshire-based-women-making-their-mark,500476|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''D'''
* [[Dagmar (Puerto Rico entertainer)|Dagmar]] (1955-), aktris, chantèz ak animatris televizyon
* [[Henry Darrow]] (1933–2021), aktè
* [[Raúl Dávila]] (1931–2006), aktè
* [[Rosario Dawson]] (1979-), aktris
* [[Blanca de Castejón]] (1906–1969), aktris
* [[Kamar de los Reyes]] (196-7), aktè
* [[Joey Dedio]] (1963-), aktè, senaris, pwodiktè&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/06/movies/joey-dedio-stars-as-tio-papi.html?_r=0 A Surprise at the Door, Joey Dedio Stars as 'Tio Papi'], nytimes.com, September 6, 2013; accessed April 4, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/international-puerto-rican-heritage-film-festival-set-kick-nov-13-article-1.1510023 New York's International Puerto Rican Heritage Film Festival set to kick off Nov. 13], nydailynews.com; accessed April 4, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Idalis DeLeón]] (1969-), aktris, chantèz
* [[Benicio del Toro]] (1967-), aktè
* [[Sylvia del Villard]] (1928–1990), aktris, koregraf ak dansèz
* [[Michael DeLorenzo]] (1959-), aktè
* [[Nelson Antonio Denis]] (1955-), reyalizatè fim, senaris
* [[Alba Nydia Díaz]] (1955-), aktris
* [[Melonie Diaz|Melonie Díaz]] (1984-), aktris&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.papermag.com/?section=article&amp;parid=3381 &quot;Melodie Diaz&quot;], ''Paper'', September 11, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

'''E'''
* [[Lydia Echevarría]] (1931-), aktris
* [[Héctor Elizondo]] (1936-), aktè
* [[Erik Estrada]] (1949-), aktè

'''F'''
* [[Antonio Fargas]] (1946-), aktè
* [[José Ferrer]] (1912–1992), first Hispanic aktè to win an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]
* [[Miguel Ferrer]] (1955–2017), aktè
* [[Nina Flowers]] (1974-), chantèz
* [[Luz Odilia Font]] (1929-), aktris&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://prpop.org/biografias/luz-odilia-font/|title=Luz Odilia Font – Fundación Nacional para la Cultura Popular}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''G'''
* [[Gloria Garayua|Gloria Garayúa]] (1978-), aktris&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.g-pop.net/dickjane.htm|title=Hot New aktris Has Fun With Dick and Jane|website=G-pop.net|access-date=April 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203829/http://www.g-pop.net/dickjane.htm|archive-date=March 3, 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Aimee Garcia|Aimée García]] (1978-), aktris
* [[Mayte Garcia|Mayte García]] (1973-), aktris, dansèz
* [[Luis Gatica]] (1961-), aktè
* [[Marilyn Ghigliotti]] (1961-), aktris
* [[Julián Gil]] (1970-), television and film aktè, model
* [[Joyce Giraud]] (1975-), aktris, former [[Miss Puerto Rico Universe]] titleholder
* [[Ian Gómez]] (1964-), aktè
* [[Marga Gomez|Marga Gómez]] (1960-), aktris, senaris
* [[Reagan Gomez-Preston|Reagan Gómez-Preston]] (1980-), aktris
* [[Rick Gonzalez|Rick González]] (1979-), aktè
* [[Meagan Good]] (1981-), aktris&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/26/Meagan-Good.html|title=Meagan Good profile|website=Filmreference.com|date=August 8, 1981|access-date=April 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Javier Grillo-Marxuach|Javier Grillo Marxuach]] (1969-), pwodiktè televizyon ak fim
* [[Luis Guzmán]] (1956-), aktè
* [[Luis Roberto Guzmán]] (1973-), aktè televizyon ak fim

'''H'''
* [[April Lee Hernández]] (1980-), aktris
* [[Juano Hernández]] (1896–1970), aktè
* [[William Hernández]], aktè
* [[Jon Huertas]] (1976-), aktè. Huertas is best known for his role as witch hunter Brad Alcerro in [[Sabrina the Teenage Witch (seri, 1996)|Sabrina the Teenage Witch]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.tvovermind.com/five-things-didnt-know-jon-huertas/ |title=Five Things You Didn't Know about Jon Huertas |access-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702052113/https://www.tvovermind.com/five-things-didnt-know-jon-huertas/ |archive-date=2 jiyè 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Lillian Hurst]] (1943-), komedyèn, aktris (seri televizyon ''[[Dharma and Greg]]'')

'''I'''
* [[Ironmouse]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/video-games/2022/04/20/twitch-ironmouse-vtuber-subathon-interview/ |title=How a pink-haired anime girl became one of Twitch's biggest stars |date=2022-04-20 |author1=Nathan Grayson |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |place=Washington, D.C. |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=1330888409}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[VTuber]]
* [[Mark Indelicato]] (1994-), aktè
* [[Vincent Irizarry]] (1959-), aktè
* [[Corinne Irizarry]] (1978-), aktris / komedyèn / senaris

'''J'''
* [[Shar Jackson]] (1976-), aktris ak chantèz (papa pòtoriken)
* [[Raul Julia]] (1940–1995), aktè
* [[Victoria Justice]] (1993-), chantèz, aktris televizyon (''[[Victorious]]'')  (Puerto Rican mother)
* [[Jeremy Shada]] (1997-), aktè ak animatè televizyon
* [[Jeff Sutphen]] (1977-), aktè ak animatè televizyon

'''L'''
* [[Eva LaRue]] (1966-), aktris
* [[Sunshine Logroño]] (1951-), komedyen
* [[Adamari López]] (1978-), aktris
* [[Jennifer Lopez|Jennifer López]] (1969-), chantèz, aktris ak dansèz
* [[Priscilla Lopez|Priscilla López]] (1948-), aktris, chantèz ak dansèz&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Tim Farrell|url=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/arts/index.ssf/2008/02/from_priscilla_lopez_the_lowdo.html|title=From Priscilla Lopez, the lowdown on 'In the Heights'|website=NJ.com|date=February 29, 2008|access-date=April 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''M'''
* [[Justina Machado]] (1972-), aktris
* [[Sonia Manzano]] (1950-), aktris
* [[Tere Marichal]] (1956-), aktris, senaris, Maria Chuzema&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = https://www.periodicolaperla.com/desgarradora-suplica-de-la-escritora-cuentista-y-titiritera-tere-marichal/|title = Desgarradora súplica de la escritora, cuentista y titiritera Tere Marichal|date = April 30, 2020|access-date = September 7, 2020|archive-date = August 8, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200808113206/https://www.periodicolaperla.com/desgarradora-suplica-de-la-escritora-cuentista-y-titiritera-tere-marichal/|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Eddie Marrero]] (1962-), aktè, chantè
* [[Ricky Martin]] (1971-), chantè, aktè
* [[Tony Martínez]] (1920–2002) aktè, chantè, and [[bandleader]]; remembered for having played Pepino Garcia in ''[[The Real McCoys]]'' television series&lt;ref name=martinez&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cine/tony-martinez.htm|title=Tony Martínez, 'Pepino' on 'Real McCoys', Dies at 82|publisher=latinamericanstudies.org|access-date=September 2, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Alexis Mateo]] (1979-), female impersonator, reality television personality
* [[Claribel Medina]] (1959-), aktris
* [[Maritza Medina]] (1967-), aktris
* [[Von Marie Mendez]], aktris and businesswoman&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.primerahora.com/entretenimiento/farandula/notas/von-marie-y-sus-hijos-al-mando-del-restaurante-mas-viejo-del-mundo/|title = Von Marie y sus hijos al mando del restaurante más viejo del mundo|date = September 4, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Jorge Merced]] (1965), theatre aktè and reyalizatè&lt;ref&gt;La Fountain-Stokes, Lawrence. &quot;Entre boleros, travestismos y migraciones translocales: Manuel Ramos Otero, Jorge Merced y ''El bolero fue mi ruina'' del Teatro Pregones del Bronx.&quot; ''Revista Iberoamericana'' 71.212 (July–September 2005): pp. 887–907.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ángela Meyer]] (1947), aktris, komedyen and pwodiktè
* [[Ari Meyers]] (1969), aktris
* [[Lin-Manuel Miranda]] (1980-), aktè, konpozitè, rapper ak senaris, best known for creating and starring in the Broadway musicals ''[[Hamilton (mizikal)|Hamilton]]'' ak ''[[In the Heights]]''; has won a [[Pulitzer Prize]], two [[Grammy Award|Grammys]], an [[Emmy Award|Emmy]], a [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur &quot;Genius&quot; Award]], and three [[Tony Award|Tony awards]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/7453586/lin-manuel-miranda-puerto-rico-pokemon|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda Visits Puerto Rico, Compares Himself To A 'Weird Pokémon'|magazine=Billboard}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[René Monclova]] (1965-), aktè ak komedyen
* [[Mario Montez]] (1935–2013), female impersonator; aktè; member of [[Warhol superstar]]s
* [[Indya Moore]] (1995-), aktè ak mannken
* [[Esai Morales|Esaí Morales]] (1962-), aktè
* [[Jacobo Morales]] (1934), komedyen, reyalizatè, and aktè
* [[Alicia Moreda]] (1912–1983), aktris, komedyen
* [[Rita Moreno]] (1931-), aktris, first Hispanic woman to win the following four major awards: an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]], a [[Tony Award]], an [[Emmy Award]] and a [[Grammy Award]]
* [[Frankie Muniz|Frankie Muñiz]] (1985), aktè (Puerto Rican father)
* [[Tommy Muñiz]] (1922–2009), television pwodiktè, komedyen
* [[Rafo Muñiz]] (1956-), komedyen ak pwodiktè

'''N'''
* [[Lymari Nadal]] (1978), aktris
* [[Taylor Negron|Taylor Negrón]] (1957–2015), aktè/komedyen
* [[Frances Negrón-Muntaner|Frances Negrón Muntaner]] (1966), filmmaker, senaris, and scholar&lt;ref&gt;Rodríguez-Matos, Carlos. &quot;Frances Negrón-Muntaner&quot; In David William Foster, ed., ''Latin American senariss on Gay and Lesbian Themes'' (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1994): pp. 288–90; {{ISBN|0-313-28479-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Micaela Nevárez]] (1972), aktris; first Puerto Rican to win a [[Goya Awards|Goya Award]]
* [[Amaury Nolasco]] (1970), aktè

'''O'''
* [[Luis Oliva (Puerto Rican aktè)|Luis Oliva]] (1951), aktè, komedyen and mime&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.primerahora.com/entretenimiento/cultura-teatro/notas/tributo-a-nuestro-mimo-luis-oliva/ | title=Tributo a nuestro mimo, Luis Oliva | date=September 15, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Tony Oliver]] (1958), voice aktè
* [[Karen Olivo]] (1976-), aktris (Puerto Rican father); winner of 2009 Tony Award for Best Featured aktris&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Arreola|first=Cristina|url=http://www.latina.com/entertainment/arts/video-karen-olivo-david-alvarez-take-top-honors-tony-awards|title=Entertainment News|publisher=Latina|access-date=September 27, 2013|archive-date=June 11, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611090842/http://www.latina.com/entertainment/arts/video-karen-olivo-david-alvarez-take-top-honors-tony-awards|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Angel Oquendo]], aktè 
* [[Ana Ortiz]] (1971-), aktris
* [[Claudette Ortiz]] (1981-), chantè ak mannken
* [[Elin Ortiz|Elín Ortiz]] (1934–2016), aktè, pwodiktè televizyon
* [[John Ortiz]] (1968-), aktè
* [[Irad Ortiz Jr]] (1992-), jockey, three times winner of the Eclipse Award for best jockey in USA (2018,2019,2020)
* [[José Ortiz (jockey)|Jose Ortiz]] (1993-), jockey, 2017 winner of the Eclipse Award for best jockey in USA
'''P'''
* [[Marian Pabón]] (1957-), aktris, chantèz ak komedyèn
* [[Antonio Pantojas]] (1948–2017), [[drag queen]]
* [[Lana Parrilla]] (1977-), aktris (Papa pòtoriken)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://abc.go.com/shows/once-upon-a-time/cast/evil-queen|title=Lana Parrilla as The Evil Queen – Once Upon A Time|website=Abc.go.com|access-date=April 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404141753/http://abc.go.com/shows/once-upon-a-time/cast/evil-queen|archive-date=April 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[Rosie Perez|Rosie Pérez]] (1964-), aktris
* [[Joaquin Phoenix]] (1974-), aktè&lt;ref name=&quot;Google Books&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icv_AQAAQBAJ&amp;q=jodean+bottom+joaquin&amp;pg=PT6| title=He's Still Here: The Biography of Joaquin Phoenix| access-date=June 17, 2017| isbn=978-1843584308| last1=Howden| first1=Martin| year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://americareadsspanish.org/amigos-del-espanol/10221-joaquin-phoenix-like-cameron-diaz-joaquin-phoenix-is-of-hispanic-roots-born-in-puerto-rico-the-aktè-who-constantly-visits-his-father-who-now-lives-in-costa-rica-claims-to-feel-identified-with-the-culture-of-his-ancestors.html|title=America Reads Spanish|website=americareadsspanish.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Aubrey Plaza]] (1984-), aktris
* [[Freddie Prinze Jr.]] (1976-), aktè (Puerto Rican grandmother)
* [[Freddie Prinze]] (1954–1977), komedyen, aktè (Puerto Rican mother)

'''Q'''
* [[Adolfo Quiñones]] (1955–2020), aktè, dancer, choreographer

'''R'''
* [[Anthony Ramos (aktè)|Anthony Ramos]]
* [[Luis Antonio Ramos]] (1973-), aktè
* [[Gina Ravera]] (1966-), aktris
* [[Carmen Belen Richardson|Carmen Belén Richardson]] (1930–2012), komedyen/aktris
* [[Armando Riesco]] (1977-), aktè
* [[Osvaldo Ríos]] (1960-), aktè and chantè
* [[Chita Rivera]] (1933-), aktris, chantè and dancer; winner of two [[Tony Award]]s
* [[José Rivera (playwright)|José Rivera]] (1955), playwright; first Puerto Rican nominated for an Oscar in &quot;Best Adapted Screenplay&quot; category
* [[Luis Antonio Rivera]] (1930), a.k.a. &quot;Yoyo Boing&quot;, komedyen
* [[Marquita Rivera]] (1922–2002), first Puerto Rican aktris to appear in a major Hollywood motion picture
* [[Naya Rivera]] (1987–2020), aktris&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.latina.com/blogs/vivo-por-tivo/glee-star-naya-rivera-singing-love-songs-costar-mark-salling Is 'Glee' Star Naya Rivera Singing Love Songs to Costar Mark Salling?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323114006/http://latina.com/blogs/vivo-por-tivo/glee-star-naya-rivera-singing-love-songs-costar-mark-salling |date=March 23, 2010 }} from ''[[Latina (magazine)|Latina]]'', March 19, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; (Papa pòtoriken)
* [[Ramón Rivero]] (1909–1956), rele &quot;Diplo&quot;, komedyen; òganizatè [[walkathon|Walk-A-Thon]] an 1953
* [[Adalberto Rodríguez]] (1934–1995), rele &quot;Machuchal&quot;, komedyen
* [[Adam Rodríguez]] (1975-), aktè
* [[Freddy Rodríguez (aktè)|Freddy Rodríguez]] (1975-), aktè
* [[Gina Rodriguez (aktris)|Gina Rodríguez]] (1984-), aktris
* [[Gladys Rodríguez]] (1943-), komedyen, aktris
* [[Jai Rodríguez]] (1979-), pèsonalite televizyon
* [[Michelle Rodriguez]] (1978-), aktris
* [[MJ Rodriguez]] (1991-), aktris ak chantèz
* [[Ramón Rodríguez (aktè)|Ramón Rodríguez]] (1979-)
* [[Marta Romero]] (1928–2013), aktris and chantè
* [[Robi &quot;Draco&quot; Rosa]] (1970-), chantè
* [[Johanna Rosaly]] (1948-), aktris

'''S'''
* [[Zoe Saldana|Zoé Saldaña]] (1978̠-), aktris (Manman pòtorikèn)&lt;ref name=&quot;pope&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.popentertainment.com/saldana.htm |title=Zoe Saldaña finds creative shelter in making Haven |first=Brad |last=Balfour |access-date=July 7, 2009 |year=2008 |publisher=PopEntertainment |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710051143/http://www.popentertainment.com/saldana.htm |archive-date=July 10, 2009  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Olga San Juan]] (1927–2009), aktris fim ak dansèz&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/diario/noticia/musica/flash/fallece_la_actriz_boricua_olga_san_juan|title=Internacionales &amp;#124; el Nuevo Día|access-date=January 7, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110848/http://www.elnuevodia.com/diario/noticia/musica/flash/fallece_la_actriz_boricua_olga_san_juan|archive-date=December 22, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Jaime Sánchez (aktè)|Jaime Sánchez]] (1938-), aktè (musical ''[[West Side Story]]'', film ''[[The Wild Bunch]]'')
* [[Kiele Sanchez|Kiele Sánchez]] (1977-), aktris
* [[Marcelino Sánchez]] (1957–1986), aktè
* [[Roselyn Sánchez]] (1973-), aktris
* [[Esther Sandoval]] (1927–2006), aktris
* [[Renoly Santiago]] (1974-), aktè
* [[Saundra Santiago]] (1957-), aktris
* [[Ruben Santiago-Hudson|Rubén Santiago-Hudson]] (1956-), aktè ak playwright
* [[Jon Seda]] (1970̠-), aktè
* [[Jimmy Smits]] (1955̠-), aktè (Puerto Rican mother)
* [[Yara Sofia|Yara Sofía]] (1984̠-), female impersonator, reality television personality
* [[Luis F. Soto]], reyalizatè&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC38folder/NYricanFilm.html|title=Puerto Rican cinema in New York by Lillian Jiménez|website=www.ejumpcut.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Talisa Soto]] (1967-), aktris, mannken
* [[Miguel Ángel Suárez]] (1939–2009), aktè, dramatij, metè an sèn

'''T'''
* [[Rachel Ticotin]] (1958-), aktris
* [[Liz Torres]] (1947-), aktris
* [[Rose Troche]] (1964-), reyalizatè fim / televizyon&lt;ref name=&quot;glbtq&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Smith |first=Patricia Juliana |title=Troche, Rose |url=http://www.glbtq.com/arts/troche_r.html |website=GLBTQ.com |year=2002 |access-date=August 19, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814122128/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/troche_r.html |archive-date=August 14, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;La Fountain-Stokes, Lawrence. ''Queer Ricans: Cultures and Sexualities in the Diaspora.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009. {{ISBN|0816640920}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''U'''
* [[Alanna Ubach]] (1975-), aktris (Manman pòtoriken)

'''V'''
* [[Amirah Vann]] (1978-), aktris (Manman pòtoriken)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.latina.com/how-get-away-murder-star-amirah-vann-feels-blessed-work-series-honors-her-afro-latinidad|title='How to Get Away With Murder' Star Amirah Vann Feels Blessed to Work on a Series That Honors Her Afro-Latinidad|website=Latina|access-date=July 26, 2020|archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022115003/http://www.latina.com/how-get-away-murder-star-amirah-vann-feels-blessed-work-series-honors-her-afro-latinidad|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Joseph Vásquez]] (1962–1995), film reyalizatè, screensenaris
* [[John Velazquez]] (1971-), Champion jockey, leading money-earning jockey in the history of horse racing and inducted into Racing Hall of Fame in 2012.
* [[Nadine Velazquez|Nadine Velázquez]] (1978-), aktris
* [[Lauren Vélez]] (1964-), aktris
* [[Loraine Vélez]] (1964-), aktris
* [[Christina Vidal]] (1981-), aktris ak chantèz
* [[Lisa Vidal]] (1965-), aktris
* [[Juan Emilio Viguié]] (1891–1966), pioneer movie pwodiktè; produced ''Romance Tropical'', the first Puerto Rican film with sound&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.preb.com/devisita/marisel.htm|title=Historia del Cine en Puerto Rico|access-date=October 1, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023062238/http://www.preb.com/devisita/marisel.htm|archive-date=October 23, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''W'''
*[[Venevision|Peggy Walker]] (1942-), aktris
* [[Otilio Warrington]] (1944-), rele &quot;Bizcocho&quot;, komedyen
* '''[[Walter Mercado]]''', (1932-2019) astwològ, dansè, aktè telenovela, senaris
* [[Jessica Wild]] (1980-), female impersonator, reality television personality
* [[Holly Woodlawn]] (1946–2015), aktris transjan&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/07/movies/holly-woodlawn-transgender-star-of-1970s-underground-films-dies-at-69.html Holly Woodlawn, Transgender Star of 1970s Underground Films, Dies at 69]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Z'''
* [[David Zayas]] (1962-), aktè
* [[Marcos Zurinaga]] (1952-), reyalizatè fim / senaris

=== Animatè fim granmoun ===
* [[Vanessa del Rio|Vanessa del Río]] (1952-), aktris fim granmoun&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Barnard|first=Christopher|url=http://www.papermag.com/2010/06/her_name_is_rio.php|title=Her Name is Rio|date=June 14, 2010|publisher=Papermag|access-date=April 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gina Lynn]] (1974-), aktris fim granmoun&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://adultfyi.com/read.php?ID=16335 |title=Gina Lynn Take a Bite Out of the Big Apple |date=8 me 2006 |publisher=AdultFYI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808174612/http://adultfyi.com/read.php?ID=16335 |archive-date= 8 out  2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mercedes Carrera]] (1982-), adult film aktris and blogger.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYo1ewgG94M&amp;t=189s|title=The Truth About 'Rape Culture' - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]|date=6 avril 2015|access-date=17 jen 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Animatè / prezantatè ===
* [[Paul Bouche]], television host, TV pwodiktè, ''[[A Oscuras Pero Encendidos]]''
* [[Monti Carlo|Mairym Monti Carlo]] (1975), television host, chef&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.foodnetwork.com/profiles/talent/monti-carlo|title=Monti Carlo|website=Food Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Alfred D. Herger]] (1942), television host, psychologist
* [[Daisy Martinez|Daisy Martínez]], host of [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] cooking show ''Daisy Cooks!''
* [[John Melendez|John Meléndez]] (1965-), once known as &quot;Stuttering John&quot; (''[[Howard Stern|Howard Stern Show]]'' and ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]'')
* [[Rogelio Mills]], television host, author and recording artist
* [[Eddie Miró]] (1936-), television host, komedyen; hosted ''El Show de las 12'' (''The 12&amp;nbsp;pm Show'') for over 40 years
* [[Silverio Pérez]] (1948-), show host, musician and author
* [[Antonio Sánchez (Puerto Rican host)|Antonio Sánchez]] (1961), radio and television personality
* [[La La Anthony|Alani Vázquez]] (1981-), also known as &quot;La La&quot;; MTV veejay
* [[Luis Vigoreaux]] (1928–1983), created ''¡Sube, Nene, Sube!'' (''Go up, Man, Go up!'') and ''¡Pa'rriba, Papi, Pa'rriba!'' (''Higher, Daddy, Higher!'')
* [[Luisito Vigoreaux]] (1951-), hosted ''Sábado en Grande'' (''Big Saturday'', also with Roberto), ''El Show del Mediodía'' (''The Midday Show'') and ''De Magazin''
* [[Roberto Vigoreaux]] (1956-), hosted ''Parejo, Doble y Triple'' (''Square, Double and Triple'')

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Lis]]</text>
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    <title>Rosa Bonheur</title>
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'''Marie-Rosalie Bonheur''' ke yo rekonèt kòm '''Rosa Bonheur''', fèt {{dat nesans|16|Mas|1822}} nan [[Bòdo]] e li te mouri nan {{dat lanmò| 25|Me|1899}} nan [[Thomery]], se yon [[Fanm pent|pennt]] ak [[eskiltè|eskiltè]] [[Frans|franse]], espesyalize nan [[Atis bèt|reprezantasyon bèt]].

== Biyografi ==
[[Fichye:Rosa Bonheur by Charles-Michel Geoffroy.jpg|vignette|[[Charles-Michel Geoffroy]], ''Portrait Rosa Bonheur'' (1859), gravure ki te pibliye nan ''L'Artiste'' nan {{Dat-|1 jiyè 1859}}.]]

=== Fanmi ===
Marie-Rosalie Bonheur te fèt {{dat-|16 mas 1822}} nan [[Bòdo]], nan 29 ri Saint-Jean-Saint Seurin (distri Saint-Seurin), ki te vin tounen 55 ri Duranteau depi lè sa a&lt;ref&gt;Kominike pou laprès ki soti nan Meri Bòdo, apre enstalasyon yon plak komemoratif sou kote l te fèt nan {{dat-|17 fevriye 2009}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Link Entènèt | langue=fr-fr |title=BORDEAUX 1 E 111 - Rejis batistè Bòdo, seksyon 1, 1822 - 1822 (lwa non 267; gade 41/190; paj dwat) |url=https:// archives.bordeaux -metropole.fr/ark:/75241/vta90ce79e1bf7e550b/daoloc/0/41 |sit=Archives Bordeaux Métropole |accessed on=2021-07-27}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Manman l ', Sophie Marchisio, ke yo rekonèt kòm Marquis (1797-1833), ki fèt nan [[Distri Altona|Altona]] ([[Hamburg|Lib Vil Hamburg]], [[Sen Anpi Women|Anpi Sen]]) nan paran enkoni, se yon machann rich [[Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] ki te adopte, Jean-Baptiste Dublan de Lahet&lt;ref name=&quot;Klumpke&quot;&gt;{{harvsp|Klumpke|2001|p=83}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, ki ofri l yon edikasyon boujwa (ki gen ladan leson mizik, chante ak penti). Se nan kontèks sa a ke li te rankontre pent [[Raymond Bonheur (pennt)|Raymond Bonheur]]&lt;ref&gt;Raimond Bonheur eple premye non li ak yon &quot;i&quot; {{harv|Borin|2011|p=10}} . &lt;/ref&gt;, te vin ba li leson desen. Koup la marye nan {{dat-|21 me 1821}}.

Nan Bòdo, Raymond te rankontre [[pent]] Panyòl [[Francisco de Goya|Francisco Goya]] ki te rete la an ekzil e ki te vin zanmi l. Li ankouraje tout pitit li yo nan chemen atistik la: Rosa, [[Auguste Bonheur|Auguste]] ak [[Juliette Bonheur|Juliette]] (ki marye ak fondatè atizay la [[François Hippolyte Peyrol]]), vin pent, pou yo fè yo. frè [[Isidore Bonheur|Isidore]] se yon sculpteur. [[Francis Galton]], kouzen [[Charles Darwin]], te itilize Bonè kòm yon egzanp &quot;[[jeni eritye]]&quot; nan redaksyon li an 1869 ki gen menm tit la&lt;ref name=&quot;Christie's&quot;&gt;{{Web lyen |language=en |title=Blonde d'Aquitaine |url=https://www.christies.com/lot/lot-6015939/?intObjectID=6015939 |site=Christie's Catalog |accessed on=4 Out 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Dapre istwa fanmi yo, Rosa se te yon timoun san disiplin ki te lite pou aprann li. Pou remèd sa, manman l te anseye l pou l ekri lèt alfabè a lè li asosye chak nan yo ak desen yon bèt&lt;ref name=&quot;Christie's&quot; /&gt;.

Enfliyanse pa [[Saint-Simonism]], Raymond Bonheur te deside pou l ta rete nan Pari an 1828. Madanm li ak twa pitit li te vin jwenn li la ane annapre (1829). Lè sa a, Rosa te gen sèt ane.

Ane 1830 la te make pa nesans yon katriyèm pitit, Juliette, men tou pa lanmò Jean-Baptiste Dublan de Lahet ki, sou kabann lanmò li, admèt Sophie ke li te reyèl papa l. Apre sa, Rosa Bonheur te renmen imajine ke mistè orijin matènèl li kache kèk sekrè leta e ke li te nan san wayal.

Fanmi Bonheur, li pèdi sipò finansye li, ap viv anbarasman, alòske Raymond Bonheur vin pi plis patisipe nan aktivite Sen-Simoni.

Nan mwa me-{{dat-|jen 1832}}, li deside rantre nan kouvan eksklizyon Apot Sen-Simon yo, nan 145 [[boulevard de Ménilmontant]]. Pandan tan sa a, Sophie dwe travay pou okipe kay la (tankou koud). Raymond Bonheur te retounen nan fanmi li sis mwa apre ({{dat-|Novanm 1832}}), men fanmi an te viv mal.

Sophie Bonheur te mouri ane annapre a, nan fen {{dat-|avril 1833}}, epi yo antere l nan {{dat-|1 me 1883-}}, nan yon tonm komen nan [[simityè Montmartre]] . Kontrèman ak lejand ki fè konnen li te mouri nan gwo fatig, li pi plis posib ke li te mouri, nan {{Inite|36|ane}}, nan [[Dezyèm pandemi kolera|kolera]], ki te ravaje Lafrans pou plis pase.
yon ane apati {{dat-|Mas 1832}} (ak plis pase {{nimewo|100,000|lanmò}} an total, ki gen ladan prèske {{nbr|20,000}} nan Pari)&lt;ref&gt;Rejis chak jou nan 'antèman nan twa simityè Parisyen yo louvri nan moman an lis tout paj antèman nan tonm komen, pandan tout peryòd sa a&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;Li espesifye tou nan travay Anna Klumpke ke Rosa Bonheur te tonbe malad grav yon ti tan. anvan lanmò manman l, e ke lèt la pa t ka sispann kriye...&lt;/ref&gt;.

Pèdi manman l nan {{Unit|11|ane}} se te yon evènman dramatik pou Rosa Bonheur, kidonk adorasyon li te konsakre pou li pandan tout lavi l, ansanm ak lanmou li genyen pou chante.
An 1836, a laj de {{Unité|14|ane}}, li te fè yon rankont desizif: sa yon ti fi dezan pi piti pase l, [[Nathalie Micas]], ki ta vin konpayon l&lt;ref name= &quot;Rosa Bonheur Musée d'Orsay&quot;&gt;{{Lyen entènèt |otè enstitisyonèl=[[Musée d'Orsay]] |title=Rosa Bonheur (1822-1899) |url=https://www.musee-orsay .fr/ sites/default/files/exposition/booklet/2022-10/prog%20salle_Rosa%20Bonheur_FRA.pdf |site=musee-orsay.fr |dat=18 oktòb 2022 |konsilte nan=27 novanm 2022}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Se sèlman lanmò Nathalie, {{Unity|53|ane}} apre, ki pral separe yo.

Papa l 'remarye an 1842 ak Marguerite Peyrol (1813-1883), ak ki moun li te gen yon dènye pitit gason, Germain (1848-1881), ki te tou yon pent. Rosa Bonheur pa t antann yo ak bèlmè li e lè papa l te mouri an 1849, li te kite kay fanmi an pou l al viv ak Micas yo.

=== Jèn ak fòmasyon ===
Apre lanmò manman l ', Rosa Bonheur te ale nan lekòl primè, Lè sa a, te apranti kòm yon koutiryè, Lè sa a, te monte. Papa l fini mennen l nan estidyo li, kote konpetans atistik li yo revele. Li pral yon sèl pwofesè l&lt;ref&gt;Kòm Eugène de Mirecourt endike (Rosa Bonheur, Gustave Favard piblikatè, 1856, {{p.|32}}), te gen yon erè nan yon katalòg Salon ki te bay Rosa Bonheur kòm yon etidyan pent Léon Cogniet. Erè sa a te konfime tou pa Cogniet.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Li te prezante l [[Félicité de La Mennais]], ki te deklare ke bèt yo gen yon nanm, yon bagay li te rete konvenki nan pandan tout lavi li, osi byen ke woman &quot;peyi&quot; nan [[George Sand]]. Lè sa a, bèt yo te vin espesyalite li&lt;ref&gt;{{harvsp|Lepelle de Bois-Gallais|1856|p=12}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, tou de nan penti ak eskilti.

Li te ekspoze pou premye fwa, nan {{Unit|19|ane}}, nan [[Salon de Peinture et de Sculpture|Salon]] nan 1841. Li te jwenn yon meday {{3yèm|klas}} nan Salon la. 1845 , ak yon {{1ye|klas}} meday (lò) nan Salon 1848 pou ''Ox and Bulls, Race of Cantal''. Rekonpans sa a te pèmèt li, nan {{Inite|26|ane}}, jwenn yon lòd nan men Leta pou pwodui yon penti agrè (peye {{inite|3000|frans}}&lt;ref&gt;{{harvsp|Worthy |1980| p=65}}.&lt;/ref&gt;).

=== Karyè ak rekonesans ===
[[Fichye:Rosa Bonheur par David d'Angers (Angers) (14911678257).jpg|vignette|[[Pierre-Jean David d'Angers|David d'Angers]], ''Rosa Bonheur'', medayon, [[Pari]], [[Bibliyotèk Nasyonal Lafrans|BnF]].]]
Tablo ki te soti nan komisyon leta sa a, ''[[Labourage nivernais]]'', te dwe rantre nan [[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon]]{{Note|url=http://www.musee- orsay. .fr/fr/collections/oeuvres-commentees/recherche/commentaire/commentaire_id/labourage-nivernais-31.html|texte=Rosa Bonheur - ''Labourage nivernais''|details=notice sou sit entènèt mize Orsay la.}}. Men, nan [[Salon Penti ak Eskilti|Salon]] nan 1849, siksè li te tèlman ke depatman Fine Arts te deside kenbe l nan Pari, nan [[Mize a Liksembourg]]. Lè Rosa Bonheur mouri, travay la te antre nan [[Mize Louvre]], anvan yo te transfere, an 1986, nan [[Mize Orsay]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link|langue=fr| title=Musée d' Orsay: Rosa Bonheur Labourage nivernais|url=http://www.musee-orsay.fr/fr/collections/oeuvres-commentees/recherche/commentaire/commentaire_id/labourage-nivernais-31.html?no_cache= 1&amp;cHash=1eb846396a|site =musee-orsay.fr|date=2006|accessed on=2017-02-26|broken on = 2023-12-01}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Sou lanmò papa l nan {{dat-|Mas 1849}}&lt;ref&gt;The {{dat-|24 Mas 1849}} ({{harvsp|Lepelle de Bois-Gallais|1856}}; Vapereau, '' Dictionnaire universal of contemporaries'', 1880, {{p.|258-259}}).&lt;/ref&gt;, Rosa Bonheur te ranplase l kòm direktè Free Imperial School of Drawing for Young Lady (oswa Free School of Drawing for Young). Moun tifi). Li te kenbe pozisyon sa a la jiska 1860. {{Quote|Swiv konsèy mwen an epi mwen pral fè w [[Leonardo da Vinci]] nan jupon}}, li te di souvan bay elèv li yo&lt;ref&gt;{{Link Entènèt|lang=Fransè| title=Sou istwa lekòl Atizay dekoratif ak Fine Arts nan Pari…|url=http://alain.bugnicourt.free.fr/cyberbiologie/bioramapub/ecoledessin.pdf|date=Out 2008 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

An 1850, li te fè yon vwayaj nan patiraj segondè yo nan [[Pyrénées]] epi li te retounen anpil etid ke li te itilize pandan tout karyè li&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |language=en |title=Weaning the Calves |url=https ://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435703 |site=Metropolitan Museum |accessed on=22 jiyè 2021}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Li te rete tou, nan plizyè okazyon, nan [[Overgne]], ak nan [[Cantal (depatman)|Cantal]] an 1846 ak 1847 (e pita, an 1889&lt;ref&gt;{{Liv|lang=franse| otè1 =Chabrol Nicolas|title=Anyè pent Ovèyn ak atis Ovèv nan 19yèm syèk la|kote=Paris|editè=Paris IV-Sorbonne University, Institute of Art History and Archeology|dat=1991| isbn=|li sou entènèt=}}&lt;/ref&gt;).

==== ''Mache chwal la'' ====

Avèk gwo penti li ''[[The Horse Market]]'' ({{Dunity|2.44|5|m}}), prezante nan Salon 1853 la&lt;ref&gt;{{harvsp|Klumpke|2001 |p=275 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;, Rosa Bonheur akeri gwo notoryete. Nan yon epòk kote konfli yo toujou ap mete amoure ak klasik youn kont lòt, penti li {{quote|gen privilèj ki ra ak sengilye pou l fè lwanj nan tout kan yo. […] Se vrèman yon tablo yon nonm, nève, solid, plen ak franche&lt;ref&gt;{{Atik|premye non=Henry de|ti non=La Madelène|otè lyen=Henry de La Madelène|title=Salon de 1853 | peryodik=L'clair|year=1853|passage=314 |li sou entènèt=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1243012/f319}}.&lt;/ref&gt;}}, di kritik la [ [ Henry de La Madelène]] nan ''L'Éclair'', yon magazin atistik chak semèn nan epòk la.

Tablo a pa t jwenn okenn rekonpans men jiri a te preskri sa ki annapre yo: {{Sitasyon|Pa desizyon espesyal, {{Miss}} Rosa Bonheur ak [[Jeanne-Mathilde Herbelin]], yo te jwenn tout meday yo ki ka bay atis yo, pral jwi, nan tan kap vini an, prérogatives yo ke talan eminan yo ba yo dwa. Travay yo pral ekspoze san yo pa soumèt yo bay jiri a pou egzamen an.}} Ajan li ak zanmi [[Ernest Gambart]] te achte tablo a pou {{unit|40,000|franc}}&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|{{Mr. |Gambaert}}, spékulasion a kontan ki, nan Angletè, te touche {{unit|400,000|fr.}} ki montre ''Mache Cheval la'' pa Mademoiselle Rosa Bonheur, pou ki li te peye {{inite|40000|frans}}.}}, {{atik|prenon=Gustave |ti non=Bourdin |otè lyen=Gustave Bourdin|tit=Causeries |periodik=Le Figaro |jou=23 |mwa= Novanm |ane=1856 |pasaj= 4 | li sou entènèt=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2695242/f4 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; nan mennen l nan plizyè peyi, tankou Angletè ak Scotland. Ansuit, yon pèseptè Ameriken rich te achte l ki te bay [[Metropolitan Museum of Art|Metropolitan Museum of New York]] an 1887.

==== Egzibisyon ====

Rosa Bonheur prezante nan [[Egzibisyon Inivèsèl 1855]] ''[[Haying in Overgne]]'' ({{Dunity|2.10|4.20|m}}), konsève jodi a nan [[chato Fontainebleau]], pou ki li te jwenn, pou yon dezyèm fwa, yon meday lò. Lòt travay Ovèy yo kenbe nan menm mize sa a.

Ant 1856 ak 1867, li pa ekspoze ankò nan Salon an, tout pwodiksyon li yo te vann davans&lt;ref&gt;Vapereau, ''ibid''.&lt;/ref&gt;. {{quote|Nou te toujou fè konnen yon estim sensè pou talan Mademoiselle Rosa Bonheur}}, te ekri [[Théophile Gautier]] ane sa a&lt;ref&gt;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148 /bpt6k111395m/ f125.image ''The Fine Arts in Europe'', 1855], {{p.|120}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, {{citation|avèk li, pa bezwen galant ; li fè atis seryezman, epi yo ka trete li tankou yon gason. Pou li, penti se pa yon varyete de broderie petit point}}.

Nan [[Egzibisyon Inivèsèl 1867|Egzibisyon Inivèsèl 1867]], Rosa Bonheur te prezante dis penti, men sèlman te jwenn yon meday {{2yèm|klas}}, yon vrè snub pou li. Lè sa a, li deside pa ekspoze ankò nan Salon Paris la.

An 1893, pandan [[1893 World's Fair|Chicago World's Fair]], yo te ekspoze kat penti Rosa Bonheur nan Palè Fine Arts.&lt;ref&gt;''Wa Forè a'' ({{n °|426}}, {{p.|226}}), ''Stampede'' ({{n°|501}}, {{p.|230}}), ''Yon Pastoral'' ({{n°|3067 }}, {{p.|150}}), Mouton ({{n°|3101}}, {{p.|153}}): gade [https://archive.org/stream/ revisedcatalogue00chic#page/ 212/mode/2up katalòg ofisyèl sou entènèt ''Palais des Beaux-art''s]. &lt;/ref&gt; Menm bagay la tou pou {{nobr|twa [[litografi]]s}} nan ''[[Woman's Building (Chicago)|Woman's Building]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |title=''Tèt yon lyon. '' ({{n°|50}}), ''Tèt yon jenn ti towo bèf'' ({{n°|51}}), ''Bèt Panyòl'' ({{n°|52}} ). Gade katalòg ofisyèl sou entènèt nan bilding fanm nan. |url=https://archive.org/stream/worldscolumbiane14worl#page/58/mode/2up |date=}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Men, nan tou de ka yo, sa yo te prè nan pèseptè prive ([[Ernest Gambart|Gambart]], Keppel...). Vreman vre, byenke li te chwazi li, Komite Òganizasyon franse a te oblije abandone voye travay li yo nan Chicago, pa kapab kouvri depans asirans ki nesesè pou transpò yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen web |title=Ladies Committee Egzibisyon Fanm Fransè yo nan Chicago, paj 33-34 |url=https://archive.org/details/ comitedesdamesle00kran/page/ 33 |dat=}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;170&quot; caption=&quot;&quot;&gt;
Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair, 1852–55.jpg|''[[Le Marché aux chevaux]]'' (1853), [[New York]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].
Expo 1855 Disdéri galerie française f23.jpg|''La Fenaison en Auvergne'' (en bas à gauche), exposé lors de l'[[Exposition universelle de 1855]], photographie d'[[Eugène Disdéri]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Le château de By ===
[[File:Rosa Bonheur's atelier in Thomery, 2009-09-19 001.jpg|vignette|[[Musée de l'atelier Rosa-Bonheur|Atelier de Rosa Bonheur]] à [[By (Seine-et-Marne)|By]].]]

En 1860, Rosa Bonheur s'installe à [[By (Seine-et-Marne)|By]], coteau viticole près du village de [[Thomery]] en [[Seine-et-Marne]], dans une vaste demeure au sein d'une propriété de quatre hectares où elle fait construire un très grand atelier&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|titre=L’éclat retrouvé de Rosa Bonheur, la peintre qui humanisait les animaux|périodique=Le Monde.fr|date=2022-01-02|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2022/01/02/l-eclat-retrouve-de-rosa-bonheur-la-peintre-qui-humanisait-les-animaux_6107918_3246.html|consulté le=2022-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; par [[Jules Saulnier]] et aménager des espaces pour ses animaux.&lt;ref&gt;Ces animaux ont été ses modèles : moutons, chevaux et même quatre lions dont Fatma, sa dépouille est encore visible dans l'atelier du peintre&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:1862 Pétition Denecourt à l'empereur pour la conservation du côté artistique et pittoresque de la Forêt de Fontainebleau.jpg|alt=Dédicace de Claude-François Denecourt en 1864 à Rosa Bonheur de sa pétition à l'empereur pour la conservation du côté artistique et pittoresque de la Forêt de Fontainebleau|vignette|Dédicace de Claude-François Denecourt en 1864 à Rosa Bonheur de sa pétition à l'empereur pour la conservation du côté artistique et pittoresque de la forêt de Fontainebleau.]]

Un de ses proches écrit : {{citation|Elle avait une ménagerie complète dans sa maison : un lion et une lionne, un cerf, un mouton sauvage, une gazelle, des chevaux, etc. L'un de ses animaux de compagnie était un jeune lion qu'elle laissait courir et s'ébattait souvent. Mon esprit fut plus libre d'esprit quand cet animal léonin a rendu l'âme&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Highland Raid |url=https://nmwa.org/art/collection/highland-raid/ |site=National Museum for the women in the art |consulté le=22 Juillet 2021}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
.}}Elle est sensible au devenir de la proche forêt de Fontainebleau, et signe la pétition de [[Claude-François Denecourt]] appelant l'Empereur [[Napoléon III]] à la sauvegarder.

[[Fichier:Eugénie-visite-Rosa-Bonheur.jpg|gauche|vignette|L'impératrice Eugénie visite Rosa Bonheur à Thomery.]]

En {{date-|juin 1864}}, l'[[Eugénie de Montijo|impératrice Eugénie]] lui rend une visite surprise, pour l'inviter à déjeuner, fin juin, au [[château de Fontainebleau]] avec {{souverain2|Napoléon III}}. Cette visite a donné lieu à une gravure sur bois d'après un dessin d'[[Auguste Victor Deroy]] (1825-1906), conservée au musée du château de Fontainebleau&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131022003836/http://www.photo.rmn.fr/cf/htm/CPicZ.aspx?E=2C6NU0PAVIQH ''Visite de l'Impératrice à Rosa Bonheur''], estampe de [[Auguste Victor Deroy]]. Reproduction sur le site de la [[Réunion des musées nationaux et du Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées|RMN]]. La date manuscrite de 1863 est apocryphe et erronée.&lt;/ref&gt;. L'impératrice revient à By l'année suivante, le {{date-|10 juin 1865}}, pour lui remettre, elle-même, les insignes de chevalier dans l'ordre de la [[Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur|Légion d'honneur]]&lt;ref&gt;Catherine Granger, ''L'Empereur et les arts : la liste civile de {{noble-|Napoléon III}}'', Droz, 2005, {{p.|131}} {{ISBN|2900791715}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;Pierre Milza, ''{{souverain2|Napoléon III}}'', Perrin, 2004, {{p.|282}}.&lt;/ref&gt; — faisant ainsi de Rosa Bonheur la première artiste et la neuvième femme à recevoir cette distinction&lt;ref&gt; Elle fut même annoncée par ''Le Petit Journal'' comme la seconde femme à recevoir cette distinction après une religieuse, Sœur Marthe, ce qui provoqua un afflux de protestations dans le courrier des lecteurs, mentionnant différentes femmes ayant reçu avant elle le titre de « chevalière de la légion d'honneur », généralement pour actes de bravoure. Voir [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k588976m/f1.item.texteImage.zoom « Les chevalières de la Légion d'honneur »], Le Petit Journal, {{date-|18 juin 1865}}. &lt;/ref&gt;, en déclarant : {{Citation|Enfin, vous voilà chevalier. Je suis tout heureuse d’être la marraine de la première femme artiste qui reçoive cette haute distinction. J’ai voulu que le dernier acte de ma régence fût consacré à montrer qu’à mes yeux le génie n’a pas de sexe}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |prénom=Rosa |nom=BONHEUR |prénom2=Anna |nom2=KLUMPKE |titre=La famille impériale et Rosa Bonheur |url=https://www.napoleon.org/histoire-des-2-empires/articles/la-famille-imperiale-et-rosa-bonheur/ |site=napoleon.org |consulté le=27 novembre 2022}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Elle est aussi la première femme promue officier dans cet ordre, en {{date-|avril 1894}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101010081147/http://www.legiondhonneur.fr/shared/fr/ordresdecorations/medias/lhfemmesdecorees.pdf Rosa Bonheur PDF du site officiel de la Légion d'Honneur] {{Lien archive|url=http://www.legiondhonneur.fr/shared/fr/ordresdecorations/medias/lhfemmesdecorees.pdf |horodatage archive=20101010081147 |titre=Copie archivée }}.&lt;/ref&gt; — soit, selon les termes également en usage dans la presse de l'époque&lt;ref&gt;{{article|titre=Les femmes décorées|périodique=[[Le Gaulois (France)|Le Gaulois]]|numéro=5515|date=1896-12-12|passage=1|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k529725q.image.r=officière.f1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, la première officière de la Légion d'honneur&lt;ref&gt;{{harvsp|Borin|2011|p=[https://books.google.fr/books?id=Xs_xpV8HRqcC&amp;q=officière 9]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[File:1888 installation électrique chez Rosa Bonheur.jpg|vignette|Mémoire pour une installation de sonneries électriques au château de By, à Thomery, pour Rosa Bonheur.]]

À partir de 1880, Rosa Bonheur et [[Nathalie Micas]] passent régulièrement l'hiver à [[Nice]], tout d'abord dans la demeure d'[[Ernest Gambart]], la villa L'Africaine, puis à partir de 1895, dans celle qu'elles acquièrent, la villa Bornala. Rosa Bonheur y peint plusieurs toiles&lt;ref&gt;Didier Gayraud, ''Belles demeures en Riviera'', Éditions Giletta, 2005, {{p.|127}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
lòd sa a, nan {{date-|avril 1894}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.legiondhonor.fr/shared/fr/ordresdecorations/medias/lhfemmesdecorees.pdf Rosa Bonheur PDF soti nan sit entènèt ofisyèl Legion of Honor la. ] {{Achiv lyen|url=http://www.legiondhonor.fr/shared/fr/ordresdecorations/medias/lhfemmesdecorees.pdf |time stamp archive=20101010081147 |title=Kopi achiv }}.&lt;/ref&gt; — oswa, daprè tèm ki itilize tou nan laprès epòk la&lt;ref&gt;{{atik|title=Fanm dekore|pèyodik=[[Le Gaulois (Frans)|Le Gaulois]]|number=5515|dat=1896-12- 12|passage=1|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k529725q.image.r=officière.f1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, premye ofisye Legiyon Onè&lt;ref&gt;{{harvsp|Borin|2011|p=[https://books.google.fr/books?id=Xs_xpV8HRqcC&amp;q=officière 9]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[File:1888 installation électrique chez Rosa Bonheur.jpg|vignette|Memwa pou yon enstalasyon klòch elektrik nan Château de By, nan Thomery, pou Rosa Bonheur.]]

Apati 1880, Rosa Bonheur ak [[Nathalie Micas]] te pase regilyèman sezon fredi a nan [[Nice]], premye nan kay [[Ernest Gambart]], vila L'Africaine, answit apati 1895, nan youn nan yo. akeri, Villa Bornala. Rosa Bonheur te pentire plizyè penti la&lt;ref&gt;Didier Gayraud, ''Belles residences en Riviera'', Éditions Giletta, 2005, {{p.|127}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
Nan {{Dat-|1888}}, pandan elektrisite te toujou nan anfans li an Frans, li te vin enterese nan posibilite pou enstale yon sistèm nan [[Electricity|elektrik]] klòch nan Château de By.

[[Fichier:Rosa Bonheur - Portrait of Col. William F. Cody.jpg|vignette|''Portre Kolonèl William F. Cody (Buffalo Bill)'', [[1889]], {{link|Buffalo Bill Historical Center}}.]]

Nan okazyon [[Paris World's Fair of 1889]], li envite [[Buffalo Bill]] nan byen li apre li te envite l vin asiste [[Wild West Shows|West Wild Show]] li. Nan okazyon sa a, ajan li ba li yon kostim [[Sioux]]&lt;ref&gt;{{harvsp|Klumpke|2001|p=23}}&lt;/ref&gt; (men kote [[drapo Ameriken]]] parèt... ). Si Rosa Bonheur te kont [[masak Endyen Ameriken yo]], yon amitye te fèt ant yo e li te pentire pòtrè l&lt;ref&gt;{{Book|language=fr|author1=Natacha Henry|title=Rosa Bonheur ak Buffalo Bill. , an admirable friendship|subtitle=novel|place=Paris|editè=[[ éditions Robert Laffont]]|date=Mas 7, 2019|total pages=230|isbn=978-2-221-20097-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Rosa Bonheur te deja vin antouzyas pou [[Endyen Ameriken yo]] dekouvri atravè lekti li yo, sitou travay [[James Fenimore Cooper]] ak pent [[George Catlin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Liv|otè1 =Didier Lévêque. , Eliane Foulquié|tit=Pinti Endyen, atizay [[Karl Bodmer]], Rosa Bonheur, [[Antoine Tzapoff]]|pasaj=23|place=Paris|editè=Les Amis de Rosa Bonheur| dat=Jen 2020| total pages=80|isbn=978-2-9567368-3-7|accessed=06/04/2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Lanmò ===
Lè Rosa Bonheur te gen konjesyon nan poumon apre yon ti mache nan forè a, te mouri {{date-|25 me 1899}} nan Château de By&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt |title=Rejis estati sivil, referans 6E489/13, Thomery (1888-1903), ane 1899 zak nimewo 15, gade 256/363 |url=archives-en-ligne.seine-et-marne.fr/mdr/index.php/docnumViewer/calculHierarchieDocNum/ 521462/873:88829 :14407:521462/800/1280 |sit=Achiv sou entènèt Seine-et-Marne |accessed on=27 jiyè 2021}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, san li pa te fini dènye tablo li ''La Foulaison ble nan Camargue'. ', nan yon fòma moniman nan {{Dunity|3.05|6.10|m}}, ke li te vle (anba lidèchip Anna Klumpke) montre nan [[Egzibisyon inivèsèl 1900]]. Tablo ki poko fini sa a konsève nan [[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link|langue=fr|url=https://www.musba-bordeaux.fr/fr/article/rosa- bonheur -the-fulling-of-ble-en-camargue|title=Remak nan tablo ''The Fulling of wheat in the Camargue''|sit=[[Mizeum of Fine Arts of Bordeaux]]|accessed on=2023- 03- 21}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yo antere Rosa Bonheur nan [[Pari]] nan [[simityè Père-Lachaise]] ({{74èm|divizyon}})&lt;ref&gt;gade {{Liv | firstname1=Camille | name1=Lapè | title=Manman lachaise. 100 pòtrè pou dekouvri eritaj fineray | Piblikatè=edisyon Cambourakis | ane=2022 | ISBN=978-2366246483}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://friction-magazine.fr/mere-lachaise-rendre-visibles-ces-mortes-quon-ignore/ “Mère Lachaise” : fè vizib moun ki mouri sa yo ke nou inyore], friction-magazine.fr, Avril 2022, pa Leslie.&lt;/ref&gt;, nan konsesyon ke fanmi Micas la te lèg li&lt;ref name=&quot;Bauer&quot;&gt;{{Liv | premye non1=Pòl|ti non1=Bauer|tit=De syèk istwa nan Père Lachaise|editè=Mémoire et Documents|ane=2006|total paj=867|pasaj=131|isbn=978-2-914611-48- 0}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Li repoze la ansanm ak Nathalie Micas, paran lèt la ak [[Anna Klumpke]].
Nan {{dat-|29 me}}, [[Sosyete Atis Fransè yo]] te bay li Meday Onè a posthume, [[Tony Robert-Fleury]] Lè sa a, ekri Anna Klumpke: {{quote|Si nou te prevwa. yon fen sibit konsa, nou ta vote pou Rosa Bonheur, men nou pa t 'kapab prevwa katastwòf la. Nou te espere konsakre karyè li nan yon fason ki pi solanèl nan bay li meday onè nan okazyon Egzibisyon Inivèsèl 1900 la. Konsa nou ta kouwone karyè youn nan pi gwo pent bèt nan {{s- |XIX la. }}&lt;ref name=&quot;SAF&quot;&gt; Marie Borin, ''Rosa Bonheur, yon atis nan kòmansman feminis la'', Pygmalion, 2011, {{p.|381}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.}}

Antèman Rosa Bonheur fèt nan Thomery. Epi antèman li nan simityè Père-Lachaise se sijè a anpil atik nan ''[[La Fronde (jounal)|La Fronde]]'', yon jounal feminis ki te fonde pa [[Marguerite Durand (feminis)|Marguerite Durand]] an 1897&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. [[Hubertine Auclert]] regrèt ke li pa t aksepte onè militè pou antèman li a, yon omaj ke li te kapab resevwa kòm yon ofisye nan [[nasyonal lòd Legion of Honor|Legion ofonè]]&lt;ref name=&quot; :1&quot; /&gt;, men Rosa Bonheur te refize klèman.

=== Konfidansyalite ===
[[File:Permission de travestissement Rosa Bonheur.jpg|vignette|“Pmisyon pou kwazman” te jwenn an 1857.]]

Pandan ane jèn li nan peyi a, nan Château Grimont nan [[Quinsac (Gironde)|Quinsac]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Klumpke&quot; /&gt;, Rosa Bonheur te gen repitasyon pou yo te yon ti gason&lt;ref&gt;wè [[Gonzague Saint Bris|nan Gonzague Saint Bris]], ''Rosa Bonheur - Libète se non li.'' tout chapit la ''manmo a'' {{p.|17 a 41}}&lt;/ref&gt;, repitasyon ki te swiv li atravè tout lavi li e ke li pa t chèche demanti, mete cheve l kout epi answit fimen sigarèt ak siga an prive.

Li te toujou refize marye, yo nan lòd yo rete endepandan. Nan epòk la, maryaj te fè fanm sibòdone ak gason, e li te konsidere ke sa ta anpeche l konsakre tèt li nan atizay li&lt;ref name=&quot;Borin&quot;&gt;{{harvsp|Borin|2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Lavi emansipe ke Rosa Bonheur te mennen, sepandan, pa janm lakòz yon eskandal, nan yon epòk ki te trè konsène ak konvansyon&lt;ref&gt;{{Book|language=French|author1=Natacha Henry|title=Rosa Bonheur the Bold|place =Paris |piblikatè=Albin Michel Jeunesse|date=1 septanm 2020|isbn=|li sou entènèt=}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Menm jan ak tout fanm nan epòk li a depi nan yon òdonans ki soti nan {{dat-|Novanm 1800}}, Rosa Bonheur te oblije mande yon [[pèmi travestis]], renouvlab chak sis mwa nan men Prefecture Paris, pou l te kapab mete pantalon, patikilyèman nan objektif pou ale nan fwa bèt yo&lt;ref&gt;Michelle Zancarini-Fournel, ''Istwa fanm an Frans: {{sp-|XIX|-|XX}}'', [[Presses universitaire de Rennes ]], 2005, {{p.|192}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, vwayaje oswa monte yon chwal&lt;ref name=&quot;Borin&quot; /&gt;. Youn nan pèmisyon li yo, ki gen dat 1857, te rive jwenn nou. Nathalie Micas te mande li tou (pèmisyon li soti nan 1857 ka wè nan mize a By castle). Sepandan, nan tout foto ofisyèl oswa pandan pwomnad yo nan Pari, Rosa Bonheur ak Nathalie respekte lòd sa a epi yo toujou mete yon rad.

Si [[madivinism]] Rosa Bonheur, plizyè otè mansyone&lt;ref&gt;[[Franck Ferrand]], “La Peintre Rosa Bonheur”, pwogram ''Nan kè istwa'', {{date-|8 Mas 2012}} &lt;!-- (sou entènèt &lt;small&gt;[archive]&lt;/small&gt;) ki kote?--&gt; “Gonzague Saint-Bris imajine li se omoseksyèl. »&lt;/ref&gt; men lòt moun refize &lt;ref&gt;Marie Borin, ''Rosa Bonheur, yon atis nan kòmansman feminis la'', Pygmalion, 2011, {{p.|8}}.&lt;/ref&gt; {{, }}&lt;ref&gt;Pou [[#Borin2011|Marie Borin 2011]], {{p.|8}} “ipotèz envèrsyon Rosa Bonheur […] se te, nan je l [Rosa Bonheur], rezilta yon fo. entèpretasyon nan lavi li ak yon enkonpreyansyon total.&quot; Nan travay li, otè a pa jwenn okenn konfimasyon sou swadizan envèrsyon Rosa Bonheur nan piblikasyon {{s-|XIX}} la. Anplis de sa, pou Albert Boime, &quot;pa gen okenn endikasyon ki montre relasyon entim li ak fanm yo te fini seksyèlman. Represyon seksyalite ouvè, sitou pandan epòk Victoryen an, nan anpil relasyon pwofondman angaje, pa t estraòdinè, e li se yon chwa evidan nan yon sosyete kote yo tolere &quot;zanmitay amoure&quot; si yo refize seksyalite&quot; ([[#Boime1981|Boime 1981) ]], {{p.|386}}).&lt;/ref&gt; pa pwouve, sepandan li te ekri sa nan testaman li&lt;ref&gt;[[Suzette Robichon]] , ''Rosa Bonheur'', ''Ceci est mon testaman'', edisyon otè a prezante, Éditions iXe, 2012 {{isbn|979-10-90062-04-7}} {{p.|58}}&lt;/ref&gt;: “...pa gen ni pitit. ni tandrès pou sèks ki pi fò yo, eksepte yon amitye frank ak bon pou moun ki te gen tout estim mwen”. Li te viv nan yon konpayi reyèl ak de fanm.

Premye a, [[Nathalie Micas]], te tou yon pent ak pike sou mekanik (li envante yon pwosesis pou fren tren pou ki li te depoze patant la), te mouri an 1889&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} Martha Vicinus, ''Intimate Friends: Women Who Loved Women, 1778-1928 '' , [[University of Chicago Press]], 2004, {{pp.|15-18}} ak foto koup la.&lt;/ref&gt;, apre plis pase {{Unit|50|ane}} viv ansanm. . Nan ''Journal'' li a, Rosa Bonheur presize sa: &quot;Si mwen te yon gason, mwen ta marye ak li, epi nou pa ta envante tout istwa sòt sa yo...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[ Anna Klumpke]] , ''Rosa Bonheur, lavi li travay li'', 1908, {{p.|359}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Anna Klumpke - Portrait of Rosa Bonheur (1898).jpg|left|thumbnail|''Portrait of Rosa Bonheur by'' [[Anna Klumpke]], [[1898]], [[New York]], [[Metropolitan Mize Atizay]].]]

Dezyèm lan se Ameriken an [[Anna Klumpke]], yon pent ki gen talan tou, ke li te rankontre nan sezon otòn 1889, apre lanmò Nathalie Micas, e ke li te wè plizyè fwa ant 1895 ak 1898. Vini nan By nan { {dat-|Jen 1898}} pou pentire pòtrè Rosa Bonheur&lt;ref&gt;Li te pentire 3 ant 1898 ak 1899&lt;/ref&gt;, dènye a te mande l pou l viv avè l epi ede l ekri memwa l. Rosa Bonheur te deziyen l kòm eritye ak legatè inivèsèl li&lt;ref&gt;Testaman Rosa Bonheur: {{quote|Mwen bay {{Miss|Anna-Elisabeth Klumpke}}, konpayon mwen, parèy pent ak zanmi m, tout bagay mwen te ye. pral posede […]}}&lt;/ref&gt; lè m mouri, menm jan li te fè anvan pou Nathalie Micas.

=== Eritaj ===

Rosa Bonheur te fè [[Anna Klumpke]] eritye li ak [[Legatè inivèsèl an Frans|legatè inivèsèl li]], jan li te gen dwa fè, Men dènye a, pandan li te kenbe By rezidans la, te prefere vann (pou fasilite. tansyon ak fanmi Bonheur) {{quote|koleksyon an menmen nan etid akimile sou swasant ane nan travay (plis pase yon milyon lò)&lt;ref name=&quot;Benzoni&quot;&gt;Juliette Benzoni, ''Cent ans de la vie de château' ', C. de Bartillat, 1991, {{p.|207 a 212}}.&lt;/ref&gt;}} pou peye l mwatye nan sòm ki soti nan vant sa a. Kidonk, depi {{dat-|30 me}} rive {{dat-|8 jen 1900}}, {{Unit|2100|travay}} (penti, aquarelle, gravure ak bwonz) nan estidyo li a ansanm ak li. yo pral vann koleksyon prive nan [[Georges Petit (galeris)|galeri Georges Petit]] nan Pari&lt;ref&gt;{{harvsp|Klumpke|2001|p=257}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, sa ki lakòz yon efondreman nan pri a. nan atis la&lt;ref&gt;Rosa Bonheur (1822-1899), katalòg nan Egzibisyon nan Bòdo, Barbizon ak New York (1997-1998), {{p.|134}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

An 1908, Anna Klumpke te pibliye yon biyografi Rosa Bonheur&lt;ref&gt;{{Liv|premye non1=Anna|ti non1=Klumpke|otè lyen1=Anna Klumpke|title=Rosa Bonheur|subtitle=lavi li travay li|piblikatè=|ane =1908}}, Ernest Flammarion Piblikatè&lt;/ref&gt;. Li te kreye tou yon [[Rosa-Bonheur Prize]] nan [[Sosyete Atis Franse]].

Pandan [[Premye Gè Mondyal la]], By Castle te sèvi kòm yon lopital militè. Yon ti tan anvan [[Dezyèm Gè Mondyal la]], Anna Klumpke te retounen Ozetazini (kote li te fèt an 1856), e li te mouri la nan {{dat-|fevriye 1942}}. Sann li yo pral rapatriye an 1948 nan Pari pou yo mete yo nan kavo Rosa Bonheur ak Nathalie Micas&lt;ref&gt;Rejis antèman anyèl Père-Lachaise: {{date-|17 avril 1948}} (nan {{nobr| Divizyon 74}})&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[mize atelye Rosa-Bonheur la]], nan [[Thomery]] (sou lizyè [[forè Fontainebleau a]]), te achte an 2017, te retabli. Ouvè a piblik la, li evoke atis la nan rezidans kote li te pase karant ane nan lavi li &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.chateau-rosa-bonheur.fr/ Site du château].&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Egzibisyon monografik ===
&lt;!-- Lis ki pa konplè --&gt;
* 18 oktòb 2022 - 15 janvye 2023 : ''Rosa Bonheur (1822-1899)'', [[Pari]], [[Musée d'Orsay|musee d'Orsay]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen web | title= Rosa Bonheur (1822-1899) - 2022-10-18 {{!}} Musée d'Orsay |url=https://www.musee-orsay.fr/fr/agenda/expositions/rosa-bonheur-1822 -1899 |site=musee-orsay.fr |accessed on=2022-11-05}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 3 jen 2022 - 23 janvye 2023: '' Kaptire nanm nan. Rosa Bonheur ak atis bèt'', [[Château de Fontainebleau]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen web|language=fr-FR|title=Egzibisyon &quot;Capturing the soul! Rosa Bonheur and animal art&quot;|url=https:// www.chateaudefontainebleau.fr/exposition-capturer-lame-rosa-bonheur-et-lart-animalier/|site=Château de Fontainebleau|dat=2022-02-07|accessed on=2022-11-05}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Omaj ===
[[Fichye:Taureau_Rosa_Bonheur_Fontainebleau.jpg|vignette|''Moniman pou Rosa Bonheur'', nan [[Fontainebleau]] (1901), te detwi an 1942 (towo bèf fonn men plak yo te sove epi konsève nan New York) .]]
[[Fichye:Statue-Rosa-Bonheur_face_10-2018.jpg|vignette|[[Gaston Veuvenot Leroux|Gaston Leroux]], ''Monuman pou Rosa Bonheur'' (1910), mab, [[jaden piblik nan Bòdo]].]]

[[Rue Rosa-Bonheur (Paris)|rue Rosa Bonheur]] ki sitiye nan {{arrondissement|15|Paris|long=oui}} te rele nan onè li (depi 1900), osi byen ke yon lari nan Bòdo ( ansyen rue Cousse anvan 1901), ak yon lari nan [[Nantes]], menm jan ak kolèj Rosa-Bonheur nan [[Bruges (Gironde)|Bruges]] nan Gironde, nan [[Le Châtelet-en-Brie|Châtelet - en-Brie]] ak [[Bray-et-Lû]], lekòl primè [[Bassens (Gironde)|Bassens]] ak [[Magny-les-Hameaux]], ak lekòl matènèl nan [[Montceau-les -Min]], nan [[La Réole]] ak nan [[Amiens]]. Genyen tou lari ki gen non li nan [[Thomery]], [[Melun]], [[Fontainebleau]], [[Nice]], [[La Rochelle]], [[Lyon]], [[Belfort] ] , [[Perpignan]], [[Roubaix]], [[Vesoul]], [[Wasquehal]] ak [[Saint-Aubin-de-Médoc]]. Kay boza vizyèl nan [[Chevilly-Larue]] pote non li, atis la te viv nan vil la soti 1845 rive 1858.

[[Ernest Gambart]] te ofri yon ''Moniman pou Rosa Bonheur'', yon ti towo bèf an kwiv, yon elajisman yon estati atis la, li te bati nan [[Fontainebleau]] sou [[kote a]] an 1901. Napoléon-Bonaparte|kote Denecourt, kounye a plas Napoléon Bonaparte]]. Baz la te dekore ak twa bas-relief pa [[Isidore Bonheur]], ki konpoze apre gwo travay pa sè l ', ak yon pòtrè meday nan Rosa Bonheur pa neve li, [[Hippolyte Peyrol]]. Ti towo bèf la te [[Mobilizasyon metal ki pa fè yo|voye nan fè je]] an 1942, anba [[rejim Vichy]]. Sepandan, twa bas-relief yo te kapab sove epi yo konsève nan [[New York]], nan [[Dahesh Art Museum]]&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240810001928/https://e-monumen.net/patrimoine-monumental/ monument-a-rosa-bonheur-fontainebleau-fondu/ « Monument pou Rosa Bonheur – Fontainebleau (fonn) »], avi sou e-monumen.net&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yon ''Moniman pou Rosa Bonheur'' (1910) an mab pa [[Gaston Veuvenot Leroux|Gaston Leroux]], ki reprezante l chita epi li kenbe yon palèt, dekore [[jaden piblik Bòdo]]. Modèl la lacho te akeri pa Vil Bòdo an 1903&lt;ref&gt;[https://anosgrandshomme.musee-orsay.fr/index.php/Detail/objects/1517 “Monuman Rosa Bonheur”], avi sou ''anosgrandshomme .musee-orsay.fr''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

An 1942, Jacques Prévert te ekri yon powèm ''Presque'' (pibliye an 1946), an omaj a moniman Rosa Bonheur nan Fontainebleau.
Apre sezon otòn [[Dezyèm Anpi]], pandan siksè komèsyal li te pwoteje li kont enkyetid pou fè kritik yo plezi, moun ki te an kontak ak tandans nan moman an te kòmanse gen dout:

{{quote block|Èske fanm yo ka gwo pent? Nou ta tante reponn
&quot;wi&quot; lè nou gade &quot;Boeufs&quot; pa Rosa Bonheur, epi di &quot;petèt&quot;
oswa menm “non” lè w ap etidye figi moun li yo.|[[Jules Claretie]], 1874&lt;ref&gt;{{Liv|premye1=Jules|ti non1=Claretie|otè lyen1=Jules Claretie|tit=Pint ak sculpteur kontanporen| location=Paris|editè=Charpentier|ane=1874|li sou entènèt=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6580312v/f145}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.}}

[[Modernism]] repiye genre penti li yo. Dapre [[Ambroise Vollard]], [[Paul Cézanne]] konsidere li {{quote|yon ekselan sou-lòd}}. {{quote|Li mande m kisa fanatik yo panse de Rosa Bonheur. Mwen te di l ke nou jeneralman dakò ke ''Labourage Nivernais'' te trè fò. &quot;Wi,&quot; reponn Cézanne, &quot;se terib ki sanble&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Liv|prenon1=Ambroise|ti non1=Vollard|lyen otè1=Ambroise Vollard|tit=Paul Cézanne|place=Paris|editè=Georges Crès|ane =1919 |pasaj=115, 180|li sou entènèt=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6577397v/f161}}&lt;/ref&gt;.}}

Mond atizay la pa bliye l nèt, sitou pou fè l tounen yon papye: {{quote|Li sètènman pa chape pou mwen ke literati bucolic gen tandans pou fasilite. Tout aspè &quot;Rosa Bonheur&quot; nan atizay sa a, mwen pè sa a}}, ekri [[François Mauriac]]&lt;ref&gt;Mauriac, ''Mémoires nationaux'', 1959, {{p.|20}}, site nan [ http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/facilit%C3%A9 CNTRL: “Facilité”].&lt;/ref&gt;.

Soti nan me jiska {{dat-|Out 1997}}, yon gwo retrospektiv sou Rosa Bonheur te fèt nan [[musee des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux]], apre sa te rekòmanse nan fen ane 1997, nan [[musee des Peintres. de Barbizon] ] lè sa a, nan kòmansman ane 1998, nan New York, nan [[Dahesh Art Museum]].

An 2017, nan okazyon [[WorldPride]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |language=spanish |title=Bonheur, Rosa |url=https://www.museodelprado.es/aprende/enciclopedia/voz/ joie- rosa/fc30c20b-3bb3-4cfb-a308-97979a234c18 |site=museodelprado.es |date=}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Broken link|language=fr|author1=AFP| title= Yon dezi ekspoze ak entèdi: Prado a ekspoze LGBT nan atizay|periodic=Libération.fr|date=30/06/2017|issn=|li sou entènèt=http://www.liberation.fr/planete /2017/06/30 /un-desir-expose-et-banni-le-prado-expose-les-lgbt-dans-l-art_1580600|accessed on=2017-07-17|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; , Rosa Bonheur te konsidere yon &quot;[[Madivin, masisi, biseksyèl ak transganr|LGBT]] atis&quot;, kòm evidans prezans li nan egzibisyon ''La mirada del otro'' nan [[Mize Prado]] nan [[Madrid]].

=== Rosa Bonheur, yon fanm ki angaje nan atis li ===

An 1865, li te premye atis fi ki te nonmen nan ran [[National Order of the Legion of Honor|Knight of the Legion of Honor]]. [[Eugénie de Montijo|Enperatris Eugénie]] te ba li an pèsòn, li te vle demontre ke {{Quote|jenius pa t gen sèks}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Liv|language =fr|original language=en|Prenon1=Harris, Ann|Ti non1=Sutherland.|Prenon2=Nochlin, Linda, 1931-|Ti non2=...|Prenon3=Mize Konte Los Angeles |Ti non3=atizay.|Premye name4=print .|name4=Delmas)|title=Fanm pent: 1550-1950: [ekspozisyon, Los Angeles County museum of art 1976]|location=Paris|editè=Des Femmes|date=1981-01-01|total paj =366| isbn=2-7210-0208-2|oclc=461770300|li sou entènèt=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/461770300}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Web lyen| langue=fr|title=Rosa Bonheur {{!}} Gran Chanseri a|url=http://www.legiondhonor.fr/fr/decores/rosa-bonheur/133|site=legiondhonor.fr|accessed on= 2017- 02-25}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Epi an 1894, li pral premye fanm ki te monte nan ofisye Legiyon Onè a.

Li te jwenn aksè nan gwo penti malgre tout baryè yo te enpoze sou fanm ak tablo li ''Le Laborage nivernais'' an 1849, pa tèm nan, gwosè a ({{Dunity|1.34|2.6|m}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen web| langue=fr|title=Musée d'Orsay: Rosa Bonheur Labourage nivernais|url=http://www.musee-orsay.fr/fr/collections/oeuvres-commentees/recherche/commentaire/commentaire_id/ plowing-nivernais-31. html?no_cache=1&amp;cHash=1eb846396a|site=musee-orsay.fr|accessed on=2017-02-25|broken on = 2023-12-01}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) ak konpozisyon &lt;ref name=&quot;: 0&quot;&gt;{{Liv|otè1=[[Élisabeth Lebovici]]|title=Fanm atis, fanm atis|subtitle=Pari, depi 1880 jiska jounen jodi a|editè=[[ éditions Hazan]] |ane=2007|total paj =479|isbn=978-2-7541-0206-3|isbn2=2-7541-0206-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Travay sa a refere a ''[[La Mare au Diable]]'' pa [[George Sand]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Bèt yo travèse tablo a nan yon liy orizontal&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.
Li trase yon estrateji komèsyal pou asire endepandans finansye li&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Li konstitye yon atelye pwodiksyon ak Nathalie Micas ak [[Juliette Bonheur]]. [[Goupil &amp; Cie|Maison Goupil]] repwodui travay li yo an [[enprent]] ki vle rann atizay aksesib pou tout moun, pou asire l lajè distribisyon. Li bay entèvyou ak foto pou fòme yon lejand sou karaktè li&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Li ale nan yon vwayaj ak machann atizay li pou jwenn rezo lavant li yo epi fè pwomosyon penti li yo&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Book|langue=fr|author1=Christine Bard|author2=Sylvie Chaperon| title=Dictionary of Feminists| subtitle=Frans, {{sp-|XVIII|-|XXI}}|place=Paris|editè=[[Presses Universitaires de France]]|ane=2017|total paj=1700|isbn =978-2-13-078720 -4}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Li se premye atis nan istwa penti ki gen penti mache atizay la te espekile sou pandan lavi l&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;.

Nan kòmansman {{s-|XX}} la, Rosa Bonheur te sèvi kòm modèl pou fanm atis. Epi y ap fè referans ak li lè yo mande dwa pou fanm yo vin manm Jiri [[Salon des artistes français]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

An 1980, byograf Danielle Digne te asosye Rosa Bonheur ak kòmansman [[feminis]], akoz lavi li te mennen anpil lib. Pandan ke an 1997 yo te toujou jije zèv li yo pre [[kitsch]]&lt;ref&gt;{{atik|otè=Annick Colonna-Césari|title=Mademoiselle Rosa|periodik=[[L'Express]]|dat=31 jiyè 1997|li sou entènèt=http://www.lexpress.fr/information/mademoiselle-rosa_623712.html}}; {{atik|language=en|title=Save the Columbus Circle Two|periodical=The Wall Street Journal|ane=2000|mwa=Mas|jou=8|li sou entènèt=https://www.wsj.com/articles / SB952483153511981014}}&lt;/ref&gt; ak cutesy&lt;ref&gt;{{foreign quote|language=en|mawkish}} {{article|language=en|premye non=Bob|ti non=Felner|title=Pafwa yon gwo penti|periodik =New York Magazine|dat=27 fevriye 1989|li sou entènèt=https://books.google.fr/books?id=7ucCAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA128}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Travay ===
{{Loup|Lis penti pa Rosa Bonheur}}
&lt;!-- Lis ki pa konplè, nan lòd alfabetik nan lokalite yo --&gt;

==== Ozetazini ====
* {{link|lang=en|Buffalo_Bill_Center_of_the_West|texte=Buffalo Bill Historical Center}} ''Kolonèl William F. Cody ([[Buffalo Bill]])'', lwil sou twal.
* [[New York]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]:
** ''Mache chwal'', 1853, lwil sou twal, {{dunity|2.5|5|m}};
** ''Calves'', 1879, lwil sou twal.
* [[Saint-Louis (Missouri)]], [[Saint-Louis Art Museum]]: ''Hunting Lodge'', 1887, lwil oliv sou twal.
* [[Washington (District of Columbia)|Washington]], [[Ford Theatre#The Petersen House|Petersen House]]: repwodiksyon (gravure) ''Mache Cheval'' anlè kabann lanmò [[Abraham Lincoln]] .

==== An Frans ====
* [[Bòdo]], [[Mize Fine Arts Bòdo|Mize Fine Arts]]: ''La Foulaison'', 1899, lwil sou twal.
* [[Chartres]], [[Koleksyon penti ki soti nan Musée des Beaux-Arts de Chartres|musee des Beaux-Arts]]: ''Cheval'', lwil sou twal, 1883, achte, 1900 &lt;small&gt;(inv 6773)&lt;/small&gt;.
* [[Évreux]], [[Évreux museum]]: ''Pirene yo'', lwil sou twal.
* [[Fontainebleau]], [[Château de Fontainebleau|mize nasyonal chato Fontainebleau]]: ''[https://www.chateaudefontainebleau.fr/collection-et-ressources/les-collections/peintures/la- fenaison -auvergne/ Haymaking in Overgne]'', 1855, lwil oliv sou twal.
* [[Langres]], [[Mize Atizay ak Istwa Langres|mize Atizay ak Istwa]]: ''Etid sou yon lyon'', lwil sou twal, akeri an 1900 ({{N°|envantè}} : 900-1-2).
* [[Lille]], [[Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille|palais des Beaux-Arts]]: ''Landais Shepherd'', lwil sou twal.
* [[Musée des Beaux-Arts d’Orléans|Orléans, Musée des Beaux-Arts]]:
** ''Bèf k'ap pâturaj'', anviwon 1845, lwil sou twal, 38 x 46 cm&lt;ref&gt;{{Liv|otè1=Éric Moinet|title=Le Temps des passions. Koleksyon amoure nan mize Orléans|pasage=n°36|place=Orléans|piblikatè=musee des Beaux-Arts|ane=1997|isbn=2-910173-07-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Pari]]
** [[Louvre Museum]]: ''Le Duel'' (enspire pa istwa [[Godolphin Arabian]] pur sang la);
** [[Musée d'Orsay]]: ''Labourage nivernais'', 1849, lwil sou twal.

==== Nan Polòy ====
* [[Varsovie]], [[Mize Nasyonal nan Varsovie|mize nasyonal]]: ''Sultan ak Rosette, chen [[Czartoryski House|Czartoryski]]'', 1853, lwil sou twal.

=== Travay referans ===
* ''Portre Sultan ak Saïda'', anviwon 1888, de lyon donzatè a [[François Bidel]]&lt;ref&gt;François Bidel, ''Mémoires de yon dompteur'', Librairie de l'Art, Paris, 1888. , {{p.|153-154}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, pa lokalize

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot; caption=&quot;Travay pa Rosa Bonheur&quot;&gt;
File:Musée d'Orsay - Rosa Bonheur - Labourage nivernais - 001.jpg|''[[Labourage nivernais]]'' (1849), [[Paris]], [[musee d'Orsay]].
File:Bonheur Sultan and Rosette.jpg|''Sultan ak Rosette, chen [[Czartoryski House|Czartoryski]]'' (1852), [[Mize Nasyonal nan Varsovie]].
File:Rosa Bonheur - Deer in Repose - 20.93 - Detroit Institute of Arts.jpg|''[[Does and deer at rest]]'' (1867), [[Detroit Institute of Arts]].
File:Rosa Bonheur, Le Roi de la forêt, 1878.jpg|''The King of the Forest'' (1878), koleksyon prive.
File:Rosa Bonheur Calves 1879.jpg|''Veaux'' (1879), [[New York]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].
File:Tableau &quot;Cheval&quot; Rosa Bonheur 1883 musée de Chartres Eure-et-Loir France.jpg|''Cheval'' (1883), [[Koleksyon penti Mize Fine Arts de Chartres|mize Fine Arts de Chartres ]].
File:Rosa Bonheur - Relay Hunting.jpg|''Relay Hunting'' (1887), [[Saint-Louis Art Museum]].
File:Rosa Bonheur, Étude de lionne.jpg|''Etid yon lyones'', [[mize Art ak Istwa Langres]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Onè ===
* Salon 1845: {{3yèm|klas}} meday (&quot;Peyizaj ak bèt&quot;).
* Salon 1848: {{1ye|klas}} meday.
* Salon 1853: penti li yo egzante de jiri admisyon nan Salon an.
* 1863: manm onorè Akademi [[Pènsilvani|Pennsilvani]] nan Fine Arts ak Sosyete Atis Bèlj.
* 1865 : {{deco|CeLH}} : dekrè nan konsèy minis {{dat-|8 jen}}, ki te siyen pa [[Eugénie de Montijo|empress-regent]]&lt;ref&gt;Kwonik atizay yo. ak kiryozite. Sipleman nan Gazette des beaux-arts, twazyèm volim, {{nobr|nimewo 35}}, 1865, {{p.|223}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Link Entènèt|lang =FR|name1=text|premye non1=Frans Otè|tit=Bilten lwa Repiblik Fransè a, dekrè Empress-Regent la ki te dat 8 jen 1865 nan paj 1095.|url=https://gallica.bnf .fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30716909|site=Gallica|date=1865-01|accessed on=2020-05-16}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ; Kwa San Carlos nan [[Meksik]], akòde pa Anperè Maximilian ak Empress Carlotta.
* 1868: manm Akademi an Antwerp nan Fine Arts.
* 1880: Kòmandan lòd wayal Isabella pa {{noble|Alphonse XII| nan peyi Espay}} ak [[Order of Leopold|kwa Leopold nan Bèljik]].
* 1885: manm onorè nan Royal Academy of Watercolorists nan Lond ak Merit of Fine Arts nan Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
* 1894: {{deco|OeLH}}
* 1899: meday posthume nan onè Sosyete atis franse&lt;ref name=&quot;SAF&quot;/&gt;.

=== Pòtre ki reprezante Rosa Bonheur ===
[[Fichye:Rosa Bonheur dans son atelier par Fould.jpg|vignette|''Rosa Bonheur in her studio by'' [[Georges Achille-Fould]] (ak Rosa Bonheur), [[1893]].]]
* [[Raymond Bonheur (pent)|Raymond Bonheur]], ''Portre Rosa Bonheur nan bèso a'' (1823), [[Mize Fine Arts Bòdo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Base Mona Lisa|000PE022272}} &lt;/ref&gt;.
* Raymond Bonheur, ''Portre Rosa ak Auguste Bonheur antanke timoun'' (1836), Mize Bòdo Fine Arts&lt;ref&gt;{{Base Mona Lisa|000PE020229}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Auguste Bonheur]], ''Portre Rosa Bonheur'' (1844), Mize Bòdo Fine Arts.
* [[Pierre-Jean David d'Angers|David d'Angers]], ''Dwa pwofil Rosa Bonheur'' (1854), pòtrè an meday, Mize Bòdo Fine Arts.
* [[Édouard Dubufe]] (ak Rosa Bonheur, ki te pentire towo bèf la), ''Portre Rosa Bonheur'' (1857), [[mize Istwa Fransè (Versailles)]].
* [[Auguste Victor Deroy]], ''Rosa Bonheur nan estidyo li nan konpayi Empress Eugénie'' (1863), apre [[Frédéric Lix]].
* [[Soulange Tessier|Louis Soulange-Tessier]], ''Rosa Bonheur'' (apre 1865), litograf apre yon foto [[Frères Bisson|Louis Auguste Bisson]], [[mize nasyonal Château de Compiègne ] ].
* [[Georges Achille-Fould]] (ak Rosa Bonheur ki te pentire lyon an, lyon an ak ti lyon yo), ''Rosa Bonheur nan estidyo li'' (1893), Bordeaux Museum of Fine Arts&lt;ref&gt;{{Mona Lisa baz|000PE022037}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Anna Klumpke]], twa pòtrè Rosa Bonheur (soti 1898 rive 1899), New York, Château de Fontainebleau ak Château de By.
* [[Gaston Veuvenot Leroux]], ''Estati Rosa Bonheur'' (1910), jaden piblik Bòdo. Modèl lacho a (1902) te aksidantèlman detwi nan peyi Itali&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link|title=Pou gran mesye nou yo - Monumentalite nan kat postal: Monument: Monument to Rosa Bonheur [1555]|url=https://anosgrandshomme .musee- orsay.fr/index.php/Detail/objects/1517|site=anosgrandshomme.musee-orsay.fr|accessed on=2020-02-03}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Charles-Michel Geoffroy|Charles Michel Geoffroy]], ''Pòtre Rosa Bonheur'', gravure apre yon desen pa Auguste Bonheur, mize nasyonal Château de Compiègne (dat?).

== Dokimantè ==
* [[2022 nan sinema|2022]]: ''Rosa Bonheur, dame nature'' pa [[Grégory Monro]]
* [[2022 sou televizyon|2022]]: ''[[Sekrè Istwa]]'': ''[[Sezon 16 Sekrè Istwa#Rosa Bonheur, la fe bèt|Rosa Bonheur, bèt yo fe]]'', dokimantè-fiksyon pa Julien Poinot

== Nòt ak referans ==
{{Referans|group=alpha}}

{{Anpil referans|gwosè=30}}

== Apendis ==
=== Bibliyografi ===
* {{chapit|title=Yon edikasyon Sen-Simonyen nan {{s-|XIX}}. Atis pei a nou Rosa Bonheur (1822-1899) |otè=Chantal Antier |tit travay=Sèks &amp; edikasyon: Antrene, fòme, fòme nan fanm |otè travay=Paul Pasteur, Marie-Françoise Lemmonier-Delpy, Martine Gest, et. al. |pasage=419-433 |editè=Presses Universitaires de Rouen et du Havre |li sou entènèt=https://books.openedition.org/purh/1786?lang=fr |accessed on=17 mas 2022}}
* {{en}} [[Dore Ashton]], Denise Browne Hare, ''Rosa Bonheur: yon lavi ak yon lejand'', Viking, 1981
* {{atik|language=en|li sou entènèt=http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/images/The_Case_of_Rosa_Bonheur.pdf |premye1=Albert |ti non1=Boime |tit=Ka Rosa Bonheur: Poukisa ta dwe Yon Fanm Vle Plis Tankou Yon Gason? |periodical=Istwa Art|volim=4 |nimewo=4 |mwa=Desanm|ane=1981|pasaj=384-409}}
* Rosa Bonheur, [[Anna Klumpke]], ''Souvni lavi mwen'', Phébus, 2022
* Sandra Buratti-Hassan ak Leïla Jarbouai (dir.), ''Rosa Bonheur (1822–1899)'' [cat. eksp. Bòdo, Mize Fine Arts, {{dat-|18 me}} – {{dat-|18 septanm 2022}}; Paris, Musée d'Orsay, {{dat-|18 oktòb 2022}} – {{dat-|15 janvye 2023}}], Paris, Musées d'Orsay and de l'Orangerie / Flammarion, 2022 {{ISBN |978 -2-08028-096-1}}
* Sandra Buratti-Hassan ak Leïla Jarbouai, ''Rosa Bonheur, gade bèt yo'', Éditions Des Falaises, 2022 {{ISBN|978-2-84811-553-5}}
* [[Marie-Jo Bonnet]], ''Les Deux Amies. Koup fanm nan atizay'', Éditions Blanche, 2000
* {{Liv| firstname1=Marie| name1=Borin| lyen otè1=Marie Borin| title=Rosa Bonheur| subtitle= Yon Atis nan douvanjou feminis| publisher=[[Pygmalion (mezon piblikasyon)|Pygmalion]]| ane=2011| total paj=446| isbn=978-2-7564-0662-6| li sou entènèt=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Xs_xpV8HRqcC}}.
* {{Travay
|language=fr |author1 = Patricia Bouchenot-Déchin
|title=Mwen gen enèji yon lyon nan kò yon zwazo
|ane=2022
|total paj=384
|isbn=978-2-2264-6647-1
}}
* {{Liv| prenon1 = Danielle| name1 = Diy| tit = Rosa Bonheur or insolence| subtitle=istwa yon lavi 1822-1899| editer=[[Éditions Denoël]]| ane=1980| isbn=| oclc=419275361}}
* {{Liv | lang=en | premye non1= Albertine | name1=Gentou | title=Rosa Bonheur | subtitle= yon fanm nan sèvis atizay | kote=Pari | publisher=[[Éditions L'Harmattan|L'Harmattan]] | ane=2018 | total paj=115 | isbn=978-2-343-15939-3}}
* Didier Lévêque, Eliane Foulquié (dir.), ''Pinting Indians, the art of Karl Bodmer, Rosa Bonheur, Antoine Tzapoff'', Paris, Les Amis de Rosa Bonheur {{ISBN|978-2-9567368-3 -7 }}
*[[Natacha Henry]], ''Rosa Bonheur ak Buffalo Bill, yon amitye admirab'', Robert Laffont, 2019
*Natacha Henry, ''Rosa Bonheur the audacious'', Albin Michel, 2020
* {{Liv |prenon1=Anna |ti non1=Klumpke |otè lyen1=Anna Klumpke |tit=Rosa Bonheur |subtitle=lavi li travay li |plas=Paris|editè=Ernest Flammarion |ane=1908 }}
* {{Liv |lang=nan |premye1=Anna |ti non1=Klumpke |tit=Rosa Bonheur |sous-titre=Otobiyografi Atis la |piblikatè=University of Michigan Press |ane=2001 |isbn=}}
* {{Liv | firstname1=Frédéric | name1=Lepelle de Bois-Gallais | title=Biyografi Mademoiselle Rosa Bonheur | kote=Pari | editè=E. Gambart | ane=1856 | li sou entènèt=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k104288p}}
* {{Liv | firstname1=Eugene de | name1=Mirecourt | lyen otè1=Eugène de Mirecourt | title=Rosa Bonheur | editè=G. Harvard | ane=1856 | total paj=94 | li sou entènèt=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k200564h.r=Rosa+Bonheur.langEN}}
* {{Liv | firstname1=Eugene de | name1=Mirecourt | title=Rosa Bonheur | publisher=Librairie des Contemporains | ane=1869 | total paj=64 | li sou entènèt=https://books.google.fr/books?id=74MVAAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover}}
* Emma Noyant, « Il est l'heure Rosa Bonheur », ''Artension'', {{n°|173}}, mai-{{date-|juin 2022}}, {{p.|88-91}}
* Francis Ribemont (dir.), ''Rosa Bonheur (1822–1899)'' [cat. exp. Bordeaux, musée des beaux-arts, {{date-|24 mai}} – {{date-|31 août 1997}} ; Barbizon, musée de l’École de Barbizon, {{date-|19 septembre}} – {{date-|18 novembre 1997}} ; New York, Dahesh Museum, {{date-|16 décembre 1997}} – {{date-|21 février 1998}}], Bordeaux, musée des beaux-arts / New York, William Blake &amp; Co., 1997 {{ISBN|2-8410-3070-9}} [[Suzette Robichon]], ''Rosa Bonheur'', ''Ceci est mon testament'', édition présentée par l'auteur, Éditions iXe, 2012 {{isbn|979-10-90062-04-7}}
* [[Léon Roger-Milès]], ''Rosa Bonheur. Sa vie, son œuvre'', Société d'édition artistique, 1923. Réédition en 2010
* Francis Ribemont (dir.), ''Rosa Bonheur (1822–1899)'' [cat. exp. Bordeaux, musée des beaux-arts, {{date-|24 mai}} – {{date-|31 août 1997}} ; Barbizon, musée de l’École de Barbizon, {{date-|19 septembre}} – {{date-|18 novembre 1997}} ; New York, Dahesh Museum, {{date-|16 décembre 1997}} – {{date-|21 février 1998}}], Bordeaux, musée des beaux-arts / New York, William Blake &amp; Co., 1997
* Josée Rodrigo, ''Un déjeuner avec Rosa Bonheur et Buffalo Bill'', La Déviation, 2022
* [[Gonzague Saint Bris]], ''Rosa Bonheur - Liberté est son nom'', Paris, Robert Laffont, 2012
* {{Article|langue=english|auteur1=Elaine Sciolino|titre=Rich, Famous and Then Forgotten: The Art of Rosa Bonheur|périodique=The New York Times|date=17 octobre 2022|lire en ligne=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/17/arts/design/rosa-bonheur.html|consulté le=19 octobre 2022}}
* {{en}} Theodore Stanton, ''Reminescenses of Rosa Bonheur'', Londres, 1910
* {{Ouvrage|langue=en|auteur1=Robyn Montana Turner|titre=Rosa Bonheur|éditeur=[[Little, Brown and Company]]|collection=Portraits of women artists for children|année=1991|isbn=978-0-316-85648-5}}
* [[Musée de l'atelier Rosa-Bonheur]]
* {{Ouvrage
|langue=fr
|titre=Les illustres de Bordeaux
|sous-titre=catalogue
|volume=1
|lieu=Bordeaux
|éditeur=Dossiers d'Aquitaine
|année=2013
|pages totales=80
|isbn=978-2-84622-232-7
|présentation en ligne=https://www.ddabordeaux.com/produit/nos-livres/memoire-et-patrimoine/les-illustres-de-bordeaux/
}}
* {{Ouvrage|auteur=Jean-Louis Balleret|titre=Rosa Bonheur en Nivernais|année=2023|éditeur=Camosine|collection=Les Annales des Pays Nivernais|numéro dans collection=187|issn=0153-7121|url=https://camosine.fr/rosa-bonheur-en-nivernais/}}.
* Jean-Louis Balleret, ''De Corot à Balthus : Un siècle de grands peintres dans la Nièvre et le Morvan,'' préface de Jacques Thuillier, Paris, Éditions Cercle d’art, 1997, 168 p. {{ISBN|9782702205228}}. Une réflexion sur la géographie et l'histoire de l'art, illustrée par l’œuvre paysagiste de six peintres : Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, Henri Harpignies, André Lhote, Johan-Barthold Jongkind, Balthus et Rosa Bonheur.

=== Article connexe ===

=== Liens externes ===
{{Autres projets|commons=Category:Rosa Bonheur|commons titre=Rosa Bonheur|Wikisource=Auteur:Rosa Bonheur|Wikiquote=Rosa Bonheur}}
* [http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/joconde_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&amp;FIELD_1=AUTR&amp;VALUE_1=BONHEUR%20Rosa&amp;DOM=All&amp;REL_SPECIFIC=1&amp;IMAGE_ONLY=CHECKED Base Joconde : Œuvres de Rosa Bonheur référencées dans les musées français]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240229214359/https://www.amisderosabonheur.asso.fr/ Association des Amis de Rosa Bonheur]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200823015804/http://archives.seine-et-marne.fr/marie-rosalie-bonheur-1822-1899-dite-rosa-bonheur Dossier historique « Rosa Bonheur », Archives départementales de Seine-et-Marne]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240304170305/https://rosabonheur77.fr/fr Rosa Bonheur en Seine-et-Marne] 
{{liens}}


{{CLEDETRI:Bonheur, Rosa}}</text>
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'''Miss.Tic''', psedonim Radhia Novat, fèt {{dat nesans-|20|fevriye|1956}} nan [[Pari]] e li mouri nan {{dat lanmò-|22| me |2022}} nan menm vil la&lt;ref&gt;{{web link|title=Lamò atis grafiti Miss. Tic, pyonye atizay lari|sit=[[Konesans boza]]| date=2022-05-23|issn=1760-6454|url=https://www.connaissancedesarts.com/arts-expositions/street-art/mort-de-la-graffeuse-miss-tic-pionniere-du- street-art-11173697/|accessed on=2022-07-18}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, se yon [[artis iben|atizay lari]] li te ye pou travay [[stencil]] li yo, sitou sou mi yo. [[kapital]] franse. [[Atis plastik]]fèt ak [[powèt|powèt]] nan [[ati iben]], zèv li yo parèt nan peyizaj imaj ak vil la depi [[1985]].

Estil li a karakterize pa reprezantasyon [[sensuality|sensual]] fanm ki gen cheve nwa, akonpaye pa [[aforism]] ki eksprime nan fòm [[pun|puns]] ki defann libète&lt;ref &gt;{{Web link| title=Miss Tic: lavi li, travay li |url=https://www.pariszigzag.fr/paris-au-quotidien/miss-tic-sa-vie-son-oeuvre |site=Paris ZigZag {{!}} Etranj ak sekrè |otè=Virginie Paillard |accessed=2022-07-04}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Biyografi ==
=== Jèn ===
Li te fèt nan Pari ak yon papa imigran Tunisyen, pafwa yon travayè, pafwa [[Forts des Halles|fort des Halles]], ak yon manman Norman ak &quot;peyizan eklere&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;LeVaillant&quot;/&gt;, Miss.Tic te grandi. nan Montmartre anvan fanmi l te deplase, an 1964, nan Cité des Aviateurs, nan [[Orly]]. An [[1966]], manman l, frè l ak grann li te mouri nan yon aksidan machin; konsekans trajedi sa a pral fè l tounen yon &quot;gòch obligatwa&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;LeVaillant&quot;&gt;{{web link
|otè=Luc Le Vaillant
|title=Yon fanm ki gen matirite
|sit=[[Liberation (newspaper)|Liberasyon]]
|dat=17 novanm 2005
|url=https://www.liberation.fr/portrait/2005/11/17/une-femme-mur_539317/
|aksede nan=17 jiyè 2022
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nan [[1972]], papa l te mouri nan yon atak kè; li gen sèzan.

=== Fòmasyon ===
Apre etid segondè li yo, li te antrene nan [[atis aplike]] travay: seri teyat, modèl, [[photoengraving]]&lt;ref&gt;{{web link|title=Miss.Tic, powèt atis iben nan Paris|url=https: //www.paris-a-nu.fr/miss-tic-poete-dart-urbain-a-paris/|site=paris-a-nu.fr |auteur=Gérard |date=9 jiyè 2016|accessed 6 jiyè , 2022}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;M.T Paris&quot;&gt;''Miss.Tic in Paris'', [[Edisyon Kritè]], koleksyon Urbanité, nan ko-piblikasyon ak [[ Paris Musées]], 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;. Li sitou fè teyat nan lari ansanm ak konpayi ''Zéro de conduct''&lt;ref name=graff/&gt;. An 1980, [[atis]] la te ale nan [[California]], [[Los Angeles]] ak [[San Francisco]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{web link|title=Miss Tic, prensès grafiti, te mouri. a laj de 66 an|site=LeMonde.fr|date=2022-05-23&lt;!--date mete ajou--&gt;|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/ 2022/05/22 /miss-tic-princesse-du-graffiti-est-morte-a-l-age-de-66-ans_6127219_3382.html|consulted on=2022-07-04}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, kote li patisipe nan eksè yo nan ''[[Anba tè|kilti anba tè]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;tat&quot; /&gt; sèk yo. Li te retounen an [[Frans]] dezan apre apre yon desepsyon amoure, li te deside sèvi ak santiman sa a kòm yon pratik atistik&lt;ref name=tat&gt;{{web link| title=Miss.Tic, atis vil tatoo | otè= Véronique Cauhapé | sit=[[Mond lan]] | dat=16 avril 2009 | url=https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2009/04/16/miss-tic-tatoeuse-de-villes_1181551_3246.html }}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=graff /&gt;, ak [[stencil]] ak [[bonm aerosol]] kòm teknik ak miray ranpa yo kòm sipò&lt;ref name=&quot;Genin&quot;&gt;Christophe Genin, ''Miss.Tic, femme de l'être' ', [[Les Impressions Nouvelles]], 2008.''&lt;/ref&gt;. Li prete [[pseudonim]] li nan pèsonaj [[sòsyè]] [[Miss Tick]]&lt;ref name=&quot;LeVaillant&quot;/&gt; ki nan betiz la nan ''[[Le Journal de Mickey|Journal de Mickey]]' '.

=== Karyè ===
 
An [[1985]], Miss.Tic te itilize mi distri [[Ménilmontant (distri Parisyen)|Ménilmontant]], [[Montmartre]], [[Le Marais (distri Parisyen)|Marais]], nan [[Distri Montorgueil|Montorgueil]] ak [[Butte-aux-Cailles]]&lt;ref&gt;Miss.Tic, ''Parisienne'', prefas Leila Mordoch, éditions Alternatives, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; kòm kote dirèk ak ekspresyon sentetik&lt;ref name='Genin'/&gt; pou rakonte istwa lavi li, dezi li yo, rupture amoure li yo, echèk li yo ak imajinasyon li yo, epi jwe sou estereyotip fanm ki sedwi, an patikilye [[Fetichism seksyèl| fetich]]. Travay li soulve kesyon, pilonnen anba pye arketip &quot;fanm komodite&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;LeVaillant&quot;/&gt;.

Pandan plizyè ane, otorite yo te konsidere pochwa li yo kòm yon ekspresyon [[ensekirite] ]: an [[1997]], yo te arete li pou {{Sitasyon|deteryorasyon pwopriyete ki fè pati lòt moun […] pa enskripsyon, siy oswa desen, san otorizasyon alavans, sou fasad, machin, wout piblik oswa mèb lari}} epi an janvye [[2000]] [[Tribinal Dapèl Pari]] te kondane a yon amann {{unit|22,000|franc}} ({{unit|3,350|€ }})&lt;ref name='Genin' / &gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=graff&gt;{{lyen entènèt | title=Miss-Tic, prensès grafiti | sit=[[Mond lan]] | jou=16 | mwa=Septanm | ane=2002 | url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2002/09/16/miss-tic-princesse-du-graffiti_290513_1819218.html }}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot; :1&quot; /&gt;. Pwofondman choke e li te refize pran pou yon delenkan, li te negosye ak meri yo, machann yo ak moun ki abite nan [[5yèm awondisman Paris|5{{e}} awondisman]] ak [[20yèm awondisman Paris|20 { {e}}]], men tou, soti nan Butte-aux-Cailles, ki te dakò ke li ta dwe enprime pochwar li yo sou sèten mi &lt;ref name=graff/&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot; :1&quot; /&gt;. Anplis de sa, depi ane 1990 yo, sèten atis lari te antre nan galri atizay&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.graffiti-fresque-murale.com/lhistoire-du-street-art-et-du -graffiti/ Antre Graffiti nan galri la], sou sitwèb ''Murall'' la.&lt;/ref&gt;, enstitisyon yo piti piti kòmanse rekonèt [[art iben]] ak Miss. Tic pral kapab debarase m de yon majinalite alèz&lt;ref name='Genin' /&gt;. Li ekspoze nan galri men tou li resevwa lòd nan men mak ki enterese nan travay li ak imaj li nan [[Parisienne (stereotype)|Parisienne]] ak sòsyè ludik&lt;ref name='Genin'/&gt;: yon konpayi lokasyon nan machin sèvis piblik ( UCAR)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.paris-art.com/15-11-05-ucar-et-miss-tic-un-bout-de-chemin-ensemble/ UCAR ak Miss- Tic: yon ti jan nan yon vwayaj ansanm], Carole Boyer, ''Parisart''.&lt;/ref&gt;, yon moun k'ap fè kòf ([[Louis Vuitton Malletier|Louis Vuitton]]), yon designer mòd ([[Kenzo (mak)|Kenzo] ] ), yon travayè kwi ([[Lamarthe]])&lt;ref name=bio/&gt;… [[Paul Personne]] deside tou tire yon videyo mizik antoure ak travay li yo&lt;ref name=graff/&gt;.

Egzibisyon nan kote ki renome yo ap vin pi souvan, [[Evènman Atizay kontanporen|fois atizay kontanporen]] envite l, nan [[Venise]] oswa nan [[Miami]]. An 2007, li te antre nan koleksyon [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] nan [[London]]&lt;ref name=tat/&gt; e sinatè [[Claude Chabrol]] te komisyone yon afich pou fim li a ''[[ The Ti fi koupe an de]]''&lt;ref name=bio&gt;[http://missticinparis.com/biopresse/biographie/ Biographie], sou sit entènèt ofisyèl la.&lt;/ref&gt;. An 2011, [[La Poste (konpayi fransè)|La Poste]] te pibliye [[Kompon postal|koupons]] pandan [[Jounen Entènasyonal Fanm|Jounen Entènasyonal Dwa Fanm]] ki te repwodui travay Miss.Tic, ki te enspire pa pochwa li yo&lt; ref&gt;Pierre Jullien, [https://www.lemonde.fr/mondephilatelique/article/2011/02/28/miss-tic-12-viens-timbree-pour-la-journee-de-la-femme_5985336_5470897.html Miss .Tic 12 fwa so pou Jounen Fanm], LeMonde.fr, 28 fevriye 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.menly.fr/2011/01/des-heroines- urbaines-sur-les-timbres-pour-la-journee-de-la-femme/ “Eroin iben sou koupon pou jounen fanm”], menly.fr, 30 janvye 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;. Menm ane a, pandan ete a, [[Enstiti franse]] nan [[Bèlen]] te ekspoze pandan dis semèn, anba tit &quot;{{Language|English|Bomb it}}&quot;, anviwon karant nan zèv li te pwodwi sou la. dis dènye ane yo&lt;ref&gt;[http://mediathek.daserste.de/sendungen_a-z/431902_ttt---titel-thesen-temperamente/7659816_die-pariser-sprayerin-und-street-art-k-nstlerin- mis?type =null&amp;buchstabe=T Rapò ak entèvyou] pandan egzibisyon an nan Enstiti franse nan Bèlen sou chanèl Alman an [[Das Erste]].&lt;/ref&gt;. An 2013, [[Montpellier Agglomération|Agglomération de Montpellier]] te chwazi Miss.Tic pou kreye konsepsyon [[Liny 5 tramway Montpellier|{{5th}} liy tram rezo li a]]&lt;ref&gt;[http ://www.midilibre.fr/2013/10/18/montpellier-un-design-tout-en-rupture-pour-la-ligne-5-du-tramway,771549.php Montpellier: yon konsepsyon tout enklizif soti nan sèvis pou liy tram 5], sou ''[[Midi libre]]'', 18 oktòb 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;, ki pwograme pou 2017. Konsa, li reyisi [[Élisabeth Garouste]] ak [[Mattia Bonetti]] (liy konsepsyon 1 ak 2), ak [[Christian Lacroix]] (liy konsepsyon 3 ak 4)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230414105900/https://www.montpellier3m.fr/sites/default/files/20131018FPdesignligne5.pdf Fèy Montpellier agglomération Press release ], 18 oktòb 2013, sou ''Montpellier3m.fr''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nan okazyon yon egzibisyon nan Deauville an 2018, li te ofri pou montre kreyasyon li yo sou mi yo nan [[Côte Fleurie]], soti nan [[Villerville]] rive nan [[Trouville-sur-Mer]]&lt;ref &gt;{{ lyen web|author=Daphné Cagnard-Budiman|title=Pochwa Miss Tic yo vin Trouville ak Deauville|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/normandie/trouville-sur-mer- 14360/the-stencils-of -miss-tic-s-invite-trouville-et-deauvile-5838565|site=ouest-france.fr|date=06/21/2018|accessed=3 jiyè 2022}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{web link|author=Sophie Quesnel|title=Disparition pa atis Miss.Tic la, li pral kite yon mak ki pa efase sou Côte fleurie|url=https://actu.fr/normandie/deauville_14220/disparition-de-l-artiste-miss-tic-elle-laissera-une- imprint-indelebile-sur-la-cote-fleurie_51154240.html|site=actu.fr Le Pays d'Auge|date=22 me 2022|accessed=3 jiyè 2022}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Lanmò ===
Miss. Tic te mouri nan Pari nan {{date-|22 me 2022}} a laj 66 an apre [[kansè]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |title=Lanmò a 66 an Miss Tic, pyonye nan atizay iben an Frans. |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/mort-a-66-ans-de-miss-tic-pionniere-de-l-art-urbain-en-france -20220522 |site=LeFigaro.fr |dat=2022-05-22 |konsilte sou=2022-05-22}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Antèman li fèt nan chanm Coupole nan [[Père-Lachaise krematoryom-colombarium|Père-Lachaise krematorium]] nan mwa jen {{1st}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.marianne.net/politique/meeting - nan-lejislatif-nupes-pou-franse-nan-letranger-a-senk-rendez-vous-of-semèn nan-Mèkredi {{1st}} Jen: antèman an nan atis la Miss. Twitch], sou ''Marianne.net'', 30 me 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;.

{{Medya ekstèn
| image1 = [https://www.radiofrance.fr/s3/cruiser-production/2013/12/d791afb3-6749-11e3-af2e-782bcb73ed47/860_miss.tic-studio-harcourt-paris.webp Miss.Tic foto pa la pi popilè Studio Harcourt.]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/les-nuits-de-france-culture/la-nuit-revee-de-miss-tic-3705637 Nwit lan rèv nan ... Miss.Tic], sou [[Radyo Lafrans]].&lt;/ref&gt;.

| aliman = sant
}}

== Prensipal ekspozisyon pèsonèl ==

{{Medya ekstèn| image1 = [http://missticinparis.com/archives Achiv: tout stencils depi 1985] | aliman=dwat}}

Prensipal ekspozisyon pèsonèl li yo se sa yo&lt;ref&gt;Christophe Genin, ''Miss.Tic femme de l'être'', edisyon [[Les Impressions Nouvelles]], sou lesimpressionsnouvelles.com, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; {{,} &lt;ref&gt;''Des Mots Cœurs'' Éditions Galerie Brugier-Rigail, Paris, sou galerie-brugier-rigail.com, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;:
{{kolòn|gwosè=30|
* 1986: Premye egzibisyon, libreri Epigramme, Pari
* 1989: ''Fragments and Multiples'', Galeri Couleur, Pari
* 1990: ''Miss.Tic'', Christophe gallery, Paris
* 1991: ''Miss.Tic'', galeri Sanguine, Pari
* 1994: ''Konplete tout bagay eksepte dezi'', EPITA, Paris
* 1995: ''Mwen pral fè twotwa yo nan istwa atizay'', FIAP, Paris
* 1997: ''Atis manti pou mwen'', galeri Sacha Tarasoff, Pari
* 1999: ''Mwen jis ap pase'', galeri La Pochade, Pari
* 2000: ''Miz ak Gason'', espas Paul Ricard, Pari
* 2000: ''Danjere nan tout respè'', tribinal, Lyon
* 2001: ''Èske zak gratis yo gen yon pri?'', Galri Artazart, Pari
* 2001: ''I love you time'', retrospective 1985/2001, Envie d'art space, Paris
* 2001: ''Eroin'', galri Bernard Guillon, Pari
* 2002: ''Miss.Tic Erotic'', galri Atitid, Pari
* 2003: ''Vain coeur vain cul'', galri Below the Volcano, Paris
* 2003: ''A Night with Miss.Tic'', Galri Artazart, Pari
* 2003: ''Miss.Tic'', Galeri Papegoyen, Oslo, Nòvèj
* 2004: ''Femme mur'', Nuts Gallery, Pari
* 2004: ''Miss.Tic Attak'', galeri Fanny Guillon-Laffaille, Pari
* 2005: ''Madichon Bondye'', galeri W, Paris
* 2005: ''Lè nou renmen, nou toujou gen 20 an'', galeri W, Paris
* 2006: ''Parisienne'', galeri Lélia Mordoch, Paris
* 2006: ''Capital Women'', {{13th}} Meri, Pari
* 2007: ''Miss.Tic Presidente'', Galerie de la Butte aux Cailles, Paris
* 2007: ''Toi et Moi'' (avèk [[Jean Faucheur]]), galri Chappe, Paris
* 2008: ''Mwen kwè nan fanm ki p'ap janm fini an'', galeri Fanny Guillon-Laffaille, Pari
* 2008: ''Mwen pare pou ri, men mwen bay manje pou reflechi'', galeri W, Paris
* 2009: ''Go Homme'', galeri Lélia Mordoch, Paris
* 2010: ''Folle à délier'', galeri Fanny Guillon-Laffaille, Paris
* 2010: ''Parisienne'', Ion Art Gallery, Singapore
* 2011: ''Bomb it'', Enstiti franse, Bèlen
* 2011: Art Rock Festival, Saint-Brieuc
* 2012: ''Secret d'atelier'', galri Lélia Mordoch, Pari;
* 2014: ''Miss.Tic'', Enstiti franse nan Barcelona, ​​​​Espy
* 2014: ''Les Uns et les Unes (kontinye)'', L'Œil Ouvert galerie, Paris
* 2014: ''Nan desen, yo se yon hit'', Galeri Brugier-Rigail, Pari
* 2015: ''Flashback'', galri Lélia Mordoch, Paris&lt;ref&gt;{{web link | title=Miss Tic: Flash Back at Lelia Murdoch|dat=janvye 2016| url=http://www.lapanse.com/2016_01_miss-tic-flash-back-chez-lelia-murdoch-prolongation-30-january-2016/ | site=lapanse.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017: ''Retrospective'', Galerie Berthéas, Vichy&lt;ref&gt;{{web link| title=Atis vizyèl Miss-Tic nan galri Berthéas nan Vichy | url=https://www.lamontagne.fr/vichy-03200/loisirs/la-plasticienne-miss-tic-a-la-galerie-bertheas-a-vichy_12634965/y | sit=[[The Mountain (journal)|The Mountain]] | dat=18 novanm 2017 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017: ''Muses et Hommes'', galeri Lélia Mordoch, Paris&lt;ref&gt;{{llyen entènèt | title=Paris: Miss Tic montre &quot;Muse ak Gason&quot; li nan 6yèm | url=http://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/paris-75006/paris-miss-tic-expose-ses-muse-et-homme-dans-le-vie-09-11-2017-7383570. php | sit=[[Le Parisien]] | dat=9 novanm 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: ''Des Mots Cœurs'', galeri Brugier-Rigail, Paris&lt;ref&gt;{{web link | title=Miss. Tic - Pawòl ak kè | url=https://www.arts-in-the-city.com/2018/06/06/miss-tic-des-mots-et-des-coeurs/ | sit=arts-in-the-city.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: ''Bombe Textuelle'', Art to Be Gallery, Lille&lt;ref&gt;{{web link | title=Miss.Tic: Egzibisyon an ki reentèprete estereyotip sou fanm | url=https://culturexchange1.wordpress.com/2018/12/10/miss-tic-lexposition-qui-reinterprete-les-stereotypes-sur-les-femmes/ | site=Atis nan vil la }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: ''Rock'n'Girls'', galri Lélia Mordoch, Paris&lt;ref&gt;{{web link | title=Miss-Tic Rock'n'Girls | url=https://www.arts-in-the-city.com/2019/06/07/miss-tic-rockngirls/ | site=Atis nan vil la }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: ''Urban Art'', Le Comoedia Espace d'Art, Brest
}}

=== Koleksyon ak lòd piblik ===
* 1989: [[Fon Minisipal Atizay kontanporen vil Pari]]
* 2005: [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], Lond
* 2007: Ministè Lojman ak Vil la, Place Bellecour, Lyon. Meri Orly, mi rezidans etidyan Léo-Ferré
* 2013: [[Mize Sivilizasyon Ewòp ak Mediterane a]], Marseille. Konsepsyon enteryè ak eksteryè tramway liy {{n°|5}} vil Montpellier, an Frans

=== Fwa atizay kontanporen ===
{{kolòn|gwosè=30|
* 2007
** Art Miami, galeri Lélia Mordoch, Miami, Etazini
** Palmbeach 2, Leila Mordoch Gallery, Palm Beach, Etazini
** Venice entènasyonal atizay jis, Leila Mordoch galeri, Venice, Itali
** Élysées de l’art, galeri Lélia Mordoch, Paris, Frans
** Bridge Art Art fair, galri Lélia Mordoch, Miami, Etazini
* 2008
** Palmbeach 3, Leila Mordoch Gallery, Palm Beach, Etazini
** Slick Art Fair, galeri Lélia Mordoch, Paris, Frans
* 2009
** Élysées de l’art, galeri Lélia Mordoch, Paris, Frans
** Slick Art Fair, galeri Lélia Mordoch, Paris, Frans
* 2010
** Art Miami, galeri Lélia Mordoch, Miami, Etazini
** Élysées de l’art, galeri Lélia Mordoch, Paris, Frans
* 2016
**8th Avenue Art Show
}}

== Piblikasyon ==
* {{Liv|otè1=Miss Tic, Jean-Marie Lerat (foto)|tit=Mwen jis ap pase|kote=Pari|editè=edisyon Florent-Massot|ane=1998|mwa=Mas|total paj=96 | fòma liv={{Dunit|21|24|cm}}|isbn=978-2-908382-79-2}}
* ''Miss.Tic, &quot;re garde moi&quot;, Edisyon Alternatives, Paris {{date-|fevriye 2003}}, prefas [[Régine Deforges]], {{ISBN|978-286-227361-7}}, 70 stencils ant 1986 ak 2003.'' Pa ekri.
* ''Miss.Tic Attak'', [[ éditions Alternatives]], 2004, {{ISBN|978-286-227427-0}} Pa ekri.
* ''Miss.Tic nan Paris'', pa Miss.Tic, [[Paris-Musées|Éditions Paris-Musées]] ak [[Critères éditions]], 2005, {{ISBN|978-2-917829-06- 6}} Soti nan stock.
* ''Parisienne'', 96 p., [[ éditions Alternatives]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-286-227496-6}} Pa ekri.
* ''Mwen pare pou m ri men mwen bay manje pou reflechi'', Grasset editions, 2008, {{ISBN|978-2-246-70821-6}}
* ''À la vie, à l'Amor'', [[Critérères éditions]], koleksyon Opus Délits, Grenoble, 2010, {{ISBN|978-2917-829080}}. Tèks ak foto Miss.Tic, prefas [[Pierre-François Moreau (ekriven)|Pierre-François Moreau]].
* ''FLASHBACK, 30 ans de kreyasyon,'' Éditions Critères, Collection Urbanités, 2015. {{ISBN|9782370260239}}
* ''Des Mots Cœurs'', Éditions Galerie Brugier-Rigail, Paris, 2018, {{ISBN|979-10-95069-06-5}}. Prefas [[Pierre-François Moreau (ekriven)|Pierre-François Moreau]].
* ''Miss Tic'', ''Histoires de Rencontres'', Éditions Lélia Mordoch, Paris, 2019 {{ISBN|978-2-909138-33-6}}.

== Omaj ==
Yon ale Miss.Tic, ki travèse pak Saules, te inogire nan {{date-|16 septanm 2023}} nan [[Orly]], vil kote li te rete.

== Nòt ak referans ==
=== Nòt ===
{{Referans|kolòn=2|group=&quot;n&quot;}}

=== Referans ===
{{Referans}}

== Bibliyografi ==

=== Monografi ===
* {{Liv|language=fr|author1=Christophe Genin|title=Miss.Tic|subtitle=Woman of Being|place=Paris|editè=[[Les Impressions Nouvelles]]|koleksyon=Refleksyon ki fèt|ane =2008 - reedisyon an 2014|mwa=Oktòb|total paj=192|fòma liv={{Dunity|17|24|cm}}|isbn=978-2-87449-231-0}}

=== Quotes ===
* [https://citation-celebre.leparisien.fr/auteur/miss-tic 40 quotes de Miss. Tic], sou ''[[Le Parisien]]''

=== Atik ===
*[https://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/mort-de-la-graffeuse-miss-tic-elle-adorait-paris-et-habillait-cette-ville-de-son-art-22- 05-2022-DROGJ7DX3FHA5BXMELIEDQIILM.php?ts=1653689008334 Lanmò nanyon atis grafiti Miss. Tic: &quot;Li te renmen Paris epi abiye vil sa a ak atis li&quot;], Marie-Anne Gairaud, {{nobr|''Le Parisien'',}} 22 me 2022.
*[https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/miss-tic-c-est-la-vie-ca-va-passer-7010501.php Lanmò Miss Tic: Seine a te &quot;Riviera li&quot;], Thierry Voisin, ''[[Télérama]]'', 22 me 2022.
*[https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/promenade-dans-le-paris-de-miss-tic-a-la-recherche-de-ses-pochoirs-28-05-2022-E6ILCNAVNVBSTL2NWLRFAJL7FI. php Mache nan Miss Paris. Tic, kap chèche pocho li yo], Bérénice Hourçourigaray, ''Le Parisien'', {{nobr|28 me 2022}}

== Videyografi ==
* {{Dailymotion|x8mzv4|Miss. Tic @ artnet FRANS}}. Entèvyou ak Miss.Tic.
* {{video}} [https://www.bfmtv.com/mediaplayer/video/les-mots-coeurs-de-miss-tic-a-la-galerie-brugier-rigail-1086424.html &quot;Pawòl kè yo &quot; pa Miss Tic nan Galerie Brugier-Rigail], 30 jen 2018, sou ''[BFM TV]]''.
* [http://missticinparis.com/videos/ Videyo], sou sit entènèt ofisyèl la.

== Gade tou ==
{{lòt pwojè
|Commons=Kategori:Miss.Tic
|wikiquote=Miss.Tic
}}

=== Atik ki gen rapò ===
{{kolòn|gwosè=30|
* [[Atis iben]]
* [[Jérôme Mesnager]]
* [[Banksy]]
* [[Jef Aerosol]]
* [[Nemo (pennt)|Nemo]]
* [[Speedy Graphito]]
* [[FKDL]]
}}

=== Emisyon radyo ===
* Philippe Garbit, [https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/les-nuits-de-france-culture/la-nuit-revee-de-miss-tic-3705637 Night Dreamed of… Miss. Tic], ''Les Nuits de France Culture'', sou radiofrance.fr, 19 janvye 2014.

=== Lyen ekstèn ===
{{Koneksyon}}

[[Kategori:Nesans an fevriye 1956]]
[[Kategori:Atis feminis]]
[[Kategori:Pyonye nan boza]]
[[Kategori:Atis vizyèl franse kontanporen]]
[[Kategori:Atis franse kontanporen]]
[[Kategori:Powèt franse 21yèm syèk la]]
[[Kategori:Pent franse 21yèm syèk la]]
[[Kategori:Atis grafiti franse]]
[[Kategori:Designer koupon pou achte]]
[[Kategori:Pseudonym]]
[[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]]
[[Kategori:Siné Hebdo kontribitè]]
[[Kategori:Fi atis lari]]
[[Kategori:Lamò nan laj 66 an]]
[[Kategori:Lamò nan mwa me 2022]]
[[Kategori:Kremasyon pèsonalite franse]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sonley Cherisier</title>
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'''Sonley Cherisier''', fèt 15 mas 1997 nan [[Pòtapiman disid (komin)|Port-à-Piment]], se yon antreprenè, aktivis ak jounalis. Soti nan yon fanmi pentkotist &lt;ref name=&quot;Sonley Cherisier : Portrait d’un jeune entrepreneur et leader à Port-à-Piment2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://laquestionnews.com/sonley-cherisier-portrait-dun-jeune-entrepreneur-et-leader-a-port-a-piment/|title=Sonley Cherisier : Portrait d’un jeune entrepreneur et leader à Port-à-Piment|date=2023-12-16|website=LA QUESTION NEWS|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kapzynews.com/kapzy-news-heureux-anniversaire-a-sonley-cherisier/|title=KAPZY NEWS: Heureux anniversaire à Sonley Cherisier - KAPZY NEWS|date=2023-03-15|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-01-11|archive-date=2024-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111000934/https://kapzynews.com/kapzy-news-heureux-anniversaire-a-sonley-cherisier/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ansyen Chèf Staff Senatè Jean-Marie Junior Salomon, Konsiltan nan LE TÉMOIN SA  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kapzynews.com/haiti-le-senateur-joseph-lambert-est-en-plein-forme/|title=Haïti: Le sénateur Joseph Lambert est en pleine forme - KAPZY NEWS|date=2018-10-15|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-01-28|archive-date=2024-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128042232/https://kapzynews.com/haiti-le-senateur-joseph-lambert-est-en-plein-forme/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.findglocal.com/HT/Tabarre/110382317436809/Sonlay-No%C3%ABl-Cherisier|title=Sonley N. Cherisier, Museau, Rue Demesvar #11, Tabarre (2024)|website=www.findglocal.com|access-date=2024-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kapzynews.com/kapzy-news-heureux-anniversaire-a-sonley-cherisier/|title=KAPZY NEWS: Heureux anniversaire à Sonley Cherisier - KAPZY NEWS|date=2023-03-15|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-01-28|archive-date=2024-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111000936/https://kapzynews.com/kapzy-news-heureux-anniversaire-a-sonley-cherisier/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kapzynews.com/haiti-le-senateur-joseph-lambert-est-en-plein-forme/|title=Haïti: Le sénateur Joseph Lambert est en pleine forme - KAPZY NEWS|date=2018-10-15|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-01-28|archive-date=2024-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128042232/https://kapzynews.com/haiti-le-senateur-joseph-lambert-est-en-plein-forme/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== biyografi ==
Sonley Cherisier fè edikasyon primè nan lekòl Aux Joursheureux nan komin Croix des Bouquets, answit nan EFACAP nan [[Pòtapiman disid (komin)|Port-à-Piment]] epi etid segondè yo te &lt;ref name=&quot;Sonley Cherisier : Portrait d’un jeune entrepreneur et leader à Port-à-Piment&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://laquestionnews.com/sonley-cherisier-portrait-dun-jeune-entrepreneur-et-leader-a-port-a-piment/|title=Sonley Cherisier : Portrait d’un jeune entrepreneur et leader à Port-à-Piment|date=2023-12-16|website=LA QUESTION NEWS|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; nan enstitisyon fanmi Saint Vincent de Paul nan [[Taba (komin)|Tabarre]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://haitichannelnetwork.com/tag/sonley-cherisier/|title=Archives des Sonley CHERISIER - HC Network|website=haitichannelnetwork.com|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111001117/https://haitichannelnetwork.com/tag/sonley-cherisier/|archive-date=2024-01-11|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;Sonley Cherisier : Portrait d’un jeune entrepreneur et leader à Port-à-Piment&quot; /&gt; .

An 2016, li te etidye jounalis nan yon lekòl nan kapital la e li te vin sekretè laprès nan Palè Lejislatif la &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://haitichannelnetwork.com/tag/sonley-cherisier/|title=Archives des Sonley CHERISIER - HC Network|website=haitichannelnetwork.com|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111001116/https://haitichannelnetwork.com/tag/sonley-cherisier/|archive-date=2024-01-11|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Nan kontèks sosyo- [[Politik piblik|politik]] difisil ann Ayiti, li te kòmanse etidye kominikasyon e li te vin chèf kabinè ansyen senatè Jean-Marie Junior Salomon . Depi lè sa a, li te fonde, ansanm ak lòt zanmi jèn antreprenè, konpayi an limite ki rele Le Témoin S. A, yon konpayi ke li mete nan sèvis popilasyon an, k ap travay nan sektè kominikasyon ak [[telekominikasyon]] an [[Ayiti]], kote li kontinye fè travay ak konsiltasyon ak pèsonalite ak enstitisyon ki soti toupatou &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.impulsewebmedias.com/?p=28382|title=Sonley Chérisier, le géniteur de « Le Témoin S.A, » un modèle de jeune avec un parcours inspirant|date=2023-12-20|website=Impulse Web Medias|language=en-US|access-date=2024-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Kòm yon aktivis politik, li kwè ke sitwayènte ka enfliyanse chanjman sosyal . Transfòme moun nan yon sitwayen itil ak konsistan, ki patisipe nan tout aktivite ki gen entansyon pote yon bagay ki vize kèk chanjman dirab nan sosyete a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.findglocal.com/HT/Tabarre/110382317436809/Sonlay-No%C3%ABl-Cherisier|title=Sonley N. Cherisier, Museau, Rue Demesvar #11, Tabarre (2024)|website=www.findglocal.com|access-date=2024-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; .Paralèlman ak pwofesyon li kòm jounalis, òganizasyon kominikasyon li nan ka sa a, LeTémoin S. A, lanse nan [[Radyodifizyon|emisyon radyo]] ansanm ak asosye li yo.

Sonley Cherisier te yon konsiltan nan [[Palè nasyonal (Ayiti)|Palais National]] anvan li te vin Direktè Maketing ak responsab enfòmasyon pou yon gwoup nan kapital la.

== Aktivis politik ==
Sonley Cherisier patisipe nan konferans-deba, chita pale, senpozyòm ak tout kalite aktivite ki vize emansipasyon. Pou moun ki sòti nan kriz miltidimansyonèl sa a ann [[Ayiti]] mande efò konsiderab, e sa dwe fèt atravè yon [[Edikasyon timoun|edikasyon]] piman [[Ayiti|ayisyen]] ak nan restorasyon nan pwòp valè nou &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://laquestionnews.com/sonley-cherisier-portrait-dun-jeune-entrepreneur-et-leader-a-port-a-piment/|title=Sonley Cherisier : Portrait d’un jeune entrepreneur et leader à Port-à-Piment|date=2023-12-16|website=LA QUESTION NEWS|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; .Nan dat 24 jen 2022, Sonley Cherisier te patwone pwomosyon NS4 ki soti nan enstitisyon Fanmi Saint Vincent &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kapzynews.com/haiti-sonlay-cherisier-a-remis-des-bourses-detudes-aux-eleves-de-linstitution-la-famille-saint-vincent/|title=Haïti : Sonlay Chérisier a remis des bourses d'études aux élèves de l'institution la Famille Saint Vincent - KAPZY NEWS|date=2022-06-30|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-01-28|archive-date=2024-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128040741/https://kapzynews.com/haiti-sonlay-cherisier-a-remis-des-bourses-detudes-aux-eleves-de-linstitution-la-famille-saint-vincent/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; .Antanke aktivis politik, Sonley Cherisier konstate echèk gouvènman [[Ariel Henry|Ariel Henry a]] e li mande demisyon li pou retounen nan nòmal kriz miltidimansyonèl sa a ke [[Ayiti]] pa t janm gen eksperyans pandan dezan sa yo apre inogirasyon li. Dapre jounal, Sonley Cherisir fè deklarasyon ke [[Ariel Henry]] pwouve enkapasite li pou dirije peyi a nan direksyon estabilite politik, sosyal ak ekonomik. Li mansyone ak gouvènman sa a ensekirite k ap ogmante nan peyi a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://haitichannelnetwork.com/sonley-cherisier-exige-le-depart-du-gouvernement-dariel/|title=Sonley Cherisier exige le départ du gouvernement d'Ariel - HC Network|date=2024-01-15|website=haitichannelnetwork.com|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117041300/https://haitichannelnetwork.com/sonley-cherisier-exige-le-depart-du-gouvernement-dariel/|archive-date=2024-01-17|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Pou Sonley Cherisier, sipòte gouvènman [[Ariel Henry]] a se ankouraje ak pwolonje enstabilite an [[Ayiti]], byenke premye misyon li se te retabli sekirite ak òganize eleksyon an [[Ayiti]] . Dezan nan administrasyon li deja reklame pouvwa pou amande konstitisyon an. Yon sitiyasyon ki soulve endiyasyon nan mitan sèten sektè ann Ayiti ak notab, sitou Sonley Cherisier, ki souliye nan yon nòt pou laprès, apwòch sa a nan gouvènman [[Ariel Henry]] pa gen okenn lejitimite &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hci-ht.com/|title=Lettre ouverte de Sonley Cherisier à Pascal Adrien et Jorchemy Jean-Baptiste|website=hci-ht.com|language=en|access-date=2024-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Sonley Cherisier lanse apèl bay politisyen yo, dwayen yo, pwofesè inivèsite yo, jèn pwofesyonèl yo, sektè prive ayisyen an ak peyi alye yo pou yo fòme yon gouvènman tanporè ak yon ajanda klèman byen defini pou ke gen yon retou nan narmal an [[Ayiti]], yon fason pou pwoteje nasyonal la. souverènte [[Ayiti|Peyi]] a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://satellite509.com/sonley-cherisier-reclame-le-depart-dariel-henry/,%20https://satellite509.com/sonley-cherisier-reclame-le-depart-dariel-henry/|title=Sonley Cherisier réclame le départ d’Ariel Henry - SATELLITE509|last=Satellite 509|date=2024-01-16|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Referans ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Odile Croissant</title>
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'''Odile Croissant''' te fèt nan dat 6 oktòb 1923 nan Honfleur epi li te mouri nan dat 3 dawout 2020 nan  vil [[Pari|Pari,]] nan peyi Lafrans, se te yon byolojis fransè, fizisyen ak espesyalis nan [[Mikwoskòp elektwonik|mikwoskopi elektwonik]]. Pandan fòmasyon li pandan tout lavi l nan anpil peyi, li te pwogrese soti nan asistan laboratwa nan Enstiti Pastè pou rive nan fonksyon chèchè. Odile Croissant se youn nan premye moun ki devlope teknik pou deteksyon in situ nan asid nikleyik viral. Li te kontribye tou nan etabli premye kat fizik papillomavirus imen moun konnen tou sou non (HPV1).

== Biyografi ==
Odile Croissant te fèt nan Honfleur nan dat 6 oktòb 1923 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deces.matchid.io/id/Wgt5btTQlBsD|title=Odile Croissant|website=deces.matchid.io|access-date=2025-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Nan novanm 1942, li antre kòm sekretè ak asistan laboratwa nan Enstiti Pasteur nan Pari nan laboratwa typhus Paul Giroud t ap dirije&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; .

Nan lane 1945, li te antre nan sèvis Viris Pwofesè Pierre Lépine t ap dirije nan Enstiti Pasteur, kote fizisyen ki te fè premye mikwoskòp elektronik fransè yo te entwodui l nan mikwoskòp elektwonik &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; . Pandan tout karyè li, li te fè anpil estaj ki te pèmèt li devlope konpetans li, an 1947, nan Enstiti mikwoskopi elektwonik nan Delft nan Netherlands , nan laboratwa Cavendish nan Inivèsite Cambridge nan [[Angletè]], nan 1950 nan Inivèsite Monreyal nan [[Kanada]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; .

Nan lane 1947, li te travay kòm asistan sekretè nan komisyon optik elektwonik CNRS &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; .

Nan lane 1949, li te jwenn yon pozisyon kòm fizisyen-preparatè nan laboratwa mikwoskopi elektwonik nan sèvis viris nan Enstiti Pasteur . Li fòme anpil elèv nan teknik mikwoskopi elektwonik, sitou nan mikwoskòp RCA, ak teknik koup iltra-fen. Apati de lane 1956, Odile Croissant patisipe nan ansèyman teworik ak pratik aplikasyon nan [[Mikwoskòp elektwonik|mikwoskospi elektwonik]] nan etid [[selil]] ak [[viris]] yo, nan Enstiti Pasteur nan vil Pari, pou kou sou kilti selilè nan viroloji, kou sou mikwobyoloji jeneral ak kou sou metòd nan mikwoskopi [[Fotomikwoskòp konpoze|fotonik]] ak [[Mikwoskòp elektwonik|elektwonik]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; .

Nan lane 1972, Odile Croissant te nonmen direktè rechèch nan CNRS &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; .

== Fòmasyon ==
Nan lane 1946, nan laboratwa Pierre Lépine, Odile Croissant fè etid sou divès viris  tankou (laraj, vaksin, polyomyelit, bakteryofaj, viris ensèk, elatriye) ak sou blesi selilè viris sa yo kapab bay &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; . Se la li etidye patojenèz viral entraselilè &quot;grasri&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; .

Nan desanm 1954, pandan epidemi variol la nan Vannes, Odile Croissant te gen responsabilite pou idantifye viris ki responsab epidemi sa nan echantiyon yo te pran sou pasyan yo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/morbihan/spanvannesspan-60-ans-apres-un-documentaire-sur-lepidemie-de-variole-1941380.php|title=Vannes. 60 ans après, un documentaire sur l'épidémie de variole|date=2013-09-11|website=Le Télégramme|language=fr-FR|access-date=2025-02-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Nan lane 1955, li te fè premye sejou li ki te dire 3 mwa nan [[Etazini|peyi Etazini]], kòm yon ''syantis vizitè'', nan laboratwa Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff {{Lien|langue=en}}, nan Enstiti Nasyonal Sante, rekonèt pou travay li yo nan kristalografi ak nan mikwoskopi elektwonik epi li te vizite sèvis viris nan Enstiti Pasteur plizyè fwa&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; .

Nan lane 1957, pou yon dezyèm fwa, li te pase 4 mwa [[Etazini|Ozetazini]], nan Enstiti Nasyonal Sante, kòm ''syantis vizite'', sou envitasyon Ralph Walter Graystone Wy {{Lien|lang=en}}, ki te kenbe bon jan kolaborasyon ak Odile Croissant&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; .

Nan lane 1958, li te vin enterese nan diferan teknik pou analize estrikti matyè lè l sèvi avèk [[elektwon]] ak [[Reyon X|radyografi]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; . Li travay tou sou estrikti vè, an kolaborasyon ak Enstiti Mineraloji Fakilte Syans nan Strasbourg,  Stanislas Goldsztaub  t ap dirije, nan laboratwa Henri Saucier, kote li te vizite plizyè .

Nan lane 1963, Odile Croissant fè yon twazyèm vwayaj Ozetazini kote li te fè yon estaj pòs-doktora kòm pwofesè asistan nan laboratwa  Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff {{Lien|langue=en}}, lè sa ki te sitiye nan  Enstiti fizik nan University of Arizona  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; .

Nan lane 1964, lè li tounen nan peyi Lafrans, Odile Croissant te nonmen ofisye rechèch nan CNRS, nan fonksyon sa a, li te aji kòm chèf laboratwa nan laboratwa mikwoskopi elektwonik nan sèvis viris Enstiti Pasteur a. Se la li te kòmanse yon kolaborasyon sou papillomavirus moun (HPV) ak gwoup Gérard Orth a, ki te nan Enstiti Gustave-Rousy, Villejuif &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://webext.pasteur.fr/archives/f-bio.html|title=Institut Pasteur {{!}} Archives|website=webext.pasteur.fr|access-date=2025-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Nan lane 1970, an kolaborasyon ak ekip Moshé Yaniv yo, François Cuzin, Peter Sheldrick ak Gérard Orth, Odile Croissant espesyalize nan aplikasyon pi modèn nan mikwoskopi elektwonik nan etid aside nikleyik viral yo ak fasyon yo aji ak pwoteyin. Odile Croissant se youn nan premye moun ki te travay sou teknik pou deteksyon in situ asid nikleyik viral yo. Li te kontribye tou nan etabli premye kat fizik papiyomaviris lakay moun nou te konnen tou sou non HPV1.

Nan lane 1971, avèk Gérard Orth ak Philippe André Jeanteur, Odile Croissant siyen yon atik sou aplikasyon teknik ibridasyon molekilè nan demonstrasyon ak mikwoskopi elektwonik nan replikasyon vejetatif ADN viral nan papillom yo viris Shope kay lapen yo te pwovoke (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. United States, 68, 18076 

Nan lane 1978, Odile Croissant rantre nan Inite papiyomaviris ki te kreye nan Enstiti Pastè sou inisyativ François Gros kote Gérard Orth &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;  t ap dirije. Li kontinye travay ki te koumanse an kolaborasyon ak gwoup Gérard Orth la epi li patisipe nan travay pyonye Inite a, ki mete aksan sou miltiplisite papillomavirus imen (HPV), espesifisite pouvwa patojèn yo ak potansyèl onkojenik yo, an kolaborasyon ak Michel Favre ak Stefania Jablonska, dèmatològ nan klinik la [[Vasovi|Warsaw]] Dermatology &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Travay sa a demontre potansyèl onkogenik youn nan papillomavirus imen (HPV5), idantifye nan pasyan ki gen epidermodysplasia verruciformis &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; .

Nan lane 1980, Odile Croissant te asosye sere sere ak travay Inite Papilomavirus la, ki te ede demontre wòl kèk papillomavirus nan etyoloji kansè jenital yo, an patikilye kansè nan matris &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; . Lè sa a, yo te etabli bon jan relasyon ant Inite Pastè a ak Sosyete Fransè Kolposkopi ak Patoloji sèviko-Vajinal, ki te jwe yon wòl esansyèl nan difizyon konesans ki ta mennen nan evolisyon [[jinekoloji]] onkolojik &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; . Tout manm Inite a  te patisipe nan bay konferans oswa kou nan vil Pari oswa nan rejyon yo &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; . Laboratwa Odile Croissant akeyi anpil jinekològ, sitolojis ak istolojis &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; . Gen kèk ki te antre nan Inite a apre yo te fin resevwa fòmasyon nan men Odile Croissant, tankou Renzo Barrasso (ansyen sekretè jeneral Sosyete Fransè Kolposkopi ak Patoloji sèviko-vajinal), Christine Bergeron (aktyèl prezidan Sosyete fransèz kòlposkopi ak Patoloji sèviko-vajinal), Xavier Sastre-Garau (direktè Depatman Anatomi patolojik nan Enstiti Kiri (Institut Curie). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Nan mwa septanm 1985, Odile Croissant te responsab ofisyèlman premye pwogram kolaborasyon ant Enstiti Pasteur ak konpayi Kalifòni Beckman Instrument sou aplikasyon sond frèt nan dyagnostik, ki te gen objektif pou devlope ak evalye sond ki kapab detekte kalite HPV ki enterese pou sijè ki gen risk kansè nan matris . Agnès Ullmann se pwomotè pwogram sa a, nan entèraksyon ak Danielle Berneman pou [[Brevè envansyon|patant]], F. de Lacharrière pou relasyon ak patnè endistriyèl ak kabinè M. Ernest Gutmann, enjenyè konsiltasyon nan pwopriyete endistriyèl) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; .

Nan lane 1989, apre li te fin pran retrèt ofisyèl li, Odile Croissant te jwenn otorizasyon pou l kontinye aktivite li nan inite Gérard Orth epi li  pibliye yon dènye atik li te siyen avèk lòt otè an 2001 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; .

== Travay li yo ==
Odile Croissant konsantre rechèch syantifik li yo sou 2 bagay ki se [[fizik]] ak [[Biyoloji|byoloji]]  .

Nan fizik, Odile Croissant te etidye estrikti vè ak reyaksyon chimik ki kapab genyen si yo sèvi ak teknik mikwo-difraksyon ak mikroskopie elektwonik pou grate li. Nan dat 10 janvye 1962, Odile te defann tèz li nan syans fizik nan Inivèsite Estrasbou, ki gen tit &quot;. Etid nan mikwoskopi elektwonik ak nan mikrodifraksyon elektwonik sou mòfoloji ak estrikti vè silikat »  .

Nan byoloji, li etidye diferan tisi yo gras ak teknik mikwoskopi ak mikwosond [[Reyon X|radyografi]] . Travay sa yo pral aplike nan etid papiyòm Shope papiyoma viris la {{Lien|lang=en}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.medirabbit.com/FR/Skin_diseases/Viral/Pap/Pap_fr.htm|title=MediRabbit|website=www.medirabbit.com|access-date=2025-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;  te pwovoke. Odile Croissant  kontribye tou nan pwogrè nan jinekoloji onkolojik epi li mete aksan sou wòl kèk papiyomaviris nan etyoloji kansè jenital yo, sitou kansè nan matris &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer-environnement.fr/fiches/cancers/cancer-du-col-de-luterus/|title=Cancer du col de l'utérus et facteurs de risque • Cancer Environnement|website=Cancer Environnement|language=fr-FR|access-date=2025-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207014834/https://www.cancer-environnement.fr/fiches/cancers/cancer-du-col-de-luterus/|archive-date=2025-02-07|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Pri li te resevwa ==
Nan lane 1979, Fondasyon pou Rechèch Medikal te bay Odile Croissant yon pri yo te rele &quot;Pri Delahautemaison&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; .

== Sa li kite ==
Nan lane 2004, Odile Croissant te kontribye nan mete kanpe fon achiv li yo kote yo konsève, pami lòt bagay, dokiman ki konsène kòmansman mikwoskopi elektwonik nan Enstiti Pasteur ak nan peyi Lafrans &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; .

== Bibliyografi ==

* (en) Françoise Haguenau, « 2.5 Electron Microscopy in France: 2.5A Early Findings in the Life Sciences », dans Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, vol. 96, Elsevier, 1er janvier 1996, 93–100 p. (DOI 10.1016/s1076-5670(08)70038-7, lire en ligne)..
* (en) Jean-Paul Gaudillière, « Changing the scale: slides and electron microscopy at the Virus Laboratory of the Pasteur Institute », History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, vol. 35, no 3,‎ 2013, p. 395–414 (ISSN 0391-9714, PMID 24779109, lire en ligne, consulté le 11 janvier 2025).
* {{Cite web|url=https://christophecocherie.com/galerie-avec-description-et-un-bouton/vannes-1955-au-coeur-de-lepidemie/|title=Vannes 1955, au coeur de l’épidémie|date=2022-11-24|website=Christophe Cocherie|language=fr-FR|access-date=2025-01-11}}.
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/morbihan/spanvannesspan-60-ans-apres-un-documentaire-sur-lepidemie-de-variole-1941380.php|title=Vannes. 60 ans après, un documentaire sur l'épidémie de variole|date=2013-09-11|website=Le Télégramme|language=fr-FR|access-date=2025-01-11}}.
* {{Cite web|url=https://webext.pasteur.fr/archives/cro1.html|title=Notice de fonds des archives privées d'Odile Croissant|website=Archives de l'Institut Pasteur|access-date=25 janvier 2025}} &lt;sub&gt;{{,}}&lt;/sub&gt;
* {{Cite web|url=https://webext.pasteur.fr/archives/cro0.html|title=Odile Croissant (1923-2020). Repères biographiques|website=Archives de l'Institut Pasteur|access-date=25 janvier 2025}}.
* Gérard Orth, « Hommage à Odile Croissant (1924-2020) », Association des anciens élèves de l’Institut Pasteur, vol. 62, no 241,‎ 2020, p. 112.

== Referans ==
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      <text bytes="14449" sha1="12bqvpdf4tdoqvz0citso2vfxdus2aj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Biographie2|charte=acteur de films|films notables=''[[Association de malfaiteurs (film)|Association de malfaiteurs]]''|séries notables=''[[Julie Lescaut]]''}}Veronique combouilhaud, rele tou veronique genest, fet 26 jwen 1956 nan meaux, se yon aktris franse

yo konnenl paske li te jwe ròl prinsipal nan serie  julie lescaut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Belleau|first=Hélène|date=2010|title=Le « revenu familial » : un concept aveugle aux comptes amoureux des jeunes couples|url=https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pur.10903|journal=La jeunesse n'est plus ce qu'elle était|location=Rennes|publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes|pages=315–327|isbn=978-2-7535-1252-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filmografi ==

=== Sinema ===

* 1980 ''[[La Banquière|Bankye a]]''
* 1982 ''[[Guy de Maupassant (fim)|Guy de Maupassant]]'' Fanny, dam an gri a
* 1982 ''[[Légitime Violence (fim, 1982)|Vyolans lejitim]]'' Lucie Kasler
* 1982 : ''Quartet Basileus'' ( ''Il quartetto Basileus'' ) Sofia
* 1983 ''Mwen marye ak yon lonbray'' Patricia Meyrand
* 1983 ''Leve non, krab, lanmè a ap monte!&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:DisplaySpace&quot; id=&quot;mwAVk&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;!'' Mat
* 1984 ''[[Tango (film, 1984)|Tango]]''
* 1985 ''Sa sèlman rive mwen.'' Atansyon
* 1985 ''Batay la'' Denise Levasseur
* 1986 ''Triple Sec'' (kout fim)
* 1986 ''Chè vakabon'' Frédérique Henriot
* 1986 ''[[Suivez mon regard|Swiv gade mwen]]'' yon ti fi ki gen move karaktè
* 1987 ''Grèv''
* 1987 ''[[Association de malfaiteurs (fim)|Konplo kriminèl]]'' Monique Lemercier
* 1989 ''Yon papa ak yon pas'' Marianne
* 1990 ''[[Le Grand Ruban|Gran Riban an]]'' Sylvie
* 1991 ''Yon moun ka toujou reve.'' pwostitye ki renmen mizik la
* 1991 ''Sekrè Pwofesyonèl Doktè Apfelglück yo'' Micheline
* 1992 ''[[Et demain... Hollywood|Epi demen...]]'' ''[[Et demain... Hollywood|Hollywood]]'' Marie Bluchet
* 1997 ''Ale dwat sou miray la'' Myriam Valensky

=== Televizyon ===
{{Kolòn|* [[1981 à la télévision|1981]] : ''[[Nana (mini-série)|Nana]]'' (mini-série) : Nana
* [[1983 à la télévision|1983]] : ''[[Le ambizioni sbagliate]]'' (téléfilm) : Andreina
* [[1983 à la télévision|1983]] : ''[[Péchés originaux]]'' (série TV) : Lydie
* [[1984 à la télévision|1984]] : ''[[Emportez-la avec vous]]'' (téléfilm) : Myriam
* [[1986 à la télévision|1986]] et [[1987 à la télévision|1987]] : ''[[Série noire (série télévisée, 1984)|Série noire]]''   (série TV) : ''Marlène / Lucien'' -  2 épisodes : 
** ''La Nuit du flingueur'' de [[Pierre Grimblat]] (1986) : ''Marlène''
** ''Une gare en or massif '' de [[Caroline Huppert]] (1987) : ''Lucien''
* [[1988 à la télévision|1988]] : ''[[Sueurs froides (série télévisée)|Sueurs froides]]'' (série TV) : Valérie Vétheuil
* [[1989 à la télévision|1989]] : ''[[Une table pour six]]'' (téléfilm) : Corinne
* [[1989 à la télévision|1989]] : ''[[Une femme tranquille]]'' (téléfilm) : Véronique
* [[1989 à la télévision|1989]] : ''[[L'Été de tous les chagrins]]'' (téléfilm) : Ginette
* [[1989 à la télévision|1989]] : ''[[Les Sirènes de minuit]]'' (téléfilm) : Maud
* [[1989 à la télévision|1989]] : ''[[David Lansky]]'' (série TV) : Yasmine Sublet
* [[1990 à la télévision|1990]] : ''[[Mit den Clowns kamen die Tränen]]'' (série TV) : Francine Renaud
* [[1990 à la télévision|1990]] : ''[[V comme vengeance (série)|V comme vengeance]]'' (série TV) : Corinne
* [[1991 à la télévision|1991]] : ''[[Ma tu mi vuoi bene]]'' (série TV) : Livia
* [[1992 à la télévision|1992]] : ''[[Secret de famille (feuilleton télévisé)|Secret de famille]]'' (série TV) : Marthe
* [[1992 à la télévision|1992]] - [[2014 à la télévision|2014]] : ''[[Julie Lescaut]]'' (série TV en 101 épisodes) : commissaire Julie Lescaut 
* [[1995 à la télévision|1995]] : ''[[Sixième classique]]'' (téléfilm) : Simone Bertrand
* [[1998 à la télévision|1998]] : ''[[Un amour de cousine]]'' (téléfilm) : Lucille
* [[2000 à la télévision|2000]] : ''[[On n'est pas là pour s'aimer]]'' (téléfilm) : Frédérique Letheil
* [[2003 à la télévision|2003]] : ''[[Une femme si parfaite]]'' (téléfilm) : Anne Joubert
* [[2005 à la télévision|2005]] : ''[[Un transat pour huit]]'' (téléfilm) : Florence
* [[2006 à la télévision|2006]] : ''[[La Dame d'Izieu]]'' (téléfim) : Sabine Zlatin
* [[2011 à la télévision|2011]] : ''[[Merci Patron (téléfilm)|Merci Patron]]'' (téléfilm) de [[Pierre Joassin]] : Hélène Scoffier
* [[2013 à la télévision|2013]] : ''[[La Disparue du Pyla]]'' (téléfilm) de [[Didier Albert]] : Carole Castel
* [[2015 à la télévision|2015]] : ''[[Nos chers voisins]] : ''Mme Lannet la principale du collège de Léo Becker et Pierre-Antoine Dubernet-Carton
* [[2016 à la télévision|2016]] : ''[[La Bonne Dame de Nancy]]'' de [[Denis Malleval]] : [[Simone Weber]]&lt;ref name=&quot;telestar&quot;&gt;{{Lien web|url=http://www.telestar.fr/2015/photos/veronique-genest-va-jouer-simone-weber-la-diabolique-de-nancy-pour-france-3-163931 |titre= Véronique Genest va jouer Simone Weber, &quot;La diabolique de Nancy&quot;, pour France 3 | site= telestar.fr | auteur = Isabelle Dhombres | en ligne le = 26 août 2015 | consulté le=23 octobre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[2019 à la télévision|2019]] : ''[[Camping Paradis]]'' (épisode ''Le Grand saut'') : Martine|taille=|nombre=2}}{{Kolòn|* [[1983 au théâtre|1983]] : ''[[Marx et Coca cola]]'', mise en scène [[Yves Pignot]], [[Théâtre Montparnasse|Théâtre du petit Montparnasse]]
* [[1985 au théâtre|1985]] : ''[[Danger, amour]]'', Théâtre du [[Musée Grévin]]
* [[1986 au théâtre|1986]] : ''[[L'Amuse-gueule]]'' de [[Gérard Lauzier]], mise en scène de [[Pierre Mondy]], [[Théâtre du Palais-Royal]]
* [[1990 au théâtre|1990]] : ''[[Le crépuscule des lâches]]'' de, mis en scène et avec [[Martin Lamotte]], [[Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin]]
* [[2004 au théâtre|2004]] : ''[[Quand l'amour s'en mêle]]'' d'[[Anne-Marie Étienne]], mise en scène d'[[Anne-Marie Étienne]], [[Théâtre du Palais-Royal]]
* [[2009 au théâtre|2009]] : ''[[Madame Butterlight]]'', écrite par Véronique Genest et mise en scène sous l’œil amical d'[[Alexis Desseaux]], [[Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse ]] suivi d'une tournée en France de janvier à avril 2010 puis en Belgique de novembre à décembre 2010
*Juin 2010 : ''[[Le président, sa femme &amp; moi]]'' de Bernard Uzan : apparition de Veronique Genest dans la pièce par écran interposé dans le rôle d'une ministre (participation amicale)
*Septembre 2010 &amp; juillet - août 2015 : ''[[C'est pas gagné]]'' de Patrick Chêne : interprétation en voix off du rôle de Rita (participation amicale)
* [[2012 au théâtre|2012]] : ''[[Plein la vue]]'', écrite par [[Jean Franco (acteur)|Jean Franco]] et [[Guillaume Mélanie]], mise en scène de [[Jean-Luc Moreau (metteur en scène)|Jean-Luc Moreau]], [[Théâtre de la Michodière]]
* [[2016 au théâtre|2016]] : ''[[Portrait Craché]]'', écrite par [[Thierry Lassalle ]], mise en scène de [[Thomas Le Douarec]], [[Palais des glaces (Paris)|Palais des glaces]] suivi d'une tournée en France, Belgique, Luxembourg et Suisse de septembre 2016 à avril 2017.
* [[2018 au théâtre|2018 - 2019]] : ''Face à face'' de [[Peter Quilter]], mise en scène [[Thomas Le Douarec]], en tournée en France, Belgique, Luxembourg et Suisse de septembre 2018 à février 2019
* [[2019]] - [[2020]] : ''Gina et Cléopâtre'' de Ariane Bachelet et [[Olivier Macé]], mise en scène d'[[Olivier Macé]], tournée et [[théâtre Tête d'Or]]
* [[2020 au théâtre|2020]] : ''Betty's family'' d'[[Isabelle Rougerie]], [[Fabrice Blind]], mise en scène [[Stéphane Bierry]], [[Théâtre La Bruyère]]
* [[2022 au théâtre|2022]] : ''Si on savait'' d'[[Éric Fraticelli]], mise en scène [[Jean-Luc Moreau (metteur en scène)|Jean-Luc Moreau]], [[Théâtre de la Michodière]]
* [[2023 au théâtre|2023]] : ''Révélations'' de [[Jean-Éric Bielle]] avec [[Daniel Russo]], mise en scène [[Arnaud Lemort]], théâtre de Passy
* [[2025 au théâtre|2025]] : ''Les Grands Ducs'' de [[Patrice Leconte]] et [[Serge Frydman]], mise en scène [[Jean-Luc Moreau (metteur en scène)|Jean-Luc Moreau]], théâtre de Passy|taille=|nombre=2}}

== Aparisyon nan televizyon ak radyo ==

=== Emisyon jwèt televizyon ===

* An 1998, li te yon chèf ekip nan ''Fort Boyard'' sou [[France 2]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fort-boyard.fr/emissions/genest1998.php|title=Fort-Boyard.fr - Équipe Véronique Genest|website=fort-boyard.fr|access-date=2015-09-09}}.&lt;/ref&gt; kote li te genyen 14 637 ero pou benefis asosyasyon an. Rasanbleman pou espò &quot;
* An 2004, li te genyen ''Grand Concours de la fiction française'', prezante pa Carole Rousseau sou TF1 .
* 2009 ''Gran egzamen sèvo a'' sou TF1
* LA6 juin 2014 Nan D8, li te genyen jwèt emisyon ''&quot;The Egg or the Chicken&quot; nan.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:DisplaySpace&quot; id=&quot;mwAdE&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;?'' anfas Anne Roumanoff .
* LA25 février 2015 Sou D8, li te fini dezyèm nan ''Gran Match ane 80 yo'' . Li te pèdi kont Nathalie Marquay (15 a 20).

* An 1991, li te patisipe nan emisyon ''Surprise surprise'' la.''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:DisplaySpace&quot; id=&quot;mwAd0&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;!'' (nan epizòd 50) Marcel Béliveau ak [[Patrick Sébastien]] te anime
* Nanoctobre 1997 Li te patisipe ansanm ak [[Mouss Diouf]] nan emisyon ''&quot;Rire en toutes lettres&quot;'' Nagui prezante.
* Soti nan 4yèm rive nan8 janvier 1998 Li se yon envite nan emisyon Patrick Sabatier ''&quot;Pendant la pub&quot;'' sou TMC.
* Nanjuin 1999 Li se yon envite nan Carole Rousseau nan emisyon an ''En toute simplicité'' .
* Nannovembre 2008 Li se yon envite nan emisyon ''&quot; Panique dans l'oreillette'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.toutelatele.com/panique-dans-l-oreillette-veronique-genest-13549|title=Panique dans l’oreillette &gt; Véronique Genest - Résumé - Toutelatele.com|website=toutelatele.com|access-date=2015-09-09}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Frédéric Lopez prezante sou France 2.
* Nannovembre 2008 Li prezante liv ''The Cuddle Box'' la, kote li patwone istwa ''The Hunter and the Turtle la'', pou benefis asosyasyon The Chain of Hope la, ansanm ak nouvo pyès teyat li a ''Mrs. Butterlight'' nan emisyon ''At the Field of the Night'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wat.tv/video/emission-25-novembre-2008-13m2b_2hek3_.html|title=Émission &quot;Au field de la nuit&quot;|date=|website=|language=|access-date=}}.&lt;/ref&gt; prezante pa Michel Field .
* Nandécembre 2008, li patisipe nan emisyon ''Stars &amp; Comédie'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xg7yum_sketch-pour-veronique-genest-stars-du-rire_creation|title=Sketch de Véronique dans Stars &amp; Comédie|date=|website=|language=|access-date=}}.&lt;/ref&gt; sou France 2 prezante pa Laurent Ruquier kote li prezante an dirèk (apre [[Michèle Bernier]] te antrene l) premye pèfòmans solo li, li entèprete yon sketch ki te ekri espesyalman pou li.
* Nanavril 2010 Li prezante Gad Repibliken an nan emisyon ''&quot;Au cœur de la gendarmerie&quot;'' prezante pa Michel Drucker . Nan okazyon sa a, li reyalize yon rèv li te genyen depi l te timoun lè l te monte cheval nan [[Pari]] kòm yon Gad Repibliken.
* Nanmars 2013 Li se envite Frédéric Lopez nan emisyon ''La Parenthèse inattendue'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=StTg3S3IUJc|title=La parenthèse inattendue|date=|website=|language=|access-date=}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ansanm ak [[Patrick Timsit]] ak [[Alexandre Jollien]] .
* 2021 : kroniker pou Les Grandes Gueules du Moyen Orient
* 2023 : kroniker sou ''Touche pas à mon poste&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:DisplaySpace&quot; id=&quot;mwAiQ&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;sou'' C8 

=== Emisyon radyo ===

* Nanmars 2012 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://blog.radioclassique.fr/olivierbellamy/2012/03/15/veronique-genest-tendre-et-populaire/|title=Véronique Genest, tendre et populaire|website=blog.radioclassique.fr|access-date=2015-08-31}}.&lt;/ref&gt; osi byen ke nanjuin 2014 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://blog.radioclassique.fr/olivierbellamy/2014/06/24/veronique-genest-grande-soeur-du-peuple/|title=Véronique Genest, grande sœur du peuple|website=blog.radioclassique.fr|access-date=2015-08-31|archive-date=2016-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808045130/http://blog.radioclassique.fr/olivierbellamy/2014/06/24/veronique-genest-grande-soeur-du-peuple/|dead-url=yes}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Sou Radio Classique, li se envite nan emisyon ''Passion classique'', prezante pa Olivier Bellamy.

[[Catégorie:Article à référence nécessaire]]

== Piblikasyon yo ==

* ''46/38 Lagè ak pwa'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.michel-lafon.fr/livre/552-46_38_Guerre_et_poids.html|title=Livre &quot;46/38 &quot;Guerre et poids&quot; sur le site de Michel Lafon|date=|website=|language=|access-date=}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, 2008, Michel Lafon edition.
* ''22 Men Julie'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.michel-lafon.fr/livre/1409-22_v_la_Julie.html|title=Livre &quot;22 v'là Julie&quot; sur le site de Michel Lafon|date=|website=|language=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214020341/http://www.michel-lafon.fr/livre/1409-22_v_la_Julie.html|archive-date=2025-12-14|dead-url=yes}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, 2014, edisyon Michel Lafon.
* ''Imaj mwen yo'', 2019, edisyon Flammarion.

=== Rekonpans ===

* 1997 7 d'or pou pi bon aktris pou ''Julie Lescaut''
* 1999 : 7 d'or prim pou meyè aktris pou ''Julie Lescaut'' ak ''Un amour de cousine''
* 2001 7 d'or pou pi bon aktris pou ''Julie Lescaut''
* 2003 Prim espesyal odyans lan pou yon ewo seri pou ''Julie Lescaut'' nan Festival Fiksyon Televizyon Saint-Tropez la &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.festival-fictiontv.com/team/palmares-2003/|title=Palmarès 2003|date=|website=le site du [[Festival de la fiction TV]]|language=|access-date=10 mai 2020}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dekorasyon ===

* 2004 : Chevalye nan Lejyon d'Onè pa [[Prezidan Repiblik Frans|Prezidan Repiblik la]] [[Jacques Chirac]] .

== Nòt ak referans ==
{{Referans}}

== Lyen ekstèn ==
{{Lòt pwojè|commons=Category:Véronique Genest}}{{Liens}}
* [http://www.lesgensducinema.com/affiche_acteur.php?mots=veronique+genest&amp;nom_acteur=GENEST%20Véronique&amp;ident=16656&amp;debut=0&amp;record=0 Véronique Genest] sur ''Les Gens du cinéma''{{Palèt|Les Grosses Têtes}}{{Portail|cinéma français|séries télévisées|télévision française|théâtre|Seine-et-Marne}}
[[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]]
[[Kategori:Aktris fransè]]
[[Kategori:Aktris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chesterico, Pennsilvani</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-11T17:58:03Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Peter James</username>
        <id>22031</id>
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      <comment>Peter James a déplacé la page [[Chesterico, Pennsilvani]] vers [[Chester, Pennsilvani]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="37" sha1="7ufiytkzaqz5jke9tu95i29hz13qeh6" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECTION [[Chester, Pennsilvani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nayomie, Pennsilvani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>888742</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T17:59:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Peter James</username>
        <id>22031</id>
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      <comment>Peter James a déplacé la page [[Nayomie, Pennsilvani]] vers [[New Castle, Pennsilvani]] : https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_Pennsylvania&amp;diff=227773161&amp;oldid=226629208</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Moniman istorik</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>97861</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888745</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-11T22:00:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
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      <comment>Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/237479960|Monument historique]] »</comment>
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Yon '''moniman istorik''' (pafwa abreje '''MH''' ) se yon moniman prezève pa yon otorite piblik pou enterè [[Patrimwàn kiltirèl|istorik, kiltirèl oubyen patrimwàn]] li. Atik sa a bay diferan definisyon tèm nan.
[[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>888746</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-11T22:00:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/237479960|Monument historique]] »</comment>
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Yon '''moniman istorik''' (pafwa abreje '''MH''' ) se yon moniman prezève pa yon otorite piblik pou enterè [[Patrimwàn kiltirèl|istorik, kiltirèl oubyen patrimwàn]] li. Atik sa a bay diferan definisyon tèm nan.

== Pwoteksyon ==
Diferan peyi chwazi pwoteje moniman respektif yo anba diferan non.
[[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sant Moniman Nasyonal yo</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-11T23:37:48Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
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      <comment>Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/240265659|Centre des monuments nationaux]] »</comment>
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'''Sant moniman nasyonal''' la ( '''CMN''' ) se yon etablisman administratif piblik [[Frans|fransè]] ki anba sipèvizyon Ministè Kilti a .
[[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>888770</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-11T23:38:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
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'''Sant moniman nasyonal''' la ( '''CMN''' ) se yon etablisman administratif piblik [[Frans|fransè]] ki anba sipèvizyon Ministè Kilti a .

Li jere, anime epi ouvri bay piblik la prèske {{Nowrap|100 monuments}}, ki se pwopriyete [[État en France|Leta]] .
[[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]]</text>
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'''Sant moniman nasyonal''' la ( '''CMN''' ) se yon etablisman administratif piblik [[Frans|fransè]] ki anba sipèvizyon Ministè Kilti a .

Li jere, anime epi ouvri bay piblik la prèske 100 moniman, ki se pwopriyete [[État en France|Leta]] .
[[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]]</text>
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'''Sant moniman nasyonal''' la ( '''CMN''' ) se yon etablisman administratif piblik [[Frans|fransè]] ki anba sipèvizyon Ministè Kilti a .

Li jere, anime epi ouvri bay piblik la prèske 100 moniman, ki se pwopriyete [[État en France|Leta]] .

== Istwa ==
Lwa 10 juillet 1914 la te kreye yon ''Fon Nasyonal pou Moniman Istorik ak Pre-istorik,'' ki te gen pou objektif ranmase lajan pou akeri [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] oswa [[Immeuble|bilding]] k ap tann klasifikasyon, epi pou finanse travay [[Restauration (art)|restorasyon]] ak antretyen sou moniman oswa bilding sa yo.
[[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-11T23:48:40Z</timestamp>
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'''Sant moniman nasyonal''' la ( '''CMN''' ) se yon etablisman administratif piblik [[Frans|fransè]] ki anba sipèvizyon Ministè Kilti a .

Li jere, anime epi ouvri bay piblik la prèske 100 moniman, ki se pwopriyete [[État en France|Leta]] .

== Istwa ==
Lwa 10 jiyè 1914 la te kreye yon ''Fon Nasyonal pou Moniman Istorik ak Pre-istorik,'' ki te gen pou objektif ranmase lajan pou akeri [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] oswa [[Immeuble|bilding]] k ap tann klasifikasyon, epi pou finanse travay [[Restauration (art)|restorasyon]] ak antretyen sou moniman oswa bilding sa yo.
[[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]]</text>
      <sha1>qvhmp4z19yjzppgi1u1rn91nveimzni</sha1>
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        <id>28851</id>
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'''Sant moniman nasyonal''' la ( '''CMN''' ) se yon etablisman administratif piblik [[Frans|fransè]] ki anba sipèvizyon Ministè Kilti a .

Li jere, anime epi ouvri bay piblik la prèske 100 moniman, ki se pwopriyete [[État en France|Leta]] .

== Istwa ==
Lwa 10 jiyè 1914 la te kreye yon ''Fon Nasyonal pou Moniman Istorik ak Pre-istorik,'' ki te gen pou objektif ranmase lajan pou akeri [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] oswa [[Immeuble|bilding]] k ap tann klasifikasyon, epi pou finanse travay [[Restauration (art)|restorasyon]] ak antretyen sou moniman oswa bilding sa yo.

[[Loi du 2 mai 1930 ayant pour objet de réorganiser la protection des monuments naturels et des sites de caractère artistique, historique, scientifique, légendaire ou pittoresque|Lwa 2 mai 1930]] te bay etablisman piblik sa a non ''Fon Nasyonal pou Moniman ak Sit Istorik, Pre-istorik ak Natirèl'' . Lalwa a efektivman aplike dispozisyon lalwa 31 décembre 1913 sou moniman istorik yo sou [[Site classé ou inscrit en France|sit sa yo]] .
[[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
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      <text bytes="1881" sha1="7h2th5thg5i9i6wt483pgvfcqlbvtyo" xml:space="preserve">
'''Sant moniman nasyonal''' la ( '''CMN''' ) se yon etablisman administratif piblik [[Frans|fransè]] ki anba sipèvizyon Ministè Kilti a .

Li jere, anime epi ouvri bay piblik la prèske 100 moniman, ki se pwopriyete [[État en France|Leta]] .

== Istwa ==
Lwa 10 jiyè 1914 la te kreye yon ''Fon Nasyonal pou Moniman Istorik ak Pre-istorik,'' ki te gen pou objektif ranmase lajan pou akeri [[Monument historique (France)|moniman istorik]] oswa [[Immeuble|bilding]] k ap tann klasifikasyon, epi pou finanse travay [[Restauration (art)|restorasyon]] ak antretyen sou moniman oswa bilding sa yo.

[[Loi du 2 mai 1930 ayant pour objet de réorganiser la protection des monuments naturels et des sites de caractère artistique, historique, scientifique, légendaire ou pittoresque|Lwa 2 mai 1930]] te bay etablisman piblik sa a non ''Fon Nasyonal pou Moniman ak Sit Istorik, Pre-istorik ak Natirèl'' . Lalwa a efektivman aplike dispozisyon lalwa 31 décembre 1913 sou moniman istorik yo sou [[Site classé ou inscrit en France|sit sa yo]] .

An 1965, dekrè n 65-515 &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000303276 Décret {{n°|65-515}} du {{date|30 juin 1965}} modifiant certaines dispositions de la loi du {{date|10 juillet 1914}} sur la caisse nationale des monuments historiques].&lt;/ref&gt; ak 65-516 &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000303277 Décret {{n°|65-516}} du {{date|30 juin 1965}} pris pour l'application de la loi du {{date|10 juillet 1914}}, modifiée par le décret {{n°|65-515}} du {{date|30 juin 1965}}, et relatif à l'organisation, au fonctionnement et au régime financier de la caisse nationale des monuments historiques et des sites].&lt;/ref&gt; ki date 30 juin bay etablisman an yon nouvo estati ak yon nouvo non ki rele ''Fon Nasyonal pou Moniman ak Sit Istorik'' (CNMHS).
[[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]]</text>
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    <title>Ministè Kilti (Frans)</title>
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      <id>888776</id>
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      <comment>Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/239971824|Ministère de la Culture (France)]] »</comment>
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'''Ministè Kilti a''' (non ofisyèl li te — ant    “ '''Ministè Kilti ak Kominikasyon''' &quot;) te kreye an [[Frans]] an 1959 pa Prezidan Repiblik la [[Charles de Gaulle]], epi li te bay [[André Malraux]] sou non &quot; Ministè Deta pou Afè Kiltirèl &quot; An menm tan, anpil peyi te etabli tou yon ministè kilti . Pa metonimi, yo pafwa rele Ministè Kilti a &quot; Ri de Valwa &quot;, an referans a adrès prensipal li.
[[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zantiy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>888777</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:16:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Paj ki kreye ak &quot; '''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lw... &quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1526" sha1="53ul9ptrxkz7tq1f1wk0blv6nhlmhkx" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="1542" sha1="7ssw0ie6rysi8gcy8w5zofb5r8hrevp" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>7ssw0ie6rysi8gcy8w5zofb5r8hrevp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888779</id>
      <parentid>888778</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:18:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888779</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2345" sha1="tjplijn8gf3mqcgv52kad3x079jx4nk" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Popilasyon an, ki gen divès orijin, se yon popilasyon melanje. Konpoze an pati ak moun ki gen orijin afriken ak [[Métis|ras melanje]] tankou nan [[Jamayik]] oswa [[Ayiti]], li gen ladan l tou moun ki gen orijin [[Ewòp|ewopeyèn]] ak [[Azi|azyatik]] (sitou moun ki soti nan [[Sous-continent indien|soukontinan Endyen an]] ak [[Moyen-Orient|Mwayen Oryan an]] ). Desandan dirèk premye okipan rejyon sa yo, [[Autochtones d'Amérique|Amerendyen]] yo, toujou prezan la, tankou Karayib yo ( [[Kalinago]] ) sou zile [[Dominik]], [[Arawak]] yo sou zile [[Matinik]] ak [[Tayino (pèp)|Taíno]] yo ki gaye toupatou nan [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] . Popilasyon [[Ti Zantiy|Ti Zantiy yo]] ak [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] (ki reprezante yon gwo pati nan Karayib la) se rezilta yon [[Métis|melanj]] entans.

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>tjplijn8gf3mqcgv52kad3x079jx4nk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888780</id>
      <parentid>888779</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:19:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888780</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2552" sha1="h739jmaldbao6q9yo1frpsmrw18u2je" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Popilasyon an, ki gen divès orijin, se yon popilasyon melanje. Konpoze an pati ak moun ki gen orijin afriken ak [[Métis|ras melanje]] tankou nan [[Jamayik]] oswa [[Ayiti]], li gen ladan l tou moun ki gen orijin [[Ewòp|ewopeyèn]] ak [[Azi|azyatik]] (sitou moun ki soti nan [[Sous-continent indien|soukontinan Endyen an]] ak [[Moyen-Orient|Mwayen Oryan an]] ). Desandan dirèk premye okipan rejyon sa yo, [[Autochtones d'Amérique|Amerendyen]] yo, toujou prezan la, tankou Karayib yo ( [[Kalinago]] ) sou zile [[Dominik]], [[Arawak]] yo sou zile [[Matinik]] ak [[Tayino (pèp)|Taíno]] yo ki gaye toupatou nan [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] . Popilasyon [[Ti Zantiy|Ti Zantiy yo]] ak [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] (ki reprezante yon gwo pati nan Karayib la) se rezilta yon [[Métis|melanj]] entans.

== Orijin non an ==
Non an soti nan ''[[Antillia]]'', yon [[Île fantôme|zile fantom]] yo swadizan sitiye nan lwès [[Pòtigal]] nan Oseyan Atlantik la.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Antilles&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>h739jmaldbao6q9yo1frpsmrw18u2je</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888781</id>
      <parentid>888780</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:21:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Orijin non an */</comment>
      <origin>888781</origin>
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      <text bytes="3672" sha1="hpbuz8ny3cu7kmb6ax6ilav4x7g51jm" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Popilasyon an, ki gen divès orijin, se yon popilasyon melanje. Konpoze an pati ak moun ki gen orijin afriken ak [[Métis|ras melanje]] tankou nan [[Jamayik]] oswa [[Ayiti]], li gen ladan l tou moun ki gen orijin [[Ewòp|ewopeyèn]] ak [[Azi|azyatik]] (sitou moun ki soti nan [[Sous-continent indien|soukontinan Endyen an]] ak [[Moyen-Orient|Mwayen Oryan an]] ). Desandan dirèk premye okipan rejyon sa yo, [[Autochtones d'Amérique|Amerendyen]] yo, toujou prezan la, tankou Karayib yo ( [[Kalinago]] ) sou zile [[Dominik]], [[Arawak]] yo sou zile [[Matinik]] ak [[Tayino (pèp)|Taíno]] yo ki gaye toupatou nan [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] . Popilasyon [[Ti Zantiy|Ti Zantiy yo]] ak [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] (ki reprezante yon gwo pati nan Karayib la) se rezilta yon [[Métis|melanj]] entans.

== Orijin non an ==
Non an soti nan ''[[Antillia]]'', yon [[Île fantôme|zile fantom]] yo swadizan sitiye nan lwès [[Pòtigal]] nan Oseyan Atlantik la.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Antilles&lt;/ref&gt;

Youn nan premye mansyon zile sa a, kit li tradui teyori [[Aristòt|Aristotelyen yo]] soti nan [[Imago mundi (littérature)|Imago mundi]] sou balans Latè a menm jan ak ''[[Terra Australis]]'' la, kit li fikse rimè &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; nan men pechè pòtigè, bask oswa breton, parèt sou kat [[Zuane Pizzigano]] an [[1424 (almanak jilyen)|1424]] . Kat sa a ak lòt ki vin apre yo pibliye kòm yon pati nan pwogram eksplorasyon an,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; tankou ekspedisyon [[Diogo de Teive (navigateur)|Diogo de Teive]] an [[1452 (almanak jilyen)|1452]], ki te kòmanse pa [[Henri le Navigateur|Henri Navigatè a]] apre pechè Pòtigè yo te envansyon [[Caravelle (navire)|karavèl]] la, premye modèl yon vrè bato ki vwayaje [[Haute mer|an fon lanmè]] . Pwogrè teknolojik la te alimenté lejann lan, ki an vire te motive epi vin anvan dekouvèt la. Konsa, nan 25 septembre 1492, diznèf jou apre li te kite [[La Gomera]], dènye pò li a, e sèz jou anvan li te wè limyè [[San Salvador (Bahamas)|San Salvador]], [[Kristòf Kolon]] t ap chèche Zantiy yo nan orizon an jan kat li a te endike l la, anven.

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>hpbuz8ny3cu7kmb6ax6ilav4x7g51jm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888782</id>
      <parentid>888781</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:22:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Orijin non an */</comment>
      <origin>888782</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4626" sha1="9fk4hthmwubzwcwl0gf8zgx0v7roxmd" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Popilasyon an, ki gen divès orijin, se yon popilasyon melanje. Konpoze an pati ak moun ki gen orijin afriken ak [[Métis|ras melanje]] tankou nan [[Jamayik]] oswa [[Ayiti]], li gen ladan l tou moun ki gen orijin [[Ewòp|ewopeyèn]] ak [[Azi|azyatik]] (sitou moun ki soti nan [[Sous-continent indien|soukontinan Endyen an]] ak [[Moyen-Orient|Mwayen Oryan an]] ). Desandan dirèk premye okipan rejyon sa yo, [[Autochtones d'Amérique|Amerendyen]] yo, toujou prezan la, tankou Karayib yo ( [[Kalinago]] ) sou zile [[Dominik]], [[Arawak]] yo sou zile [[Matinik]] ak [[Tayino (pèp)|Taíno]] yo ki gaye toupatou nan [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] . Popilasyon [[Ti Zantiy|Ti Zantiy yo]] ak [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] (ki reprezante yon gwo pati nan Karayib la) se rezilta yon [[Métis|melanj]] entans.

== Orijin non an ==
Non an soti nan ''[[Antillia]]'', yon [[Île fantôme|zile fantom]] yo swadizan sitiye nan lwès [[Pòtigal]] nan Oseyan Atlantik la.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Antilles&lt;/ref&gt;

Youn nan premye mansyon zile sa a, kit li tradui teyori [[Aristòt|Aristotelyen yo]] soti nan [[Imago mundi (littérature)|Imago mundi]] sou balans Latè a menm jan ak ''[[Terra Australis]]'' la, kit li fikse rimè &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; nan men pechè pòtigè, bask oswa breton, parèt sou kat [[Zuane Pizzigano]] an [[1424 (almanak jilyen)|1424]] . Kat sa a ak lòt ki vin apre yo pibliye kòm yon pati nan pwogram eksplorasyon an,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; tankou ekspedisyon [[Diogo de Teive (navigateur)|Diogo de Teive]] an [[1452 (almanak jilyen)|1452]], ki te kòmanse pa [[Henri le Navigateur|Henri Navigatè a]] apre pechè Pòtigè yo te envansyon [[Caravelle (navire)|karavèl]] la, premye modèl yon vrè bato ki vwayaje [[Haute mer|an fon lanmè]] . Pwogrè teknolojik la te alimenté lejann lan, ki an vire te motive epi vin anvan dekouvèt la. Konsa, nan 25 septembre 1492, diznèf jou apre li te kite [[La Gomera]], dènye pò li a, e sèz jou anvan li te wè limyè [[San Salvador (Bahamas)|San Salvador]], [[Kristòf Kolon]] t ap chèche Zantiy yo nan orizon an jan kat li a te endike l la, anven.

Se te [[Humaniste|imanis]] [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pyè Matir nan Milan]] ki, nan yon edisyon ofisyèl an [[1516 (almanak jilyen)|1516]], te atribiye non zile lejandè a bay divès zile ke Kristòf Kolon te dekouvri an menm tan ak [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}, [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12425/12425-h/12425-h.htm The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera translated by Francis Augustus MacNutt from the latin with notes and introduction in two volumes]&lt;/ref&gt; (se menm Pyè Matir sa a ki te nan Milan ke yo te konfye edikasyon pitit Kolon yo nan tribinal [[Couronne d'Aragon|Aragon]] an pandan vwayaj Kolon yo), alòske Kolon te pèsiste nan wè sèlman [[Nouveau Monde|Zantiy]] yo. Pirat depi [[1504 (almanak jilyen)|1504]], kopye epi finalman repibliye nan [[Pari]] an [[1532 (almanak jilyen)|1532]], travay li a '', De Orbo Novo,'' te gen yon enpak konsiderab ki te konsakre pliryèl la, relege singilye a nan fòm mèveye a.

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>9fk4hthmwubzwcwl0gf8zgx0v7roxmd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888783</id>
      <parentid>888782</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:22:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Orijin non an */</comment>
      <origin>888783</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4626" sha1="bsyy83obd6kfbdom7muthuhkoxljtdm" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Popilasyon an, ki gen divès orijin, se yon popilasyon melanje. Konpoze an pati ak moun ki gen orijin afriken ak [[Métis|ras melanje]] tankou nan [[Jamayik]] oswa [[Ayiti]], li gen ladan l tou moun ki gen orijin [[Ewòp|ewopeyèn]] ak [[Azi|azyatik]] (sitou moun ki soti nan [[Sous-continent indien|soukontinan Endyen an]] ak [[Moyen-Orient|Mwayen Oryan an]] ). Desandan dirèk premye okipan rejyon sa yo, [[Autochtones d'Amérique|Amerendyen]] yo, toujou prezan la, tankou Karayib yo ( [[Kalinago]] ) sou zile [[Dominik]], [[Arawak]] yo sou zile [[Matinik]] ak [[Tayino (pèp)|Taíno]] yo ki gaye toupatou nan [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] . Popilasyon [[Ti Zantiy|Ti Zantiy yo]] ak [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] (ki reprezante yon gwo pati nan Karayib la) se rezilta yon [[Métis|melanj]] entans.

== Orijin non an ==
Non an soti nan ''[[Antillia]]'', yon [[Île fantôme|zile fantom]] yo swadizan sitiye nan lwès [[Pòtigal]] nan Oseyan Atlantik la.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Antilles&lt;/ref&gt;

Youn nan premye mansyon zile sa a, kit li tradui teyori [[Aristòt|Aristotelyen yo]] soti nan [[Imago mundi (littérature)|Imago mundi]] sou balans Latè a menm jan ak ''[[Terra Australis]]'' la, kit li fikse rimè &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; nan men pechè pòtigè, bask oswa breton, parèt sou kat [[Zuane Pizzigano]] an [[1424 (almanak jilyen)|1424]] . Kat sa a ak lòt ki vin apre yo pibliye kòm yon pati nan pwogram eksplorasyon an,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; tankou ekspedisyon [[Diogo de Teive (navigateur)|Diogo de Teive]] an [[1452 (almanak jilyen)|1452]], ki te kòmanse pa [[Henri le Navigateur|Henri Navigatè a]] apre pechè Pòtigè yo te envansyon [[Caravelle (navire)|karavèl]] la, premye modèl yon vrè bato ki vwayaje [[Haute mer|an fon lanmè]] . Pwogrè teknolojik la te alimenté lejann lan, ki an vire te motive epi vin anvan dekouvèt la. Konsa, nan 25 septembre 1492, diznèf jou apre li te kite [[La Gomera]], dènye pò li a, e sèz jou anvan li te wè limyè [[San Salvador (Bahamas)|San Salvador]], [[Kristòf Kolon]] t ap chèche Zantiy yo nan orizon an jan kat li a te endike l la, anven.

Se te [[Humaniste|imanis]] [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pyè Matir nan Milan]] ki, nan yon edisyon ofisyèl an [[1516 (almanak jilyen)|1516]], te atribiye non zile lejandè a bay divès zile ke Kristòf Kolon te dekouvri an menm tan ak [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}, [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12425/12425-h/12425-h.htm The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera translated by Francis Augustus MacNutt from the latin with notes and introduction in two volumes]&lt;/ref&gt; (se menm Pyè Matir sa a ki te nan Milan ke yo te konfye edikasyon pitit Kolon yo nan tribinal [[Couronne d'Aragon|Aragon]] an pandan vwayaj Kolon yo), alòske Kolon te pèsiste nan wè sèlman [[Nouveau Monde|Zantiy]] yo. Pirat depi [[1504 (almanak jilyen)|1504]], kopye epi finalman repibliye nan [[Pari]] an [[1532 (almanak jilyen)|1532]], travay li a '', De Orbo Novo,'' te gen yon enpak konsiderab ki te konsakre pliryèl la, relege sengilye a nan fòm mèveye a.

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>bsyy83obd6kfbdom7muthuhkoxljtdm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888784</id>
      <parentid>888783</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:23:40Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
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      <text bytes="6382" sha1="bz2i3u7en9cd927lmq8nf423elngo34" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Popilasyon an, ki gen divès orijin, se yon popilasyon melanje. Konpoze an pati ak moun ki gen orijin afriken ak [[Métis|ras melanje]] tankou nan [[Jamayik]] oswa [[Ayiti]], li gen ladan l tou moun ki gen orijin [[Ewòp|ewopeyèn]] ak [[Azi|azyatik]] (sitou moun ki soti nan [[Sous-continent indien|soukontinan Endyen an]] ak [[Moyen-Orient|Mwayen Oryan an]] ). Desandan dirèk premye okipan rejyon sa yo, [[Autochtones d'Amérique|Amerendyen]] yo, toujou prezan la, tankou Karayib yo ( [[Kalinago]] ) sou zile [[Dominik]], [[Arawak]] yo sou zile [[Matinik]] ak [[Tayino (pèp)|Taíno]] yo ki gaye toupatou nan [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] . Popilasyon [[Ti Zantiy|Ti Zantiy yo]] ak [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] (ki reprezante yon gwo pati nan Karayib la) se rezilta yon [[Métis|melanj]] entans.

== Orijin non an ==
Non an soti nan ''[[Antillia]]'', yon [[Île fantôme|zile fantom]] yo swadizan sitiye nan lwès [[Pòtigal]] nan Oseyan Atlantik la.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Antilles&lt;/ref&gt;

Youn nan premye mansyon zile sa a, kit li tradui teyori [[Aristòt|Aristotelyen yo]] soti nan [[Imago mundi (littérature)|Imago mundi]] sou balans Latè a menm jan ak ''[[Terra Australis]]'' la, kit li fikse rimè &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; nan men pechè pòtigè, bask oswa breton, parèt sou kat [[Zuane Pizzigano]] an [[1424 (almanak jilyen)|1424]] . Kat sa a ak lòt ki vin apre yo pibliye kòm yon pati nan pwogram eksplorasyon an,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; tankou ekspedisyon [[Diogo de Teive (navigateur)|Diogo de Teive]] an [[1452 (almanak jilyen)|1452]], ki te kòmanse pa [[Henri le Navigateur|Henri Navigatè a]] apre pechè Pòtigè yo te envansyon [[Caravelle (navire)|karavèl]] la, premye modèl yon vrè bato ki vwayaje [[Haute mer|an fon lanmè]] . Pwogrè teknolojik la te alimenté lejann lan, ki an vire te motive epi vin anvan dekouvèt la. Konsa, nan 25 septembre 1492, diznèf jou apre li te kite [[La Gomera]], dènye pò li a, e sèz jou anvan li te wè limyè [[San Salvador (Bahamas)|San Salvador]], [[Kristòf Kolon]] t ap chèche Zantiy yo nan orizon an jan kat li a te endike l la, anven.

Se te [[Humaniste|imanis]] [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pyè Matir nan Milan]] ki, nan yon edisyon ofisyèl an [[1516 (almanak jilyen)|1516]], te atribiye non zile lejandè a bay divès zile ke Kristòf Kolon te dekouvri an menm tan ak [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}, [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12425/12425-h/12425-h.htm The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera translated by Francis Augustus MacNutt from the latin with notes and introduction in two volumes]&lt;/ref&gt; (se menm Pyè Matir sa a ki te nan Milan ke yo te konfye edikasyon pitit Kolon yo nan tribinal [[Couronne d'Aragon|Aragon]] an pandan vwayaj Kolon yo), alòske Kolon te pèsiste nan wè sèlman [[Nouveau Monde|Zantiy]] yo. Pirat depi [[1504 (almanak jilyen)|1504]], kopye epi finalman repibliye nan [[Pari]] an [[1532 (almanak jilyen)|1532]], travay li a '', De Orbo Novo,'' te gen yon enpak konsiderab ki te konsakre pliryèl la, relege sengilye a nan fòm mèveye a.

Sepandan, [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pierre Martyr]] te sèlman ap popilarize yon toponim sosyete entènasyonal machann yo te adopte omwen apati dezyèm vwayaj [[Kristòf Kolon]] an [[1496 (almanak jilyen)|1496]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre d'[[Alberto Cantino]], espion, à [[Hercule d'Este]], duc de Ferrare, fin 1497, citée dans {{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; dekouvèt [[Terre-Neuve|Newfoundland]] pa [[Jean Cabot|Giovanni Caboto]] an [[1497 (almanak jilyen)|1497]], [[Brezil]] pa [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] an [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]], [[Labrador]] pa [[Gaspar Corte-Real|Gaspar de Corte Real]] an [[1501 (almanak jilyen)|1501]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre de Pietro Pasqualigo, octobre 1501, citée in J. Heers, ''La découverte de l'Amérique'', p. 126, Éditions Complexe, Paris, 1991, {{ISBN|2-87027-408-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3jE2UlAyjcC&amp;pg=PA112&amp;lpg=PA112&amp;dq=%22Quiriquetana%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ADK17mqTAK&amp;sig=GZlDjr-oqJHWU6ovmp8ns0pq_jU&amp;hl=fr&amp;ei=bMlNTbjYHMm54gas2N2oCQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Cantino&amp;f=false La découverte de l'Amérique].&lt;/ref&gt; ki byen idantifye ak kòt kontinantal yo, pa t kapab pou rezon sa a reklame non Zantiy. Toponimi akademik sa a, ki pa parèt sou pi ansyen kat jeyografik ki rete nan men [[Juan de la Cosa]] panyòl la, te enpoze pa [[Planisphère de Cantino|kat Cantino]] ke kartograf pòtigè yo te trase ant [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]] ak [[1502 (almanak jilyen)|1502]] . Li te gaye nan sèk [[Cosmographie|kosmografis yo]] atravè edisyon ki te repibliye done yo an [[1508 (almanak jilyen)|1508]], [[1511 (almanak jilyen)|1511]], [[1513 (almanak jilyen)|1513]], [[1520 (almanak jilyen)|1520]], [[1522 (almanak jilyen)|1522]] ak [[1525 (almanak jilyen)|1525]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>bz2i3u7en9cd927lmq8nf423elngo34</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888785</id>
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      <text bytes="6859" sha1="afw3o606izaqmdknss9axptqf0inlgi" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Popilasyon an, ki gen divès orijin, se yon popilasyon melanje. Konpoze an pati ak moun ki gen orijin afriken ak [[Métis|ras melanje]] tankou nan [[Jamayik]] oswa [[Ayiti]], li gen ladan l tou moun ki gen orijin [[Ewòp|ewopeyèn]] ak [[Azi|azyatik]] (sitou moun ki soti nan [[Sous-continent indien|soukontinan Endyen an]] ak [[Moyen-Orient|Mwayen Oryan an]] ). Desandan dirèk premye okipan rejyon sa yo, [[Autochtones d'Amérique|Amerendyen]] yo, toujou prezan la, tankou Karayib yo ( [[Kalinago]] ) sou zile [[Dominik]], [[Arawak]] yo sou zile [[Matinik]] ak [[Tayino (pèp)|Taíno]] yo ki gaye toupatou nan [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] . Popilasyon [[Ti Zantiy|Ti Zantiy yo]] ak [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] (ki reprezante yon gwo pati nan Karayib la) se rezilta yon [[Métis|melanj]] entans.

== Orijin non an ==
Non an soti nan ''[[Antillia]]'', yon [[Île fantôme|zile fantom]] yo swadizan sitiye nan lwès [[Pòtigal]] nan Oseyan Atlantik la.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Antilles&lt;/ref&gt;

Youn nan premye mansyon zile sa a, kit li tradui teyori [[Aristòt|Aristotelyen yo]] soti nan [[Imago mundi (littérature)|Imago mundi]] sou balans Latè a menm jan ak ''[[Terra Australis]]'' la, kit li fikse rimè &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; nan men pechè pòtigè, bask oswa breton, parèt sou kat [[Zuane Pizzigano]] an [[1424 (almanak jilyen)|1424]] . Kat sa a ak lòt ki vin apre yo pibliye kòm yon pati nan pwogram eksplorasyon an,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; tankou ekspedisyon [[Diogo de Teive (navigateur)|Diogo de Teive]] an [[1452 (almanak jilyen)|1452]], ki te kòmanse pa [[Henri le Navigateur|Henri Navigatè a]] apre pechè Pòtigè yo te envansyon [[Caravelle (navire)|karavèl]] la, premye modèl yon vrè bato ki vwayaje [[Haute mer|an fon lanmè]] . Pwogrè teknolojik la te alimenté lejann lan, ki an vire te motive epi vin anvan dekouvèt la. Konsa, nan 25 septembre 1492, diznèf jou apre li te kite [[La Gomera]], dènye pò li a, e sèz jou anvan li te wè limyè [[San Salvador (Bahamas)|San Salvador]], [[Kristòf Kolon]] t ap chèche Zantiy yo nan orizon an jan kat li a te endike l la, anven.

Se te [[Humaniste|imanis]] [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pyè Matir nan Milan]] ki, nan yon edisyon ofisyèl an [[1516 (almanak jilyen)|1516]], te atribiye non zile lejandè a bay divès zile ke Kristòf Kolon te dekouvri an menm tan ak [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}, [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12425/12425-h/12425-h.htm The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera translated by Francis Augustus MacNutt from the latin with notes and introduction in two volumes]&lt;/ref&gt; (se menm Pyè Matir sa a ki te nan Milan ke yo te konfye edikasyon pitit Kolon yo nan tribinal [[Couronne d'Aragon|Aragon]] an pandan vwayaj Kolon yo), alòske Kolon te pèsiste nan wè sèlman [[Nouveau Monde|Zantiy]] yo. Pirat depi [[1504 (almanak jilyen)|1504]], kopye epi finalman repibliye nan [[Pari]] an [[1532 (almanak jilyen)|1532]], travay li a '', De Orbo Novo,'' te gen yon enpak konsiderab ki te konsakre pliryèl la, relege sengilye a nan fòm mèveye a.

Sepandan, [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pierre Martyr]] te sèlman ap popilarize yon toponim sosyete entènasyonal machann yo te adopte omwen apati dezyèm vwayaj [[Kristòf Kolon]] an [[1496 (almanak jilyen)|1496]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre d'[[Alberto Cantino]], espion, à [[Hercule d'Este]], duc de Ferrare, fin 1497, citée dans {{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; dekouvèt [[Terre-Neuve|Newfoundland]] pa [[Jean Cabot|Giovanni Caboto]] an [[1497 (almanak jilyen)|1497]], [[Brezil]] pa [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] an [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]], [[Labrador]] pa [[Gaspar Corte-Real|Gaspar de Corte Real]] an [[1501 (almanak jilyen)|1501]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre de Pietro Pasqualigo, octobre 1501, citée in J. Heers, ''La découverte de l'Amérique'', p. 126, Éditions Complexe, Paris, 1991, {{ISBN|2-87027-408-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3jE2UlAyjcC&amp;pg=PA112&amp;lpg=PA112&amp;dq=%22Quiriquetana%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ADK17mqTAK&amp;sig=GZlDjr-oqJHWU6ovmp8ns0pq_jU&amp;hl=fr&amp;ei=bMlNTbjYHMm54gas2N2oCQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Cantino&amp;f=false La découverte de l'Amérique].&lt;/ref&gt; ki byen idantifye ak kòt kontinantal yo, pa t kapab pou rezon sa a reklame non Zantiy. Toponimi akademik sa a, ki pa parèt sou pi ansyen kat jeyografik ki rete nan men [[Juan de la Cosa]] panyòl la, te enpoze pa [[Planisphère de Cantino|kat Cantino]] ke kartograf pòtigè yo te trase ant [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]] ak [[1502 (almanak jilyen)|1502]] . Li te gaye nan sèk [[Cosmographie|kosmografis yo]] atravè edisyon ki te repibliye done yo an [[1508 (almanak jilyen)|1508]], [[1511 (almanak jilyen)|1511]], [[1513 (almanak jilyen)|1513]], [[1520 (almanak jilyen)|1520]], [[1522 (almanak jilyen)|1522]] ak [[1525 (almanak jilyen)|1525]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jewografi ==
Zantiy yo fè pati yon gwo zòn, [[Karayib|espas Karayib]] la, ke limit li yo pa byen defini, men ki pi souvan gen ladan l [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes]] yo ( [[Bahamas]] ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Caicos]] ), ansanm ak kòt Karayib [[Amerik|kontinan Ameriken]] an ki pwolonje soti nan [[Amérique centrale|Amerik Santral]] rive nan [[Plateau des Guyanes|Boukliye Giyana]] a, an pasan pa plèn kotyè [[Kolonbi]] ak [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] .

== Referans ==</text>
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      <text bytes="7039" sha1="gyy0yr6042vlc7sbxrt6p49jtcp5pmg" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Popilasyon an, ki gen divès orijin, se yon popilasyon melanje. Konpoze an pati ak moun ki gen orijin afriken ak [[Métis|ras melanje]] tankou nan [[Jamayik]] oswa [[Ayiti]], li gen ladan l tou moun ki gen orijin [[Ewòp|ewopeyèn]] ak [[Azi|azyatik]] (sitou moun ki soti nan [[Sous-continent indien|soukontinan Endyen an]] ak [[Moyen-Orient|Mwayen Oryan an]] ). Desandan dirèk premye okipan rejyon sa yo, [[Autochtones d'Amérique|Amerendyen]] yo, toujou prezan la, tankou Karayib yo ( [[Kalinago]] ) sou zile [[Dominik]], [[Arawak]] yo sou zile [[Matinik]] ak [[Tayino (pèp)|Taíno]] yo ki gaye toupatou nan [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] . Popilasyon [[Ti Zantiy|Ti Zantiy yo]] ak [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] (ki reprezante yon gwo pati nan Karayib la) se rezilta yon [[Métis|melanj]] entans.

== Orijin non an ==
Non an soti nan ''[[Antillia]]'', yon [[Île fantôme|zile fantom]] yo swadizan sitiye nan lwès [[Pòtigal]] nan Oseyan Atlantik la.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Antilles&lt;/ref&gt;

Youn nan premye mansyon zile sa a, kit li tradui teyori [[Aristòt|Aristotelyen yo]] soti nan [[Imago mundi (littérature)|Imago mundi]] sou balans Latè a menm jan ak ''[[Terra Australis]]'' la, kit li fikse rimè &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; nan men pechè pòtigè, bask oswa breton, parèt sou kat [[Zuane Pizzigano]] an [[1424 (almanak jilyen)|1424]] . Kat sa a ak lòt ki vin apre yo pibliye kòm yon pati nan pwogram eksplorasyon an,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; tankou ekspedisyon [[Diogo de Teive (navigateur)|Diogo de Teive]] an [[1452 (almanak jilyen)|1452]], ki te kòmanse pa [[Henri le Navigateur|Henri Navigatè a]] apre pechè Pòtigè yo te envansyon [[Caravelle (navire)|karavèl]] la, premye modèl yon vrè bato ki vwayaje [[Haute mer|an fon lanmè]] . Pwogrè teknolojik la te alimenté lejann lan, ki an vire te motive epi vin anvan dekouvèt la. Konsa, nan 25 septembre 1492, diznèf jou apre li te kite [[La Gomera]], dènye pò li a, e sèz jou anvan li te wè limyè [[San Salvador (Bahamas)|San Salvador]], [[Kristòf Kolon]] t ap chèche Zantiy yo nan orizon an jan kat li a te endike l la, anven.

Se te [[Humaniste|imanis]] [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pyè Matir nan Milan]] ki, nan yon edisyon ofisyèl an [[1516 (almanak jilyen)|1516]], te atribiye non zile lejandè a bay divès zile ke Kristòf Kolon te dekouvri an menm tan ak [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}, [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12425/12425-h/12425-h.htm The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera translated by Francis Augustus MacNutt from the latin with notes and introduction in two volumes]&lt;/ref&gt; (se menm Pyè Matir sa a ki te nan Milan ke yo te konfye edikasyon pitit Kolon yo nan tribinal [[Couronne d'Aragon|Aragon]] an pandan vwayaj Kolon yo), alòske Kolon te pèsiste nan wè sèlman [[Nouveau Monde|Zantiy]] yo. Pirat depi [[1504 (almanak jilyen)|1504]], kopye epi finalman repibliye nan [[Pari]] an [[1532 (almanak jilyen)|1532]], travay li a '', De Orbo Novo,'' te gen yon enpak konsiderab ki te konsakre pliryèl la, relege sengilye a nan fòm mèveye a.

Sepandan, [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pierre Martyr]] te sèlman ap popilarize yon toponim sosyete entènasyonal machann yo te adopte omwen apati dezyèm vwayaj [[Kristòf Kolon]] an [[1496 (almanak jilyen)|1496]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre d'[[Alberto Cantino]], espion, à [[Hercule d'Este]], duc de Ferrare, fin 1497, citée dans {{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; dekouvèt [[Terre-Neuve|Newfoundland]] pa [[Jean Cabot|Giovanni Caboto]] an [[1497 (almanak jilyen)|1497]], [[Brezil]] pa [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] an [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]], [[Labrador]] pa [[Gaspar Corte-Real|Gaspar de Corte Real]] an [[1501 (almanak jilyen)|1501]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre de Pietro Pasqualigo, octobre 1501, citée in J. Heers, ''La découverte de l'Amérique'', p. 126, Éditions Complexe, Paris, 1991, {{ISBN|2-87027-408-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3jE2UlAyjcC&amp;pg=PA112&amp;lpg=PA112&amp;dq=%22Quiriquetana%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ADK17mqTAK&amp;sig=GZlDjr-oqJHWU6ovmp8ns0pq_jU&amp;hl=fr&amp;ei=bMlNTbjYHMm54gas2N2oCQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Cantino&amp;f=false La découverte de l'Amérique].&lt;/ref&gt; ki byen idantifye ak kòt kontinantal yo, pa t kapab pou rezon sa a reklame non Zantiy. Toponimi akademik sa a, ki pa parèt sou pi ansyen kat jeyografik ki rete nan men [[Juan de la Cosa]] panyòl la, te enpoze pa [[Planisphère de Cantino|kat Cantino]] ke kartograf pòtigè yo te trase ant [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]] ak [[1502 (almanak jilyen)|1502]] . Li te gaye nan sèk [[Cosmographie|kosmografis yo]] atravè edisyon ki te repibliye done yo an [[1508 (almanak jilyen)|1508]], [[1511 (almanak jilyen)|1511]], [[1513 (almanak jilyen)|1513]], [[1520 (almanak jilyen)|1520]], [[1522 (almanak jilyen)|1522]] ak [[1525 (almanak jilyen)|1525]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Menm jan an tou, limit Zantiy yo ka varye selon definisyon peyi a. soti nan tout zile twopikal yo sou bò [[Oseyan Atlantik|Atlantik]] Amerik la, rive nan ak Karayib la ki strik.

== Jewografi ==
Zantiy yo fè pati yon gwo zòn, [[Karayib|espas Karayib]] la, ke limit li yo pa byen defini, men ki pi souvan gen ladan l [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes]] yo ( [[Bahamas]] ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Caicos]] ), ansanm ak kòt Karayib [[Amerik|kontinan Ameriken]] an ki pwolonje soti nan [[Amérique centrale|Amerik Santral]] rive nan [[Plateau des Guyanes|Boukliye Giyana]] a, an pasan pa plèn kotyè [[Kolonbi]] ak [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] .

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>gyy0yr6042vlc7sbxrt6p49jtcp5pmg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888787</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:25:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
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      <text bytes="7039" sha1="r3ygj4iu8h0fqn5g07m35ervgcye78o" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Popilasyon an, ki gen divès orijin, se yon popilasyon melanje. Konpoze an pati ak moun ki gen orijin afriken ak [[Métis|ras melanje]] tankou nan [[Jamayik]] oswa [[Ayiti]], li gen ladan l tou moun ki gen orijin [[Ewòp|ewopeyèn]] ak [[Azi|azyatik]] (sitou moun ki soti nan [[Sous-continent indien|soukontinan Endyen an]] ak [[Moyen-Orient|Mwayen Oryan an]] ). Desandan dirèk premye okipan rejyon sa yo, [[Autochtones d'Amérique|Amerendyen]] yo, toujou prezan la, tankou Karayib yo ( [[Kalinago]] ) sou zile [[Dominik]], [[Arawak]] yo sou zile [[Matinik]] ak [[Tayino (pèp)|Taíno]] yo ki gaye toupatou nan [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] . Popilasyon [[Ti Zantiy|Ti Zantiy yo]] ak [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] (ki reprezante yon gwo pati nan Karayib la) se rezilta yon [[Métis|melanj]] entans.

== Orijin non an ==
Non an soti nan ''[[Antillia]]'', yon [[Île fantôme|zile fantom]] yo swadizan sitiye nan lwès [[Pòtigal]] nan Oseyan Atlantik la.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Antilles&lt;/ref&gt;

Youn nan premye mansyon zile sa a, kit li tradui teyori [[Aristòt|Aristotelyen yo]] soti nan [[Imago mundi (littérature)|Imago mundi]] sou balans Latè a menm jan ak ''[[Terra Australis]]'' la, kit li fikse rimè &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; nan men pechè pòtigè, bask oswa breton, parèt sou kat [[Zuane Pizzigano]] an [[1424 (almanak jilyen)|1424]] . Kat sa a ak lòt ki vin apre yo pibliye kòm yon pati nan pwogram eksplorasyon an,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; tankou ekspedisyon [[Diogo de Teive (navigateur)|Diogo de Teive]] an [[1452 (almanak jilyen)|1452]], ki te kòmanse pa [[Henri le Navigateur|Henri Navigatè a]] apre pechè Pòtigè yo te envansyon [[Caravelle (navire)|karavèl]] la, premye modèl yon vrè bato ki vwayaje [[Haute mer|an fon lanmè]] . Pwogrè teknolojik la te alimenté lejann lan, ki an vire te motive epi vin anvan dekouvèt la. Konsa, nan 25 septembre 1492, diznèf jou apre li te kite [[La Gomera]], dènye pò li a, e sèz jou anvan li te wè limyè [[San Salvador (Bahamas)|San Salvador]], [[Kristòf Kolon]] t ap chèche Zantiy yo nan orizon an jan kat li a te endike l la, anven.

Se te [[Humaniste|imanis]] [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pyè Matir nan Milan]] ki, nan yon edisyon ofisyèl an [[1516 (almanak jilyen)|1516]], te atribiye non zile lejandè a bay divès zile ke Kristòf Kolon te dekouvri an menm tan ak [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}, [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12425/12425-h/12425-h.htm The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera translated by Francis Augustus MacNutt from the latin with notes and introduction in two volumes]&lt;/ref&gt; (se menm Pyè Matir sa a ki te nan Milan ke yo te konfye edikasyon pitit Kolon yo nan tribinal [[Couronne d'Aragon|Aragon]] an pandan vwayaj Kolon yo), alòske Kolon te pèsiste nan wè sèlman [[Nouveau Monde|Zantiy]] yo. Pirat depi [[1504 (almanak jilyen)|1504]], kopye epi finalman repibliye nan [[Pari]] an [[1532 (almanak jilyen)|1532]], travay li a '', De Orbo Novo,'' te gen yon enpak konsiderab ki te konsakre pliryèl la, relege sengilye a nan fòm mèveye a.

Sepandan, [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pierre Martyr]] te sèlman ap popilarize yon toponim sosyete entènasyonal machann yo te adopte omwen apati dezyèm vwayaj [[Kristòf Kolon]] an [[1496 (almanak jilyen)|1496]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre d'[[Alberto Cantino]], espion, à [[Hercule d'Este]], duc de Ferrare, fin 1497, citée dans {{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; dekouvèt [[Terre-Neuve|Newfoundland]] pa [[Jean Cabot|Giovanni Caboto]] an [[1497 (almanak jilyen)|1497]], [[Brezil]] pa [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] an [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]], [[Labrador]] pa [[Gaspar Corte-Real|Gaspar de Corte Real]] an [[1501 (almanak jilyen)|1501]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre de Pietro Pasqualigo, octobre 1501, citée in J. Heers, ''La découverte de l'Amérique'', p. 126, Éditions Complexe, Paris, 1991, {{ISBN|2-87027-408-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3jE2UlAyjcC&amp;pg=PA112&amp;lpg=PA112&amp;dq=%22Quiriquetana%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ADK17mqTAK&amp;sig=GZlDjr-oqJHWU6ovmp8ns0pq_jU&amp;hl=fr&amp;ei=bMlNTbjYHMm54gas2N2oCQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Cantino&amp;f=false La découverte de l'Amérique].&lt;/ref&gt; ki byen idantifye ak kòt kontinantal yo, pa t kapab pou rezon sa a reklame non Zantiy. Toponimi akademik sa a, ki pa parèt sou pi ansyen kat jeyografik ki rete nan men [[Juan de la Cosa]] panyòl la, te enpoze pa [[Planisphère de Cantino|kat Cantino]] ke kartograf pòtigè yo te trase ant [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]] ak [[1502 (almanak jilyen)|1502]] . Li te gaye nan sèk [[Cosmographie|kosmografis yo]] atravè edisyon ki te repibliye done yo an [[1508 (almanak jilyen)|1508]], [[1511 (almanak jilyen)|1511]], [[1513 (almanak jilyen)|1513]], [[1520 (almanak jilyen)|1520]], [[1522 (almanak jilyen)|1522]] ak [[1525 (almanak jilyen)|1525]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jewografi ==
Zantiy yo fè pati yon gwo zòn, [[Karayib|espas Karayib]] la, ke limit li yo pa byen defini, men ki pi souvan gen ladan l [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes]] yo ( [[Bahamas]] ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Caicos]] ), ansanm ak kòt Karayib [[Amerik|kontinan Ameriken]] an ki pwolonje soti nan [[Amérique centrale|Amerik Santral]] rive nan [[Plateau des Guyanes|Boukliye Giyana]] a, an pasan pa plèn kotyè [[Kolonbi]] ak [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] .

Menm jan an tou, limit Zantiy yo ka varye selon definisyon peyi a. soti nan tout zile twopikal yo sou bò [[Oseyan Atlantik|Atlantik]] Amerik la, rive nan ak Karayib la ki strik.

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>r3ygj4iu8h0fqn5g07m35ervgcye78o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888788</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:26:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
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      <text bytes="7316" sha1="b9o0bcwlxzf5ano5buxfwrerw2nw6vi" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Popilasyon an, ki gen divès orijin, se yon popilasyon melanje. Konpoze an pati ak moun ki gen orijin afriken ak [[Métis|ras melanje]] tankou nan [[Jamayik]] oswa [[Ayiti]], li gen ladan l tou moun ki gen orijin [[Ewòp|ewopeyèn]] ak [[Azi|azyatik]] (sitou moun ki soti nan [[Sous-continent indien|soukontinan Endyen an]] ak [[Moyen-Orient|Mwayen Oryan an]] ). Desandan dirèk premye okipan rejyon sa yo, [[Autochtones d'Amérique|Amerendyen]] yo, toujou prezan la, tankou Karayib yo ( [[Kalinago]] ) sou zile [[Dominik]], [[Arawak]] yo sou zile [[Matinik]] ak [[Tayino (pèp)|Taíno]] yo ki gaye toupatou nan [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] . Popilasyon [[Ti Zantiy|Ti Zantiy yo]] ak [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] (ki reprezante yon gwo pati nan Karayib la) se rezilta yon [[Métis|melanj]] entans.

== Orijin non an ==
Non an soti nan ''[[Antillia]]'', yon [[Île fantôme|zile fantom]] yo swadizan sitiye nan lwès [[Pòtigal]] nan Oseyan Atlantik la.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Antilles&lt;/ref&gt;

Youn nan premye mansyon zile sa a, kit li tradui teyori [[Aristòt|Aristotelyen yo]] soti nan [[Imago mundi (littérature)|Imago mundi]] sou balans Latè a menm jan ak ''[[Terra Australis]]'' la, kit li fikse rimè &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; nan men pechè pòtigè, bask oswa breton, parèt sou kat [[Zuane Pizzigano]] an [[1424 (almanak jilyen)|1424]] . Kat sa a ak lòt ki vin apre yo pibliye kòm yon pati nan pwogram eksplorasyon an,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; tankou ekspedisyon [[Diogo de Teive (navigateur)|Diogo de Teive]] an [[1452 (almanak jilyen)|1452]], ki te kòmanse pa [[Henri le Navigateur|Henri Navigatè a]] apre pechè Pòtigè yo te envansyon [[Caravelle (navire)|karavèl]] la, premye modèl yon vrè bato ki vwayaje [[Haute mer|an fon lanmè]] . Pwogrè teknolojik la te alimenté lejann lan, ki an vire te motive epi vin anvan dekouvèt la. Konsa, nan 25 septembre 1492, diznèf jou apre li te kite [[La Gomera]], dènye pò li a, e sèz jou anvan li te wè limyè [[San Salvador (Bahamas)|San Salvador]], [[Kristòf Kolon]] t ap chèche Zantiy yo nan orizon an jan kat li a te endike l la, anven.

Se te [[Humaniste|imanis]] [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pyè Matir nan Milan]] ki, nan yon edisyon ofisyèl an [[1516 (almanak jilyen)|1516]], te atribiye non zile lejandè a bay divès zile ke Kristòf Kolon te dekouvri an menm tan ak [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}, [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12425/12425-h/12425-h.htm The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera translated by Francis Augustus MacNutt from the latin with notes and introduction in two volumes]&lt;/ref&gt; (se menm Pyè Matir sa a ki te nan Milan ke yo te konfye edikasyon pitit Kolon yo nan tribinal [[Couronne d'Aragon|Aragon]] an pandan vwayaj Kolon yo), alòske Kolon te pèsiste nan wè sèlman [[Nouveau Monde|Zantiy]] yo. Pirat depi [[1504 (almanak jilyen)|1504]], kopye epi finalman repibliye nan [[Pari]] an [[1532 (almanak jilyen)|1532]], travay li a '', De Orbo Novo,'' te gen yon enpak konsiderab ki te konsakre pliryèl la, relege sengilye a nan fòm mèveye a.

Sepandan, [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pierre Martyr]] te sèlman ap popilarize yon toponim sosyete entènasyonal machann yo te adopte omwen apati dezyèm vwayaj [[Kristòf Kolon]] an [[1496 (almanak jilyen)|1496]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre d'[[Alberto Cantino]], espion, à [[Hercule d'Este]], duc de Ferrare, fin 1497, citée dans {{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; dekouvèt [[Terre-Neuve|Newfoundland]] pa [[Jean Cabot|Giovanni Caboto]] an [[1497 (almanak jilyen)|1497]], [[Brezil]] pa [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] an [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]], [[Labrador]] pa [[Gaspar Corte-Real|Gaspar de Corte Real]] an [[1501 (almanak jilyen)|1501]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre de Pietro Pasqualigo, octobre 1501, citée in J. Heers, ''La découverte de l'Amérique'', p. 126, Éditions Complexe, Paris, 1991, {{ISBN|2-87027-408-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3jE2UlAyjcC&amp;pg=PA112&amp;lpg=PA112&amp;dq=%22Quiriquetana%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ADK17mqTAK&amp;sig=GZlDjr-oqJHWU6ovmp8ns0pq_jU&amp;hl=fr&amp;ei=bMlNTbjYHMm54gas2N2oCQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Cantino&amp;f=false La découverte de l'Amérique].&lt;/ref&gt; ki byen idantifye ak kòt kontinantal yo, pa t kapab pou rezon sa a reklame non Zantiy. Toponimi akademik sa a, ki pa parèt sou pi ansyen kat jeyografik ki rete nan men [[Juan de la Cosa]] panyòl la, te enpoze pa [[Planisphère de Cantino|kat Cantino]] ke kartograf pòtigè yo te trase ant [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]] ak [[1502 (almanak jilyen)|1502]] . Li te gaye nan sèk [[Cosmographie|kosmografis yo]] atravè edisyon ki te repibliye done yo an [[1508 (almanak jilyen)|1508]], [[1511 (almanak jilyen)|1511]], [[1513 (almanak jilyen)|1513]], [[1520 (almanak jilyen)|1520]], [[1522 (almanak jilyen)|1522]] ak [[1525 (almanak jilyen)|1525]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jewografi ==
Zantiy yo fè pati yon gwo zòn, [[Karayib|espas Karayib]] la, ke limit li yo pa byen defini, men ki pi souvan gen ladan l [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes]] yo ( [[Bahamas]] ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Caicos]] ), ansanm ak kòt Karayib [[Amerik|kontinan Ameriken]] an ki pwolonje soti nan [[Amérique centrale|Amerik Santral]] rive nan [[Plateau des Guyanes|Boukliye Giyana]] a, an pasan pa plèn kotyè [[Kolonbi]] ak [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] .

Menm jan an tou, limit Zantiy yo ka varye selon definisyon peyi a. soti nan tout zile twopikal yo sou bò [[Oseyan Atlantik|Atlantik]] Amerik la, rive nan ak Karayib la ki strik.

Nan ka divizyon Amerik an de kontinan, Zantiy yo tache ak Amerik di Nò, eksepte [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Leeward yo]] ak [[Trinidad ak Tobago]] toupre kòt Venezyelyen an.&lt;ref&gt;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Continents_vide_couleurs.png&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>b9o0bcwlxzf5ano5buxfwrerw2nw6vi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888789</id>
      <parentid>888788</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:27:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Jewografi */</comment>
      <origin>888789</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7988" sha1="n73rerobfjdunaurc2qnpd2qysqh0ph" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Popilasyon an, ki gen divès orijin, se yon popilasyon melanje. Konpoze an pati ak moun ki gen orijin afriken ak [[Métis|ras melanje]] tankou nan [[Jamayik]] oswa [[Ayiti]], li gen ladan l tou moun ki gen orijin [[Ewòp|ewopeyèn]] ak [[Azi|azyatik]] (sitou moun ki soti nan [[Sous-continent indien|soukontinan Endyen an]] ak [[Moyen-Orient|Mwayen Oryan an]] ). Desandan dirèk premye okipan rejyon sa yo, [[Autochtones d'Amérique|Amerendyen]] yo, toujou prezan la, tankou Karayib yo ( [[Kalinago]] ) sou zile [[Dominik]], [[Arawak]] yo sou zile [[Matinik]] ak [[Tayino (pèp)|Taíno]] yo ki gaye toupatou nan [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] . Popilasyon [[Ti Zantiy|Ti Zantiy yo]] ak [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] (ki reprezante yon gwo pati nan Karayib la) se rezilta yon [[Métis|melanj]] entans.

== Orijin non an ==
Non an soti nan ''[[Antillia]]'', yon [[Île fantôme|zile fantom]] yo swadizan sitiye nan lwès [[Pòtigal]] nan Oseyan Atlantik la.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Antilles&lt;/ref&gt;

Youn nan premye mansyon zile sa a, kit li tradui teyori [[Aristòt|Aristotelyen yo]] soti nan [[Imago mundi (littérature)|Imago mundi]] sou balans Latè a menm jan ak ''[[Terra Australis]]'' la, kit li fikse rimè &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; nan men pechè pòtigè, bask oswa breton, parèt sou kat [[Zuane Pizzigano]] an [[1424 (almanak jilyen)|1424]] . Kat sa a ak lòt ki vin apre yo pibliye kòm yon pati nan pwogram eksplorasyon an,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; tankou ekspedisyon [[Diogo de Teive (navigateur)|Diogo de Teive]] an [[1452 (almanak jilyen)|1452]], ki te kòmanse pa [[Henri le Navigateur|Henri Navigatè a]] apre pechè Pòtigè yo te envansyon [[Caravelle (navire)|karavèl]] la, premye modèl yon vrè bato ki vwayaje [[Haute mer|an fon lanmè]] . Pwogrè teknolojik la te alimenté lejann lan, ki an vire te motive epi vin anvan dekouvèt la. Konsa, nan 25 septembre 1492, diznèf jou apre li te kite [[La Gomera]], dènye pò li a, e sèz jou anvan li te wè limyè [[San Salvador (Bahamas)|San Salvador]], [[Kristòf Kolon]] t ap chèche Zantiy yo nan orizon an jan kat li a te endike l la, anven.

Se te [[Humaniste|imanis]] [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pyè Matir nan Milan]] ki, nan yon edisyon ofisyèl an [[1516 (almanak jilyen)|1516]], te atribiye non zile lejandè a bay divès zile ke Kristòf Kolon te dekouvri an menm tan ak [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}, [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12425/12425-h/12425-h.htm The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera translated by Francis Augustus MacNutt from the latin with notes and introduction in two volumes]&lt;/ref&gt; (se menm Pyè Matir sa a ki te nan Milan ke yo te konfye edikasyon pitit Kolon yo nan tribinal [[Couronne d'Aragon|Aragon]] an pandan vwayaj Kolon yo), alòske Kolon te pèsiste nan wè sèlman [[Nouveau Monde|Zantiy]] yo. Pirat depi [[1504 (almanak jilyen)|1504]], kopye epi finalman repibliye nan [[Pari]] an [[1532 (almanak jilyen)|1532]], travay li a '', De Orbo Novo,'' te gen yon enpak konsiderab ki te konsakre pliryèl la, relege sengilye a nan fòm mèveye a.

Sepandan, [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pierre Martyr]] te sèlman ap popilarize yon toponim sosyete entènasyonal machann yo te adopte omwen apati dezyèm vwayaj [[Kristòf Kolon]] an [[1496 (almanak jilyen)|1496]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre d'[[Alberto Cantino]], espion, à [[Hercule d'Este]], duc de Ferrare, fin 1497, citée dans {{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; dekouvèt [[Terre-Neuve|Newfoundland]] pa [[Jean Cabot|Giovanni Caboto]] an [[1497 (almanak jilyen)|1497]], [[Brezil]] pa [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] an [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]], [[Labrador]] pa [[Gaspar Corte-Real|Gaspar de Corte Real]] an [[1501 (almanak jilyen)|1501]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre de Pietro Pasqualigo, octobre 1501, citée in J. Heers, ''La découverte de l'Amérique'', p. 126, Éditions Complexe, Paris, 1991, {{ISBN|2-87027-408-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3jE2UlAyjcC&amp;pg=PA112&amp;lpg=PA112&amp;dq=%22Quiriquetana%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ADK17mqTAK&amp;sig=GZlDjr-oqJHWU6ovmp8ns0pq_jU&amp;hl=fr&amp;ei=bMlNTbjYHMm54gas2N2oCQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Cantino&amp;f=false La découverte de l'Amérique].&lt;/ref&gt; ki byen idantifye ak kòt kontinantal yo, pa t kapab pou rezon sa a reklame non Zantiy. Toponimi akademik sa a, ki pa parèt sou pi ansyen kat jeyografik ki rete nan men [[Juan de la Cosa]] panyòl la, te enpoze pa [[Planisphère de Cantino|kat Cantino]] ke kartograf pòtigè yo te trase ant [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]] ak [[1502 (almanak jilyen)|1502]] . Li te gaye nan sèk [[Cosmographie|kosmografis yo]] atravè edisyon ki te repibliye done yo an [[1508 (almanak jilyen)|1508]], [[1511 (almanak jilyen)|1511]], [[1513 (almanak jilyen)|1513]], [[1520 (almanak jilyen)|1520]], [[1522 (almanak jilyen)|1522]] ak [[1525 (almanak jilyen)|1525]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jewografi ==
Zantiy yo fè pati yon gwo zòn, [[Karayib|espas Karayib]] la, ke limit li yo pa byen defini, men ki pi souvan gen ladan l [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes]] yo ( [[Bahamas]] ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Caicos]] ), ansanm ak kòt Karayib [[Amerik|kontinan Ameriken]] an ki pwolonje soti nan [[Amérique centrale|Amerik Santral]] rive nan [[Plateau des Guyanes|Boukliye Giyana]] a, an pasan pa plèn kotyè [[Kolonbi]] ak [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] .

Menm jan an tou, limit Zantiy yo ka varye selon definisyon peyi a. soti nan tout zile twopikal yo sou bò [[Oseyan Atlantik|Atlantik]] Amerik la, rive nan ak Karayib la ki strik.

Nan ka divizyon Amerik an de kontinan, Zantiy yo tache ak Amerik di Nò, eksepte [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Leeward yo]] ak [[Trinidad ak Tobago]] toupre kòt Venezyelyen an.&lt;ref&gt;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Continents_vide_couleurs.png&lt;/ref&gt;

Fòmasyon [[plaj]] sab blan nan zile Karayib yo a soti sitou nan metòd [[Scaridae|pwason peroke yo]] manje ki mòde alg yo dirèkteman sou koray vivan yo pou yo ekstrè eleman nitritif yo, yo kraze moso kalkè yo an poud epi transfòme yo an sab fin. Anba aksyon van ak kouran yo, sab ki fòme ak poupou pwason sa yo depoze nan sèten kote ki wo epi li fòme 70 % sab blan ki sou plaj Karayib yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maxisciences.com/sable/l-etonnant-secret-cache-derriere-les-plages-de-sable-blanc-paradisiaques_art39821.html|title=L'étonnant secret caché derrière les plages de sable blanc paradisiaques|date=31-08-2017|website=maxisciences.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>n73rerobfjdunaurc2qnpd2qysqh0ph</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888790</id>
      <parentid>888789</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:30:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Jewografi */</comment>
      <origin>888790</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9522" sha1="0naebe42sc60o3y6oue76sq1zwhaiug" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Popilasyon an, ki gen divès orijin, se yon popilasyon melanje. Konpoze an pati ak moun ki gen orijin afriken ak [[Métis|ras melanje]] tankou nan [[Jamayik]] oswa [[Ayiti]], li gen ladan l tou moun ki gen orijin [[Ewòp|ewopeyèn]] ak [[Azi|azyatik]] (sitou moun ki soti nan [[Sous-continent indien|soukontinan Endyen an]] ak [[Moyen-Orient|Mwayen Oryan an]] ). Desandan dirèk premye okipan rejyon sa yo, [[Autochtones d'Amérique|Amerendyen]] yo, toujou prezan la, tankou Karayib yo ( [[Kalinago]] ) sou zile [[Dominik]], [[Arawak]] yo sou zile [[Matinik]] ak [[Tayino (pèp)|Taíno]] yo ki gaye toupatou nan [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] . Popilasyon [[Ti Zantiy|Ti Zantiy yo]] ak [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] (ki reprezante yon gwo pati nan Karayib la) se rezilta yon [[Métis|melanj]] entans.

== Orijin non an ==
Non an soti nan ''[[Antillia]]'', yon [[Île fantôme|zile fantom]] yo swadizan sitiye nan lwès [[Pòtigal]] nan Oseyan Atlantik la.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Antilles&lt;/ref&gt;

Youn nan premye mansyon zile sa a, kit li tradui teyori [[Aristòt|Aristotelyen yo]] soti nan [[Imago mundi (littérature)|Imago mundi]] sou balans Latè a menm jan ak ''[[Terra Australis]]'' la, kit li fikse rimè &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; nan men pechè pòtigè, bask oswa breton, parèt sou kat [[Zuane Pizzigano]] an [[1424 (almanak jilyen)|1424]] . Kat sa a ak lòt ki vin apre yo pibliye kòm yon pati nan pwogram eksplorasyon an,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; tankou ekspedisyon [[Diogo de Teive (navigateur)|Diogo de Teive]] an [[1452 (almanak jilyen)|1452]], ki te kòmanse pa [[Henri le Navigateur|Henri Navigatè a]] apre pechè Pòtigè yo te envansyon [[Caravelle (navire)|karavèl]] la, premye modèl yon vrè bato ki vwayaje [[Haute mer|an fon lanmè]] . Pwogrè teknolojik la te alimenté lejann lan, ki an vire te motive epi vin anvan dekouvèt la. Konsa, nan 25 septembre 1492, diznèf jou apre li te kite [[La Gomera]], dènye pò li a, e sèz jou anvan li te wè limyè [[San Salvador (Bahamas)|San Salvador]], [[Kristòf Kolon]] t ap chèche Zantiy yo nan orizon an jan kat li a te endike l la, anven.

Se te [[Humaniste|imanis]] [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pyè Matir nan Milan]] ki, nan yon edisyon ofisyèl an [[1516 (almanak jilyen)|1516]], te atribiye non zile lejandè a bay divès zile ke Kristòf Kolon te dekouvri an menm tan ak [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}, [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12425/12425-h/12425-h.htm The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera translated by Francis Augustus MacNutt from the latin with notes and introduction in two volumes]&lt;/ref&gt; (se menm Pyè Matir sa a ki te nan Milan ke yo te konfye edikasyon pitit Kolon yo nan tribinal [[Couronne d'Aragon|Aragon]] an pandan vwayaj Kolon yo), alòske Kolon te pèsiste nan wè sèlman [[Nouveau Monde|Zantiy]] yo. Pirat depi [[1504 (almanak jilyen)|1504]], kopye epi finalman repibliye nan [[Pari]] an [[1532 (almanak jilyen)|1532]], travay li a '', De Orbo Novo,'' te gen yon enpak konsiderab ki te konsakre pliryèl la, relege sengilye a nan fòm mèveye a.

Sepandan, [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pierre Martyr]] te sèlman ap popilarize yon toponim sosyete entènasyonal machann yo te adopte omwen apati dezyèm vwayaj [[Kristòf Kolon]] an [[1496 (almanak jilyen)|1496]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre d'[[Alberto Cantino]], espion, à [[Hercule d'Este]], duc de Ferrare, fin 1497, citée dans {{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; dekouvèt [[Terre-Neuve|Newfoundland]] pa [[Jean Cabot|Giovanni Caboto]] an [[1497 (almanak jilyen)|1497]], [[Brezil]] pa [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] an [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]], [[Labrador]] pa [[Gaspar Corte-Real|Gaspar de Corte Real]] an [[1501 (almanak jilyen)|1501]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre de Pietro Pasqualigo, octobre 1501, citée in J. Heers, ''La découverte de l'Amérique'', p. 126, Éditions Complexe, Paris, 1991, {{ISBN|2-87027-408-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3jE2UlAyjcC&amp;pg=PA112&amp;lpg=PA112&amp;dq=%22Quiriquetana%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ADK17mqTAK&amp;sig=GZlDjr-oqJHWU6ovmp8ns0pq_jU&amp;hl=fr&amp;ei=bMlNTbjYHMm54gas2N2oCQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Cantino&amp;f=false La découverte de l'Amérique].&lt;/ref&gt; ki byen idantifye ak kòt kontinantal yo, pa t kapab pou rezon sa a reklame non Zantiy. Toponimi akademik sa a, ki pa parèt sou pi ansyen kat jeyografik ki rete nan men [[Juan de la Cosa]] panyòl la, te enpoze pa [[Planisphère de Cantino|kat Cantino]] ke kartograf pòtigè yo te trase ant [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]] ak [[1502 (almanak jilyen)|1502]] . Li te gaye nan sèk [[Cosmographie|kosmografis yo]] atravè edisyon ki te repibliye done yo an [[1508 (almanak jilyen)|1508]], [[1511 (almanak jilyen)|1511]], [[1513 (almanak jilyen)|1513]], [[1520 (almanak jilyen)|1520]], [[1522 (almanak jilyen)|1522]] ak [[1525 (almanak jilyen)|1525]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jewografi ==
Zantiy yo fè pati yon gwo zòn, [[Karayib|espas Karayib]] la, ke limit li yo pa byen defini, men ki pi souvan gen ladan l [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes]] yo ( [[Bahamas]] ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Caicos]] ), ansanm ak kòt Karayib [[Amerik|kontinan Ameriken]] an ki pwolonje soti nan [[Amérique centrale|Amerik Santral]] rive nan [[Plateau des Guyanes|Boukliye Giyana]] a, an pasan pa plèn kotyè [[Kolonbi]] ak [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] .

Menm jan an tou, limit Zantiy yo ka varye selon definisyon peyi a. soti nan tout zile twopikal yo sou bò [[Oseyan Atlantik|Atlantik]] Amerik la, rive nan ak Karayib la ki strik.

Nan ka divizyon Amerik an de kontinan, Zantiy yo tache ak Amerik di Nò, eksepte [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Leeward yo]] ak [[Trinidad ak Tobago]] toupre kòt Venezyelyen an.&lt;ref&gt;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Continents_vide_couleurs.png&lt;/ref&gt;

Fòmasyon [[plaj]] sab blan nan zile Karayib yo a soti sitou nan metòd [[Scaridae|pwason peroke yo]] manje ki mòde alg yo dirèkteman sou koray vivan yo pou yo ekstrè eleman nitritif yo, yo kraze moso kalkè yo an poud epi transfòme yo an sab fin. Anba aksyon van ak kouran yo, sab ki fòme ak poupou pwason sa yo depoze nan sèten kote ki wo epi li fòme 70 % sab blan ki sou plaj Karayib yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maxisciences.com/sable/l-etonnant-secret-cache-derriere-les-plages-de-sable-blanc-paradisiaques_art39821.html|title=L'étonnant secret caché derrière les plages de sable blanc paradisiaques|date=31-08-2017|website=maxisciences.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nan Zantiy yo, ou ka distenge :

Ti [[Ti Zantiy|Zantiy yo]] .

: konsiste de yon chèn ti zile ki gen orijin vòlkanik oswa kalkè, ki pwolonje nan yon ak soti nan [[Fosse d'Anegada|twou Anegada]] a &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{En}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Anegada-Passage|title=Anegada Passage|website=britannica.com|access-date=11 avril 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; rive [[Trinité (île)|Trinidad]] nan sid la. Apre sa, aliyman sa a koube nan direksyon lwès rive nan zile [[Awouba|Aruba]], toupre kontinan Amerik di Sid la.
: La a tou, selon definisyon chak peyi a, yo fè yon distenksyon nan Ti Zantiy yo. :
::* [[Îles du Vent (Antilles)|Zile Windward]] yo sitiye toupre fwontyè ki separe [[lanmè Karayib]] la ak [[Oseyan Atlantik|oseyan Atlantik la.]] soti nan zile [[Sombrero (Anguilla)|Sombrero]] ( [[Anguilla]] ) nan nò rive nan Trinidad ( [[Trinidad ak Tobago]] ) nan sid,
::* [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Leeward]] yo pwolonje sou kòt nò [[Amerik disid|Amerik di Sid la.]] soti [[Awouba|Aruba]] nan lwès rive nan [[Archipel Los Testigos|achipèl Los Testigos]] nan lès ;
: Pa egzanp, peyi anglo-sakson yo prefere yon delimitasyon nò-sid ( [[Dominik]] te fè pati Zile Windward yo depi 1940). :
::* [[Îles du Vent (Antilles)|Zile Van yo]] pati sid ak Ti Zantiy yo, soti Trinidad ( [[Trinidad ak Tobago]] ) nan sid rive [[Dominik]] nan nò,
::* [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Leeward yo oubyen Zile Leeward yo]] Pati nò ak [[Ti Zantiy]] yo, soti [[Gwadloup]] nan sid rive [[Sombrero]] nan nò ;

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>0naebe42sc60o3y6oue76sq1zwhaiug</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888791</id>
      <parentid>888790</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:30:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Jewografi */</comment>
      <origin>888791</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9523" sha1="ek78gpmh2no8uu6fhalunrjxfepj6tc" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Popilasyon an, ki gen divès orijin, se yon popilasyon melanje. Konpoze an pati ak moun ki gen orijin afriken ak [[Métis|ras melanje]] tankou nan [[Jamayik]] oswa [[Ayiti]], li gen ladan l tou moun ki gen orijin [[Ewòp|ewopeyèn]] ak [[Azi|azyatik]] (sitou moun ki soti nan [[Sous-continent indien|soukontinan Endyen an]] ak [[Moyen-Orient|Mwayen Oryan an]] ). Desandan dirèk premye okipan rejyon sa yo, [[Autochtones d'Amérique|Amerendyen]] yo, toujou prezan la, tankou Karayib yo ( [[Kalinago]] ) sou zile [[Dominik]], [[Arawak]] yo sou zile [[Matinik]] ak [[Tayino (pèp)|Taíno]] yo ki gaye toupatou nan [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] . Popilasyon [[Ti Zantiy|Ti Zantiy yo]] ak [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] (ki reprezante yon gwo pati nan Karayib la) se rezilta yon [[Métis|melanj]] entans.

== Orijin non an ==
Non an soti nan ''[[Antillia]]'', yon [[Île fantôme|zile fantom]] yo swadizan sitiye nan lwès [[Pòtigal]] nan Oseyan Atlantik la.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Antilles&lt;/ref&gt;

Youn nan premye mansyon zile sa a, kit li tradui teyori [[Aristòt|Aristotelyen yo]] soti nan [[Imago mundi (littérature)|Imago mundi]] sou balans Latè a menm jan ak ''[[Terra Australis]]'' la, kit li fikse rimè &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; nan men pechè pòtigè, bask oswa breton, parèt sou kat [[Zuane Pizzigano]] an [[1424 (almanak jilyen)|1424]] . Kat sa a ak lòt ki vin apre yo pibliye kòm yon pati nan pwogram eksplorasyon an,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; tankou ekspedisyon [[Diogo de Teive (navigateur)|Diogo de Teive]] an [[1452 (almanak jilyen)|1452]], ki te kòmanse pa [[Henri le Navigateur|Henri Navigatè a]] apre pechè Pòtigè yo te envansyon [[Caravelle (navire)|karavèl]] la, premye modèl yon vrè bato ki vwayaje [[Haute mer|an fon lanmè]] . Pwogrè teknolojik la te alimenté lejann lan, ki an vire te motive epi vin anvan dekouvèt la. Konsa, nan 25 septembre 1492, diznèf jou apre li te kite [[La Gomera]], dènye pò li a, e sèz jou anvan li te wè limyè [[San Salvador (Bahamas)|San Salvador]], [[Kristòf Kolon]] t ap chèche Zantiy yo nan orizon an jan kat li a te endike l la, anven.

Se te [[Humaniste|imanis]] [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pyè Matir nan Milan]] ki, nan yon edisyon ofisyèl an [[1516 (almanak jilyen)|1516]], te atribiye non zile lejandè a bay divès zile ke Kristòf Kolon te dekouvri an menm tan ak [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}, [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12425/12425-h/12425-h.htm The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera translated by Francis Augustus MacNutt from the latin with notes and introduction in two volumes]&lt;/ref&gt; (se menm Pyè Matir sa a ki te nan Milan ke yo te konfye edikasyon pitit Kolon yo nan tribinal [[Couronne d'Aragon|Aragon]] an pandan vwayaj Kolon yo), alòske Kolon te pèsiste nan wè sèlman [[Nouveau Monde|Zantiy]] yo. Pirat depi [[1504 (almanak jilyen)|1504]], kopye epi finalman repibliye nan [[Pari]] an [[1532 (almanak jilyen)|1532]], travay li a '', De Orbo Novo,'' te gen yon enpak konsiderab ki te konsakre pliryèl la, relege sengilye a nan fòm mèveye a.

Sepandan, [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pierre Martyr]] te sèlman ap popilarize yon toponim sosyete entènasyonal machann yo te adopte omwen apati dezyèm vwayaj [[Kristòf Kolon]] an [[1496 (almanak jilyen)|1496]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre d'[[Alberto Cantino]], espion, à [[Hercule d'Este]], duc de Ferrare, fin 1497, citée dans {{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; dekouvèt [[Terre-Neuve|Newfoundland]] pa [[Jean Cabot|Giovanni Caboto]] an [[1497 (almanak jilyen)|1497]], [[Brezil]] pa [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] an [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]], [[Labrador]] pa [[Gaspar Corte-Real|Gaspar de Corte Real]] an [[1501 (almanak jilyen)|1501]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre de Pietro Pasqualigo, octobre 1501, citée in J. Heers, ''La découverte de l'Amérique'', p. 126, Éditions Complexe, Paris, 1991, {{ISBN|2-87027-408-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3jE2UlAyjcC&amp;pg=PA112&amp;lpg=PA112&amp;dq=%22Quiriquetana%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ADK17mqTAK&amp;sig=GZlDjr-oqJHWU6ovmp8ns0pq_jU&amp;hl=fr&amp;ei=bMlNTbjYHMm54gas2N2oCQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Cantino&amp;f=false La découverte de l'Amérique].&lt;/ref&gt; ki byen idantifye ak kòt kontinantal yo, pa t kapab pou rezon sa a reklame non Zantiy. Toponimi akademik sa a, ki pa parèt sou pi ansyen kat jeyografik ki rete nan men [[Juan de la Cosa]] panyòl la, te enpoze pa [[Planisphère de Cantino|kat Cantino]] ke kartograf pòtigè yo te trase ant [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]] ak [[1502 (almanak jilyen)|1502]] . Li te gaye nan sèk [[Cosmographie|kosmografis yo]] atravè edisyon ki te repibliye done yo an [[1508 (almanak jilyen)|1508]], [[1511 (almanak jilyen)|1511]], [[1513 (almanak jilyen)|1513]], [[1520 (almanak jilyen)|1520]], [[1522 (almanak jilyen)|1522]] ak [[1525 (almanak jilyen)|1525]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jewografi ==
Zantiy yo fè pati yon gwo zòn, [[Karayib|espas Karayib]] la, ke limit li yo pa byen defini, men ki pi souvan gen ladan l [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes]] yo ( [[Bahamas]] ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Caicos]] ), ansanm ak kòt Karayib [[Amerik|kontinan Ameriken]] an ki pwolonje soti nan [[Amérique centrale|Amerik Santral]] rive nan [[Plateau des Guyanes|Boukliye Giyana]] a, an pasan pa plèn kotyè [[Kolonbi]] ak [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] .

Menm jan an tou, limit Zantiy yo ka varye selon definisyon peyi a. soti nan tout zile twopikal yo sou bò [[Oseyan Atlantik|Atlantik]] Amerik la, rive nan ak Karayib la ki strik.

Nan ka divizyon Amerik an de kontinan, Zantiy yo tache ak Amerik di Nò, eksepte [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Leeward yo]] ak [[Trinidad ak Tobago]] touprè kòt Venezyelyen an.&lt;ref&gt;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Continents_vide_couleurs.png&lt;/ref&gt;

Fòmasyon [[plaj]] sab blan nan zile Karayib yo a soti sitou nan metòd [[Scaridae|pwason peroke yo]] manje ki mòde alg yo dirèkteman sou koray vivan yo pou yo ekstrè eleman nitritif yo, yo kraze moso kalkè yo an poud epi transfòme yo an sab fin. Anba aksyon van ak kouran yo, sab ki fòme ak poupou pwason sa yo depoze nan sèten kote ki wo epi li fòme 70 % sab blan ki sou plaj Karayib yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maxisciences.com/sable/l-etonnant-secret-cache-derriere-les-plages-de-sable-blanc-paradisiaques_art39821.html|title=L'étonnant secret caché derrière les plages de sable blanc paradisiaques|date=31-08-2017|website=maxisciences.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nan Zantiy yo, ou ka distenge :

Ti [[Ti Zantiy|Zantiy yo]] .

: konsiste de yon chèn ti zile ki gen orijin vòlkanik oswa kalkè, ki pwolonje nan yon ak soti nan [[Fosse d'Anegada|twou Anegada]] a &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{En}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Anegada-Passage|title=Anegada Passage|website=britannica.com|access-date=11 avril 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; rive [[Trinité (île)|Trinidad]] nan sid la. Apre sa, aliyman sa a koube nan direksyon lwès rive nan zile [[Awouba|Aruba]], toupre kontinan Amerik di Sid la.
: La a tou, selon definisyon chak peyi a, yo fè yon distenksyon nan Ti Zantiy yo. :
::* [[Îles du Vent (Antilles)|Zile Windward]] yo sitiye toupre fwontyè ki separe [[lanmè Karayib]] la ak [[Oseyan Atlantik|oseyan Atlantik la.]] soti nan zile [[Sombrero (Anguilla)|Sombrero]] ( [[Anguilla]] ) nan nò rive nan Trinidad ( [[Trinidad ak Tobago]] ) nan sid,
::* [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Leeward]] yo pwolonje sou kòt nò [[Amerik disid|Amerik di Sid la.]] soti [[Awouba|Aruba]] nan lwès rive nan [[Archipel Los Testigos|achipèl Los Testigos]] nan lès ;
: Pa egzanp, peyi anglo-sakson yo prefere yon delimitasyon nò-sid ( [[Dominik]] te fè pati Zile Windward yo depi 1940). :
::* [[Îles du Vent (Antilles)|Zile Van yo]] pati sid ak Ti Zantiy yo, soti Trinidad ( [[Trinidad ak Tobago]] ) nan sid rive [[Dominik]] nan nò,
::* [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Leeward yo oubyen Zile Leeward yo]] Pati nò ak [[Ti Zantiy]] yo, soti [[Gwadloup]] nan sid rive [[Sombrero]] nan nò ;

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>ek78gpmh2no8uu6fhalunrjxfepj6tc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888792</id>
      <parentid>888791</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:33:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Jewografi */</comment>
      <origin>888792</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9954" sha1="7bbauedzycwp7qfkhdduz9lhaq5gtif" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Popilasyon an, ki gen divès orijin, se yon popilasyon melanje. Konpoze an pati ak moun ki gen orijin afriken ak [[Métis|ras melanje]] tankou nan [[Jamayik]] oswa [[Ayiti]], li gen ladan l tou moun ki gen orijin [[Ewòp|ewopeyèn]] ak [[Azi|azyatik]] (sitou moun ki soti nan [[Sous-continent indien|soukontinan Endyen an]] ak [[Moyen-Orient|Mwayen Oryan an]] ). Desandan dirèk premye okipan rejyon sa yo, [[Autochtones d'Amérique|Amerendyen]] yo, toujou prezan la, tankou Karayib yo ( [[Kalinago]] ) sou zile [[Dominik]], [[Arawak]] yo sou zile [[Matinik]] ak [[Tayino (pèp)|Taíno]] yo ki gaye toupatou nan [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] . Popilasyon [[Ti Zantiy|Ti Zantiy yo]] ak [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] (ki reprezante yon gwo pati nan Karayib la) se rezilta yon [[Métis|melanj]] entans.

== Orijin non an ==
Non an soti nan ''[[Antillia]]'', yon [[Île fantôme|zile fantom]] yo swadizan sitiye nan lwès [[Pòtigal]] nan Oseyan Atlantik la.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Antilles&lt;/ref&gt;

Youn nan premye mansyon zile sa a, kit li tradui teyori [[Aristòt|Aristotelyen yo]] soti nan [[Imago mundi (littérature)|Imago mundi]] sou balans Latè a menm jan ak ''[[Terra Australis]]'' la, kit li fikse rimè &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; nan men pechè pòtigè, bask oswa breton, parèt sou kat [[Zuane Pizzigano]] an [[1424 (almanak jilyen)|1424]] . Kat sa a ak lòt ki vin apre yo pibliye kòm yon pati nan pwogram eksplorasyon an,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; tankou ekspedisyon [[Diogo de Teive (navigateur)|Diogo de Teive]] an [[1452 (almanak jilyen)|1452]], ki te kòmanse pa [[Henri le Navigateur|Henri Navigatè a]] apre pechè Pòtigè yo te envansyon [[Caravelle (navire)|karavèl]] la, premye modèl yon vrè bato ki vwayaje [[Haute mer|an fon lanmè]] . Pwogrè teknolojik la te alimenté lejann lan, ki an vire te motive epi vin anvan dekouvèt la. Konsa, nan 25 septembre 1492, diznèf jou apre li te kite [[La Gomera]], dènye pò li a, e sèz jou anvan li te wè limyè [[San Salvador (Bahamas)|San Salvador]], [[Kristòf Kolon]] t ap chèche Zantiy yo nan orizon an jan kat li a te endike l la, anven.

Se te [[Humaniste|imanis]] [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pyè Matir nan Milan]] ki, nan yon edisyon ofisyèl an [[1516 (almanak jilyen)|1516]], te atribiye non zile lejandè a bay divès zile ke Kristòf Kolon te dekouvri an menm tan ak [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}, [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12425/12425-h/12425-h.htm The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera translated by Francis Augustus MacNutt from the latin with notes and introduction in two volumes]&lt;/ref&gt; (se menm Pyè Matir sa a ki te nan Milan ke yo te konfye edikasyon pitit Kolon yo nan tribinal [[Couronne d'Aragon|Aragon]] an pandan vwayaj Kolon yo), alòske Kolon te pèsiste nan wè sèlman [[Nouveau Monde|Zantiy]] yo. Pirat depi [[1504 (almanak jilyen)|1504]], kopye epi finalman repibliye nan [[Pari]] an [[1532 (almanak jilyen)|1532]], travay li a '', De Orbo Novo,'' te gen yon enpak konsiderab ki te konsakre pliryèl la, relege sengilye a nan fòm mèveye a.

Sepandan, [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pierre Martyr]] te sèlman ap popilarize yon toponim sosyete entènasyonal machann yo te adopte omwen apati dezyèm vwayaj [[Kristòf Kolon]] an [[1496 (almanak jilyen)|1496]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre d'[[Alberto Cantino]], espion, à [[Hercule d'Este]], duc de Ferrare, fin 1497, citée dans {{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; dekouvèt [[Terre-Neuve|Newfoundland]] pa [[Jean Cabot|Giovanni Caboto]] an [[1497 (almanak jilyen)|1497]], [[Brezil]] pa [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] an [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]], [[Labrador]] pa [[Gaspar Corte-Real|Gaspar de Corte Real]] an [[1501 (almanak jilyen)|1501]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre de Pietro Pasqualigo, octobre 1501, citée in J. Heers, ''La découverte de l'Amérique'', p. 126, Éditions Complexe, Paris, 1991, {{ISBN|2-87027-408-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3jE2UlAyjcC&amp;pg=PA112&amp;lpg=PA112&amp;dq=%22Quiriquetana%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ADK17mqTAK&amp;sig=GZlDjr-oqJHWU6ovmp8ns0pq_jU&amp;hl=fr&amp;ei=bMlNTbjYHMm54gas2N2oCQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Cantino&amp;f=false La découverte de l'Amérique].&lt;/ref&gt; ki byen idantifye ak kòt kontinantal yo, pa t kapab pou rezon sa a reklame non Zantiy. Toponimi akademik sa a, ki pa parèt sou pi ansyen kat jeyografik ki rete nan men [[Juan de la Cosa]] panyòl la, te enpoze pa [[Planisphère de Cantino|kat Cantino]] ke kartograf pòtigè yo te trase ant [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]] ak [[1502 (almanak jilyen)|1502]] . Li te gaye nan sèk [[Cosmographie|kosmografis yo]] atravè edisyon ki te repibliye done yo an [[1508 (almanak jilyen)|1508]], [[1511 (almanak jilyen)|1511]], [[1513 (almanak jilyen)|1513]], [[1520 (almanak jilyen)|1520]], [[1522 (almanak jilyen)|1522]] ak [[1525 (almanak jilyen)|1525]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jewografi ==
Zantiy yo fè pati yon gwo zòn, [[Karayib|espas Karayib]] la, ke limit li yo pa byen defini, men ki pi souvan gen ladan l [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes]] yo ( [[Bahamas]] ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Caicos]] ), ansanm ak kòt Karayib [[Amerik|kontinan Ameriken]] an ki pwolonje soti nan [[Amérique centrale|Amerik Santral]] rive nan [[Plateau des Guyanes|Boukliye Giyana]] a, an pasan pa plèn kotyè [[Kolonbi]] ak [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] .

Menm jan an tou, limit Zantiy yo ka varye selon definisyon peyi a. soti nan tout zile twopikal yo sou bò [[Oseyan Atlantik|Atlantik]] Amerik la, rive nan ak Karayib la ki strik.

Nan ka divizyon Amerik an de kontinan, Zantiy yo tache ak Amerik di Nò, eksepte [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Leeward yo]] ak [[Trinidad ak Tobago]] touprè kòt Venezyelyen an.&lt;ref&gt;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Continents_vide_couleurs.png&lt;/ref&gt;

Fòmasyon [[plaj]] sab blan nan zile Karayib yo a soti sitou nan metòd [[Scaridae|pwason peroke yo]] manje ki mòde alg yo dirèkteman sou koray vivan yo pou yo ekstrè eleman nitritif yo, yo kraze moso kalkè yo an poud epi transfòme yo an sab fin. Anba aksyon van ak kouran yo, sab ki fòme ak poupou pwason sa yo depoze nan sèten kote ki wo epi li fòme 70 % sab blan ki sou plaj Karayib yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maxisciences.com/sable/l-etonnant-secret-cache-derriere-les-plages-de-sable-blanc-paradisiaques_art39821.html|title=L'étonnant secret caché derrière les plages de sable blanc paradisiaques|date=31-08-2017|website=maxisciences.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nan Zantiy yo, ou ka distenge :

Ti [[Ti Zantiy|Zantiy yo]] .

: konsiste de yon chèn ti zile ki gen orijin vòlkanik oswa kalkè, ki pwolonje nan yon ak soti nan [[Fosse d'Anegada|twou Anegada]] a &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{En}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Anegada-Passage|title=Anegada Passage|website=britannica.com|access-date=11 avril 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; rive [[Trinité (île)|Trinidad]] nan sid la. Apre sa, aliyman sa a koube nan direksyon lwès rive nan zile [[Awouba|Aruba]], toupre kontinan Amerik di Sid la.
: La a tou, selon definisyon chak peyi a, yo fè yon distenksyon nan Ti Zantiy yo. 
::* [[Îles du Vent (Antilles)|Zile Windward]] yo sitiye toupre fwontyè ki separe [[lanmè Karayib]] la ak [[Oseyan Atlantik|oseyan Atlantik la.]] soti nan zile [[Sombrero (Anguilla)|Sombrero]] ( [[Anguilla]] ) nan nò rive nan Trinidad ( [[Trinidad ak Tobago]] ) nan sid,
::* [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Leeward]] yo pwolonje sou kòt nò [[Amerik disid|Amerik di Sid la.]] soti [[Awouba|Aruba]] nan lwès rive nan [[Archipel Los Testigos|achipèl Los Testigos]] nan lès ;
: Pa egzanp, peyi anglo-sakson yo prefere yon delimitasyon nò-sid ( [[Dominik]] te fè pati Zile Windward yo depi 1940). :
::* [[Îles du Vent (Antilles)|Zile Van yo]] pati sid ak Ti Zantiy yo, soti Trinidad ( [[Trinidad ak Tobago]] ) nan sid rive [[Dominik]] nan nò,
::* [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Leeward yo oubyen Zile Leeward yo]] Pati nò ak [[Ti Zantiy]] yo, soti [[Gwadloup]] nan sid rive [[Sombrero]] nan nò ;
::Gran zantiy yo;
::Yo gen ladan yo uit zile [[Kiba]], [[Isla de la Juventud, Kiba|Zile Jèn nan]], [[Jamayik]], [[Lanavaz|Zile Navassa]], [[Lagonav (il)|Zile Gonâve]], [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]] ( [[Ayiti]] ak [[Dominikani|Repiblik Dominikèn]] ), [[Latòti (il)|Zile Tortuga]], [[Pòtoriko]] ; ak yon achipèl : [[Il Vièj|Zile Vyèj]] yo. Tout tè sa yo poukont yo reprezante nèf dizyèm nan sifas total ak popilasyon Zantiy yo. ;

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>7bbauedzycwp7qfkhdduz9lhaq5gtif</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888793</id>
      <parentid>888792</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:36:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chersie06</username>
        <id>28851</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Jewografi */</comment>
      <origin>888793</origin>
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      <text bytes="10146" sha1="bajg3b39s6xxfrs8mlwgm1kqoyw20bp" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=11 avril 2025|access-date=2023-04-28}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Popilasyon an, ki gen divès orijin, se yon popilasyon melanje. Konpoze an pati ak moun ki gen orijin afriken ak [[Métis|ras melanje]] tankou nan [[Jamayik]] oswa [[Ayiti]], li gen ladan l tou moun ki gen orijin [[Ewòp|ewopeyèn]] ak [[Azi|azyatik]] (sitou moun ki soti nan [[Sous-continent indien|soukontinan Endyen an]] ak [[Moyen-Orient|Mwayen Oryan an]] ). Desandan dirèk premye okipan rejyon sa yo, [[Autochtones d'Amérique|Amerendyen]] yo, toujou prezan la, tankou Karayib yo ( [[Kalinago]] ) sou zile [[Dominik]], [[Arawak]] yo sou zile [[Matinik]] ak [[Tayino (pèp)|Taíno]] yo ki gaye toupatou nan [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] . Popilasyon [[Ti Zantiy|Ti Zantiy yo]] ak [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] (ki reprezante yon gwo pati nan Karayib la) se rezilta yon [[Métis|melanj]] entans.

== Orijin non an ==
Non an soti nan ''[[Antillia]]'', yon [[Île fantôme|zile fantom]] yo swadizan sitiye nan lwès [[Pòtigal]] nan Oseyan Atlantik la.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Antilles&lt;/ref&gt;

Youn nan premye mansyon zile sa a, kit li tradui teyori [[Aristòt|Aristotelyen yo]] soti nan [[Imago mundi (littérature)|Imago mundi]] sou balans Latè a menm jan ak ''[[Terra Australis]]'' la, kit li fikse rimè &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; nan men pechè pòtigè, bask oswa breton, parèt sou kat [[Zuane Pizzigano]] an [[1424 (almanak jilyen)|1424]] . Kat sa a ak lòt ki vin apre yo pibliye kòm yon pati nan pwogram eksplorasyon an,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; tankou ekspedisyon [[Diogo de Teive (navigateur)|Diogo de Teive]] an [[1452 (almanak jilyen)|1452]], ki te kòmanse pa [[Henri le Navigateur|Henri Navigatè a]] apre pechè Pòtigè yo te envansyon [[Caravelle (navire)|karavèl]] la, premye modèl yon vrè bato ki vwayaje [[Haute mer|an fon lanmè]] . Pwogrè teknolojik la te alimenté lejann lan, ki an vire te motive epi vin anvan dekouvèt la. Konsa, nan 25 septembre 1492, diznèf jou apre li te kite [[La Gomera]], dènye pò li a, e sèz jou anvan li te wè limyè [[San Salvador (Bahamas)|San Salvador]], [[Kristòf Kolon]] t ap chèche Zantiy yo nan orizon an jan kat li a te endike l la, anven.

Se te [[Humaniste|imanis]] [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pyè Matir nan Milan]] ki, nan yon edisyon ofisyèl an [[1516 (almanak jilyen)|1516]], te atribiye non zile lejandè a bay divès zile ke Kristòf Kolon te dekouvri an menm tan ak [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}, [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12425/12425-h/12425-h.htm The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera translated by Francis Augustus MacNutt from the latin with notes and introduction in two volumes]&lt;/ref&gt; (se menm Pyè Matir sa a ki te nan Milan ke yo te konfye edikasyon pitit Kolon yo nan tribinal [[Couronne d'Aragon|Aragon]] an pandan vwayaj Kolon yo), alòske Kolon te pèsiste nan wè sèlman [[Nouveau Monde|Zantiy]] yo. Pirat depi [[1504 (almanak jilyen)|1504]], kopye epi finalman repibliye nan [[Pari]] an [[1532 (almanak jilyen)|1532]], travay li a '', De Orbo Novo,'' te gen yon enpak konsiderab ki te konsakre pliryèl la, relege sengilye a nan fòm mèveye a.

Sepandan, [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pierre Martyr]] te sèlman ap popilarize yon toponim sosyete entènasyonal machann yo te adopte omwen apati dezyèm vwayaj [[Kristòf Kolon]] an [[1496 (almanak jilyen)|1496]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre d'[[Alberto Cantino]], espion, à [[Hercule d'Este]], duc de Ferrare, fin 1497, citée dans {{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; dekouvèt [[Terre-Neuve|Newfoundland]] pa [[Jean Cabot|Giovanni Caboto]] an [[1497 (almanak jilyen)|1497]], [[Brezil]] pa [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] an [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]], [[Labrador]] pa [[Gaspar Corte-Real|Gaspar de Corte Real]] an [[1501 (almanak jilyen)|1501]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre de Pietro Pasqualigo, octobre 1501, citée in J. Heers, ''La découverte de l'Amérique'', p. 126, Éditions Complexe, Paris, 1991, {{ISBN|2-87027-408-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3jE2UlAyjcC&amp;pg=PA112&amp;lpg=PA112&amp;dq=%22Quiriquetana%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ADK17mqTAK&amp;sig=GZlDjr-oqJHWU6ovmp8ns0pq_jU&amp;hl=fr&amp;ei=bMlNTbjYHMm54gas2N2oCQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Cantino&amp;f=false La découverte de l'Amérique].&lt;/ref&gt; ki byen idantifye ak kòt kontinantal yo, pa t kapab pou rezon sa a reklame non Zantiy. Toponimi akademik sa a, ki pa parèt sou pi ansyen kat jeyografik ki rete nan men [[Juan de la Cosa]] panyòl la, te enpoze pa [[Planisphère de Cantino|kat Cantino]] ke kartograf pòtigè yo te trase ant [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]] ak [[1502 (almanak jilyen)|1502]] . Li te gaye nan sèk [[Cosmographie|kosmografis yo]] atravè edisyon ki te repibliye done yo an [[1508 (almanak jilyen)|1508]], [[1511 (almanak jilyen)|1511]], [[1513 (almanak jilyen)|1513]], [[1520 (almanak jilyen)|1520]], [[1522 (almanak jilyen)|1522]] ak [[1525 (almanak jilyen)|1525]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jewografi ==
Zantiy yo fè pati yon gwo zòn, [[Karayib|espas Karayib]] la, ke limit li yo pa byen defini, men ki pi souvan gen ladan l [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes]] yo ( [[Bahamas]] ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Caicos]] ), ansanm ak kòt Karayib [[Amerik|kontinan Ameriken]] an ki pwolonje soti nan [[Amérique centrale|Amerik Santral]] rive nan [[Plateau des Guyanes|Boukliye Giyana]] a, an pasan pa plèn kotyè [[Kolonbi]] ak [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] .

Menm jan an tou, limit Zantiy yo ka varye selon definisyon peyi a. soti nan tout zile twopikal yo sou bò [[Oseyan Atlantik|Atlantik]] Amerik la, rive nan ak Karayib la ki strik.

Nan ka divizyon Amerik an de kontinan, Zantiy yo tache ak Amerik di Nò, eksepte [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Leeward yo]] ak [[Trinidad ak Tobago]] touprè kòt Venezyelyen an.&lt;ref&gt;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Continents_vide_couleurs.png&lt;/ref&gt;

Fòmasyon [[plaj]] sab blan nan zile Karayib yo a soti sitou nan metòd [[Scaridae|pwason peroke yo]] manje ki mòde alg yo dirèkteman sou koray vivan yo pou yo ekstrè eleman nitritif yo, yo kraze moso kalkè yo an poud epi transfòme yo an sab fin. Anba aksyon van ak kouran yo, sab ki fòme ak poupou pwason sa yo depoze nan sèten kote ki wo epi li fòme 70 % sab blan ki sou plaj Karayib yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maxisciences.com/sable/l-etonnant-secret-cache-derriere-les-plages-de-sable-blanc-paradisiaques_art39821.html|title=L'étonnant secret caché derrière les plages de sable blanc paradisiaques|date=31-08-2017|website=maxisciences.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nan Zantiy yo, ou ka distenge :

Ti [[Ti Zantiy|Zantiy yo]] .

: konsiste de yon chèn ti zile ki gen orijin vòlkanik oswa kalkè, ki pwolonje nan yon ak soti nan [[Fosse d'Anegada|twou Anegada]] a &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{En}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Anegada-Passage|title=Anegada Passage|website=britannica.com|access-date=11 avril 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; rive [[Trinité (île)|Trinidad]] nan sid la. Apre sa, aliyman sa a koube nan direksyon lwès rive nan zile [[Awouba|Aruba]], toupre kontinan Amerik di Sid la.
: La a tou, selon definisyon chak peyi a, yo fè yon distenksyon nan Ti Zantiy yo. 
::* [[Îles du Vent (Antilles)|Zile Windward]] yo sitiye toupre fwontyè ki separe [[lanmè Karayib]] la ak [[Oseyan Atlantik|oseyan Atlantik la.]] soti nan zile [[Sombrero (Anguilla)|Sombrero]] ( [[Anguilla]] ) nan nò rive nan Trinidad ( [[Trinidad ak Tobago]] ) nan sid,
::* [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Leeward]] yo pwolonje sou kòt nò [[Amerik disid|Amerik di Sid la.]] soti [[Awouba|Aruba]] nan lwès rive nan [[Archipel Los Testigos|achipèl Los Testigos]] nan lès ;
: Pa egzanp, peyi anglo-sakson yo prefere yon delimitasyon nò-sid ( [[Dominik]] te fè pati Zile Windward yo depi 1940). :
::* [[Îles du Vent (Antilles)|Zile Van yo]] pati sid ak Ti Zantiy yo, soti Trinidad ( [[Trinidad ak Tobago]] ) nan sid rive [[Dominik]] nan nò,
::* [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Leeward yo oubyen Zile Leeward yo]] Pati nò ak [[Ti Zantiy]] yo, soti [[Gwadloup]] nan sid rive [[Sombrero]] nan nò ;
::Gran zantiy yo;
::Yo gen ladan yo uit zile [[Kiba]], [[Isla de la Juventud, Kiba|Zile Jèn nan]], [[Jamayik]], [[Lanavaz|Zile Navassa]], [[Lagonav (il)|Zile Gonâve]], [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]] ( [[Ayiti]] ak [[Dominikani|Repiblik Dominikèn]] ), [[Latòti (il)|Zile Tortuga]], [[Pòtoriko]] ; ak yon achipèl : [[Il Vièj|Zile Vyèj]] yo. Tout tè sa yo poukont yo reprezante nèf dizyèm nan sifas total ak popilasyon Zantiy yo. ;
::* [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayan yo]] (oswa Karayib Nò) ki gen ladan yo [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turks-et-Caïcos|Zile Turks ak Caicos yo]] ;
::* [[Zile Kayiman]] yo (achipèl Britanik la).

== Referans ==</text>
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      <text bytes="10225" sha1="or47eitckfa1l1rg5pcaw1gcnawvt3w" xml:space="preserve">'''Zantiy yo''' (oswa '''Karayib ensilè a''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|title=Atlas Caraïbe|website=unicaen.fr via [[Internet Archive]]|archive-date=2025-04-11|access-date=2023-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411193645/http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/fr/page-64.html|dead-url=unfit}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ) se yon gwo [[achipèl]] ki gaye ant [[lanmè Karayib]] la ( [[Gran Zantiy]], [[Ti Zantiy]] ak [[Zile Kayiman]] ), [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik]] la (kòt nòdwès [[Kiba]] ak kayo lwès yo, ansanm ak [[Keys (Floride)|Florida Keys]] yo soti [[Key Largo (Floride)|Key Largo]] rive Dry Tortugas) ak [[Oseyan Atlantik]] la (kòt nò Kiba ak kayo lès yo ansanm ak [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes yo]], sa vle di tout gwoupman [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Kayikos yo]] ). Achipèl la fòme yon ak sèk apeprè {{Unité|4350|km}}  longè ki pwolonje soti nan [[Golfe du Mexique|Gòlf Meksik la]] ( [[Kiba]] ) rive nan kòt [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] ( [[Kiraso|Kuraçao]] ak [[Awouba|Aruba]] ). Yo reprezante {{Unité|235830|km|2}}  sifas tè, pou {{Nowrap|42 millions}} abitan. Zòn ekonomik eksklizif la (ZEE ki nòmalman fikse a {{Nowrap|200 milles}} soti nan kòt la) te pwolonje a {{Nowrap|350 milles}} an 2015 apre yon opinyon favorab nan men [[Òganizasyon Nasyonzini|Nasyonzini]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.meretmarine.com/fr/content/la-france-etend-son-plateau-continental-de-500000-km2|title=La France étend son plateau continental de 500.000 km2|website=Mer et Marine|access-date=2016-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Popilasyon an, ki gen divès orijin, se yon popilasyon melanje. Konpoze an pati ak moun ki gen orijin afriken ak [[Métis|ras melanje]] tankou nan [[Jamayik]] oswa [[Ayiti]], li gen ladan l tou moun ki gen orijin [[Ewòp|ewopeyèn]] ak [[Azi|azyatik]] (sitou moun ki soti nan [[Sous-continent indien|soukontinan Endyen an]] ak [[Moyen-Orient|Mwayen Oryan an]] ). Desandan dirèk premye okipan rejyon sa yo, [[Autochtones d'Amérique|Amerendyen]] yo, toujou prezan la, tankou Karayib yo ( [[Kalinago]] ) sou zile [[Dominik]], [[Arawak]] yo sou zile [[Matinik]] ak [[Tayino (pèp)|Taíno]] yo ki gaye toupatou nan [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] . Popilasyon [[Ti Zantiy|Ti Zantiy yo]] ak [[Gran Zantiy|Gran Zantiy yo]] (ki reprezante yon gwo pati nan Karayib la) se rezilta yon [[Métis|melanj]] entans.

== Orijin non an ==
Non an soti nan ''[[Antillia]]'', yon [[Île fantôme|zile fantom]] yo swadizan sitiye nan lwès [[Pòtigal]] nan Oseyan Atlantik la.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/Antilles&lt;/ref&gt;

Youn nan premye mansyon zile sa a, kit li tradui teyori [[Aristòt|Aristotelyen yo]] soti nan [[Imago mundi (littérature)|Imago mundi]] sou balans Latè a menm jan ak ''[[Terra Australis]]'' la, kit li fikse rimè &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; nan men pechè pòtigè, bask oswa breton, parèt sou kat [[Zuane Pizzigano]] an [[1424 (almanak jilyen)|1424]] . Kat sa a ak lòt ki vin apre yo pibliye kòm yon pati nan pwogram eksplorasyon an,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; tankou ekspedisyon [[Diogo de Teive (navigateur)|Diogo de Teive]] an [[1452 (almanak jilyen)|1452]], ki te kòmanse pa [[Henri le Navigateur|Henri Navigatè a]] apre pechè Pòtigè yo te envansyon [[Caravelle (navire)|karavèl]] la, premye modèl yon vrè bato ki vwayaje [[Haute mer|an fon lanmè]] . Pwogrè teknolojik la te alimenté lejann lan, ki an vire te motive epi vin anvan dekouvèt la. Konsa, nan 25 septembre 1492, diznèf jou apre li te kite [[La Gomera]], dènye pò li a, e sèz jou anvan li te wè limyè [[San Salvador (Bahamas)|San Salvador]], [[Kristòf Kolon]] t ap chèche Zantiy yo nan orizon an jan kat li a te endike l la, anven.

Se te [[Humaniste|imanis]] [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pyè Matir nan Milan]] ki, nan yon edisyon ofisyèl an [[1516 (almanak jilyen)|1516]], te atribiye non zile lejandè a bay divès zile ke Kristòf Kolon te dekouvri an menm tan ak [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}, [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12425/12425-h/12425-h.htm The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera translated by Francis Augustus MacNutt from the latin with notes and introduction in two volumes]&lt;/ref&gt; (se menm Pyè Matir sa a ki te nan Milan ke yo te konfye edikasyon pitit Kolon yo nan tribinal [[Couronne d'Aragon|Aragon]] an pandan vwayaj Kolon yo), alòske Kolon te pèsiste nan wè sèlman [[Nouveau Monde|Zantiy]] yo. Pirat depi [[1504 (almanak jilyen)|1504]], kopye epi finalman repibliye nan [[Pari]] an [[1532 (almanak jilyen)|1532]], travay li a '', De Orbo Novo,'' te gen yon enpak konsiderab ki te konsakre pliryèl la, relege sengilye a nan fòm mèveye a.

Sepandan, [[Pierre Martyr d'Anghiera|Pierre Martyr]] te sèlman ap popilarize yon toponim sosyete entènasyonal machann yo te adopte omwen apati dezyèm vwayaj [[Kristòf Kolon]] an [[1496 (almanak jilyen)|1496]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre d'[[Alberto Cantino]], espion, à [[Hercule d'Este]], duc de Ferrare, fin 1497, citée dans {{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; dekouvèt [[Terre-Neuve|Newfoundland]] pa [[Jean Cabot|Giovanni Caboto]] an [[1497 (almanak jilyen)|1497]], [[Brezil]] pa [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] an [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]], [[Labrador]] pa [[Gaspar Corte-Real|Gaspar de Corte Real]] an [[1501 (almanak jilyen)|1501]],&lt;ref&gt;Lettre de Pietro Pasqualigo, octobre 1501, citée in J. Heers, ''La découverte de l'Amérique'', p. 126, Éditions Complexe, Paris, 1991, {{ISBN|2-87027-408-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3jE2UlAyjcC&amp;pg=PA112&amp;lpg=PA112&amp;dq=%22Quiriquetana%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=ADK17mqTAK&amp;sig=GZlDjr-oqJHWU6ovmp8ns0pq_jU&amp;hl=fr&amp;ei=bMlNTbjYHMm54gas2N2oCQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Cantino&amp;f=false La découverte de l'Amérique].&lt;/ref&gt; ki byen idantifye ak kòt kontinantal yo, pa t kapab pou rezon sa a reklame non Zantiy. Toponimi akademik sa a, ki pa parèt sou pi ansyen kat jeyografik ki rete nan men [[Juan de la Cosa]] panyòl la, te enpoze pa [[Planisphère de Cantino|kat Cantino]] ke kartograf pòtigè yo te trase ant [[1500 (almanak jilyen)|1500]] ak [[1502 (almanak jilyen)|1502]] . Li te gaye nan sèk [[Cosmographie|kosmografis yo]] atravè edisyon ki te repibliye done yo an [[1508 (almanak jilyen)|1508]], [[1511 (almanak jilyen)|1511]], [[1513 (almanak jilyen)|1513]], [[1520 (almanak jilyen)|1520]], [[1522 (almanak jilyen)|1522]] ak [[1525 (almanak jilyen)|1525]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jewografi ==
Zantiy yo fè pati yon gwo zòn, [[Karayib|espas Karayib]] la, ke limit li yo pa byen defini, men ki pi souvan gen ladan l [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayes]] yo ( [[Bahamas]] ak [[Îles Turques-et-Caïques|Zile Turks ak Caicos]] ), ansanm ak kòt Karayib [[Amerik|kontinan Ameriken]] an ki pwolonje soti nan [[Amérique centrale|Amerik Santral]] rive nan [[Plateau des Guyanes|Boukliye Giyana]] a, an pasan pa plèn kotyè [[Kolonbi]] ak [[Venezwela|Venezyela]] .

Menm jan an tou, limit Zantiy yo ka varye selon definisyon peyi a. soti nan tout zile twopikal yo sou bò [[Oseyan Atlantik|Atlantik]] Amerik la, rive nan ak Karayib la ki strik.

Nan ka divizyon Amerik an de kontinan, Zantiy yo tache ak Amerik di Nò, eksepte [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Leeward yo]] ak [[Trinidad ak Tobago]] touprè kòt Venezyelyen an.&lt;ref&gt;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Continents_vide_couleurs.png&lt;/ref&gt;

Fòmasyon [[plaj]] sab blan nan zile Karayib yo a soti sitou nan metòd [[Scaridae|pwason peroke yo]] manje ki mòde alg yo dirèkteman sou koray vivan yo pou yo ekstrè eleman nitritif yo, yo kraze moso kalkè yo an poud epi transfòme yo an sab fin. Anba aksyon van ak kouran yo, sab ki fòme ak poupou pwason sa yo depoze nan sèten kote ki wo epi li fòme 70 % sab blan ki sou plaj Karayib yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maxisciences.com/sable/l-etonnant-secret-cache-derriere-les-plages-de-sable-blanc-paradisiaques_art39821.html|title=L'étonnant secret caché derrière les plages de sable blanc paradisiaques|date=31-08-2017|website=maxisciences.com}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nan Zantiy yo, ou ka distenge :

Ti [[Ti Zantiy|Zantiy yo]] .

: konsiste de yon chèn ti zile ki gen orijin vòlkanik oswa kalkè, ki pwolonje nan yon ak soti nan [[Fosse d'Anegada|twou Anegada]] a &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{En}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Anegada-Passage|title=Anegada Passage|website=britannica.com|access-date=11 avril 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; rive [[Trinité (île)|Trinidad]] nan sid la. Apre sa, aliyman sa a koube nan direksyon lwès rive nan zile [[Awouba|Aruba]], toupre kontinan Amerik di Sid la.
: La a tou, selon definisyon chak peyi a, yo fè yon distenksyon nan Ti Zantiy yo. 
::* [[Îles du Vent (Antilles)|Zile Windward]] yo sitiye toupre fwontyè ki separe [[lanmè Karayib]] la ak [[Oseyan Atlantik|oseyan Atlantik la.]] soti nan zile [[Sombrero (Anguilla)|Sombrero]] ( [[Anguilla]] ) nan nò rive nan Trinidad ( [[Trinidad ak Tobago]] ) nan sid,
::* [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Leeward]] yo pwolonje sou kòt nò [[Amerik disid|Amerik di Sid la.]] soti [[Awouba|Aruba]] nan lwès rive nan [[Archipel Los Testigos|achipèl Los Testigos]] nan lès ;
: Pa egzanp, peyi anglo-sakson yo prefere yon delimitasyon nò-sid ( [[Dominik]] te fè pati Zile Windward yo depi 1940). :
::* [[Îles du Vent (Antilles)|Zile Van yo]] pati sid ak Ti Zantiy yo, soti Trinidad ( [[Trinidad ak Tobago]] ) nan sid rive [[Dominik]] nan nò,
::* [[Îles Sous-le-Vent (Antilles)|Zile Leeward yo oubyen Zile Leeward yo]] Pati nò ak [[Ti Zantiy]] yo, soti [[Gwadloup]] nan sid rive [[Sombrero]] nan nò ;
::Gran zantiy yo;
::Yo gen ladan yo uit zile [[Kiba]], [[Isla de la Juventud, Kiba|Zile Jèn nan]], [[Jamayik]], [[Lanavaz|Zile Navassa]], [[Lagonav (il)|Zile Gonâve]], [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]] ( [[Ayiti]] ak [[Dominikani|Repiblik Dominikèn]] ), [[Latòti (il)|Zile Tortuga]], [[Pòtoriko]] ; ak yon achipèl : [[Il Vièj|Zile Vyèj]] yo. Tout tè sa yo poukont yo reprezante nèf dizyèm nan sifas total ak popilasyon Zantiy yo. ;
::* [[Îles Lucayes|Zile Lucayan yo]] (oswa Karayib Nò) ki gen ladan yo [[Bahamas]] yo ak [[Îles Turks-et-Caïcos|Zile Turks ak Caicos yo]] ;
::* [[Zile Kayiman]] yo (achipèl Britanik la).

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>or47eitckfa1l1rg5pcaw1gcnawvt3w</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Palè Vèsay (Chato Vèsay)</title>
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        <username>Ferrovit</username>
        <id>39921</id>
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      <comment>Paj ki kreye ak &quot; '''Palè Vèsay''' la se yon [[Château|chato]] [[Monument historique (France)|franse]] ak yon moniman istorik ki sitiye nan [[Versailles|Vèsay]], nan [[Yvelines|depatman Yvelines]] . Se te rezidans prensipal wa Frans yo Louis XIV , Louis XV ak Louis XVI . Wa a, tribinal la ak gouvènman an te rete la an pèmanans soti 6 mai 1682 rive 6 octobre 1789, eksepte pou ane [[Régence (1715-1723)|Rejans]] yo soti [[1715 (almanak gregoryen)|1715]] rive 1723 (almanak gregoryen)... &quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="826" sha1="e0j4t4gm3qx9zf3l3ptq0nonhg8atyo" xml:space="preserve">'''Palè Vèsay''' la se yon [[Château|chato]] [[Monument historique (France)|franse]] ak yon moniman istorik ki sitiye nan [[Versailles|Vèsay]], nan [[Yvelines|depatman Yvelines]] . Se te rezidans prensipal wa Frans yo Louis XIV , Louis XV ak Louis XVI . Wa a, tribinal la ak gouvènman an te rete la an pèmanans soti 6 mai 1682 rive 6 octobre 1789, eksepte pou ane [[Régence (1715-1723)|Rejans]] yo soti [[1715 (almanak gregoryen)|1715]] rive [[1723 (almanak gregoryen)|1723]] . Jan Louis te vle a pou glorifye [[wayòm Frans|monachi franse]] a, chato a se moniman ki pi enpòtan nan rèy li a epi youn nan chèdèv [[Architecture classique|achitekti klasik]] la. Li te gen yon gwo enfliyans an [[Ewòp]] pandan XVIII syèk la. Epi 19yèm syèk la syèk nan domèn achitekti ak atizay dekoratif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>e0j4t4gm3qx9zf3l3ptq0nonhg8atyo</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>888795</id>
      <parentid>888794</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:49:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ferrovit</username>
        <id>39921</id>
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      <origin>888795</origin>
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      <text bytes="827" sha1="dof6y5q1izds4t2r834evxmueq6r14x" xml:space="preserve">'''Palè Vèsay''' la se yon [[Château|chato]] [[Monument historique (France)|fransè]] ak yon moniman istorik ki sitiye nan [[Versailles|Vèsay]], nan [[Yvelines|depatman Yvelines]] . Se te rezidans prensipal wa Frans yo Louis XIV , Louis XV ak Louis XVI . Wa a, tribinal la ak gouvènman an te rete la an pèmanans soti 6 mai 1682 rive 6 octobre 1789, eksepte pou ane [[Régence (1715-1723)|Rejans]] yo soti [[1715 (almanak gregoryen)|1715]] rive [[1723 (almanak gregoryen)|1723]] . Jan Louis te vle a pou glorifye [[wayòm Frans|monachi franse]] a, chato a se moniman ki pi enpòtan nan rèy li a epi youn nan chèdèv [[Architecture classique|achitekti klasik]] la. Li te gen yon gwo enfliyans an [[Ewòp]] pandan XVIII syèk la. Epi 19yèm syèk la syèk nan domèn achitekti ak atizay dekoratif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dof6y5q1izds4t2r834evxmueq6r14x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888796</id>
      <parentid>888795</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:49:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ferrovit</username>
        <id>39921</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888796</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="828" sha1="g5km6cjhf6ldmq5mtb5bkgo11cv7pis" xml:space="preserve">'''Palè Vèsay''' la se yon [[Château|chato]] [[Monument historique (France)|fransè]] ak yon moniman istorik ki sitiye nan [[Versailles|Vèsay]], nan [[Yvelines|depatman Yvelines]] . Se te rezidans prensipal wa Frans yo Louis XIV , Louis XV ak Louis XVI . Wa a, tribinal la ak gouvènman an te rete la an pèmanans soti 6 mai 1682 rive 6 octobre 1789, eksepte pou ane [[Régence (1715-1723)|Rejans]] yo soti [[1715 (almanak gregoryen)|1715]] rive [[1723 (almanak gregoryen)|1723]] . Jan Louis te vle a pou glorifye [[wayòm Frans|monachi fransè]] a, chato a se moniman ki pi enpòtan nan rèy li a epi youn nan chèdèv [[Architecture classique|achitekti klasik]] la. Li te gen yon gwo enfliyans an [[Ewòp]] pandan XVIII syèk la. Epi 19yèm syèk la syèk nan domèn achitekti ak atizay dekoratif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>g5km6cjhf6ldmq5mtb5bkgo11cv7pis</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>888797</id>
      <parentid>888796</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:50:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ferrovit</username>
        <id>39921</id>
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      <text bytes="844" sha1="dmh5k3d9xdswezm0y1eidog3aoqqza4" xml:space="preserve">'''Palè Vèsay''' la se yon [[Château|chato]] [[Monument historique (France)|fransè]] ak yon moniman istorik ki sitiye nan [[Versailles|Vèsay]], nan [[Yvelines|depatman Yvelines]] . Se te rezidans prensipal wa Frans yo Louis XIV , Louis XV ak Louis XVI . Wa a, tribinal la ak gouvènman an te rete la an pèmanans soti 6 mai 1682 rive 6 octobre 1789, eksepte pou ane [[Régence (1715-1723)|Rejans]] yo soti [[1715 (almanak gregoryen)|1715]] rive [[1723 (almanak gregoryen)|1723]] . Jan Louis te vle a pou glorifye [[wayòm Frans|monachi fransè]] a, chato a se moniman ki pi enpòtan nan rèy li a epi youn nan chèdèv [[Architecture classique|achitekti klasik]] la. Li te gen yon gwo enfliyans an [[Ewòp]] pandan XVIII syèk la. Epi 19yèm syèk la syèk nan domèn achitekti ak atizay dekoratif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>dmh5k3d9xdswezm0y1eidog3aoqqza4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888798</id>
      <parentid>888797</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:51:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ferrovit</username>
        <id>39921</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888798</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1236" sha1="tlt5lasii2l38hgv50isk95imzr0guz" xml:space="preserve">'''Palè Vèsay''' la se yon [[Château|chato]] [[Monument historique (France)|fransè]] ak yon moniman istorik ki sitiye nan [[Versailles|Vèsay]], nan [[Yvelines|depatman Yvelines]] . Se te rezidans prensipal wa Frans yo Louis XIV , Louis XV ak Louis XVI . Wa a, tribinal la ak gouvènman an te rete la an pèmanans soti 6 mai 1682 rive 6 octobre 1789, eksepte pou ane [[Régence (1715-1723)|Rejans]] yo soti [[1715 (almanak gregoryen)|1715]] rive [[1723 (almanak gregoryen)|1723]] . Jan Louis te vle a pou glorifye [[wayòm Frans|monachi fransè]] a, chato a se moniman ki pi enpòtan nan rèy li a epi youn nan chèdèv [[Architecture classique|achitekti klasik]] la. Li te gen yon gwo enfliyans an [[Ewòp]] pandan XVIII syèk la. Epi 19yèm syèk la syèk nan domèn achitekti ak atizay dekoratif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Chato a konsiste de yon seri konplèks lakou ak bilding ki prezève yon amoni achitektiral. Li kouvri {{Unité|63154|m|2}} , divize an {{Unité|2300|pièces}}, pami yo 1 000 yo asiyen nan Mize Nasyonal Palè Vèsay ak Trianon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chateauversailles.fr/decouvrir/domaine/chateau|title=Le Château|website=Château de Versailles|access-date=9 février 2018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>tlt5lasii2l38hgv50isk95imzr0guz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888799</id>
      <parentid>888798</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:52:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ferrovit</username>
        <id>39921</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888799</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1224" sha1="gws6gj4e3rraakkkvqpwgzg4ap04gmx" xml:space="preserve">'''Palè Vèsay''' la se yon [[Château|chato]] [[Monument historique (France)|fransè]] ak yon moniman istorik ki sitiye nan [[Versailles|Vèsay]], nan [[Yvelines|depatman Yvelines]] . Se te rezidans prensipal wa Frans yo Louis XIV , Louis XV ak Louis XVI . Wa a, tribinal la ak gouvènman an te rete la an pèmanans soti 6 mai 1682 rive 6 octobre 1789, eksepte pou ane [[Régence (1715-1723)|Rejans]] yo soti [[1715 (almanak gregoryen)|1715]] rive [[1723 (almanak gregoryen)|1723]] . Jan Louis te vle a pou glorifye [[wayòm Frans|monachi fransè]] a, chato a se moniman ki pi enpòtan nan rèy li a epi youn nan chèdèv [[Architecture classique|achitekti klasik]] la. Li te gen yon gwo enfliyans an [[Ewòp]] pandan XVIII syèk la. Epi 19yèm syèk la syèk nan domèn achitekti ak atizay dekoratif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Chato a konsiste de yon seri konplèks lakou ak bilding ki prezève yon amoni achitektiral. Li kouvri {{Unité|63154|m|2}} , divize an 2 300 pyès, pami yo 1 000 yo asiyen nan Mize Nasyonal Palè Vèsay ak Trianon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chateauversailles.fr/decouvrir/domaine/chateau|title=Le Château|website=Château de Versailles|access-date=9 février 2018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>gws6gj4e3rraakkkvqpwgzg4ap04gmx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888800</id>
      <parentid>888799</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:52:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ferrovit</username>
        <id>39921</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888800</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2027" sha1="soj8ad0sqsxak0vc35n6kflb1wiglyg" xml:space="preserve">'''Palè Vèsay''' la se yon [[Château|chato]] [[Monument historique (France)|fransè]] ak yon moniman istorik ki sitiye nan [[Versailles|Vèsay]], nan [[Yvelines|depatman Yvelines]] . Se te rezidans prensipal wa Frans yo Louis XIV , Louis XV ak Louis XVI . Wa a, tribinal la ak gouvènman an te rete la an pèmanans soti 6 mai 1682 rive 6 octobre 1789, eksepte pou ane [[Régence (1715-1723)|Rejans]] yo soti [[1715 (almanak gregoryen)|1715]] rive [[1723 (almanak gregoryen)|1723]] . Jan Louis te vle a pou glorifye [[wayòm Frans|monachi fransè]] a, chato a se moniman ki pi enpòtan nan rèy li a epi youn nan chèdèv [[Architecture classique|achitekti klasik]] la. Li te gen yon gwo enfliyans an [[Ewòp]] pandan XVIII syèk la. Epi 19yèm syèk la syèk nan domèn achitekti ak atizay dekoratif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Chato a konsiste de yon seri konplèks lakou ak bilding ki prezève yon amoni achitektiral. Li kouvri {{Unité|63154|m|2}} , divize an 2 300 pyès, pami yo 1 000 yo asiyen nan Mize Nasyonal Palè Vèsay ak Trianon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chateauversailles.fr/decouvrir/domaine/chateau|title=Le Château|website=Château de Versailles|access-date=9 février 2018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Parc de Versailles|Pak Palè Vèsay la]] kouvri {{Unité|815|ha}}, konpare ak plis pase {{Unité|8000|ha}} anvan [[Revolisyon franse|Revolisyon Fransèz]] la,&lt;ref&gt;Soit dix fois moins qu'à l'époque.&lt;/ref&gt; pami yo {{Unité|93|ha}}ekta  . Li gen ladan l anpil eleman, tankou [[Petit Trianon|Ti]] Trianon an ak [[Grand Trianon|Gran Trianon]] an (ki te rezidans Napoléon an). Premye , Louis XVIIIyèm , Charles X , Louis-Philippe Premyèman , ak Napoleon III ), [[Hameau de la Reine|vilaj Rèn nan]], [[Grand Canal de Versailles|Gran]] ak Ti Kanal la, yon [[Ménagerie royale de Versailles|menajri]] (kounye a detwi), yon [[Orangerie du château de Versailles|oranjri]] ak [[Pièce d'eau des Suisses|letan Swis]] la. Pami sit ki pi vizite an Ewòp yo, sit la nan kè diskisyon sou jesyon twòp touris.

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>soj8ad0sqsxak0vc35n6kflb1wiglyg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888801</id>
      <parentid>888800</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:53:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ferrovit</username>
        <id>39921</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888801</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2498" sha1="o5w9ekp0q5kb0mimtyanlnmv4zr8ljp" xml:space="preserve">'''Palè Vèsay''' la se yon [[Château|chato]] [[Monument historique (France)|fransè]] ak yon moniman istorik ki sitiye nan [[Versailles|Vèsay]], nan [[Yvelines|depatman Yvelines]] . Se te rezidans prensipal wa Frans yo Louis XIV , Louis XV ak Louis XVI . Wa a, tribinal la ak gouvènman an te rete la an pèmanans soti 6 mai 1682 rive 6 octobre 1789, eksepte pou ane [[Régence (1715-1723)|Rejans]] yo soti [[1715 (almanak gregoryen)|1715]] rive [[1723 (almanak gregoryen)|1723]] . Jan Louis te vle a pou glorifye [[wayòm Frans|monachi fransè]] a, chato a se moniman ki pi enpòtan nan rèy li a epi youn nan chèdèv [[Architecture classique|achitekti klasik]] la. Li te gen yon gwo enfliyans an [[Ewòp]] pandan XVIII syèk la. Epi 19yèm syèk la syèk nan domèn achitekti ak atizay dekoratif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Chato a konsiste de yon seri konplèks lakou ak bilding ki prezève yon amoni achitektiral. Li kouvri {{Unité|63154|m|2}} , divize an 2 300 pyès, pami yo 1 000 yo asiyen nan Mize Nasyonal Palè Vèsay ak Trianon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chateauversailles.fr/decouvrir/domaine/chateau|title=Le Château|website=Château de Versailles|access-date=9 février 2018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Parc de Versailles|Pak Palè Vèsay la]] kouvri {{Unité|815|ha}}, konpare ak plis pase {{Unité|8000|ha}} anvan [[Revolisyon franse|Revolisyon Fransèz]] la,&lt;ref&gt;Soit dix fois moins qu'à l'époque.&lt;/ref&gt; pami yo {{Unité|93|ha}}ekta  . Li gen ladan l anpil eleman, tankou [[Petit Trianon|Ti]] Trianon an ak [[Grand Trianon|Gran Trianon]] an (ki te rezidans Napoléon an). Premye , Louis XVIIIyèm , Charles X , Louis-Philippe Premyèman , ak Napoleon III ), [[Hameau de la Reine|vilaj Rèn nan]], [[Grand Canal de Versailles|Gran]] ak Ti Kanal la, yon [[Ménagerie royale de Versailles|menajri]] (kounye a detwi), yon [[Orangerie du château de Versailles|oranjri]] ak [[Pièce d'eau des Suisses|letan Swis]] la. Pami sit ki pi vizite an Ewòp yo, sit la nan kè diskisyon sou jesyon twòp touris.

== Kote ==
Palè Vèsay la sitiye nan nòdwès teritwa komin [[Versailles|Vèsay]] la sou [[Place d'Armes (Versailles)|Plas d'Armes]], {{Nowrap|16 kilomètres}} nan sidwès [[Pari]] . Pa &quot; Palè Vèsay &quot;, ni bilding palè a ni anviwònman imedya li yo, ansanm ak tout [[Domaine de Versailles|pwopriyete Vèsay la]], ki gen ladan nan moman sa a — pami lòt — [[Trianon]] yo, [[Grand Canal de Versailles|Gran Kanal]] la ak [[Parc de Versailles|pak Palè Vèsay la]] .

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>o5w9ekp0q5kb0mimtyanlnmv4zr8ljp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888802</id>
      <parentid>888801</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:55:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ferrovit</username>
        <id>39921</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kote */</comment>
      <origin>888802</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3047" sha1="3t24ytby7zy035hto6ovn4evlp4jra4" xml:space="preserve">'''Palè Vèsay''' la se yon [[Château|chato]] [[Monument historique (France)|fransè]] ak yon moniman istorik ki sitiye nan [[Versailles|Vèsay]], nan [[Yvelines|depatman Yvelines]] . Se te rezidans prensipal wa Frans yo Louis XIV , Louis XV ak Louis XVI . Wa a, tribinal la ak gouvènman an te rete la an pèmanans soti 6 mai 1682 rive 6 octobre 1789, eksepte pou ane [[Régence (1715-1723)|Rejans]] yo soti [[1715 (almanak gregoryen)|1715]] rive [[1723 (almanak gregoryen)|1723]] . Jan Louis te vle a pou glorifye [[wayòm Frans|monachi fransè]] a, chato a se moniman ki pi enpòtan nan rèy li a epi youn nan chèdèv [[Architecture classique|achitekti klasik]] la. Li te gen yon gwo enfliyans an [[Ewòp]] pandan XVIII syèk la. Epi 19yèm syèk la syèk nan domèn achitekti ak atizay dekoratif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Chato a konsiste de yon seri konplèks lakou ak bilding ki prezève yon amoni achitektiral. Li kouvri {{Unité|63154|m|2}} , divize an 2 300 pyès, pami yo 1 000 yo asiyen nan Mize Nasyonal Palè Vèsay ak Trianon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chateauversailles.fr/decouvrir/domaine/chateau|title=Le Château|website=Château de Versailles|access-date=9 février 2018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Parc de Versailles|Pak Palè Vèsay la]] kouvri {{Unité|815|ha}}, konpare ak plis pase {{Unité|8000|ha}} anvan [[Revolisyon franse|Revolisyon Fransèz]] la,&lt;ref&gt;Soit dix fois moins qu'à l'époque.&lt;/ref&gt; pami yo {{Unité|93|ha}}ekta  . Li gen ladan l anpil eleman, tankou [[Petit Trianon|Ti]] Trianon an ak [[Grand Trianon|Gran Trianon]] an (ki te rezidans Napoléon an). Premye , Louis XVIIIyèm , Charles X , Louis-Philippe Premyèman , ak Napoleon III ), [[Hameau de la Reine|vilaj Rèn nan]], [[Grand Canal de Versailles|Gran]] ak Ti Kanal la, yon [[Ménagerie royale de Versailles|menajri]] (kounye a detwi), yon [[Orangerie du château de Versailles|oranjri]] ak [[Pièce d'eau des Suisses|letan Swis]] la. Pami sit ki pi vizite an Ewòp yo, sit la nan kè diskisyon sou jesyon twòp touris.

== Kote ==
Palè Vèsay la sitiye nan nòdwès teritwa komin [[Versailles|Vèsay]] la sou [[Place d'Armes (Versailles)|Plas d'Armes]], {{Nowrap|16 kilomètres}} nan sidwès [[Pari]] . Pa &quot; Palè Vèsay &quot;, ni bilding palè a ni anviwònman imedya li yo, ansanm ak tout [[Domaine de Versailles|pwopriyete Vèsay la]], ki gen ladan nan moman sa a — pami lòt — [[Trianon]] yo, [[Grand Canal de Versailles|Gran Kanal]] la ak [[Parc de Versailles|pak Palè Vèsay la]] .

== Istwa ==

=== Ansyen rejim ===

==== Orijin ====
Anvan chato a, premye fwa yo mansyone Vèsay la te fèt nan [[1038 (almanak jilyen)|lane 1038]] nan yon chat [[Abbaye Saint-Père de Chartres|Abèy Saint-Père de Chartres]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Guérard|1840|p=125}}.&lt;/ref&gt; An [[1561 (almanak jilyen)|1561]], yo te vann domèn Vèsay la ak rezidans senyè li a bay [[Martial de Loménie]], sekretè finans [[Charles IX de France|Charles IX]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Blondel|1752-1756|p=92-93}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>3t24ytby7zy035hto6ovn4evlp4jra4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888803</id>
      <parentid>888802</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:56:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ferrovit</username>
        <id>39921</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Orijin */</comment>
      <origin>888803</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3442" sha1="fug6zbtslqp0osc4on50indjhn7oyc5" xml:space="preserve">'''Palè Vèsay''' la se yon [[Château|chato]] [[Monument historique (France)|fransè]] ak yon moniman istorik ki sitiye nan [[Versailles|Vèsay]], nan [[Yvelines|depatman Yvelines]] . Se te rezidans prensipal wa Frans yo Louis XIV , Louis XV ak Louis XVI . Wa a, tribinal la ak gouvènman an te rete la an pèmanans soti 6 mai 1682 rive 6 octobre 1789, eksepte pou ane [[Régence (1715-1723)|Rejans]] yo soti [[1715 (almanak gregoryen)|1715]] rive [[1723 (almanak gregoryen)|1723]] . Jan Louis te vle a pou glorifye [[wayòm Frans|monachi fransè]] a, chato a se moniman ki pi enpòtan nan rèy li a epi youn nan chèdèv [[Architecture classique|achitekti klasik]] la. Li te gen yon gwo enfliyans an [[Ewòp]] pandan XVIII syèk la. Epi 19yèm syèk la syèk nan domèn achitekti ak atizay dekoratif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Chato a konsiste de yon seri konplèks lakou ak bilding ki prezève yon amoni achitektiral. Li kouvri {{Unité|63154|m|2}} , divize an 2 300 pyès, pami yo 1 000 yo asiyen nan Mize Nasyonal Palè Vèsay ak Trianon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chateauversailles.fr/decouvrir/domaine/chateau|title=Le Château|website=Château de Versailles|access-date=9 février 2018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Parc de Versailles|Pak Palè Vèsay la]] kouvri {{Unité|815|ha}}, konpare ak plis pase {{Unité|8000|ha}} anvan [[Revolisyon franse|Revolisyon Fransèz]] la,&lt;ref&gt;Soit dix fois moins qu'à l'époque.&lt;/ref&gt; pami yo {{Unité|93|ha}}ekta  . Li gen ladan l anpil eleman, tankou [[Petit Trianon|Ti]] Trianon an ak [[Grand Trianon|Gran Trianon]] an (ki te rezidans Napoléon an). Premye , Louis XVIIIyèm , Charles X , Louis-Philippe Premyèman , ak Napoleon III ), [[Hameau de la Reine|vilaj Rèn nan]], [[Grand Canal de Versailles|Gran]] ak Ti Kanal la, yon [[Ménagerie royale de Versailles|menajri]] (kounye a detwi), yon [[Orangerie du château de Versailles|oranjri]] ak [[Pièce d'eau des Suisses|letan Swis]] la. Pami sit ki pi vizite an Ewòp yo, sit la nan kè diskisyon sou jesyon twòp touris.

== Kote ==
Palè Vèsay la sitiye nan nòdwès teritwa komin [[Versailles|Vèsay]] la sou [[Place d'Armes (Versailles)|Plas d'Armes]], {{Nowrap|16 kilomètres}} nan sidwès [[Pari]] . Pa &quot; Palè Vèsay &quot;, ni bilding palè a ni anviwònman imedya li yo, ansanm ak tout [[Domaine de Versailles|pwopriyete Vèsay la]], ki gen ladan nan moman sa a — pami lòt — [[Trianon]] yo, [[Grand Canal de Versailles|Gran Kanal]] la ak [[Parc de Versailles|pak Palè Vèsay la]] .

== Istwa ==

=== Ansyen rejim ===

==== Orijin ====
Anvan chato a, premye fwa yo mansyone Vèsay la te fèt nan [[1038 (almanak jilyen)|lane 1038]] nan yon chat [[Abbaye Saint-Père de Chartres|Abèy Saint-Père de Chartres]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Guérard|1840|p=125}}.&lt;/ref&gt; An [[1561 (almanak jilyen)|1561]], yo te vann domèn Vèsay la ak rezidans senyè li a bay [[Martial de Loménie]], sekretè finans [[Charles IX de France|Charles IX]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Blondel|1752-1756|p=92-93}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Albert de Gondi]], Konte de Retz, pi renmen italyen Rèn Catherine de Medici a, vin tounen, pou {{Unité|35000|[[Livre (monnaie)|livres]]}}, pwopriyetè seyè Vèsay ak chato li a, ki te konsiste de yon rezidans senyè ki sitiye sou sit aktyèl [[Hôtel des Affaires étrangères et de la Marine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;blondel93&quot;&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Blondel|1752-1756|p=93}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>fug6zbtslqp0osc4on50indjhn7oyc5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888804</id>
      <parentid>888803</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:57:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ferrovit</username>
        <id>39921</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Orijin */</comment>
      <origin>888804</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4019" sha1="14uuvz0q9bauvjbl19bcrjpw0ovx536" xml:space="preserve">'''Palè Vèsay''' la se yon [[Château|chato]] [[Monument historique (France)|fransè]] ak yon moniman istorik ki sitiye nan [[Versailles|Vèsay]], nan [[Yvelines|depatman Yvelines]] . Se te rezidans prensipal wa Frans yo Louis XIV , Louis XV ak Louis XVI . Wa a, tribinal la ak gouvènman an te rete la an pèmanans soti 6 mai 1682 rive 6 octobre 1789, eksepte pou ane [[Régence (1715-1723)|Rejans]] yo soti [[1715 (almanak gregoryen)|1715]] rive [[1723 (almanak gregoryen)|1723]] . Jan Louis te vle a pou glorifye [[wayòm Frans|monachi fransè]] a, chato a se moniman ki pi enpòtan nan rèy li a epi youn nan chèdèv [[Architecture classique|achitekti klasik]] la. Li te gen yon gwo enfliyans an [[Ewòp]] pandan XVIII syèk la. Epi 19yèm syèk la syèk nan domèn achitekti ak atizay dekoratif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Chato a konsiste de yon seri konplèks lakou ak bilding ki prezève yon amoni achitektiral. Li kouvri {{Unité|63154|m|2}} , divize an 2 300 pyès, pami yo 1 000 yo asiyen nan Mize Nasyonal Palè Vèsay ak Trianon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chateauversailles.fr/decouvrir/domaine/chateau|title=Le Château|website=Château de Versailles|access-date=9 février 2018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Parc de Versailles|Pak Palè Vèsay la]] kouvri {{Unité|815|ha}}, konpare ak plis pase {{Unité|8000|ha}} anvan [[Revolisyon franse|Revolisyon Fransèz]] la,&lt;ref&gt;Soit dix fois moins qu'à l'époque.&lt;/ref&gt; pami yo {{Unité|93|ha}}ekta  . Li gen ladan l anpil eleman, tankou [[Petit Trianon|Ti]] Trianon an ak [[Grand Trianon|Gran Trianon]] an (ki te rezidans Napoléon an). Premye , Louis XVIIIyèm , Charles X , Louis-Philippe Premyèman , ak Napoleon III ), [[Hameau de la Reine|vilaj Rèn nan]], [[Grand Canal de Versailles|Gran]] ak Ti Kanal la, yon [[Ménagerie royale de Versailles|menajri]] (kounye a detwi), yon [[Orangerie du château de Versailles|oranjri]] ak [[Pièce d'eau des Suisses|letan Swis]] la. Pami sit ki pi vizite an Ewòp yo, sit la nan kè diskisyon sou jesyon twòp touris.

== Kote ==
Palè Vèsay la sitiye nan nòdwès teritwa komin [[Versailles|Vèsay]] la sou [[Place d'Armes (Versailles)|Plas d'Armes]], {{Nowrap|16 kilomètres}} nan sidwès [[Pari]] . Pa &quot; Palè Vèsay &quot;, ni bilding palè a ni anviwònman imedya li yo, ansanm ak tout [[Domaine de Versailles|pwopriyete Vèsay la]], ki gen ladan nan moman sa a — pami lòt — [[Trianon]] yo, [[Grand Canal de Versailles|Gran Kanal]] la ak [[Parc de Versailles|pak Palè Vèsay la]] .

== Istwa ==

=== Ansyen rejim ===

==== Orijin ====
Anvan chato a, premye fwa yo mansyone Vèsay la te fèt nan [[1038 (almanak jilyen)|lane 1038]] nan yon chat [[Abbaye Saint-Père de Chartres|Abèy Saint-Père de Chartres]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Guérard|1840|p=125}}.&lt;/ref&gt; An [[1561 (almanak jilyen)|1561]], yo te vann domèn Vèsay la ak rezidans senyè li a bay [[Martial de Loménie]], sekretè finans [[Charles IX de France|Charles IX]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Blondel|1752-1756|p=92-93}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Albert de Gondi]], Konte de Retz, pi renmen italyen Rèn Catherine de Medici a, vin tounen, pou {{Unité|35000|[[Livre (monnaie)|livres]]}}, pwopriyetè seyè Vèsay ak chato li a, ki te konsiste de yon rezidans senyè ki sitiye sou sit aktyèl [[Hôtel des Affaires étrangères et de la Marine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;blondel93&quot;&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Blondel|1752-1756|p=93}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

An [[1589 (almanak gregoryen)|1589]], yon mwa anvan li te vin wa Frans, [[Henry IV (wa Lafrans)|wa Navarre]] a te rete nan Vèsay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Verlet|1961|p=15}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Lè l te retounen soti Blois, li te rete la soti 9 juillet epi Albert de Gondi te resevwa l. Li te retounen la an [[1604 (almanak gregoryen)|1604]] ak [[1609 (almanak gregoryen)|1609]] . Depi [[1607 (almanak gregoryen)|1607]], Louis XIII, ki te gen sizan lè sa a, te ale nan premye lachas li nan Vèsay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Verlet|1961|p=16}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>14uuvz0q9bauvjbl19bcrjpw0ovx536</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888805</id>
      <parentid>888804</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:57:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ferrovit</username>
        <id>39921</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Orijin */</comment>
      <origin>888805</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6579" sha1="im8ppjr8opzcuokyb5f2t66nf6i1n81" xml:space="preserve">'''Palè Vèsay''' la se yon [[Château|chato]] [[Monument historique (France)|fransè]] ak yon moniman istorik ki sitiye nan [[Versailles|Vèsay]], nan [[Yvelines|depatman Yvelines]] . Se te rezidans prensipal wa Frans yo Louis XIV , Louis XV ak Louis XVI . Wa a, tribinal la ak gouvènman an te rete la an pèmanans soti 6 mai 1682 rive 6 octobre 1789, eksepte pou ane [[Régence (1715-1723)|Rejans]] yo soti [[1715 (almanak gregoryen)|1715]] rive [[1723 (almanak gregoryen)|1723]] . Jan Louis te vle a pou glorifye [[wayòm Frans|monachi fransè]] a, chato a se moniman ki pi enpòtan nan rèy li a epi youn nan chèdèv [[Architecture classique|achitekti klasik]] la. Li te gen yon gwo enfliyans an [[Ewòp]] pandan XVIII syèk la. Epi 19yèm syèk la syèk nan domèn achitekti ak atizay dekoratif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Chato a konsiste de yon seri konplèks lakou ak bilding ki prezève yon amoni achitektiral. Li kouvri {{Unité|63154|m|2}} , divize an 2 300 pyès, pami yo 1 000 yo asiyen nan Mize Nasyonal Palè Vèsay ak Trianon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chateauversailles.fr/decouvrir/domaine/chateau|title=Le Château|website=Château de Versailles|access-date=9 février 2018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Parc de Versailles|Pak Palè Vèsay la]] kouvri {{Unité|815|ha}}, konpare ak plis pase {{Unité|8000|ha}} anvan [[Revolisyon franse|Revolisyon Fransèz]] la,&lt;ref&gt;Soit dix fois moins qu'à l'époque.&lt;/ref&gt; pami yo {{Unité|93|ha}}ekta  . Li gen ladan l anpil eleman, tankou [[Petit Trianon|Ti]] Trianon an ak [[Grand Trianon|Gran Trianon]] an (ki te rezidans Napoléon an). Premye , Louis XVIIIyèm , Charles X , Louis-Philippe Premyèman , ak Napoleon III ), [[Hameau de la Reine|vilaj Rèn nan]], [[Grand Canal de Versailles|Gran]] ak Ti Kanal la, yon [[Ménagerie royale de Versailles|menajri]] (kounye a detwi), yon [[Orangerie du château de Versailles|oranjri]] ak [[Pièce d'eau des Suisses|letan Swis]] la. Pami sit ki pi vizite an Ewòp yo, sit la nan kè diskisyon sou jesyon twòp touris.

== Kote ==
Palè Vèsay la sitiye nan nòdwès teritwa komin [[Versailles|Vèsay]] la sou [[Place d'Armes (Versailles)|Plas d'Armes]], {{Nowrap|16 kilomètres}} nan sidwès [[Pari]] . Pa &quot; Palè Vèsay &quot;, ni bilding palè a ni anviwònman imedya li yo, ansanm ak tout [[Domaine de Versailles|pwopriyete Vèsay la]], ki gen ladan nan moman sa a — pami lòt — [[Trianon]] yo, [[Grand Canal de Versailles|Gran Kanal]] la ak [[Parc de Versailles|pak Palè Vèsay la]] .

== Istwa ==

=== Ansyen rejim ===

==== Orijin ====
Anvan chato a, premye fwa yo mansyone Vèsay la te fèt nan [[1038 (almanak jilyen)|lane 1038]] nan yon chat [[Abbaye Saint-Père de Chartres|Abèy Saint-Père de Chartres]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Guérard|1840|p=125}}.&lt;/ref&gt; An [[1561 (almanak jilyen)|1561]], yo te vann domèn Vèsay la ak rezidans senyè li a bay [[Martial de Loménie]], sekretè finans [[Charles IX de France|Charles IX]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Blondel|1752-1756|p=92-93}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Albert de Gondi]], Konte de Retz, pi renmen italyen Rèn Catherine de Medici a, vin tounen, pou {{Unité|35000|[[Livre (monnaie)|livres]]}}, pwopriyetè seyè Vèsay ak chato li a, ki te konsiste de yon rezidans senyè ki sitiye sou sit aktyèl [[Hôtel des Affaires étrangères et de la Marine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;blondel93&quot;&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Blondel|1752-1756|p=93}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

An [[1589 (almanak gregoryen)|1589]], yon mwa anvan li te vin wa Frans, [[Henry IV (wa Lafrans)|wa Navarre]] a te rete nan Vèsay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Verlet|1961|p=15}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Lè l te retounen soti Blois, li te rete la soti 9 juillet epi Albert de Gondi te resevwa l. Li te retounen la an [[1604 (almanak gregoryen)|1604]] ak [[1609 (almanak gregoryen)|1609]] . Depi [[1607 (almanak gregoryen)|1607]], Louis XIII, ki te gen sizan lè sa a, te ale nan premye lachas li nan Vèsay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Verlet|1961|p=16}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nan kòmansman XVII syèk la syèk la, tè ki te antoure yo te pou [[Famille de Gondi|fanmi Gondi]] a, epi pou priyori Saint-Julien nan Vèsay, ki gen Mathieu Mercerie kòm priye. Soti nan 1622 rive 1654, [[Jean-François de Gondi]] te Achevèk Pari, e priyori Saint-Julien an te soumèt devan li yon fason yerachik. Se poutèt sa, Jean-François de Gondi, senyè Vèsay, te pwopriyetè byen wa a te achte an 1623.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot; Tè ak seyè Vèsay la &quot;yo vann yo bay wa a nan dat 8 avril 1632 pa menm Jean-François de Gondi a,&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Verlet|1961|passage=19}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blondel-1632&quot;&gt;« ''Le &lt;time datetime=&quot;1632-04-08&quot; class=&quot;nowrap&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1632-04-08&quot;&gt;8 avril 1632&lt;/time&gt;, fut présent l’illustrissime et révérendissime [[Jean-François de Gondi]], [[Liste des évêques puis archevêques de Paris|archevêque de Paris]], [[seigneur de Versailles]], reconnoît avoir vendu, cédé et transporté… à [[Louis XIII de France|Louis XIII]], acceptant pour [[Sa Majesté]], messire [[Charles de L'Aubespine]], [[Garde des Sceaux en France|garde des sceaux]] et [[chancelier]] des [[Ordre du roi|ordres du roi]], et messire [[Antoine Coëffier de Ruzé d'Effiat|Antoine Rusé, marquis d'Effiat]], [[surintendant des finances]], etc., la terre et [[seigneurie]] de [[Versailles]], consistant en vieil château en ruine et une ferme de plusieurs édifices ; consistant ladite ferme en terres labourables, en prés, bois, châtaigneraies, étangs et autres dépendances ; [[Justice seigneuriale|haute]], moyenne et [[Justice seigneuriale|basse justice]]… avec l'annexe de la grange Lessart, appartenances et dépendances d’icelle, sans aucune chose excepter, retenir, ni réserver par ledit sieur archevêque, de ce qu'il a possédé audit lieu de Versailles, et pour d'icelle terre et seigneurie de Versailles, et annexe de la grange Lessart, jouir par Sadite Majesté et ses successeurs rois, comme de choses appartenantes. Cette vente, cession et transport faits, aux charges et devoirs féodaux seulement, moyennant la somme de soixante-mille [[Livre tournois|livres tournois]], que ledit sieur archevêque reconnoît avoir reçues de Sadite Majesté, par les mains de…, en pièces de seize sous, de laquelle somme il se tient content, en quitte Sadite Majesté et tout autre, etc.'' »&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; Sou sit Palè Vèsay aktyèl la, te gen sèlman yon [[Moulin à vent|moulen van]] lè sa a.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_auto_1&quot;&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Lemoine|2004|passage=14}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>im8ppjr8opzcuokyb5f2t66nf6i1n81</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888806</id>
      <parentid>888805</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T00:59:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ferrovit</username>
        <id>39921</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888806</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="8682" sha1="6ctd1m8q5fi31e4i1h1c5meugh3l66g" xml:space="preserve">'''Palè Vèsay''' la se yon [[Château|chato]] [[Monument historique (France)|fransè]] ak yon moniman istorik ki sitiye nan [[Versailles|Vèsay]], nan [[Yvelines|depatman Yvelines]] . Se te rezidans prensipal wa Frans yo Louis XIV , Louis XV ak Louis XVI . Wa a, tribinal la ak gouvènman an te rete la an pèmanans soti 6 mai 1682 rive 6 octobre 1789, eksepte pou ane [[Régence (1715-1723)|Rejans]] yo soti [[1715 (almanak gregoryen)|1715]] rive [[1723 (almanak gregoryen)|1723]] . Jan Louis te vle a pou glorifye [[wayòm Frans|monachi fransè]] a, chato a se moniman ki pi enpòtan nan rèy li a epi youn nan chèdèv [[Architecture classique|achitekti klasik]] la. Li te gen yon gwo enfliyans an [[Ewòp]] pandan XVIII syèk la. Epi 19yèm syèk la syèk nan domèn achitekti ak atizay dekoratif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Chato a konsiste de yon seri konplèks lakou ak bilding ki prezève yon amoni achitektiral. Li kouvri {{Unité|63154|m|2}} , divize an 2 300 pyès, pami yo 1 000 yo asiyen nan Mize Nasyonal Palè Vèsay ak Trianon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chateauversailles.fr/decouvrir/domaine/chateau|title=Le Château|website=Château de Versailles|access-date=9 février 2018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Parc de Versailles|Pak Palè Vèsay la]] kouvri {{Unité|815|ha}}, konpare ak plis pase {{Unité|8000|ha}} anvan [[Revolisyon franse|Revolisyon Fransèz]] la,&lt;ref&gt;Soit dix fois moins qu'à l'époque.&lt;/ref&gt; pami yo {{Unité|93|ha}}ekta  . Li gen ladan l anpil eleman, tankou [[Petit Trianon|Ti]] Trianon an ak [[Grand Trianon|Gran Trianon]] an (ki te rezidans Napoléon an). Premye , Louis XVIIIyèm , Charles X , Louis-Philippe Premyèman , ak Napoleon III ), [[Hameau de la Reine|vilaj Rèn nan]], [[Grand Canal de Versailles|Gran]] ak Ti Kanal la, yon [[Ménagerie royale de Versailles|menajri]] (kounye a detwi), yon [[Orangerie du château de Versailles|oranjri]] ak [[Pièce d'eau des Suisses|letan Swis]] la. Pami sit ki pi vizite an Ewòp yo, sit la nan kè diskisyon sou jesyon twòp touris.

== Kote ==
Palè Vèsay la sitiye nan nòdwès teritwa komin [[Versailles|Vèsay]] la sou [[Place d'Armes (Versailles)|Plas d'Armes]], {{Nowrap|16 kilomètres}} nan sidwès [[Pari]] . Pa &quot; Palè Vèsay &quot;, ni bilding palè a ni anviwònman imedya li yo, ansanm ak tout [[Domaine de Versailles|pwopriyete Vèsay la]], ki gen ladan nan moman sa a — pami lòt — [[Trianon]] yo, [[Grand Canal de Versailles|Gran Kanal]] la ak [[Parc de Versailles|pak Palè Vèsay la]] .

== Istwa ==

=== Ansyen rejim ===

==== Orijin ====
Anvan chato a, premye fwa yo mansyone Vèsay la te fèt nan [[1038 (almanak jilyen)|lane 1038]] nan yon chat [[Abbaye Saint-Père de Chartres|Abèy Saint-Père de Chartres]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Guérard|1840|p=125}}.&lt;/ref&gt; An [[1561 (almanak jilyen)|1561]], yo te vann domèn Vèsay la ak rezidans senyè li a bay [[Martial de Loménie]], sekretè finans [[Charles IX de France|Charles IX]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Blondel|1752-1756|p=92-93}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Albert de Gondi]], Konte de Retz, pi renmen italyen Rèn Catherine de Medici a, vin tounen, pou {{Unité|35000|[[Livre (monnaie)|livres]]}}, pwopriyetè seyè Vèsay ak chato li a, ki te konsiste de yon rezidans senyè ki sitiye sou sit aktyèl [[Hôtel des Affaires étrangères et de la Marine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;blondel93&quot;&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Blondel|1752-1756|p=93}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

An [[1589 (almanak gregoryen)|1589]], yon mwa anvan li te vin wa Frans, [[Henry IV (wa Lafrans)|wa Navarre]] a te rete nan Vèsay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Verlet|1961|p=15}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Lè l te retounen soti Blois, li te rete la soti 9 juillet epi Albert de Gondi te resevwa l. Li te retounen la an [[1604 (almanak gregoryen)|1604]] ak [[1609 (almanak gregoryen)|1609]] . Depi [[1607 (almanak gregoryen)|1607]], Louis XIII, ki te gen sizan lè sa a, te ale nan premye lachas li nan Vèsay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Verlet|1961|p=16}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nan kòmansman XVII syèk la syèk la, tè ki te antoure yo te pou [[Famille de Gondi|fanmi Gondi]] a, epi pou priyori Saint-Julien nan Vèsay, ki gen Mathieu Mercerie kòm priye. Soti nan 1622 rive 1654, [[Jean-François de Gondi]] te Achevèk Pari, e priyori Saint-Julien an te soumèt devan li yon fason yerachik. Se poutèt sa, Jean-François de Gondi, senyè Vèsay, te pwopriyetè byen wa a te achte an 1623.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot; Tè ak seyè Vèsay la &quot;yo vann yo bay wa a nan dat 8 avril 1632 pa menm Jean-François de Gondi a,&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Verlet|1961|passage=19}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blondel-1632&quot;&gt;« ''Le &lt;time datetime=&quot;1632-04-08&quot; class=&quot;nowrap&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1632-04-08&quot;&gt;8 avril 1632&lt;/time&gt;, fut présent l’illustrissime et révérendissime [[Jean-François de Gondi]], [[Liste des évêques puis archevêques de Paris|archevêque de Paris]], [[seigneur de Versailles]], reconnoît avoir vendu, cédé et transporté… à [[Louis XIII de France|Louis XIII]], acceptant pour [[Sa Majesté]], messire [[Charles de L'Aubespine]], [[Garde des Sceaux en France|garde des sceaux]] et [[chancelier]] des [[Ordre du roi|ordres du roi]], et messire [[Antoine Coëffier de Ruzé d'Effiat|Antoine Rusé, marquis d'Effiat]], [[surintendant des finances]], etc., la terre et [[seigneurie]] de [[Versailles]], consistant en vieil château en ruine et une ferme de plusieurs édifices ; consistant ladite ferme en terres labourables, en prés, bois, châtaigneraies, étangs et autres dépendances ; [[Justice seigneuriale|haute]], moyenne et [[Justice seigneuriale|basse justice]]… avec l'annexe de la grange Lessart, appartenances et dépendances d’icelle, sans aucune chose excepter, retenir, ni réserver par ledit sieur archevêque, de ce qu'il a possédé audit lieu de Versailles, et pour d'icelle terre et seigneurie de Versailles, et annexe de la grange Lessart, jouir par Sadite Majesté et ses successeurs rois, comme de choses appartenantes. Cette vente, cession et transport faits, aux charges et devoirs féodaux seulement, moyennant la somme de soixante-mille [[Livre tournois|livres tournois]], que ledit sieur archevêque reconnoît avoir reçues de Sadite Majesté, par les mains de…, en pièces de seize sous, de laquelle somme il se tient content, en quitte Sadite Majesté et tout autre, etc.'' »&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; Sou sit Palè Vèsay aktyèl la, te gen sèlman yon [[Moulin à vent|moulen van]] lè sa a.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_auto_1&quot;&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Lemoine|2004|passage=14}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Louis XIII orijin chato a =====
Premye chato

An [[1623 (almanak gregoryen)|1623]], [[Louis XIII de France|Louis XIII]], ki te pran pa yon bezwen pou yon retrèt espirityèl,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gady&quot;&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; te deside bati yon ti kay lachas an brik ak wòch sou tèt plato Vèsay la, sou wout ki soti [[Versailles|Vèsay]] pou ale [[Trianon]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Garrigues35&quot;&gt;Garrigues (2001), p. 35.&lt;/ref&gt; nan yon kote yo rele Val-de-Galie. Nan 23 mars 1624 li te achte moulen an ak kay moulen an ki te sitiye sou ti mòn nan ki te antoure ak marekaj,&lt;ref name=&quot;Solnon17&quot;&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Solnon|2003}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Précision nécessaire|Arizzoli-Clémentel (2007)}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Yo pa konnen non achitèk la, men [[Achitèk|mèt mason an]] rele [[Nicolas Huaut]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Garrigues35&quot; /&gt; Jan yo mansyone sa nan kontra Jean Coural te pibliye an 1959 la,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bottineau&quot;&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; bilding lan te konsiste de yon senp kay {{Nowrap|35 mètres}} longè sou {{Unité|5.80|mètres}} lajè, ki te monte sou twa nivo (twa etaj). : rez-de-chouse, premye etaj ak [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/galetas grenye] ) ak sèt travès, kote yo ajoute de zèl nan yon retou,&lt;ref&gt;Dans l'aile nord, les cuisines et le logement du concierge, dans l'aile sud, au sud le garde-meuble et les latrines ; sous les toits, des chambres pour les compagnons du Roi.&lt;/ref&gt; yon ti kras pi ba (de etaj) epi tou nan sèt travès, {{Unité|27.30|mètres}} longè pa {{Unité|4.85|mètres}} lajè.&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Le Guillou|2011}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ansanm lan antoure pa fos, anvan li gen yon teras ak yon jaden de ekta, ki te fèt pa sipèentandan jaden wa a, [[Jacques Boyceau]] . Devan lakou a fèmen pa yon miray ki gen yon pòtay cha ki gen yon tanpan ki gen zam wayal yo sou tèt li.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_auto_12&quot;&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Lemoine|2004|passage=14}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Louis XIII te patisipe pèsonèlman nan devlopman plan pou premye bilding sa a &lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Le Guillou|2011}}.&lt;/ref&gt; epi li te pran posesyon li nan 9 mars 1624 .

== Referans ==</text>
      <sha1>6ctd1m8q5fi31e4i1h1c5meugh3l66g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888807</id>
      <parentid>888806</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-12T01:04:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ferrovit</username>
        <id>39921</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Louis XIII orijin chato a */</comment>
      <origin>888807</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9112" sha1="qp78zzkx8yongt2dzd8q6sqadmfy2j9" xml:space="preserve">'''Palè Vèsay''' la se yon [[Château|chato]] [[Monument historique (France)|fransè]] ak yon moniman istorik ki sitiye nan [[Versailles|Vèsay]], nan [[Yvelines|depatman Yvelines]] . Se te rezidans prensipal wa Frans yo Louis XIV , Louis XV ak Louis XVI . Wa a, tribinal la ak gouvènman an te rete la an pèmanans soti 6 mai 1682 rive 6 octobre 1789, eksepte pou ane [[Régence (1715-1723)|Rejans]] yo soti [[1715 (almanak gregoryen)|1715]] rive [[1723 (almanak gregoryen)|1723]] . Jan Louis te vle a pou glorifye [[wayòm Frans|monachi fransè]] a, chato a se moniman ki pi enpòtan nan rèy li a epi youn nan chèdèv [[Architecture classique|achitekti klasik]] la. Li te gen yon gwo enfliyans an [[Ewòp]] pandan XVIII syèk la. Epi 19yèm syèk la syèk nan domèn achitekti ak atizay dekoratif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Chato a konsiste de yon seri konplèks lakou ak bilding ki prezève yon amoni achitektiral. Li kouvri {{Unité|63154|m|2}} , divize an 2 300 pyès, pami yo 1 000 yo asiyen nan Mize Nasyonal Palè Vèsay ak Trianon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chateauversailles.fr/decouvrir/domaine/chateau|title=Le Château|website=Château de Versailles|access-date=9 février 2018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Parc de Versailles|Pak Palè Vèsay la]] kouvri {{Unité|815|ha}}, konpare ak plis pase {{Unité|8000|ha}} anvan [[Revolisyon franse|Revolisyon Fransèz]] la,&lt;ref&gt;Soit dix fois moins qu'à l'époque.&lt;/ref&gt; pami yo {{Unité|93|ha}}ekta  . Li gen ladan l anpil eleman, tankou [[Petit Trianon|Ti]] Trianon an ak [[Grand Trianon|Gran Trianon]] an (ki te rezidans Napoléon an). Premye , Louis XVIIIyèm , Charles X , Louis-Philippe Premyèman , ak Napoleon III ), [[Hameau de la Reine|vilaj Rèn nan]], [[Grand Canal de Versailles|Gran]] ak Ti Kanal la, yon [[Ménagerie royale de Versailles|menajri]] (kounye a detwi), yon [[Orangerie du château de Versailles|oranjri]] ak [[Pièce d'eau des Suisses|letan Swis]] la. Pami sit ki pi vizite an Ewòp yo, sit la nan kè diskisyon sou jesyon twòp touris.

== Kote ==
Palè Vèsay la sitiye nan nòdwès teritwa komin [[Versailles|Vèsay]] la sou [[Place d'Armes (Versailles)|Plas d'Armes]], {{Nowrap|16 kilomètres}} nan sidwès [[Pari]] . Pa &quot; Palè Vèsay &quot;, ni bilding palè a ni anviwònman imedya li yo, ansanm ak tout [[Domaine de Versailles|pwopriyete Vèsay la]], ki gen ladan nan moman sa a — pami lòt — [[Trianon]] yo, [[Grand Canal de Versailles|Gran Kanal]] la ak [[Parc de Versailles|pak Palè Vèsay la]] .

== Istwa ==

=== Ansyen rejim ===

==== Orijin ====
Anvan chato a, premye fwa yo mansyone Vèsay la te fèt nan [[1038 (almanak jilyen)|lane 1038]] nan yon chat [[Abbaye Saint-Père de Chartres|Abèy Saint-Père de Chartres]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Guérard|1840|p=125}}.&lt;/ref&gt; An [[1561 (almanak jilyen)|1561]], yo te vann domèn Vèsay la ak rezidans senyè li a bay [[Martial de Loménie]], sekretè finans [[Charles IX de France|Charles IX]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Blondel|1752-1756|p=92-93}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Albert de Gondi]], Konte de Retz, pi renmen italyen Rèn Catherine de Medici a, vin tounen, pou {{Unité|35000|[[Livre (monnaie)|livres]]}}, pwopriyetè seyè Vèsay ak chato li a, ki te konsiste de yon rezidans senyè ki sitiye sou sit aktyèl [[Hôtel des Affaires étrangères et de la Marine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;blondel93&quot;&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Blondel|1752-1756|p=93}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

An [[1589 (almanak gregoryen)|1589]], yon mwa anvan li te vin wa Frans, [[Henry IV (wa Lafrans)|wa Navarre]] a te rete nan Vèsay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Verlet|1961|p=15}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Lè l te retounen soti Blois, li te rete la soti 9 juillet epi Albert de Gondi te resevwa l. Li te retounen la an [[1604 (almanak gregoryen)|1604]] ak [[1609 (almanak gregoryen)|1609]] . Depi [[1607 (almanak gregoryen)|1607]], Louis XIII, ki te gen sizan lè sa a, te ale nan premye lachas li nan Vèsay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Verlet|1961|p=16}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nan kòmansman XVII syèk la syèk la, tè ki te antoure yo te pou [[Famille de Gondi|fanmi Gondi]] a, epi pou priyori Saint-Julien nan Vèsay, ki gen Mathieu Mercerie kòm priye. Soti nan 1622 rive 1654, [[Jean-François de Gondi]] te Achevèk Pari, e priyori Saint-Julien an te soumèt devan li yon fason yerachik. Se poutèt sa, Jean-François de Gondi, senyè Vèsay, te pwopriyetè byen wa a te achte an 1623.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot; Tè ak seyè Vèsay la &quot;yo vann yo bay wa a nan dat 8 avril 1632 pa menm Jean-François de Gondi a,&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Verlet|1961|passage=19}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blondel-1632&quot;&gt;« ''Le &lt;time datetime=&quot;1632-04-08&quot; class=&quot;nowrap&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1632-04-08&quot;&gt;8 avril 1632&lt;/time&gt;, fut présent l’illustrissime et révérendissime [[Jean-François de Gondi]], [[Liste des évêques puis archevêques de Paris|archevêque de Paris]], [[seigneur de Versailles]], reconnoît avoir vendu, cédé et transporté… à [[Louis XIII de France|Louis XIII]], acceptant pour [[Sa Majesté]], messire [[Charles de L'Aubespine]], [[Garde des Sceaux en France|garde des sceaux]] et [[chancelier]] des [[Ordre du roi|ordres du roi]], et messire [[Antoine Coëffier de Ruzé d'Effiat|Antoine Rusé, marquis d'Effiat]], [[surintendant des finances]], etc., la terre et [[seigneurie]] de [[Versailles]], consistant en vieil château en ruine et une ferme de plusieurs édifices ; consistant ladite ferme en terres labourables, en prés, bois, châtaigneraies, étangs et autres dépendances ; [[Justice seigneuriale|haute]], moyenne et [[Justice seigneuriale|basse justice]]… avec l'annexe de la grange Lessart, appartenances et dépendances d’icelle, sans aucune chose excepter, retenir, ni réserver par ledit sieur archevêque, de ce qu'il a possédé audit lieu de Versailles, et pour d'icelle terre et seigneurie de Versailles, et annexe de la grange Lessart, jouir par Sadite Majesté et ses successeurs rois, comme de choses appartenantes. Cette vente, cession et transport faits, aux charges et devoirs féodaux seulement, moyennant la somme de soixante-mille [[Livre tournois|livres tournois]], que ledit sieur archevêque reconnoît avoir reçues de Sadite Majesté, par les mains de…, en pièces de seize sous, de laquelle somme il se tient content, en quitte Sadite Majesté et tout autre, etc.'' »&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; Sou sit Palè Vèsay aktyèl la, te gen sèlman yon [[Moulin à vent|moulen van]] lè sa a.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_auto_1&quot;&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Lemoine|2004|passage=14}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Louis XIII orijin chato a =====
Premye chato

An [[1623 (almanak gregoryen)|1623]], [[Louis XIII de France|Louis XIII]], ki te pran pa yon bezwen pou yon retrèt espirityèl,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gady&quot;&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; te deside bati yon ti kay lachas an brik ak wòch sou tèt plato Vèsay la, sou wout ki soti [[Versailles|Vèsay]] pou ale [[Trianon]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Garrigues35&quot;&gt;Garrigues (2001), p. 35.&lt;/ref&gt; nan yon kote yo rele Val-de-Galie. Nan 23 mars 1624 li te achte moulen an ak kay moulen an ki te sitiye sou ti mòn nan ki te antoure ak marekaj,&lt;ref name=&quot;Solnon17&quot;&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Solnon|2003}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Précision nécessaire|Arizzoli-Clémentel (2007)}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Yo pa konnen non achitèk la, men [[Achitèk|mèt mason an]] rele [[Nicolas Huaut]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Garrigues35&quot; /&gt; Jan yo mansyone sa nan kontra Jean Coural te pibliye an 1959 la,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bottineau&quot;&gt;{{Cite book}}.&lt;/ref&gt; bilding lan te konsiste de yon senp kay {{Nowrap|35 mètres}} longè sou {{Unité|5.80|mètres}} lajè, ki te monte sou twa nivo (twa etaj). : rez-de-chouse, premye etaj ak [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/galetas grenye] ) ak sèt travès, kote yo ajoute de zèl nan yon retou,&lt;ref&gt;Dans l'aile nord, les cuisines et le logement du concierge, dans l'aile sud, au sud le garde-meuble et les latrines ; sous les toits, des chambres pour les compagnons du Roi.&lt;/ref&gt; yon ti kras pi ba (de etaj) epi tou nan sèt travès, {{Unité|27.30|mètres}} longè pa {{Unité|4.85|mètres}} lajè.&lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Le Guillou|2011}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ansanm lan antoure pa fos, anvan li gen yon teras ak yon jaden de ekta, ki te fèt pa sipèentandan jaden wa a, [[Jacques Boyceau]] . Devan lakou a fèmen pa yon miray ki gen yon pòtay cha ki gen yon tanpan ki gen zam wayal yo sou tèt li.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_auto_12&quot;&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Lemoine|2004|passage=14}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Louis XIII te patisipe pèsonèlman nan devlopman plan pou premye bilding sa a &lt;ref&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Le Guillou|2011}}.&lt;/ref&gt; epi li te pran posesyon li nan 9 mars 1624 .

Malgre li te sèvi kòm palè lachas pi renmen l lan, an reyalite se te yon estrikti riral ak piman itil.&lt;ref name=&quot;Solnon172&quot;&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Solnon|2003}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Bastion tè a ak fose ki antoure l yo toujou raple sèten konstriksyon feyodal. Materyèl medyòk li yo (debri ak mòtye lacho ak sab kouvri ak plat, ankadreman fenèt ki fèt ak imitasyon wòch plat) fè nou sonje Hôtel de Guénégaud la.

== Referans ==</text>
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