Vincent van Gogh

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    <title>Vincent van Gogh</title>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Vincent Willem van Gogh 076.jpg]] → [[File:Van Gogh - The Night Café (1888).jpg]] Crit 2: More precise</comment>
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{{redirect|Van Gogh}}
{{infobox Atis
|non= Vincent van Gogh    
|imaj= Van Gogh - Selbstbildnis mit verbundenem Ohr.jpeg
|lejand=''Otopòtrè atis la'', 1889, lwil sou twal,&lt;br&gt; [[Pari]], [[mize Orsay]] (F627/JH1772)&lt;ref group=Note name=catalogues&gt;Van Gogh a peint des centaines de toiles et plusieurs sont ressemblantes ou ont le même thème. Au début du {{s-|XXI}}, il existe deux catalogues relativement exhaustifs de celles-ci :
# ''L'Œuvre de Vincent van Gogh'' par Jacob Baart de la Faille (1928) en 6 volumes ;
# ''The Complete Van Gogh'' de Jan Hulsker (1980).
Lorsqu'on lit « F627 », il faut comprendre qu'il s'agit de la peinture {{nimewo|627}} de l'ouvrage de de la Faille, alors que « JH1772 » renvoie à la peinture {{nimewo|1772}} de Hulsker.&lt;/ref&gt;.
| non nesans   = Vincent Willem van Gogh
|dat nesans=   {{dat nesans|30|mas|1853|nan la plastik}}
| lye nesans   = [[Zundert|Groot Zundert]] ([[Peyiba]])
| lye lanmö       = [[Auvers-sur-Oise]] ([[France]])
| nasyonalite        = {{drapo|Peyiba}} [[Peyiba|Neyèlandèz]]
|aktivite=[[atis pent|pent]], [[desinatè]]
|diplòm=
|etid=
|mouvman= [[Pòs-enpresyonis]], [[Senbolis (atizay)|Senbolis]]
|enfliyanse pa       = [[Jean-François Millet]], [[Rembrandt]], [[Frans Hals]], [[Anton Mauve]], [[Eugène Delacroix]], [[Adolphe Monticelli]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=fr
|url=http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let670/print.html
|titre=670 To Willemien van Gogh. Arles, on or about Sunday, 26 August 1888.
|auteur=Vincent van Gogh
|date= 26 août 1888
|éditeur=Van Gogh Museum
|consulté le= 6 juin 2014
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|peyi nesans=[[Peyiba]]
|dat lanmò= [[29 jiyè]] [[1890]]
|Lye lanmò= [[Auvers-sur-Oise]]
|Peyi lanmò= [[Frans]]
|enfliyanse        = [[Ekspresyonis]]
|zèv prensipal  = * ''[[Manjè pòmdetè yo|Les Mangeurs de pommes de terre]]''
* ''[[Chanm Van Gogh nan Arles|La Chambre de Van Gogh à Arles]]''
* ''Les Tournesols''
* ''[[Nuit zetwal (1889)|La Nuit étoilée]]''
* ''L'Église d'Auvers-sur-Oise'' 
* ''Portrait du docteur Gachet avec branche de digitale''
* ''La Maison blanche, la nuit''
* ''Terrasse du café le soir ''
|nòt=
}}
 
'''Vincent van Gogh''' (pwononse an neyèlandè: /ˈvɪnsɛnt vɑŋ ˈɣɔx/; an kreyòl: ''Vincent Van Gogh''),&lt;ref&gt;pwonosyasyon non « Van Gogh » la chanje selon lang nan. Pwononsyasyon ki itilize Lafrans ak Kanada frankofòn se {{API|/vɛ̃sɑ̃ vɑ̃ gɔg/}} ou {{API|/vɑ̃ŋ gɔg/}}. nan [[Neyèlandè]], se {{API|/ˈvɪnsɛnt vɑŋ ˈɣɔx/}}, {{API|/ˈvɪntsɛnt faŋˈxɔx/}} oswa, nan dyalèk [[North Brabant|Brabant-Septentrional]], kote Van Gogh te fèt, {{API|/vɑɲˈʝɔç/}} avèk yon «v» vwaze. An anglè, yo pwononse {{API|/ˌvæn ˈɡɒx/}}, pafwa {{API|/ˌvæn ˈɡɒf/}} (sitou nan peyi Grann Bretay) oswa {{API|/ˌvæn ˈɡoʊ/}} (sitou Etazini) avèk yon «gh» an silans.&lt;/ref&gt; fèt [[30 mas]] [[1853]] nan [[Zundert|Groot-Zundert]] ([[Peyiba]]), epi li mouri [[29 jiyè]] [[1890]] nan [[Auvers-sur-Oise]] ([[Frans]]), se yon [[Penti|pent]]  ak [[desinatè]] [[Peyiba|olandè]]. Penti l yo ki gen yon gwo aspè [[Natiralis (penti)|natiralis]], epi ki jwenn enspirasyon yo nan [[enpresyonis]] ak [[Pwentilis|pwentillis]], anonse mouvman atistik [[fovis]] ak [[ekspresyonis]].

Van Gogh te grandi nan yon fanmi ansyen boujwa. Li te premye eseye fè karyè kòm machann atizay nan [[Adolphe Goupil|Goupil &amp; Cie]]. Sepandan, paske li te refize wè atizay kòm yon machandiz, yo revoke l. Lè sa a, li te vle vin [[Pastè (Krisyanis)|yon pastè]], menm jan ak papa li ki te yon pastè, men li pa pase egzamen teyoloji yo. Zòn 1880, li lage kò l nan penti. Pandan ane sa yo, li te kite Lawoland pou [[Bèljik]], epi li al rete an [[Frans]]. Vincent etidye penti ak desen alafwa kòm yon [[Otofòmasyon|otodidak]], kididonk pou kont li, epi li pran leson tou. Ak anpil pasyon, li pa janm sispann anrichi konesans li nan zafè penti: li analize travay pent nan epòk li a, li vizite mize ak galri penti, boukante lide ak zanmi pent li yo, li etidye [[Ukiyo-e|estanp japonè]], litografi (penti sou wòch) anglè, elatriye. Penti li yo montre pil rechèch li fè ak lajè konesans atistik li. Sepandan, lavi li chaje ak kriz ki montre [[maladi sichik|enstabilite mantal]] li. Youn nan yo lakòz li touye tèt li, a laj  37 an.

Pil [[Lèt Vincent Van Gogh|Korespondans van Gogh]] yo pèmèt nou pi byen konprann li. Li konsiste de plis pase 800 lèt ekri pou fanmi ak zanmi li, ki gen ladan 652 lèt li voye bay frè li [[Theodorus van Gogh (machann atizay)|Theo]] &lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;Plusieurs membres de la famille Van Gogh ont le même prénom (exemple, « Theodorus » pour le père et le frère de Vincent) ou des prénoms semblables (exemple, « Vincent Willem » et « Cornelius Vincent »). Cette situation se retrouve également parmi les frères et les sœurs du père de Vincent (exemple, « Hendrik Vincent van Gogh » et « Vincent van Gogh » pour deux oncles de Vincent). Pour diminuer les risques de confusion, l'article a recours à des [[Diminutif|diminutifs]].&lt;/ref&gt;, ak moun li te kenbe yon relasyon sere ni sou plan pèsonèl ak pwofesyonèl. 

Zèv Van Gogh konpoze plis 2000 [[Twal (penti)|twal]] ak [[desen]] ki date sitou [[Deseni 1880 nan atizay plastik|ane 1880]] yo. Li fè eko nan milye atistik ewopeyen an nan fen XIXe syèk la. Li te enfliyanse pa zanmi pent li yo, tankou [[Anthon van Rappard]], [[Émile Bernard (pent)|Émile Bernard]] ak [[Paul Gauguin]]. Li fè echanj opinyon tou ak frè l Theo, yon machann atizay ki te popilè. Li admire [[Jean-François Millet]], [[Rembrandt]], [[Frans Hals]], [[Anton Mauve]] ak [[Eugène Delacroix]], pandan li ap tire enspirasyon nan [[Hiroshige]], [[Claude Monet]], [[Adolphe Monticelli]], [[Paul Cézanne]], [[Edgar Degas]] ak [[Paul Signac]].

Nan ane 1890 yo, se sèlman yon ti kantite otè ak pent ki te remake Van Gogh nan [[Frans|Lafrans]], [[Peyiba]], [[Bèljik]] ak [[Dannmak]]. Sepandan, nan ane 1930 yo, travay li yo te atire 120 000 moun nan yon eskpozisyon nan [[Mize Atizay modèn|Museum of Modern Art]], Nouyòk. Kounye a li konsidere kòm youn nan pi gwo atis pandan tout tan.

== Biyografi ==

=== Fanmi ===
[[Fichye:Famille_van_Gogh.JPG|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Famille_van_Gogh.JPG/290px-Famille_van_Gogh.JPG|alt=Fotomataj fanmi Vincent van Gogh.|thumb|'''Fanmi Vincent van Gogh'''Anwo: papa l 'Theodorus van Gogh ak manman l' Anna Cornelia van Gogh (ne Carbentus)

Anba : Vincent Willem, Anna Cornelia, Theo, Elisabetha Huberta, Willemina Jacoba ak Cornelis Vincent.]]Fanmi Van Gogh, ki soti nan ansyen boujwazi a, te deja remakab nan XVIyèm syèk la. Eta [[Pastè (Krisyanis)|pastè]] a se yon tradisyon fanmi , menm jan ak biznis la nan atizay. Granpapa Vincent a (1789-1874) pou egzanp te ale nan klas nan fakilte a nan teyoloji nan [[Inivèsite Leiden]] jiska 1811. Twa (3) nan pitit gason li yo te vin [[machann atizay]].

Papa li Theodorus gen dis (10) frè ak sè. Plizyè tonton patènèl pral jwe yon wòl desizif nan lavi Vincent. Hendrick Vincent van Gogh, &quot; Eh», se yon machann atizay nan [[Briksèl]], &quot;Jan&quot;, se yon [[Amiral|admiral]] e resevwa Vincent lakay li nan [[Amstèdam]] pou plis pase yon ane. Cornelis Marinus van Gogh, &quot; Kòn», se tou yon machann atizay. Parenn li [[Vincent van Gogh (machann atizay)|Vincent van Gogh]], &quot; San», se asosye ak chèn nan galri nan Piblikatè atis Parisyen [[Adolphe Goupil|Goupil &amp; Cie]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Nl}} [https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/nl/verhalen/broederliefde#2?v=1 « Allebei in de kunst »], sur le site du ''Van Gogh Museum'' (Amsterdam).&lt;/ref&gt; .

=== Jenès ===

==== 1853-1869 ====
Fanmi Van Gogh mennen yon vi senp. Atmosfè travay di nan kay paran an te gen yon efè pwofon sou jèn Vincent la, ki te yon timoun serye, an silans ak reflechi.

Nan mwa janvye 1861, Vincent Van Gogh te antre nan lekòl [[Zundert]], ki te gen desan (200) elèv.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kronobase.org/chronologie-texte-Vincent+van+Gogh.html|title=Chronologie: Vincent van Gogh|website=www.kronobase.org|access-date=2018-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yo te retire li nan lekòl la epi, nan fen ane 1861, Anna Birnie (1844-1917) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/research-reveals-van-goghs-artistic-governess-180973245/|title=Research Reveals Vincent van Gogh's Artistic Governess|last=Daley|first=Jason|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; te anboche kòm yon gouvèvèns pou bay leson Vincent ak sè l ', Anna. Li anseye yo, pami lòt bagay, desen. 1 oktòb 1864, li te ale nan lekòl [[Internasyon (lekòl)|pansyon]] Jan Provily nan [[Zevenbergen]], yon vil ki atache ak minisipalite [[Moerdijk]] a trant kilomèt de lakay li. Se la li te aprann [[Lang franse|franse]], [[Lang angle|angle]] ak [[Lang alman|alman]] . Li te fè premye tantativ li tou pou fè desen la  . Sou 15 septanm 1866, li te antre nan William II College, nan [[Tilburg]] . Pwofesè desen li te pent [[Constant Cornelis Huijsmans]] nan  &lt;ref&gt;Vincent van Gogh suit les cours de Huijsmans de 1866 à 1868, selon {{Nl}} Wilma van Giersbergen, « De tekenklas en Vincent van Gogh » dans ''De kunst is geheel en al bijzaak, de moeizame carrière van C.C. Huijsmans (1810-1886), tekenmeester in Brabant'', Amsterdam, 2003, {{p.|173-174}}.&lt;/ref&gt; . Vincent pa t wè distans sa a. Nan mwa mas 1868, li prese kite etablisman an epi li tounen bay paran li nan Zundert.

==== 1869-1878 ====
{{anpil imaj|footer|||align=right|direction=horizontal|header=|header_align=left/right/center|header_background=|footer_align=left/right/center|footer_background=|width=|image1=VincentVanGoghFoto.jpg|width1=120|caption1=Vincent van Gogh a laj 18 ane&lt;ref&gt;Tralbaut1969&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;Pickvance&lt;/ref&gt;.|alt1=Vincent van Gogh a laj 18 ane|image2=Theo van Gogh 1878 (cropped).jpg|width2=105|caption2=Theodorus van Gogh a laj 21 ane.|alt2=Theodorus van Gogh a laj 21 ane}}

Nan dat 30 jiyè 1869, nan laj 16 ane, Vincent te kite kay fanmi an pou li vin yon apranti nan Goupil &amp; Cie nan [[Layè|La Haye]], yon konpayi tonton li Hein te fonde. Konpayi entènasyonal sa a, ki te vann penti, desen ak repwodiksyon, Hermanus Tersteeg te dirije, pou moun atis la te gen anpil respè. Nan 1871, papa l te transfere nan [[Helvoirt]]. Vincent te pase jou ferye li yo an 1872, anvan li te vizite Theo nan Briksèl.

Apre aprantisaj li, Goupil &amp; Cie . Nan mwa jen 1873, [[Adolphe Goupil]] te voye l nan branch [[Lonn|Lond]] ak akò [[Vincent van Gogh (machann atizay)|tonton li Cent]] . Dapre pwochen madanm Theo a, [[Johanna van Gogh|Johanna Bonger]] aka &quot;Jo&quot;, se peryòd ki pi kontan nan lavi l  . Li reyisi e, a 20 ans an, li touche plis pase papa l. Li tonbe damou ak Eugénie Loyer &lt;ref&gt;Selon kwonoloji [[Pascal Bonafoux]] tabli nan ''Lèt pou frè l Theo'', {{p.}}15, jèn fi a rele Ursula..&lt;/ref&gt;, pitit fi pwopriyetè li nan [[Brixton]], men lè li revele santiman li ba li, li admèt li ke li te deja fiyanse an kachèt ak lokatè anvan an  . Van Gogh izole tèt li pi plis ak plis. An menm tan, li te devlope yon gwo enterè nan relijyon. Zele relijye li te pran yon pwopòsyon ki te enkyete fanmi l. Nan dat 12 novanm 1873, Tonton li Sent te transfere Theo nan branch nan La Haye.

Nan mitan mwa me 1875, papa li ak tonton li te voye Vincent nan [[Pari]], nan katye jeneral prensipal Goupil &amp; C nan 9 rue Chaptal. Sezi wè atizay trete kòm yon pwodui ak yon komodite, li pale de li ak kèk kliyan, ki lakòz ranvwa li nan dat 11 avril 1876 &lt;ref&gt; Delaunay, 1988 &lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;Z-13 &lt;/ref&gt;. Antretan, fanmi van Gogh te deplase nan [[Etten-Leur|Etten]], yon vilaj nan nò Brabant.

Lè sa a, van Gogh te santi yon vokasyon espirityèl ak relijye. Li te retounen nan [[Angletè]] kote pou yon tan li te travay sou yon baz volontè, premye kòm yon ranplasan pwofesè nan yon ti [[Internasyon (lekòl)|lekòl pansyon]] ki gen gade pò a nan [[Ramsgate]], kote li te angaje. Li trase kèk desen vil la. Theo, frè li, li ekri &lt;ref name=&quot;Fot Òtograf&quot;&gt; Sityasyon yo bay jan yo te ekri pa Van Gogh ak nenpòt erè òtograf, jan yo site nan''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt; : « Nan Lonn, mwen souvan te sispann fè desen sou bank yo nan Thames sou wout mwen tounen soti nan Southampton Street nan aswè a, epi li te rive nan anyen ; yon moun ta dwe eksplike pèspektiv a pou mwen. Kòm lekòl la te pita pou ale nan Isleworth nan [[mitan sèks|Middlesex]] &lt;ref&gt;Nan kòmansman {{s-|XXI}}, li te jwenn li nan [[London Borough of Hounslow|district londonien de Hounslow]]&lt;/ref&gt; » Gogh te deside ale la. Men, mouvman an finalman pat pran plas. Li rete kanpe, li vin yon animatè [[metodis]] fèvan epi li vle « preche levanjil la toupatou » . Nan fen mwa oktòb 1876, li te bay premye prèch li nan ''Legliz Metodis Wesleyan'' nan [[Richmond (Yorkshire Nò)|Richmond]]. Nan mwa novanm, yo te anboche li kòm asistan nan ''Legliz Kongregasyon an'' nan Turnham Green.

Nan [[Nwèl]] 1876, li te retounen bay paran li. Aprè sa, fanmi li te ankouraje li pou li travay nan yon [[Bibliyotèk|libreri]] nan [[Dordrecht]] nan Peyiba pou kèk mwa. Sepandan, li pa kontan la. Li pase pifò tan li nan chanm dèyè magazen an ap fè desen oswa tradui pasaj nan [[Bib|Bib la]] an Angle, Fransè ak Alman. Lèt li yo gen plis ak plis tèks relijye. Kookasyon li nan epòk la, yon jèn pwofesè yo rele Görlitz, ta pita eksplike ke Van Gogh te manje ti kras : « Li pa manje vyann, jis yon ti moso nan dimanch, epi sèlman apre mèt kay nou an ensiste pou yon tan long. Quatre pommes de terre avec un soupçon de sauce et une bouchée de légumes constituaient son dîner. »

Soutni li nan dezi li pou li vin yon pastè, fanmi l te voye l nan mwa me 1877 [[Amstèdam]], kote li te rete ak tonton Jan, ki te yon admiral. Vincent tap prepare pou kolèj ak etidye [[teyoloji]] ak tonton li Johannes Stricker, yon reyolojyen &lt;ref&gt;Johannes Stricker miyò pibliye premye ''Lavi Jezi'' ki disponib nan Peyiba&lt;/ref&gt; respekte. Li echwe egzamen li yo. Aprè sa, li te kite kay tonton Jan, an Jiyè 1878, pou li te retounen lakay fanmi [[Etten-Leur|Etten]]. Li te pran leson pandan twa (3) mwa nan lekòl Pwotestan nan [[Laeken]], toupre Briksèl, men li te echwe ankò e li te abandone etid li pou li te vin yon [[predikatè layik|predikatè pwofàn]]. Nan kòmansman Desanm 1878, li te jwenn yon misyon kòm [[Evanjelizasyon|evanjelis]] nan Bèljik, ak [[Minè (metye)|minè yo]] chabon nan [[Borinaj]], nan rejyon [[Mons]]. Se la li te vin tounen yon predikatè solidarite ak lit kont patwon yo, men li te deja fè aprantisaj imaj li a lè li te vizite tout gwo mize nan gwo vil li te pase lè li t ̽ap travay nan Goupil &amp; Cie.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bonafoux&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

====1879-1880====
[[Fichye:Vincent van Gogh - Wasmes - Maison du boulanger Denis - Angle Rue du petit-Wasmes et Rue Wilson-002.JPG|vignette|gauche|Vincent van Gogh (1878-1879), Wasmes, kay boulanje Denis, kwen ri du Petit-Wasmes ak ri Wilson.]]
[[Fichye:Cuesmes_JPG001.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cuesmes_JPG001.jpg/220px-Cuesmes_JPG001.jpg|vignette|Kay kote Vincent van Gogh te rete nan [[Cuesmes]] ( [[Bèljik]] ), nan 1878.]]
Travèse li nan Borinage nan Bèljik te kòmanse nan [[patiraj (komin)|Patiraj]] (jodi a nan komin [[Colfontaine]] ) an 1878. Li te akeyi la pa yon evanjelis ki enstale l ak yon kiltivatè nan [[Wam (Kòfontèn)|Wam]]. Trè vit, li te jije kay sa a twò abondan epi, nan mwa Out, li te ale nan [[Kwèm]] pou l rete ak yon lòt evanjelis. Ale nan fen konviksyon li yo, Van Gogh deside viv tankou moun li preche yo, pataje difikilte yo, menm dòmi sou pay nan yon ti joupa.

Li konsakre tout bagay pou minè ak fanmi yo. Li menm ale osi lwen ke desann nan yon pi min  [[Min chabon nan Marcasse|chabonaj an Makas]], 700 mèt pwofondè. Pandan yon eksplozyon gaz, li sove yon minè. Men, aktivite li antanke pastè travayè pa t pran tan pou yo dezapwouve , sa ki te choke li. Yo te akize l kòm yon lidè, li te oblije abandone misyon an - komite evanjelizasyon an sispann - ke li te bay tèt li . Li kenbe imaj mizè imen an ki pral parèt nan yon pati nan travay li. Apre evènman sa yo, li te ale nan Brussels epi retounen yon ti tan nan Cuesmes, kote li te rete nan yon kay. Men, anba presyon paran li yo, li retounen [[Etten-Leur|Etten]] . Li te rete san fè anyen konsa jouk mas 1880, ki te de pli zan pli enkyete fanmi li. Vincent ak Theo diskite sou avni li: tansyon sa yo anpeche yo kominikasyon pou prèske yon ane.
Anplis de sa, yon konfli grav pete ant Vincent ak papa l ', dènye a ale twò lwen ke yo mande pou fè pitit gason l admèt nan [[Lopital sikyatrik|azil]] [[Geel]] la. Li te kouri ankò epi li te pran refij nan [[Kwèm]], kote li te pase nwit jiska oktòb 1880 ak yon minè. Antretan, Theo jwenn yon travay ki estab nan Goupil &amp; Csa [[Pari]] .

===Matirite===
[[Fichye:VanGogh deplacements maturite.jpg|gauche|vignette|upright=1.1|Deplasman Van Gogh. Chak nimewo sou kat la koresponn ak youn nan foto ki anfas yo.]]
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; perrow=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
Fichye:Maison natale de Vincent Van Gogh.jpg|1. [[Zundert|Groot-Zundert]] ([[Peyiba]]), 30 mas 1853 (nesans)
Fichye:BRUXELLES Maison du Roi.jpg|2. [[Briksèl]] ([[Bèljik]]), soti oktòb 1880 rive avril 1881
Fichye:Etten-leur 007.jpg|3. [[Etten-Leur|Etten]] ([[Peyiba]]), depi avril 1881 rive desanm 1881
Fichye:Vincent Willem van Gogh 016.jpg|4. [[Layè|La Haye]] ([[Peyiba]]), depi desanm 1881 rive deptanm 1883
Fichye:Van Gogh Huis - Nieuw-Amsterdam.JPG|5. [[Drenthe]] ([[Peyiba]]), soti septanm 1883 rive desanm 1883
Fichye:Nuenen-Berg-Gedenksteen-Van-Gogh.jpg|6. [[Nuenen]] ([[Peyiba]]), depi desanm 1883 rive novanm 1885
Fichye:VanGogh-Houses Seen from the Back.jpg|7. [[Anvè]] ([[Bèljik]]), soti novanm 1885 rive fevriye 1886
Fichye:Paris rue lepic 54.jpg|8. [[Pari]], soti nan mwa fevriye 1886 rive nan mwa fevriye 1888
Fichye:2252.Maler Vincent van Gogh-Gedenkstein im -Jardin(Garten) de Ete-Arles-.JPG|9. [[Arles]] ([[Frans]]), depi fevriye 1888 pou rive me 1889
Fichye:Gogh Saint-Paul-de Mausole.jpg|10. [[Saint-Rémy-de-Provence]] ([[Frans]]), depi me 1889 pou rive me 1890
Fichye:Vincent et Théo van Gogh, tombes à Auvers-sur-Oise .jpg|11. [[Auvers-sur-Oise]] ([[Frans]]), soti me 1890 rive 29 jiyè 1890 (lanmò)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Van Gogh rive nan matirite li lè li te kòmanse karyè li kòm yon atis. Li te vin pi plis enterese nan moun ki pwòch li yo ak nan sèn chak jou ke li te kòmanse dekri nan [[Desen|kwoki]] ak [[min plon]], [[chabon|fizen]] oswa [[kreyon]]. Nan mwa Oktòb 1880, li te ale nan [[Briksèl]], epi sou 15 novanm 1880, li te enskri nan [[Akademi wayal boza Briksèl]] sou konsèy pent [[Willem Roelofs]] la. Li te gen opòtinite pou l travay nan estidyo pent [[Anthon van Rappard]], ri Traversière. Sou 1e fevriye 1881, yo te nonmen Theo responsab branch Goupil &amp; Cie sou [[Boulva Monmat]]. Lè sa a, li deside pou li bay frè li la bezwen. Vincent gen prèske 28 ane.

Nan fen mwa avril 1881, Van Gogh te retounen lakay fanmi an e li te rete la jiskaske [[Nwèl|Nwèl]] la. Li sitou konsakre tan li nan lekti ak etid figi. Nan ete a, li tonbe nan renmen ak Kee Vos, pitit fi tonton l 'Stricker. Malgre refi klè Kee, yon vèv ki sot pase a, Vincent ensiste, kreye yon atmosfè de pli zan pli tansyon nan fanmi li.
==== La Have ====
[[Fichye:Vincent Van Gogh - Sorrow.JPG|redresse|thumb|''Sorrow'', 1882, mine de plomb, lavis, {{dunité|45.5|29.5|cm}}, koleksyon prive(F929/JH129).]]
Apre yon diskisyon vyolan ak papa li, li te ale pou [[Layè|La Haye]], kote li te etabli nan yon estidyo modès. Se la li te resevwa leson penti nan men kouzen li pa maryaj, [[Anton Mauve]] (mari premye kouzin li [[Pòtrè Ariëtte Mauve|Ariëtte Carbentus]] ), Lè sa a, sitou pratike [[akwarèl]] ak etidye [[Pèspektiv (reprezantasyon)|pèspektiv]].

Nan mwa janvye 1881, van Gogh te rankontre yon ansyen bouzen, [[Sien (seri Van Gogh)|Sien Hoornik]], ki te kòmanse poze pou li. Nan sezon prentan 1882, tonton li Cornelis Marinus, pwopriyetè yon [[galri atizay]] ki popilè nan Amstèdam, te komisyone desen nan La Haye. Travay la pa rive nan atant yo nan tonton li, ki kanmenm ba li yon dezyèm lòd. Byenke li te dekri l an detay sa li te espere de li, li te desi ankò. Nan mwa jen 1882, entène lopital ki asosye ak yon [[Maladi ki transmèt nan sèks|maladi veneryen]] te pèmèt li rekonsilye ak paran li .
Lè li lage, li te deplase nan yon estidyo pi gwo ak Sien Hoornik ak de pitit li yo. Se pandan ete 1882 ke li te kòmanse [[penti ak lwil]] . Peryòd sa a nan lavi li pèmèt li konsakre tèt li nan atizay li. Li pataje panse li sou pent li admire tankou [[Honoré Daumier|Daumier]] oswa Jean-François Millet ki gen zèv li konnen byen.&lt;ref&gt; Lettre nimewo 309de Vincent van Gogh à Anthon van Rappard, La Haye, le 8 février 1883 (N)&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref&gt;Lettre {{nimewo|310}} de Vincent van Gogh à Theodorus van Gogh, La Haye, le 13 octobre 1883 (N)&lt;/ref&gt;  Li te egzekite anpil penti ak desen lè l sèvi avèk diferan teknik. Li voye travay li yo bay Theo epi li ekri Anthon van Rappard. Soti nan sezon prentan 1883, li te vin enterese nan konpozisyon ki pi elabore, ki baze sou desen. Trè kèk nan desen sa yo te siviv paske, manke nève ak fraîcheur dapre Theo, yo pral detwi pa Vincent.
Ven mwa li te pase nan La Haye (ant 1882 ak 1883) te sanble desizif pou atis la, ki te reyalize dezi li pou kraze ak konvansyon moral yo nan anviwònman sosyal li a, ak enposib li pou mennen yon egzistans nòmal. Anpil lekti, [[Honoré de Balzac]], [[Victor Hugo]], [[Émile Zola]] oswa [[Charles Dickens]], anrichi vizyon li sou mond lan, epi ranfòse konviksyon sosyal li. Nan mwa Out 1883, li te planifye pou ale nan pwovens seksyon riral [[Drenthe]] pou jwi peyizaj li yo. Lè sa a, relasyon li ak Sien Hoornik fini.

==== Drenthe ====
Soti septanm rive desanm 1883, Vincent te rete pou kont li nan pwovens Drenthe, nan nò Netherlands, kote li te pèsiste nan penti li. Se sèl remèd li jwenn devan yon gwo santiman detrès. Li chanje akomodasyon byen souvan epi solitid la peze sou li. Tan lapli a ak difikilte finansyè Theo, frè l la, te deside pou l rantre nan fanmi l ki te etabli depi jen 1882 nan [[Nuenen]], nan nò Brabant, nan presbitè patènèl.

==== Nuenen ====
[[Fichye:VanGogh F84.jpg|vignette|gauche|redresse|''Ansyen Bell Tower nan Nuenen (&quot;Simityè Peyizan an&quot;)'', 1885, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|65|80|cm}}, [[Amstèdam|Amsterdam]], [[Mize Van-Gogh|mize Van Gogh]], Fondasyon Vincent van Gogh (F84/JH772).]]
Van Gogh te pwofite yon ti estidyo ki te monte pou li nan kay fanmi an. Se la li te pwodwi seri de penti sou diferan tèm, an patikilye tise. Se nan Nuenen ke travay li revele definitivman: soti nan peryòd sa a syans pwisan nan wòch nwa nan peyizan nan travay, men tou, kèk desan (200) penti ak yon palèt nwa ak bwòs espresif, ki Lè sa a, konfime fòs li kòm yon desinè ak pent.

[[Fichye:Studie voor `De aardappeleters' - s0135V1962r - Van Gogh Museum.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Studie voor `De aardappeleters' - s0135V1962r - Van Gogh Museum.jpg/170px-Studie voor `De aardappeleters' - s0135V1962r - Van Gogh Museum.jpg|gauche|vignette|Etid pou ''[[Manjè pòmdetè yo|Manjè Pòmdetè yo]]'', 1885, lwil oliv sou twal, 33,5 × 44,4  , [[Amstèdam]], [[Mize Van-Gogh|Mize Van Gogh]], Vincent van Gogh Foundation (F77r/JH686).]]
Theo ofri Vincent pou li pa peye li yon pansyon ankò men pito pou li achte tablo li yo. Se konsa, Theo achte penti ke li espere vann  . Vincent kontinye wè Van Rappard ak ki moun li pentire. Pandan peryòd sa a, li te bay amatè leson penti tou. Lè sa a, nan mwa me 1884, li te lwe yon estidyo pi gwo pase sa li te genyen jiska lè sa a.
[[Fichye:Van_Gogh--Paysan.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Van_Gogh--Paysan.jpg/170px-Van_Gogh--Paysan.jpg|thumb|''Pòtre yon peyizan'', 1885, lwil sou twal, 39 × 30,5 , [[Briksèl]], [[Mize wayal Boza Bèljik]].]]
Pou yon twazyèm fwa, Van Gogh tonbe damou. Li kòmanse yon relasyon ak vwazen li, Margot Begemann, ki fanmi respektif yo pa apresye. Nan mitan mwa septanm nan, Margot eseye swisid. Li te pase peryòd rekiperasyon li nan [[Utrecht]]. Sou 26 mas 1885, Papa van Gogh te mouri nan yon atak kè. Akoz relasyon difisil li genyen ak moun ki bò kote l yo, sè Vincent mande l kite presbitè a. Aprè sa, li te viv nan estidyo li ant avril ak me 1885.
Pandan li te toujou nan Nuenen, li te travay sou yon seri de penti ki te dekore sal manje a nan yon zanmi k ap viv li nan [[Eindhoven]] . Lè sa a, Van Gogh te vin enterese nan atis ki renome nan Lekòl La Haye, tankou [[Théophile de Bock]] ak [[Herman Johannes van der Weele]] . Sa a se yon gwoup atis ki, ant 1860 ak 1890, te enfliyanse anpil pa penti reyalis [[Lekòl Babizon|lekòl Barbizon la]] . Pami atis sa yo, [[Johan Hendrik Weissenbruch]] oswa [[Bernard Blommers]] pa egzanp, yo site nan lèt Van Gogh pandan diskisyon li sou atizay  {{,}}  . Li rapid tou pou fè kòmantè sou [[Rembrandt]] ak [[Frans Hals]] lè l ap diskite sou travay yo.

An menm tan an, [[Émile Zola]] te yon kritik atizay. Nan 1885, lè woman ''[[Germinal (woman)|Germinal]]'' li a te parèt, Van Gogh te pentire ''Manjè pòmdetè yo''. Yo tou de ekspoze lavi klas travayè a. Apre sejou li nan Nuenen, pase soti nan réalisme nwa sa a nan [[Koloris (penti)|koloris]], Van Gogh te pran yon nouvo UN nan penti li. Palèt li vin pi lejè ak plis kolore, pandan y ap bwòs li yo vin pi file.

==== Anvè ====
Nan [[Anvè]] ankò, nan mwa novanm 1885, li te enpresyone pa penti yo nan [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]] ak dekouvri [[Ukiyo-e|simagri Japonè]] yo, ki li te kòmanse kolekte nan vil sa a. Li te tou nan [[kapital]] flaman an ke atis la inogire seri pi popilè li nan [[otopòtrè]]. Li te pran plizyè leson desen e li te fè etid toutouni. Lide a tounen nan Pari plezi li. Li deja planifye pou l etidye nan estidyo [[Fernand Cormon]] epi rete ak Theo. Nan fevriye 1886 , se konsa li rive nan Pari.

==== Pari ====

Nan kòmansman mwa a nanmars 1886mas 1886, Vincent ansanm ak frè l Theo nan [[Monmat]], ak dezi a aprann sou inovasyon yo nan penti [[enpresyonis]] . Nan epòk la, Theo te responsab galri Montmartre Boussod, Valadon &amp; Cie (siksesè Goupil &amp; Cie )  {{,}}  . Vincent tou te vin renmen [[Agostina Segatori]], pwopriyetè Italyen kabarè ''Au Tambourin'', Boulva Clichy. Se sèlman konesans nan milye atistik Parisyen an ki ka vrèman pèmèt Van Gogh renouvle ak anrichi vizyon li. Ane sa a se sa ki nan [[Uityèm ekspozisyon enpresyonis yo|dènye ekspozisyon enpresyonis]] ke Vincent dekouvri, ak nan 1887 dwe pran plas premye retwospektiv nan travay la nan [[Jean-François Millet|Millet]] &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bonafoux&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;.  

Lè sa a, Pari te prepare pou òganize plizyè ekspozisyon: anplis Salon an, kote travay [[Pierre Puvis de Chavannes|Puvis de Chavannes]] yo ekspoze, Van Gogh vizite koulwa senkyèm egzibisyon entènasyonal la nan Galri [[Georges Petit (galeris)|Georges Petit]], ki prezante penti [[Auguste Renoir]] ak [[Claude Monet]]. Lèt la pa t vle patisipe nan egzibisyon an wityèm ak dènye nan enpresyonist yo, ki ofri espektak la nan yon gwoup chire ant defèksyon ak nouvo arive, ak louvri pòt li nan kado a nan moman sa a, [[Pwentilis|neo-enpresyonis]], ak yon twal [[Georges Seurat|Georges Pierre Seurat]], &quot;''Un dimanche après-midi à l'Île de la Grande Jatte&quot;.''

Nan Pari nan ane 1886-1887, Van Gogh te ale nan [[Fernand Cormon|Akademi pent Cormon]] pou yon ti tan, kote li te rankontre [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]], [[Louis Anquetin]], [[Emile Bernard (pent)|Émile Bernard]] ak [[John Peter Russell]]. Lèt la fè pòtrè li. Li te rankontre tou, atravè frè l, prèske tout enpresyonist yo, an patikilye [[Georges Seurat]] ak [[Camille Pissarro]], osi byen ke [[Paul Gauguin]]. Nan boutik [[Pè Tanguy]], li te vin zanmi [[Paul Signac]]. Anba enfliyans nan simagri japonè, konpozisyon li piti piti akeri plis libète ak fasilite, pandan ke li te eseye men l nan teknik la nan koulè [[apla]]. Pissarro te entwodui l tou nan nouvo teyori sou limyè ak nan tretman [[divizyonis]] nan ton. Lè sa a, palèt atis la te rich ak koulè klere ak manyen li te vin vivan ak fragman, gras tou a Signac ak ki moun li te travay nan lane 1887.

Egzalte ak favè nan klima atistik parisyen an, van Gogh sote etap yo nan renouvèlman atistik li gras a frekantasyon pent yo ki te pi estrawòdinè nan moman sa a : li eseye men li nan neyo-enpresyonis ak Signac ak Pissarro, mennen ankèt sou pwofondè sikolojik nan pòtrè a ak zanmi li Toulouse-Lautrec, se enfòme byen bonè nan sentèz la nan klwazonis pa konpayon li yo Louis Anquetin ak Émile Bernard, epi li ka apresye a. Penti ekzotik fèt pa Gauguin nan [[Matinik]]. Rejenere pa modènite sa a, li se pare reyalize rèv Mediterane li yo, nan rechèch nan limyè a avègleman nan Provence, ki fè koulè yo pi bon kalite nan lanati klere, etidye jouk lè sa a nan koleksyon li nan simagri japonè. Se te yon peryòd trè fètil lè atizay li te deplase nan direksyon enpresyonism, men absent ak fatig vin pi mal eta mantal li. Sou 19 fevriye 1888, li kite Pari.

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
VanGogh-Scene de rue à Montmartre 1887.png|''Sèn nan lari Monmat'', 1887 : tablo ki reprezante youn nan [[Moulen Galèt]] yo sou bit [[Monmat]] Pari, ki pa janm ekspoze ant 1920 ak 2021.
Vincent Willem van Gogh 020.jpg|''[[Restoran Sirèn nan Asnyè|Restoran Sirè]] nan [[Asnières-sur-Seine|Asnyè]]'', 1887, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|54|65|cm}}, [[Pari]], [[mize Orsay]] (F313/JH1251).
Vincent van Gogh - Voie à Jardin du Luxembourg.jpg|''Yon koulwa Jaden Luxembourg'', 1886, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|27|46|cm}}, [[Clark Art Institute]]&lt;ref name=&quot;clarkart 8211&quot;&gt;{{Lyen brize|langue=anglais|titre=Museum / Collections / Terrace in the Luxembourg Gardens |url=http://www.clarkart.edu/Collection/8211|site=www.clarkart.edu|consulté le=4 oktòb 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
Vincent van Gogh - s0273V1962 - Van Gogh Museum.jpg|Vincent van Gogh, pa [[John Peter Russell]], an 1886.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Arles ====

20 fevriye 1888, li te rete nan [[Arles]], nan vil la fin vye granmoun andedan ranpa yo nan otèl-restoran ''Carrel'' la, nan 30, rue de la Cavalerie, nan epòk sa a yon distri nan bordel, ak pent danwa Christian Mourier-Petersen. Li lwe tou yon pati nan &quot; kay jòn pou fè li atelye li. Kèk jou apre, li te rete nan ''Café de la Gare'', 30, plas Lamartine epi answit li te deplase, depi 17 septanm, nan kay [[Chanm Van Gogh nan Arles|jòn la]], jis tou pre, detwi pandan bonbadman an nan Arles nan dat 25 jen 1944.

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
WLANL - Pachango - Het gele huis ('De straat'), Vincent van Gogh (1888).jpg|''[[Kay jòn (Van Gogh)|Kay jòn]] (« La Rue »)'', 1888, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|72|89|cm}}, [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Yale University Art Gallery]] (F464/JH1589).|alt=Kay jòn (« La Rue »), 1888, lwil sou twal, 72 × 89 cm, New Haven, Yale University Art Gallery (F464/JH1589).
Vincent Willem van Gogh 137.jpg|''[[Chanm Van Gogh nan Arles|chanm pou kouche a]]'', 1888, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|72|90|cm}}, [[Amstèdam]], [[Mize Van-Gogh|Mize Van Gogh]], Fondasyon Vincent van Gogh (F482/JH1608).
Farmhouse in Provence, 1888, Vincent van Gogh, NGA.jpg|Fèm nan Provence, 1888. [[National Gallery of Art]] (1970.17.34)
Van Gogh - Landschaft im Schnee mit Arles im Hintergrund.jpeg|''Snowy Landscape'', 1888, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|50|60|cm}} &lt;abbr title=&quot;centimètre&quot; class=&quot;abbr&quot;&gt;cm&lt;/abbr&gt;, [[Lonn]], koleksyon prive (F391/JH1358).
Ernte in der Provénce.jpeg|''Harvest in Provence'', jen 1888, anviwonman Arles, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|50|60|cm}} &lt;abbr title=&quot;centimètre&quot; class=&quot;abbr&quot;&gt;cm&lt;/abbr&gt;, [[Jerizalèm]], [[Mize Izrayèl]] (F558/JH1481).
P1060587 Arles espace van Gogh-ancien Hôtel Dieu rwk.jpg|Lopital la (Lè sa a, yo rele Lopital &quot;Hôtel-Dieu&quot; espas van Gogh ”) kote yo te voye Vincent van Gogh nan fen 1888.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
VanGogh-Irises 1.jpg|''[[Iris (Van Gogh)|Iris]]'', 1889, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|71|93|cm}} &lt;abbr title=&quot;centimètre&quot; class=&quot;abbr&quot;&gt;cm&lt;/abbr&gt;, [[Los Angeles]], [[J. Paul Getty Museum]] (F608/JH1691).
Vincent Willem van Gogh 044.jpg|''[[Lila (Van Gogh)|Lila ki soti nan Jaden Lopital la]]'', Me 1889, [[Saint-Pétersbourg|Saint Petersburg]], [[Mize Èmitaj]].
Vincent Willem van Gogh 127.jpg|''Sunflowers in a Vase'', 1888, lwil sou twal ( {{dunité|93|73|cm}} &lt;abbr title=&quot;centimètre&quot; class=&quot;abbr&quot;&gt;cm&lt;/abbr&gt; ), [[Lonn]], [[National Gallery]] (F454/JH1562).
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Malgre ke li rive nan vil la ak move tan lanèj, yon nouvo paj nan travay li louvri ak dekouvèt limyè provensal la. Depi a22 février 188822 fevriye 1888, li kòmanse pwodiksyon li nan Arles : li vwayaje rejyon an a pye epi li pentire payzaj, sèn rekòt ak pòtrè. Li toujou voye tablo li yo bay Theo. Twa nan premye penti li yo prezante nan 4 lan anyèl [[Sosyete atis endepandan|Sosyete Atis Endepandan yo]]. Nan mwa avril, Vincent te rankontre pent Ameriken [[Dodge MacKnight]], ki te rete nan [[Fontvieille]], yon ti vilaj nan nòdès Arles. Atravè MacKnight, li te rankontre pent [[Eugène Boch]], ak ki yon relasyon pi pwofon devlope e ki gen [[Pòtrè Eugène Boch|pòtrè li te pentire]].

Sou 18 jen 1888, li te resevwa yon nòt 100 fran nan men Theo, frè li. Li te pentire gen kannòt la ''Zanmitay'' ak vilaj la gwoupe alantou legliz la fòtifye.
[[Fichye:Felix Rey portrait &amp; sketch.jpg|vignette|Pòtre Doktè Félix Rey pa Van Gogh (1899) ak chema doktè a nan seksyon zòrèy pent la ak lob ki rete a (1930).]]

Nan Arles, ide ki pi ansyen sou atizay ak penti te reparèt, tankou fè seri de penti. Nan sezon prentan 1888, li te pwodui yon seri sou jaden flè nan triptik, ansanm ak yon seri pòtrè tankou sa yo ki nan fanmi Roulin . Premye seri tounsòl yo soti tou nan peryòd sa a. Antretan, li kontinye fè echanj lèt ak penti ak Émile Bernard ak Paul Gauguin . Vincent ki rete nan kay jòn, tout bon rèv yon kominote atis fratènèl ini eksperyans yo ak rechèch yo: Paul Gauguin rejwenn li pou objektif sa a sou 23 oktòb 1888 epi yo te kòmanse travay ansanm, pou egzanp sou seri a nan penti konsakre nan Alyscamps yo. Men, de mesye yo byen mache byen: tansyon pèmanan ak egzaltasyon ki enplike nan pwosesis kreyatif yo mennen nan yon kriz.
23 desanm 1888, apre yon diskisyon ki pi vyolan pase lòt yo ak Gauguin, yo jwenn Van Gogh nan kabann li ak zòrèy gòch li koupe &lt;ref&gt;Chèchez Britanik Bernadette Murphy te envestige pandan senk ane pou debouche enigm sa a. An patikilye, li te jwenn nan achiv Los Angeles yo chema Doktè Rey ki montre klèman liy zòrèy la koupe a.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sa montre tou nan dokimantè ki rele {{gimè|Van Gogh, l'énigme de l'oreille coupée}}&lt;ref&gt; Videyo Jack MacInnes nan 2016 ki rele &quot;Van Gogh, l'énigme de l'oreille coupée&quot;, tit orijinal la se &quot;The Mystery of Van Gogh's Ear&quot; ki produi pa ''Lion Television &amp; ARTE''/lang:fr/senaris:Bernadette Murphy/prezansyon anliy /https://arte-magazine.arte.tv/press-kit/1300}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Plizyè teyori eseye eksplike ensidan an. Tèz klasik la, ki te sipòte pa Mize Van Gogh nan Amstèdam apati temwayaj Gauguin, eksplike ke Van Gogh menase ak yon razwa Gauguin ki kouri, kite Van Gogh pou kont li. Nan yon move deli, li vire razwa a sou tèt li epi li koupe zòrèy li anvan li al ofri li bay yon anplwaye nan bouzen ki toupre a ki rele pafwa Rachèl, pafwa Gaby pou Gabrielle (ki gen 16 ans an, li pa t 'kapab bouzen, li kontan. ak fè travay nan kay la ak travay nan bordel la sèlman kòm yon sèvitè)  . Diferan dyagnostik posib eksplike anfòm sa a nan bagay moun fou (gade [[Vincent van Gogh|anba a]] ).

[[Fichye:Self-Portrait_with_a_Bandaged_Ear_-_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Self-Portrait_with_a_Bandaged_Ear_-_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg/170px-Self-Portrait_with_a_Bandaged_Ear_-_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg|alt=tableau montrant un homme à l'oreille droite bandée|vignette|''Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear'', 1889, lwil sou twal ( 60 × 49   ), [[Lonn]], [[Enstiti Courtauld|Courtauld Institute]], The Samuel Courtauld Trust (F527/JH1657).]]

Jou apre kriz li a, Van Gogh te admèt nan lopital la ak trete pa Doktè Rey, ki gen pòtrè li te pentire . Theo, enkyete w pou sante frè l ', vin wè li epi li retounen nan Paris nan Jou Nwèl  akonpaye pa Gauguin. Sepandan, yon petisyon ki te siyen pa trant moun mande pou entènasyon oswa ekspilsyon Vincent van Gogh nan Arles. : yo akize li kòm deranje lòd piblik. 7 fevriye , Doktè Delon mande pou entèn li pou « alisinasyon oditif ak vizyèl ». 27 fevriye , komisyonè lapolis Ornano konkli nan rapò li ke Van Gogh ta ka vin danjere pou sekirite piblik  . Nanmars 1889mas 1889 , apre yon peryòd de relèv, li pentire, pami lòt bagay, ''Oto-pòtrè ak zòrèy bande'' . Sepandan, apre nouvo kriz, li te otomatikman entène sou lòd majistra a nan lopital la nan Arles  . Nan mitan mwa avril, li te lwe yon apatman nan men Doktè Rey nan yon lòt distri nan Arles  . la18 avril 188918 avril 1889 , Theo ak Johanna Bonger marye nan Amstèdam.

Pandan sejou li nan Arles, Vincent kenbe lyen ak linivè atistik Parisyen an grasa korespondans abondan li echanje ak frè l Theo. Malgre echèk nan pwojè l 'yo tabli yon atelye nan Arles, li pa te abandone dyalòg la ak zanmi l [[Emile Bernard|Émile Bernard]] ak [[Paul Gauguin|Gauguin]]. Lèt la, apre sejou eve'nman li nan Arles, akonpaye lavi Van Gogh nan lèt li yo jiska lafen.

==== Saint-Remy-de-Provence ====
[[Fichye:St_Rémy_-_Prieuré_de_Saint-Paul-de-Mausole_74.JPG|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/St_R%C3%A9my_-_Prieur%C3%A9_de_Saint-Paul-de-Mausole_74.JPG/170px-St_R%C3%A9my_-_Prieur%C3%A9_de_Saint-Paul-de-Mausole_74.JPG|gauche|vignette|Chanm Vincent van Gogh nan [[Monastè Saint-Paul-de-Mausole|Saint-Paul-de-Mausole]] .]]
8 me 1889 , li te kite Arles, li te deside antre nan azil moun fou [[Monastè Saint-Paul-de-Mausole|Saint-Paul-de-Mausole]] dirije pa doktè [[Théophile Peyron]], nan [[Saint-Rémy-de-Provence]]. Li rete la pou yon ane, pandan sa li gen twa gwo kriz: nan mitan mwa Jiyè, nan mwa desanm ak dènye a ant fevriye ak mas 1890.

[[Fichye:VanGogh-starry_night.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/VanGogh-starry_night.jpg/220px-VanGogh-starry_night.jpg|vignette|''[[Nuit zetwal (1889)|Nuit zetwal]]'', 1889, lwil oliv sou twal, 73 × 92  , [[Nouyòk|New York]], [[Mize Atizay modèn|Museum of Modern Art]] (F612/JH1731).]]
Malgre move eta sante li, Van Gogh te trè pwodiktif. Se sèlman pandan demans li yo ke li pa t penti. Nan azil la, yo te kite yon chanm nan etaj la kòm yon atelye. Li kontinye voye penti li bay Theo. De nan travay li yo fè pati 5 lan anyèl nan [[Sosyete Atis Endepandan|Sosyete a nan Atis Endepandan]] nan Pari. Youn nan premye penti ki soti nan peryòd sa a se ''[[Iris (Van Gogh)|Iris]]'' la. Penti ki soti nan peryòd sa a yo souvan karakterize pa toubiyon ak espiral. Nan plizyè peryòd nan lavi li, Van Gogh te pentire tou sa li te wè nan fenèt li a, sitou nan fen lavi li ak yon gwo seri penti jaden ble ke li te kapab admire nan chanm li te okipe a nan azil la nan [[Saint-Rémy-de-Provence|Saint Rémy-de-Provence]]. Li kite azil 19 me 1890.
Theo rankontre Doktè [[Paul Gachet]] sou rekòmandasyon [[Camille Pissarro|Pissarro]]. Theo ankouraje Vincent kite azil la epi ale nan Auvers-sur-Oise, kote li ka konsilte doktè a epi yo dwe pre frè l.

Van Gogh tou kòmanse fè konnen. Nan mwa janvye 1890, yon atik [[Gabriel-Albert Aurier|Albert Aurier]] nan &quot;Mercure de France&quot; mete aksan sou pou premye fwa enpòtans rechèch li yo. Yon mwa apre, pent [[Anna Boch]] te achte youn nan penti li yo, ''Pye rezen wouj la'' pou yon sòm 400 fran.
31 janvye 1890 te fèt ti Vincent, pitit gason Theo, frè li. Nan mwa ki te anvan nesans sa a epi Vincent se parenn lan, li te ekri Theo san li pa janm mansyone non timoun nan, li ba li non « ti a ». Lè tibebe ki fèk fèt la tonbe malad san gravite, Vincent fè eksperyans tristès ak dekourajman.

==== Auvers sur Oise ====
[[Fichye:Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Pòtrè Doktè Gachet ak branch dijital|Doktè Gachet]]'', 1890, lwil sou twal, 66 × 57, koleksyon prive &lt;ref&gt;Vendu {{nobr|82.5|milyon}} USD en 1990, ce tableau fut pendant un temps le plus cher du monde.&lt;/ref&gt; (F753/JH2007).]]

Aprè li te vizite Theo nan Pari, van Gogh te deplase nan [[Auvers-sur-Oise]], ki sitiye apeprè trant kilomèt nan nòdwès Pari. Komin riral sa a nan Vexin franse te deja konnen nan sèk pent yo, okòmansman pa pent peyizaj yo nan lekòl [[Babizon]] la, answit pa enpresyonis yo &lt;ref&gt;Au {{s-|XXI}}, le village cultive encore le souvenir de ces peintres. {{inite|22|plak}}-tableaux ont été installées à travers la commune par l'association « La mémoire des lieux ». Elles permettent de comparer les toiles avec les sites tels qu'ils se présentent aujourd'hui, le plus souvent sans grande évolution hormis des détails. Le parcours peut se prolonger à travers la ville voisine de [[Pontoise]], où d'autres plaques sont installées devant les paysages peints par [[Camille_Pissarro]].&lt;/ref&gt;. Li te pase dènye 70 jou nan lavi li la, depi 20 me pou 29 jiyè 1890 . Doktè [[Paul Gachet]] te pwomèt pou l pran swen l sou demann Theo  . Gachet, yon zanmi [[Paul Cézanne]] ak pent enpresyonis yo e li menm yon pent amatè, veye sou Van Gogh, ki lwe yon ti chanm nan [[Obèj Ravoux]], pou 3,50 fran pa jou &lt;ref&gt;Chambre de {{inite|7|m|2}} composée d'un lit, d'un placard d'angle intégré, d'une chaise, d'une table de toilette et quatre mètres de mur linéaire environ pour punaiser ses toiles..&lt;/ref&gt;.

Van Gogh, nan pi wo metriz atistik li, pral dekri nan travay li yo lavi peyizan ak achitekti komin sa a. Atik parèt nan laprès Parisyen, Brussels ak Olandè yo. Sa a se yon siy enpòtan nan rekonesans li nan milye atistik sa a. Gras ak swen Doktè Gachet, aktivite li se entans: li te pentire plis pase 70 tablo. Yon lòt bò, Theo, ki gen maladi a pèsiste, konfye li enkyetid li pou travay li ak pou ti Vincent Willem, ki malad. Theo vle retounen nan Peyiba.  

===Lanmò Vincent van Gogh===
[[Fichye:Auberge_ravoux.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Auberge_ravoux.jpg/220px-Auberge_ravoux.jpg|vignette|Yon skylight pèse nan do kay la eklere chanm nan grenye no 5 nan otèl la Ravoux, klase kòm yon moniman istorik an 1985.]]
[[Fichye:Tombe de Vincent Van Gogh - Auvers sur Oise - Septembre 2022.jpg|vignette| Tonm de frè Van Gogh yo, kouvri ak yon senp Ivy, nan Auvers-sur-Oise.]]

Enstabilite mantal Vincent van Gogh rekòmanse nan fen anJiyè 189 0 . Nan dimanch 27 jiyè 1890 , apre yo fin pentire dènye twal li a, ''[[Rasin pyebwa|rasin pye bwa]]'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Manon Botticelli|date=2020-07-27|title=&quot;Racines&quot;, l'ultime toile inachevée de Vincent van Gogh, lève le mystère des dernières heures du peintre|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/arts-expos/peinture/racines-le-mystere-se-dissipe-autour-du-dernier-tableau-de-vincent-van-gogh_4058791.html|journal=France Info}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ipotèz ki pi souvan aksepte jiskaprezan se ke li te tire [[Revolvè|tèt li]] nan pwatrin lan. Apre li te ale nan [[Obèj Ravoux]], li ale tou dwat nan chanm li. Jemi li atire atansyon otèl la, Arthur Ravoux, ki dekouvri li blese epi mennen [[Paul Gachet|Doktè Gachet]], ki ba li yon bandaj rezime (yon operasyon chirijikal enposib dapre eta medikaman an nan epòk sa a), epi voye nan Paris [[Anton Hirschig|Anton Hirschig.]], atis Olandè k ap viv nan otèl li a, pou avèti Théo van Gogh. Vincent van Gogh te mouri la de jou apre, a laj de 37 an, Theo, frè l yo te bò kabann li.

Théo, ki soufri [[sifilis]] ak konplikasyon newolojik li yo, entène lopital oktòb 1890 nan yon klinik sikyatrik nan [[Utrecht]], kote li te mouri sou 25 janvye 1891 a laj de 34 an. De frè yo tou de antere l nan simityè Auvers-sur-Oise, depi [[Johanna van Gogh|Johanna van Gogh-Bonger]] te transfere kò premye mari l bay frè l an 1914.

An 2011, de otè Steven Naifeh ak Gregory White Smith te pwopoze yon nouvo ipotèz sou lanmò Vincent van Gogh, ki te pran yon anekdot [[Victor Doiteau]]: Yo di Vincent van Gogh te viktim aksidantèlman yon bal frè Gaston ak René Secrétan, de adolesan li te konnen. Sa yo t ap jwe bay koboy yo ak yon zam mal fè toupre jaden kote Van Gogh t ap mache a. Anvan li te mouri de jou apre, pent la ta deside pran tout responsablite pou zak la lè li te deklare ke li te vize tèt li, nan lòd pwoteje ti gason yo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Steven Naifeh|last2=Gregory White Smith|date=fevriye 2015|title=Qui veut la peau de Vincent Van Vogh ?|url=http://www.vanityfair.fr/culture/art/articles/qui-veut-la-peau-de-van-gogh/24475|journal=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|issue=20|page=108-115}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ak nan renmen pou frè l Theo, pou sa li te panse li. te vin twò lou yon chay.

Tèz sa a baze sou twa agiman &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/culture/van-gogh-les-preuves-du-meurtre-issues-de-multiples-sources-19-10-2011-1386609_3.php|title=Van Gogh : les “preuves” du meurtre issues de multiples sources|date=19 octòb 2011|website=lepoint.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; : Vincent van Gogh ta gen ti gason nan fwete frè Secrétan yo (entèvyou René Secrétan, ki te vin tounen yon bankye, yo te bay an 1956), istoryen atizay [[John Rewald]] te kolekte nan ane 1930 rimè ki soti nan Auvers nan direksyon sa a, men temwayaj sa yo se an reta ak dezyèm men ; finalman René Secrétan, ki gen otè Ameriken yo di ke pent la te fè yon desen degize kòm yon Cowboy e ki te asiste [[Wild West Shows|Buffalo Bill Wild West Show]] nan Pari nan kòmansman ane 1890 la, ta vòlè revòlvè otèl la Arthur Ravoux pou tire zwazo. ak ti bèt, revòlvè &lt;ref&gt;Selon l'historien local Alain Rohan (''Vincent van Gogh. Aurait-on retrouvé l'arme du suicide ?'', éditions Argeau, 2011, {{ISBN|978-2-7466-4251-5}}, un cultivateur, en labourant son champ en 1965, a retrouvé un revolver à broche, calibre {{inite|7|mm}}, système [[Casimir Lefaucheux|Lefaucheux]], similaire à celui d'Arthur Ravoux qu'aurait emprunté le peintre.&lt;/ref&gt; ki responsab pou touye moun oswa tire aksidan Vincent van Gogh &lt;ref&gt; HypotheseDecesAccidentel&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt; ArticleLeMonde2011&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt; Smith2011&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt; MSNSrevolver&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yon chèchè, Wouter van der Veen, k ap travay sou lavi ak travay Vincent van Gogh, te pibliye an 2020 yon analiz sou dènye jou Vincent van Gogh, kote li te pase jou sa a, dènye penti li te pentire ( ''Rasin pye bwa'', konsève nan [[Mize Van-Gogh|mize Van Gogh nan Amstèdam]] ), ak nan dènye ekri li yo, ki kore ipotèz swisid &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Judith Perrignon|date=2020-07-28|title=« C’est un message d’adieu » : le secret du dernier tableau de Van Gogh|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2020/07/28/le-secret-du-dernier-tableau-de-van-gogh_6047514_4500055.html|journal=Le Monde.fr|language=fr}}.&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tdg.ch/le-mystere-des-dernieres-heures-de-van-gogh-enfin-elucide-762716600571|title=Arts et scènes – Le mystère des dernières heures de Van Gogh enfin élucidé|website=Tribune de Genève|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

===Pwoblèm sante===
Nan plizyè okazyon, Van Gogh te soufri soti nan eksplozyon psikotik ak enstabilite mantal, espesyalman nan dènye ane yo nan lavi li. Pandan ane yo, anpil bagay yo te di sou orijin maladi mantal li ak enpak li sou travay li. Plis pase san senkant sikyat yo te eseye idantifye maladi li a epi yo te ofri kèk trant diferan dyagnostik.
Pami dyagnostik avanse yo gen eskizofreni , twoub bipolè, sifilis, anpwazònman plon, epilepsi lòb tanporèl, maladi Menière  . Chak nan maladi sa yo te kapab responsab pwoblèm li yo, epi yo te di ke yo te vin pi mal pa malnitrisyon, twòp travay, lensomni, ak yon fanatik pou alkòl, espesyalman absent.
Yon teyori sijere ke Doktè [[Paul Gachet|Gachet]] te preskri Van Gogh [[Dijitoksin|dijitalin]]  pou trete [[epilepsi]], yon sibstans ki ka lakòz vizyon jòn ak chanjman nan pèsepsyon koulè jeneral. Sepandan, pa gen okenn prèv dirèk ki montre Van Gogh te pran [[Dijitoksin|dijital]], byenke Van Gogh te pentire ''Pòtre Doktè Gachet ak branch Digitalis'', [[:fr:Digitalis purpurea|plant]] ki pwodui dijital la.

==Lèt==
[[Fichye:Van_Gogh_-_Marguerite_Gachet_am_Klavier1.jpeg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Van_Gogh_-_Marguerite_Gachet_am_Klavier1.jpeg/170px-Van_Gogh_-_Marguerite_Gachet_am_Klavier1.jpeg|vignette|Chema ''Marguerite Gachet nan pyano''  .]]

Ekri ant 1872 ak 1890, lèt Vincent van Gogh te temwaye sou lavi li ansanm ak sekans lide l 'lè li te pwodwi yon travay. Tèks sa yo pa te ekri pou piblikasyon. : yo reprezante panse ak santiman ki pi pwofon otè yo. Vizyon an entim nan pwòp lavi li, apwòch atistik li ak orijin nan penti li yo eksplike la nan yon stil dirèk ak transparan. Lèt sa yo konstitye yon referans trè rich konsènan kontèks atistik ak entelektyèl kote li te twouve l ak efò li te fè pou l kenbe l, metòd ak materyèl yo te itilize nan epòk la, relasyon entim li te etabli ak fanmi l, fason l te wè. lòt atis, elatriye.

===Kontèks===
An jeneral, lèt Van Gogh yo adrese bay frè l Theo, ki se pi gwo sipò l tou  . Nan kòmansman korespondans sa a, li ekri &lt;ref&gt;Les citations sont données telles qu'elles étaient écrites par Van Gogh avec les éventuelles fautes d'orthographes, telles que citées dans ''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}}: «[…] nou pral sèlman bezwen ekri youn ak lòt trè souvan. » te ekri tou bay lòt manm fanmi ak zanmi, tankou [[Paul Gauguin]] ak [[Emile Bernard|Émile Bernard]]  Lèt ki pi ansyen an adrese a Theo e li gen dat 29 septanm 1872 . Dènye a, ki te ekri kèk jou anvan lanmò li, te gen entansyon tou pou Theo epi li te pote l nan jou swisid li a. Apeprè de tyè nan lèt li yo, jiska 1886, yo te ekri an Olandè. Apre dat sa a, li ekri an fransè, yon lang li metrize depi li aprann lang nan anfans li e ke li pèfeksyone an Frans. Li te ekri kèk lèt tou nan lang angle  . Nan 2011, gen 902 lèt ki nan lis, ki gen ladan 819 li te ekri ak 83 pou li. Lèt sa yo ansanm ak foto ak lòt dokiman ki konsène li yo te kenbe an 2011 nan [[Mize Van-Gogh|Mize Van Gogh]] nan Amstèdam.

===Istwa piblikasyon an===
[[Fichye:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Vincent's_Bedroom_-_Lettersketch_17_October_1888.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Vincent%27s_Bedroom_-_Lettersketch_17_October_1888.jpg/220px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Vincent%27s_Bedroom_-_Lettersketch_17_October_1888.jpg|gauche|vignette|''Desen chanm nan'' .]]

Lè Vincent mouri, frè l la vin pwopriyetè tout penti yo, eksepte yon sèl ki te vann pandan lavi Vincent a, osi byen ke lèt yo. Theo, ki soufri sifilis, pèdi tèt li twa mwa apre lanmò frè l la. Premye entène nan Pari, li te byen vit transfere nan Utrecht nan Netherlands kote li te fini jou li  . Apre evènman sa a, Johanna Bonger-Van Gogh, madanm Theo, te vin eritye koleksyon atizay sa a, ki nan epòk la pa t gen yon gwo valè sou mache.

Gras a Johanna, Émile Bernard ak lòt zanmi, lèt li yo te parèt nan peryodik ( ''Van Nu en Straks'' ak ''Mercure de France'', pa egzanp). Premye piblikasyon lèt yo sou fòm yon liv soti nan 1914  . Edisyon sa a prezante lèt Vincent te bay Theo ak Johanna. Pandan ane 1920 yo, lòt korespondans Vincent parèt : [[Emile Bernard|Émile Bernard]], [[Paul Gauguin]], [[Gabriel-Albert Aurier]], [[Paul Signac]], [[John Peter Russell]], elatriye. Apre lanmò Johanna an 1925, pitit gason li Vincent Willem van Gogh te pran plas. Apre [[Dezyèm Gè mondyal|Dezyèm Gè Mondyal la]], li te pibliye yon edisyon 4 volim nan yon nati dokimantè  Ven ane pita, li te pibliye yon lòt edisyon 2 volim, fwa sa a ap eseye kolekte dènye lèt Van Gogh yo an fransè

Ti kras pa ti kras, kantite travay ki konsène lèt yo te miltipliye. Kòm t'ap nonmen non li te kontinye grandi, piblikasyon lèt li yo ak analiz yo te vin pi plis ak pi souvan, tankou travay yo nan Jan Hulsker. Orijinalite travay Hulsker a se nan rechèch li pou konpreyansyon ak eksplikasyon sou travay yo. Li te idantifye zèv yo mansyone nan lèt yo, li te repwodui desen yo epi li te revize dat lèt yo  . Pou santenè Van Gogh, [[Mize Van-Gogh|Mize Van Gogh]] pibliye korespondans konplè li an Olandè  nan lòd kwonolojik. Anpil liv pran kèk nan lèt yo epi analize yo nan pwòp fason yo. Dènye gwo travay la se rezilta pwojè ''Lèt Van Gogh'', Mize Van Gogh te lanse an patenarya ak ''Enstiti Huygens'' an 1994  . Pibliye nan twa lang (Olandè, franse ak angle), 6 volim sa yo ofri yon analiz apwofondi, nouvo lèt ki pa pibliye ak, sitou, baz solid pou fè nouvo rechèch sou pent sa a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://vangoghletters.org/vg/|title=Vincent van Gogh The Letters|website=vangoghletters.org|language=en|access-date=2019-04-14|archive-date=2017-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213014358/http://vangoghletters.org/vg/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Penti==
Van Gogh te travay anpil pou pèfeksyon desen ak penti li, sitou lè l sèvi avèk liv oswa manyèl. Li, pa egzanp, kopye tout paj yo nan ''Cours de dessin'' [[Charles Bargue]] a  {{,}}  . Penti li se rezilta yon travay ki long,e li te akòde anpil atansyon ak enpòtans avè l. Li te fè eksperyans ak plizyè kalite materyèl tankou lakre nwa, lakre litografik ak plum wozo. Li te sansib ak atantif nan anviwònman atistik nan fen XIX syèk la . . Stil li, ki se karakterize sitou pa itilize nan koulè ak manyen yo nan bwòs li yo, gen yon enfliyans enpòtan sou atizay la nan XX syèk la .  . Lèt Van Gogh fè nou konnen admirasyon li genyen pou [[Rembrandt]], [[Frans Hals]], [[Eugène Delacroix]], [[Jean-François Millet]], men tou pou [[Anton Mauve]], [[Emile Bernard|Émile Bernard]] ak [[Paul Gauguin]] . Li te enspire pa mèt Olandè yo nan XVII syèk la. syèk  . Penti li yo temwen eksperyans li nan lavi chak jou  ak penti li yo pote mak nan pèsonalite toumante ak enstab li  . Li te pwodwi ''Les Mangeurs de pommes de terre'' (1885), ''La Chambre de Van Gogh à Arles'' (1888), ''Les Tournesols'' (1888-1889), ''Autoportrait à l'oreille bandée'' (1889), ''La Nuit étoilée'' (1889), ''Portrait du docteur Gachet avec branche de digitale'' (1890) et ''L'Église d'Auvers-sur-Oise'' (1890).
{{Atik detaye|Lis tablo Vincent van Gogh yo}}[[Fichye:Vincent_Van_Gogh_Signature.svg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Vincent_Van_Gogh_Signature.svg/290px-Vincent_Van_Gogh_Signature.svg.png|vignette|Siyati Van Gogh. Li te siyen travay li regilyèman avèk &quot;Vincent&quot;.]]
Nan XXI la syèk, gen rete nan li penti, travay sou papye, desen ak lèt. Van Gogh te pwodwi plis pase 2 000 zèv atistik : apeprè 900 penti ak 1 100 desen  ki kouvri 10 ans travay. Li te konn fè echanj penti li yo ak lòt pent, jan sa te fè souvan lè sa a, sitou [[Emile Bernard|Émile Bernard]] ak [[Paul Gauguin]] .

===Estil===
Atizay Van Gogh te evolye toujou pandan karyè atistik li. Pa egzanp, li entèrese nan enprime Japonè ak engraving angle. Li pran plezi nan fè repwodiksyon kote li vle fè yon kontribisyon atistik orijinal. Li te pwodwi plizyè seri penti, ki gen ladan pòtrè pwòp tèt ou ak tounsòl yo . Anplis de sa, li tou bay yon plas enpòtan nan penti noktin  . Li aplike koulè yo ak kou bwòs, san yo pa melanje sou palèt la. Koulè yo melanje nan yon distans nan je moun ki gade a.

Nan sezon otòn 1882, Theo te kòmanse finanse Vincent pou li te kapab devlope atis li an trankilite. Nan kòmansman 1883, li te kòmanse travay sou konpozisyon milti-figi, espesyalman desen. Dapre Theo, travay sa yo manke vif ak frechè. Akoz kòmantè sa yo, Vincent detwi yo epi li tounen vin jwenn penti lwil oliv. Nan Nuenen, li te fè anpil gwo penti men li te tou detwi kèk. Pami penti epòk la, nou ka site ''Les Mangeurs de pommes de terre'', diferan tèt peyizan yo ak divès entèpretasyon kaye a.

[[Fichye:Whitehousenight.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Whitehousenight.jpg/220px-Whitehousenight.jpg|gauche|vignette|''[[Kay blanch, lannuit|Kay blanch anba yon syèl lannuit]]'', 1890, lwil oliv sou twal, 59,5 × 73  , [[Saint-Pétersbourg|Saint Petersburg]], [[Mize Èmitaj]] (F766/JH2031).]]

Panse ke li manke konesans nan teknik penti, li vwayaje nan Pari kontinye aprann ak devlope stil li. Tandans li pou devlope teknik ak teyori enpresyonis yo ak neo-enpresyonis yo pa dire lontan. Nan Arles, Van Gogh pran vye lide. Pa egzanp, li te rekòmanse pentire yon seri de penti sou sijè ki sanble. Pwogresyon nan stil li ka wè nan pwòp tèt ou pòtrè l 'yo. Nan 1884, nan Nuenen, li te deja travay sou yon seri dekore sal manje a nan yon zanmi l nan Eindhoven. Toujou nan Arles, li te transfòme Orchards flè li yo nan triptik. Li te pwodwi yon lòt seri sou fanmi Roulin ak travay ak Gauguin sou dekorasyon kay jòn la. Penti ki fèt pandan peryòd Saint-Rémy yo souvan karakterize pa toubiyon ak espiral. Modèl liminozite yo nan dènye imaj sa yo te montre konfòme yo ak modèl estatistik Kolmogorov tibilans la.

Istoryen atizay [[Albert Boime]] se youn nan premye moun ki montre Van Gogh te baze travay li sou reyalite&lt;ref&gt; Boime1989&lt;/ref&gt;. Pa egzanp, tablo ''House under a night sky'' montre yon kay blan lè solèy kouche ak yon etwal byen vizib, antoure pa yon [[Halo (fenomèn optik)|oreyòl]]. Astwonòm nan Southwest Texas State University nan San Marcos te detèmine ke etwal sa a se [[Venis (planèt)|Venis]], trè klere nan aswè {{date-|16 jen 1890}}, dat yo te kreye penti sa a.

==== Otopòtrè ====
{{Atik prensipal|Otopòtrè Vincent van Gogh}}[[Fichye:Autoportraits_van_gogh_echantillon.jpg|right|300px|Otopòtrè Soti agoch al adwat:
 ''Otopòtrè ak figi lis'', 1889, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|40|31|cm}}, koleksyon prive (F525/JH1665). - ''Otopòtrè nan chapo santi'', 1887, lwil sou bwat katon, {{dunité|19|14|cm}}, [[Amsterdam]], [[Mize Van Gogh]], Fondasyon Vincent van Gogh (F296) / JH1210). -''Otopòtrè'', 1889, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|65|54|cm}}, [[Pari]], [[Musée d'Orsay]] (F627/JH1772).]]
Van Gogh te pentire pwòp tèt li pòtrè plizyè fwa. Anpil nan twal sa yo piti nan gwosè : redaksyon sa yo pèmèt li fè eksperyans ak teknik atistik li dekouvri  . Otopòtrè li yo reflete chwa ak anbisyon atistik ki toujou ap evolye  . Penti yo varye nan entansite ak koulè e atis la reprezante tèt li ak yon bab, san yon bab, ak diferan chapo, ak bandaj li ki reprezante peryòd lè li koupe zòrèy li, elatriye. Pifò nan pòtrè tèt li yo te fèt Pari. Tout sa ki fèt nan [[Saint-Rémy-de-Provence]] montre tèt atis la sou bò goch, sa vle di sou bò opoze a nan zòrèy mitile a. Plizyè nan pòtrè Van Gogh yo dekri figi l 'tankou reflete nan yon glas, se sa ki, bò gòch li a dwat a ak bò dwat li a goch la. Li pentire tèt li 37 fwa nan tout  . Sepandan, pandan de dènye mwa nan lavi li, nan Auvers-sur-Oise, e malgre pwodiktivite li, li pa te pentire otopòtrè. ''Otopòtrè li ak yon figi san cheve'', ki soti nan fen an septanm 1889 , se youn nan penti ki pi chè nan mond lan, te vann pou 71,5 milyon dola an 1998 nan New York  .

====Japonis====
[[Fichye:Japonisme van gogh echantillon.jpg|left|250px|Japonis (echantiyon)soti agoch al adwat:
* ''The Courtisan'' (apre [[Keisai Eisen|Eisen]]), 1887, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|105.5|60.5|cm}}, [[Amsterdam]], [[Van Gogh Museum ]] , Fondasyon Vincent van Gogh (F373/JH1298).
* ''Prunye an fleri'' (apre [[Hiroshige]]), 1887, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|55|46|cm}}, [[Amsterdam]], [[Van Gogh Museum]] , Fondasyon Vincent van Gogh (F371/JH1296).
* ''Papa Tanguy'', 1887, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|92|75|cm}}, [[Pari]], [[Musée Rodin]] (F363/JH1351).]]
[[Japonis]], yon stil ki devlope an Frans espesyalman nan dezyèm mwatye XIX syèk la ak ouvèti a nan Japon nan Lwès la nan [[epòk Meiji]], atire Van Gogh depi li te nan Nuenen. Mèt Japonè tankou [[Hokusai]] ak [[Hiroshige]] enspire l '. Li achte premye repwodiksyon li nan Antwerp epi li transmèt gou li pou atizay sa a bay frè l Theo. De yo rasanble plis pase 400 zèv ki jodi a nan [[Mize Van-Gogh|Mize Van Gogh]] nan Amstèdam. Inivèsite Ritsumeikan a nan yon etid ki te fèt an kolaborasyon ak Kyoto Women's University wè nan stil, ki te kreye pa [[Goto Saijiro]], yon précurseur nan pent la ak yon sous enspirasyon pou sa a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/kutani-ware/CwICYtwR9qa_JA|title=Kutani Ware - Art Research Center, Ritsumeikan University - Google Arts &amp; Culture|website=Google Arts &amp; Culture|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; . 

Nan Pari, Van Gogh te mande sou kontribisyon atizay sa a nan gwo kalite ayestetik konpare ak pwòp travay li  . Lè sa a, li fè plizyè kopi krepons Japonè yo. ''Koutizan'' an se yon repwodiksyon desen li te wè sou kouvèti ''[[Pari ilistre|Pari ilistre]]'' Special Japan. Li ajoute yon background ki enspire pa [[Ukiyo-e|simagri Japonè]] lè l sèvi avèk koulè entans. ''Pye bwa Prin nan flè'' se yon lòt penti sa yo. : li entèprete fwa sa a yon travay [[Hiroshige]] . Se background nan [[Pè Tanguy|nan pòtrè Papa Tanguy a]] tou dekore ak simagri Japonè. Van Gogh te konn delimite avyon oswa objè ak nwa, yon koulè ki kalifye kòm &quot; ki pa koulè pa [[enpresyonis]] yo, ki prèske sistematik retire li nan palèt yo. Se konsa, li jwenn yon jistifikasyon pou pratik sa a nan enprime Japonè. Answit, li te apwopriye atizay Japonè, epi li te konfese frè li &lt;ref&gt;Les citations sont données telles qu'elles étaient écrites par Van Gogh avec les éventuelles fautes d'orthographes, telles que citées dans ''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt; : « Tout travay mwen an se yon ti jan ki baze sou Japonè... »

Pasyon sa a pou Japon pa t ap janm kite l e pandan dènye ane lavi l, Van Gogh t ap chèche, pa egzanp, rankontre yon pent franse ki te rele [[Louis-Jules Dumoulin|Louis Dumoulin]] &lt;ref&gt;Julien Béal, ''Le Japon dans la collection photographique du peintre Louis-Jules Dumoulin (1860-1924)''. 2017. Page 7. [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01517490v3 hal-01517490v3] (consulté le 25/05/2017)&lt;/ref&gt; apre li te fin wè plizyè nan penti li yo ki te enspire pa yon vwayaj nan Japon, patikilyèman pandan gwo egzibisyon ki te òganize nan [[Channmas (Pari)|Channmas]] nan mwa me 1890 pa [[Sosyete nasyonal boza|Sosyete Nasyonal Fine Arts]] . De lèt Theo, frè l yo te ekri pandan li t ap rete nan Auvers-sur-Oise tout bon montre dezi li pou l rankontre Dumoulin (ki moun li te ekri &quot; Moulen van &quot;) kòm &quot; moun ki fè Japon an &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let874/letter.html#n-3|title=Lettre n° 874 à Theo et Jo Van Gogh du {{date-|21 me 1890}}.|access-date=2022-10-26|archive-date=2022-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007142541/https://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let874/letter.html#n-3|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let877/letter.html|title=Lettre n° 877 à Theo datée du {{date-|3 jen 1890}}.|3=|access-date=2022-10-26|archive-date=2022-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007142814/https://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let877/letter.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

====Kopi zèv yo====
 [[Fichye:Copies van gogh echantillon.jpg|right|250px|''Semè a'', [[Jean-François Millet]], 1850, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|55|46|cm}}. &lt;/br&gt; ''Semè a'', Vincent van Gogh (daprè Millet), 1889, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|81|65|cm}}, koleksyon prive, F690/JH1837.]]  
[[Fichye:First Steps, after Millet MET DP124808.jpg|vignette|gauche|''Premye pa'', daprè [[Jean-François Millet]], 1890, huile sur toile, {{dunité|72.4|91.1|cm}}, [[New York]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436526 metmuseum.org].&lt;/ref&gt; (64.165.2&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436526 |langue=en |titre=First steps, after Millet |site=le site du Metropolitan Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;).]]
Non sèlman Vincent van Gogh renmen kontanple repwodiksyon travay atistik, men li kreye yo tèt li. Premye repwodiksyon li soti nan peryòd [[Saint-Rémy-de-Provence]] . : li kopye yon litografi nan ''[[Pieta|Pietà]]'' a pa [[Eugène Delacroix]], dènye a te domaje. Li entèprete tou plizyè penti lwil oliv nan pwòp style li. Antseptembre 1889septanm 1889 epimai 1890me 1890 , li te pwodwi anpil travay apre Delacroix, [[Rembrandt]] ak [[Jean-François Millet]], ki gen ladan, pa lèt la, ''Hiver, laplaine de Chailly'' &lt;ref&gt;Lorenz Eitner, ''La Peinture du {{s-|XIX}} en Europe'', 2007, Hazan, coll. « Bibliothèque des arts», {{p.|438}} {{ISBN|978-2-7541-0195-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt; . Sa yo se sèn relijye ak travayè nan jaden yo. Pandan peryòd kote li te fèmen nan yon azil mantal nan [[Saint-Rémy-de-Provence]], li te jwenn nan repwodiksyon an nan zèv yon fason yo kontinye travay li san yon modèl. ; li te kapab sèlman gen mwayen pou sèvi ak tèt li kòm yon modèl. Li konsidere sijè a nan yon penti kòm sèlman yon pwen depa ak entèpretasyon atis la yo dwe kontribisyon prensipal la. Li eksprime lide sa a bay frè l 'nan mo sa yo &lt;ref&gt;Les citations sont données telles qu'elles étaient écrites par Van Gogh avec les éventuelles fautes d'orthographes, telles que citées dans ''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt;: « Mwen mete blan ak nwa Delacroix oswa Millet oswa apre yo devan mwen kòm yon motif. — Lè sa a, mwen enpwovize koulè sou li men nan kou pa byen ke yo te m 'men ap chèche pou memwa nan penti yo — men memwa a, konsonans nan vag nan koulè ki nan santi a, si se pa jis - sa se pwòp entèpretasyon mwen. »
Tablo Mullet a, Semè a, se youn nan egzanp karakteristik ki eklere entansyon Van Gogh pou repwodiksyon. Nou wè kontribisyon nan sèvi ak koulè ak bwòs yo trè pèsonèl nan Van Gogh. Rezilta a pi vivan, pèsonalite atis la revandike nan entansite koulè yo aplike.

====Seri====
[[Fichye:Tournesols van gogh echantillon.jpg|250px|Tournesols]]
Van Gogh te pwodui plizyè seri penti. Pou rafine atizay li, li renmen pentire plizyè penti sou sijè ki sanble konsènan lanati.: flè, jaden ble, vèje flè, elatriye. Li fè tou seri pòtrè, sitou nan penti chak manm fanmi Roulin oswa seri simen. Van Gogh te patikilyèman enterese nan penti flè. Li fè plizyè peyizaj ak flè diferan: lila, roz, lorye, elatriye. Sou kèk nan penti li yo, tankou Iris, yo wè yo nan premye plan an. Li fè de seri tounsòl: premye a lè li te nan Pari an 1887, dezyèm lan lè li te rete nan Arles ane annapre a. Premye a montre tounsòl ki fèk ranmase ki kouche sou tè a. Nan dezyèm lan, tounsòl yo nan vaz, pafwa fennen. Flè yo pentire ak kou bwòs epè ak penti depase.
Lide Van Gogh se ranpli mi estidyo li vle pataje ak Paul Gauguin pou l kreye yon kominote atis   : « Nan espwa pou m viv nan yon estidyo nou ak Gauguin, mwen ta renmen fè yon dekorasyon pou estidyo a. Rien que des grands Tournesols . » reprezante nan youn nan penti li van Gogh penti tounsòl. Van Gogh byen kontan ak rezilta a ki montre li.

[[Fichye:Vergers van gogh echantillon.jpg|250px|Vergers]]
Seri jaden flè Van Gogh yo se youn nan premye travay li nan Arles. Penti yo nan seri sa a se kè kontan. Li pase anpil tan eksprime kè kontan nan sezon prentan. Vincent di frè li &lt;ref&gt;Les citations sont données telles qu'elles étaient écrites par Van Gogh avec les éventuelles fautes d'orthographes, telles que citées dans ''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt; : « Kounye a mwen gen 10 jaden san konte twa ti etid ak yon gwo yon pye seriz ke mwen te fin itilize. » pifò nan penti sa yo, se yon pye bwa flè make. Li varye bwòs li yo : manyen nan [[Pwentilis|pwentillis]], plis [[Enpresyonis|enpresyonis]] velours, plati nan liy yo nan fason an nan [[Ukiyo-e|simagri Japonè]] . Ton yo entans ranpli twal li yo, koulè a pi delika nan flè yo okipe vizyèl la  .

[[Fichye:Cypres van gogh echantillon.jpg|250px|Cyprès]]
Youn nan seri penti ki pi popilè ke Van Gogh te fè se sa ki nan pichpen yo. Pye bwa sa yo, ki karakteristik peyizaj yo nan [[Midi Lafrans]], enspire Van Gogh. Li ekri frè li &lt;ref&gt;Les citations sont données telles qu'elles étaient écrites par Van Gogh avec les éventuelles fautes d'orthographes, telles que citées dans ''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt;: «Pichpen yo toujou konsène mwen, mwen ta renmen fè yo yon bagay tankou twal tounsòl paske mwen sezi ke yo poko fèt jan mwen wè yo. ». Pandan ete 1889 la, sou demann Wil, sè l ', li te pentire tou plizyè ti vèsyon nan ''chan mayi ak pichpen''  Travay sa yo karakterize pa toubiyon ak pa yon teknik ki pèmèt li kenbe vizib diferan kouch penti ke li sipèpoze. Lòt penti nan seri a pataje menm eleman stylistic yo. Tablo li a, ''[[Nwit zetwal (1889)|Nwit zetwal]]'' — ke li te pentire lè li te nan  se yon pati nan seri sa a.

====Tablo lannuit====
[[Fichye:Gogh4.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gogh4.jpg/170px-Gogh4.jpg|vignette|''[[Teras kafe nan aswè]]'', 1888, lwil oliv sou twal, 80,7 × 65,3  , [[Otterlo]], [[Mize Kröller-Müller]] (F467/JH1580).]]
Penti sèn aswè ak lannwit trè souvan nan Van Gogh ki ekri &lt;ref&gt;Les citations sont données telles qu'elles étaient écrites par Van Gogh avec les éventuelles fautes d'orthographes, telles que citées dans ''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}}: «Souvan, li sanble pou mwen ke lannwit lan se pi plis rete vivan ak koulè rich pase jounen an.» li bay nan moman sa a nan jounen an ka wè lè yon moun konsidere kantite zèv li te pentire pou dekri li. Li pi souvan evoke lavi a difisil nan riral, peyizan yo nan entimite fanmi yo oswa nan travay nan jaden yo. Anplis de sa, youn nan penti ki pi popilè li yo, ''&quot;Terrasse du café le soir,&quot;'', dekri yon atmosfè vil la.

Pou Van Gogh, pent syèk li yo te reyisi reprezante fènwa ak koulè. Li reentèprete sijè sa a nan penti li yo, li tire enspirasyon nan plizyè gwo pent. Si nan [[Jules Breton]] ak [[Jean-François Millet]] li wè sans nan reprezantasyon an nan travay la tè a, li se enpresyone pa siksè nan [[Rembrandt]] nan sèvi ak koulè nan penti lannwit lan. Atravè travay li yo, [[Eugène Delacroix|Delacroix]] anseye l 'ki jan koulè klere ak kontras koulè ka dekri solèy kouche, lannwit, menm nwit ak zetwal yo. Kòm pou [[Adolphe Monticelli]], koulè vin pou Van Gogh yon mwayen pou jije modènite yon penti. Li apresye atizay la nan enpresyonist [[Claude Monet|Monet]] la, kapab bay enpresyon nan yon atmosfè aswè pa yon solèy kouche nan wouj. Li te admire tou teknik pointilist [[Georges Seurat|Seurat]] la, ki te jere evoke yon atmosfè nocturne, ak tach ak zòn plat nan koulè.

Van Gogh se poutèt sa fasine pa reyalite aswè ak lannwit. Disparisyon gradyèl nan limyè, yon solèy kouche entans, crépuscule ak aparans nan limyè kay atifisyèl ak twinkling nan zetwal yo ak lalin lan nan yon syèl nwa, manje imajinasyon li ak kreyativite li.

====Teknik====
Van Gogh te pentire sou twal ki souvan te deja prime, ke li te kapab reyitilize, swa nan grate travay anvan an oswa nan kouvri l 'ak yon nouvo kouch &lt;ref name=&quot;Bakker 2014&quot;&gt;N. Bakker, ''Van Gogh à l'œuvre'', ''Dossier de l'art'', n°214, {{date-|janvye 2014}}, {{p.|39-49}}.&lt;/ref&gt; . Sepandan, li te itilize sèten pigman enstab, sa ki lakòz yon chanjman nan koulè anba efè a nan limyè, ki gen ladan lak jeranyom ki pèdi koulè wouj li yo sou tan &lt;ref name=&quot;Bakker 2014&quot; /&gt; . Se poutèt sa, koulè orijinal yo pèdi, sa ki lakòz difikilte restorasyon. : konsa, retablisman yo te deside, pou ''La Chambre'' ki soti nan 1888, pa chanje koulè » penti a, kontante tèt li ak eseye sispann degradasyon an epi pwopoze ekleraj ak filtè ki gen koulè pou retabli koulè orijinal yo &lt;ref&gt;A. Fayol, « Restaurer un Van Gogh, l'exemple de ''La Chambre'' », ''Dossier de l'art'', n°214, {{date-|janvye 2014}}, {{p.|50-54}}&lt;/ref&gt; . An 2011, etid ki te fèt nan [[European Synchrotron Radiation Facility]] nan [[Grenòb|Grenoble]] te idantifye yon reyaksyon chimik konplèks sou [[Jòn admyòm|jòn Kadmyòm]] ki te lakòz klète koulè sa a pèdi nan sèten penti Van Gogh &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.esrf.eu/news/general/van-gogh/van-gogh-paintings-lose-shine esrf.eu du 10 février 2011, X-rays show why van Gogh paintings lose their shine.] &lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/alpes/isere/grenoble/quand-le-synchrotron-de-grenoble-permet-d-expliquer-la-deterioration-du-jaune-de-matisse-762476.html |title=france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr du {{date-|2 jiyè 2015}}, Quand le Synchrotron de Grenoble permet d'expliquer la détérioration du jaune de Matisse. |access-date=2022-10-26 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190428/http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/alpes/isere/grenoble/quand-le-synchrotron-de-grenoble-permet-d-expliquer-la-deterioration-du-jaune-de-matisse-762476.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Van Gogh ak mouvman atistik yo ==
[[Fichye:Vincent_Van_Gogh_0013.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vincent_Van_Gogh_0013.jpg/170px-Vincent_Van_Gogh_0013.jpg|gauche|vignette|''Pent la sou wout Tarascon'', 1888, lwil sou twal, 48 × 44, boule nan [[Dezyèm Gè mondyal]] la (F448/JH1491).]]

Van Gogh te fè eksperyans plizyè estil nan karyè atistik li. Li te fini kreye pwòp estil. Li kwè ke penti yo ka eksprime emosyon e ke yo pa jis yon imitasyon reyalite.

Van Gogh te dekouvri [[enpresyonis]] nan Pari. Li te adopte penti limyè avèk antouzyasm san li pa renonse ti sèk nwa figi l yo . Twa atis izole yo, van Gogh,&lt;ref&gt;Lorenz Eitner, ''La Peinture du {{s-|XIX}} en Europe'', 2007, Hazan, coll. « Bibliothèque des arts », {{p.|591}} {{ISBN|978-2-7541-0195-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paul Gauguin|Gauguin]] ak [[Paul Cézanne|Cézanne]], tout enfliyanse pou yon tan pa enpresyonism, konstitye gwo figi yo nan Pòs-[[Pòs-enpresyonis|enpresyonis]]. Van Gogh te enfliyanse tou penti pita ak pi modèn, patikilyèman mouvman tankou [[ekspresyonis]] ak [[fovis]]  Anplis de sa, nan Provence, li travay nan yon lespri ki anonse ekspresyonis. Li tou kontribye nan devlopman nan [[Senbolis (atizay)|senbolis]] nan dezi li eksprime yon emosyon atravè atizay li.

=== Enpresyonis ===
[[Fichye:Claude_Monet,_Impression,_soleil_levant.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Claude_Monet%2C_Impression%2C_soleil_levant.jpg/220px-Claude_Monet%2C_Impression%2C_soleil_levant.jpg|vignette|[[Claude Monet]], ''[[Enpresyon, solèy k ap leve|Impression, soleil levant]]'', 1872, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|48|63|cm}}, [[Pari]], [[mize Marmottan Monet]]. La toile donnera son nom à l'[[enpresyonis]].]]

Enpresyonis se yon mouvman atistik fransè ki fèt pandan dezyèm mwatye 19yèm syèk la. Gwo batay nan tan lontan an oswa sèn nan [[Bib]] la, ki jouk lè sa a te sijè yo pi renmen nan pent, te bay plas nan sijè nan lavi chak jou lib entèprete dapre yon vizyon pèsonèl. Koulè yo klere ak jwèt la nan limyè pran enpòtans nan je pent yo nan mouvman sa a ki vle tou yo dwe reyalis. Yo enterese nan etid deyò a epi fè limyè eleman esansyèl nan penti yo.

Enpresyonis Monet, Manet, Renoir, Degas reprezante a (pito li te ye pou ankadreman li yo ak pèspektiv) se yon pwen depa pou neo-enpresyonis Seurat ak Signac, mèt [[Pwentilis|pwentillis]], pou Gauguin ak [[Lekòl Pont-Aven|lekòl li a nan Pont-Aven]], pou Bernard. ak [[klwazonis]] li, pou Toulouse-Lautrec, Van Gogh osi byen ke pou anpil &quot; pòs-enpresyonis», an Frans ak aletranje. Seri Orchard Van Gogh, pa egzanp, montre yon vèsyon varye de enpresyonis ak tout karakteristik li yo , sa vle di rechèch la pou limyè ak koulè atravè modèl yo nan lanati. Sa yo pent favorize travay deyò. Yo eskli gri ak nwa otank posib. Yo abandone pwen de vi fwontal ak ilizyon pwofondè. enpresyonis Van Gogh tradui nan itilizasyon l efè limyè, refleksyon ki eksprime entansite limyè nan moman an. Avè l ', koulè yo remake nan kontras konplemantè yo, pou egzanp, vèt ak wouj kreye yon imaj &quot; konplè &quot;. Gen kèk penti Van Gogh yo mete nan egzibisyon endepandan yo ak sa yo nan lòt enpresyonis yo  . Atis la vle pou yo konnen penti yo nan Holland tou  epi li konvenki ke valè yo pral evantyèlman rekonèt. 

=== Pòs-enpresyonis ===
[[Fichye:Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_132.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_132.jpg/220px-Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_132.jpg|gauche|vignette|''Pave a (&quot; Pye bwa yo gwo avyon ”)'', 1889, lwil oliv sou twal, 73,5 × 92,5  , [[Washington|Washington]], [[Koleksyon Phillips|Koleksyon an Phillips]] (F658/JH1861).]]

Jèn pent nan ane 1880 yo te jwenn tèt yo fè fas ak enpresyonis ki te make epòk yo. Yo reyaji nan diferan fason. Jiska nan fen syèk la, diferan tandans inovatè coexist. Pòs-enpresyonis se ansanm kouran atistik sa yo tankou Neyo-Enpresyonis, Senbolis, mouvman Nabi, elatriye. Nan istwa atizay la, pòs-enpresyonis se poutèt sa deziyen yon epòk kout. Li gen ladan l pami lòt moun Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec oswa Georges Seurat, ki te gen anbisyon pou revolisyone penti. Pwen prensipal ki an komen ant pent sa yo se ke yo te refize natiralis. Van Gogh admire volonte pou ale pi lwen pase reprezantasyon reyalite a, jan li ekri frè l sou Cézanne   : « ... ou dwe santi tout nan yon rejyon ... Yo t ap chèche transmèt plis nan penti yo.

Atravè penti li yo, Van Gogh reve eksprime plis pase yon imaj : santiman li. Nan Auvers-sur-Oise, li te ekri frè l Theo ak bèl-sè l &lt;ref&gt;Yo bay sitasyon yo jan yo te ekri pa Van Gogh ak nenpòt erè òtograf, jan yo site nan ''Les Lettres''..&lt;/ref&gt;: « … e mwen pa t ezite eseye eksprime tristès, solitid ekstrèm. […] Mwen ta prèske kwè ke penti sa yo pral di ou sa mwen pa ka di nan mo, sa mwen wè an sante ak fòtifye nan peyi a. »

=== Ekspresyonis ===
[[Fichye:Vincent_van_Gogh_(1853-1890)_-_The_Olive_Trees_(1889).jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Vincent_van_Gogh_%281853-1890%29_-_The_Olive_Trees_%281889%29.jpg/220px-Vincent_van_Gogh_%281853-1890%29_-_The_Olive_Trees_%281889%29.jpg|vignette|''Olive Trees with the Alpilles in the Background'', 1889, lwil oliv sou twal, 72,5 × 92  , [[Nouyòk|New York]], [[Mize Atizay modèn|Museum of Modern Art]] (F712/JH1740).]]

Kòmansman [[ekspresyonis]] yo te parèt nan de dènye deseni 19yèm syèk la, ak van Gogh depi nan fen 1887 kòm pyonye,&lt;ref&gt;{{ouvraj|author=Gérard Denizeau|title=Vocabulaire des arts visuel du {{s-|XIX}}|editor=Minerve|year=2004|location=Paris|pages=239|isbn=2-86931-108-7|bnf=39156350n|passage=10 et 57}}&lt;/ref&gt; osi byen ke [[Edvard Munch]] (miyò ''[[Rèl la]]''), ak [[James Ensor]]&lt;ref&gt; Larousse&lt;/ref&gt;  . Sepandan, non an &quot; ekspresyonis te premye itilize pa kritik atizay [[Wilhelm Worringer]] nan mwa out 1911. Van Gogh te aksantye mouvman sa a aprè li te rive nan [[Arles]] an 1888, kote chòk limyè sid la te pouse li konkeri koulè: ''[[Nuit zetwal (1889)|Nuit]]'' la zetwal oswa pye ''oliv'' yo. Pa dramatizasyon nan sèn yo, senplifikasyon an, menm karikati a, ki karakterize travay li depi nan kòmansman rive nan fen a, li anonse ekspresyonis, kote pent yo ekspoze san wont mizè fizik ak moral.&lt;ref&gt;{{ouvraj|author=Gérard Denizeau|title=Vocabulaire des arts visuel du {{s-|XIX}}|editor=Minerve|year=2004|location=Pari|pages=239|isbn=2-86931-108-7|bnf=39156350n|passage=59}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ekspresyonis tankou [[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]], [[Erich Heckel]] ak [[Oskar Kokoschka]] te enspire pa teknik Van Gogh la, kout bwòs ki graj kite enpas ak tras grenn  . Dapre [[Octave Mirbeau]], youn nan premye admiratè Van Gogh, {{Citation|fòm sa yo miltipliye, debouche, tòde, e menm nan foli admirab nan syèl sa yo […], menm nan ogmantasyon nan flè kokenn sa yo […] menm jan ak zwazo deman, Van Gogh toujou kenbe kalite admirab li nan pent.&lt;ref&gt; EchoParis&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Menm jan an tou, Van Gogh pèmèt tèt li libète konplè pou modifye koulè natirèl yo pou favorize ekspresyon sijè sa yo. « Mwen ta renmen montre yon zanmi atis ki fè gwo rèv.{{citation|Mwen ta renmen montre yon zanmi atis ki fè gwo rèv. […] Pou fini l, mwen pral kounye a yon koloran abitrè. Mwen egzajere blond nan cheve a, mwen rive nan ton zoranj, chrome, sitwon pal. Dèyè tèt la, olye pou yo penti miray plenn nan apatman an ranyon, mwen fè yon background ki senp, ble ki pi rich la, […] tèt blond la limen kont background sa a ble rich reyalize yon efè misterye, tankou zetwal la nan 'pwofon lazwa a.&lt;ref&gt;{{ouvraj|author=Gérard Denizeau|title=Vocabulaire des arts visuel du {{s-|XIX}}|editor=Minerve|year=2004|location=Paris|pages=239|isbn=2-86931-108-7|bnf=39156350n|passage=42}} - Lettre à Théo, août 1888.&lt;/ref&gt;.}}

=== Fovis ===
[[Fichye:Van Gogh - The Night Café (1888).jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_076.jpg/220px-Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_076.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Kafe lannuit]]'', 1888, lwil sou twal, 70 × 89, [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Yale University Art Gallery]] (F463/JH1575).]]

[[Fovis]] se yon mouvman imaj franse ki te revandike an patikilye ant 1905 ak 1907. Pent vle separe koulè ak objè, priyorite ekspresyon koulè. Van Gogh se youn nan pyonye li yo. Li te gen yon enfliyans sou [[Fovis|pent fovis yo]], ki montre yon palèt remakab nan koulè, espesyalman nan peryòd Arles li a. Pandan peryòd sa a, Van Gogh pa ezite ankò pou sèvi ak koulè klere ak juxtapositions orijinal de ton ak, an patikilye, sèvi ak koulè konplemantè. Lè sa a sèvi ak koulè flanbwayan, van Gogh se youn nan sous enspirasyon pou plizyè pent fovis, tankou [[Maurice de Vlaminck|Vlaminck]] oswa [[André Derain|Derain]]. Kidonk, nan travay Fauvis yo, nou jwenn menm aranjman koulè yo ak nan Van Gogh. Pa egzanp, nan La ''Partie de campagne'' oswa ''La Seine à Chatou'' pa Vlaminck, pwoksimite wouj ak vèt aksantye, tankou nan tablo ''[[Kafe lannuit]]'' pa Van Gogh.

===Senbolis===
[[Fichye:Van_Gogh_Portrait_Eugene_Boch.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Van_Gogh_Portrait_Eugene_Boch.jpg/170px-Van_Gogh_Portrait_Eugene_Boch.jpg|vignette|''[[Pòtrè Eugène Boch|Pòtre Eugene Boch]] (&quot; Powèt la »'' , 1888, lwil sou twal, 60 × 45  , [[Pari|Pari]], [[Mize Orsay]] (F462/JH1574).]]
Senbolis se yon mouvman atistik ki eksprime ant 1886 ak 1900 nan plizyè domèn. Gustave Moreau, Eugène Carrière, Edward Burne-Jones ak Martiros Sergeyevich Sarian se pami pent ki enfliyanse mouvman sa a. Senbolis se yon reyaksyon a natiralis. Se sou « abiye lide nan yon fòm sansib » . Senbolis pa pentire objè a fidèlman, kontrèman ak naturalis, men chèche yon enpresyon, yon sansasyon, ki evoke yon mond ideyal.; yo favorize ekspresyon de atitid. Senbòl yo fè li posib pou rive nan &quot; pi wo reyalite nan&quot;.

Nan youn nan lèt li yo, Van Gogh eksprime panse li sou senbolis &lt;ref&gt;Les citations sont données telles qu'elles étaient écrites par Van Gogh avec les éventuelles fautes d'orthographes, telles que citées dans ''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref&gt;Lettre nimewo 533 de Vincent van Gogh à Theodorus van Gogh, Nuenen, le 4 octobre 1885 (N)&lt;/ref&gt;: «… tout reyalite se an menm tan yon senbòl. Li mansyone tou atis yo [[Jean-François Millet|Millet]] ak [[Léon Lhermitte|Lhermitte]] an» ak senbolis. Sa a endike apwòch pozitif li nan senbolis ak elicide pwòp entansyon li ak enspirasyon. Li se konsakre nan reyalite, pa nan yon reyalite tankou nan fotogwaf yo, men nan yon reyalite ''senbolik''  .

[[Senbolis (atizay)|Senbolis]] chache nan pouvwa a nan vèb la  « sans pwezi a, sa vle di pi bon kalite pwezi, sa ki pral di ki jan lespri a ak mond lan fèt lè li revele estrikti ideyal linivè a. […] Senbolis envite pwezi pou rantre nan mistik » . Demand Van Gogh a idantik, jan li te ekri [[Theodorus van Gogh (machann atizay)|Theo]], frè l ', &lt;ref&gt;Les citations sont données telles qu'elles étaient écrites par Van Gogh avec les éventuelles fautes d'orthographes, telles que citées dans ''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt;: « Ak nan yon tablo mwen ta renmen di yon bagay konsole tankou mizik. Je voudrais peindre des hommes ou des femmes avec ce je ne sais quoi d'éternel dont autrefois le nimbus la te yon fwa te senbòl la e ke nou chèche pa klere a menm, pa vibrasyon nan kolorasyon nou yo. Van » konsa prete ak prepare chemen yo nan penti modèn, soti nan [[enpresyonis]] nan [[ekspresyonis]] .

=== Reprezantasyon kontanporen ===
An 1986, egzibisyon ''yon santèn ane de sa van Gogh te rive nan Pari'', nan Trianon nan nan Pak Bagatelle, te reyini ansanm atis ki soti nan [[Nouvo reprezantasyon]] ak [[reprezantasyon naratif]] ([[Frédéric Brandon]], [[Gérard Le Cloarec]], [[Michel Four]], [[Gérard Guyomard]], [[Christian Renonciat]], [[Jack Vanarsky]]...), entansyon [[Jean-Luc Chalumeau]] te deklare pou fè limyè sou enfliyans Vincent van Gogh sou figurasyon kontanporen.&lt;ref&gt;Jean-Pierre Chalumeau, ''Il y a cent ans Van Gogh arrivait à Paris'', Éditions du Trianon/Parc de Bagatelle, 1986&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dènye dekouvèt oswa reaparisyon sou mache atizay la ===
Li gen dat 1887, pentire pandan de ane kout ke Vincent Van Gogh te pase nan Pari, ''sèn nan lari sa a nan Montmartre'' pentire moulen pwav la, youn nan moulen yo nan La Galette, dèyè palisad, kont twal la nan yon syèl sezon fredi. ak yon koup ap mache ak de timoun ap jwe nan premye plan an. Tablo sa a te rete nan menm fanmi an depi kòmansman 20yèm syèk la. Li te vann pandan yon vann piblik eve'nman nan Sotheby's nan Pari nan dat 26 mas 2021, e li te rive nan sòm total 11,25 milyon ero eksepte depans (sa vle di 13 091 250 ewo nan total) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/l-un-des-rares-van-gogh-encore-en-mains-privees-sera-vendu-a-paris-au-mois-de-mars-20210224|title=La vente très mouvementée du Van Gogh de Sotheby's Paris atteint 11,25 millions d'euros|date=2021-03-25|publisher=Le Figaro|language=fr|access-date=2022-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/van-gogh-restituted-pissarro-sothebys-sale-1234587847/|title=Rare van Gogh Sells for $15.4 M., Leading Sotheby’s Impressionist and Modern Art Sale in Paris|last=Villa|first=Angelica|last2=Villa|first2=Angelica|date=2021-03-25|website=ARTnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2022-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.franceculture.fr/peinture/rarissime-un-tableau-de-van-gogh-mis-en-vente-apres-avoir-passe-100-ans-dans-la-meme-famille &quot;Rarissime&quot; : un tableau de Van Gogh mis en vente après avoir passé 100 ans dans la même famille française], 24 mars 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;, ki se yon dosye an Frans pou yon tablo Van Gogh vann nan vant piblik.

== Desen ==
Yo konnen anviwon mil dra atis la.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vellekoop 2014&quot;&gt;M. Vellekoop, « Desen Van Gogh yo, yon travay lonbray », ''Dossier de l'art'', n°214, janvye 2014, {{p.|28-33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teknik yo itilize yo se kreyon, plim, lank, lakre, pafwa koulè ak [[akwarèl]]. Apati 1888, li prefere itilize plim wozo ([[kalam]] ) &lt;ref name=&quot;Vellekoop 2014&quot; /&gt; . Plizyè nan lèt li yo gen ladan desen, ki gen ladan kèk penti &lt;ref&gt;L. Caillaud, « Van Gogh à travers ses lettres », ''Dossier de l'art'', n°214, {{date-|janvye 2014}}, {{p.|34-37}}&lt;/ref&gt; .&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;[[Commons:Category:Drawings by Vincent van Gogh|Desen Vincent van Gogh]]&quot;&gt;
Fichye:GUGG Boats at Saintes-Maries.jpg|''Bato nan [[Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer]]'', 1888, kreyon wouj ak lank grafit sou papye trikote, {{dunité|24.3|31.9|cm}} &lt;abbr title=&quot;centimètre&quot; class=&quot;abbr&quot;&gt;cm&lt;/abbr&gt;, [[Nouyòk]], [[Mize Salomon R. Guggenheim|Mize Solomon R. Guggenheim]].
Fichye:GUGG Head of a Girl.jpg|''Head of a Girl'', 1888, kreyon wouj ak lank sou papye trikote, {{dunité|18|19.5|cm}} &lt;abbr title=&quot;centimètre&quot; class=&quot;abbr&quot;&gt;cm&lt;/abbr&gt;, [[Nouyòk]], [[Mize Salomon R. Guggenheim|Mize Solomon R. Guggenheim]] .
Fichye:GUGG Letter to John Peter Russell.jpg|''Lèt pou [[John Peter Russell]]'', 1888, kreyon wouj ak lank sou papye trikote, {{dunité|20.3|26.3|cm}} &lt;abbr title=&quot;centimètre&quot; class=&quot;abbr&quot;&gt;cm&lt;/abbr&gt;, [[Nouyòk]], [[Mize Salomon R. Guggenheim|Mize Solomon R. Guggenheim]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Yon kaye ke otantisite l pa konfime ===
Jou ki te 17 novanm 2016 la , yon repwodiksyon menm jan an, yon kaye ki gen 65 desen ki ta fèt ant fevriye 1888 ak me 1890 se pibliye pa Bogomila Welsh-Ovcharov, Konsèvate  ekspozisyon nan pent la.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/societe/affaire-van-gogh-le-seuil-propose-un-debat-public-entre-experts_1851370.html|title=Van Gogh : le Seuil cherche le dialogue mais ne lâche rien|last=AFP|date=17 novanm 2016|website=Express.fr|access-date=2022-10-25|archive-date=2022-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025223213/https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/societe/affaire-van-gogh-le-seuil-propose-un-debat-public-entre-experts_1851370.html|dead-url=yes}}.&lt;/ref&gt; . Yon lòt espesyalis atis la, Ronald Pickvance, sipòte tèz otantisite dekouvèt la &lt;ref&gt;« Communiqué de presse : Affaire Van Gogh, la réponse des éditions du Seuil », site des éditions du Seuil, {{date-|17 novanm 2016}} ([http://www.seuil.com/actualite/affaire-van-gogh-la-reponse-des-editions-du-seuil en ligne])&lt;/ref&gt;

Mize [[Mize Van-Gogh|van Gogh]] nan Amstèdam, atravè vwa konsèvatè chèf Louis Van Tilborgh, konsidere corpus sa a kòm yon imitasyon aprè ane 1970 yo.&lt;ref&gt;Eric Bietry-Rivierre, « Dessins de Van Gogh : la contre-expertise hollandaise », dans ''[[Le_Figaro]]'' du {{date-|16 novanm 2016}} ([http://www.lefigaro.fr/arts-expositions/2016/11/16/03015-20161116ARTFIG00146-dessins-de-van-gogh-la-contre-expertise-hollandaise.php en ligne])&lt;/ref&gt; Ekspè yo te konkli apre egzamen an nan desen yo ak konparezon ak koleksyon an ke mize a genyen, ke sa yo gen erè topografik, e ke lank yo te itilize a, ki gen koulè mawon, pa janm te itilize pa Van Gogh nan desen li yo. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lemonde.fr/arts/article/2016/11/15/des-dessins-inedits-de-van-gogh-contestes-par-le-musee-d-amsterdam_5031699_1655012.html ''Des dessins « inédits » de Van Gogh, contestés par le musée d’Amsterdam''], ''Le Monde'', 16 novanm 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zèv li yo ==

* Vincent van Gogh (trad. Maurice Beerblock et Louis Roëdlandt (nl), préf. Georges Charensol), Correspondance complète enrichie de tous les dessins originaux, Paris, Éditions Gallimard &amp; Grasset, 1960, 563 + 531 + 580, 3 vol. in quarto.
* Vincent van Gogh (trad. Louis Roëdlandt (nl)), Lettres à son frère Théo, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, coll. « L'imaginaire », 1988, 566 p. (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2070714483&lt;/nowiki&gt;).
* Vincent van Gogh (trad. Louis Roëlandt (nl)), Lettres à Van Rappard, Paris, Éditions Grasset et Fasquelle, coll. « Les Cahiers rouges », 1950 (réimpr. 1991, 2009), 242 p. (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2246049340&lt;/nowiki&gt;).

== Galeri penti ==
&lt;center&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Fichye:Vincent Willem van Gogh 137.jpg
Fichye:Ernte in der Provénce.jpeg
Fichye:VanGogh-Irises 1.jpg
Fichye:Vincent Willem van Gogh 127.jpg
Fichye:Vincent van Gogh - Avenue bij Arles.jpg
Fichye:Van Gogh - Blumengarten.jpeg
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

== Jenerasyon ==
=== Rekonesans ===
Vèv [[Theodorus van Gogh (machann atizay)|Theo]] a, [[Johanna van Gogh|Johanna Bonger]], kenbe wòl dirijan nan pwosesis pou fè pwomosyon travay Van Gogh la. Yo te konfye eritaj li a nan 1891, apre lanmò [[Theodorus van Gogh (machann atizay)|mari]] l  . Sepandan, li pa ta dwe bliye ke Van Gogh te konnen ak apresye pandan tout lavi li  . Li konnen ke Van Gogh te vann yon sèl twal, men pa gen okenn prèv ke li pa t 'vann lòt moun. Anplis, li te konfye responsablite sa a bay frè li, yon machann atizay rekonèt nan epòk la, epi li te fè echanj plizyè penti ak zanmi l'  . Théo, ki te siviv Vincent sèlman yon ti tan, òganize yon egzibisyon nan penti li nan apatman li, te anonse nan ''[[Mercure de France]]'' nan.septembre 1890septanm 1890  . Apre sa, Johanna te reyisi transfòme koleksyon atizay sa a ki pa t konnen an nan yon koleksyon ki gen anpil valè.
[[Fichye:Paul Gauguin 104.jpg|vignette|redresse|[[Paul Gauguin]], ''Vincent van Gogh ap penn les tournesols'', 1888, [[Amstèdam]], [[Mize Van-Gogh|mize Van Gogh]], Fondasyon Vincent van Gogh.]]
Pou depase moman difisil sa yo, [[Johanna van Gogh|Johanna]] te deplase nan Holland kote li te jwenn sipò nan fanmi li. Nan mwa fevriye 1891 , li te pote yon gwo pati nan penti Van Gogh ki rete lakay li soti nan Pari. Li te gen 200 tablo ak desen yo asire pou yon valè de 2 600 florins . Se konsa, li te kòmanse montre ak mete tablo penti nan [[Netherlands]], Epi, li ak klase lèt Vincent yo. Li refè tou lèt [[Gabriel-Albert Aurier|Albert Aurier]] te genyen. Vrèmanvre, Theo te voye kèk lèt pou li te pibliye kèk ekstrè. Menm ane sa a, [[Emile Bernard|Émile Bernard]] te pibliye nan &quot;[[Mercure de France|Mercure en France]]&quot; lèt Vincent te voye li yo. An 1914, Johanna te rive pibliye lèt Van Gogh apre li te ekri yon entwodiksyon.

Yon lòt bò, nan Pari, [[Pè Tanguy]] vann 13 tablo ak yon desen. Se kòmansman yon siksè komèsyal ki pral kontinye jiska epòk nou an  . Nan fen XIX la syèk, nan lòd fè Van Gogh konnen, Johanna òganize ekspozisyon : youn nan [[Layè|La Haye]], youn nan [[Rotterdam]], twa (3) nan [[Amstèdam]] ak yon nouvo nan [[Layè|La Haye]]. Nan kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, alantou ven (20) ekspozisyon deja onore travay la nan van Gogh nan Peyiba. Nan [[Pari]], Salon des Indépendants 1901 te genyen tou yon enpak siyifikatif sou rekonesans Van Gogh gras ak demann nouvo pèseptè, tankou [[Ivan Morozov]] ak [[Sergei Shchukin|Sergei Chtchoukine]], ak travay kritik [[Jacob Baart de la Faille]] te fè, tankou li. katalòg raisonné pibliye an 1928. Youn nan premye achtè yo nan penti van Gogh te [[Edgar Degas]].&lt;ref&gt;Lorenz Eitner, ''La Peinture du {{s-|XIX}} en Europe'', Hazan, 2007, coll. « Bibliothèque des arts », {{p.|588}} {{ISBN|978-2-7541-0195-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kontak ke Johanna tise ak moun enfliyan nan epòk li ede l etabli tèt li epi fè li pi byen konnen bèl frè l. [[Paul Cassirer]] se premye moun ki montre ak vann travay Van Gogh yo. Li te vann omwen 55 ladan yo, ant 1902 ak 1911, ak yon valè total de 50 000 florins . [[Ambroise Vollard]] te òganize tou de ekspozisyon nan galri li an 1895 ak 1896. [[Julien Leclercq (powèt)|Julien Leclercq]] te rasanble 65 tableaux ak 6 dessins pou yon egzibisyon an 1901 nan [[galri Bernheim-Jeune]]. Valè travay van Gogh yo kòmanse ogmante konsiderableman. Johanna Bonger jere mete plis pase 70 penti ak apeprè trant desen nan [[Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam]]. An menm tan, li resevwa amatè lakay li pou montre yo penti li posede yo. Enèji yo mete nan rekonesans travay sa yo finalman rekonpanse ak yon valè sou mache segondè. Rekonesans nan travay la te fèt pa Van Gogh konkretize nan akizisyon an nan yon lavi toujou nan tounsòl, nan 1924, pa [[National Gallery|National Gallery nan Lond]], nan pri a nan 15 000 floren. Madanm Theo te anbasadris prensipal fenomèn sa a jouk li mouri an 1925. Depi dat sa a, valè travay li yo te kontinye ogmante. Pa egzanp, an 1930, ekspozisyon nan ''[[Mize Atizay modèn|Museum of Modern Art]]'' nan Nouyòk te resevwa 120 000 vizitè.

===Popilarite ===
Panse sou Van Gogh diferan selon pwen de vi yo chwazi a. Pa egzanp, [[Salvador Dalí]] te eksprime tèt li konsa an 1972 sou pent sa a li pa renmen  : {{Citation|Van Gogh se yon wont pou penti franse ak penti inivèsèl la...}} Pou kèk moun, « li, ki merite pou yon ewo amoure, fè l 'yon mit, sa ki nan pent la mal konprann oswa atis la madichon. 
Li pòv, deprime, asosyal, ak yon tanperaman dife, elatriye. Pou lòt moun, Van Gogh se yon atis konplèks, entèlijan ak kiltive. Penti li se {{Citation|fwi nan yon travay long, san repwòch, byen fèt epi ki se referans}}. Kèlkeswa pwennvi yo chwazi a, Van Gogh se yon pent ki rekonèt epi admire. Nan dènye lèt li, li te jwenn nan pòch li jou li touye tèt li a, li ekri : {{citation|Oke reyèlman nou ka sèlman fè penti nou yo pale}}.

Pou istoryen atizay yo, Van Gogh se yon pyonye ki te louvri nouvo chemen nan penti. Pou egzanp, Derain ak Vlaminck yo dirèkteman lye ak atizay Van Gogh la,  . Pou rayisab atizay, li rete yon mèt egal a Leonardo da Vinci oswa Rembrandt ak yon pwodiksyon trè enpòtan ak yon pakou atistik klere tou nan dire ak pa estil li yo. Pou piblik la an jeneral, travay li se kounye a aksesib nan gwo mize.

== Nan kilti ==
=== Sinema ak televizyon ===
Lavi, travay ak pèsonalite Vincent van Gogh te enspire anpil fim:

* [[1956]] : ''[[Lust for Life (fim, 1956)|Lust for Life]]'' pa [[Vincente Minnelli]], ak [[Kirk Douglas]]
* [[1990]] : ''[[Vincent ak Théo|Vincent ak Theo]]'' pa [[Robert Altman]], ak [[Tim Roth]]
* 1990 : ''[[Rèv (fim)|Rèv]]'' pa [[Akira Kurosawa]], seri de uit kout fim ki gen ladan ''Les Corbeaux'' ak [[Martin Scorsese]]
* 1990 : ''[[Vincent et moi]]'' de [[Michael Rubbo]] ak [[Tchéky Karyo]]
* [[1991]] : ''[[Van Gogh (fim, 1991)|Van Gogh]]'' de [[Maurice Pialat]] ak [[Jacques Dutronc]]
* [[2009]] : ''[[Moi, Van Gogh|Me, Van Gogh]]'' pa [[François Bertrand (reyalizatè)|François Bertrand]], dokimantè ak vwa [[Jacques Gamblin]]
* ''The Yellow House'', pwojè ti fim anime sou Van Gogh (angle/panyòl)
* [[2010]] : ''Van Gogh: Pentire ak mo'' (TV) pa Andrew Hutton, ak [[Benedict Cumberbatch]]
* 2010 : ''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[Vincent ak Doktè a|Vincent and the Doctor]]'', [[Sezon 5 nan Doctor Who|5x]] 10 (seri televizyon), dekri pa [[Tony Curran]]
* [[2013]] : ''[[Sunflower Seed]]'' [[Pascal Adant]], Vincent van Gogh nan [[Borinaj]], ak [[Gaëtan Wenders]]
* [[2015]] : ''Chwa pou pentire'', [[dokifiksyon]] Henri de Gerlache, nan [[Mons 2015|kad Mons 2015]]. Vincent van Gogh entèprete pa [[Tom Barman]] &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laprovince.be/966469/article/regions/mons/actualite/2014-03-21/borinage-devenez-les-acteurs-du-documentaire-sur-la-vie-de-van-gogh « Borinage: vin aktè nan dokimantè sou lavi Van Gogh la»], ''La Province'', {{dat|21|mas|2014}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[2017]] : ''[[Pasyon Van Gogh (fim, 2017)|The Van Gogh Passion]]'', [[Animasyon (odyovizyèl)|fim anime]] pa [[Dorota Kobiela]] ak [[Hugh Welchman]]
* [[2018]] : ''[[At Eternity's Gate]]'' pa [[Julian Schnabel]]
* [[2021]] : ''[[L'Art du crime]]'' - S4E1 ''Le testament de Van Gogh'', entèprete pa [[Vincent Londez]] (pwogram sou 7 me 2021 sou [[France 2]] )
* 2021 : ''[[Copyright Van Gogh]]'' ( ''Van Goghs Lachin nan'' ), dokimantè pa [[Yu Haibo]] ak [[Yu Tianqi Kiki]] (Lachin, 2016)
* 2022 : ''[[Van Gogh In Love]]'' pa Jean-Luc Ayach, ak [[Frédéric Diefenthal]] ak [[Steve Driesen]] nan wòl Van Gogh.

=== Pwezi ===

* 2019 : ''Hidden Van Gogh'' pa Régis Moulu, koleksyon 93 powèm ak 9 ilistrasyon chwazi kote ekriven an sèvi ak enèji ki soti nan penti li yo pou l ka &quot;reanimasyon nanm li&quot;, edisyon Unicité

=== Mizik ===

* [[Pierre Bachelet]]'', Théo je t'écris'' (1989)

* albòm ''La fête aux amis'' . Pawòl [[Claude Delécluse]] ak [[Michelle Senlis]] . Mizik ak pèfòmans pa [[Jean Ferrat]] (1962)
* [[Léo Ferré]], ''La Folie'', chante nan dosye ''[[Lanmou Anachi|Amour Anarchie]]'' (1970).
* [[Don McLean]], ''[[Vincent (chanson)|Vincent]]'', chante ki soti nan dosye ''[[American Pie (albòm)|American Pie]]'' (1971)
* Grigori Frid, ''Lèt ki soti nan Van Gogh'', de pati mono-opera pou bariton, klarinèt, pèkisyon, pyano, strings, op. 69 (1975)
* [[Bertold Hummel]], ''8 Fragman Lèt Van Gogh'' pou Bariton ak Quartet String, Op. 84 (1985), [https://web.archive.org/web/20221007062941/https://bertoldhummel.de/francais/commentaires/opus_84.html 8 fragman lèt pa Van Gogh {{De}}]
* [[Einojuhani Rautavaara]], ''Vincent'', opera nan twa zak (1986-1987)
* [[Michele Reverdy|Michèle Reverdy]], ''Vincent, ou la Haute Note jaune'', ki konpoze an 1984-1989, premye an 1990: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140221202159/http://www.michelereverdy.com/oeuvres_detail.php?id=57 Avi sou travay la sou sit entènèt otè a, ak anrejistreman], [http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb42311145z Avi sou nòt la nan Bibliyotèk Nasyonal la Frans]
* [[Einojuhani Rautavaara]], [[Senfoni No 6 Rautavaara|Senfoni n 6, ''Vincentiana'']] (1992) : I. ''Tähtiyö'' ( ''Nwit'' zetwal); II. ''Varikset'' ( ''Kòk yo'' ); III. ''St Remi''; IV. ''Apoteoz''
* [[Gloria Coates]], ''Senfoni n 9'' ( ''The Quinces Quandary'' ), ''Homage to Van Gogh'' (1992-1993)
* Abel Ehrlich, ''Portrait of Vincent van Gogh at the Age of 27'', pou violon ak katòt kòd (2003)
* [[Henri Dutilleux]], ''Timbres, espas, mouvman'' pou òkès (1978), ki gen soustit ''The Starry Night''
* Henri Dutilleux, ''Korespondans'' pou soprano ak òkès (2002-2004) : I. ''Dans Cosmic'' (P. Mukherjee) ; II. ''Pou Slava ak Galina...'' (A. Solschenizyn) ; III. ''Gong'' (RM Rilke) ; IV. ''Gong II'' (RM Rilke) ; V. ''Soti nan Vincent rive nan Theo...'' (V. Van Gogh)
* ''Tombeau de Vincent van Gogh'', 20 moso pou pyano solo (1951)
* ''Yon malerèz abiye an nwa'', opera nan twa zak (1990)
* [[Valéry Aubertin]], ''Open Book'', op. 6 pou ògàn, 15 moso nan divès gwosè (IX : ''Vincent van Gogh, Fresko, Lamento'', powèm senfonik)
* ''Schilderijen uit een tentoonstelling van Gogh'', op. 58, n 1-3, pou pyano solo (1950)
* [[Malcolm Williamson]], ''pon Van Gogh te pentire ak Camargue franse a'', pou pyano solo (1974)
* ''Vincent'', opera (1975-1976)
* [[Michel Sardou]]: ''Vincent'', ''[[Sisesè a (album)|siksesè a]]'' (1988)
* [[Michael Gordon (konpozitè)|Michael Gordon]], ''Van Gogh Video Opera'' (1991), ap viv opera ak videyo
* [[Jean Ferrat]] . ''The Sunflowers'', chante ki soti nan album Ferrat 91 (1991)
* [[Jonatan Richman|Jonathan Richman]], ''Vincent Van Gogh'', ''Pa tèlman renmen renmen ke renmen'' (2004)
* [[Regis Campo|Régis Campo]], ''Starry Night'' pou pyano ak dedye a pyanis Tik [[Fazil di|Fazıl Say]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://quaiouestregiscampo.blogspot.com/2022/07/review-myriads-of-aerial-sonorities.html|title=Fazil Say, la harangue au piano|}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2022)

==Nòt ak referans==
{{Traduction/Référence|fr|Vincent van Gogh}}

=== Nòt ===
&lt;references group=Note /&gt;
=== Referans ===
{{références}}

== Lyen deyò ==
{{Autres projets
 | commons = Vincent van Gogh
 | commons2 = Une vie de Vincent van Gogh par l'image
 | commons titre2 = Une vie de Vincent van Gogh par l'image}}
{{kategori prensipal}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130719203140/http://www3.vangoghmuseum.nl/vgm/index.jsp?page=16376 ''Vincent van Gogh à vol d’oiseau''] sou site [[Mize Van-Gogh|mize Van Gogh]] la
* {{mul|en|nl|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140606212257/http://www.vangoghletters.org/vg/letters.html L'intégralité des lettres de van Gogh éditées par le musée Van Gogh et le Huygens Institute] (nouvelle traduction annotée et reproduction systématique des dessins inclus dans la correspondance)
===Baz done ak diksyonè===
{{Liens}}
{{Atik bon kalite|oldid=62853546|dat=8 desanm 2024}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Van Gogh, Vincent}}
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[[Kategori:Pwojè:Krepisaj Wikipedya]]
[[kategori:Vincent van Gogh| ]]
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[[Kategori:Pent pòtretis neyèlandè]]
[[Kategori:Nesans an mas 1853]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan Zundert]]
[[Kategori:Lanmò an jiyè 1890]]</text>
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{{redirect|Van Gogh}}
{{infobox Atis
|non= Vincent van Gogh    
|imaj= Van Gogh - Selbstbildnis mit verbundenem Ohr.jpeg
|lejand=''Otopòtrè atis la'', 1889, lwil sou twal,&lt;br&gt; [[Pari]], [[mize Orsay]] (F627/JH1772)&lt;ref group=Note name=catalogues&gt;Van Gogh a peint des centaines de toiles et plusieurs sont ressemblantes ou ont le même thème. Au début du {{s-|XXI}}, il existe deux catalogues relativement exhaustifs de celles-ci :
# ''L'Œuvre de Vincent van Gogh'' par Jacob Baart de la Faille (1928) en 6 volumes ;
# ''The Complete Van Gogh'' de Jan Hulsker (1980).
Lorsqu'on lit « F627 », il faut comprendre qu'il s'agit de la peinture {{nimewo|627}} de l'ouvrage de de la Faille, alors que « JH1772 » renvoie à la peinture {{nimewo|1772}} de Hulsker.&lt;/ref&gt;.
| non nesans   = Vincent Willem van Gogh
|dat nesans=   {{dat nesans|30|mas|1853|nan la plastik}}
| lye nesans   = [[Zundert|Groot Zundert]] ([[Peyiba]])
| lye lanmö       = [[Auvers-sur-Oise]] ([[France]])
| nasyonalite        = {{drapo|Peyiba}} [[Peyiba|Neyèlandèz]]
|aktivite=[[atis pent|pent]], [[desinatè]]
|diplòm=
|etid=
|mouvman= [[Pòs-enpresyonis]], [[Senbolis (atizay)|Senbolis]]
|enfliyanse pa       = [[Jean-François Millet]], [[Rembrandt]], [[Frans Hals]], [[Anton Mauve]], [[Eugène Delacroix]], [[Adolphe Monticelli]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=fr
|url=http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let670/print.html
|titre=670 To Willemien van Gogh. Arles, on or about Sunday, 26 August 1888.
|auteur=Vincent van Gogh
|date= 26 août 1888
|éditeur=Van Gogh Museum
|consulté le= 6 juin 2014
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|peyi nesans=[[Peyiba]]
|dat lanmò= [[29 jiyè]] [[1890]]
|Lye lanmò= [[Auvers-sur-Oise]]
|Peyi lanmò= [[Frans]]
|enfliyanse        = [[Ekspresyonis]]
|zèv prensipal  = * ''[[Manjè pòmdetè yo|Les Mangeurs de pommes de terre]]''
* ''[[Chanm Van Gogh nan Arles|La Chambre de Van Gogh à Arles]]''
* ''Les Tournesols''
* ''[[Nuit zetwal (1889)|La Nuit étoilée]]''
* ''L'Église d'Auvers-sur-Oise'' 
* ''Portrait du docteur Gachet avec branche de digitale''
* ''La Maison blanche, la nuit''
* ''Terrasse du café le soir ''
|nòt=
}}
 
'''Vincent van Gogh''' (pwononse an neyèlandè: /ˈvɪnsɛnt vɑŋ ˈɣɔx/; an kreyòl: ''Vincent Van Gogh''),&lt;ref&gt;pwonosyasyon non « Van Gogh » la chanje selon lang nan. Pwononsyasyon ki itilize Lafrans ak Kanada frankofòn se {{API|/vɛ̃sɑ̃ vɑ̃ gɔg/}} ou {{API|/vɑ̃ŋ gɔg/}}. nan [[Neyèlandè]], se {{API|/ˈvɪnsɛnt vɑŋ ˈɣɔx/}}, {{API|/ˈvɪntsɛnt faŋˈxɔx/}} oswa, nan dyalèk [[North Brabant|Brabant-Septentrional]], kote Van Gogh te fèt, {{API|/vɑɲˈʝɔç/}} avèk yon «v» vwaze. An anglè, yo pwononse {{API|/ˌvæn ˈɡɒx/}}, pafwa {{API|/ˌvæn ˈɡɒf/}} (sitou nan peyi Grann Bretay) oswa {{API|/ˌvæn ˈɡoʊ/}} (sitou Etazini) avèk yon «gh» an silans.&lt;/ref&gt; fèt [[30 mas]] [[1853]] nan [[Zundert|Groot-Zundert]] ([[Peyiba]]), epi li mouri [[29 jiyè]] [[1890]] nan [[Auvers-sur-Oise]] ([[Frans]]), se yon [[Penti|pent]]  ak [[desinatè]] [[Peyiba|olandè]]. Penti l yo ki gen yon gwo aspè [[Natiralis (penti)|natiralis]], epi ki jwenn enspirasyon yo nan [[enpresyonis]] ak [[Pwentilis|pwentillis]], anonse mouvman atistik [[fovis]] ak [[ekspresyonis]].

Van Gogh te grandi nan yon fanmi ansyen boujwa. Li te premye eseye fè karyè kòm machann atizay nan [[Adolphe Goupil|Goupil &amp; Cie]]. Sepandan, paske li te refize wè atizay kòm yon machandiz, yo revoke l. Lè sa a, li te vle vin [[Pastè (Krisyanis)|yon pastè]], menm jan ak papa li ki te yon pastè, men li pa pase egzamen teyoloji yo. Zòn 1880, li lage kò l nan penti. Pandan ane sa yo, li te kite Lawoland pou [[Bèljik]], epi li al rete an [[Frans]]. Vincent etidye penti ak desen alafwa kòm yon [[Otofòmasyon|otodidak]], kididonk pou kont li, epi li pran leson tou. Ak anpil pasyon, li pa janm sispann anrichi konesans li nan zafè penti: li analize travay pent nan epòk li a, li vizite mize ak galri penti, boukante lide ak zanmi pent li yo, li etidye [[Ukiyo-e|estanp japonè]], litografi (penti sou wòch) anglè, elatriye. Penti li yo montre pil rechèch li fè ak lajè konesans atistik li. Sepandan, lavi li chaje ak kriz ki montre [[maladi sichik|enstabilite mantal]] li. Youn nan yo lakòz li touye tèt li, a laj  37 an.

Pil [[Lèt Vincent Van Gogh|Korespondans van Gogh]] yo pèmèt nou pi byen konprann li. Li konsiste de plis pase 800 lèt ekri pou fanmi ak zanmi li, ki gen ladan 652 lèt li voye bay frè li [[Theodorus van Gogh (machann atizay)|Theo]] &lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;Plusieurs membres de la famille Van Gogh ont le même prénom (exemple, « Theodorus » pour le père et le frère de Vincent) ou des prénoms semblables (exemple, « Vincent Willem » et « Cornelius Vincent »). Cette situation se retrouve également parmi les frères et les sœurs du père de Vincent (exemple, « Hendrik Vincent van Gogh » et « Vincent van Gogh » pour deux oncles de Vincent). Pour diminuer les risques de confusion, l'article a recours à des [[Diminutif|diminutifs]].&lt;/ref&gt;, ak moun li te kenbe yon relasyon sere ni sou plan pèsonèl ak pwofesyonèl. 

Zèv Van Gogh konpoze plis 2000 [[Twal (penti)|twal]] ak [[desen]] ki date sitou [[Deseni 1880 nan atizay plastik|ane 1880]] yo. Li fè eko nan milye atistik ewopeyen an nan fen XIXe syèk la. Li te enfliyanse pa zanmi pent li yo, tankou [[Anthon van Rappard]], [[Émile Bernard (pent)|Émile Bernard]] ak [[Paul Gauguin]]. Li fè echanj opinyon tou ak frè l Theo, yon machann atizay ki te popilè. Li admire [[Jean-François Millet]], [[Rembrandt]], [[Frans Hals]], [[Anton Mauve]] ak [[Eugène Delacroix]], pandan li ap tire enspirasyon nan [[Hiroshige]], [[Claude Monet]], [[Adolphe Monticelli]], [[Paul Cézanne]], [[Edgar Degas]] ak [[Paul Signac]].

Nan ane 1890 yo, se sèlman yon ti kantite otè ak pent ki te remake Van Gogh nan [[Frans|Lafrans]], [[Peyiba]], [[Bèljik]] ak [[Dannmak]]. Sepandan, nan ane 1930 yo, travay li yo te atire 120 000 moun nan yon eskpozisyon nan [[Mize Atizay modèn|Museum of Modern Art]], Nouyòk. Kounye a li konsidere kòm youn nan pi gwo atis pandan tout tan.

== Biyografi ==

=== Fanmi ===
[[Fichye:Famille_van_Gogh.JPG|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Famille_van_Gogh.JPG/290px-Famille_van_Gogh.JPG|alt=Fotomataj fanmi Vincent van Gogh.|thumb|'''Fanmi Vincent van Gogh'''Anwo: papa l 'Theodorus van Gogh ak manman l' Anna Cornelia van Gogh (ne Carbentus)

Anba : Vincent Willem, Anna Cornelia, Theo, Elisabetha Huberta, Willemina Jacoba ak Cornelis Vincent.]]Fanmi Van Gogh, ki soti nan ansyen boujwazi a, te deja remakab nan XVIyèm syèk la. Eta [[Pastè (Krisyanis)|pastè]] a se yon tradisyon fanmi , menm jan ak biznis la nan atizay. Granpapa Vincent a (1789-1874) pou egzanp te ale nan klas nan fakilte a nan teyoloji nan [[Inivèsite Leiden]] jiska 1811. Twa (3) nan pitit gason li yo te vin [[machann atizay]].

Papa li Theodorus gen dis (10) frè ak sè. Plizyè tonton patènèl pral jwe yon wòl desizif nan lavi Vincent. Hendrick Vincent van Gogh, &quot; Eh», se yon machann atizay nan [[Briksèl]], &quot;Jan&quot;, se yon [[Amiral|admiral]] e resevwa Vincent lakay li nan [[Amstèdam]] pou plis pase yon ane. Cornelis Marinus van Gogh, &quot; Kòn», se tou yon machann atizay. Parenn li [[Vincent van Gogh (machann atizay)|Vincent van Gogh]], &quot; San», se asosye ak chèn nan galri nan Piblikatè atis Parisyen [[Adolphe Goupil|Goupil &amp; Cie]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Nl}} [https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/nl/verhalen/broederliefde#2?v=1 « Allebei in de kunst »], sur le site du ''Van Gogh Museum'' (Amsterdam).&lt;/ref&gt; .

=== Jenès ===

==== 1853-1869 ====
Fanmi Van Gogh mennen yon vi senp. Atmosfè travay di nan kay paran an te gen yon efè pwofon sou jèn Vincent la, ki te yon timoun serye, an silans ak reflechi.

Nan mwa janvye 1861, Vincent Van Gogh te antre nan lekòl [[Zundert]], ki te gen desan (200) elèv.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kronobase.org/chronologie-texte-Vincent+van+Gogh.html|title=Chronologie: Vincent van Gogh|website=www.kronobase.org|access-date=2018-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yo te retire li nan lekòl la epi, nan fen ane 1861, Anna Birnie (1844-1917) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/research-reveals-van-goghs-artistic-governess-180973245/|title=Research Reveals Vincent van Gogh's Artistic Governess|last=Daley|first=Jason|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; te anboche kòm yon gouvèvèns pou bay leson Vincent ak sè l ', Anna. Li anseye yo, pami lòt bagay, desen. 1 oktòb 1864, li te ale nan lekòl [[Internasyon (lekòl)|pansyon]] Jan Provily nan [[Zevenbergen]], yon vil ki atache ak minisipalite [[Moerdijk]] a trant kilomèt de lakay li. Se la li te aprann [[Lang franse|franse]], [[Lang angle|angle]] ak [[Lang alman|alman]] . Li te fè premye tantativ li tou pou fè desen la  . Sou 15 septanm 1866, li te antre nan William II College, nan [[Tilburg]] . Pwofesè desen li te pent [[Constant Cornelis Huijsmans]] nan  &lt;ref&gt;Vincent van Gogh suit les cours de Huijsmans de 1866 à 1868, selon {{Nl}} Wilma van Giersbergen, « De tekenklas en Vincent van Gogh » dans ''De kunst is geheel en al bijzaak, de moeizame carrière van C.C. Huijsmans (1810-1886), tekenmeester in Brabant'', Amsterdam, 2003, {{p.|173-174}}.&lt;/ref&gt; . Vincent pa t wè distans sa a. Nan mwa mas 1868, li prese kite etablisman an epi li tounen bay paran li nan Zundert.

==== 1869-1878 ====
{{anpil imaj|footer|||align=right|direction=horizontal|header=|header_align=left/right/center|header_background=|footer_align=left/right/center|footer_background=|width=|image1=VincentVanGoghFoto.jpg|width1=120|caption1=Vincent van Gogh a laj 18 ane&lt;ref&gt;Tralbaut1969&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;Pickvance&lt;/ref&gt;.|alt1=Vincent van Gogh a laj 18 ane|image2=Theo van Gogh 1878 (cropped).jpg|width2=105|caption2=Theodorus van Gogh a laj 21 ane.|alt2=Theodorus van Gogh a laj 21 ane}}

Nan dat 30 jiyè 1869, nan laj 16 ane, Vincent te kite kay fanmi an pou li vin yon apranti nan Goupil &amp; Cie nan [[Layè|La Haye]], yon konpayi tonton li Hein te fonde. Konpayi entènasyonal sa a, ki te vann penti, desen ak repwodiksyon, Hermanus Tersteeg te dirije, pou moun atis la te gen anpil respè. Nan 1871, papa l te transfere nan [[Helvoirt]]. Vincent te pase jou ferye li yo an 1872, anvan li te vizite Theo nan Briksèl.

Apre aprantisaj li, Goupil &amp; Cie . Nan mwa jen 1873, [[Adolphe Goupil]] te voye l nan branch [[Lonn|Lond]] ak akò [[Vincent van Gogh (machann atizay)|tonton li Cent]] . Dapre pwochen madanm Theo a, [[Johanna van Gogh|Johanna Bonger]] aka &quot;Jo&quot;, se peryòd ki pi kontan nan lavi l  . Li reyisi e, a 20 ans an, li touche plis pase papa l. Li tonbe damou ak Eugénie Loyer &lt;ref&gt;Selon kwonoloji [[Pascal Bonafoux]] tabli nan ''Lèt pou frè l Theo'', {{p.}}15, jèn fi a rele Ursula..&lt;/ref&gt;, pitit fi pwopriyetè li nan [[Brixton]], men lè li revele santiman li ba li, li admèt li ke li te deja fiyanse an kachèt ak lokatè anvan an  . Van Gogh izole tèt li pi plis ak plis. An menm tan, li te devlope yon gwo enterè nan relijyon. Zele relijye li te pran yon pwopòsyon ki te enkyete fanmi l. Nan dat 12 novanm 1873, Tonton li Sent te transfere Theo nan branch nan La Haye.

Nan mitan mwa me 1875, papa li ak tonton li te voye Vincent nan [[Pari]], nan katye jeneral prensipal Goupil &amp; C nan 9 rue Chaptal. Sezi wè atizay trete kòm yon pwodui ak yon komodite, li pale de li ak kèk kliyan, ki lakòz ranvwa li nan dat 11 avril 1876 &lt;ref&gt; Delaunay, 1988 &lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;Z-13 &lt;/ref&gt;. Antretan, fanmi van Gogh te deplase nan [[Etten-Leur|Etten]], yon vilaj nan nò Brabant.

Lè sa a, van Gogh te santi yon vokasyon espirityèl ak relijye. Li te retounen nan [[Angletè]] kote pou yon tan li te travay sou yon baz volontè, premye kòm yon ranplasan pwofesè nan yon ti [[Internasyon (lekòl)|lekòl pansyon]] ki gen gade pò a nan [[Ramsgate]], kote li te angaje. Li trase kèk desen vil la. Theo, frè li, li ekri &lt;ref name=&quot;Fot Òtograf&quot;&gt; Sityasyon yo bay jan yo te ekri pa Van Gogh ak nenpòt erè òtograf, jan yo site nan''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt; : « Nan Lonn, mwen souvan te sispann fè desen sou bank yo nan Thames sou wout mwen tounen soti nan Southampton Street nan aswè a, epi li te rive nan anyen ; yon moun ta dwe eksplike pèspektiv a pou mwen. Kòm lekòl la te pita pou ale nan Isleworth nan [[mitan sèks|Middlesex]] &lt;ref&gt;Nan kòmansman {{s-|XXI}}, li te jwenn li nan [[London Borough of Hounslow|district londonien de Hounslow]]&lt;/ref&gt; » Gogh te deside ale la. Men, mouvman an finalman pat pran plas. Li rete kanpe, li vin yon animatè [[metodis]] fèvan epi li vle « preche levanjil la toupatou » . Nan fen mwa oktòb 1876, li te bay premye prèch li nan ''Legliz Metodis Wesleyan'' nan [[Richmond (Yorkshire Nò)|Richmond]]. Nan mwa novanm, yo te anboche li kòm asistan nan ''Legliz Kongregasyon an'' nan Turnham Green.

Nan [[Nwèl]] 1876, li te retounen bay paran li. Aprè sa, fanmi li te ankouraje li pou li travay nan yon [[Bibliyotèk|libreri]] nan [[Dordrecht]] nan Peyiba pou kèk mwa. Sepandan, li pa kontan la. Li pase pifò tan li nan chanm dèyè magazen an ap fè desen oswa tradui pasaj nan [[Bib|Bib la]] an Angle, Fransè ak Alman. Lèt li yo gen plis ak plis tèks relijye. Kookasyon li nan epòk la, yon jèn pwofesè yo rele Görlitz, ta pita eksplike ke Van Gogh te manje ti kras : « Li pa manje vyann, jis yon ti moso nan dimanch, epi sèlman apre mèt kay nou an ensiste pou yon tan long. Quatre pommes de terre avec un soupçon de sauce et une bouchée de légumes constituaient son dîner. »

Soutni li nan dezi li pou li vin yon pastè, fanmi l te voye l nan mwa me 1877 [[Amstèdam]], kote li te rete ak tonton Jan, ki te yon admiral. Vincent tap prepare pou kolèj ak etidye [[teyoloji]] ak tonton li Johannes Stricker, yon reyolojyen &lt;ref&gt;Johannes Stricker miyò pibliye premye ''Lavi Jezi'' ki disponib nan Peyiba&lt;/ref&gt; respekte. Li echwe egzamen li yo. Aprè sa, li te kite kay tonton Jan, an Jiyè 1878, pou li te retounen lakay fanmi [[Etten-Leur|Etten]]. Li te pran leson pandan twa (3) mwa nan lekòl Pwotestan nan [[Laeken]], toupre Briksèl, men li te echwe ankò e li te abandone etid li pou li te vin yon [[predikatè layik|predikatè pwofàn]]. Nan kòmansman Desanm 1878, li te jwenn yon misyon kòm [[Evanjelizasyon|evanjelis]] nan Bèljik, ak [[Minè (metye)|minè yo]] chabon nan [[Borinaj]], nan rejyon [[Mons]]. Se la li te vin tounen yon predikatè solidarite ak lit kont patwon yo, men li te deja fè aprantisaj imaj li a lè li te vizite tout gwo mize nan gwo vil li te pase lè li t ̽ap travay nan Goupil &amp; Cie.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bonafoux&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

====1879-1880====
[[Fichye:Vincent van Gogh - Wasmes - Maison du boulanger Denis - Angle Rue du petit-Wasmes et Rue Wilson-002.JPG|vignette|gauche|Vincent van Gogh (1878-1879), Wasmes, kay boulanje Denis, kwen ri du Petit-Wasmes ak ri Wilson.]]
[[Fichye:Cuesmes_JPG001.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cuesmes_JPG001.jpg/220px-Cuesmes_JPG001.jpg|vignette|Kay kote Vincent van Gogh te rete nan [[Cuesmes]] ( [[Bèljik]] ), nan 1878.]]
Travèse li nan Borinage nan Bèljik te kòmanse nan [[patiraj (komin)|Patiraj]] (jodi a nan komin [[Colfontaine]] ) an 1878. Li te akeyi la pa yon evanjelis ki enstale l ak yon kiltivatè nan [[Wam (Kòfontèn)|Wam]]. Trè vit, li te jije kay sa a twò abondan epi, nan mwa Out, li te ale nan [[Kwèm]] pou l rete ak yon lòt evanjelis. Ale nan fen konviksyon li yo, Van Gogh deside viv tankou moun li preche yo, pataje difikilte yo, menm dòmi sou pay nan yon ti joupa.

Li konsakre tout bagay pou minè ak fanmi yo. Li menm ale osi lwen ke desann nan yon pi min  [[Min chabon nan Marcasse|chabonaj an Makas]], 700 mèt pwofondè. Pandan yon eksplozyon gaz, li sove yon minè. Men, aktivite li antanke pastè travayè pa t pran tan pou yo dezapwouve , sa ki te choke li. Yo te akize l kòm yon lidè, li te oblije abandone misyon an - komite evanjelizasyon an sispann - ke li te bay tèt li . Li kenbe imaj mizè imen an ki pral parèt nan yon pati nan travay li. Apre evènman sa yo, li te ale nan Brussels epi retounen yon ti tan nan Cuesmes, kote li te rete nan yon kay. Men, anba presyon paran li yo, li retounen [[Etten-Leur|Etten]] . Li te rete san fè anyen konsa jouk mas 1880, ki te de pli zan pli enkyete fanmi li. Vincent ak Theo diskite sou avni li: tansyon sa yo anpeche yo kominikasyon pou prèske yon ane.
Anplis de sa, yon konfli grav pete ant Vincent ak papa l ', dènye a ale twò lwen ke yo mande pou fè pitit gason l admèt nan [[Lopital sikyatrik|azil]] [[Geel]] la. Li te kouri ankò epi li te pran refij nan [[Kwèm]], kote li te pase nwit jiska oktòb 1880 ak yon minè. Antretan, Theo jwenn yon travay ki estab nan Goupil &amp; Csa [[Pari]] .

===Matirite===
[[Fichye:VanGogh deplacements maturite.jpg|gauche|vignette|upright=1.1|Deplasman Van Gogh. Chak nimewo sou kat la koresponn ak youn nan foto ki anfas yo.]]
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; perrow=&quot;6&quot;&gt;
Fichye:Maison natale de Vincent Van Gogh.jpg|1. [[Zundert|Groot-Zundert]] ([[Peyiba]]), 30 mas 1853 (nesans)
Fichye:BRUXELLES Maison du Roi.jpg|2. [[Briksèl]] ([[Bèljik]]), soti oktòb 1880 rive avril 1881
Fichye:Etten-leur 007.jpg|3. [[Etten-Leur|Etten]] ([[Peyiba]]), depi avril 1881 rive desanm 1881
Fichye:Vincent Willem van Gogh 016.jpg|4. [[Layè|La Haye]] ([[Peyiba]]), depi desanm 1881 rive deptanm 1883
Fichye:Van Gogh Huis - Nieuw-Amsterdam.JPG|5. [[Drenthe]] ([[Peyiba]]), soti septanm 1883 rive desanm 1883
Fichye:Nuenen-Berg-Gedenksteen-Van-Gogh.jpg|6. [[Nuenen]] ([[Peyiba]]), depi desanm 1883 rive novanm 1885
Fichye:VanGogh-Houses Seen from the Back.jpg|7. [[Anvè]] ([[Bèljik]]), soti novanm 1885 rive fevriye 1886
Fichye:Paris rue lepic 54.jpg|8. [[Pari]], soti nan mwa fevriye 1886 rive nan mwa fevriye 1888
Fichye:2252.Maler Vincent van Gogh-Gedenkstein im -Jardin(Garten) de Ete-Arles-.JPG|9. [[Arles]] ([[Frans]]), depi fevriye 1888 pou rive me 1889
Fichye:Gogh Saint-Paul-de Mausole.jpg|10. [[Saint-Rémy-de-Provence]] ([[Frans]]), depi me 1889 pou rive me 1890
Fichye:Vincent et Théo van Gogh, tombes à Auvers-sur-Oise .jpg|11. [[Auvers-sur-Oise]] ([[Frans]]), soti me 1890 rive 29 jiyè 1890 (lanmò)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Van Gogh rive nan matirite li lè li te kòmanse karyè li kòm yon atis. Li te vin pi plis enterese nan moun ki pwòch li yo ak nan sèn chak jou ke li te kòmanse dekri nan [[Desen|kwoki]] ak [[min plon]], [[chabon|fizen]] oswa [[kreyon]]. Nan mwa Oktòb 1880, li te ale nan [[Briksèl]], epi sou 15 novanm 1880, li te enskri nan [[Akademi wayal boza Briksèl]] sou konsèy pent [[Willem Roelofs]] la. Li te gen opòtinite pou l travay nan estidyo pent [[Anthon van Rappard]], ri Traversière. Sou 1e fevriye 1881, yo te nonmen Theo responsab branch Goupil &amp; Cie sou [[Boulva Monmat]]. Lè sa a, li deside pou li bay frè li la bezwen. Vincent gen prèske 28 ane.

Nan fen mwa avril 1881, Van Gogh te retounen lakay fanmi an e li te rete la jiskaske [[Nwèl|Nwèl]] la. Li sitou konsakre tan li nan lekti ak etid figi. Nan ete a, li tonbe nan renmen ak Kee Vos, pitit fi tonton l 'Stricker. Malgre refi klè Kee, yon vèv ki sot pase a, Vincent ensiste, kreye yon atmosfè de pli zan pli tansyon nan fanmi li.
==== La Have ====
[[Fichye:Vincent Van Gogh - Sorrow.JPG|redresse|thumb|''Sorrow'', 1882, mine de plomb, lavis, {{dunité|45.5|29.5|cm}}, koleksyon prive(F929/JH129).]]
Apre yon diskisyon vyolan ak papa li, li te ale pou [[Layè|La Haye]], kote li te etabli nan yon estidyo modès. Se la li te resevwa leson penti nan men kouzen li pa maryaj, [[Anton Mauve]] (mari premye kouzin li [[Pòtrè Ariëtte Mauve|Ariëtte Carbentus]] ), Lè sa a, sitou pratike [[akwarèl]] ak etidye [[Pèspektiv (reprezantasyon)|pèspektiv]].

Nan mwa janvye 1881, van Gogh te rankontre yon ansyen bouzen, [[Sien (seri Van Gogh)|Sien Hoornik]], ki te kòmanse poze pou li. Nan sezon prentan 1882, tonton li Cornelis Marinus, pwopriyetè yon [[galri atizay]] ki popilè nan Amstèdam, te komisyone desen nan La Haye. Travay la pa rive nan atant yo nan tonton li, ki kanmenm ba li yon dezyèm lòd. Byenke li te dekri l an detay sa li te espere de li, li te desi ankò. Nan mwa jen 1882, entène lopital ki asosye ak yon [[Maladi ki transmèt nan sèks|maladi veneryen]] te pèmèt li rekonsilye ak paran li .
Lè li lage, li te deplase nan yon estidyo pi gwo ak Sien Hoornik ak de pitit li yo. Se pandan ete 1882 ke li te kòmanse [[penti ak lwil]] . Peryòd sa a nan lavi li pèmèt li konsakre tèt li nan atizay li. Li pataje panse li sou pent li admire tankou [[Honoré Daumier|Daumier]] oswa Jean-François Millet ki gen zèv li konnen byen.&lt;ref&gt; Lettre nimewo 309de Vincent van Gogh à Anthon van Rappard, La Haye, le 8 février 1883 (N)&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref&gt;Lettre {{nimewo|310}} de Vincent van Gogh à Theodorus van Gogh, La Haye, le 13 octobre 1883 (N)&lt;/ref&gt;  Li te egzekite anpil penti ak desen lè l sèvi avèk diferan teknik. Li voye travay li yo bay Theo epi li ekri Anthon van Rappard. Soti nan sezon prentan 1883, li te vin enterese nan konpozisyon ki pi elabore, ki baze sou desen. Trè kèk nan desen sa yo te siviv paske, manke nève ak fraîcheur dapre Theo, yo pral detwi pa Vincent.
Ven mwa li te pase nan La Haye (ant 1882 ak 1883) te sanble desizif pou atis la, ki te reyalize dezi li pou kraze ak konvansyon moral yo nan anviwònman sosyal li a, ak enposib li pou mennen yon egzistans nòmal. Anpil lekti, [[Honoré de Balzac]], [[Victor Hugo]], [[Émile Zola]] oswa [[Charles Dickens]], anrichi vizyon li sou mond lan, epi ranfòse konviksyon sosyal li. Nan mwa Out 1883, li te planifye pou ale nan pwovens seksyon riral [[Drenthe]] pou jwi peyizaj li yo. Lè sa a, relasyon li ak Sien Hoornik fini.

==== Drenthe ====
Soti septanm rive desanm 1883, Vincent te rete pou kont li nan pwovens Drenthe, nan nò Netherlands, kote li te pèsiste nan penti li. Se sèl remèd li jwenn devan yon gwo santiman detrès. Li chanje akomodasyon byen souvan epi solitid la peze sou li. Tan lapli a ak difikilte finansyè Theo, frè l la, te deside pou l rantre nan fanmi l ki te etabli depi jen 1882 nan [[Nuenen]], nan nò Brabant, nan presbitè patènèl.

==== Nuenen ====
[[Fichye:VanGogh F84.jpg|vignette|gauche|redresse|''Ansyen Bell Tower nan Nuenen (&quot;Simityè Peyizan an&quot;)'', 1885, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|65|80|cm}}, [[Amstèdam|Amsterdam]], [[Mize Van-Gogh|mize Van Gogh]], Fondasyon Vincent van Gogh (F84/JH772).]]
Van Gogh te pwofite yon ti estidyo ki te monte pou li nan kay fanmi an. Se la li te pwodwi seri de penti sou diferan tèm, an patikilye tise. Se nan Nuenen ke travay li revele definitivman: soti nan peryòd sa a syans pwisan nan wòch nwa nan peyizan nan travay, men tou, kèk desan (200) penti ak yon palèt nwa ak bwòs espresif, ki Lè sa a, konfime fòs li kòm yon desinè ak pent.

[[Fichye:Studie voor `De aardappeleters' - s0135V1962r - Van Gogh Museum.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Studie voor `De aardappeleters' - s0135V1962r - Van Gogh Museum.jpg/170px-Studie voor `De aardappeleters' - s0135V1962r - Van Gogh Museum.jpg|gauche|vignette|Etid pou ''[[Manjè pòmdetè yo|Manjè Pòmdetè yo]]'', 1885, lwil oliv sou twal, 33,5 × 44,4  , [[Amstèdam]], [[Mize Van-Gogh|Mize Van Gogh]], Vincent van Gogh Foundation (F77r/JH686).]]
Theo ofri Vincent pou li pa peye li yon pansyon ankò men pito pou li achte tablo li yo. Se konsa, Theo achte penti ke li espere vann  . Vincent kontinye wè Van Rappard ak ki moun li pentire. Pandan peryòd sa a, li te bay amatè leson penti tou. Lè sa a, nan mwa me 1884, li te lwe yon estidyo pi gwo pase sa li te genyen jiska lè sa a.
[[Fichye:Van_Gogh--Paysan.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Van_Gogh--Paysan.jpg/170px-Van_Gogh--Paysan.jpg|thumb|''Pòtre yon peyizan'', 1885, lwil sou twal, 39 × 30,5 , [[Briksèl]], [[Mize wayal Boza Bèljik]].]]
Pou yon twazyèm fwa, Van Gogh tonbe damou. Li kòmanse yon relasyon ak vwazen li, Margot Begemann, ki fanmi respektif yo pa apresye. Nan mitan mwa septanm nan, Margot eseye swisid. Li te pase peryòd rekiperasyon li nan [[Utrecht]]. Sou 26 mas 1885, Papa van Gogh te mouri nan yon atak kè. Akoz relasyon difisil li genyen ak moun ki bò kote l yo, sè Vincent mande l kite presbitè a. Aprè sa, li te viv nan estidyo li ant avril ak me 1885.
Pandan li te toujou nan Nuenen, li te travay sou yon seri de penti ki te dekore sal manje a nan yon zanmi k ap viv li nan [[Eindhoven]] . Lè sa a, Van Gogh te vin enterese nan atis ki renome nan Lekòl La Haye, tankou [[Théophile de Bock]] ak [[Herman Johannes van der Weele]] . Sa a se yon gwoup atis ki, ant 1860 ak 1890, te enfliyanse anpil pa penti reyalis [[Lekòl Babizon|lekòl Barbizon la]] . Pami atis sa yo, [[Johan Hendrik Weissenbruch]] oswa [[Bernard Blommers]] pa egzanp, yo site nan lèt Van Gogh pandan diskisyon li sou atizay  {{,}}  . Li rapid tou pou fè kòmantè sou [[Rembrandt]] ak [[Frans Hals]] lè l ap diskite sou travay yo.

An menm tan an, [[Émile Zola]] te yon kritik atizay. Nan 1885, lè woman ''[[Germinal (woman)|Germinal]]'' li a te parèt, Van Gogh te pentire ''Manjè pòmdetè yo''. Yo tou de ekspoze lavi klas travayè a. Apre sejou li nan Nuenen, pase soti nan réalisme nwa sa a nan [[Koloris (penti)|koloris]], Van Gogh te pran yon nouvo UN nan penti li. Palèt li vin pi lejè ak plis kolore, pandan y ap bwòs li yo vin pi file.

==== Anvè ====
Nan [[Anvè]] ankò, nan mwa novanm 1885, li te enpresyone pa penti yo nan [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]] ak dekouvri [[Ukiyo-e|simagri Japonè]] yo, ki li te kòmanse kolekte nan vil sa a. Li te tou nan [[kapital]] flaman an ke atis la inogire seri pi popilè li nan [[otopòtrè]]. Li te pran plizyè leson desen e li te fè etid toutouni. Lide a tounen nan Pari plezi li. Li deja planifye pou l etidye nan estidyo [[Fernand Cormon]] epi rete ak Theo. Nan fevriye 1886 , se konsa li rive nan Pari.

==== Pari ====

Nan kòmansman mwa a nanmars 1886mas 1886, Vincent ansanm ak frè l Theo nan [[Monmat]], ak dezi a aprann sou inovasyon yo nan penti [[enpresyonis]] . Nan epòk la, Theo te responsab galri Montmartre Boussod, Valadon &amp; Cie (siksesè Goupil &amp; Cie )  {{,}}  . Vincent tou te vin renmen [[Agostina Segatori]], pwopriyetè Italyen kabarè ''Au Tambourin'', Boulva Clichy. Se sèlman konesans nan milye atistik Parisyen an ki ka vrèman pèmèt Van Gogh renouvle ak anrichi vizyon li. Ane sa a se sa ki nan [[Uityèm ekspozisyon enpresyonis yo|dènye ekspozisyon enpresyonis]] ke Vincent dekouvri, ak nan 1887 dwe pran plas premye retwospektiv nan travay la nan [[Jean-François Millet|Millet]] &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Bonafoux&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;.  

Lè sa a, Pari te prepare pou òganize plizyè ekspozisyon: anplis Salon an, kote travay [[Pierre Puvis de Chavannes|Puvis de Chavannes]] yo ekspoze, Van Gogh vizite koulwa senkyèm egzibisyon entènasyonal la nan Galri [[Georges Petit (galeris)|Georges Petit]], ki prezante penti [[Auguste Renoir]] ak [[Claude Monet]]. Lèt la pa t vle patisipe nan egzibisyon an wityèm ak dènye nan enpresyonist yo, ki ofri espektak la nan yon gwoup chire ant defèksyon ak nouvo arive, ak louvri pòt li nan kado a nan moman sa a, [[Pwentilis|neo-enpresyonis]], ak yon twal [[Georges Seurat|Georges Pierre Seurat]], &quot;''Un dimanche après-midi à l'Île de la Grande Jatte&quot;.''

Nan Pari nan ane 1886-1887, Van Gogh te ale nan [[Fernand Cormon|Akademi pent Cormon]] pou yon ti tan, kote li te rankontre [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]], [[Louis Anquetin]], [[Emile Bernard (pent)|Émile Bernard]] ak [[John Peter Russell]]. Lèt la fè pòtrè li. Li te rankontre tou, atravè frè l, prèske tout enpresyonist yo, an patikilye [[Georges Seurat]] ak [[Camille Pissarro]], osi byen ke [[Paul Gauguin]]. Nan boutik [[Pè Tanguy]], li te vin zanmi [[Paul Signac]]. Anba enfliyans nan simagri japonè, konpozisyon li piti piti akeri plis libète ak fasilite, pandan ke li te eseye men l nan teknik la nan koulè [[apla]]. Pissarro te entwodui l tou nan nouvo teyori sou limyè ak nan tretman [[divizyonis]] nan ton. Lè sa a, palèt atis la te rich ak koulè klere ak manyen li te vin vivan ak fragman, gras tou a Signac ak ki moun li te travay nan lane 1887.

Egzalte ak favè nan klima atistik parisyen an, van Gogh sote etap yo nan renouvèlman atistik li gras a frekantasyon pent yo ki te pi estrawòdinè nan moman sa a : li eseye men li nan neyo-enpresyonis ak Signac ak Pissarro, mennen ankèt sou pwofondè sikolojik nan pòtrè a ak zanmi li Toulouse-Lautrec, se enfòme byen bonè nan sentèz la nan klwazonis pa konpayon li yo Louis Anquetin ak Émile Bernard, epi li ka apresye a. Penti ekzotik fèt pa Gauguin nan [[Matinik]]. Rejenere pa modènite sa a, li se pare reyalize rèv Mediterane li yo, nan rechèch nan limyè a avègleman nan Provence, ki fè koulè yo pi bon kalite nan lanati klere, etidye jouk lè sa a nan koleksyon li nan simagri japonè. Se te yon peryòd trè fètil lè atizay li te deplase nan direksyon enpresyonism, men absent ak fatig vin pi mal eta mantal li. Sou 19 fevriye 1888, li kite Pari.

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
VanGogh-Scene de rue à Montmartre 1887.png|''Sèn nan lari Monmat'', 1887 : tablo ki reprezante youn nan [[Moulen Galèt]] yo sou bit [[Monmat]] Pari, ki pa janm ekspoze ant 1920 ak 2021.
Vincent Willem van Gogh 020.jpg|''[[Restoran Sirèn nan Asnyè|Restoran Sirè]] nan [[Asnières-sur-Seine|Asnyè]]'', 1887, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|54|65|cm}}, [[Pari]], [[mize Orsay]] (F313/JH1251).
Vincent van Gogh - Voie à Jardin du Luxembourg.jpg|''Yon koulwa Jaden Luxembourg'', 1886, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|27|46|cm}}, [[Clark Art Institute]]&lt;ref name=&quot;clarkart 8211&quot;&gt;{{Lyen brize|langue=anglais|titre=Museum / Collections / Terrace in the Luxembourg Gardens |url=http://www.clarkart.edu/Collection/8211|site=www.clarkart.edu|consulté le=4 oktòb 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
Vincent van Gogh - s0273V1962 - Van Gogh Museum.jpg|Vincent van Gogh, pa [[John Peter Russell]], an 1886.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Arles ====

20 fevriye 1888, li te rete nan [[Arles]], nan vil la fin vye granmoun andedan ranpa yo nan otèl-restoran ''Carrel'' la, nan 30, rue de la Cavalerie, nan epòk sa a yon distri nan bordel, ak pent danwa Christian Mourier-Petersen. Li lwe tou yon pati nan &quot; kay jòn pou fè li atelye li. Kèk jou apre, li te rete nan ''Café de la Gare'', 30, plas Lamartine epi answit li te deplase, depi 17 septanm, nan kay [[Chanm Van Gogh nan Arles|jòn la]], jis tou pre, detwi pandan bonbadman an nan Arles nan dat 25 jen 1944.

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
WLANL - Pachango - Het gele huis ('De straat'), Vincent van Gogh (1888).jpg|''[[Kay jòn (Van Gogh)|Kay jòn]] (« La Rue »)'', 1888, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|72|89|cm}}, [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Yale University Art Gallery]] (F464/JH1589).|alt=Kay jòn (« La Rue »), 1888, lwil sou twal, 72 × 89 cm, New Haven, Yale University Art Gallery (F464/JH1589).
Vincent Willem van Gogh 137.jpg|''[[Chanm Van Gogh nan Arles|chanm pou kouche a]]'', 1888, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|72|90|cm}}, [[Amstèdam]], [[Mize Van-Gogh|Mize Van Gogh]], Fondasyon Vincent van Gogh (F482/JH1608).
Farmhouse in Provence, 1888, Vincent van Gogh, NGA.jpg|Fèm nan Provence, 1888. [[National Gallery of Art]] (1970.17.34)
Van Gogh - Landschaft im Schnee mit Arles im Hintergrund.jpeg|''Snowy Landscape'', 1888, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|50|60|cm}} &lt;abbr title=&quot;centimètre&quot; class=&quot;abbr&quot;&gt;cm&lt;/abbr&gt;, [[Lonn]], koleksyon prive (F391/JH1358).
Ernte in der Provénce.jpeg|''Harvest in Provence'', jen 1888, anviwonman Arles, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|50|60|cm}} &lt;abbr title=&quot;centimètre&quot; class=&quot;abbr&quot;&gt;cm&lt;/abbr&gt;, [[Jerizalèm]], [[Mize Izrayèl]] (F558/JH1481).
P1060587 Arles espace van Gogh-ancien Hôtel Dieu rwk.jpg|Lopital la (Lè sa a, yo rele Lopital &quot;Hôtel-Dieu&quot; espas van Gogh ”) kote yo te voye Vincent van Gogh nan fen 1888.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
VanGogh-Irises 1.jpg|''[[Iris (Van Gogh)|Iris]]'', 1889, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|71|93|cm}} &lt;abbr title=&quot;centimètre&quot; class=&quot;abbr&quot;&gt;cm&lt;/abbr&gt;, [[Los Angeles]], [[J. Paul Getty Museum]] (F608/JH1691).
Vincent Willem van Gogh 044.jpg|''[[Lila (Van Gogh)|Lila ki soti nan Jaden Lopital la]]'', Me 1889, [[Saint-Pétersbourg|Saint Petersburg]], [[Mize Èmitaj]].
Vincent Willem van Gogh 127.jpg|''Sunflowers in a Vase'', 1888, lwil sou twal ( {{dunité|93|73|cm}} &lt;abbr title=&quot;centimètre&quot; class=&quot;abbr&quot;&gt;cm&lt;/abbr&gt; ), [[Lonn]], [[National Gallery]] (F454/JH1562).
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Malgre ke li rive nan vil la ak move tan lanèj, yon nouvo paj nan travay li louvri ak dekouvèt limyè provensal la. Depi a22 février 188822 fevriye 1888, li kòmanse pwodiksyon li nan Arles : li vwayaje rejyon an a pye epi li pentire payzaj, sèn rekòt ak pòtrè. Li toujou voye tablo li yo bay Theo. Twa nan premye penti li yo prezante nan 4 lan anyèl [[Sosyete atis endepandan|Sosyete Atis Endepandan yo]]. Nan mwa avril, Vincent te rankontre pent Ameriken [[Dodge MacKnight]], ki te rete nan [[Fontvieille]], yon ti vilaj nan nòdès Arles. Atravè MacKnight, li te rankontre pent [[Eugène Boch]], ak ki yon relasyon pi pwofon devlope e ki gen [[Pòtrè Eugène Boch|pòtrè li te pentire]].

Sou 18 jen 1888, li te resevwa yon nòt 100 fran nan men Theo, frè li. Li te pentire gen kannòt la ''Zanmitay'' ak vilaj la gwoupe alantou legliz la fòtifye.
[[Fichye:Felix Rey portrait &amp; sketch.jpg|vignette|Pòtre Doktè Félix Rey pa Van Gogh (1899) ak chema doktè a nan seksyon zòrèy pent la ak lob ki rete a (1930).]]

Nan Arles, ide ki pi ansyen sou atizay ak penti te reparèt, tankou fè seri de penti. Nan sezon prentan 1888, li te pwodui yon seri sou jaden flè nan triptik, ansanm ak yon seri pòtrè tankou sa yo ki nan fanmi Roulin . Premye seri tounsòl yo soti tou nan peryòd sa a. Antretan, li kontinye fè echanj lèt ak penti ak Émile Bernard ak Paul Gauguin . Vincent ki rete nan kay jòn, tout bon rèv yon kominote atis fratènèl ini eksperyans yo ak rechèch yo: Paul Gauguin rejwenn li pou objektif sa a sou 23 oktòb 1888 epi yo te kòmanse travay ansanm, pou egzanp sou seri a nan penti konsakre nan Alyscamps yo. Men, de mesye yo byen mache byen: tansyon pèmanan ak egzaltasyon ki enplike nan pwosesis kreyatif yo mennen nan yon kriz.
23 desanm 1888, apre yon diskisyon ki pi vyolan pase lòt yo ak Gauguin, yo jwenn Van Gogh nan kabann li ak zòrèy gòch li koupe &lt;ref&gt;Chèchez Britanik Bernadette Murphy te envestige pandan senk ane pou debouche enigm sa a. An patikilye, li te jwenn nan achiv Los Angeles yo chema Doktè Rey ki montre klèman liy zòrèy la koupe a.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sa montre tou nan dokimantè ki rele {{gimè|Van Gogh, l'énigme de l'oreille coupée}}&lt;ref&gt; Videyo Jack MacInnes nan 2016 ki rele &quot;Van Gogh, l'énigme de l'oreille coupée&quot;, tit orijinal la se &quot;The Mystery of Van Gogh's Ear&quot; ki produi pa ''Lion Television &amp; ARTE''/lang:fr/senaris:Bernadette Murphy/prezansyon anliy /https://arte-magazine.arte.tv/press-kit/1300}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Plizyè teyori eseye eksplike ensidan an. Tèz klasik la, ki te sipòte pa Mize Van Gogh nan Amstèdam apati temwayaj Gauguin, eksplike ke Van Gogh menase ak yon razwa Gauguin ki kouri, kite Van Gogh pou kont li. Nan yon move deli, li vire razwa a sou tèt li epi li koupe zòrèy li anvan li al ofri li bay yon anplwaye nan bouzen ki toupre a ki rele pafwa Rachèl, pafwa Gaby pou Gabrielle (ki gen 16 ans an, li pa t 'kapab bouzen, li kontan. ak fè travay nan kay la ak travay nan bordel la sèlman kòm yon sèvitè)  . Diferan dyagnostik posib eksplike anfòm sa a nan bagay moun fou (gade [[Vincent van Gogh|anba a]] ).

[[Fichye:Self-Portrait_with_a_Bandaged_Ear_-_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Self-Portrait_with_a_Bandaged_Ear_-_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg/170px-Self-Portrait_with_a_Bandaged_Ear_-_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg|alt=tableau montrant un homme à l'oreille droite bandée|vignette|''Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear'', 1889, lwil sou twal ( 60 × 49   ), [[Lonn]], [[Enstiti Courtauld|Courtauld Institute]], The Samuel Courtauld Trust (F527/JH1657).]]

Jou apre kriz li a, Van Gogh te admèt nan lopital la ak trete pa Doktè Rey, ki gen pòtrè li te pentire . Theo, enkyete w pou sante frè l ', vin wè li epi li retounen nan Paris nan Jou Nwèl  akonpaye pa Gauguin. Sepandan, yon petisyon ki te siyen pa trant moun mande pou entènasyon oswa ekspilsyon Vincent van Gogh nan Arles. : yo akize li kòm deranje lòd piblik. 7 fevriye , Doktè Delon mande pou entèn li pou « alisinasyon oditif ak vizyèl ». 27 fevriye , komisyonè lapolis Ornano konkli nan rapò li ke Van Gogh ta ka vin danjere pou sekirite piblik  . Nanmars 1889mas 1889 , apre yon peryòd de relèv, li pentire, pami lòt bagay, ''Oto-pòtrè ak zòrèy bande'' . Sepandan, apre nouvo kriz, li te otomatikman entène sou lòd majistra a nan lopital la nan Arles  . Nan mitan mwa avril, li te lwe yon apatman nan men Doktè Rey nan yon lòt distri nan Arles  . la18 avril 188918 avril 1889 , Theo ak Johanna Bonger marye nan Amstèdam.

Pandan sejou li nan Arles, Vincent kenbe lyen ak linivè atistik Parisyen an grasa korespondans abondan li echanje ak frè l Theo. Malgre echèk nan pwojè l 'yo tabli yon atelye nan Arles, li pa te abandone dyalòg la ak zanmi l [[Emile Bernard|Émile Bernard]] ak [[Paul Gauguin|Gauguin]]. Lèt la, apre sejou eve'nman li nan Arles, akonpaye lavi Van Gogh nan lèt li yo jiska lafen.

==== Saint-Remy-de-Provence ====
[[Fichye:St_Rémy_-_Prieuré_de_Saint-Paul-de-Mausole_74.JPG|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/St_R%C3%A9my_-_Prieur%C3%A9_de_Saint-Paul-de-Mausole_74.JPG/170px-St_R%C3%A9my_-_Prieur%C3%A9_de_Saint-Paul-de-Mausole_74.JPG|gauche|vignette|Chanm Vincent van Gogh nan [[Monastè Saint-Paul-de-Mausole|Saint-Paul-de-Mausole]] .]]
8 me 1889 , li te kite Arles, li te deside antre nan azil moun fou [[Monastè Saint-Paul-de-Mausole|Saint-Paul-de-Mausole]] dirije pa doktè [[Théophile Peyron]], nan [[Saint-Rémy-de-Provence]]. Li rete la pou yon ane, pandan sa li gen twa gwo kriz: nan mitan mwa Jiyè, nan mwa desanm ak dènye a ant fevriye ak mas 1890.

[[Fichye:VanGogh-starry_night.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/VanGogh-starry_night.jpg/220px-VanGogh-starry_night.jpg|vignette|''[[Nuit zetwal (1889)|Nuit zetwal]]'', 1889, lwil oliv sou twal, 73 × 92  , [[Nouyòk|New York]], [[Mize Atizay modèn|Museum of Modern Art]] (F612/JH1731).]]
Malgre move eta sante li, Van Gogh te trè pwodiktif. Se sèlman pandan demans li yo ke li pa t penti. Nan azil la, yo te kite yon chanm nan etaj la kòm yon atelye. Li kontinye voye penti li bay Theo. De nan travay li yo fè pati 5 lan anyèl nan [[Sosyete Atis Endepandan|Sosyete a nan Atis Endepandan]] nan Pari. Youn nan premye penti ki soti nan peryòd sa a se ''[[Iris (Van Gogh)|Iris]]'' la. Penti ki soti nan peryòd sa a yo souvan karakterize pa toubiyon ak espiral. Nan plizyè peryòd nan lavi li, Van Gogh te pentire tou sa li te wè nan fenèt li a, sitou nan fen lavi li ak yon gwo seri penti jaden ble ke li te kapab admire nan chanm li te okipe a nan azil la nan [[Saint-Rémy-de-Provence|Saint Rémy-de-Provence]]. Li kite azil 19 me 1890.
Theo rankontre Doktè [[Paul Gachet]] sou rekòmandasyon [[Camille Pissarro|Pissarro]]. Theo ankouraje Vincent kite azil la epi ale nan Auvers-sur-Oise, kote li ka konsilte doktè a epi yo dwe pre frè l.

Van Gogh tou kòmanse fè konnen. Nan mwa janvye 1890, yon atik [[Gabriel-Albert Aurier|Albert Aurier]] nan &quot;Mercure de France&quot; mete aksan sou pou premye fwa enpòtans rechèch li yo. Yon mwa apre, pent [[Anna Boch]] te achte youn nan penti li yo, ''Pye rezen wouj la'' pou yon sòm 400 fran.
31 janvye 1890 te fèt ti Vincent, pitit gason Theo, frè li. Nan mwa ki te anvan nesans sa a epi Vincent se parenn lan, li te ekri Theo san li pa janm mansyone non timoun nan, li ba li non « ti a ». Lè tibebe ki fèk fèt la tonbe malad san gravite, Vincent fè eksperyans tristès ak dekourajman.

==== Auvers sur Oise ====
[[Fichye:Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Pòtrè Doktè Gachet ak branch dijital|Doktè Gachet]]'', 1890, lwil sou twal, 66 × 57, koleksyon prive &lt;ref&gt;Vendu {{nobr|82.5|milyon}} USD en 1990, ce tableau fut pendant un temps le plus cher du monde.&lt;/ref&gt; (F753/JH2007).]]

Aprè li te vizite Theo nan Pari, van Gogh te deplase nan [[Auvers-sur-Oise]], ki sitiye apeprè trant kilomèt nan nòdwès Pari. Komin riral sa a nan Vexin franse te deja konnen nan sèk pent yo, okòmansman pa pent peyizaj yo nan lekòl [[Babizon]] la, answit pa enpresyonis yo &lt;ref&gt;Au {{s-|XXI}}, le village cultive encore le souvenir de ces peintres. {{inite|22|plak}}-tableaux ont été installées à travers la commune par l'association « La mémoire des lieux ». Elles permettent de comparer les toiles avec les sites tels qu'ils se présentent aujourd'hui, le plus souvent sans grande évolution hormis des détails. Le parcours peut se prolonger à travers la ville voisine de [[Pontoise]], où d'autres plaques sont installées devant les paysages peints par [[Camille_Pissarro]].&lt;/ref&gt;. Li te pase dènye 70 jou nan lavi li la, depi 20 me pou 29 jiyè 1890 . Doktè [[Paul Gachet]] te pwomèt pou l pran swen l sou demann Theo  . Gachet, yon zanmi [[Paul Cézanne]] ak pent enpresyonis yo e li menm yon pent amatè, veye sou Van Gogh, ki lwe yon ti chanm nan [[Obèj Ravoux]], pou 3,50 fran pa jou &lt;ref&gt;Chambre de {{inite|7|m|2}} composée d'un lit, d'un placard d'angle intégré, d'une chaise, d'une table de toilette et quatre mètres de mur linéaire environ pour punaiser ses toiles..&lt;/ref&gt;.

Van Gogh, nan pi wo metriz atistik li, pral dekri nan travay li yo lavi peyizan ak achitekti komin sa a. Atik parèt nan laprès Parisyen, Brussels ak Olandè yo. Sa a se yon siy enpòtan nan rekonesans li nan milye atistik sa a. Gras ak swen Doktè Gachet, aktivite li se entans: li te pentire plis pase 70 tablo. Yon lòt bò, Theo, ki gen maladi a pèsiste, konfye li enkyetid li pou travay li ak pou ti Vincent Willem, ki malad. Theo vle retounen nan Peyiba.  

===Lanmò Vincent van Gogh===
[[Fichye:Auberge_ravoux.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Auberge_ravoux.jpg/220px-Auberge_ravoux.jpg|vignette|Yon skylight pèse nan do kay la eklere chanm nan grenye no 5 nan otèl la Ravoux, klase kòm yon moniman istorik an 1985.]]
[[Fichye:Tombe de Vincent Van Gogh - Auvers sur Oise - Septembre 2022.jpg|vignette| Tonm de frè Van Gogh yo, kouvri ak yon senp Ivy, nan Auvers-sur-Oise.]]

Enstabilite mantal Vincent van Gogh rekòmanse nan fen anJiyè 189 0 . Nan dimanch 27 jiyè 1890 , apre yo fin pentire dènye twal li a, ''[[Rasin pyebwa|rasin pye bwa]]'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Manon Botticelli|date=2020-07-27|title=&quot;Racines&quot;, l'ultime toile inachevée de Vincent van Gogh, lève le mystère des dernières heures du peintre|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/arts-expos/peinture/racines-le-mystere-se-dissipe-autour-du-dernier-tableau-de-vincent-van-gogh_4058791.html|journal=France Info}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ipotèz ki pi souvan aksepte jiskaprezan se ke li te tire [[Revolvè|tèt li]] nan pwatrin lan. Apre li te ale nan [[Obèj Ravoux]], li ale tou dwat nan chanm li. Jemi li atire atansyon otèl la, Arthur Ravoux, ki dekouvri li blese epi mennen [[Paul Gachet|Doktè Gachet]], ki ba li yon bandaj rezime (yon operasyon chirijikal enposib dapre eta medikaman an nan epòk sa a), epi voye nan Paris [[Anton Hirschig|Anton Hirschig.]], atis Olandè k ap viv nan otèl li a, pou avèti Théo van Gogh. Vincent van Gogh te mouri la de jou apre, a laj de 37 an, Theo, frè l yo te bò kabann li.

Théo, ki soufri [[sifilis]] ak konplikasyon newolojik li yo, entène lopital oktòb 1890 nan yon klinik sikyatrik nan [[Utrecht]], kote li te mouri sou 25 janvye 1891 a laj de 34 an. De frè yo tou de antere l nan simityè Auvers-sur-Oise, depi [[Johanna van Gogh|Johanna van Gogh-Bonger]] te transfere kò premye mari l bay frè l an 1914.

An 2011, de otè Steven Naifeh ak Gregory White Smith te pwopoze yon nouvo ipotèz sou lanmò Vincent van Gogh, ki te pran yon anekdot [[Victor Doiteau]]: Yo di Vincent van Gogh te viktim aksidantèlman yon bal frè Gaston ak René Secrétan, de adolesan li te konnen. Sa yo t ap jwe bay koboy yo ak yon zam mal fè toupre jaden kote Van Gogh t ap mache a. Anvan li te mouri de jou apre, pent la ta deside pran tout responsablite pou zak la lè li te deklare ke li te vize tèt li, nan lòd pwoteje ti gason yo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Steven Naifeh|last2=Gregory White Smith|date=fevriye 2015|title=Qui veut la peau de Vincent Van Vogh ?|url=http://www.vanityfair.fr/culture/art/articles/qui-veut-la-peau-de-van-gogh/24475|journal=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|issue=20|page=108-115}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ak nan renmen pou frè l Theo, pou sa li te panse li. te vin twò lou yon chay.

Tèz sa a baze sou twa agiman &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/culture/van-gogh-les-preuves-du-meurtre-issues-de-multiples-sources-19-10-2011-1386609_3.php|title=Van Gogh : les “preuves” du meurtre issues de multiples sources|date=19 octòb 2011|website=lepoint.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; : Vincent van Gogh ta gen ti gason nan fwete frè Secrétan yo (entèvyou René Secrétan, ki te vin tounen yon bankye, yo te bay an 1956), istoryen atizay [[John Rewald]] te kolekte nan ane 1930 rimè ki soti nan Auvers nan direksyon sa a, men temwayaj sa yo se an reta ak dezyèm men ; finalman René Secrétan, ki gen otè Ameriken yo di ke pent la te fè yon desen degize kòm yon Cowboy e ki te asiste [[Wild West Shows|Buffalo Bill Wild West Show]] nan Pari nan kòmansman ane 1890 la, ta vòlè revòlvè otèl la Arthur Ravoux pou tire zwazo. ak ti bèt, revòlvè &lt;ref&gt;Selon l'historien local Alain Rohan (''Vincent van Gogh. Aurait-on retrouvé l'arme du suicide ?'', éditions Argeau, 2011, {{ISBN|978-2-7466-4251-5}}, un cultivateur, en labourant son champ en 1965, a retrouvé un revolver à broche, calibre {{inite|7|mm}}, système [[Casimir Lefaucheux|Lefaucheux]], similaire à celui d'Arthur Ravoux qu'aurait emprunté le peintre.&lt;/ref&gt; ki responsab pou touye moun oswa tire aksidan Vincent van Gogh &lt;ref&gt; HypotheseDecesAccidentel&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt; ArticleLeMonde2011&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt; Smith2011&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt; MSNSrevolver&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yon chèchè, Wouter van der Veen, k ap travay sou lavi ak travay Vincent van Gogh, te pibliye an 2020 yon analiz sou dènye jou Vincent van Gogh, kote li te pase jou sa a, dènye penti li te pentire ( ''Rasin pye bwa'', konsève nan [[Mize Van-Gogh|mize Van Gogh nan Amstèdam]] ), ak nan dènye ekri li yo, ki kore ipotèz swisid &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Judith Perrignon|date=2020-07-28|title=« C’est un message d’adieu » : le secret du dernier tableau de Van Gogh|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2020/07/28/le-secret-du-dernier-tableau-de-van-gogh_6047514_4500055.html|journal=Le Monde.fr|language=fr}}.&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tdg.ch/le-mystere-des-dernieres-heures-de-van-gogh-enfin-elucide-762716600571|title=Arts et scènes – Le mystère des dernières heures de Van Gogh enfin élucidé|website=Tribune de Genève|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

===Pwoblèm sante===
Nan plizyè okazyon, Van Gogh te soufri soti nan eksplozyon psikotik ak enstabilite mantal, espesyalman nan dènye ane yo nan lavi li. Pandan ane yo, anpil bagay yo te di sou orijin maladi mantal li ak enpak li sou travay li. Plis pase san senkant sikyat yo te eseye idantifye maladi li a epi yo te ofri kèk trant diferan dyagnostik.
Pami dyagnostik avanse yo gen eskizofreni , twoub bipolè, sifilis, anpwazònman plon, epilepsi lòb tanporèl, maladi Menière  . Chak nan maladi sa yo te kapab responsab pwoblèm li yo, epi yo te di ke yo te vin pi mal pa malnitrisyon, twòp travay, lensomni, ak yon fanatik pou alkòl, espesyalman absent.
Yon teyori sijere ke Doktè [[Paul Gachet|Gachet]] te preskri Van Gogh [[Dijitoksin|dijitalin]]  pou trete [[epilepsi]], yon sibstans ki ka lakòz vizyon jòn ak chanjman nan pèsepsyon koulè jeneral. Sepandan, pa gen okenn prèv dirèk ki montre Van Gogh te pran [[Dijitoksin|dijital]], byenke Van Gogh te pentire ''Pòtre Doktè Gachet ak branch Digitalis'', [[:fr:Digitalis purpurea|plant]] ki pwodui dijital la.

==Lèt==
[[Fichye:Van_Gogh_-_Marguerite_Gachet_am_Klavier1.jpeg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Van_Gogh_-_Marguerite_Gachet_am_Klavier1.jpeg/170px-Van_Gogh_-_Marguerite_Gachet_am_Klavier1.jpeg|vignette|Chema ''Marguerite Gachet nan pyano''  .]]

Ekri ant 1872 ak 1890, lèt Vincent van Gogh te temwaye sou lavi li ansanm ak sekans lide l 'lè li te pwodwi yon travay. Tèks sa yo pa te ekri pou piblikasyon. : yo reprezante panse ak santiman ki pi pwofon otè yo. Vizyon an entim nan pwòp lavi li, apwòch atistik li ak orijin nan penti li yo eksplike la nan yon stil dirèk ak transparan. Lèt sa yo konstitye yon referans trè rich konsènan kontèks atistik ak entelektyèl kote li te twouve l ak efò li te fè pou l kenbe l, metòd ak materyèl yo te itilize nan epòk la, relasyon entim li te etabli ak fanmi l, fason l te wè. lòt atis, elatriye.

===Kontèks===
An jeneral, lèt Van Gogh yo adrese bay frè l Theo, ki se pi gwo sipò l tou  . Nan kòmansman korespondans sa a, li ekri &lt;ref&gt;Les citations sont données telles qu'elles étaient écrites par Van Gogh avec les éventuelles fautes d'orthographes, telles que citées dans ''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}}: «[…] nou pral sèlman bezwen ekri youn ak lòt trè souvan. » te ekri tou bay lòt manm fanmi ak zanmi, tankou [[Paul Gauguin]] ak [[Emile Bernard|Émile Bernard]]  Lèt ki pi ansyen an adrese a Theo e li gen dat 29 septanm 1872 . Dènye a, ki te ekri kèk jou anvan lanmò li, te gen entansyon tou pou Theo epi li te pote l nan jou swisid li a. Apeprè de tyè nan lèt li yo, jiska 1886, yo te ekri an Olandè. Apre dat sa a, li ekri an fransè, yon lang li metrize depi li aprann lang nan anfans li e ke li pèfeksyone an Frans. Li te ekri kèk lèt tou nan lang angle  . Nan 2011, gen 902 lèt ki nan lis, ki gen ladan 819 li te ekri ak 83 pou li. Lèt sa yo ansanm ak foto ak lòt dokiman ki konsène li yo te kenbe an 2011 nan [[Mize Van-Gogh|Mize Van Gogh]] nan Amstèdam.

===Istwa piblikasyon an===
[[Fichye:Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Vincent's_Bedroom_-_Lettersketch_17_October_1888.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Vincent%27s_Bedroom_-_Lettersketch_17_October_1888.jpg/220px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Vincent%27s_Bedroom_-_Lettersketch_17_October_1888.jpg|gauche|vignette|''Desen chanm nan'' .]]

Lè Vincent mouri, frè l la vin pwopriyetè tout penti yo, eksepte yon sèl ki te vann pandan lavi Vincent a, osi byen ke lèt yo. Theo, ki soufri sifilis, pèdi tèt li twa mwa apre lanmò frè l la. Premye entène nan Pari, li te byen vit transfere nan Utrecht nan Netherlands kote li te fini jou li  . Apre evènman sa a, Johanna Bonger-Van Gogh, madanm Theo, te vin eritye koleksyon atizay sa a, ki nan epòk la pa t gen yon gwo valè sou mache.

Gras a Johanna, Émile Bernard ak lòt zanmi, lèt li yo te parèt nan peryodik ( ''Van Nu en Straks'' ak ''Mercure de France'', pa egzanp). Premye piblikasyon lèt yo sou fòm yon liv soti nan 1914  . Edisyon sa a prezante lèt Vincent te bay Theo ak Johanna. Pandan ane 1920 yo, lòt korespondans Vincent parèt : [[Emile Bernard|Émile Bernard]], [[Paul Gauguin]], [[Gabriel-Albert Aurier]], [[Paul Signac]], [[John Peter Russell]], elatriye. Apre lanmò Johanna an 1925, pitit gason li Vincent Willem van Gogh te pran plas. Apre [[Dezyèm Gè mondyal|Dezyèm Gè Mondyal la]], li te pibliye yon edisyon 4 volim nan yon nati dokimantè  Ven ane pita, li te pibliye yon lòt edisyon 2 volim, fwa sa a ap eseye kolekte dènye lèt Van Gogh yo an fransè

Ti kras pa ti kras, kantite travay ki konsène lèt yo te miltipliye. Kòm t'ap nonmen non li te kontinye grandi, piblikasyon lèt li yo ak analiz yo te vin pi plis ak pi souvan, tankou travay yo nan Jan Hulsker. Orijinalite travay Hulsker a se nan rechèch li pou konpreyansyon ak eksplikasyon sou travay yo. Li te idantifye zèv yo mansyone nan lèt yo, li te repwodui desen yo epi li te revize dat lèt yo  . Pou santenè Van Gogh, [[Mize Van-Gogh|Mize Van Gogh]] pibliye korespondans konplè li an Olandè  nan lòd kwonolojik. Anpil liv pran kèk nan lèt yo epi analize yo nan pwòp fason yo. Dènye gwo travay la se rezilta pwojè ''Lèt Van Gogh'', Mize Van Gogh te lanse an patenarya ak ''Enstiti Huygens'' an 1994  . Pibliye nan twa lang (Olandè, franse ak angle), 6 volim sa yo ofri yon analiz apwofondi, nouvo lèt ki pa pibliye ak, sitou, baz solid pou fè nouvo rechèch sou pent sa a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://vangoghletters.org/vg/|title=Vincent van Gogh The Letters|website=vangoghletters.org|language=en|access-date=2019-04-14|archive-date=2017-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213014358/http://vangoghletters.org/vg/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Penti==
Van Gogh te travay anpil pou pèfeksyon desen ak penti li, sitou lè l sèvi avèk liv oswa manyèl. Li, pa egzanp, kopye tout paj yo nan ''Cours de dessin'' [[Charles Bargue]] a  {{,}}  . Penti li se rezilta yon travay ki long,e li te akòde anpil atansyon ak enpòtans avè l. Li te fè eksperyans ak plizyè kalite materyèl tankou lakre nwa, lakre litografik ak plum wozo. Li te sansib ak atantif nan anviwònman atistik nan fen XIX syèk la . . Stil li, ki se karakterize sitou pa itilize nan koulè ak manyen yo nan bwòs li yo, gen yon enfliyans enpòtan sou atizay la nan XX syèk la .  . Lèt Van Gogh fè nou konnen admirasyon li genyen pou [[Rembrandt]], [[Frans Hals]], [[Eugène Delacroix]], [[Jean-François Millet]], men tou pou [[Anton Mauve]], [[Emile Bernard|Émile Bernard]] ak [[Paul Gauguin]] . Li te enspire pa mèt Olandè yo nan XVII syèk la. syèk  . Penti li yo temwen eksperyans li nan lavi chak jou  ak penti li yo pote mak nan pèsonalite toumante ak enstab li  . Li te pwodwi ''Les Mangeurs de pommes de terre'' (1885), ''La Chambre de Van Gogh à Arles'' (1888), ''Les Tournesols'' (1888-1889), ''Autoportrait à l'oreille bandée'' (1889), ''La Nuit étoilée'' (1889), ''Portrait du docteur Gachet avec branche de digitale'' (1890) et ''L'Église d'Auvers-sur-Oise'' (1890).
{{Atik detaye|Lis tablo Vincent van Gogh yo}}[[Fichye:Vincent_Van_Gogh_Signature.svg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Vincent_Van_Gogh_Signature.svg/290px-Vincent_Van_Gogh_Signature.svg.png|vignette|Siyati Van Gogh. Li te siyen travay li regilyèman avèk &quot;Vincent&quot;.]]
Nan XXI la syèk, gen rete nan li penti, travay sou papye, desen ak lèt. Van Gogh te pwodwi plis pase 2 000 zèv atistik : apeprè 900 penti ak 1 100 desen  ki kouvri 10 ans travay. Li te konn fè echanj penti li yo ak lòt pent, jan sa te fè souvan lè sa a, sitou [[Emile Bernard|Émile Bernard]] ak [[Paul Gauguin]] .

===Estil===
Atizay Van Gogh te evolye toujou pandan karyè atistik li. Pa egzanp, li entèrese nan enprime Japonè ak engraving angle. Li pran plezi nan fè repwodiksyon kote li vle fè yon kontribisyon atistik orijinal. Li te pwodwi plizyè seri penti, ki gen ladan pòtrè pwòp tèt ou ak tounsòl yo . Anplis de sa, li tou bay yon plas enpòtan nan penti noktin  . Li aplike koulè yo ak kou bwòs, san yo pa melanje sou palèt la. Koulè yo melanje nan yon distans nan je moun ki gade a.

Nan sezon otòn 1882, Theo te kòmanse finanse Vincent pou li te kapab devlope atis li an trankilite. Nan kòmansman 1883, li te kòmanse travay sou konpozisyon milti-figi, espesyalman desen. Dapre Theo, travay sa yo manke vif ak frechè. Akoz kòmantè sa yo, Vincent detwi yo epi li tounen vin jwenn penti lwil oliv. Nan Nuenen, li te fè anpil gwo penti men li te tou detwi kèk. Pami penti epòk la, nou ka site ''Les Mangeurs de pommes de terre'', diferan tèt peyizan yo ak divès entèpretasyon kaye a.

[[Fichye:Whitehousenight.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Whitehousenight.jpg/220px-Whitehousenight.jpg|gauche|vignette|''[[Kay blanch, lannuit|Kay blanch anba yon syèl lannuit]]'', 1890, lwil oliv sou twal, 59,5 × 73  , [[Saint-Pétersbourg|Saint Petersburg]], [[Mize Èmitaj]] (F766/JH2031).]]

Panse ke li manke konesans nan teknik penti, li vwayaje nan Pari kontinye aprann ak devlope stil li. Tandans li pou devlope teknik ak teyori enpresyonis yo ak neo-enpresyonis yo pa dire lontan. Nan Arles, Van Gogh pran vye lide. Pa egzanp, li te rekòmanse pentire yon seri de penti sou sijè ki sanble. Pwogresyon nan stil li ka wè nan pwòp tèt ou pòtrè l 'yo. Nan 1884, nan Nuenen, li te deja travay sou yon seri dekore sal manje a nan yon zanmi l nan Eindhoven. Toujou nan Arles, li te transfòme Orchards flè li yo nan triptik. Li te pwodwi yon lòt seri sou fanmi Roulin ak travay ak Gauguin sou dekorasyon kay jòn la. Penti ki fèt pandan peryòd Saint-Rémy yo souvan karakterize pa toubiyon ak espiral. Modèl liminozite yo nan dènye imaj sa yo te montre konfòme yo ak modèl estatistik Kolmogorov tibilans la.

Istoryen atizay [[Albert Boime]] se youn nan premye moun ki montre Van Gogh te baze travay li sou reyalite&lt;ref&gt; Boime1989&lt;/ref&gt;. Pa egzanp, tablo ''House under a night sky'' montre yon kay blan lè solèy kouche ak yon etwal byen vizib, antoure pa yon [[Halo (fenomèn optik)|oreyòl]]. Astwonòm nan Southwest Texas State University nan San Marcos te detèmine ke etwal sa a se [[Venis (planèt)|Venis]], trè klere nan aswè {{date-|16 jen 1890}}, dat yo te kreye penti sa a.

==== Otopòtrè ====
{{Atik prensipal|Otopòtrè Vincent van Gogh}}[[Fichye:Autoportraits_van_gogh_echantillon.jpg|right|300px|Otopòtrè Soti agoch al adwat:
 ''Otopòtrè ak figi lis'', 1889, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|40|31|cm}}, koleksyon prive (F525/JH1665). - ''Otopòtrè nan chapo santi'', 1887, lwil sou bwat katon, {{dunité|19|14|cm}}, [[Amsterdam]], [[Mize Van Gogh]], Fondasyon Vincent van Gogh (F296) / JH1210). -''Otopòtrè'', 1889, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|65|54|cm}}, [[Pari]], [[Musée d'Orsay]] (F627/JH1772).]]
Van Gogh te pentire pwòp tèt li pòtrè plizyè fwa. Anpil nan twal sa yo piti nan gwosè : redaksyon sa yo pèmèt li fè eksperyans ak teknik atistik li dekouvri  . Otopòtrè li yo reflete chwa ak anbisyon atistik ki toujou ap evolye  . Penti yo varye nan entansite ak koulè e atis la reprezante tèt li ak yon bab, san yon bab, ak diferan chapo, ak bandaj li ki reprezante peryòd lè li koupe zòrèy li, elatriye. Pifò nan pòtrè tèt li yo te fèt Pari. Tout sa ki fèt nan [[Saint-Rémy-de-Provence]] montre tèt atis la sou bò goch, sa vle di sou bò opoze a nan zòrèy mitile a. Plizyè nan pòtrè Van Gogh yo dekri figi l 'tankou reflete nan yon glas, se sa ki, bò gòch li a dwat a ak bò dwat li a goch la. Li pentire tèt li 37 fwa nan tout  . Sepandan, pandan de dènye mwa nan lavi li, nan Auvers-sur-Oise, e malgre pwodiktivite li, li pa te pentire otopòtrè. ''Otopòtrè li ak yon figi san cheve'', ki soti nan fen an septanm 1889 , se youn nan penti ki pi chè nan mond lan, te vann pou 71,5 milyon dola an 1998 nan New York  .

====Japonis====
[[Fichye:Japonisme van gogh echantillon.jpg|left|250px|Japonis (echantiyon)soti agoch al adwat:
* ''The Courtisan'' (apre [[Keisai Eisen|Eisen]]), 1887, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|105.5|60.5|cm}}, [[Amsterdam]], [[Van Gogh Museum ]] , Fondasyon Vincent van Gogh (F373/JH1298).
* ''Prunye an fleri'' (apre [[Hiroshige]]), 1887, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|55|46|cm}}, [[Amsterdam]], [[Van Gogh Museum]] , Fondasyon Vincent van Gogh (F371/JH1296).
* ''Papa Tanguy'', 1887, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|92|75|cm}}, [[Pari]], [[Musée Rodin]] (F363/JH1351).]]
[[Japonis]], yon stil ki devlope an Frans espesyalman nan dezyèm mwatye XIX syèk la ak ouvèti a nan Japon nan Lwès la nan [[epòk Meiji]], atire Van Gogh depi li te nan Nuenen. Mèt Japonè tankou [[Hokusai]] ak [[Hiroshige]] enspire l '. Li achte premye repwodiksyon li nan Antwerp epi li transmèt gou li pou atizay sa a bay frè l Theo. De yo rasanble plis pase 400 zèv ki jodi a nan [[Mize Van-Gogh|Mize Van Gogh]] nan Amstèdam. Inivèsite Ritsumeikan a nan yon etid ki te fèt an kolaborasyon ak Kyoto Women's University wè nan stil, ki te kreye pa [[Goto Saijiro]], yon précurseur nan pent la ak yon sous enspirasyon pou sa a &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/kutani-ware/CwICYtwR9qa_JA|title=Kutani Ware - Art Research Center, Ritsumeikan University - Google Arts &amp; Culture|website=Google Arts &amp; Culture|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; . 

Nan Pari, Van Gogh te mande sou kontribisyon atizay sa a nan gwo kalite ayestetik konpare ak pwòp travay li  . Lè sa a, li fè plizyè kopi krepons Japonè yo. ''Koutizan'' an se yon repwodiksyon desen li te wè sou kouvèti ''[[Pari ilistre|Pari ilistre]]'' Special Japan. Li ajoute yon background ki enspire pa [[Ukiyo-e|simagri Japonè]] lè l sèvi avèk koulè entans. ''Pye bwa Prin nan flè'' se yon lòt penti sa yo. : li entèprete fwa sa a yon travay [[Hiroshige]] . Se background nan [[Pè Tanguy|nan pòtrè Papa Tanguy a]] tou dekore ak simagri Japonè. Van Gogh te konn delimite avyon oswa objè ak nwa, yon koulè ki kalifye kòm &quot; ki pa koulè pa [[enpresyonis]] yo, ki prèske sistematik retire li nan palèt yo. Se konsa, li jwenn yon jistifikasyon pou pratik sa a nan enprime Japonè. Answit, li te apwopriye atizay Japonè, epi li te konfese frè li &lt;ref&gt;Les citations sont données telles qu'elles étaient écrites par Van Gogh avec les éventuelles fautes d'orthographes, telles que citées dans ''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt; : « Tout travay mwen an se yon ti jan ki baze sou Japonè... »

Pasyon sa a pou Japon pa t ap janm kite l e pandan dènye ane lavi l, Van Gogh t ap chèche, pa egzanp, rankontre yon pent franse ki te rele [[Louis-Jules Dumoulin|Louis Dumoulin]] &lt;ref&gt;Julien Béal, ''Le Japon dans la collection photographique du peintre Louis-Jules Dumoulin (1860-1924)''. 2017. Page 7. [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01517490v3 hal-01517490v3] (consulté le 25/05/2017)&lt;/ref&gt; apre li te fin wè plizyè nan penti li yo ki te enspire pa yon vwayaj nan Japon, patikilyèman pandan gwo egzibisyon ki te òganize nan [[Channmas (Pari)|Channmas]] nan mwa me 1890 pa [[Sosyete nasyonal boza|Sosyete Nasyonal Fine Arts]] . De lèt Theo, frè l yo te ekri pandan li t ap rete nan Auvers-sur-Oise tout bon montre dezi li pou l rankontre Dumoulin (ki moun li te ekri &quot; Moulen van &quot;) kòm &quot; moun ki fè Japon an &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let874/letter.html#n-3|title=Lettre n° 874 à Theo et Jo Van Gogh du {{date-|21 me 1890}}.|access-date=2022-10-26|archive-date=2022-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007142541/https://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let874/letter.html#n-3|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let877/letter.html|title=Lettre n° 877 à Theo datée du {{date-|3 jen 1890}}.|3=|access-date=2022-10-26|archive-date=2022-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007142814/https://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let877/letter.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

====Kopi zèv yo====
 [[Fichye:Copies van gogh echantillon.jpg|right|250px|''Semè a'', [[Jean-François Millet]], 1850, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|55|46|cm}}. &lt;/br&gt; ''Semè a'', Vincent van Gogh (daprè Millet), 1889, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|81|65|cm}}, koleksyon prive, F690/JH1837.]]  
[[Fichye:First Steps, after Millet MET DP124808.jpg|vignette|gauche|''Premye pa'', daprè [[Jean-François Millet]], 1890, huile sur toile, {{dunité|72.4|91.1|cm}}, [[New York]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436526 metmuseum.org].&lt;/ref&gt; (64.165.2&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/436526 |langue=en |titre=First steps, after Millet |site=le site du Metropolitan Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;).]]
Non sèlman Vincent van Gogh renmen kontanple repwodiksyon travay atistik, men li kreye yo tèt li. Premye repwodiksyon li soti nan peryòd [[Saint-Rémy-de-Provence]] . : li kopye yon litografi nan ''[[Pieta|Pietà]]'' a pa [[Eugène Delacroix]], dènye a te domaje. Li entèprete tou plizyè penti lwil oliv nan pwòp style li. Antseptembre 1889septanm 1889 epimai 1890me 1890 , li te pwodwi anpil travay apre Delacroix, [[Rembrandt]] ak [[Jean-François Millet]], ki gen ladan, pa lèt la, ''Hiver, laplaine de Chailly'' &lt;ref&gt;Lorenz Eitner, ''La Peinture du {{s-|XIX}} en Europe'', 2007, Hazan, coll. « Bibliothèque des arts», {{p.|438}} {{ISBN|978-2-7541-0195-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt; . Sa yo se sèn relijye ak travayè nan jaden yo. Pandan peryòd kote li te fèmen nan yon azil mantal nan [[Saint-Rémy-de-Provence]], li te jwenn nan repwodiksyon an nan zèv yon fason yo kontinye travay li san yon modèl. ; li te kapab sèlman gen mwayen pou sèvi ak tèt li kòm yon modèl. Li konsidere sijè a nan yon penti kòm sèlman yon pwen depa ak entèpretasyon atis la yo dwe kontribisyon prensipal la. Li eksprime lide sa a bay frè l 'nan mo sa yo &lt;ref&gt;Les citations sont données telles qu'elles étaient écrites par Van Gogh avec les éventuelles fautes d'orthographes, telles que citées dans ''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt;: « Mwen mete blan ak nwa Delacroix oswa Millet oswa apre yo devan mwen kòm yon motif. — Lè sa a, mwen enpwovize koulè sou li men nan kou pa byen ke yo te m 'men ap chèche pou memwa nan penti yo — men memwa a, konsonans nan vag nan koulè ki nan santi a, si se pa jis - sa se pwòp entèpretasyon mwen. »
Tablo Mullet a, Semè a, se youn nan egzanp karakteristik ki eklere entansyon Van Gogh pou repwodiksyon. Nou wè kontribisyon nan sèvi ak koulè ak bwòs yo trè pèsonèl nan Van Gogh. Rezilta a pi vivan, pèsonalite atis la revandike nan entansite koulè yo aplike.

====Seri====
[[Fichye:Tournesols van gogh echantillon.jpg|250px|Tournesols]]
Van Gogh te pwodui plizyè seri penti. Pou rafine atizay li, li renmen pentire plizyè penti sou sijè ki sanble konsènan lanati.: flè, jaden ble, vèje flè, elatriye. Li fè tou seri pòtrè, sitou nan penti chak manm fanmi Roulin oswa seri simen. Van Gogh te patikilyèman enterese nan penti flè. Li fè plizyè peyizaj ak flè diferan: lila, roz, lorye, elatriye. Sou kèk nan penti li yo, tankou Iris, yo wè yo nan premye plan an. Li fè de seri tounsòl: premye a lè li te nan Pari an 1887, dezyèm lan lè li te rete nan Arles ane annapre a. Premye a montre tounsòl ki fèk ranmase ki kouche sou tè a. Nan dezyèm lan, tounsòl yo nan vaz, pafwa fennen. Flè yo pentire ak kou bwòs epè ak penti depase.
Lide Van Gogh se ranpli mi estidyo li vle pataje ak Paul Gauguin pou l kreye yon kominote atis   : « Nan espwa pou m viv nan yon estidyo nou ak Gauguin, mwen ta renmen fè yon dekorasyon pou estidyo a. Rien que des grands Tournesols . » reprezante nan youn nan penti li van Gogh penti tounsòl. Van Gogh byen kontan ak rezilta a ki montre li.

[[Fichye:Vergers van gogh echantillon.jpg|250px|Vergers]]
Seri jaden flè Van Gogh yo se youn nan premye travay li nan Arles. Penti yo nan seri sa a se kè kontan. Li pase anpil tan eksprime kè kontan nan sezon prentan. Vincent di frè li &lt;ref&gt;Les citations sont données telles qu'elles étaient écrites par Van Gogh avec les éventuelles fautes d'orthographes, telles que citées dans ''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt; : « Kounye a mwen gen 10 jaden san konte twa ti etid ak yon gwo yon pye seriz ke mwen te fin itilize. » pifò nan penti sa yo, se yon pye bwa flè make. Li varye bwòs li yo : manyen nan [[Pwentilis|pwentillis]], plis [[Enpresyonis|enpresyonis]] velours, plati nan liy yo nan fason an nan [[Ukiyo-e|simagri Japonè]] . Ton yo entans ranpli twal li yo, koulè a pi delika nan flè yo okipe vizyèl la  .

[[Fichye:Cypres van gogh echantillon.jpg|250px|Cyprès]]
Youn nan seri penti ki pi popilè ke Van Gogh te fè se sa ki nan pichpen yo. Pye bwa sa yo, ki karakteristik peyizaj yo nan [[Midi Lafrans]], enspire Van Gogh. Li ekri frè li &lt;ref&gt;Les citations sont données telles qu'elles étaient écrites par Van Gogh avec les éventuelles fautes d'orthographes, telles que citées dans ''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt;: «Pichpen yo toujou konsène mwen, mwen ta renmen fè yo yon bagay tankou twal tounsòl paske mwen sezi ke yo poko fèt jan mwen wè yo. ». Pandan ete 1889 la, sou demann Wil, sè l ', li te pentire tou plizyè ti vèsyon nan ''chan mayi ak pichpen''  Travay sa yo karakterize pa toubiyon ak pa yon teknik ki pèmèt li kenbe vizib diferan kouch penti ke li sipèpoze. Lòt penti nan seri a pataje menm eleman stylistic yo. Tablo li a, ''[[Nwit zetwal (1889)|Nwit zetwal]]'' — ke li te pentire lè li te nan  se yon pati nan seri sa a.

====Tablo lannuit====
[[Fichye:Gogh4.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gogh4.jpg/170px-Gogh4.jpg|vignette|''[[Teras kafe nan aswè]]'', 1888, lwil oliv sou twal, 80,7 × 65,3  , [[Otterlo]], [[Mize Kröller-Müller]] (F467/JH1580).]]
Penti sèn aswè ak lannwit trè souvan nan Van Gogh ki ekri &lt;ref&gt;Les citations sont données telles qu'elles étaient écrites par Van Gogh avec les éventuelles fautes d'orthographes, telles que citées dans ''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}}: «Souvan, li sanble pou mwen ke lannwit lan se pi plis rete vivan ak koulè rich pase jounen an.» li bay nan moman sa a nan jounen an ka wè lè yon moun konsidere kantite zèv li te pentire pou dekri li. Li pi souvan evoke lavi a difisil nan riral, peyizan yo nan entimite fanmi yo oswa nan travay nan jaden yo. Anplis de sa, youn nan penti ki pi popilè li yo, ''&quot;Terrasse du café le soir,&quot;'', dekri yon atmosfè vil la.

Pou Van Gogh, pent syèk li yo te reyisi reprezante fènwa ak koulè. Li reentèprete sijè sa a nan penti li yo, li tire enspirasyon nan plizyè gwo pent. Si nan [[Jules Breton]] ak [[Jean-François Millet]] li wè sans nan reprezantasyon an nan travay la tè a, li se enpresyone pa siksè nan [[Rembrandt]] nan sèvi ak koulè nan penti lannwit lan. Atravè travay li yo, [[Eugène Delacroix|Delacroix]] anseye l 'ki jan koulè klere ak kontras koulè ka dekri solèy kouche, lannwit, menm nwit ak zetwal yo. Kòm pou [[Adolphe Monticelli]], koulè vin pou Van Gogh yon mwayen pou jije modènite yon penti. Li apresye atizay la nan enpresyonist [[Claude Monet|Monet]] la, kapab bay enpresyon nan yon atmosfè aswè pa yon solèy kouche nan wouj. Li te admire tou teknik pointilist [[Georges Seurat|Seurat]] la, ki te jere evoke yon atmosfè nocturne, ak tach ak zòn plat nan koulè.

Van Gogh se poutèt sa fasine pa reyalite aswè ak lannwit. Disparisyon gradyèl nan limyè, yon solèy kouche entans, crépuscule ak aparans nan limyè kay atifisyèl ak twinkling nan zetwal yo ak lalin lan nan yon syèl nwa, manje imajinasyon li ak kreyativite li.

====Teknik====
Van Gogh te pentire sou twal ki souvan te deja prime, ke li te kapab reyitilize, swa nan grate travay anvan an oswa nan kouvri l 'ak yon nouvo kouch &lt;ref name=&quot;Bakker 2014&quot;&gt;N. Bakker, ''Van Gogh à l'œuvre'', ''Dossier de l'art'', n°214, {{date-|janvye 2014}}, {{p.|39-49}}.&lt;/ref&gt; . Sepandan, li te itilize sèten pigman enstab, sa ki lakòz yon chanjman nan koulè anba efè a nan limyè, ki gen ladan lak jeranyom ki pèdi koulè wouj li yo sou tan &lt;ref name=&quot;Bakker 2014&quot; /&gt; . Se poutèt sa, koulè orijinal yo pèdi, sa ki lakòz difikilte restorasyon. : konsa, retablisman yo te deside, pou ''La Chambre'' ki soti nan 1888, pa chanje koulè » penti a, kontante tèt li ak eseye sispann degradasyon an epi pwopoze ekleraj ak filtè ki gen koulè pou retabli koulè orijinal yo &lt;ref&gt;A. Fayol, « Restaurer un Van Gogh, l'exemple de ''La Chambre'' », ''Dossier de l'art'', n°214, {{date-|janvye 2014}}, {{p.|50-54}}&lt;/ref&gt; . An 2011, etid ki te fèt nan [[European Synchrotron Radiation Facility]] nan [[Grenòb|Grenoble]] te idantifye yon reyaksyon chimik konplèks sou [[Jòn admyòm|jòn Kadmyòm]] ki te lakòz klète koulè sa a pèdi nan sèten penti Van Gogh &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.esrf.eu/news/general/van-gogh/van-gogh-paintings-lose-shine esrf.eu du 10 février 2011, X-rays show why van Gogh paintings lose their shine.] &lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/alpes/isere/grenoble/quand-le-synchrotron-de-grenoble-permet-d-expliquer-la-deterioration-du-jaune-de-matisse-762476.html |title=france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr du {{date-|2 jiyè 2015}}, Quand le Synchrotron de Grenoble permet d'expliquer la détérioration du jaune de Matisse. |access-date=2022-10-26 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190428/http://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/alpes/isere/grenoble/quand-le-synchrotron-de-grenoble-permet-d-expliquer-la-deterioration-du-jaune-de-matisse-762476.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Van Gogh ak mouvman atistik yo ==
[[Fichye:Vincent_Van_Gogh_0013.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vincent_Van_Gogh_0013.jpg/170px-Vincent_Van_Gogh_0013.jpg|gauche|vignette|''Pent la sou wout Tarascon'', 1888, lwil sou twal, 48 × 44, boule nan [[Dezyèm Gè mondyal]] la (F448/JH1491).]]

Van Gogh te fè eksperyans plizyè estil nan karyè atistik li. Li te fini kreye pwòp estil. Li kwè ke penti yo ka eksprime emosyon e ke yo pa jis yon imitasyon reyalite.

Van Gogh te dekouvri [[enpresyonis]] nan Pari. Li te adopte penti limyè avèk antouzyasm san li pa renonse ti sèk nwa figi l yo . Twa atis izole yo, van Gogh,&lt;ref&gt;Lorenz Eitner, ''La Peinture du {{s-|XIX}} en Europe'', 2007, Hazan, coll. « Bibliothèque des arts », {{p.|591}} {{ISBN|978-2-7541-0195-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paul Gauguin|Gauguin]] ak [[Paul Cézanne|Cézanne]], tout enfliyanse pou yon tan pa enpresyonism, konstitye gwo figi yo nan Pòs-[[Pòs-enpresyonis|enpresyonis]]. Van Gogh te enfliyanse tou penti pita ak pi modèn, patikilyèman mouvman tankou [[ekspresyonis]] ak [[fovis]]  Anplis de sa, nan Provence, li travay nan yon lespri ki anonse ekspresyonis. Li tou kontribye nan devlopman nan [[Senbolis (atizay)|senbolis]] nan dezi li eksprime yon emosyon atravè atizay li.

=== Enpresyonis ===
[[Fichye:Claude_Monet,_Impression,_soleil_levant.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Claude_Monet%2C_Impression%2C_soleil_levant.jpg/220px-Claude_Monet%2C_Impression%2C_soleil_levant.jpg|vignette|[[Claude Monet]], ''[[Enpresyon, solèy k ap leve|Impression, soleil levant]]'', 1872, lwil sou twal, {{dunité|48|63|cm}}, [[Pari]], [[mize Marmottan Monet]]. La toile donnera son nom à l'[[enpresyonis]].]]

Enpresyonis se yon mouvman atistik fransè ki fèt pandan dezyèm mwatye 19yèm syèk la. Gwo batay nan tan lontan an oswa sèn nan [[Bib]] la, ki jouk lè sa a te sijè yo pi renmen nan pent, te bay plas nan sijè nan lavi chak jou lib entèprete dapre yon vizyon pèsonèl. Koulè yo klere ak jwèt la nan limyè pran enpòtans nan je pent yo nan mouvman sa a ki vle tou yo dwe reyalis. Yo enterese nan etid deyò a epi fè limyè eleman esansyèl nan penti yo.

Enpresyonis Monet, Manet, Renoir, Degas reprezante a (pito li te ye pou ankadreman li yo ak pèspektiv) se yon pwen depa pou neo-enpresyonis Seurat ak Signac, mèt [[Pwentilis|pwentillis]], pou Gauguin ak [[Lekòl Pont-Aven|lekòl li a nan Pont-Aven]], pou Bernard. ak [[klwazonis]] li, pou Toulouse-Lautrec, Van Gogh osi byen ke pou anpil &quot; pòs-enpresyonis», an Frans ak aletranje. Seri Orchard Van Gogh, pa egzanp, montre yon vèsyon varye de enpresyonis ak tout karakteristik li yo , sa vle di rechèch la pou limyè ak koulè atravè modèl yo nan lanati. Sa yo pent favorize travay deyò. Yo eskli gri ak nwa otank posib. Yo abandone pwen de vi fwontal ak ilizyon pwofondè. enpresyonis Van Gogh tradui nan itilizasyon l efè limyè, refleksyon ki eksprime entansite limyè nan moman an. Avè l ', koulè yo remake nan kontras konplemantè yo, pou egzanp, vèt ak wouj kreye yon imaj &quot; konplè &quot;. Gen kèk penti Van Gogh yo mete nan egzibisyon endepandan yo ak sa yo nan lòt enpresyonis yo  . Atis la vle pou yo konnen penti yo nan Holland tou  epi li konvenki ke valè yo pral evantyèlman rekonèt. 

=== Pòs-enpresyonis ===
[[Fichye:Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_132.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_132.jpg/220px-Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_132.jpg|gauche|vignette|''Pave a (&quot; Pye bwa yo gwo avyon ”)'', 1889, lwil oliv sou twal, 73,5 × 92,5  , [[Washington|Washington]], [[Koleksyon Phillips|Koleksyon an Phillips]] (F658/JH1861).]]

Jèn pent nan ane 1880 yo te jwenn tèt yo fè fas ak enpresyonis ki te make epòk yo. Yo reyaji nan diferan fason. Jiska nan fen syèk la, diferan tandans inovatè coexist. Pòs-enpresyonis se ansanm kouran atistik sa yo tankou Neyo-Enpresyonis, Senbolis, mouvman Nabi, elatriye. Nan istwa atizay la, pòs-enpresyonis se poutèt sa deziyen yon epòk kout. Li gen ladan l pami lòt moun Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec oswa Georges Seurat, ki te gen anbisyon pou revolisyone penti. Pwen prensipal ki an komen ant pent sa yo se ke yo te refize natiralis. Van Gogh admire volonte pou ale pi lwen pase reprezantasyon reyalite a, jan li ekri frè l sou Cézanne   : « ... ou dwe santi tout nan yon rejyon ... Yo t ap chèche transmèt plis nan penti yo.

Atravè penti li yo, Van Gogh reve eksprime plis pase yon imaj : santiman li. Nan Auvers-sur-Oise, li te ekri frè l Theo ak bèl-sè l &lt;ref&gt;Yo bay sitasyon yo jan yo te ekri pa Van Gogh ak nenpòt erè òtograf, jan yo site nan ''Les Lettres''..&lt;/ref&gt;: « … e mwen pa t ezite eseye eksprime tristès, solitid ekstrèm. […] Mwen ta prèske kwè ke penti sa yo pral di ou sa mwen pa ka di nan mo, sa mwen wè an sante ak fòtifye nan peyi a. »

=== Ekspresyonis ===
[[Fichye:Vincent_van_Gogh_(1853-1890)_-_The_Olive_Trees_(1889).jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Vincent_van_Gogh_%281853-1890%29_-_The_Olive_Trees_%281889%29.jpg/220px-Vincent_van_Gogh_%281853-1890%29_-_The_Olive_Trees_%281889%29.jpg|vignette|''Olive Trees with the Alpilles in the Background'', 1889, lwil oliv sou twal, 72,5 × 92  , [[Nouyòk|New York]], [[Mize Atizay modèn|Museum of Modern Art]] (F712/JH1740).]]

Kòmansman [[ekspresyonis]] yo te parèt nan de dènye deseni 19yèm syèk la, ak van Gogh depi nan fen 1887 kòm pyonye,&lt;ref&gt;{{ouvraj|author=Gérard Denizeau|title=Vocabulaire des arts visuel du {{s-|XIX}}|editor=Minerve|year=2004|location=Paris|pages=239|isbn=2-86931-108-7|bnf=39156350n|passage=10 et 57}}&lt;/ref&gt; osi byen ke [[Edvard Munch]] (miyò ''[[Rèl la]]''), ak [[James Ensor]]&lt;ref&gt; Larousse&lt;/ref&gt;  . Sepandan, non an &quot; ekspresyonis te premye itilize pa kritik atizay [[Wilhelm Worringer]] nan mwa out 1911. Van Gogh te aksantye mouvman sa a aprè li te rive nan [[Arles]] an 1888, kote chòk limyè sid la te pouse li konkeri koulè: ''[[Nuit zetwal (1889)|Nuit]]'' la zetwal oswa pye ''oliv'' yo. Pa dramatizasyon nan sèn yo, senplifikasyon an, menm karikati a, ki karakterize travay li depi nan kòmansman rive nan fen a, li anonse ekspresyonis, kote pent yo ekspoze san wont mizè fizik ak moral.&lt;ref&gt;{{ouvraj|author=Gérard Denizeau|title=Vocabulaire des arts visuel du {{s-|XIX}}|editor=Minerve|year=2004|location=Pari|pages=239|isbn=2-86931-108-7|bnf=39156350n|passage=59}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ekspresyonis tankou [[Ernst Ludwig Kirchner]], [[Erich Heckel]] ak [[Oskar Kokoschka]] te enspire pa teknik Van Gogh la, kout bwòs ki graj kite enpas ak tras grenn  . Dapre [[Octave Mirbeau]], youn nan premye admiratè Van Gogh, {{Citation|fòm sa yo miltipliye, debouche, tòde, e menm nan foli admirab nan syèl sa yo […], menm nan ogmantasyon nan flè kokenn sa yo […] menm jan ak zwazo deman, Van Gogh toujou kenbe kalite admirab li nan pent.&lt;ref&gt; EchoParis&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Menm jan an tou, Van Gogh pèmèt tèt li libète konplè pou modifye koulè natirèl yo pou favorize ekspresyon sijè sa yo. « Mwen ta renmen montre yon zanmi atis ki fè gwo rèv.{{citation|Mwen ta renmen montre yon zanmi atis ki fè gwo rèv. […] Pou fini l, mwen pral kounye a yon koloran abitrè. Mwen egzajere blond nan cheve a, mwen rive nan ton zoranj, chrome, sitwon pal. Dèyè tèt la, olye pou yo penti miray plenn nan apatman an ranyon, mwen fè yon background ki senp, ble ki pi rich la, […] tèt blond la limen kont background sa a ble rich reyalize yon efè misterye, tankou zetwal la nan 'pwofon lazwa a.&lt;ref&gt;{{ouvraj|author=Gérard Denizeau|title=Vocabulaire des arts visuel du {{s-|XIX}}|editor=Minerve|year=2004|location=Paris|pages=239|isbn=2-86931-108-7|bnf=39156350n|passage=42}} - Lettre à Théo, août 1888.&lt;/ref&gt;.}}

=== Fovis ===
[[Fichye:Van Gogh - The Night Café (1888).jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Van Gogh - The Night Café (1888).jpg/220px-Vincent_Willem_van_Gogh_076.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Kafe lannuit]]'', 1888, lwil sou twal, 70 × 89, [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Yale University Art Gallery]] (F463/JH1575).]]

[[Fovis]] se yon mouvman imaj franse ki te revandike an patikilye ant 1905 ak 1907. Pent vle separe koulè ak objè, priyorite ekspresyon koulè. Van Gogh se youn nan pyonye li yo. Li te gen yon enfliyans sou [[Fovis|pent fovis yo]], ki montre yon palèt remakab nan koulè, espesyalman nan peryòd Arles li a. Pandan peryòd sa a, Van Gogh pa ezite ankò pou sèvi ak koulè klere ak juxtapositions orijinal de ton ak, an patikilye, sèvi ak koulè konplemantè. Lè sa a sèvi ak koulè flanbwayan, van Gogh se youn nan sous enspirasyon pou plizyè pent fovis, tankou [[Maurice de Vlaminck|Vlaminck]] oswa [[André Derain|Derain]]. Kidonk, nan travay Fauvis yo, nou jwenn menm aranjman koulè yo ak nan Van Gogh. Pa egzanp, nan La ''Partie de campagne'' oswa ''La Seine à Chatou'' pa Vlaminck, pwoksimite wouj ak vèt aksantye, tankou nan tablo ''[[Kafe lannuit]]'' pa Van Gogh.

===Senbolis===
[[Fichye:Van_Gogh_Portrait_Eugene_Boch.jpg|lien=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Van_Gogh_Portrait_Eugene_Boch.jpg/170px-Van_Gogh_Portrait_Eugene_Boch.jpg|vignette|''[[Pòtrè Eugène Boch|Pòtre Eugene Boch]] (&quot; Powèt la »'' , 1888, lwil sou twal, 60 × 45  , [[Pari|Pari]], [[Mize Orsay]] (F462/JH1574).]]
Senbolis se yon mouvman atistik ki eksprime ant 1886 ak 1900 nan plizyè domèn. Gustave Moreau, Eugène Carrière, Edward Burne-Jones ak Martiros Sergeyevich Sarian se pami pent ki enfliyanse mouvman sa a. Senbolis se yon reyaksyon a natiralis. Se sou « abiye lide nan yon fòm sansib » . Senbolis pa pentire objè a fidèlman, kontrèman ak naturalis, men chèche yon enpresyon, yon sansasyon, ki evoke yon mond ideyal.; yo favorize ekspresyon de atitid. Senbòl yo fè li posib pou rive nan &quot; pi wo reyalite nan&quot;.

Nan youn nan lèt li yo, Van Gogh eksprime panse li sou senbolis &lt;ref&gt;Les citations sont données telles qu'elles étaient écrites par Van Gogh avec les éventuelles fautes d'orthographes, telles que citées dans ''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref&gt;Lettre nimewo 533 de Vincent van Gogh à Theodorus van Gogh, Nuenen, le 4 octobre 1885 (N)&lt;/ref&gt;: «… tout reyalite se an menm tan yon senbòl. Li mansyone tou atis yo [[Jean-François Millet|Millet]] ak [[Léon Lhermitte|Lhermitte]] an» ak senbolis. Sa a endike apwòch pozitif li nan senbolis ak elicide pwòp entansyon li ak enspirasyon. Li se konsakre nan reyalite, pa nan yon reyalite tankou nan fotogwaf yo, men nan yon reyalite ''senbolik''  .

[[Senbolis (atizay)|Senbolis]] chache nan pouvwa a nan vèb la  « sans pwezi a, sa vle di pi bon kalite pwezi, sa ki pral di ki jan lespri a ak mond lan fèt lè li revele estrikti ideyal linivè a. […] Senbolis envite pwezi pou rantre nan mistik » . Demand Van Gogh a idantik, jan li te ekri [[Theodorus van Gogh (machann atizay)|Theo]], frè l ', &lt;ref&gt;Les citations sont données telles qu'elles étaient écrites par Van Gogh avec les éventuelles fautes d'orthographes, telles que citées dans ''Les Lettres''.&lt;/ref&gt;: « Ak nan yon tablo mwen ta renmen di yon bagay konsole tankou mizik. Je voudrais peindre des hommes ou des femmes avec ce je ne sais quoi d'éternel dont autrefois le nimbus la te yon fwa te senbòl la e ke nou chèche pa klere a menm, pa vibrasyon nan kolorasyon nou yo. Van » konsa prete ak prepare chemen yo nan penti modèn, soti nan [[enpresyonis]] nan [[ekspresyonis]] .

=== Reprezantasyon kontanporen ===
An 1986, egzibisyon ''yon santèn ane de sa van Gogh te rive nan Pari'', nan Trianon nan nan Pak Bagatelle, te reyini ansanm atis ki soti nan [[Nouvo reprezantasyon]] ak [[reprezantasyon naratif]] ([[Frédéric Brandon]], [[Gérard Le Cloarec]], [[Michel Four]], [[Gérard Guyomard]], [[Christian Renonciat]], [[Jack Vanarsky]]...), entansyon [[Jean-Luc Chalumeau]] te deklare pou fè limyè sou enfliyans Vincent van Gogh sou figurasyon kontanporen.&lt;ref&gt;Jean-Pierre Chalumeau, ''Il y a cent ans Van Gogh arrivait à Paris'', Éditions du Trianon/Parc de Bagatelle, 1986&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dènye dekouvèt oswa reaparisyon sou mache atizay la ===
Li gen dat 1887, pentire pandan de ane kout ke Vincent Van Gogh te pase nan Pari, ''sèn nan lari sa a nan Montmartre'' pentire moulen pwav la, youn nan moulen yo nan La Galette, dèyè palisad, kont twal la nan yon syèl sezon fredi. ak yon koup ap mache ak de timoun ap jwe nan premye plan an. Tablo sa a te rete nan menm fanmi an depi kòmansman 20yèm syèk la. Li te vann pandan yon vann piblik eve'nman nan Sotheby's nan Pari nan dat 26 mas 2021, e li te rive nan sòm total 11,25 milyon ero eksepte depans (sa vle di 13 091 250 ewo nan total) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/l-un-des-rares-van-gogh-encore-en-mains-privees-sera-vendu-a-paris-au-mois-de-mars-20210224|title=La vente très mouvementée du Van Gogh de Sotheby's Paris atteint 11,25 millions d'euros|date=2021-03-25|publisher=Le Figaro|language=fr|access-date=2022-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/van-gogh-restituted-pissarro-sothebys-sale-1234587847/|title=Rare van Gogh Sells for $15.4 M., Leading Sotheby’s Impressionist and Modern Art Sale in Paris|last=Villa|first=Angelica|last2=Villa|first2=Angelica|date=2021-03-25|website=ARTnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2022-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.franceculture.fr/peinture/rarissime-un-tableau-de-van-gogh-mis-en-vente-apres-avoir-passe-100-ans-dans-la-meme-famille &quot;Rarissime&quot; : un tableau de Van Gogh mis en vente après avoir passé 100 ans dans la même famille française], 24 mars 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;, ki se yon dosye an Frans pou yon tablo Van Gogh vann nan vant piblik.

== Desen ==
Yo konnen anviwon mil dra atis la.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vellekoop 2014&quot;&gt;M. Vellekoop, « Desen Van Gogh yo, yon travay lonbray », ''Dossier de l'art'', n°214, janvye 2014, {{p.|28-33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Teknik yo itilize yo se kreyon, plim, lank, lakre, pafwa koulè ak [[akwarèl]]. Apati 1888, li prefere itilize plim wozo ([[kalam]] ) &lt;ref name=&quot;Vellekoop 2014&quot; /&gt; . Plizyè nan lèt li yo gen ladan desen, ki gen ladan kèk penti &lt;ref&gt;L. Caillaud, « Van Gogh à travers ses lettres », ''Dossier de l'art'', n°214, {{date-|janvye 2014}}, {{p.|34-37}}&lt;/ref&gt; .&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;[[Commons:Category:Drawings by Vincent van Gogh|Desen Vincent van Gogh]]&quot;&gt;
Fichye:GUGG Boats at Saintes-Maries.jpg|''Bato nan [[Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer]]'', 1888, kreyon wouj ak lank grafit sou papye trikote, {{dunité|24.3|31.9|cm}} &lt;abbr title=&quot;centimètre&quot; class=&quot;abbr&quot;&gt;cm&lt;/abbr&gt;, [[Nouyòk]], [[Mize Salomon R. Guggenheim|Mize Solomon R. Guggenheim]].
Fichye:GUGG Head of a Girl.jpg|''Head of a Girl'', 1888, kreyon wouj ak lank sou papye trikote, {{dunité|18|19.5|cm}} &lt;abbr title=&quot;centimètre&quot; class=&quot;abbr&quot;&gt;cm&lt;/abbr&gt;, [[Nouyòk]], [[Mize Salomon R. Guggenheim|Mize Solomon R. Guggenheim]] .
Fichye:GUGG Letter to John Peter Russell.jpg|''Lèt pou [[John Peter Russell]]'', 1888, kreyon wouj ak lank sou papye trikote, {{dunité|20.3|26.3|cm}} &lt;abbr title=&quot;centimètre&quot; class=&quot;abbr&quot;&gt;cm&lt;/abbr&gt;, [[Nouyòk]], [[Mize Salomon R. Guggenheim|Mize Solomon R. Guggenheim]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Yon kaye ke otantisite l pa konfime ===
Jou ki te 17 novanm 2016 la , yon repwodiksyon menm jan an, yon kaye ki gen 65 desen ki ta fèt ant fevriye 1888 ak me 1890 se pibliye pa Bogomila Welsh-Ovcharov, Konsèvate  ekspozisyon nan pent la.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/societe/affaire-van-gogh-le-seuil-propose-un-debat-public-entre-experts_1851370.html|title=Van Gogh : le Seuil cherche le dialogue mais ne lâche rien|last=AFP|date=17 novanm 2016|website=Express.fr|access-date=2022-10-25|archive-date=2022-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025223213/https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/societe/affaire-van-gogh-le-seuil-propose-un-debat-public-entre-experts_1851370.html|dead-url=yes}}.&lt;/ref&gt; . Yon lòt espesyalis atis la, Ronald Pickvance, sipòte tèz otantisite dekouvèt la &lt;ref&gt;« Communiqué de presse : Affaire Van Gogh, la réponse des éditions du Seuil », site des éditions du Seuil, {{date-|17 novanm 2016}} ([http://www.seuil.com/actualite/affaire-van-gogh-la-reponse-des-editions-du-seuil en ligne])&lt;/ref&gt;

Mize [[Mize Van-Gogh|van Gogh]] nan Amstèdam, atravè vwa konsèvatè chèf Louis Van Tilborgh, konsidere corpus sa a kòm yon imitasyon aprè ane 1970 yo.&lt;ref&gt;Eric Bietry-Rivierre, « Dessins de Van Gogh : la contre-expertise hollandaise », dans ''[[Le_Figaro]]'' du {{date-|16 novanm 2016}} ([http://www.lefigaro.fr/arts-expositions/2016/11/16/03015-20161116ARTFIG00146-dessins-de-van-gogh-la-contre-expertise-hollandaise.php en ligne])&lt;/ref&gt; Ekspè yo te konkli apre egzamen an nan desen yo ak konparezon ak koleksyon an ke mize a genyen, ke sa yo gen erè topografik, e ke lank yo te itilize a, ki gen koulè mawon, pa janm te itilize pa Van Gogh nan desen li yo. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lemonde.fr/arts/article/2016/11/15/des-dessins-inedits-de-van-gogh-contestes-par-le-musee-d-amsterdam_5031699_1655012.html ''Des dessins « inédits » de Van Gogh, contestés par le musée d’Amsterdam''], ''Le Monde'', 16 novanm 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zèv li yo ==

* Vincent van Gogh (trad. Maurice Beerblock et Louis Roëdlandt (nl), préf. Georges Charensol), Correspondance complète enrichie de tous les dessins originaux, Paris, Éditions Gallimard &amp; Grasset, 1960, 563 + 531 + 580, 3 vol. in quarto.
* Vincent van Gogh (trad. Louis Roëdlandt (nl)), Lettres à son frère Théo, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, coll. « L'imaginaire », 1988, 566 p. (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2070714483&lt;/nowiki&gt;).
* Vincent van Gogh (trad. Louis Roëlandt (nl)), Lettres à Van Rappard, Paris, Éditions Grasset et Fasquelle, coll. « Les Cahiers rouges », 1950 (réimpr. 1991, 2009), 242 p. (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2246049340&lt;/nowiki&gt;).

== Galeri penti ==
&lt;center&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Fichye:Vincent Willem van Gogh 137.jpg
Fichye:Ernte in der Provénce.jpeg
Fichye:VanGogh-Irises 1.jpg
Fichye:Vincent Willem van Gogh 127.jpg
Fichye:Vincent van Gogh - Avenue bij Arles.jpg
Fichye:Van Gogh - Blumengarten.jpeg
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

== Jenerasyon ==
=== Rekonesans ===
Vèv [[Theodorus van Gogh (machann atizay)|Theo]] a, [[Johanna van Gogh|Johanna Bonger]], kenbe wòl dirijan nan pwosesis pou fè pwomosyon travay Van Gogh la. Yo te konfye eritaj li a nan 1891, apre lanmò [[Theodorus van Gogh (machann atizay)|mari]] l  . Sepandan, li pa ta dwe bliye ke Van Gogh te konnen ak apresye pandan tout lavi li  . Li konnen ke Van Gogh te vann yon sèl twal, men pa gen okenn prèv ke li pa t 'vann lòt moun. Anplis, li te konfye responsablite sa a bay frè li, yon machann atizay rekonèt nan epòk la, epi li te fè echanj plizyè penti ak zanmi l'  . Théo, ki te siviv Vincent sèlman yon ti tan, òganize yon egzibisyon nan penti li nan apatman li, te anonse nan ''[[Mercure de France]]'' nan.septembre 1890septanm 1890  . Apre sa, Johanna te reyisi transfòme koleksyon atizay sa a ki pa t konnen an nan yon koleksyon ki gen anpil valè.
[[Fichye:Paul Gauguin 104.jpg|vignette|redresse|[[Paul Gauguin]], ''Vincent van Gogh ap penn les tournesols'', 1888, [[Amstèdam]], [[Mize Van-Gogh|mize Van Gogh]], Fondasyon Vincent van Gogh.]]
Pou depase moman difisil sa yo, [[Johanna van Gogh|Johanna]] te deplase nan Holland kote li te jwenn sipò nan fanmi li. Nan mwa fevriye 1891 , li te pote yon gwo pati nan penti Van Gogh ki rete lakay li soti nan Pari. Li te gen 200 tablo ak desen yo asire pou yon valè de 2 600 florins . Se konsa, li te kòmanse montre ak mete tablo penti nan [[Netherlands]], Epi, li ak klase lèt Vincent yo. Li refè tou lèt [[Gabriel-Albert Aurier|Albert Aurier]] te genyen. Vrèmanvre, Theo te voye kèk lèt pou li te pibliye kèk ekstrè. Menm ane sa a, [[Emile Bernard|Émile Bernard]] te pibliye nan &quot;[[Mercure de France|Mercure en France]]&quot; lèt Vincent te voye li yo. An 1914, Johanna te rive pibliye lèt Van Gogh apre li te ekri yon entwodiksyon.

Yon lòt bò, nan Pari, [[Pè Tanguy]] vann 13 tablo ak yon desen. Se kòmansman yon siksè komèsyal ki pral kontinye jiska epòk nou an  . Nan fen XIX la syèk, nan lòd fè Van Gogh konnen, Johanna òganize ekspozisyon : youn nan [[Layè|La Haye]], youn nan [[Rotterdam]], twa (3) nan [[Amstèdam]] ak yon nouvo nan [[Layè|La Haye]]. Nan kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, alantou ven (20) ekspozisyon deja onore travay la nan van Gogh nan Peyiba. Nan [[Pari]], Salon des Indépendants 1901 te genyen tou yon enpak siyifikatif sou rekonesans Van Gogh gras ak demann nouvo pèseptè, tankou [[Ivan Morozov]] ak [[Sergei Shchukin|Sergei Chtchoukine]], ak travay kritik [[Jacob Baart de la Faille]] te fè, tankou li. katalòg raisonné pibliye an 1928. Youn nan premye achtè yo nan penti van Gogh te [[Edgar Degas]].&lt;ref&gt;Lorenz Eitner, ''La Peinture du {{s-|XIX}} en Europe'', Hazan, 2007, coll. « Bibliothèque des arts », {{p.|588}} {{ISBN|978-2-7541-0195-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kontak ke Johanna tise ak moun enfliyan nan epòk li ede l etabli tèt li epi fè li pi byen konnen bèl frè l. [[Paul Cassirer]] se premye moun ki montre ak vann travay Van Gogh yo. Li te vann omwen 55 ladan yo, ant 1902 ak 1911, ak yon valè total de 50 000 florins . [[Ambroise Vollard]] te òganize tou de ekspozisyon nan galri li an 1895 ak 1896. [[Julien Leclercq (powèt)|Julien Leclercq]] te rasanble 65 tableaux ak 6 dessins pou yon egzibisyon an 1901 nan [[galri Bernheim-Jeune]]. Valè travay van Gogh yo kòmanse ogmante konsiderableman. Johanna Bonger jere mete plis pase 70 penti ak apeprè trant desen nan [[Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam]]. An menm tan, li resevwa amatè lakay li pou montre yo penti li posede yo. Enèji yo mete nan rekonesans travay sa yo finalman rekonpanse ak yon valè sou mache segondè. Rekonesans nan travay la te fèt pa Van Gogh konkretize nan akizisyon an nan yon lavi toujou nan tounsòl, nan 1924, pa [[National Gallery|National Gallery nan Lond]], nan pri a nan 15 000 floren. Madanm Theo te anbasadris prensipal fenomèn sa a jouk li mouri an 1925. Depi dat sa a, valè travay li yo te kontinye ogmante. Pa egzanp, an 1930, ekspozisyon nan ''[[Mize Atizay modèn|Museum of Modern Art]]'' nan Nouyòk te resevwa 120 000 vizitè.

===Popilarite ===
Panse sou Van Gogh diferan selon pwen de vi yo chwazi a. Pa egzanp, [[Salvador Dalí]] te eksprime tèt li konsa an 1972 sou pent sa a li pa renmen  : {{Citation|Van Gogh se yon wont pou penti franse ak penti inivèsèl la...}} Pou kèk moun, « li, ki merite pou yon ewo amoure, fè l 'yon mit, sa ki nan pent la mal konprann oswa atis la madichon. 
Li pòv, deprime, asosyal, ak yon tanperaman dife, elatriye. Pou lòt moun, Van Gogh se yon atis konplèks, entèlijan ak kiltive. Penti li se {{Citation|fwi nan yon travay long, san repwòch, byen fèt epi ki se referans}}. Kèlkeswa pwennvi yo chwazi a, Van Gogh se yon pent ki rekonèt epi admire. Nan dènye lèt li, li te jwenn nan pòch li jou li touye tèt li a, li ekri : {{citation|Oke reyèlman nou ka sèlman fè penti nou yo pale}}.

Pou istoryen atizay yo, Van Gogh se yon pyonye ki te louvri nouvo chemen nan penti. Pou egzanp, Derain ak Vlaminck yo dirèkteman lye ak atizay Van Gogh la,  . Pou rayisab atizay, li rete yon mèt egal a Leonardo da Vinci oswa Rembrandt ak yon pwodiksyon trè enpòtan ak yon pakou atistik klere tou nan dire ak pa estil li yo. Pou piblik la an jeneral, travay li se kounye a aksesib nan gwo mize.

== Nan kilti ==
=== Sinema ak televizyon ===
Lavi, travay ak pèsonalite Vincent van Gogh te enspire anpil fim:

* [[1956]] : ''[[Lust for Life (fim, 1956)|Lust for Life]]'' pa [[Vincente Minnelli]], ak [[Kirk Douglas]]
* [[1990]] : ''[[Vincent ak Théo|Vincent ak Theo]]'' pa [[Robert Altman]], ak [[Tim Roth]]
* 1990 : ''[[Rèv (fim)|Rèv]]'' pa [[Akira Kurosawa]], seri de uit kout fim ki gen ladan ''Les Corbeaux'' ak [[Martin Scorsese]]
* 1990 : ''[[Vincent et moi]]'' de [[Michael Rubbo]] ak [[Tchéky Karyo]]
* [[1991]] : ''[[Van Gogh (fim, 1991)|Van Gogh]]'' de [[Maurice Pialat]] ak [[Jacques Dutronc]]
* [[2009]] : ''[[Moi, Van Gogh|Me, Van Gogh]]'' pa [[François Bertrand (reyalizatè)|François Bertrand]], dokimantè ak vwa [[Jacques Gamblin]]
* ''The Yellow House'', pwojè ti fim anime sou Van Gogh (angle/panyòl)
* [[2010]] : ''Van Gogh: Pentire ak mo'' (TV) pa Andrew Hutton, ak [[Benedict Cumberbatch]]
* 2010 : ''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[Vincent ak Doktè a|Vincent and the Doctor]]'', [[Sezon 5 nan Doctor Who|5x]] 10 (seri televizyon), dekri pa [[Tony Curran]]
* [[2013]] : ''[[Sunflower Seed]]'' [[Pascal Adant]], Vincent van Gogh nan [[Borinaj]], ak [[Gaëtan Wenders]]
* [[2015]] : ''Chwa pou pentire'', [[dokifiksyon]] Henri de Gerlache, nan [[Mons 2015|kad Mons 2015]]. Vincent van Gogh entèprete pa [[Tom Barman]] &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laprovince.be/966469/article/regions/mons/actualite/2014-03-21/borinage-devenez-les-acteurs-du-documentaire-sur-la-vie-de-van-gogh « Borinage: vin aktè nan dokimantè sou lavi Van Gogh la»], ''La Province'', {{dat|21|mas|2014}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[2017]] : ''[[Pasyon Van Gogh (fim, 2017)|The Van Gogh Passion]]'', [[Animasyon (odyovizyèl)|fim anime]] pa [[Dorota Kobiela]] ak [[Hugh Welchman]]
* [[2018]] : ''[[At Eternity's Gate]]'' pa [[Julian Schnabel]]
* [[2021]] : ''[[L'Art du crime]]'' - S4E1 ''Le testament de Van Gogh'', entèprete pa [[Vincent Londez]] (pwogram sou 7 me 2021 sou [[France 2]] )
* 2021 : ''[[Copyright Van Gogh]]'' ( ''Van Goghs Lachin nan'' ), dokimantè pa [[Yu Haibo]] ak [[Yu Tianqi Kiki]] (Lachin, 2016)
* 2022 : ''[[Van Gogh In Love]]'' pa Jean-Luc Ayach, ak [[Frédéric Diefenthal]] ak [[Steve Driesen]] nan wòl Van Gogh.

=== Pwezi ===

* 2019 : ''Hidden Van Gogh'' pa Régis Moulu, koleksyon 93 powèm ak 9 ilistrasyon chwazi kote ekriven an sèvi ak enèji ki soti nan penti li yo pou l ka &quot;reanimasyon nanm li&quot;, edisyon Unicité

=== Mizik ===

* [[Pierre Bachelet]]'', Théo je t'écris'' (1989)

* albòm ''La fête aux amis'' . Pawòl [[Claude Delécluse]] ak [[Michelle Senlis]] . Mizik ak pèfòmans pa [[Jean Ferrat]] (1962)
* [[Léo Ferré]], ''La Folie'', chante nan dosye ''[[Lanmou Anachi|Amour Anarchie]]'' (1970).
* [[Don McLean]], ''[[Vincent (chanson)|Vincent]]'', chante ki soti nan dosye ''[[American Pie (albòm)|American Pie]]'' (1971)
* Grigori Frid, ''Lèt ki soti nan Van Gogh'', de pati mono-opera pou bariton, klarinèt, pèkisyon, pyano, strings, op. 69 (1975)
* [[Bertold Hummel]], ''8 Fragman Lèt Van Gogh'' pou Bariton ak Quartet String, Op. 84 (1985), [https://web.archive.org/web/20221007062941/https://bertoldhummel.de/francais/commentaires/opus_84.html 8 fragman lèt pa Van Gogh {{De}}]
* [[Einojuhani Rautavaara]], ''Vincent'', opera nan twa zak (1986-1987)
* [[Michele Reverdy|Michèle Reverdy]], ''Vincent, ou la Haute Note jaune'', ki konpoze an 1984-1989, premye an 1990: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140221202159/http://www.michelereverdy.com/oeuvres_detail.php?id=57 Avi sou travay la sou sit entènèt otè a, ak anrejistreman], [http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb42311145z Avi sou nòt la nan Bibliyotèk Nasyonal la Frans]
* [[Einojuhani Rautavaara]], [[Senfoni No 6 Rautavaara|Senfoni n 6, ''Vincentiana'']] (1992) : I. ''Tähtiyö'' ( ''Nwit'' zetwal); II. ''Varikset'' ( ''Kòk yo'' ); III. ''St Remi''; IV. ''Apoteoz''
* [[Gloria Coates]], ''Senfoni n 9'' ( ''The Quinces Quandary'' ), ''Homage to Van Gogh'' (1992-1993)
* Abel Ehrlich, ''Portrait of Vincent van Gogh at the Age of 27'', pou violon ak katòt kòd (2003)
* [[Henri Dutilleux]], ''Timbres, espas, mouvman'' pou òkès (1978), ki gen soustit ''The Starry Night''
* Henri Dutilleux, ''Korespondans'' pou soprano ak òkès (2002-2004) : I. ''Dans Cosmic'' (P. Mukherjee) ; II. ''Pou Slava ak Galina...'' (A. Solschenizyn) ; III. ''Gong'' (RM Rilke) ; IV. ''Gong II'' (RM Rilke) ; V. ''Soti nan Vincent rive nan Theo...'' (V. Van Gogh)
* ''Tombeau de Vincent van Gogh'', 20 moso pou pyano solo (1951)
* ''Yon malerèz abiye an nwa'', opera nan twa zak (1990)
* [[Valéry Aubertin]], ''Open Book'', op. 6 pou ògàn, 15 moso nan divès gwosè (IX : ''Vincent van Gogh, Fresko, Lamento'', powèm senfonik)
* ''Schilderijen uit een tentoonstelling van Gogh'', op. 58, n 1-3, pou pyano solo (1950)
* [[Malcolm Williamson]], ''pon Van Gogh te pentire ak Camargue franse a'', pou pyano solo (1974)
* ''Vincent'', opera (1975-1976)
* [[Michel Sardou]]: ''Vincent'', ''[[Sisesè a (album)|siksesè a]]'' (1988)
* [[Michael Gordon (konpozitè)|Michael Gordon]], ''Van Gogh Video Opera'' (1991), ap viv opera ak videyo
* [[Jean Ferrat]] . ''The Sunflowers'', chante ki soti nan album Ferrat 91 (1991)
* [[Jonatan Richman|Jonathan Richman]], ''Vincent Van Gogh'', ''Pa tèlman renmen renmen ke renmen'' (2004)
* [[Regis Campo|Régis Campo]], ''Starry Night'' pou pyano ak dedye a pyanis Tik [[Fazil di|Fazıl Say]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://quaiouestregiscampo.blogspot.com/2022/07/review-myriads-of-aerial-sonorities.html|title=Fazil Say, la harangue au piano|}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2022)

==Nòt ak referans==
{{Traduction/Référence|fr|Vincent van Gogh}}

=== Nòt ===
&lt;references group=Note /&gt;
=== Referans ===
{{références}}

== Lyen deyò ==
{{Autres projets
 | commons = Vincent van Gogh
 | commons2 = Une vie de Vincent van Gogh par l'image
 | commons titre2 = Une vie de Vincent van Gogh par l'image}}
{{kategori prensipal}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130719203140/http://www3.vangoghmuseum.nl/vgm/index.jsp?page=16376 ''Vincent van Gogh à vol d’oiseau''] sou site [[Mize Van-Gogh|mize Van Gogh]] la
* {{mul|en|nl|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140606212257/http://www.vangoghletters.org/vg/letters.html L'intégralité des lettres de van Gogh éditées par le musée Van Gogh et le Huygens Institute] (nouvelle traduction annotée et reproduction systématique des dessins inclus dans la correspondance)
===Baz done ak diksyonè===
{{Liens}}
{{Atik bon kalite|oldid=62853546|dat=8 desanm 2024}}
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      <text bytes="6363" sha1="r740509xlwqgdxyr5xbxvb7r0rdhjgn" xml:space="preserve">Se pa paske yon moun se Ayisyen ouswa l ap milite lontan li popilè ki fè li gen dwa kandida pou yon pòs elektiv san l pa konn anyen nan syans [[politik]] peyi a.
Se pa lojik pou n ap antre peyi a nan yon
''' akò pèdan-pèdan'''&lt;ref&gt; Thomas Lalime, thomaslalime@yahoo.fr edisyon LeNouveliste ribrik Ekònomi lendi 29 ak madi 30 septanm 2014 P.17,21&lt;/ref&gt;
'''S'''i w tegentan wè fim yon nonm konsekan (A Beautiful Mind) ki te parèt an 2001, ou t ap konnen déjà preske tout bagay sou lavi ''' John Forbes Nash Junior''',selèb [[ekonomi|ekònomi]]s sa-a e l se [[matematisyen]] ameriken, loreya ki pou pri Nobèl nan ekònomi an, an 1994.

Travay li yo sou jeyometri diferansyèl, ekwasyon yo aktout derive pasyèl yo e sitou sou teyori ki pou jwèt sa-a yo, pakont,majorite Ayisyen yo pa konnen l. Poutan,konpatriyòt nou-yo ta ka tire youn laj pwofi ki pou prensipal rezilta yo sou teyori ki pou jwèt yo. Ekilib lan ki pòte noum l-lan reprezante yon solisyon kote chwa a se afè chak jwè, konnen strateji a ki pou lòt yo, se pou vin stab lè ankenn patisipan ki nan jwèt la pa ka modifye desizyon l-lan san l pa nui enterè pèsònèl li-a.

Ekilib '''Nash''' la se li-menm ki garanti nivo ki pou byènèt ki pi elve ak chak patisipan,kondisyònèlman aktout chwa Ki pou tout lòt yo, an-absans kowoperasyon an. Sa-a se rezilta pou jwenn lè chak jwè genyen pibon opsyon posib, etandòne ansanm nan ki pou strateji yo ki vin detout patisipan yo. Li koresponn egalmen ak pibon repons endividyèl chak jwè nan yon sitiyasyon ki gen konkirans lan, ekònomik oubyen politik.

An-konsekans, pyès-moun pa gen enterè devye solisyon Ki jwenn nan,pliske yo pa p ka yon pibon opsyon endividyèl nan konkiranse lòt yo. Se vre ke jwè yo ta dwe kolabore oubyen kowopere pou tire endividyèlman yon pibon pwofi de jwèt la, Kad fòmèl sa-a kote plizyè ajan yo deside yo chak-grenn ki pou strateji ki pou fè genyen an. Tande byen, byènèt la ki pou chak-grenn moun depann detout chwa yo ke tout lòt yo fè. 

Se tankou, reyisit la ki pou manda prezidan '''[[ Michel Martelly|Martelly]]''' se lik lye ak desizyon an ki pou opozisyon an pou l bouke mànifeste regilyèman nan lari a pou reklame depa l la. Anpil fwa opozisyon an ap mande pou yon chèf l'Eta a ale san l pa konn kijan li pra l ranplase l se kòmsi yo ap di '''ke ayiti kraze fò Chèf l'Eta a ale'''.

===Bon gouvènans lan===

Tankou se menm-jan an kolaborasyon ki pou opozisyon an se kondisyòne aktout siyal ki pou bon gouvènans lan e ki pou respè tout nòm yo ke pouvwa emèt, notaman nan matyè ki pou reyalizasyon tout eleksyon yo ki kredib yo e ki pou san magouy nan jesyon finans piblik yo. N ap konprann ke ekilib la ki pou '''Nash''' pa koresponn fòseman nan meyè sitiyasyon posib pou ansanm jwè yo oubyen kolektivite a. Sa yo ke ekònomis yo rele ekilib optimal la. Dilèm lan ki pou prizònye an konstitye yon pafè ekszanp kote chak jwè oswa (aktè politik) fè tout sa li kapab nan nivo endividyèl, men ke rezilta ki pou jwenn nan pa ap ka pi bon sitiyasyon an pou ansanm jwè oswa aktè politik yo. Sa se yon fason elegan pou demontre ke sòm enterè endividyèl yo pa ap abouti fòseman ak byènèt kolektif lan. Lòt fason n ka di, tout moun (oubyen ankò tout gwoup ki pi enfliyan) ka fè bè yo pandan ke peyi a, nan ansanm li-a, peri.

===Ekònomi ki pou anviwònman an===
Ekònomi ki pou anviwònman an li regòje ekszanp elokan yo. N ka site ka ki pou konpayi ayisyen ki komèsyalize dlo ak ji nan sachè oubyen nan boutèy plastik yo. Yo reyalize san dout pwofi yo an-granpanpan yo. Men lè nan chak milimèt lapli_____tout vil la ki pou Pòt-o-Prens se lik chaje ki pou rezidi plastik yo la n konprann ke byènèt kolektif lan nan sa n twouve l pwofondeman kòche. Pa gen lwa ki pou korije pwoblèm fondamental sa-a. Se menm-jan tou pou [[reponn aktout bezwen|endistri ki pou lapèch]] konpayi ki ap evolye nan sektè sa-a yo fè bènefis alechan nan fè kòmsi sa pa gade yo pou disparisyon bann santèn espès akwatik yo. Pwoblèm sa-a se pa pwoblèm [[Apwovizyonman dlo ak asenisman an Ayiti]] konpayi yo fè eksplwatasyon yo mal, pou detriman ki pou enterè kolektif lan. Epi, si espès akwatik yo disparèt, tout moun ap pèdi. Endistri an ki pou lapèch lan an-premye.
*Refleksyon ki pou Nash lan ka pèmèt nou konprann pou kisa enstabilite politik la pèsiste Ann Ayiti. Li vini lefètke chak pati,rive nan timon ki pou zafè l'Eta a, pran tout privilèj yo e l al kenbe yo pou li, pa kite ankenn myèt ak opozisyon ofisyèl lan men kounye a ak [[Konsèy Prezidansyèl ayisyen an |konsèy prezidansyèl pou tranzisyon an]] opozisyon an anndan ekszekitif lan e ap gen dwa pou vote pou chak grenn desizyon ki ap pran pa ekszekitif lan. Paske longtan anvan konsèy prezidansyèl lan yon sènaryo (ekilibre) pa-t-ap kapab stab pliske pati a oubyen jwè an ki pa jwenn anyen an oubyen ki dekwoche twò piti nan gato a gen tout enterè pou l gate jwèt la.
*Tankou, depi 1957 rive 1986, Duvalier ak patizan l-yo t ap fè chas ak opozan l-yo. Vestij FÒ-DIMANCH yo se yo ki la pou temwànye tout atwosite yo ki pou rejim lan.


==Ayiti: Anpil diplomat nan Ministè Afè Etranjè ak Afè Relijye pa gen diplòm daprè yon rapò.==
&lt;ref&gt;Pa Lourdy LAUTURE 26-06-2024 1304 0 Placentine a https://leplacentin.com/post/26-06-2024-haiti-de-nombreux-diplomates-du-ministere-des-affaires-etrangeres-et-des-cultes-n-ont-pas-de-diplome-selon-un-rapport&lt;/ref&gt;
Yon repòtaj ki pibliye semenn sa a endis depatman Resous Imèn nan Ministè Afè Etranjè ak Afè Relijye an Ayiti. Anpil nan diplomat li yo pa genyen diplòm e gen lòt ki enplike nan ka koripsyon, vyòl, vyolasyon konfyans ak trafik ilegal.

Jan yo te anonse l, arive Dominique Dupuy nan Ministè Afè Etranjè ak Relijyon an jenere yon bon ankèt pami anplwaye enstitisyon an. Se poutèt sa nou dekouvri ke anpil nan diplomat k ap travay la pa menm gen yon diplòm. Gen lòt ki enplike nan plizyè lòt aksyon grav, tankou koripsyon, vyòl, vyolasyon konfyans ak trafik ilegal. Enfòmasyon tou sijere ke ansyen manadjè yo te bay fanmi ki pa kalifye kontra yo.

nouvèl-detay
Ministè Afè Etranjè ak Afè Relijye te dekouvri ke sèten anplwaye ak manadjè yo te responsab pou move fonksyonman enstitisyon an. Èske Dominique Dupuy, minis la, ap fè yon gwo refòm? A kontinye.

===Nòt ak Referans lan===</text>
      <sha1>r740509xlwqgdxyr5xbxvb7r0rdhjgn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Wikidata</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>64455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888922</id>
      <parentid>855814</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T14:11:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888922</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="71234" sha1="7wawuh0famhgaybsqy15su1vr7u28kz" xml:space="preserve">--script that retrieves basic data stored in Wikidata, for the datamodel, see https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Wikibase_Client/Lua

local wd = {}

-- creation of a subobject to store comparison funtions, used for sorting claims
-- to be able to build more complex sorts like topological sorts

wd.compare = {}

local databases = { }
local modules = { }
local databasesNames = { -- modules de données statiques pouvant être appelés avec mw.loadData(), ne nécessitant pas require()
	i18n = 'Module:Wikidata/I18n',
	globes = 'Module:Wikidata/Globes',
	langhierarchy = 'Module:Wikidata/Hiérarchie des langues',
	langcodes = 'Module:Dictionnaire Wikidata/Codes langue', -- big, infrequently useda
	invertedlangcodes = 'Module:Dictionnaire Wikidata/Codes langue/inversé'
}
local modulesNames = {
	reference = 'Module:Wikidata/Références',
	linguistic = 'Module:Linguistique',
	datemodule = 'Module:Date',
	formatDate = 'Module:Date complexe',
	formatNum = 'Module:Conversion',
	langmodule = 'Module:Langue',
	cite = 'Module:Biblio',
	weblink = 'Module:Weblink'
}

local function loadDatabase( t, key )
	if databasesNames[key] then
		local m = mw.loadData( databasesNames[key] )
		t[key] = m
		return m
	end
end
local function loadModule( t, key )
	if modulesNames[key] then
		local m = require( modulesNames[key] )
		t[key] = m
		return m
	end
end
setmetatable( databases, { __index = loadDatabase } )
setmetatable( modules, { __index = loadModule } ) -- ainsi le require() sera opéré seulement si nécessaire par modules.(nom du module)

local datequalifiers = {'P585', 'P571', 'P580', 'P582', 'P1319', 'P1326'}

-- === I18n ===
local defaultlang = mw.getContentLanguage():getCode()

function wd.translate(str, rep1, rep2)
	str = databases.i18n[str] or str
	if rep1 and (type (rep1) == 'string') then
		str = str:gsub('$1', rep1)
	end
	if rep2 and (type (rep2) == 'string')then
		str = str:gsub('$2', rep2)
	end
	return str
end

local function addCat(cat, sortkey)
	if sortkey then
		return  '[[Category:' .. cat .. '|' .. sortkey .. ']]'
	end
	return '[[Category:' .. cat  .. ']]'
end

local function formatError( key , category, debug)
    if debug then
        return error(databases.i18n[key] or key)
    end
    if category then
        return addCat(category, key)
    else
        return addCat('cat-unsorted-issue', key)
    end
end

-- 

function wd.isSpecial(snak)
	return (snak.snaktype ~= 'value')
end

function wd.getId(snak)
	if (snak.snaktype == 'value') then
		return 'Q' .. snak.datavalue.value['numeric-id']
	end
end

function wd.getNumericId(snak)
	if (snak.snaktype == 'value') then
		return snak.datavalue.value['numeric-id']
	end
end

function wd.getMainId(claim)
	return wd.getId(claim.mainsnak)
end

function wd.entityId(entity)
	if type(entity) == 'string' then
		return entity
	elseif type(entity) == 'table' then
		return entity.id
	end
end

function wd.getEntityIdForCurrentPage()
	return mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage()
end

-- function that returns true if the &quot;qid&quot; parameter is the qid 
-- of the item that is linked to the calling page
function wd.isPageOfQId(qid) 
	local self_id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() 
	return self_id ~= nil and qid == self_id 
end

function wd.getEntity( val ) 
	if type(val) == 'table' then
		return val
	end
	if val == '-' then
		return nil
	end
	if val == '' then
		val = nil
	end
	return mw.wikibase.getEntity(val)
end

function wd.splitStr(val) -- transforme en table les chaînes venant du Wikitexte qui utilisent des virgules de séparation
	if type(val) == 'string' then
		val = mw.text.split(val, &quot;,&quot;)
	end
	return val
end

function wd.isHere(searchset, val, matchfunction)
	for i, j in pairs(searchset) do
		if matchfunction then
			if matchfunction(val,j) then
				return true
			end
		else
			if val == j then
				return true
			end
		end
	end
	return false
end


local function wikidataLink(entity)
	local name =':d:'
	
	if type(entity) == 'string' then
		if entity:match(&quot;P[0-9]+&quot;) then
			entity = &quot;Property:&quot; .. entity
		end
		return name .. entity
	elseif type(entity) == 'table' then
		if entity[&quot;type&quot;] == &quot;property&quot; then
			name = &quot;:d:Property:&quot;
		end
		return name .. entity.id
	elseif type(entity) == nil then
		return formatError('entity-not-found')
	end
end

function wd.siteLink(entity, project, lang)
	-- returns 3 values: a sitelink (with the relevant prefix) a project name and a language
	lang = lang or defaultlang
	if (type(project) ~= 'string') then
		project = 'wiki'
	end
	project = project:lower()
	if project == 'wikipedia' then
		project = 'wiki'
	end
	if type(entity) == 'string' and (project == 'wiki') and ( (not lang or lang == defaultlang) ) then -- évite de charger l'élément entier
		local link = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(entity)
		if link then
			local test_redirect = mw.title.new(link) -- remplacement des redirections (retirer si trop coûteux)
			if test_redirect.isRedirect and test_redirect.redirectTarget then
				link = test_redirect.redirectTarget.fullText
			end
		end
		return  link, 'wiki', defaultlang
	end
	if project == 'wikidata' then
		return wikidataLink(entity), 'wikidata'
	end
	local projects = {
		-- nom = {préfixe sur Wikidata, préfix pour les liens sur Wikipédia, ajouter préfixe de langue}
		wiki = {'wiki', nil, true}, -- wikipedia
		commons = {'commonswiki', 'commons', false},
		commonswiki = {'commonswiki', 'commons', false},
		wikiquote = {'wikiquote', 'q', true},
		wikivoyage = {'wikivoyage', 'voy', true},
		wikibooks = {'wikibooks', 'b', true},
		wikinews = {'wikinews', 'n', true},
		wikiversity = {'wikiversity', 'v', true},
		wikisource = {'wikisource', 's', true},
		wiktionary = {'wiktionary', 'wikt', true},
		specieswiki = {'specieswiki', 'species', false},
		metawiki = {'metawiki', 'm', false},
		incubator = {'incubator', 'incubator', false},
		outreach = {'outreach', 'outreach', false},
		mediawiki = {'mediawiki', 'mw', false}
	}

	local entityid = entity.id or entity

	local projectdata = projects[project:lower()]
	if not projectdata then -- defaultlink might be in the form &quot;dewiki&quot; rather than &quot;project: 'wiki', lang: 'de' &quot;
		for k, v in pairs(projects) do
			if project:match( k .. '$' ) 
				and mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(project:sub(1, #project-#k))
			then
				lang = project:sub(1, #project-#k)
				project = project:sub(#lang + 1, #project)
				projectdata = projects[project]
				break
			end
		end
		if not mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(lang) then
			return --formatError('invalid-project-code', projet or 'nil')
		end
	end
	if not projectdata then
		return -- formatError('invalid-project-code', projet or 'nil')
	end
	
	local linkcode = projectdata[1]
	local prefix = projectdata[2]
	local multiversion = projectdata[3]
	if multiversion then
		linkcode = lang .. linkcode
	end
	local link = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(entityid, linkcode)
	if not link then
		return nil
	end
	
	if prefix then
		link = prefix .. ':' .. link
	end
	if multiversion then
		link = ':' .. lang .. ':' .. link
	end
	return link, project, lang
end

-- add new values to a list, avoiding duplicates
function wd.addNewValues(olditems, newitems, maxnum, stopval)
	if not newitems then
		return olditems
	end
	for _, qid in pairs(newitems) do
		if stopval and (qid == stopval) then
			table.insert(olditems, qid)
			return olditems
		end
		if maxnum and (#olditems &gt;= maxnum) then
			return olditems
		end
		if not wd.isHere(olditems, qid) then
			table.insert(olditems, qid)
		end
	end
	return olditems
end

--=== FILTER CLAIMS ACCORDING TO VARIOUS CRITERIA : FUNCTION GETCLAIMS et alii ===

local function notSpecial(claim)
	local type
	
	if claim.mainsnak ~= nil then
		type = claim.mainsnak.snaktype
	else
		-- condition respectée quand showonlyqualifier est un paramètre renseigné
		-- dans ce cas, claim n'est pas une déclaration entière, mais UNE snak qualifiée du main snak
		type = claim.snaktype
	end
	
	return type == 'value'
end

local function hasTargetValue(claim, targets) -- retourne true si la valeur est dans la liste des target, ou si c'est une valeur spéciale filtrée séparément par excludespecial
	local id = wd.getMainId(claim)
	local targets = wd.splitStr(targets)
	return wd.isHere(targets, id) or wd.isSpecial(claim.mainsnak)
end

local function excludeValues(claim, values) -- true si la valeur n'est pas dans la liste, ou si c'est une valeur spéciale (filtrée à part par excludespecial)
	return wd.isSpecial(claim.mainsnak) or not ( hasTargetValue(claim, values) )
end

local function hasTargetClass(claim, targets, maxdepth) -- retourne true si la valeur est une instance d'une classe dans la liste des target, ou si c'est une valeur spéciale filtrée séparément par excludespecial
	local id = wd.getMainId(claim)
	local targets = wd.splitStr(targets)
	local maxdepth = maxdepth or 10
	local matchfunction = function(value, target) return wd.isInstance(target, value, maxdepth) end
	return wd.isHere(targets, id, matchfunction) or wd.isSpecial(claim.mainsnak)
end

local function excludeClasses(claim, classes) -- true si la valeur n'est pas une instance d'une classe dans la liste, ou si c'est une valeur spéciale (filtrée à part par excludespecial)
	return wd.isSpecial(claim.mainsnak) or not ( hasTargetClass(claim, classes, maxdepth) )
end

local function hasTargetSuperclass(claim, targets, maxdepth) -- retourne true si la valeur est une sous-classe d'une classe dans la liste des target, ou si c'est une valeur spéciale filtrée séparément par excludespecial
	local id = wd.getMainId(claim)
	local targets = wd.splitStr(targets)
	local maxdepth = maxdepth or 10
	local matchfunction = function(value, target) return wd.isSubclass(target, value, maxdepth) end
	return wd.isHere(targets, id, matchfunction) or wd.isSpecial(claim.mainsnak)
end

local function excludeSuperclasses(claim, classes) -- true si la valeur n'est pas une sous-classe d'une classe dans la liste, ou si c'est une valeur spéciale (filtrée à part par excludespecial)
	return wd.isSpecial(claim.mainsnak) or not ( hasTargetSuperclass(claim, classes, maxdepth) )
end


local function bestRanked(claims)
	if not claims then
		return nil
	end
	local preferred, normal = {}, {}
	for i, j in pairs(claims) do
		if j.rank == 'preferred' then
			table.insert(preferred, j)
		elseif j.rank == 'normal' then
			table.insert(normal, j)
		end
	end
	if #preferred &gt; 0 then
		return preferred
	else
		return normal
	end
end

local function withRank(claims, target)
	if target == 'best' then
		return bestRanked(claims)
	end
	local newclaims = {}
	for pos, claim in pairs(claims)  do
		if target == 'valid' then
			if claim.rank ~= 'deprecated' then
				table.insert(newclaims, claim)
			end
		elseif claim.rank == target then
			table.insert(newclaims, claim)
		end
	end
	return newclaims
end

function wd.hasQualifier(claim, acceptedqualifs, acceptedvals, excludequalifiervalues)
	local claimqualifs = claim.qualifiers
	
	if (not claimqualifs) then
		return false
	end

	acceptedqualifs = wd.splitStr(acceptedqualifs)
	acceptedvals = wd.splitStr( acceptedvals)


	local function ok(qualif) -- vérification pour un qualificatif individuel
		if not claimqualifs[qualif] then
			return false
		end
		if not (acceptedvals) then  -- si aucune valeur spécifique n'est demandée, OK
			return true
		end
		for i, wanted in pairs(acceptedvals) do
			for j, actual in pairs(claimqualifs[qualif]) do
				if wd.getId(actual) == wanted then
					return true
				end
			end
		end
	end

	for i, qualif in pairs(acceptedqualifs) do
		if ok(qualif) then
			return true
		end
	end
	return false
end

function wd.hasQualifierNumber(claim, acceptedqualifs, acceptedvals, excludequalifiervalues)
	local claimqualifs = claim.qualifiers
	
	if (not claimqualifs) then
		return false
	end

	acceptedqualifs = wd.splitStr(acceptedqualifs)
	acceptedvals = wd.splitStr( acceptedvals)


	local function ok(qualif) -- vérification pour un qualificatif individuel
		if not claimqualifs[qualif] then
			return false
		end
		if not (acceptedvals) then  -- si aucune valeur spécifique n'est demandée, OK
			return true
		end
		for i, wanted in pairs(acceptedvals) do
			for j, actual in pairs(claimqualifs[qualif]) do
				if mw.wikibase.renderSnak(actual) == wanted then
					return true
				end
			end
		end
	end

	for i, qualif in pairs(acceptedqualifs) do
		if ok(qualif) then
			return true
		end
	end
	return false
end

local function hasSource(claim, targetsource, sourceproperty)
	sourceproperty = sourceproperty or 'P248'
	if targetsource == &quot;-&quot; then
		return true
	end
	if (not claim.references) then return
		false
	end
	local candidates = claim.references[1].snaks[sourceproperty] -- les snaks utilisant la propriété demandée
	if (not candidates) then
		return false
	end
	if (targetsource == &quot;any&quot;) then -- si n'importe quelle valeur est acceptée tant qu'elle utilise en ref la propriété demandée
		return true
	end
	targetsource = wd.splitStr(targetsource)
	for _, source in pairs(candidates) do
		local s = wd.getId(source)
		for i, target in pairs(targetsource) do
			if s == target then return true end
		end
	end
	return false
end

local function excludeQualifier(claim, qualifier, qualifiervalues)
	return not wd.hasQualifier(claim, qualifier, qualifiervalues)
end

function wd.hasDate(claim)
	if not claim then
		return false --error() ?
	end
	if wd.getDateFromQualif(claim, 'P585') or wd.getDateFromQualif(claim, 'P580') or wd.getDateFromQualif(claim, 'P582') then
		return true
	end
	return false
end

local function hasLink(claim, site, lang)
	if (claim.mainsnak.snaktype ~= 'value') then -- ne pas supprimer les valeurs spéciales, il y a une fonction dédiée pour ça
		return true
	end
	local id = wd.getMainId(claim)
	local link = wd.siteLink(id, site, lang)
	if link then
		return true
	end
end

local function isInLanguage(claim, lang) -- ne fonctionne que pour les monolingualtext / étendre aux autres types en utilisant les qualifiers ?
	if type(lang) == 'table' then -- si c'est une table de language séparées par des virgules, on les accepte toutes
		for i, l in pairs(lang) do
			local v = isInLanguage(claim, l)
			if v then
				return true
			end
		end
	end
	if type(lang) ~= ('string') then
		return --?
	end

	if (lang == '-') then
		return true
	end
	if (lang == 'locallang') then
		lang =  mw.getContentLanguage():getCode()
	end
	
	-- pour les monolingual text
	local snak = claim.mainsnak or claim
	if snak.snaktype == 'value' and snak.datavalue.type == 'monolingualtext' then
		if snak.datavalue.value.language == lang then
			return true
		end
		return false
	end

	-- pour les autres types de données : recherche dans les qualificatifs
	if (lang == 'ht') then
		lang = 'Q150'
	elseif (lang == 'en') then
		lang = 'Q1860'
	else
		lang = databases.invertedlangcodes[lang]
	end
	if claim.qualifiers and claim.qualifiers.P407 then
		if wd.hasQualifier(claim, {'P407'}, {lang}) then
			return true
		else
			return false
		end
	end

	return true -- si on ne ne sait pas la langue, on condière que c'est bon
end

local function firstVals(claims, numval) -- retourn les numval premières valeurs de la table claims
    local numval = tonumber(numval) or 0 -- raise a error if numval is not a positive integer ?
    if not claims then
    	return nil
    end
    while (#claims &gt; numval) do
    	table.remove(claims)
    end
    return claims
end

local function lastVals(claims, numval2) -- retourn les valeurs de la table claims à partir de numval2
    local numval2 = tonumber(numval2) or 0 -- raise a error if numval is not a positive integer ?
    if not claims then
    	return nil
    end
    for i=1,numval2 do
    	table.remove(claims, 1)
    end
    return claims
end

-- retourne les valeurs de la table claims à partir de removedupesdate,
-- sans les dates en doublons avec conversion entre les calendrier julien et grégorien,
-- ou uniquement en catégorisant si le paramètre removedupesdate est égale à 'cat'
local function removeDupesDate(claims, removedupesdate)
	if not claims or #claims &lt; 2 then
		return claims, ''
	end
	local cat = ''
	local newClaims = {}
	local newIsos = {}

	local function findIndex(searchset, val) -- similaire à wd.isHere mais retourne l'index de la valeur trouvée
		for i, j in pairs(searchset) do
			if val == j then
				return i
			end
		end
		return -1
	end

	for _, claim in ipairs( claims ) do
		local snak = claim.mainsnak or claim
		if (snak.snaktype == 'value') and (snak.datatype == 'time') and snak.datavalue.value.precision &gt;= 11 then -- s'il s'agit d'un time et que la précision est au moins l'année
			local iso = snak.datavalue.value.time
			_, _, iso = string.find(iso, &quot;(+%d+-%d+-%d+T)&quot;)
			local deleteIfDuplicate = false
			if snak.datavalue.value.calendarmodel == 'http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727' then -- si la date est grégorienne
				if modules.formatDate.before('+1582', iso) then -- si avant 1582 on calcule la date julienne
					_, _, y, m, d = string.find(iso, &quot;+(%d+)-(%d+)-(%d+)T&quot;)
					y, m , d = modules.datemodule.gregorianToJulian(y, m , d)
					if m &lt; 10 then m = '0' .. m end
					if d &lt; 10 then d = '0' .. d end
					iso = '+' .. y .. '-' .. m .. '-' .. d .. 'T'
					deleteIfDuplicate = true
				end
				local index = findIndex(newIsos, iso)
				if index &gt;= 0 then -- si la date est déjà présente
					cat = cat .. '[[Kategori:Atik avèk menm dat ki soti nan wikidata nan kòd infobox la]]'
					if removedupesdate == &quot;cat&quot; then -- ne faire que catégoriser
						table.insert(newIsos, iso)
						table.insert(newClaims, claim)
					elseif not deleteIfDuplicate then -- supprimer l'autre date si la date courante n'a pas été convertie
						newClaims[index] = claim
					end -- sinon supprimer la date courante
				else -- pas de doublon
					table.insert(newIsos, iso)
					table.insert(newClaims, claim)
				end
			elseif snak.datavalue.value.calendarmodel == 'http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985786' then -- si date julienne
				if not modules.formatDate.before('+1582', iso) then -- si après 1582 on calcule la date grégorienne
					_, _, y, m, d = string.find(iso, &quot;+(%d+)-(%d+)-(%d+)T&quot;)
					y, m , d = modules.datemodule.julianToGregorian(y, m , d)
					if m &lt; 10 then m = '0' .. m end
					if d &lt; 10 then d = '0' .. d end
					iso = '+' .. y .. '-' .. m .. '-' .. d .. 'T'
					deleteIfDuplicate = true
				end
				local index = findIndex(newIsos, iso)
				if index &gt;= 0 then -- si date déjà présente
					cat = cat .. '[[Kategori:Atik avèk menm dat ki soti nan wikidata nan kòd infobox la]]'
					if removedupesdate == &quot;cat&quot; then -- ne faire que catégoriser
						table.insert(newIsos, iso)
						table.insert(newClaims, claim)
					elseif not deleteIfDuplicate then -- supprimer l'autre date si la date courante n'a pas été convertie
						newClaims[index] = claim
					end -- sinon supprimer la date courante
				else -- pas de doublon
					table.insert(newIsos, iso)
					table.insert(newClaims, claim)
				end
			else -- autre calendrier
				table.insert(newIsos, iso)
				table.insert(newClaims, claim)
			end
		else -- précision insuffisante
			table.insert(newIsos, iso)
			table.insert(newClaims, claim)
		end
	end
	return newClaims, cat
end

local function timeFromQualifs(claim, qualifs)
	local claimqualifs = claim.qualifiers
	if not claimqualifs then
		return nil
	end
	for i, qualif in ipairs(qualifs or datequalifiers) do
		local vals = claimqualifs[qualif]
		if vals and (vals[1].snaktype == 'value') then
			return vals[1].datavalue.value.time, vals[1].datavalue.value.precision
		end
	end
end

local function atDate(claim, mydate) 
	if mydate == &quot;today&quot; then
		mydate = os.date(&quot;!%Y-%m-%dT%TZ&quot;)
	end
	-- determines required precision depending on the atdate format
	local d = mw.text.split(mydate, &quot;-&quot;)

	local myprecision
	if d[3] then
		myprecision =  11 -- day
	elseif d[2] then
		myprecision = 10 -- month
	else
		myprecision = 9 -- year
 	end

	-- with point in time
	local d, storedprecision = timeFromQualifs(claim, {'P585'})
	if d then
		return modules.formatDate.equal(mydate, d, math.min(myprecision, storedprecision))
	end
	-- with start or end date -- TODO: precision 
	local mindate = timeFromQualifs(claim, {'P580'}) 
	local maxdate = timeFromQualifs(claim, {'P582'})
	if modules.formatDate.before(mydate, mindate) and  modules.formatDate.before(maxdate, mydate) then
		return true
	end
	return false
end

local function check(claim, condition)
	if type(condition) == 'function' then -- cas standard
		return condition(claim)
	end
	return formatError('invalid type', 'function', type(condition)) 
end

local function minPrecision(claim, minprecision)
	local snak
	if claim.qualifiers then -- si une date est donnée en qualificatif, c'est elle qu'on utilise de préférence au mainsnak
		for i, j in ipairs(datequalifiers) do
			if claim.qualifiers[j] then
				snak = claim.qualifiers[j][1] 
				break
			end
		end
	end
	if not snak then
		snak = claim.mainsnak or claim
	end
	if (snak.snaktype == 'value') and (snak.datatype == 'time') and (snak.datavalue.value.precision &lt; minprecision) then
		return false
	end
	return true
end

function wd.sortClaims(claims, sorttype)
	if not claims then
		return nil
	end
	if wd.isHere({'chronological', 'order', 'inverted', 'age', 'ageinverted'}, sorttype) then
		return wd.chronoSort(claims, sorttype)
	elseif sorttype == 'ascending' then
		return wd.quantitySort(claims)
	elseif sorttype == 'descending' then
		return wd.quantitySort(claims, true)
	elseif type(sorttype) == 'function' then
		table.sort(claims, sorttype)
		return claims
	elseif type(sorttype) == 'string' and sorttype:sub(1, 1) == 'P' then
		return wd.numericPropertySort(claims, sorttype)
	end
	return claims
end

function wd.filterClaims(claims, args) --retire de la tables de claims celles qui sont éliminés par un des filters de la table des filters

	local function filter(condition, filterfunction, funargs)
		if not args[condition] then
			return
		end
		for i = #claims, 1, -1 do
			if not( filterfunction(claims[i], args[funargs[1]], args[funargs[2]], args[funargs[3]]) ) then
				table.remove(claims, i)
			end
		end
	end
	filter('isinlang', isInLanguage, {'isinlang'} )
	filter('excludespecial', notSpecial, {} )
	filter('condition', check, {'condition'} )
	if claims[1] and claims[1].mainsnak then
		filter('targetvalue', hasTargetValue, {'targetvalue'} )
		filter('targetclass', hasTargetClass, {'targetclass'} )
		filter('targetsuperclass', hasTargetSuperclass, {'targetsuperclass'} )
		filter('atdate', atDate, {'atdate'} )
		filter('qualifier', wd.hasQualifier, {'qualifier', 'qualifiervalue'} )
		filter('qualifiernumber', wd.hasQualifierNumber, {'qualifiernumber', 'qualifiernumbervalue'} )
		filter('excludequalifier', excludeQualifier, {'excludequalifier', 'excludequalifiervalue'} )
		filter('withsource', hasSource, {'withsource', 'sourceproperty'} )
		filter('withdate', wd.hasDate, {} )
		filter('excludevalues', excludeValues, {'excludevalues'})
		filter('excludeclasses', excludeClasses, {'excludeclasses'})
		filter('excludesuperclasses', excludeSuperclasses, {'excludesuperclasses'})
		filter('withlink', hasLink, {'withlink', 'linklang'} )
		filter('minprecision', minPrecision, {'minprecision'} )
		claims = withRank(claims, args.rank or 'best')
	end
	if #claims == 0 then
		return nil
	end
	if args.sorttype then
		claims = wd.sortClaims(claims, args.sorttype)
	end
	if args.numval2 then
		claims = lastVals(claims, args.numval2)
	end
	if args.numval then
		claims = firstVals(claims, args.numval)
	end
	return claims

end

function wd.loadEntity(entity, cache)
	if type(entity) ~= 'table' then
		if cache then
			if not cache[entity] then 
				cache[entity] = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entity)
				mw.log(&quot;cached&quot;)
     		end
			return cache[entity]
        else
			if entity == '' or (entity == '-') then
				entity = nil
			end
        	return mw.wikibase.getEntity(entity)
        end
    else 
    	return entity
    end
end


function wd.getClaims( args ) -- returns a table of the claims matching some conditions given in args
	if args.claims then -- if claims have already been set, return them
		return args.claims
	end
	local properties = args.property
	if type(properties) == 'string' then
		properties = wd.splitStr(string.upper(args.property))
	end
	if not properties then
		return formatError( 'property-param-not-provided' )
	end

	--Get entity
	local entity = args.entity
	if type(entity) == 'string' then
		if entity == '' then
			entity = nil
		end
	elseif type(entity) == 'table' then
		entity = entity.id
	end
        if (not entity) then
            entity = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage()
        end
	if (not entity) or (entity == '-') or (entity == wd.translate('somevalue')) or (entity == modules.linguistic.ucfirst(wd.translate('somevalue'))) then
		return nil
	end
	if args.labelformat and args.labelformat == 'gendered' then
		local longgender = {m = 'male', f = 'female'}
		args.labelformat = longgender[wd.getgender(entity)]
	end
	local claims = {}

	if #properties == 1 then
		claims = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(entity, properties[1]) -- do not use mw.wikibase.getBestStatements at this stage, as it may remove the best ranked values that match other criteria in the query
	else
		for i, prop in ipairs(properties) do
			local newclaims = mw.wikibase.getAllStatements(entity, prop) 
			if newclaims and #newclaims &gt; 0 then
				for j, claim in ipairs(newclaims) do
					table.insert(claims, claim)
				end
			end
		end
	end


	if (not claims) or (#claims == 0) then
		return nil
	end
	return wd.filterClaims(claims, args)
end

--=== ENTITY FORMATTING ===

function wd.getLabel(entity, lang1, lang2)
	
	if (not entity) then
		return nil -- ou option de gestion des erreurs ?
	end
	entity = entity.id or ( type(entity) == &quot;string&quot; and entity)
	if not(type(entity) == 'string') then return nil end
	
	lang1 = lang1 or defaultlang
	
	local str, lang --str : texte rendu, lang : langue de celui-ci
	if lang1 == defaultlang then -- le plus économique
		str, lang = mw.wikibase.getLabelWithLang(entity) -- le libellé peut être en français ou en anglais
	else
		str = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(entity, lang1)
		if str then lang = lang1 end
	end
	if str and (lang == lang1 or lang == &quot;mul&quot;) then --pas de catégorie &quot;à traduire&quot; si on a obtenu un texte dans la langue désirée (normalement fr) ou multilingue
		return str
	end
	if lang2 then -- langue secondaire, avec catégorie &quot;à traduire&quot;
		str2 = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(entity, lang2)
		if str2 then
			lang = lang2
			str = str2
		end
	end
	if not str then --si ni lang1, ni lang2 ni l'anglais ne sont présents,  parcours de la hiérarchie des langues
		for _, trylang in ipairs(databases.langhierarchy.codes) do
			str = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(entity, trylang)
			if str then
				lang = trylang
				break
			end
		end
	end
		
	if str then
		local translationCat = databases.i18n['to translate']
		translationCat = translationCat .. (databases.langhierarchy.cattext[lang] or '')
		translationCat = addCat(translationCat)
		return str, translationCat
	end
end

function wd.formatEntity( entity, params )

	if (not entity) then
		return nil --formatError('entity-not-found')
	end
	local id = entity
	if type(id) == 'table' then
		id = id.id
	end

	params = params or {}
	local lang = params.lang or defaultlang
	local speciallabels = params.speciallabels
	local displayformat = params.displayformat
	local labelformat = params.labelformat
	local labelformat2 = params.labelformat2
	local defaultlabel = params.defaultlabel or id
	local linktype = params.link
	local defaultlink = params.defaultlink
	local defaultlinkquery = params.defaultlinkquery

	if speciallabels and speciallabels[id] then --speciallabels override the standard label + link combination
		return speciallabels[id]
	end
	if params.displayformat == 'raw' then
		return id
	end
	if params.labelformat == 'male' then
		labelformat = function(objectid) return wd.genderedlabel(objectid, 'm') end
	end
	if params.labelformat == 'female' then
		labelformat = function(objectid) return wd.genderedlabel(objectid, 'f') end
	end

	local label, translationCat
	
	if type(labelformat) == 'function' then -- sert à des cas particuliers
		label, translationCat = labelformat(entity)
	end
	
	if not label then
		label, translationCat = wd.getLabel(entity, lang, params.wikidatalang)
	end

	if type(labelformat2) == 'function' and label then -- sert à des cas particuliers
		label = labelformat2(label)
	end
	
	translationCat = translationCat or &quot;&quot; -- sera toujours ajoutée au résultat mais sera vide si la catégorie de maintenance n'est pas nécessaire
	
	if not label then
		if (defaultlabel == '-') then 
			return nil
		end
		local link = wd.siteLink(id, 'wikidata')
		return '[[' .. link .. '|' .. id .. ']]' .. translationCat
-- si pas de libellé, on met un lien vers Wikidata pour qu'on comprenne à quoi ça fait référence
	end

	-- détermination du fait qu'on soit ou non en train de rendre l'élément sur la page de son article
	local rendering_entity_on_its_page = wd.isPageOfQId(id)
	
	if (linktype == '-') or rendering_entity_on_its_page then
		return label .. translationCat
	end

	local link = wd.siteLink(entity, linktype, lang)

	-- defaultlinkquery will try to link to another page on this Wiki
	if (not link) and defaultlinkquery then
		if type(defaultlinkquery) == 'string' then
				defaultlinkquery = {property = defaultlinkquery}
		end
		defaultlinkquery.excludespecial = true
		defaultlinkquery.entity = entity
		local claims = wd.getClaims(defaultlinkquery)
		if claims then
			for i, j in pairs(claims) do
				local id = wd.getMainId(j)
				link = wd.siteLink(id, linktype, lang)
				if link then
					break
				end
			end
		end
	end

	if link then
		if link:match('^Category:') or link:match('^Kategori:') then -- attention, le « é » est multibyte
			-- lier vers une catégorie au lieu de catégoriser
			link = ':' .. link
		end
		return '[[' .. link .. '|' .. label .. ']]' .. translationCat
	end

	-- if not link, you can use defaultlink: a sidelink to another Wikimedia project
	if (not defaultlink) then
		defaultlink = {'enwiki'}
	end
	if defaultlink and (defaultlink ~= '-') then
		local linktype
		local sidelink, site, langcode
	
		if type(defaultlink) == 'string' then
			defaultlink = {defaultlink}
		end
		for i, j in ipairs(defaultlink) do
			sidelink, site, langcode = wd.siteLink(entity, j, lang)
			if sidelink then
				break
			end
		end
		if not sidelink then
			sidelink, site = wd.siteLink(entity, 'wikidata')
		end
		
		local icon, class, title = site, nil, nil -- le texte affiché du lien
		if site == 'wiki' then
			icon, class, title = langcode, &quot;indicateur-langue&quot;, wd.translate('see-another-language', mw.language.fetchLanguageName(langcode, defaultlang))	
		elseif site == 'wikidata' then
			icon, class, title = 'd',  &quot;indicateur-langue&quot;, wd.translate('see-wikidata')		
		else
			title = wd.translate('see-another-project', site)
		end
		local val = '[[' .. sidelink .. '|' .. '&lt;span class = &quot;' .. (class or '').. '&quot; title = &quot;' .. (title or '') .. '&quot;&gt;' .. icon .. '&lt;/span&gt;]]'
		return label .. ' &lt;small&gt;(' .. val .. ')&lt;/small&gt;' .. translationCat
	end 
	return label .. translationCat
end


function wd.addTrackingCat(prop, cat) -- doit parfois être appelé par d'autres modules
	if type(prop) == 'table' then
		prop = prop[1] -- devrait logiquement toutes les ajouter
	end
	if not prop and not cat then
		return formatError(&quot;property-param-not-provided&quot;)
	end
	if not cat then
		cat = wd.translate('trackingcat', prop or 'P??')
	end
	return addCat(cat )
end

local function unknownValue(snak, label)
	local str = label

	if type(str) == &quot;function&quot; then
		str = str(snak)
	end

	if (not str) then
		if snak.datatype == 'time' then
			str = wd.translate('sometime')
		else
			str = wd.translate('somevalue')
		end
	end

	if type(str) ~= &quot;string&quot; then
		return formatError(snak.datatype)
	end
	return str
end

local function noValue(displayformat)
	if not displayformat then
		return wd.translate('novalue')
	end
	if type(displayformat) == 'string' then
		return displayformat
	end
	return formatError()
end

local function getLangCode(entityid)
	return databases.langcodes[tonumber(entityid:sub(2))]
end

local function showLang(statement) -- retourne le code langue entre parenthèses avant la valeur (par exemple pour les biblios et liens externes)
	local mainsnak = statement.mainsnak
	if mainsnak.snaktype ~= 'value' then
		return nil
	end
	local langlist = {}
	if mainsnak.datavalue.type == 'monolingualtext' then
		langlist = {mainsnak.datavalue.value.language}
	elseif (not statement.qualifiers) or (not statement.qualifiers.P407) then
		return
	else
		for i, j in pairs( statement.qualifiers.P407 ) do
			if  j.snaktype == 'value' then
				local langentity = wd.getId(j)
				local langcode =  getLangCode(langentity)
				table.insert(langlist, langcode)
			end
		end
	end
	if (#langlist &gt; 1) or (#langlist == 1 and langlist[1] ~= defaultlang) then -- si c'est en français, pas besoin de le dire
		langlist.maxLang = 3
		return modules.langmodule.indicationMultilingue(langlist)
	end
end


-- === DATE HANDLING ===

local function fuzzydate(str, precision) -- ajoute le qualificatif &quot;vers&quot; à une date
	if not str then
		return nil
	end
	if (precision &gt;= 11) or (precision == 7) or (precision == 6)  then --dates avec jour, siècles, millénaires
		return &quot;vers le &quot; .. str
	end
	if (precision == 8) then --décennies (&quot;années ...&quot;)
		return &quot;vers les &quot; .. str
	end
	return &quot;vers &quot; .. str
end

function wd.addStandardQualifs(str, statement, onlygeneral)
	-- qualificateurs de date ou de lieu approximatif ou d'info globalement incertaine ; onlygenereal=true pour rerstreindre à ces derniers
	if (not statement) or (not statement.qualifiers) then
		return str
	end
	if not str then
		return error()-- what's that ?
	end

	if statement.qualifiers.P1480 then
		for i, j in pairs(statement.qualifiers.P1480) do
			local v = wd.getId(j)
			if (v == &quot;Q21818619&quot;) and not onlygeneral then --&quot;à proximité de&quot;
				str = wd.translate('approximate-place', str)
			elseif (v == &quot;Q18122778&quot;) or (v == &quot;Q18912752&quot;) or (v == &quot;Q56644435&quot;) or (v == &quot;Q30230067&quot;) then --&quot;présumé&quot;, &quot;controversé&quot;, &quot;probablement&quot;, &quot;possible&quot;
				str = wd.translate('uncertain-information', str)
			elseif (v == &quot;Q5727902&quot;) and not onlygeneral and statement.mainsnak.datatype == 'time' then --date approximative
				local datevalue = statement.mainsnak.datavalue
				if datevalue then str = fuzzydate(str, datevalue.value.precision) end
			end			
		end
	end
	return str
end

function wd.getDateFromQualif(statement, qualif)
	if (not statement) or (not statement.qualifiers) or not (statement.qualifiers[qualif]) then
		return nil
	end
	local v = statement.qualifiers[qualif][1]
	if v.snaktype ~= 'value' then -- que faire dans ce cas ?
		return nil
	end
	return modules.formatDate.dateObject(v.datavalue.value)
end

function wd.getDate(statement)
	local period = wd.getDateFromQualif(statement, 'P585') -- retourne un dateobject
	if period then
		return period
	end
	local begin, ending = wd.getDateFromQualif(statement, 'P580'),  wd.getDateFromQualif(statement, 'P582')
	if begin or ending then
		return modules.formatDate.rangeObject(begin, ending) -- retourne un rangeobject fait de deux dateobject
	end
	return nil
end

function wd.getFormattedDate(statement, params)
	if not statement then
		return nil
	end
	local str

	--cherche la date avec les qualifs P580/P582
	local datetable = wd.getDate(statement)
	if datetable then
		str = modules.formatDate.objectToText(datetable, params)
	end
	
	-- puis limite intérieur / supérieur
	if not str then
		local start, ending = wd.getDateFromQualif(statement, 'P1319'), wd.getDateFromQualif(statement, 'P1326')
		str = modules.formatDate.between(start, ending, params)
	end
	
	local fromqualif = false
	if str then fromqualif = true end --si la date est tirée des qualificateurs, on n'y ajoute pas l'éventuel &quot;vers ...&quot;

	 -- sinon, le mainsnak, pour les données de type time
	if (not str) and (statement.mainsnak.datatype == 'time') then
		local mainsnak = statement.mainsnak
		if (mainsnak.snaktype == 'value') or (mainsnak.snaktype == 'somevalue') then
			str = wd.formatSnak(mainsnak, params)
		end
	end
	
	if str and params and (params.addstandardqualifs ~= '-') then
		str = wd.addStandardQualifs(str, statement, fromqualif)
	end

	return str
end

wd.compare.by_quantity = function(c1, c2)
	local v1 = wd.getDataValue(c1.mainsnak)
	local v2 = wd.getDataValue(c2.mainsnak) 
	if not (v1 and v2) then
			return true
	end
	return v1 &lt; v2
end

--[[ tri chronologique générique : 
             retourne une fonction de tri de liste de déclaration
             en fonction d’une fonction qui calcule la clé de tri
             et d’une fonction qui compare les clés de tri
   
   paramètres nommés: (appel type wikidata.compare.chrono_key_sort{sortKey=&quot;nom clé&quot;})
        sortKey (optionnel)   : chaine, le nom de la clé utilisée pour un tri 
                                (pour éviter de rentrer en collision avec &quot;dateSortKey&quot; 
                                utilisé par chronoSort au besoin)
        snak_key_get_function : fonction qui calcule la valeur de la clé à partir d’un snak ou d’une déclaration,
        (obligatoire)           le résultat n’est calculé qu’une fois et est stocké en cache dans claim[sortKey]
        key_compare_function  : fonction de comparaison des clés calculées par snak_key_get_function
        (optionnel)
--]]    

function wd.chrono_key_sort(arg)
	
	local snak_key_get_function = arg.snak_key_get_function
	local sortKey = arg.sortKey or &quot;dateSortKey&quot;
	local key_compare_function = arg.key_compare_function or 
									function(c1, c2) return c1 &lt; c2 end
	return function(claims)
		for _, claim in ipairs( claims ) do
			if not claim[sortKey] then
				local key = snak_key_get_function(claim)
				if key then
					claim[sortKey] = wd.compare.get_claim_date(key)
				else
					claim[sortKey] = 0
				end
			end
		end
		table.sort(
			claims,
			function(c1, c2)
				return key_compare_function(c1[sortKey], c2[sortKey])
			end
		)
		return claims
	end
end


function wd.quantitySort(claims, inverted)
	local function sort(c1, c2)
		local v1 = wd.getDataValue(c1.mainsnak)
		local v2 = wd.getDataValue(c2.mainsnak) 
		if not (v1 and v2) then
				return true
		end
		if inverted then
			return v2 &lt; v1
		end
		return v1 &lt; v2
	end
	table.sort(claims, sort )
	return claims
end

function wd.compare.get_claim_date(claim, datetype) -- rend une date au format numérique pour faire des comparaisons
	local snak = claim.mainsnak or claim
	
	if datetype and datetype == 'personbirthdate' then -- fonctionne avec un claim dont la valeur est une personne dont on va rendre la date de naissance
		if (snak.snaktype == 'value') and (snak.datatype == 'wikibase-item') then
			local personid = wd.getId(snak)
			local birthclaims = wd.getClaims({ entity = personid, property = 'P569', numval = 1})
			if birthclaims then
				return wd.compare.get_claim_date(birthclaims[1] or birthclaims)
			else return math.huge end
		else return math.huge end -- en cas de donnée manquante, valeur infinie qui entraîne le classement en fin de liste
	end
	
	local iso, datequalif, isonumber
	if (snak.snaktype == 'value') and (snak.datatype == 'time') then
		iso = snak.datavalue.value.time
	else
		for i, dqualif in ipairs(datequalifiers) do
			iso = timeFromQualifs(claim, {dqualif})
			if iso then
				datequalif = dqualif
				break
			end
		end
		if not iso then return math.huge end
	end
	-- transformation en nombre (indication de la base car gsub retourne deux valeurs)
	isonumber = tonumber( iso:gsub( '(%d)%D', '%1' ), 10 )
	
	-- ajustement de la date tenant compte du qualificatif dont elle est issue : un fait se terminant à une date est antérieur à un autre commençant à cette date
	if datequalif == 'P582' then --date de fin
		isonumber = isonumber - 2
	elseif datequalif == 'P1326' then -- date au plus tard
		isonumber = isonumber - 1
	elseif datequalif == 'P1319' then -- date au plus tôt
		isonumber = isonumber + 1
	elseif datequalif == 'P571' or datequalif == 'P580' then -- date de début et date de création
		isonumber = isonumber + 2
	end

	return isonumber
end

function wd.compare.chronoCompare(c1, c2)
	return wd.compare.get_claim_date(c1) &lt; wd.compare.get_claim_date(c2)
end

-- fonction pour renverser l’ordre d’une autre fonction
function wd.compare.rev(comp_criteria)
	return function(c1, c2)
		-- attention les tris en lua attendent des fonctions de comparaison strictement inférieur, on doit
		-- vérifier la non égalité quand on inverse l’ordre d’un critère, d’ou &quot;and comp_criteria(c2,c1)&quot;
		return not(comp_criteria(c1,c2)) and comp_criteria(c2,c1)
	end
end

-- Fonction qui trie des Claims de type time selon l'ordre chronologique
-- Une clé de tri nomée « dateSortKey » est ajouté à chaque claim.
-- Si des clés de tri de ce nom existent déjà, elles sont utilisées sans modification.

function wd.chronoSort( claims, sorttype )
	for _, claim in ipairs( claims ) do
		if not claim.dateSortKey then
			if sorttype and (sorttype == 'age' or sorttype == 'ageinverted') then
				claim.dateSortKey = wd.compare.get_claim_date(claim, 'personbirthdate')
			else
				claim.dateSortKey = wd.compare.get_claim_date(claim)
			end
			if sorttype and (sorttype == 'inverted' or sorttype == 'ageinverted') and claim.dateSortKey == math.huge then
				claim.dateSortKey = -math.huge -- quand la donnée est manquante on lui assigne la valeur qui entraîne le classement en fin de liste
			end
		end
	end
	table.sort( 
		claims,
		function ( c1, c2 )
			if sorttype and (sorttype == 'inverted' or sorttype == 'ageinverted') then
				return c2.dateSortKey &lt; c1.dateSortKey
			end
			return c1.dateSortKey &lt; c2.dateSortKey
		end
	)
	return claims
end

local function get_numeric_claim_value(claim, propertySort)
	local val
	local claimqualifs = claim.qualifiers
	if claimqualifs then
		local vals = claimqualifs[propertySort]
		if vals and vals[1].snaktype == 'value' then
			val = vals[1].datavalue.value
		end
	end
	return tonumber(val or 0)
end

function wd.compare.numeric(propertySort)
	return function(c1, c2)
		return get_numeric_claim_value(c1, propertySort) &lt; get_numeric_claim_value(c2, propertySort)
	end
end

-- Fonction qui trie des Claims de type value selon l'ordre de la propriété fournit
-- Une clé de tri nomée « dateSortKey » est ajouté à chaque claim.
-- Si des clés de tri de ce nom existent déjà, elles sont utilisées sans modification.

function wd.numericPropertySort( claims, propertySort )
	for _, claim in ipairs( claims ) do
		if not claim.dateSortKey then
			local val = get_numeric_claim_value(claim, propertySort)
			claim.dateSortKey = tonumber(val or 0)
		end
	end
	table.sort(
		claims,
		function ( c1, c2 )
			return c1.dateSortKey &lt; c2.dateSortKey
		end
	)
	return claims
end

--[[
test possible en console pour la fonction précédente : 
= p.formatStatements{entity = &quot;Q375946&quot;, property = 'P50', sorttype = 'P1545', linkback = &quot;true&quot;}
--]]

-- ===================
function wd.getReferences(statement)
	local refdata = statement.references
	if not refdata then
		return nil
	end

	local refs = {}
	local hashes = {}
	for i, ref in pairs(refdata) do
		local s
		local function hasValue(prop) -- checks that the prop is here with valid value
			if ref.snaks[prop] and ref.snaks[prop][1].snaktype == 'value' then
				return true
			end
			return false
		end		

		if ref.snaks.P248 then -- cas lorsque P248 (affirmé dans) est utilisé 
			for j, source in pairs(ref.snaks.P248) do
				if source.snaktype == 'value' then
					local page, accessdate, quotation
					if hasValue('P304') then -- page 
						page = wd.formatSnak(ref.snaks.P304[1])
					end
					if hasValue('P813') then -- date de consultation
						accessdate = wd.formatSnak(ref.snaks.P813[1])
					end
					if hasValue('P1683') then -- citation
						quotation = wd.formatSnak(ref.snaks.P1683[1])
					end
					local sourceId = wd.getId(source)
					s = modules.reference.citeitem(sourceId, {['page'] = page, ['accessdate'] = accessdate, ['citation'] = quotation})
					table.insert(refs, s)
					table.insert(hashes, ref.hash .. sourceId)
				end
			end
	
		elseif hasValue('P8091') or hasValue('P854') then -- cas lorsque P8091 (Archival Resource Key) ou P854 (URL de la référence)est utilisé
			local arkKey, url, title, author, publisher, accessdate, publishdate, publishlang, quotation, description

			if hasValue('P8091') then
				arkKey = wd.formatSnak(ref.snaks.P8091[1], {text = &quot;-&quot;})
				url = 'https://n2t.net/' .. arkKey
				if hasValue('P1476') then
					title = wd.formatSnak(ref.snaks.P1476[1])
				else
					title = arkKey
				end
			elseif hasValue('P854') then
				url = wd.formatSnak(ref.snaks.P854[1], {text = &quot;-&quot;})
				if hasValue('P1476') then
					title = wd.formatSnak(ref.snaks.P1476[1])
				else
					title = mw.ustring.gsub(url, '^[Hh][Tt][Tt][Pp]([Ss]?):(/?)([^/])', 'http%1://%3')
				end
			end

			--todo : handle multiple values for author, etc.
			if hasValue('P1810') then -- sous le nom
				description = 'sous le nom ' .. wd.formatSnak(ref.snaks.P1810[1])
			end
			if hasValue('P813') then -- date de consultation
				accessdate = wd.formatSnak(ref.snaks.P813[1])
			end
			if hasValue('P50') then  -- author (item type)
				author = wd.formatSnak(ref.snaks.P50[1])
			elseif hasValue('P2093') then -- author (string type)
				author = wd.formatSnak(ref.snaks.P2093[1])
			end
			if hasValue('P123') then -- éditeur
				publisher = wd.formatSnak(ref.snaks.P123[1])
			end
			if hasValue('P1683') then -- citation
				quotation = wd.formatSnak(ref.snaks.P1683[1])
			end
			if hasValue('P577') then -- date de publication
				publishdate = wd.formatSnak(ref.snaks.P577[1])
			end 
			if hasValue('P407') then -- langue de l'œuvre
				local id = wd.getId(ref.snaks.P407[1])
				publishlang = getLangCode(id)
			end
			s = modules.cite.lienWeb{titre = title, url = url, auteur = author, editeur = publisher, langue = publishlang, ['en ligne le'] = publishdate, ['consulté le'] = accessdate, ['citation'] = quotation, ['description'] = description}
			table.insert(hashes, ref.hash)
			table.insert(refs, s)

		elseif ref.snaks.P854 and ref.snaks.P854[1].snaktype == 'value' then
			s = wd.formatSnak(ref.snaks.P854[1], {text = &quot;-&quot;})
			table.insert(hashes, ref.snaks.P854[1].hash)
			table.insert(refs, s)
		end
	end
	if #refs &gt; 0 then
		if #hashes == #refs then
			return refs, hashes
		end
		return refs
	end
end

function wd.sourceStr(sources, hashes)
	if not sources or (#sources == 0) then
		return nil
	end
	local useHashes = hashes and #hashes == #sources
	for i, j in ipairs(sources) do
		local refArgs = {name = 'ref', content = j}
		if useHashes and hashes[i] ~= '-' then
			refArgs.args = {name = 'wikidata-' .. hashes[i]}
		end
		sources[i] = mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag(refArgs)
	end
	return table.concat(sources, '&lt;sup class=&quot;reference cite_virgule&quot;&gt;,&lt;/sup&gt;')
end

function wd.getDataValue(snak, params)
	if not params then
		params = {}
	end
	local speciallabels = params.speciallabels -- parfois on a besoin de faire une liste d'éléments pour lequel le libellé doit être changé, pas très pratique d'utiliser une fonction pour ça

	if snak.snaktype ~= 'value' then
		return nil
	end

	local datatype = snak.datatype
	local value = snak.datavalue.value
	
	local displayformat = params.displayformat
	if type(displayformat) == 'function' then
		return displayformat(snak, params)
	end

	if datatype == 'wikibase-item' then
		return wd.formatEntity(wd.getId(snak), params)
	end

	if datatype == 'url' then
		if params.displayformat == 'raw' then
			return value
		else
			return modules.weblink.makelink(value, params.text)
		end
	end

	if datatype == 'math' then
		return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag( &quot;math&quot;, value)
	end

	if datatype == 'tabular-data' then
		return mw.ustring.sub(value, 6, 100)  -- returns the name of the file, without the &quot;Data:&quot; prefix
	end

	if (datatype == 'string') or (datatype == 'external-id') or (datatype == 'commonsMedia') then -- toutes les données de type string sauf &quot;math&quot;
		if params.urlpattern then
			local urlpattern = params.urlpattern
			if type(urlpattern) == 'function' then
				urlpattern = urlpattern(value)
			end
			-- encodage de l'identifiant qui se retrouve dans le path de l'URL, à l'exception des slashes parfois rencontrés, qui sont des séparateurs à ne pas encoder
			local encodedValue = mw.uri.encode(value, 'PATH'):gsub('%%2F', '/')
			-- les parenthèses autour du encodedValue:gsub() sont nécessaires, sinon sa 2e valeur de retour est aussi passée en argument au mw.ustring.gsub() parent
			local url = mw.ustring.gsub(urlpattern, '$1', (encodedValue:gsub('%%', '%%%%')))
			value = '[' .. url .. ' ' .. (params.text or value) .. ']'
		end
		return value
	end
	
	if datatype == 'time' then -- format example: +00000001809-02-12T00:00:00Z
		if displayformat == 'raw' then
			return value.time
		else
			local dateobject = modules.formatDate.dateObject(value, {precision = params.precision})
			return modules.formatDate.objectToText(dateobject, params)
		end
	end

	if datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
		-- retourne une table avec clés latitude, longitude, précision et globe à formater par un autre module (à changer ?)
		if displayformat == 'latitude' then
			return value.latitude
		elseif displayformat == 'longitude' then
			return value.longitude
		else
			local coordvalue = mw.clone( value )
			coordvalue.globe = databases.globes[value.globe] -- transforme l'ID du globe en nom anglais utilisable par geohack
			return coordvalue -- note : les coordonnées Wikidata peuvent être utilisée depuis Module:Coordinates. Faut-il aussi autoriser à appeler Module:Coordiantes ici ?
		end
	end

	if datatype == 'quantity' then -- todo : gérer les paramètres précision
		local amount, unit = value.amount, value.unit

		if unit then
			unit = unit:match('Q%d+')
		end
		
		if not unit then
			unit = 'dimensionless'
		end
		
		local raw	
		if displayformat == &quot;raw&quot; then
			raw = true
		end
		return modules.formatNum.displayvalue(amount, unit,
			{targetunit = params.targetunit, raw = raw, rounding = params.rounding, showunit = params.showunit or 'short', showlink = params.showlink}
		)
	end
	if datatype == 'monolingualtext' then
		if value.language == defaultlang then
			return value.text
		else
			return modules.langmodule.langue({value.language, value.text, nocat=true})
		end
	end	
	return formatError('unknown-datavalue-type' )

end

function wd.stringTable(args) -- like getClaims, but get a list of string rather than a list of snaks, for easier manipulation
	local claims = args.claims
	local cat = ''

	if not claims then
		claims = wd.getClaims(args)
	end
	if not claims or claims == {} then
		return {}, {}, cat
	end
	if args.removedupesdate and (args.removedupesdate ~= '-') then
		claims, cat = removeDupesDate(claims, args.removedupesdate)
	end
	local props = {} -- liste des propriétés associété à chaque string pour catégorisation et linkback
	for i, j in pairs(claims) do
		claims[i] = wd.formatStatement(j, args)
		table.insert(props, j.mainsnak.property)
	end
	if args.removedupes and (args.removedupes ~= '-') then
		claims = wd.addNewValues({}, claims) -- devrait aussi supprimer de props celles qui ne sont pas utilisées
	end
	return claims, props, cat
end

function wd.getQualifiers(statement, qualifs, params)
	if not statement.qualifiers then
		return nil
	end
	local vals = {}
	if type(qualifs) == 'string' then
		qualifs = wd.splitStr(qualifs)
	end
	for i, j in pairs(qualifs) do
		if statement.qualifiers[j] then
			for k, l in pairs(statement.qualifiers[j]) do
				table.insert(vals, l)
			end
		end
	end
	if #vals == 0 then
		return nil
	end
	return vals
end

function wd.getFormattedQualifiers(statement, qualifs, params)
	if not params then params = {} end
	local qualiftable = wd.getQualifiers(statement, qualifs)
	if not qualiftable then
		return nil
	end
	qualiftable = wd.filterClaims(qualiftable, params) or {}
	for i, j in pairs(qualiftable) do
		qualiftable[i] = wd.formatSnak(j, params)
	end
	return modules.linguistic.conj(qualiftable, params.conjtype)
end

function wd.showQualifiers(str, statement, args)
	local qualifs =  args.showqualifiers
	if not qualifs then
		return str -- or error ?
	end
	if type(qualifs) == 'string' then
			qualifs = wd.splitStr(qualifs)
	end
	local qualifargs = args.qualifargs or {}
	-- formatage des qualificatifs = args commençant par &quot;qualif&quot;, ou à défaut, les mêmes que pour la valeur principale
	qualifargs.displayformat = args.qualifdisplayformat or args.displayformat
	qualifargs.labelformat = args.qualiflabelformat or args.labelformat
	qualifargs.labelformat2 = args.qualiflabelformat2 or args.labelformat2
	qualifargs.link = args.qualiflink or args.link
	qualifargs.linktopic = args.qualiflinktopic or args.linktopic
	qualifargs.conjtype = args.qualifconjtype
	qualifargs.precision = args.qualifprecision
	qualifargs.targetunit = args.qualiftargetunit
	qualifargs.defaultlink = args.qualifdefaultlink or args.defaultlink
	qualifargs.defaultlinkquery = args.qualifdefaultlinkquery or args.defaultlinkquery
	
	local formattedqualifs
	if args.qualifformat and type (args.qualifformat) == 'function' then
		formattedqualifs = args.qualifformat(statement, qualifs, qualifargs)
	else		
		formattedqualifs = wd.getFormattedQualifiers(statement, qualifs, qualifargs)
	end
	if formattedqualifs and formattedqualifs ~= &quot;&quot; then
		str = str .. &quot; (&quot; .. formattedqualifs .. &quot;)&quot;
	end
	return str
end


function wd.formatSnak( snak, params )
	if not params then params = {} end -- pour faciliter l'appel depuis d'autres modules
	if snak.snaktype == 'somevalue' then
		return unknownValue(snak, params.unknownlabel)
	elseif snak.snaktype == 'novalue' then
		return noValue(params.novaluelabel)
	elseif snak.snaktype == 'value' then
		return wd.getDataValue( snak, params)
	else
		return formatError( 'unknown-snak-type' )
	end
end

function wd.formatStatement( statement, args ) -- FONCTION A REORGANISER (pas très lisible)
	if not args then
		args = {}
	end
	if not statement.type or statement.type ~= 'statement' then
		return formatError( 'unknown-claim-type' )
	end
	local prop = statement.mainsnak.property

	local str

	-- special displayformat f
	if args.statementformat and (type(args.statementformat) == 'function') then
		str = args.statementformat(statement, args)
	elseif (statement.mainsnak.datatype == 'time') and (statement.mainsnak.dateformat ~= '-') then
		if args.displayformat == 'raw' and statement.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
			str = statement.mainsnak.datavalue.value.time
		else
			str = wd.getFormattedDate(statement, args)
		end
	elseif args.showonlyqualifier and (args.showonlyqualifier ~= '') then
		str = wd.getFormattedQualifiers(statement, args.showonlyqualifier, args)
		if not str then
			return nil
		end
		if args.addstandardqualifs ~= '-' then
			str = wd.addStandardQualifs(str, statement, true)
		end
	else
		str = wd.formatSnak( statement.mainsnak, args )
		if (args.addstandardqualifs ~= '-') and (args.displayformat ~= 'raw') then
			str = wd.addStandardQualifs(str, statement)
		end
	end

	-- ajouts divers
	if args.showlang == true then
		local indicateur = showLang(statement)
		if indicateur then
			str = indicateur .. '&amp;nbsp;' .. str	
		end
	end
	if args.showqualifiers then
		str = wd.showQualifiers(str, statement, args)
	end

	if args.showdate then -- when &quot;showdate and chronosort are both set, date retrieval is performed twice
		local period = wd.getFormattedDate(statement, args, &quot;-&quot;) -- 3 arguments indicate the we should not use additional qualifiers, already added by wd.formatStatement
		if period then
			str = str .. &quot; &lt;small&gt;(&quot; .. period .. &quot;)&lt;/small&gt;&quot;
		end
	end

	if args.showsource and args.showsource ~= '-' and args.showsource ~= &quot;false&quot; then
		if args.showsource == &quot;only&quot; then str=&quot;&quot; end -- si showsource=&quot;only&quot;, alors ne montrer que la (les) source(s), 
		                                             -- sans la valeur qui, auparavant, était enregistrée dans str
		                                             -- Utilisé par le modèle {{PH census}}
		local sources, hashes = wd.getReferences(statement)
		if sources then
			local source = wd.sourceStr(sources, hashes)
			if source then
				str = str .. source
			end
		end
	end

	return str
end

function wd.addLinkBack(str, id, property)
	if not id or id == '' then
		id = wd.getEntityIdForCurrentPage()
	end
	if not id then
		return str
	end
	if type(property) == 'table' then
		property = property[1]
	end
	
	id = mw.text.trim(wd.entityId(id))

	local class = ''
	if property then
		class = 'wd_' .. string.lower(property)
	end
	local icon = '[[File:Blue pencil.svg|%s|10px|baseline|class=noviewer|link=%s]]'
	local title = wd.translate('see-wikidata-value')
	local url = mw.uri.fullUrl('d:' .. id, 'uselang=ht')
	url.fragment = property -- ajoute une #ancre si paramètre &quot;property&quot; défini
	url = tostring(url)
	local v = mw.html.create('span')
		:addClass(class)
		:wikitext(str)
		:tag('span')
			:addClass('noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert')
			:wikitext(icon:format(title, url))
		:allDone()
	return tostring(v)
end

function wd.addRefAnchor(str, id)
--[[
	Insère une ancre pour une référence générée à partir d'un élément wd.
	L'id Wikidata sert d'identifiant à l'ancre, à utiliser dans les modèles type &quot;harvsp&quot;
--]]
	return tostring(
		mw.html.create('span')
			:attr('id', id)
			:attr('class', &quot;ouvrage&quot;)
			:wikitext(str)
	)
end

--=== FUNCTIONS USING AN ENTITY AS ARGUMENT ===
local function formatStatementsGrouped(args, type)
	-- regroupe les affirmations ayant la même valeur en mainsnak, mais des qualificatifs différents
	-- (seulement pour les propriétés de type élément)

	local claims = wd.getClaims(args)
	if not claims then
		return nil
	end
	local groupedClaims = {}

	-- regroupe les affirmations par valeur de mainsnak
	local function addClaim(claim)
		local id = wd.getMainId(claim)
		for i, j in pairs(groupedClaims) do 
			if (j.id == id) then
				table.insert(groupedClaims[i].claims, claim)
				return
			end
		end
		table.insert(groupedClaims, {id = id, claims = {claim}})
	end
	for i, claim in pairs(claims) do	
		addClaim(claim)
	end

	local stringTable = {}

	-- instructions ad hoc pour les paramètres concernant la mise en forme d'une déclaration individuelle
	local funs = {
		{param = &quot;showqualifiers&quot;, fun = function(str, claims)
			local qualifs = {}
			for i, claim in pairs(claims) do
				local news = wd.getFormattedQualifiers(claim, args.showqualifiers, args)
				if news then
					table.insert(qualifs, news)
				end
			end
			local qualifstr = modules.linguistic.conj(qualifs, wd.translate(&quot;qualif-separator&quot;))
			if qualifstr and qualifstr ~= &quot;&quot; then
				str = str .. &quot; (&quot; .. qualifstr .. &quot;)&quot;
			end
			return str
			end
		},
		{param = &quot;showdate&quot;, fun = function(str, claims)
			-- toutes les dates sont regroupées à l'intérieur des mêmes parenthèses ex &quot;médaille d'or (1922, 1924)&quot;
			local dates = {}
			for i, statement in pairs(claims) do
				local s = wd.getFormattedDate(statement, args, true)
				if statement then table.insert(dates, s) end
			end
			local datestr = modules.linguistic.conj(dates)
			if datestr and datestr ~= &quot;&quot; then
				str = str .. &quot; &lt;small&gt;(&quot; .. datestr .. &quot;)&lt;/small&gt;&quot;
			end
			return str
			end
		},
		{param = &quot;showsource&quot;, fun = function(str, claims)
			-- les sources sont toutes affichées au même endroit, à la fin
			-- si deux affirmations ont la même source, on ne l'affiche qu'une fois
			local sources = {}
			local hashes = {}
		
			local function dupeRef(old, new)
				for i, j in pairs(old) do
					if j == new then
						return true
					end
				end
			end
			for i, claim in pairs(claims) do
				local refs, refHashes = wd.getReferences(claim)
				if refs then
					for i, j in pairs(refs) do
						if not dupeRef(sources, j) then
							table.insert(sources, j)
							local hash = (refHashes and refHashes[i]) or '-'
							table.insert(hashes, hash)
						end
					end
				end
			end
			return str .. (wd.sourceStr(sources, hashes) or &quot;&quot;)
			end
		}
	}

	for i, group in pairs(groupedClaims) do -- bricolage pour utiliser les arguments de formatStatements
		local str = wd.formatEntity(group.id, args)
		if not str then
			str = '???' -- pour éviter erreur Lua si formatEntity a retourné nil
		end
		for i, fun in pairs(funs) do
			if args[fun.param] then
				str = fun.fun(str, group.claims, args)
			end
		end
		table.insert(stringTable, str)
	end
				
	args.valuetable = stringTable
	return wd.formatStatements(args)
end


function wd.formatStatements( args )--Format statement and concat them cleanly

	if args.value == '-' then
		return nil
	end

	-- If a value is already set: use it, except if it's the special value {{WD}} (use wikidata)
	if args.value and args.value ~= '' then
		local valueexpl = wd.translate(&quot;activate-query&quot;)
		if args.value ~= valueexpl then
			return args.value
		end
	-- There is no value set, and args.expl disables wikidata on empty values
	elseif args.expl then
		return nil
	end

	if args.grouped and args.grouped ~= '' then
		args.grouped = false
		return formatStatementsGrouped(args)
	end
	local valuetable = args.valuetable -- dans le cas où les valeurs sont déjà formatées
	local props -- les propriétés réellement utilisées (dans certains cas, ce ne sont pas toutes celles de args.property
	local cat = ''
	if not valuetable then -- cas le plus courant
		valuetable, props, cat = wd.stringTable(args)
	end
	
	if args.ucfirst == '-' and args.conjtype == 'new line' then args.conjtype = 'lowercase new line' end
	local str = modules.linguistic.conj(valuetable, args.conjtype)
	if not str then
		return args.default
	end
	if not props then
		props = wd.splitStr(args.property)[1]
	end
	if args.ucfirst ~= '-' then
		str = modules.linguistic.ucfirst(str)
	end

	if args.addcat and (args.addcat ~= '-') then
		str = str .. wd.addTrackingCat(props) .. cat
	end
	if args.linkback and (args.linkback ~= '-') then
		str = wd.addLinkBack(str, args.entity, props)
	end
	if args.returnnumberofvalues then
		return str, #valuetable
	end
	return str
end

function wd.formatAndCat(args)
	if not args then
		return nil
	end
	args.linkback = args.linkback or true
	args.addcat = true
	if args.value then -- do not ignore linkback and addcat, as formatStatements do
		if args.value == '-' then
			return nil
		end
		local val = args.value .. wd.addTrackingCat(args.property)
		val = wd.addLinkBack(val, args.entity, args.property)
		return val
	end 
	return wd.formatStatements( args )
end

function wd.getTheDate(args)
	local claims = wd.getClaims(args)
	if not claims then
		return nil
	end
	local formattedvalues = {}
	for i, j in pairs(claims) do
		local v = wd.getFormattedDate(j, args)
		if v then
			table.insert(formattedvalues, v )
		end
	end
	local val = modules.linguistic.conj(formattedvalues)
	if not val then
		return nil
	end
	if args.addcat == true then
		val = val .. wd.addTrackingCat(args.property)
	end
	val = wd.addLinkBack(val, args.entity, args.property)
	return val
end


function wd.keyDate (event, item, params)
	params = params or {}
	params.entity = item
	if type(event) == 'table' then
		for i, j in pairs(event) do
			params.targetvalue = nil -- réinitialisation barbare des paramètres modifiés
			local s = wd.keyDate(j, item, params)
			if s then
				return s
			end
		end
	elseif type(event) ~= 'string' then
		 return formatError('invalid-datatype', type(event), 'string')
	elseif string.sub(event, 1, 1) == 'Q' then -- on demande un élément utilisé dans P:P793 (événement clé)
		params.property = 'P793'
		params.targetvalue = event
		params.addcat = params.addcat or true
		return wd.getTheDate(params)
	elseif string.sub(event, 1, 1) == 'P'  then -- on demande une propriété
		params.property = event
		return wd.formatAndCat(params)
	else
		return formatError('invalid-entity-id', event)
	end
end

function wd.mainDate(entity)	
	-- essaye P580/P582
	local args = {entity = entity, addcat = true}
	
	args.property = 'P580'
	local startpoint = wd.formatStatements(args)
	args.property = 'P582'
	local endpoint = wd.formatStatements(args)

	local str
	if (startpoint or endpoint) then
		str = modules.formatDate.daterange(startpoint, endpoint, params)
		str = wd.addLinkBack(str, entity, 'P582')
		return str
	end

	-- défaut : P585
	args.property = {'P585', 'P571'}
	args.linkback = true
	return wd.formatStatements(args)
end

-- ==== Fonctions sur le genre ====

function wd.getgender(id)
	local vals = {
		['Q6581072'] = 'f', -- féminin
		['Q6581097'] = 'm', -- masculin
		['Q1052281'] = 'f', -- femme transgenre
		['Q2449503'] = 'm', -- homme transgenre
		['Q17148251'] = 'f', -- en:Travesti (gender identity)
		['Q43445'] = 'f', -- femelle
		['Q44148'] = 'm', -- mâle
		default      = '?'
	}
	local gender = wd.formatStatements{entity = id, property = 'P21', displayformat = 'raw', numval = 1}
	return vals[gender] or vals.default
end

-- catégories de genre/nombre
function wd.getgendernum(claims)
	local personid, gender
	local anym = false
	local anyf = false
	local anyunknown = false
	
	for i, claim in pairs(claims) do
		local snak = claim.mainsnak or claim
		if(snak.snaktype == 'value') and (snak.datatype == 'wikibase-item') then
			personid = wd.getId(snak)
			gender = wd.getgender(personid)
			anym = anym or (gender == 'm')
			anyf = anyf or (gender == 'f')
			anyunknown = anyunknown or (gender == '?')
		else
			anyunknown = true
		end
	end
	
	local gendernum
	if #claims &gt; 1 then
		if anyunknown then
			gendernum = 'p'
		else
			if anym and not anyf then gendernum = 'mp' end
			if anyf and not anym then gendernum = 'fp' end
			if anym and anyf then gendernum = 'mixtep' end
		end
	else
		gendernum = 's'
		if anym then gendernum = 'ms' end
		if anyf then gendernum = 'fs' end
	end
	
	return gendernum
end


-- récupération des libellés genrés de Wikidata
function wd.genderedlabel(id, labelgender)
	local label
	if not labelgender then return nil end
	if labelgender == 'f' then -- femme : chercher le libellé dans P2521 (libellé féminin)
		label = wd.formatStatements{entity = id, property = 'P2521', isinlang = 'ht', numval = 1, ucfirst = '-'}
	elseif labelgender == 'm' then -- homme : chercher le libellé dans P3321 (libellé masculin)
		label = wd.formatStatements{entity = id, property = 'P3321', isinlang = 'ht', numval = 1, ucfirst = '-'}
	end
	if not label then
		label = wd.getLabel(id)
	end
	return label
end


-- === FUNCTIONS FOR TRANSITIVE PROPERTIES ===

function wd.getIds(item, query)
	query.excludespecial = true
	query.displayformat = 'raw'
	query.entity = item
	query.addstandardqualifs = '-'
	return wd.stringTable(query)
end


-- recursively adds a list of qid to an existing list, based on the results of a query
function wd.addVals(list, query, maxdepth, maxnodes, stopval)
	maxdepth = tonumber(maxdepth) or 10
	maxnodes = tonumber(maxnodes) or 100
	if (maxdepth &lt; 0) then
		return list
	end
	if stopval and wd.isHere(list, stopval) then
		return list
	end
	local origsize = #list
	for i = 1, origsize do
		-- tried a  &quot;checkpos&quot; param instead of starting to 1 each time, but no impact on performance
		local candidates = wd.getIds(list[i], query)
		list = wd.addNewValues(list, candidates, maxnodes, stopval)
		if list[#list] == stopval then
			return list
		end
		if #list &gt;= maxnodes then
			return list
		end
	end
	
	if (#list == origsize) then
		return list
	end
	return wd.addVals(list, query, maxdepth - 1, maxnodes, stopval, origsize + 1)
end

-- returns a list of items transitively matching a query (orig item is not included in the list)

function wd.transitiveVals(item, query, maxdepth, maxnodes, stopval)
	maxdepth = tonumber(maxdepth) or 5
	if type(query) == &quot;string&quot; then
		query = {property = query}
	end

	-- récupération des valeurs
	local vals = wd.getIds(item, query)
	if not vals then
		return nil
	end
	local v = wd.addVals(vals, query, maxdepth - 1, maxnodes, stopval) 
	if not v then
		return nil
	end

	-- réarrangement des valeurs
	if query.valorder == &quot;inverted&quot; then
		local a = {}
		for i = #v, 1, -1 do
			a[#a+1] = v[i]
		end
		v = a
	end

	return v
end

-- returns true if an item is the value of a query, transitively
function wd.inTransitiveVals(searchedval, sourceval, query, maxdepth, maxnodes )
	local vals = wd.transitiveVals(sourceval, query, maxdepth, maxnodes, searchedval )
	if (not vals) then 
		return false
	end
	for _, val in ipairs(vals) do
		if (val == searchedval) then
			return true
		end
	end
	return false
end

-- returns true if an item is a superclass of another, based on P279
function wd.isSubclass(class, item, maxdepth)
	local query = {property = 'P279'}
	if class == item then -- item is a subclass of itself iff it is a class
		if wd.getIds(item, query) then
			return true
		end
		return false
	end
	return wd.inTransitiveVals(class, item, query, maxdepth )
end

-- returns true if one of the best ranked P31 values of an item is the target or a subclass of the target
-- rank = 'valid' would seem to make sense, but it would need to check for date qualifiers as some P31 values have begin or end date
function wd.isInstance(targetclass, item, maxdepth)
	maxdepth = maxdepth or 10
	local directclasses = wd.transitiveVals(item, {property = 'P31'}, 1)
	if not directclasses then
		return false
	end 
	for i, class in pairs(directclasses) do
		if wd.isSubclass(targetclass, class, maxdepth - 1) then
			return true
		end
	end
	return false
end

-- return the first value in a transitive query that belongs to a particular class. For instance find a value of P131 that is a province of Canada
function wd.findVal(sourceitem, targetclass, query, recursion, instancedepth)
	if type(query) == &quot;string&quot; then
		query = {property = query}
	end
	local candidates = wd.getIds(sourceitem, query)
	if candidates then
		for i, j in pairs(candidates) do
			if wd.isInstance(targetclass, j,  instancedepth) then
				return j
			end
		end
		if not recursion then
			recursion = 3
		else
			recursion = recursion - 1
		end
		if recursion &lt; 0 then
			return nil
		end
		for i, candidate in pairs(candidates) do
			return wd.findVal(candidate, targetclass, query, recursion, instancedepth)
		end
	end
end


-- === VARIA ===
function wd.getDescription(entity, lang)
	lang = lang or defaultlang

	local description
	if lang == defaultlang then
		return  mw.wikibase.description(qid)
	end
	if not entity.descriptions then
		return wd.translate('no description')
	end
	local descriptions = entity.descriptions
	if not descriptions then
		return nil
	end
	if descriptions[lang] then
		return descriptions[delang].value
	end
	return entity.id
end

function wd.Dump(entity)
	entity = wd.getEntity(entity)
	if not entity then
		return formatError(&quot;entity-param-not-provided&quot;)
	end
	return &quot;&lt;pre&gt;&quot;..mw.dumpObject(entity)..&quot;&lt;/pre&gt;&quot;
end

function wd.frameFun(frame)
	local args = frame.args
	local funname = args[1]
	table.remove(args, 1)
	return wd[funname](args)
end


return wd</text>
      <sha1>7wawuh0famhgaybsqy15su1vr7u28kz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Wikidata/I18n</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>64457</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888923</id>
      <parentid>861307</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T14:14:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888923</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="1869" sha1="12n3oqpk9yerb0ujuarfcnw8l57bhlj" xml:space="preserve">return {
-- Messages d'erreurs
	[&quot;property-param-not-provided&quot;] = &quot;paramèt 'property' manke&quot;,
	[&quot;qualifier-param-not-provided&quot;] = &quot;paramèt 'qualifier' manke&quot;,
	[&quot;entity-param-not-provided&quot;] = &quot;paramèt 'entity' manket&quot;,
	[&quot;entity-not-found&quot;] = &quot;entité non trouvée&quot;,
	[&quot;unknown-claim-type&quot;] = &quot;type d'affirmation inconnu&quot;,
	[&quot;unknown-snak-typeg&quot;] = &quot;unknown snak type&quot;,
	[&quot;unknown-datavalue-type&quot;] = &quot;unknown datavalue type.&quot;,
	[&quot;unknown-entity-type&quot;] = &quot;unknown entity type&quot;,
	[&quot;invalid-id&quot;] = &quot;identifiant inconnu&quot;,
	[&quot;invalid-datatype&quot;] = &quot;type de données inconnu&quot;,
	[&quot;invalid-linktype&quot;] = &quot;type de lien inconnu&quot;,
	[&quot;invalid-event-type&quot;] = &quot;l'événement devrait être une chaîne, est $1&quot;,
	[&quot;invalid-entity-id&quot;] = &quot;identifiant d'entité invalide : $1&quot;,
	[&quot;invalid-project-code&quot;] = &quot;identifiant de project Wikimédia invalide : $1&quot;,
	[&quot;cat-unsorted-issue&quot;] = &quot;Page avec un problème de codage Wikidata&quot;,
	
-- Autres messages
	[&quot;no-label&quot;] = &quot;pas de libellé&quot;,
	['no description'] = &quot;pa gen deskripsyon&quot;,
	[&quot;novalue&quot;] = &quot;-&quot;,
	[&quot;somevalue&quot;] = &quot;enkoni&quot;,
	[&quot;sometime&quot;] = &quot;dat enkoni&quot;,
	['to translate'] = 'Paj ki itilize done Wikidata pou tradui',
	[&quot;trackingcat&quot;] = 'Paj ki itilize $1',
	['see-wikidata-value'] = &quot;Gade epi modifye done yo sou Wikidata&quot;, -- lien vers des valeurs sur une propriété Wikidata
	['see-wikidata'] = &quot;Gade eleman Wikidata ki koresponn&quot;, -- utilisé sur les liens Wikidata par défaut en l'absence de lien interne disponible
	['see-another-project'] = &quot;Atik sou $1&quot;,
	['see-another-language'] = &quot;Atik sou Wikipedya an $1&quot;,
['activate-query'] = '&lt;div class=&quot;par_wikidata&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;', -- activates an on-demand-only query
	['qualif-separator'] = &quot; ; &quot;, -- separate qualifiers shown next to a standard statement


	['approximate-value'] = &quot;anviwon $1&quot;,
	['approximate-place'] = &quot;$1 (oswa anviwon yo)&quot;,
	['uncertain-information'] = &quot;$1 (?)&quot;,

}</text>
      <sha1>12n3oqpk9yerb0ujuarfcnw8l57bhlj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Conversion/Données</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>64472</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888924</id>
      <parentid>856420</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T15:01:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888924</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="11320" sha1="aw4kh2yzbf1kwe4a527pxfgydk4ewi4" xml:space="preserve">-- inite referans yo ki sèvi pou konvèti ant de inite
local referenceunits = {
	length = 'metre',
	astrolength = 'light year',
	area = 'square meter',
	speed = 'meter per second',
	weight = 'gram',
	density = 'gram per cubic metre',
	volume = 'cubic metre',
	['rotational speed'] = 'revolutions per minute',
	['available time per duration'] = 'nights per year',
	power = 'watt',
	temperature= 'kelvin',
	['volumetric flow rate']= 'cubic meter per second',
	energy = 'joule',
	angle = 'degree',
	['tensile modulus of elasticity'] = 'pascal',
	dimensionless = ''
}

local currencies = {'USD','EUR','CAD','AUD','CNY','JPY','RUB','INR','CHF'}
for i, cur in ipairs(currencies) do referenceunits[cur] = cur end

return {

referenceunits = referenceunits,

-- non inite a = {gwosè ki mezire, valè relatif a inite referans lan, abrevyasyon, lyen (Wikidata), tit paj, sengilye}
units = {
	inch = {'length', 0.0254, ' in', 'Q218593', 'Pous (inite)', 'pous'},
	foot = {'length', 0.3048, ' ft', 'Q3710', 'Pye (inite)', 'pye'},
	['coudée'] = {'length', 0.44, ' cu', 'Q37540064', 'koude'},
	yard = {'length', 0.9144, ' yd', 'Q482798', 'Yad (inite)', 'yad'},
	mile = {'length', 1609.344, ' mi', 'Q253276', 'Mil (inite)', 'mil'},
	hectare = {'area', 10000, ' ha', 'Q35852', 'ekta'},
	metre = {'length', 1, ' m', 'Q11573', 'mèt'},
	centimetre = {'length', 0.01, ' cm', 'Q174728', 'mèt', 'santimèt'},
	millimetre = {'length', 0.001, ' mm', 'Q174789', 'mèt', 'milimèt'},
	micrometre = {'length', 0.000001, ' um', 'Q178674', 'mèt', 'mikwomèt'},
	nanometre = {'length', 0.000000001, ' nm', 'Q175821', 'mèt', 'nanomèt'},
	femtometre = {'length', 0.000000000000001, ' fm', 'Q208788', 'femtomèt'},
	['astronomical unit'] = {'length', 149597870700, ' ua', 'Q1811', 'inite astwonomik', 'inite astwonomik longè'},
	['light year'] = {'astrolength', 1, '[[Ane-limyè|al]]', 'Q531', 'ane-limyè', &quot;[[ane-limyè]]&quot;},
	['kilolight year'] = {'astrolength', 1000, '[[Ane-limyè|kal]]', 'Q531', 'ane-limyè', &quot;[[Ane-limyè|mil ane-limyè]]&quot;},
	['megalight year'] = {'astrolength', 1000000, '[[Ane-limyè|Mal]]', 'Q531', 'ane-limyè', &quot;[[Ane-limyè|milyon ane-limyè]]&quot;},
	['gigalight year'] = {'astrolength', 1000000000, '[[Ane-limyè|Gal]]', 'Q531', 'ane-limyè', &quot;[[Ane-limyè|milya ane-limyè]]&quot;},
	parsec = {'astrolength', 3.26156377716743356213863970704550, '[[Pasèk|pc]]', 'Q12129', 'pasèk', &quot;[[pasèk]]&quot;},
	kiloparsec = {'astrolength', 3261.56377716743356213863970704550, '[[Pasèk|kpc]]', 'Q11929860', 'kilopasèk', &quot;[[Pasèk|kilo-pasèk]]&quot;},
	['meter per second'] = {'speed', '[[Mèt pa sekond|m/s]]', 'Q182429', &quot;[[mèt pa sekond]]&quot;},
	kilometre = {'length', 1000, ' km', 'Q828224', 'kilomèt'},
	nautique = {'length', 1852, ' NM', 'Q93318', 'Mil marin', 'mil marin'},
	['kilometer per hour'] = {'speed', 10/36, 'km/h', 'Q180154', 'Kilomèt pa èdtan', &quot;kilomèt pa èdtan&quot;, &quot;kilomèt pa lè&quot;},
	['kilometer per second'] = {'speed', 1000/1, '[[Mèt pa sekond|km/s]]', 'Q3674704', 'Kilomèt pa sekond', &quot;[[Mèt pa sekond|kilomèt pa sekond]]&quot;},
	['square meter'] = {'area', 1, ' m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;', 'Q25343', 'mèt kare'},
	['square kilometer'] = {'area', 1000000, 'km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;', 'Q712226', 'kilomèt kare'},
	['square mile'] = {'area', 2589988.110336, 'mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;', 'Q232291', 'mil kare'},
	acre = {'area', 4046.856422, 'ac', 'Q81292', 'Ak (inite)', 'ak'},
	dunam = {'area', 1000, 'donum', 'Q216795', 'dounam'},
	gram = {'weight', 1, 'g', 'Q41803', 'gram'},
	ounce = {'weight', 28.349523125, 'oz av', 'Q48013', 'ons'},
	pound = {'weight', 453.59237, 'lbs', 'Q100995', 'liv (inite mas)', 'liv'},
	kilogram = {'weight', 1000, 'kg', 'Q11570', 'kilogram'},
	tonne = {'weight', 1000000000, 't', 'Q191118', 'tòn'},
	['Earth mass'] = {'weight', 5.9722e27, &quot;[[Mas Latè (inite)| ''M''&lt;sub&gt;🜨&lt;/sub&gt;]]&quot;, 'Q681996', '[[Mas Latè (inite)|mas Latè]]'},
	['Jupiter mass'] = {'weight', 1.8986e30, &quot;[[Mas Jipitè| ''M''&lt;sub&gt;J&lt;/sub&gt;]]&quot;, 'Q651336', '[[mas Jipitè]]'},
	['Solar mass'] = {'weight', 1.9891e33, &quot;[[Mas solè| ''M''&lt;sub&gt;🜨&lt;/sub&gt;]]&quot;, 'Q180892', '[[mas solè]]'},
	['gram per cubic metre'] = {'density', 1, 'g/m³', 'Q21604951', 'gram pa mèt kib'},
	['kilogram per cubic metre'] = {'density', 1000, 'kg/m³', 'Q844211', 'kilogram pa mèt kib'},
	['pascal'] = {'tensile modulus of elasticity', 1, 'Pa', 'Q44395', 'Paskal (inite)', 'paskal'},
	['gigapascal'] = {'tensile modulus of elasticity', 1000000000, 'GPa', 'Q53448922', 'Gigapaskal', 'gigapaskal'},
	second = {'second', 1, 's', 'Q11574', 'sekond'},
	minute = {'minute', 60, 'mn', 'Q7727', 'Minit (tan)', 'minit'},
	hour = {'hour', 3600, 'h', 'Q25235', 'Èdtan', 'èdtan', 'lè'},
	day = {'day', 86400, 'j', 'Q573', 'Jou', 'jou'},
	year = {'year', 31556925.98, 'ane', 'Q577', 'Ane (kalandriye)', 'ane'},
	['cubic metre'] = {'volume', 1, ' m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;', 'Q25517', 'Mèt kib', 'mèt kib'},
	['million cubic metre'] = {'volume', 1000000, ' milyon m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;', '', 'Milyon mèt kib'},
	['cubic kilometre'] = {'volume', 1000000000, ' km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;', 'Q4243638', 'Kilomèt kib', 'kilomèt kib'},
	['cubic centimetre'] = {'volume', 0.000001, ' cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;', 'Q1022113', 'Santimèt kib', 'santimèt kib'},
	['cubic hectometre'] = {'volume', 1000000, ' hm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;', 'Q5195628', 'Ektomèt kib', 'ektomèt kib'},
	['revolutions per minute'] = {'rotational speed', 1, ' tou/min', 'Q206037', 'Tou pa minit', 'tou pa minit'},
	['nights per year'] = {'available time per duration', 1, 'npa', 'Q29463499', 'Nwit pa ane', 'nwit pa ane'},
	watt = {'power', 1, ' W', 'Q25236', 'Wat', 'wat'},
	kilowatt = {'power', 1000, ' kW', 'Q3320608', 'Kilowat', 'kilowat'},
	megawatt = {'power', 1000000, ' MW', 'Q6982035', 'Megawat', 'megawat'},
	gigawatt = {'power', 1000000000, ' GW', 'Q5879479', 'Gigawat', 'gigawat'},
	terawatt = {'power', 1000000000000, ' TW', 'Q23823681', 'Terawat', 'terawat'},
	['cubic inch'] = {'volume', 0.0000163870639, ' in&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;', 'Q2140397', '', 'pous kib'},
	['acre-foot'] = {'volume', 1233.48185532, ' ac-ft', 'Q342590', '', 'ak-pye'},
	['square foot'] = {'area', '0.0929030', 'sq. f.', 'Q857027', 'pye kare'},  
	['kelvin'] = {'temperature', '1', 'K', 'Q11579', 'Kelven', 'kelven'}, 
	['milikelvin'] = {'temperature', 0.001, 'mK', 'Q70396179', 'Milikelven', 'milikelven'},
	['cubic meter per second'] = {'volumetric flow rate', '1', 'm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s', 'Q794261', 'Debi (fizik)', 'mèt kib pa sekond'},  
	['cubic foot per second'] = {'volumetric flow rate', 0.028316846592, 'ft&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s', 'Q5196162', 'Debi (fizik)', 'pye kib pa sekond'},
	joule = {'energy', 1, ' J', 'Q25269', 'Jil', 'jil'},
	wattheure = {'energy', 3600, ' Wh', 'Q12874593', 'Wat-èdtan', 'wat-èdtan', 'wat-lè'},
	kilowattheure = {'energy', 3600000, ' kWh', 'Q182098', 'Kilowat-èdtan', 'kilowat-èdtan', 'kilowat-lè'},
	megawattheure = {'energy', 3600000000, ' MWh', 'Q14787261', 'Megawat-èdtan', 'megawat-èdtan', 'megawat-lè'},
	gigawattheure = {'energy', 3600000000000, ' GWh', 'Q2051195', 'Gigawat-èdtan', 'gigawat-èdtan', 'gigawat-lè'},
	terawattheure = {'energy', 3600000000000000, ' TWh', 'Q2659078', 'Terawat-èdtan', 'terawat-èdtan', 'terawat-lè'},
	degree = {'angle', 1, '°', 'Q28390', 'Degre (ang)', 'degre'},
	radian = {'angle', 57.295779513, ' rad', 'Q33680', 'Radyan', 'radyan'},
	dimensionless = {'dimensionless', 1, '', 'Q126818', ''},
	percent = {'dimensionless', 0.01, '%', 'Q11229', 'Pousantaj', 'pousan'},
	employee = {'dimensionless', 1, '', 'Q703534', 'Anplwaye', 'anplwaye'}, -- pou itilize ak P1128
	USD = {'USD', '1', '$', 'Q4917', 'Dola ameriken', 'dola ameriken'}, 
	EUR = {'EUR', '1', '€', 'Q4916', 'Ewo', 'ewo'},
	CAD = {'CAD', '1', '$', 'Q1104069', 'Dola kanadyen', 'dola kanadyen'},
	AUD = {'AUD', '1', '$', 'Q259502', 'Dola ostralyen', 'dola ostralyen'},
	CNY = {'CNY', '1', '¥', 'Q39099', 'Yuan', 'yuan'},
	JPY = {'JPY', '1', '¥', 'Q8146', 'Yen', 'yen'},
	RUB = {'RUB', '1', '₽', 'Q41044', 'Woubl ris', 'woubl'},
	INR = {'INR', '1', '₹', 'Q80524', 'Woupi endyen', 'woupi endyen'},
	CHF = {'CHF', '1', 'CHF', 'Q25344', 'Fran swis', 'fran swis'}
},

redirects = {
	Q218593 = 'inch',
	Q3710 = 'foot',
	Q37540064 = 'coudée',
	Q482798 = 'yard',
	Q253276 = 'mile',
	Q175821 = 'micrometre',
	Q178674 = 'nanometre',
	Q25517 = 'cubic metre',
	Q794261 = 'cubic meter per second',
	Q5196162 = 'cubic foot per second',
	Q4243638 = 'cubic kilometre',
	Q1022113 = 'cubic centimetre',
	Q5195628 = 'cubic hectometre',
	Q35852 = 'hectare',
	Q712226 = 'square kilometer',
	Q11573 = 'metre',
	Q174728 = 'centimetre',
	Q174789 = 'millimetre',
	Q208788 = 'femtometre',
	Q1811 = 'astronomical unit',
	Q531 = 'light year',
	Q12129 = 'parsec',
	Q11929860 = 'kiloparsec',
	Q25343 = 'square meter',
	Q232291 = 'square mile',
	Q81292 = 'acre',
	Q216795 = 'dunam',
	Q182429 = 'meter per second',
	Q3674704 = 'kilometer per second',
	Q180154 = 'kilometer per hour',
	Q828224 = 'kilometre',
	Q41803 = 'gram',
	Q48013 = 'ounce',
	Q100995 = 'pound',
	Q11570 = 'kilogram',
	Q21604951 = 'gram per cubic metre',
	Q844211 = 'kilogram per cubic metre',
	Q44395 = 'pascal',
	Q53448922 = 'gigapascal',
	Q191118 = 'tonne',
	Q11574 = 'second',
	Q7727 = 'minute',
	Q25235 = 'hour',
	Q573 = 'day' ,
	Q577 = 'year',
	Q857027 = 'square foot',
	Q206037 = 'revolutions per minute',
	Q29463499 = 'nights per year',
	Q25236 = 'watt',
	Q3320608 = 'kilowatt',
	Q6982035 = 'megawatt',
	Q5879479 = 'gigawatt',
	Q23823681 = 'terawatt',
	Q2140397 = 'cubic inch',
	Q342590 = 'acre-foot',
	Q93318 = 'nautique',
	Q11579 = 'kelvin',
	Q25269 = 'joule',
	Q12874593 = 'wattheure',
	Q182098 = 'kilowattheure',
	Q14787261 = 'megawattheure',
	Q2051195 = 'gigawattheure',
	Q2659078 = 'terawattheure',
	Q28390 = 'degree',
	Q33680 = 'radian',
	Q4916 = 'EUR',
	Q4917 = 'USD',
	Q1104069 = 'CAD',
	Q259502 = 'AUD',
	Q39099 = 'CNY',
	Q8146 = 'JPY',
	Q41044 = 'RUB',
	Q80524 = 'INR',
	Q25344 = 'CHF',

	pouce = 'inch',
	['in'] = 'inch',
	pied = 'foot',
	verge = 'yard',
	centimeter = 'centimetre',
	cm = 'centimetre',
	cm3 = 'cubic centimetre',
	millimeter = 'millimetre',
	mm = 'millimetre',
	nm = 'nanometre',
	um = 'micrometre',
	fm = 'femtometre',
	m = 'metre',
	meter = 'meter',
	km = 'kilometre',
	kilometer = 'kilometre',
	['kilomètre'] = 'kilometer',
	kpc = 'kiloparsec',
	al = 'light year',
	kal = 'kilolight year',
	Mal = 'megalight year',
	Gal = 'gigalight year',
	sqm = 'square meter',
	ac = 'acre',
	donum = 'dunam',
	sqkm = 'square kilometer',
	km2 = 'square kilometer',
	m3 = 'cubic metre',
	['m3/s'] = 'cubic meter per second',
	['ft3/s'] = 'cubic foot per second',
	km3 = 'cubic kilometre',
	hm3 = 'cubic hectometre',
	mi2 = 'square mile',
	sqmi = 'square mile',
	rpm = 'revolutions per minute',
	npa = 'nights per year',
	ha = 'hectare',
	g = 'gram',
	oz = 'ounce',
	kg = 'kilogram',
	t = 'tonne',
	seconde = 'second',
	s = 'second',
	heure = 'hour',
	h = 'hour',
	d = 'day',
	['années'] = 'year',
	w = 'watt',
	kw = 'kilowatt',
	mw = 'megawatt',
	gw = 'gigawatt',
	tw = 'terawatt',
	in3 = 'cubic inch',
	k = 'kelvin',
	mK = 'milikelvin',
	J = 'joule',
	Wh = 'wattheure',
	kWh = 'kilowattheure',
	MWh = 'megawattheure',
	GWh = 'gigawattheure',
	TWh = 'terawattheure',
	degre = 'degree',
	['sans unité'] = 'dimensionless',
	pourcent = 'percent',
	pourcentage = 'percent',
	['%'] = 'percent',
	['employé'] = 'employee',
	['united states dollar'] = 'USD',
	euro = 'EUR'
},
}</text>
      <sha1>aw4kh2yzbf1kwe4a527pxfgydk4ewi4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>67450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888987</id>
      <parentid>888811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T07:15:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>11567</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-43 */ nouvelle section</comment>
      <origin>888987</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="272968" sha1="h9hjxk055ap5meax3zcqncd7tg69hje" xml:space="preserve">{{Achiv auto
 | recherche = oui
 | âge       = 90 jou
}}


== Modèl:Refsou ==

Is [[Modèl:Refsou]] the same as [[w:en:Template:Citation needed]]? [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 19 jiyè 2024 à 17:14 (UTC)

:Hello @[[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]], Of course they are the same, and it is copied from the French version with translation into Haitian Creole [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 28 septanm 2024 à 01:37 (UTC)
::So the same as [[Modèl:Referans nesesè]]? [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 28 septanm 2024 à 02:56 (UTC)

== Thank You for Your Contribution to Feminism and Folklore 2024! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|center|500px]]

{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikimedian,

We extend our sincerest gratitude to you for making an extraordinary impact in the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition. Your remarkable dedication and efforts have been instrumental in bridging cultural and gender gaps on Wikipedia. We are truly grateful for the time and energy you've invested in this endeavor.

As a token of our deep appreciation, we'd love to send you a special postcard. It serves as a small gesture to convey our immense thanks for your involvement in organizing the competition. To ensure you receive this token of appreciation, kindly fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeHYAhFA9Q5vUs9UA1N45TOUxUdSNO8igGTmg4oPUL_qXS1EQ/viewform?usp=sf_link this form] by August 15th, 2024.

Looking ahead, we are thrilled to announce that we'll be hosting Feminism and Folklore in 2025. We eagerly await your presence in the upcoming year as we continue our journey to empower and foster inclusivity.

Once again, thank you for being an essential part of our mission to promote feminism and preserve folklore on Wikipedia.

With warm regards,

'''Feminism and Folklore International Team'''.
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 21 jiyè 2024 à 12:28 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Rathaus-Glockenspiel]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:2019-11-16, Glockenspiel, Neues Münchner Rathaus, IMG 7463 edit Christoph Braun.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Rathaus-Glockenspiel''' is a large mechanical clock located in Marienplatz Square, in the heart of Munich, Germany. Famous for its life-size characters, the clock twice daily re-enacts scenes from Munich's history. First is the story of the marriage of Duke Wilhelm V to Renata of Lorraine in 1568, followed by the story of the Schäfflerstanz, also known as the coopers' dance. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 22 jiyè 2024 à 01:56 (UTC)''
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&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]])&amp;#32;([[:nl:Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Nederlandsche Cocainefabriek Schinkelstraat Amsterdam architect HH Baanders 1902.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek''' (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈneːdərlɑntsə koːkaːˈinəfaːˌbrik]; English: Dutch Cocaine Factory) or NCF was an Amsterdam-based company producing cocaine for medical purposes in the 20th century. It imported its raw materials mainly from the Dutch East Indies and sold its products across Europe, making good profits especially in the early years of World War I. The NCF produced morphine, heroin and ephedrine as well. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 29 jiyè 2024 à 01:44 (UTC)''
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&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Suffrage drama]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pamphlet from NAWSA for women's suffrage plays, page 1.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Suffrage drama''' (also known as suffrage plays or suffrage theatre) is a form of dramatic literature that emerged during the British women's suffrage movement in the early twentieth century. Suffrage performances lasted approximately from 1907-1914. Many suffrage plays called for a predominant or all female cast. Suffrage plays served to reveal issues behind the suffrage movement. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 5 out 2024 à 02:13 (UTC)''
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Karatgurk]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:it:Karatgurk]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In the Australian Aboriginal mythology of the Aboriginal people of south-eastern Australian state of Victoria, the '''Karatgurk''' were seven sisters who represented the constellation known in western astronomy as the Pleiades. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] --[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 12 out 2024 à 02:13 (UTC)''
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:B1 (classification)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''B1''' is a medical-based Paralympic classification for blind sport. Athletes in this classification are totally or almost totally blind. It is used by a number of blind sports including blind tennis, para-alpine skiing, para-Nordic skiing, blind cricket, blind golf, five-a-side football, goalball and judo. Some other sports, including adaptive rowing, athletics and swimming, have equivalents to this class.

The B1 classification was first created by the IBSA in the 1970s, and has largely remained unchanged since despite an effort by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) to move towards a more functional and evidence-based classification system. Classification is often handled on the international level by the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) but it sometimes handled by national sport federations. There are exceptions for sports like athletics and cycling, where classification is handled by their own governing bodies.

Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may differ from sport to sport, and may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and clapsticks. There may be some modifications related to equipment and rules to specifically address needs of competitors in this class to allow them to compete in specific sports. Some sports specifically do not allow a guide, whereas cycling and skiing require one. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 19 out 2024 à 01:56 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Erzi (village)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Caucasus, Ingushetia, Ингушские боевые и смотровые башни, горы Кавказа.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Erzi''' (Russian: Эрзи; Ingush: Аьрзи, romanized: Ärzi, lit. 'Eagle') is a medieval village (aul) in the Dzheyrakhsky District of Ingushetia. It is part of the rural settlement (administrative center) of Olgeti. The entire territory of the settlement is included in the Dzheyrakh-Assa State Historical-Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve and is under state protection. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 26 out 2024 à 03:19 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cappadocian calendar]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Cappadocian calendar''' was a solar calendar that was derived from the Persian Zoroastrian calendar. It is named after the historic region Cappadocia in present-day Turkey, where it was used. The calendar, which had 12 months of 30 days each and five epagomenal days, originated between 550 and 330 BC, when Cappadocia was part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. The Cappadocian calendar was identical to the Zoroastrian calendar; this can be seen in its structure, in the Avestan names and in the order of the months. The Cappadocian calendar reflects the Iranian cultural influence in the region. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 9 septanm 2024 à 01:42 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-39 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Independence Day (Albania)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Independence Day''' (Albanian: Dita e Pavarësisë) is a public holiday in Albania observed on 28 November. It commemorates the Albanian Declaration of Independence (from the Ottoman Empire), which was ratified by the All-Albanian Congress on 28 November 1912, establishing the state of Albania. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 23 septanm 2024 à 00:29 (UTC)
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== Voters ==

Have you invited eligible voters to [[Wikipedya:Administratè#Kitanago 2024-2025]], or would you like me to? [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 27 septanm 2024 à 01:56 (UTC)

:Hello @[[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]], no I don't do it yet. Thanks for helping me! [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 28 septanm 2024 à 01:32 (UTC)
::I'll post messages to the more active editors in [[Espesyal:ItilizatèAktif]].  (I have done this for admin elections here for years now.) [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 28 septanm 2024 à 02:59 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-40 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Wildlife of Bahrain]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Birds in Al-Areen Wildlife Park.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The wildlife of the archipelago of Bahrain, is more varied than might be expected of this small group of islands in the Persian Gulf. Apart from a strip of the north and west of the main island, where crops are grown with irrigation, the land is arid. With a very hot dry summer, a mild winter, and brackish groundwater, the plants need adaptations in order to survive. Nevertheless, 196 species of higher plant have been recorded here, as well as about seventeen species of terrestrial mammals, many birds and reptiles, and many migratory birds visit the islands in autumn and spring. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 30 septanm 2024 à 01:57 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-42 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Little Danes experiment]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:آزمایش دانمارکی‌های کوچک]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Children play at a Danish Red Cross-run orphanage in Greenland.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''little Danes experiment''' was a 1951 Danish operation where 22 Greenlandic Inuit children were sent to Danish foster families in an attempt to re-educate them as &quot;little Danes&quot;. While the children were all supposed to be orphans, most were not. Six children were adopted while in Denmark, and sixteen returned to Greenland, only to be placed in Danish-speaking orphanages and never live with their families again. Half of the children experienced mental health disturbances, and half of them died in young adulthood. The government of Denmark officially apologised in 2020, after several years of demands from Greenlandic officials. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 14 oktòb 2024 à 03:16 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-43 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Kharayeb]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Muharram 1Oth-Ashouraa 2007 in Kharayeb - panoramio.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Kharayeb''' (Arabic: الخرايب) is a historic town in the Sidon District in the South Governorate, Lebanon. The town is 77 km (48 mi) south of Beirut, and stands at an average altitude of 190 m (620 ft) above sea level. The town boasts a rich historical legacy, with archaeological excavations revealing a complex settlement history spanning from Prehistory to the Ottoman period. Notably, Kharayeb's origins can be traced back to the Persian period (539–330 BC), when it played a pivotal role in the region's agricultural and economic landscape, culminating in the construction of its Phoenician temple around the 6th century BC. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 21 oktòb 2024 à 02:38 (UTC)
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== Request ==

Hi! Can you please take a look at [[:Kategori:Pou efase]]? Thanks, [[Itilizatè:TenWhile6|TenWhile6]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:TenWhile6|diskisyon]]) 25 oktòb 2024 à 09:36 (UTC)

:Okay [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 25 oktòb 2024 à 16:59 (UTC)

== Feminism and Folklores  2024 Organizers Feedback ==

Dear Organizer,
[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg | right | frameless]]

We extend our heartfelt gratitude for your invaluable contributions to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2024 Feminism and Folklore 2024]. Your dedication to promoting feminist perspectives on Wikimedia platforms has been instrumental in the campaign's success.

To better understand your initiatives and impact, we invite you to participate in a short survey (5-7 minutes). 

Your feedback will help us document your achievements in our report and showcase your story in our upcoming blog, highlighting the diversity of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore Feminism and Folklore] initiatives.

Click to participate in the [https://forms.gle/dSeoDP1r7S4KCrVZ6  survey]. 

By participating in the By participating in the survey, you help us share your efforts in reports and upcoming blogs. This will help showcase and amplify your work, inspiring others to join the movement.

The survey covers:
#Community engagement and participation
#Challenges and successes
#Partnership

Thank you again for your tireless efforts in promoting  [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore Feminism and Folklore].

Best regards,&lt;br&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 14:23, 26 October 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-44 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Christmas horror]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Terror navideño]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Christmascarol1843 -- 169.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Christmas horror''' is a fiction genre and film genre that incorporates horror elements into a seasonal setting. It is popular in multiple countries.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 28 oktòb 2024 à 02:05 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-45 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Placenta cake]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:simple:Placenta cake]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Bucharest, Greek pie-maker, 1880.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Placenta cake''' is a dish from ancient Greece and Rome consisting of many dough layers interspersed with a mixture of cheese and honey and flavored with bay leaves, baked and then covered in honey. The dessert is mentioned in classical texts such as the Greek poems of Archestratos and Antiphanes, as well as the De agri cultura of Cato the Elder. It is often seen as the predecessor of baklava and börek. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 4 novanm 2024 à 02:17 (UTC)
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== [Reminder] Apply for Cycle 3 Grants by December 1st! ==

Dear Feminism and Folklore Organizers,

We hope this message finds you well. We are excited to inform you that the application window for Wikimedia Foundation's Cycle 3 of our grants is now open. Please ensure to submit your applications by December 1st.

For a comprehensive guide on how to apply, please refer to the Wiki Loves Folklore Grant Toolkit: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Folklore_Grant_Toolkit

Additionally, you can find detailed information on the Rapid Grant timeline here: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid#Timeline

We appreciate your continuous efforts and contributions to our campaigns. Should you have any questions or need further assistance, please do not hesitate to reach out:  '''support@wikilovesfolkore.org'''

Kind regards, &lt;br&gt;
On behalf of the Wiki Loves Folklore International Team. &lt;br&gt;
[[User:Joris Darlington Quarshie | Joris Darlington Quarshie]] ([[User talk:Joris Darlington Quarshie|talk]]) 08:39, 9 November 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-46 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Trisomy 16]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Chromosome 16.svg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Trisomy 16''' is a chromosomal abnormality in which there are 3 copies of chromosome 16 rather than two. It is the most common trisomy leading to miscarriage and the second most common chromosomal cause of it, closely following X-chromosome monosomy. About 6% of miscarriages have trisomy 16. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 11 novanm 2024 à 02:09 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-47 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Boana platanera]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Rana platanera - Boana platanera.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Boana platanera''''', commonly known as the banana tree dwelling frog, is a species of tree frog in the family Hylidae. It is distributed within Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago. Boana platanera was described in 2021, and individuals of the species were previously classified as Boana crepitans or Boana xerophylla. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 18 novanm 2024 à 02:53 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-48 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Wang Su-bok]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:وانگ سو بوک]])&amp;#32;([[:ko:왕수복]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Wang Su-bok''' was a singer from North Korea, who was the most popular singer in Japanese-occupied Korea in 1935. She was credited as a ground-breaking female artist, whose work led the way for the modern K-pop phenomenon. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 25 novanm 2024 à 01:57 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-49 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Storm Filomena]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Spain’s chilly blanket ESA22415247.jpeg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Storm Filomena''' was an extratropical cyclone in early January 2021 that was most notable for bringing unusually heavy snowfall to parts of Spain, with Madrid recording its heaviest snowfall in over a century, and with Portugal being hit less severely. The eighth named storm of the 2020–21 European windstorm season, Filomena formed over the Atlantic Ocean close to the Canary Islands on 7 January, subsequently taking a slow track north-eastwards towards the Iberian Peninsula and then eastwards across the Mediterranean Sea. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 2 desanm 2024 à 02:48 (UTC)
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== [Workshop] Identifying Win-Win Relationships with Partners for Wikimedia ==

Dear Recipient,&lt;br&gt;
We are excited to invite you to the third workshop in our Advocacy series, part of the Feminism and Folklore International Campaign. This highly anticipated workshop, titled &lt;b&gt;&quot;Identifying Win-Win Relationships with Partners for Wikimedia,&quot;&lt;/b&gt; will be led by the esteemed Alex Stinson, Lead Program Strategist at the Wikimedia Foundation. Don't miss this opportunity to gain valuable insights into forging effective partnerships.

===Workshop Objectives===
* &lt;b&gt;Introduction to Partnerships: &lt;/b&gt;Understand the importance of building win-win relationships within the Wikimedia movement.
* &lt;b&gt;Strategies for Collaboration: &lt;/b&gt;Learn practical strategies for identifying and fostering effective partnerships.
* &lt;b&gt;Case Studies:&lt;/b&gt; Explore real-world examples of successful partnerships in the Wikimedia community.
* &lt;b&gt;Interactive Discussions: &lt;/b&gt;Engage in discussions to share experiences and insights on collaboration and advocacy.

===Workshop Details===
📅 Date: 7th December 2024&lt;br&gt;
⏰ Time: 4:30 PM UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1733589000 Check your local time zone])&lt;br&gt;
📍 Venue: Zoom Meeting

===How to Join:===
Registration Link: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Identifying_Win-Win_Relationships_with_Partners_for_Wikimedia &lt;br&gt;
Meeting ID: 860 4444 3016 &lt;br&gt;
Passcode: 834088

We welcome participants to bring their diverse perspectives and stories as we drive into the collaborative opportunities within the Wikimedia movement. Together, we’ll explore how these partnerships can enhance our advocacy and community efforts.

Thank you,

Wiki Loves Folklore International Team

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 07:34, 03 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Evènman nan Nouyòk ==

Bonjou ! Demen, dimanch 8 desanm, pral gen yon ti evènman nan Nouyòk, kote mwen pral montre kèk moun ki pale kreyòl ayisyen ki jan yo edite Wikipedia. Nou pral petèt kreye ak modifye kèk atik. Ou se administratè a, donk mwen te vle fè w konnen sa. Mwen pa pale kreyòl ayisyen byen, men mwen ka li ak ekri kreyòl yon ti, ak mwen pral fè tout sa mwen kapab pou gade ki moun sa a edite byen. Mèsi ! [[Itilizatè:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Amire80|diskisyon]]) 7 desanm 2024 à 21:02 (UTC)

:Bonjou @[[Itilizatè:Amire80|Amire80]] ! Pa gen pwoblèm, si ou ta bezwen sipò mwen, pa neglije kontakte m. [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 7 desanm 2024 à 22:43 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-50 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Syrian literature]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Poem about Baybars page 1 from Hakawati book.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Syrian literature''' is modern fiction written or orally performed in Arabic by writers from Syria since the independence of the Syrian Arab Republic in 1946. It is part of the historically and geographically wider Arabic literature. The modern states of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel as well as the Palestinian autonomous areas only came into being in the mid-20th century. Therefore, Syrian literature has since been referred to by literary scholarship as the national literature of the Syrian Arab Republic, as well as the works created in Arabic by Syrian writers in the diaspora. This literature has been influenced by the country's political history, the literature of other Arabic-speaking countries and, especially in its early days, by French literature. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 9 desanm 2024 à 01:59 (UTC)
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== Lang template ==

In [https://ht.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Who&amp;oldid=856014 this]: The {{tl|lang}} template here is meant to put a small (80%) language code in the article, like this: {{lang|en|Something}}.  It has mostly been used in the ==External links== section. [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 12 desanm 2024 à 17:36 (UTC)

:Hello @[[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]], Likewise in wp fr this model is used to indicate the language of a text, of any word. I don't know yet, does it have another role? [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 14 desanm 2024 à 20:20 (UTC)
::I think that [[Template:Lang]] on this wiki might have been intended, when it was originally created, to correspond to [[w:en:Template:In lang]] and not [[w:en:Template:Lang]].  See [[Lis endikatif telefòn entènasyonal pa kòd zòn#Lyen ekstèn]] for one that uses both {{tl|en}} and also {{tl|lang|en||}}.  
::80% font size is okay for a note that says &lt;small&gt;(In English)&lt;/small&gt;.  It's not okay for text in the middle of an article, or in its title:   &quot;{{lang|en|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone}} is the first Harry Potter book.&quot;  Also, I don't really want to see &quot;(en)&quot; in ordinary sentences.
::For pure markup purposes, then the visual editor adds the codes (same menu as other character formatting):  &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;This is English&lt;/span&gt;. [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 14 desanm 2024 à 21:57 (UTC)
:::The majority of articles using this template are directly translated from French, mainly using machine translation. Therefore, it is used in the same way as in the French version. If this template were to be changed now, wouldn't it require increased monitoring of translations coming from French? [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 14 desanm 2024 à 22:32 (UTC)
::::Well... that depends on whether the translation method is &quot;Paste raw wikitext into Google Translate and hope that what comes out isn't too broken&quot; or &quot;Use the [[mw:Content translation]] tools, which are designed to map templates to their matching pairs via Wikidata&quot;.  Google Translate screws up all kinds of things (e.g., turning &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Link]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; into &lt;code&gt;[Link ] ]&lt;/code&gt;) so this would be just one more among hundreds of problems it creates. 
::::If we want to turn it into a way of wrapping some text in &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags, then we need to change the template. [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 15 desanm 2024 à 02:11 (UTC)
:::::I understand, maybe it's a copy of the English or French version? [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 16 desanm 2024 à 03:28 (UTC)
::::::The creator here spoke French, but the creation of this template predates the creation of [[w:fr:Modèle:Lang]] (which has since been renamed &quot;Langue&quot;).  Meta-Wiki's and the English Wikipedia's are a couple of months older, but they don't match the formatting.   [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 16 desanm 2024 à 20:07 (UTC)
:::::::In this sense what do you think is the best solution according to you? We must correct it immediately and avoid the same thing in future articles. [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 16 desanm 2024 à 21:38 (UTC)
::::::::I replaced the template with the one from the English version ([[:en:template:Lang]]) although it will have an effect on the articles that use it, but I think it is better to use it instead ([[:fr:Modèle:en langue]]) &lt;==&gt; ht :([[modèl:Nan lang]]) to better respond. Here you have to scrupulously monitor the articles automatically translated from the French version. [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 17 desanm 2024 à 14:41 (UTC)
:::::::::That sounds good. [[Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:WhatamIdoing|diskisyon]]) 19 desanm 2024 à 21:21 (UTC)
::::::::::Great [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 20 desanm 2024 à 18:47 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-51 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Mars ocean theory]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:AncientMars.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Mars ocean theory''' states that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was covered by an ocean of liquid water early in the planet's geologic history. This primordial ocean, dubbed Paleo-Ocean or Oceanus Borealis (/oʊˈsiːənəs ˌbɒriˈælɪs/ oh-SEE-ə-nəs BORR-ee-AL-iss), would have filled the basin Vastitas Borealis in the northern hemisphere, a region that lies 4–5 km (2.5–3 miles) below the mean planetary elevation, at a time period of approximately 4.1–3.8 billion years ago. Evidence for this ocean includes geographic features resembling ancient shorelines, and the chemical properties of the Martian soil and atmosphere 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 16 desanm 2024 à 01:45 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2024-52 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2024 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2023 Slovenia floods]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Sava v Tacnu 4. avgusta ob 16h.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In August 2023, major floods occurred in large part of Slovenia and neighbouring areas of Austria and Croatia due to heavy rain. Amongst others, the level of rivers Sava, Mur and Drava was exceptionally high. Several settlements and transport links in Slovene Littoral, Upper Carniola and Slovenian Carinthia were flooded. Due to the amount of rain, the streams in Idrija, Cerkno and Škofja Loka Hills overflowed. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 23 desanm 2024 à 02:55 (UTC)
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== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 in Your Country ==

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless]]

Dear Team,
My name is Joris Darlington Quarshie (user: Joris Darlington Quarshie), and I am the Event Coordinator for the Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 (WLF) International campaign.

Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 is a photographic competition aimed at highlighting folk culture worldwide. The annual international photography competition is held on Wikimedia Commons between the 1st of February and the 31st of March. This campaign invites photographers and enthusiasts of folk culture globally to showcase their local traditions, festivals, cultural practices, and other folk events by uploading photographs to Wikimedia Commons.

As we celebrate the seventh anniversary of Wiki Loves Folklore, the international team is thrilled to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and organizations worldwide to host a local edition in their respective countries. This is an opportunity to bring more visibility to the folk culture of your region and contribute valuable content to the internet.

* Please find the project page for this year’s edition at:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2025
* To sign up and organize the event in your country, visit:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2025/Organize

If you wish to organize your local edition in either February or March instead of both months, feel free to let us know.

In addition to the photographic competition, there will also be a Wikipedia writing competition called Feminism and Folklore, which focuses on topics related to feminism, women's issues, gender gaps, and folk culture on Wikipedia.

We welcome your team to organize both the photo and writing campaigns or either one of them in your local Wiki edition. If you are unable to organize both campaigns, feel free to share this opportunity with other groups or organizations in your region that may be interested.

* You can find the Feminism and Folklore project page here:
https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025

* The page to sign up is:
https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025/Project_Page

For any questions or to discuss further collaboration, feel free to contact us via the Talk page or email at support@wikilovesfolklore.org. If your team wishes to connect via a meeting to discuss this further, please let us know.

We look forward to your participation in Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 and to seeing the incredible folk culture of your region represented on Wikimedia Commons.

Sincerely,

The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 08:50, 27 December 2024 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-01 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Uganda Railways Corporation]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Schienenverkehr in Uganda]])&amp;#32;([[:no:Uganda Railways Corporation]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:9620 mit Güterzug.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Uganda Railways Corporation''' (URC) is the parastatal railway of Uganda. It was formed after the breakup of the East African Railways Corporation (EARC) in 1977 when it took over the Ugandan part of the East African railways. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 30 desanm 2024 à 02:37 (UTC)
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== Invitation to Organise Feminism and Folklore 2025 ==

== Invitation to Organise Feminism and Folklore 2025 ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]]
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;{{int:please-translate}}&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Dear {{PAGENAME}},

My name is [[User:SAgbley|Stella Agbley]], and I am the Event Coordinator for the Feminism and Folklore 2025 (FnF) International campaign.

We're thrilled to announce the Feminism and Folklore 2025 writing competition, held in conjunction with Wiki Loves Folklore 2025! This initiative focuses on enriching Wikipedia with content related to feminism, women's issues, gender gaps, and folk culture.

=== Why Host the Competition? ===
* Empower voices: Provide a platform for discussions on feminism and its intersection with folk culture.
* Enrich Wikipedia: Contribute valuable content to Wikipedia on underrepresented topics.
* Raise awareness: Increase global understanding of these important issues.

=== Exciting Prizes Await! ===
We're delighted to acknowledge outstanding contributions with a range of prizes:

**International Recognition:**
* 1st Prize: $300 USD
* 2nd Prize: $200 USD
* 3rd Prize: $100 USD
* Consolation Prizes (Top 10): $50 USD each

**Local Recognition (Details Coming Soon!):**
Each participating Wikipedia edition (out of 40+) will offer local prizes. Stay tuned for announcements!  
All prizes will be distributed in a convenient and accessible manner. Winners will receive major brand gift cards or vouchers equivalent to the prize value in their local currency.

=== Ready to Get Involved? ===
Learn more about Feminism and Folklore 2025: [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025 Feminism and Folklore 2025]  
Sign Up to Organize a Campaign: [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2025/Project_Page Campaign Sign-Up Page]

=== Collaboration is Key! ===
Whether you choose to organize both photo and writing competitions (Wiki Loves Folklore and Feminism and Folklore) or just one, we encourage your participation. If hosting isn't feasible, please share this opportunity with interested groups in your region.

=== Let's Collaborate! ===
For questions or to discuss further collaboration, please contact us via the Talk page or email at support@wikilovesfolklore.org. We're happy to schedule a meeting to discuss details further.  
Together, let's celebrate women's voices and enrich Wikipedia with valuable content!

Thank you,  
**Wiki Loves Folklore International Team**

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]]) 23:02, 05 January 2025 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-02 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Internment of Japanese Canadians]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Japanese road camp.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
From 1942 to 1949, Canada forcibly relocated and incarcerated over 22,000 Japanese Canadians—comprising over 90% of the total Japanese Canadian population—from British Columbia in the name of &quot;national security&quot;. The majority were Canadian citizens by birth and were targeted based on their ancestry. This decision followed the events of the Japanese Empire's war in the Pacific against the Western Allies, such as the invasion of Hong Kong, the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, and the Fall of Singapore which led to the Canadian declaration of war on Japan during World War II. Similar to the actions taken against Japanese Americans in neighbouring United States, this forced relocation subjected many Japanese Canadians to government-enforced curfews and interrogations, job and property losses, and forced repatriation to Japan 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 6 janvye 2025 à 03:56 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-03 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Christmas seals]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:no:Julemerke]])&amp;#32;([[:ru:Рождественская виньетка]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:1915 US Christmas Seal.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Christmas seals''' are adhesive labels that are similar in appearance to postage stamps that are sold then affixed to mail during the Christmas season to raise funds and awareness for charitable programs. Christmas seals have become particularly associated with lung diseases such as tuberculosis, and with child welfare in general. They were first issued in Denmark beginning in 1904, with Sweden and Iceland following with issues that same year. Thereafter the use of Christmas seals proved to be popular and spread quickly around the world, with 130 countries producing their own issues. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 13 janvye 2025 à 02:24 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-04 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:it:Scontri del Nagorno Karabakh del 2010]])&amp;#32;([[:tr:2010 Dağlık Karabağ çatışmaları]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''2010 Nahorno karabakh war''' were a series of exchanges of gunfire that took place on February 18 on the line of contact dividing Azerbaijani and the Karabakh Armenian military forces. Azerbaijan accused the Armenian forces of firing on the Azerbaijani positions near Tap Qaraqoyunlu, Qızıloba, Qapanlı, Yusifcanlı and Cavahirli villages, as well as in uplands of Agdam Rayon with small arms fire including snipers. As a result, three Azerbaijani soldiers were killed and one wounded. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 20 janvye 2025 à 01:20 (UTC)
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== Thank you for being a medical contributors! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]]
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' 
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! 

Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2025]]''', there are no associated costs.

Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating].
|}

Thanks again :-)  -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 26 janvye 2025 à 06:24 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-05 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Jinnah's birthday]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Yorkstatue.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Jinnah's Birthday''', officially Quaid-e-Azam Day and sometimes known as Quaid Day, is a public holiday in Pakistan observed annually on 25 December to celebrate the birthday of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, known as Quaid-i-Azam (&quot;Great Leader&quot;). A major holiday, commemorations for Jinnah began during his lifetime in 1942, and have continued ever since. The event is primarily observed by the government and the citizens of the country where the national flag is hoisted at major architectural structures such as private and public buildings, particularly at the top of Quaid-e-Azam House in Karachi. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 27 janvye 2025 à 01:30 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-06 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:French conquest of Corsica]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Bataille de Ponte Novu.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''French conquest of Corsica''' was a successful expedition by French forces of the Kingdom of France under Comte de Vaux, against Corsican forces under Pasquale Paoli of the Corsican Republic. The expedition was launched in May 1768, in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 3 fevriye 2025 à 12:21 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-07 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Assassination of Spencer Perceval]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:PercevalShooting.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
On 11 May 1812, at about 5:15 pm, Spencer Perceval, the prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons by John Bellingham, a Liverpool merchant with a grievance against the government. Bellingham was detained; four days after the murder, he was tried, convicted and sentenced to death. He was hanged at Newgate Prison on 18 May, one week after the assassination and one month before the start of the War of 1812. Perceval remains the sole British prime minister to have been assassinated. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 10 fevriye 2025 à 02:18 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-08 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:2010 Malagasy constitutional referendum]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A constitutional referendum was held in Madagascar on 17 November 2010, in which voters approved a proposal for the state's fourth Constitution. The Malagasy people were asked to answer &quot;Yes&quot; or &quot;No&quot; to the proposed new constitution, which was considered to help consolidate Andry Rajoelina's grip on power. At the time of the referendum, Rajoelina headed the governing Highest Transitional Authority (HAT), an interim junta established following the military-backed coup d'état against then President Marc Ravalomanana in March 2009. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 17 fevriye 2025 à 01:21 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-09 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cooler Heads Coalition]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Cooler Heads Coalition]])&amp;#32;([[:fr:Cooler Heads Coalition]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Cooler Heads Coalition''' is a politically conservative &quot;informal and ad-hoc group&quot; in the United States, financed and operated by the Competitive Enterprise Institute. The group, which rejects the scientific consensus on climate change, made efforts to stop the government from addressing climate change. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 24 fevriye 2025 à 02:23 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-10 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:pt:Transmissor de Ondas]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Wave Transmitter]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Esq eletr transm ondas color.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Transmissor de Ondas''' é um equipamento precursor do rádio, desenvolvido por Roberto Landell de Moura na década de 1890, capaz de transmitir áudio via ondas eletromagnéticas, com sua primeira demonstração pública documentada tendo ocorrido no dia 16 de julho de 1899. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 3 mas 2025 à 01:50 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-11 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Smoky (mascotte olimpica)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Smoky (Olympic mascot)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Smoky 1932 Olympic Village Mascot.webp|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Smoky''' (Los Angeles, 1931 o 1932 - Los Angeles, aprile 1934), occasionalmente scritto Smokey, è stato un cane che divenne la mascotte del villaggio olimpico estivo del 1932 e, successivamente, dell'evento generale. Pur non essendo oggi riconosciuto dal CIO, è stato, seppur non in modo ufficiale, la prima mascotte olimpica dei Giochi, oltre che a essere attualmente l'unica a essere stata un animale vero. Le successive edizioni non ebbero mascotte, dovendo aspettare i X Giochi olimpici invernali di Grenoble nel 1968 per ritrovarne una ufficialmente riconosciuta, lo sciatore stilizzato Schuss, allora non considerato ufficiale ma successivamente riconosciuto come tale. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 10 mas 2025 à 02:50 (UTC)
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== Join Us Today: Amplify Women’s Stories on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;
[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]]

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{{center|''{{int:please-translate}}''}}

Dear {{PAGENAME}},
{{quote|Join us this International Women’s Month to uncover hidden stories and reshape cultural narratives! Dive into an interactive workshop where we’ll illuminate gaps in folklore and women’s history on Wikipedia—and take action to ensure their legacies are written into history.}}

Facilitated by '''Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight''', this workshop will explore how to identify and curate missing stories about women’s contributions to culture and heritage. Let’s work together to amplify voices that have been overlooked for far too long!

== Event Details ==
* '''📅 Date''': Today (15 March 2025)
* '''⏰ Time''': 4:00 PM UTC ([https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/converter.html Convert to your time zone])
* '''📍 Platform''': [https://us06web.zoom.us/j/87522074523?pwd=0EEz1jfr4i9d9Nvdm3ioTaFdRGZojJ.1 Zoom Link]
* '''🔗 Session''': [[meta:Event:Feminism and Folklore International Campaign: Finding and Curating the Missing Gaps on Gender Disparities|Feminism and Folklore International Campaign: Finding and Curating the Missing Gaps on Gender Disparities]]
* '''🆔 Meeting ID''': 860 8747 3266
* '''🔑 Passcode''': FNF@2025

== Participation ==
Whether you’re a seasoned editor or new to Wikipedia, this is your chance to contribute to a more inclusive historical record. ''Bring your curiosity and passion—we’ll provide the tools and guidance!''

'''Let’s make history ''her'' story too.''' See you there!

Best regards,&lt;br&gt;
'''Joris Quarshie'''&lt;br&gt;
[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:1em; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;
Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]  [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|msg]]) 07:15, 24 March 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-12 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])&amp;#32;([[:es:Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Frame A from Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Amazonas, o maior rio do mundo''''' (lit. 'Amazon: The Greatest River in the World') is a 1922 Brazilian silent documentary film produced in 1918 by Silvino Santos. It is a black-and-white film that portrays life in the Amazon rainforest. Completed in 1920, it is considered one of the oldest cinematic records of the Amazon. It was presumed lost in 1931 and only rediscovered in 2023 at the Czech Film Archive.

Silvino Santos produced the work over three years using sophisticated cinematic techniques, which led it to be deemed of &quot;immense artistic value&quot; by Le Monde. It has also been described as the &quot;Holy Grail of Brazilian silent cinema&quot; by The Guardian. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 17 mas 2025 à 01:57 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-13 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ali of the Eretnids]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:tr:Alaaddin Ali Bey]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Ala al-Din Ali''' (January 1353 – August 1380) was the third Sultan of the Eretnids ruling from 1366 until his death. He inherited the throne at a very early age and was removed from administrative matters. He was characterized as particularly keen on personal pleasures, which later discredited his authority. During his rule, emirs under the Eretnids enjoyed considerable autonomy, and the state continued to shrink as neighboring powers captured several towns. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 24 mas 2025 à 01:59 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-14 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Chilembwe uprising]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Chilembwe supporters being led to be executed (cropped).jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Chilembwe uprising''' was a rebellion against British colonial rule in Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi) which took place in January 1915. It was led by John Chilembwe, an American-educated Baptist minister. Based around his church in the village of Mbombwe in the south-east of the colony, the leaders of the revolt were mainly from an emerging black middle class. They were motivated by grievances against the British colonial system, which included forced labour, racial discrimination and new demands imposed on the African population following the outbreak of World War I. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 31 mas 2025 à 03:52 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-15 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:1930 Bago earthquake]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:my:၁၉၃၀ ပဲခူးငလျင်]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Thiao Mueang Phama (1955, p. 165).jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
An earthquake affected Myanmar on 5 May 1930 with a moment magnitude (Mw ) 7.4. The shock occurred 35 km (22 mi) beneath the surface with a maximum Rossi–Forel intensity of IX (Devastating tremor). The earthquake was the result of rupture along a 131 km (81 mi) segment of the Sagaing Fault—a major strike-slip fault that runs through the country. Extensive damage was reported in the southern part of the country, particularly in Bago and Yangon, where buildings collapsed and fires erupted. At least 550, and possibly up to 7,000 people were killed. A moderate tsunami struck the Burmese coast which caused minor damage to ships and a port. It was felt for over 570,000 km2 (220,000 sq mi) and as far as Shan State and Thailand. The mainshock was followed by many aftershocks; several were damaging. The December earthquake was similarly sized which also occurred along the Sagaing Fault. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 7 avril 2025 à 01:54 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-16 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Museu de Zoologia da USP 02.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo''' (Portuguese: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, abbreviated MZUSP) is a public natural history museum located in the historic Ipiranga district of São Paulo, Brazil. The MZUSP is an educational and research institution that is part of the University of São Paulo. The museum began at the end of the 19th century as part of the Museu Paulista; in 1941, it moved into a dedicated building. In 1969 the museum became a part of the University of São Paulo, receiving its current name. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 14 avril 2025 à 02:27 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-17 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Fear of crime]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ar:الخوف من الجريمة]])&amp;#32;([[:it:Criminofobia]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Fear of crime''' refers to the fear of being a victim of crime, which is not necessarily reflective of the actual probability of being such a victim. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 21 avril 2025 à 02:24 (UTC)
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== Invitation: Gendering the Archive - Building Inclusive Folklore Repositories (April 30th) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;
[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]]

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{{center|''{{int:please-translate}}''}}
Dear {{PAGENAME}},

You are invited to a hands-on session focused on [[meta:Gendering the Archive: Building Inclusive Repositories for Folklore Documentation|Gendering the Archive: Building Inclusive Repositories for Folklore Documentation]]. This online workshop will guide participants on how to create, edit, and expand gender-inclusive folklore articles and multimedia archives on Wikipedia and Wikidata. The session will be led by Rebecca Jeannette Nyinawumuntu.

=== Objectives ===
* '''Design Inclusive Repositories:''' Learn best practices for structuring folklore archives that foreground gender perspectives.
* '''Hands-On Editing:''' Practice creating and improving articles and items on Wikipedia and Wikidata with a gender-inclusive lens.
* '''Collaborative Mapping:''' Work in small groups to plan new entries and multimedia uploads that document underrepresented voices.
* '''Advocacy &amp; Outreach:''' Discuss strategies to promote and sustain these repositories within your local and online communities.

=== Details ===
* '''Date:''' 30th April 2025
* '''Day:''' Wednesday
* '''Time:''' 16:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746028800 Check your local time zone])
* '''Venue:''' Online (Zoom)
* '''Speaker:''' Rebecca Jeannette Nyinawumuntu (Co-founder, Wikimedia Rwanda &amp; Community Engagement Director)

=== How to Join ===
* '''Zoom Link:''' [https://us06web.zoom.us/j/89158738825?pwd=ezEgXbAqwq9KEr499DvJxSzZyXSVQX Join here]
* '''Meeting ID:''' 891 5873 8825
* '''Passcode:''' FNF@2025
* '''Add to Calendar:''' [https://zoom.us/meeting/tZ0scuGvrTMiGNH4I3T7EEQmhuFJkuCHL7Ci/ics?meetingMasterEventId=Xv247OBKRMWeJJ9LSbX2hA Add to your calendar] ''''

=== Agenda ===
# Welcome &amp; Introductions: Opening remarks and participant roll-call.
# Presentation: Overview of gender-inclusive principles and examples of folklore archives.
# Hands-On Workshop: Step-by-step editing on Wikipedia and Wikidata—create or expand entries.
# Group Brainstorm: Plan future repository items in breakout groups.
# Q&amp;A &amp; Discussion: Share challenges, solutions, and next steps.
# Closing Remarks: Summarise key takeaways and outline follow-up actions.

We look forward to seeing you there!

Best regards,&lt;br&gt;
Stella&lt;br&gt;
Feminism and Folklore Organiser

-[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 10:28, 24 April 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-18 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Heritage preservation in South Korea]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Korean.Dance-03.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The heritage preservation system of South Korea is a multi-level program aiming to preserve and cultivate Korean cultural heritage. The program is administered by the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA), and the legal framework is provided by the Cultural Heritage Protection Act of 1962, last updated in 2012. The program started in 1962 and has gradually been extended and upgraded since then. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 28 avril 2025 à 00:57 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-19 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lhamana]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:We-Wa, a Zuni berdache, weaving - NARA - 523796 (cropped).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Lhamana''', in traditional Zuni culture, are biologically male people who take on the social and ceremonial roles usually performed by women in their culture, at least some of the time. They wear a mixture of women's and men's clothing and much of their work is in the areas usually occupied by Zuni women. Some contemporary lhamana participate in the pan-Indian two-spirit community. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 5 me 2025 à 07:29 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-20 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Gruppo del Sileno]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Parco3.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Sileno ed Egle con Mnasilo e Cromi''', meglio noto come Gruppo del Sileno, è un monumento in marmo di Carrara, realizzato da Jean-Baptiste Boudard nel 1765 per il Giardino Ducale di Parma; sostituito nel 1991 con una copia in polvere di marmo e resina, l'originale si trova provvisoriamente nel chiostro della Fontana del monastero di San Paolo, in attesa della definitiva collocazione prevista all'interno del palazzetto Eucherio Sanvitale nel parco Ducale. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 12 me 2025 à 02:28 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-21 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lorrin A. Thurston]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fi:Lorrin Thurston]])&amp;#32;([[:ko:로린 A. 서스턴]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lorrinandrewsthurston1892.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Lorrin Andrews Thurston''' (July 31, 1858 – May 11, 1931) was a Hawaiian citizen lawyer, politician, and businessman. Thurston played a prominent role in the revolution that overthrew the Hawaiian Kingdom to replace Queen Liliʻuokalani with the Republic of Hawaii, with discreet US support for which Congress much later apologized. He published the Pacific Commercial Advertiser (a forerunner of the present-day Honolulu Star-Advertiser), and owned other enterprises. From 1906 to 1916, he and his network lobbied with national politicians to create a national park to preserve the Hawaiian volcanoes. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 19 me 2025 à 02:33 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-22 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Lamiera bugnata]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Tread plate]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Diamond Plate.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Una '''lamiera bugnata''' o mandorlata è una lamiera di metallo ottenuta dalla laminazione di una bramma attraverso rulli che, tramite punzonatura o goffratura, imprimono sulla lamina rilievi a forma di rombo o ellisse, detti bugne. Nel caso questi rilievi siano alternati singolarmente nei due assi, si parla di lamiera diamantata, mentre se le forme sono predisposte in maniera parallela per formare piccoli quadranti tra di loro tangenti, questo pattern viene identificato con il nome di mandorlato.

We tend to ignore the fact that this type of plate is the only reason we don't slip when we walk on steel and wet or frozen surfaces. The Italian article it's short but quite complete, and has just the right amount of citations, unlike other poor languages' versions. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 26 me 2025 à 06:04 (UTC)
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== Kanada ==

Bonjou,

Nan paj [[Kanada]], mwen te wè ou te modifye infobox la avèk youn Wikipedya fransè. Tradiksyon an infobox sa a pa komplete, ou vle tradui li oubyen mwen ka fè sa mwen mèm ? (Petèt fen semèn sa a) [[Itilizatè:HalikhSovar78|HalikhSovar78]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:HalikhSovar78|diskisyon]]) 1 jen 2025 à 16:15 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-23 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Angelo azzurro (cocktail)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Ángel azul (cóctel)]])&amp;#32;([[:fr:Ange bleu (cocktail)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Angelo Azzurro Cocktail.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
L''''angelo azzurro''' è un cocktail alcolico italiano. È considerato uno dei cocktail più popolari in Italia negli anni novanta, insieme al B-52 e all'Invisibile. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 2 jen 2025 à 05:39 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-24 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fi:Kotiryssä]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Kotiryssä]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''kotiryssä''' (jocular Finnish: one’s home Russky or home Russian) was a Soviet or Russian contact person of a Finnish politician, bureaucrat, businessman or other important person. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 9 jen 2025 à 02:33 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-25 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Future self]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pl:Przyszła jaźń]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In the psychology of self, the '''future self''' concerns the processes and consequences associated with thinking about oneself in the future. People think about their future selves similarly to how they think about other people. The extent to which people feel psychologically connected (e.g., similarity, closeness) to their future self influences how well they treat their future self. When people feel connected to their future self, they are more likely to save for retirement, make healthy decisions, and avoid ethical transgressions. Interventions that increase feelings of connectedness with future selves can improve future-oriented decision making across these domains. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 16 jen 2025 à 02:18 (UTC)
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== You're invited: Feminism and Folklore Advocacy Session – June 20! ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

Hello {{PAGENAME}}

[[File:Feminism and Folklore logo.svg | right | frameless]]

We are pleased to invite you to an inspiring session in the Feminism and Folklore International Campaign Advocacy Series titled:

🎙️ Documenting Indigenous Women’s Wisdom: The Role of Grandmothers and Elders&lt;br&gt;
🗓 Friday, June 20, 2025&lt;br&gt;
⏰ 4:00 PM UTC&lt;br&gt;
🌍 Online – [https://us06web.zoom.us/j/86470824823?pwd=s7ruwuxrradtJNcZLVT9EyClb8g7ho.1 Zoom link]&lt;br&gt;
👤 Facilitator: Obiageli Ezeilo (Wiki for Senior Citizens Network)&lt;br&gt;

Join us as we explore how the oral teachings of grandmothers and elders preserve cultural heritage and influence today’s feminist movements. Learn how to document these narratives using Wikimedia platforms!

🔗 Event Page &amp; Details:
https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Documenting_Indigenous_Women%E2%80%99s_Wisdom:_The_Role_of_Grandmothers_and_Elders

This session includes:&lt;br&gt;
✔️ A keynote presentation&lt;br&gt;
✔️ Story-sharing interactive segment&lt;br&gt;
✔️ Q&amp;A + tools for documenting women’s wisdom on Wikimedia&lt;br&gt;

We hope to see you there!

Warm regards,&lt;br&gt;
Stella&lt;br&gt;
On behalf of Feminism and Folklore Team&lt;br&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 23:49, 17 June 2025 (UTC)
 &lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-26 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pictorial map]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fa:نقشه تصویری]])&amp;#32;([[:ja:絵地図]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Blake Britain Spearhead of Attack.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pictorial maps''' (also known as illustrated maps, panoramic maps, perspective maps, bird's-eye view maps, and geopictorial maps) depict a given territory with a more artistic rather than technical style. It is a type of map in contrast to road map, atlas, or topographic map. The cartography can be a sophisticated 3-D perspective landscape or a simple map graphic enlivened with illustrations of buildings, people and animals. They can feature all sorts of varied topics like historical events, legendary figures or local agricultural products and cover anything from an entire continent to a college campus. Drawn by specialized artists and illustrators, pictorial maps are a rich, centuries-old tradition and a diverse art form that ranges from cartoon maps on restaurant placemats to treasured art prints in museums. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 23 jen 2025 à 01:18 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-27 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Queen Elizabeth University Hospital]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:QEUH.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Queen Elizabeth University Hospital''' (QEUH) is a 1,677-bed acute hospital located in Govan, in the south-west of Glasgow, Scotland. The hospital is built on the site of the former Southern General Hospital and opened at the end of April 2015. The hospital comprises a 1,109-bed adult hospital, a 256-bed children's hospital and two major Emergency Departments; one for adults and one for children. There is also an Immediate Assessment Unit for local GPs and out-of-hours services, to send patients directly, without having to be processed through the Emergency Department. The retained buildings from the former Southern General Hospital include the Maternity Unit, the Institute of Neurological Sciences, the Langlands Unit for medicine of the elderly and the laboratory. The whole facility is operated by NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, and is one of the largest acute hospital campuses in Europe. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 30 jen 2025 à 02:05 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-28 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Non-constituency Member of Parliament]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''Non-constituency Member of Parliament''' (NCMP) is a member of an opposition political party in Singapore who, as stipulated in Article 39 of the Constitution and the Parliamentary Elections Act, is declared to have been elected a Member of Parliament (MP) without constituency representation, despite having lost in a general election, by virtue of having been one of the opposition candidates with the highest vote shares among the unelected. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 7 jiyè 2025 à 02:10 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-29 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Immunolabeling]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Immunolabeling process image.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Immunolabeling''' is a biochemical process that enables the detection and localization of an antigen to a particular site within a cell, tissue, or organ. Antigens are organic molecules, usually proteins, capable of binding to an antibody. These antigens can be visualized using a combination of antigen-specific antibody as well as a means of detection, called a tag, that is covalently linked to the antibody 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
---[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 14 jiyè 2025 à 13:44 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Vespa analis]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Plumpy hornet on the ground - 1.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Vespa analis''''', the yellow-vented hornet, is a species of common hornet found in Southeast Asia 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 21 jiyè 2025 à 01:28 (UTC)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:pt:Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Baía dos Porcos - Fernando de Noronha (32811749914).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Fernando de Noronha Marine National Park''' (Portuguese: Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha) is a national park in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 28 jiyè 2025 à 01:40 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Itilizatè:Kitanago]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Xie Zhiliu]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Xie Zhiliu''' (Chinese: 谢稚柳; 1910–1997) was a leading traditional painter, calligrapher, and art connoisseur of modern China. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 4 out 2025 à 01:21 (UTC)

(This message was sent to [[:Itilizatè:Kitanago]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lethocerus patruelis]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lethocerus patruelis.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Lethocerus patruelis''''' is a giant water bug in the family Belostomatidae. It is native to southeastern Europe, through Southwest Asia, to Pakistan, India and Burma. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 11 out 2025 à 02:20 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Ikiza]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:CIA map of Burundi and surrounding countries during 1972 killings.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Ikiza''' (variously translated from Kirundi as the Catastrophe, the Great Calamity, and the Scourge), or the Ubwicanyi (Killings), was a series of mass killings—often characterised as a genocide—which were committed in Burundi in 1972 by the Tutsi-dominated army and government, primarily against educated and elite Hutus who lived in the country. Conservative estimates place the death toll of the event between 100,000 and 150,000 killed, while some estimates of the death toll go as high as 300,000. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 18 out 2025 à 02:43 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Corallite]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) - ZooKeys-227-001-g004.jpeg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''corallite''' is the skeletal cup, formed by an individual stony coral polyp, in which the polyp sits and into which it can retract. The cup is composed of aragonite, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, and is secreted by the polyp. Corallites vary in size, but in most colonial corals they are less than 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 25 out 2025 à 02:18 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-36 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Diksam Plateau]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Dixam plateau (6407168437).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Diksam Plateau''' or Dixam Plateau (Arabic: دكسم) is a limestone plateau in Socotra, Yemen. The Firmihin forest, located east of the Dirhur canyon within the plateau, has the highest concentration of Dragon's Blood Trees on the entire island. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 1 septanm 2025 à 02:40 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Ttongsul]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ja:トンスル]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Ttongsul (imitation).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''ttongsul''' (똥술), o vino di feci, è una tradizionale preparazione medicinale coreana con gradazione alcolica al 9% a base di feci, solitamente umane e preferibilmente di bambino. Nato probabilmente traendo spunto dalla medicina tradizionale cinese, nelle credenze popolari il vino di feci avrebbe proprietà benefiche per molti tipi di malesseri: sarebbe un rimedio per dolori muscolari, ustioni, infiammazioni, epilessia e fratture ossee.

Sebbene alcuni media occidentali abbiano in passato riportato che questa bevanda sia diffusa tra la popolazione coreana, al giorno d'oggi un numero molto limitato di persone ne fa uso, dopo aver subito un declino di popolarità nei secoli scorsi, tanto che la maggioranza dei giovani coreani non ne ha mai sentito parlare.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 8 septanm 2025 à 02:28 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-38 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pak Kum-chol]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pak Kum-chol in 1961 (cropped).jpg|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pak Kum-chol''' was a North Korean politician. Having been a guerrilla during the anti-Japanese struggle, he became a high-ranking politician after the liberation of Korea. Pak aligned himself with his former guerrilla brothers in arms from the Kapsan Operation Committee to form a faction within the ruling Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) called the &quot;Kapsan faction&quot;. This faction sought to replace Kim Il Sung with Pak. Kim retaliated by purging the faction in 1967 in what is known as the Kapsan faction incident. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 15 septanm 2025 à 02:18 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-39 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Federation of Central America (1921–1922)]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Federación de Centro América (1921-1922)]])&amp;#32;([[:ar:اتحاد أمريكا الوسطى (1921-1922)]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Central America's Northern Triangle (orthographic projection).png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Federation of Central America''' (Spanish: Federación de Centro América)[1] was a short-lived federal republic that existed in Central America between 1921 and 1922. The federation consisted of the Central American nations of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 22 septanm 2025 à 02:45 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-40 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Palazzo delle Poste (Latina)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Postelittoria2.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''Palazzo delle Poste''', fino al 1945 Ricevitoria Postelegrafonica di Littoria, è un edificio postale di Latina, situato in piazzale dei Bonificatori.

Costruito nel 1932 in stile razionalista con influenze futuriste, riscontrabili nell'utilizzo di ampie superfici vetrate e di volumi verticali, oltre che per la presenza di l’utilizzo di materiali e scelte di design molto in voga all'epoca come, come i mattoni a vista, il travertino di Tivoli e l'Anticorodal (una lega di alluminio), ospita l'ufficio postale Latina Centro. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
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&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 29 septanm 2025 à 00:58 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-41 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Majed Abu Maraheel]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Majed Abu Maraheel''' was a Palestinian long-distance runner, football player, security officer, and athletics coach, who was the first Palestinian to compete at the Olympic Games. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 6 oktòb 2025 à 12:48 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-42 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Abortion in Eritrea]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In Eritrea, abortion is banned except on the grounds of pregnancy from rape or incest, pregnancy of a minor, or risk to physical or mental health. Legal abortions require medical or judicial approval. Prior to Eritrea's independence, it applied Ethiopia's abortion law of the 1950s, which banned abortion unless life-saving. After independence, the 1991 penal code adapted this law to lift punishments on abortions on the grounds of rape, incest, or risk to life or health, but legal abortions did not exist in effect. The penal codes of 2001 and 2015 required physicians to prove health grounds for abortion. Unsafe abortion is common and contributes to maternal mortality in Eritrea. Post-abortion care is unavailable in some regions. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 13 oktòb 2025 à 01:06 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-43 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Auschwitz Liberated January 1945.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
On 27 January 1945, Auschwitz—a Nazi concentration camp and extermination camp in occupied Poland where more than a million people were murdered as part of the Nazis' &quot;Final Solution&quot; to the Jewish question—was liberated by the Soviet Red Army during the Vistula–Oder Offensive. Although most of the prisoners had been forced onto a death march, about 7,000 had been left behind. The Soviet soldiers attempted to help the survivors and were shocked at the scale of Nazi crimes. The date is recognized as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 20 oktòb 2025 à 02:04 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-44 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Black Diaries]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Black Diaries''' are diaries purported to have been written by the Irish revolutionary Roger Casement, which contained accounts of homosexual liaisons with young men. They cover the years 1903, 1910 and 1911 (two) and were handed in to Scotland Yard after his capture in April 1916. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 27 oktòb 2025 à 02:51 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-45 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Consolations (Liszt)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Franz Liszt - Consolation No. 3, Lento placido.ogg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Consolations''', S. 171a/172 (German: Tröstungen) are a set of six solo piano works by Franz Liszt. The compositions take the musical style of nocturnes with each having its own distinctive style. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 3 novanm 2025 à 01:52 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-46 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Marine coastal ecosystem]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Vegetation and fauna processes controlling benthic biogeochemical fluxes.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''marine coastal ecosystem''' is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Worldwide there is about 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats extend to the margins of the continental shelves, occupying about 7 percent of the ocean surface area. Marine coastal ecosystems include many very different types of marine habitats, each with their own characteristics and species composition. They are characterized by high levels of biodiversity and productivity.

For example, estuaries are areas where freshwater rivers meet the saltwater of the ocean, creating an environment that is home to a wide variety of species, including fish, shellfish, and birds. Salt marshes are coastal wetlands which thrive on low-energy shorelines in temperate and high-latitude areas, populated with salt-tolerant plants such as cordgrass and marsh elder that provide important nursery areas for many species of fish and shellfish. Mangrove forests survive in the intertidal zones of tropical or subtropical coasts, populated by salt-tolerant trees that protect habitat for many marine species, including crabs, shrimp, and fish. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 10 novanm 2025 à 01:54 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-47 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Elephant communication]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Three elephant's curly kisses.jpg|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Elephants communicate''' via touching, visual displays, vocalisations, seismic vibrations, and semiochemicals. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 17 novanm 2025 à 02:24 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-48 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Animal-made art]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Painting Queen 1024x768.png|center|300px|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Animal-made art''' consists of works by non-human animals, that have been considered by humans to be artistic, including visual works, music, photography, and videography. Some of these are created naturally by animals, often as courtship displays, while others are created with human involvement.

There have been debates about the copyright status of these works, with the United States Copyright Office stating in 2014 that works that lack human authorship cannot have their copyright registered at the US Copyright Office. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 24 novanm 2025 à 02:13 (UTC)

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Bonjou Kitanago

Mwen ekri w jis pou w sa banm yon ti limyè 
Pou kisa apre konkou wiki kreyolo yo, pa g on kote 
Ki montre ganyan yo ak prim ke yo resevwa an?

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-49 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Halachic state]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The term &quot;'''halachic state'''&quot; (Hebrew: מְדִינַת הֲלָכָה‎ Medīnat Hălāḵā) refers to a sovereign state that endorses Judaism in an official capacity and governs by Jewish religious law. It has been a subject of discussion among Orthodox Jews, particularly with regard to modern Israel, which, although a Jewish state, is not classified as a theocracy. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 1 desanm 2025 à 08:01 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-50 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:ru:Сто лошадей]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:One Hundred Horses]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:A_Hundred_Steeds.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''One Hundred Horses''''' (Chinese: 百駿圖) is a Qing dynasty silk and ink painting by Giuseppe Castiglione. It was painted in 1728 for the Yongzheng emperor. The painting depicts a hundred horses in a variety of poses and activities, combining Western realism with traditional Chinese composition and brushwork.  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 8 desanm 2025 à 02:29 (UTC)

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== Invitation to Organise Feminism and Folklore 2026 ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]]
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;{{int:please-translate}}&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Dear {{PAGENAME}},

Hope you’re doing well. I’m reaching out with some exciting updates about '''[[m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]'''. Thanks to the amazing support from organizers like you, the campaign has grown into one of the biggest and most collaborative initiatives in the entire Wikimedia movement. Your efforts have played a huge part in that, and we’re truly grateful. We’re hoping to make the 2026 edition even larger and even more community-driven.

We’d be very happy to have you join again as an organizer. The sign-up process is simple this year:

#Create your local event page (you can copy from the [[:m:Feminism_and_Folklore/Sample|sample]])
#Set up your Fountain or [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/campwiz/ CampWiz] campaign.
#Add your campaign link to the 2026 '''[[:m:Feminism_and_Folklore_2026/Project_Page|registration list]]'''

The focus of the campaign remains the same - creating or expanding Wikipedia content on feminism, women’s issues, gender topics, and diverse folk traditions from around the world. International and local prizes will continue as before.

'''Special Prize for 2026:'''

Every participant will receive a Wikipedia 25 digital postcard as a token of appreciation for contributing to the global movement during Wikipedia’s 25th anniversary year. This will be sent to all contributors who take part in the campaign.

We’re also adding an optional one-time internet and childcare support for organizers who may need extra assistance to carry out their local campaign. This is entirely optional and meant to help those who might otherwise face challenges in organizing. More details will be shared soon.

If you’re unable to organize this year, no worries at all - please feel free to share the invitation with others in your community who might be interested.

If you have any questions or would like to discuss plans, you can reach us on the [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026|talk page]] or by email.

Looking forward to collaborating again,

'''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''

--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 12 desanm 2025 à 18:18 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-51 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:First Universal Races Congress]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:fr:Premier Congrès universel des races]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Universal Races Congress seated outside the entrance to the Imperial Institute, London, 1911.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''First Universal Races Congress''' met in 1911 for four days at the University of London as an early effort at anti-racism. Speakers from a number of countries discussed race relations and how to improve them. The congress, with 2,100 attendees, was organised by prominent humanists of that era. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 15 desanm 2025 à 01:56 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2025-52 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2025 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pin Malakul]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Pin Malakul, January 1922.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pin Malakul''' (24 October 1903 – 5 October 1995) was a Thai professor, educator and writer. His contributions to education in Thailand include the establishment of various institutions of higher education, the introduction of fixed class schedules, and the implementation of teacher-training programmes. In his career he served as Director-General of the Department of General Education, later becoming Permanent Secretary, and Minister, of Education. He was also a member of the executive board of UNESCO. His writings earned him the title of National Artist in 1987, and the 100th anniversary of his birth was celebrated by the UNESCO in 2003 as recognition of his contribution to the advancement of education in Thailand and Southeast Asia. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
-[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 22 desanm 2025 à 02:26 (UTC)

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== Atik ==

Men mwen pral montre w atik sa a: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZephyrMusic&lt;/nowiki&gt; Sa a se yon mizisyen franse ki pa byen koni, li pa gen notoryete pou l gen yon atik sou Wikipedya. Li kreye plizyè kont pou l pale de tèt li. Atik sa a li menm te kreye l epi li gen anpil enfòmasyon trivial sou li, sa ki fè l fè pwomosyon pou tèt li isit la. Pèsonn pa konnen enfòmasyon sa yo sou li eksepte tèt li. Li se yon sockpuppet ki te deja pini anvan e menm yo te bloke kont li, men li kreye plizyè kont kòmsi li te yon sockpuppet pou l evite pinisyon. [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2025-42618-52|&amp;#126;2025-42618-52]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2025-42618-52|discussion]]) 23 desanm 2025 à 13:23 (UTC)

:The user of the request above is using one of Amy Ivy's temporary accounts. This user is blocked on most other versions of Wikipedia for vandalism and spam, and they're doing it again; it's all they do all day. They enjoy destroying articles with small accounts and a large number of temporary ones. Look at Amy Ivy's main account to see for yourself. [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2025-42722-69|&amp;#126;2025-42722-69]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2025-42722-69|discussion]]) 24 desanm 2025 à 14:14 (UTC)
::Hello @[[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]], this article has now been improved and sources have been added. [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2025-43035-10|&amp;#126;2025-43035-10]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2025-43035-10|discussion]]) 26 desanm 2025 à 03:55 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-01 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:The Morning of the Magicians]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Le Matin des magiciens, couverture.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''The Morning of the Magicians: Introduction to Fantastic Realism''''' (French: Le Matin des magiciens: Introduction au réalisme fantastique) is a 1960 book by the journalists Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier. It covers topics like cryptohistory, ufology, occultism in Nazism, alchemy, spiritual philosophy. The second half of the book is entirely dedicated to the Nazi-Occult connections; the book is widely credited with the proliferation of numerous myths related to occultism in Nazism. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 29 desanm 2025 à 02:20 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-02 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Somaliland War of Independence]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Somaliland, fighters of the Somali National Movement (SNM), 1980s.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Somaliland War of Independence''' was a rebellion waged by the Somali National Movement (SNM) against the ruling military junta in Somalia led by General Siad Barre lasting from its founding on 6 April 1981 and ended on 18 May 1991 when the SNM declared what was then northern Somalia independent as the Republic of Somaliland. The conflict served as the main theater of the larger Somali Rebellion that started in 1978. The conflict was in response to the harsh policies enacted by the Barre regime against the main clan family in Somaliland, the Isaaq, including a declaration of economic warfare on the clan-family. These harsh policies were put into effect shortly after the conclusion of the disastrous Ogaden War in 1978. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 5 janvye 2026 à 03:00 (UTC)

(Ce message a été envoyé à [[:Itilizatè:Kitanago]] et est publié ici en raison d’une redirection.)
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== Atik ==

Gade atik nèg sa a; li pa satisfè kondisyon notoryete yo. Mizisyen sa a pa popilè, men l ap eseye ak tout pri pou l jwenn yon atik Wikipedya. Li deja kreye plizyè kont pou l pale de tèt li isit la. Se yon moun sòt; li ekri atik yo sou tèt li. Donk m ap mande w, kijan yon nèg konsa moun pa konnen ka gen tout enfòmasyon sa yo isit la? Menm bagay pèsonèl li yo nan atik sa a; li menm li ekri l, pa vre? San mansyone nouvèl sa yo, ki te piblikasyon peye oswa ki te ekri sou lòd li pou fè pwomosyon pou tèt li. Se yon moun ki anvi atansyon ak validasyon, men Wikipedya gen kritè pa l, epi li pa satisfè yo. Analize l epi efase l. →&lt;nowiki&gt;[https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZephyrMusic]&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2026-11261-6|&amp;#126;2026-11261-6]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2026-11261-6|discussion]]) 6 janvye 2026 à 14:07 (UTC)

:Bypassing [[metawiki:Special:CentralAuth/AmyIvy|AmyIvy]]&lt;nowiki&gt; user block through multiple temporary accounts + continuous spam and vandalism despite the warnings and blockages ~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2026-11577-7|&amp;#126;2026-11577-7]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2026-11577-7|discussion]]) 6 janvye 2026 à 14:28 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-03 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Pietro Lauro]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Pietro Lauro]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Master I.A.V.F., Pietro Lauro, born 1508, Modenese Poet and Scholar (obverse), 1555, NGA 45072.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pietro Lauro''', conosciuto anche come Pietro Lauro Modonese o Pietro Lauro da Modona (Modena o dintorni, 1510 circa – Venezia, 1568 circa) è stato un traduttore, scrittore e divulgatore scientifico italiano. Nonostante non si conosca gran parte della sua biografia, fu uno dei poligrafi italiani più conosciuti del Cinquecento. La sua produzione raccoglie traduzioni dal latino, dal greco e dallo spagnolo e riguardano opere di autori classici, stranieri e protestanti. Lauro si dimostrò abile nel trattare testi con temi molto diversi, come la filosofia, l'architettura, la medicina, il giardinaggio, l'agronomia, le scienze biologiche, la storia, la teologia e l'astronomia. Si cimentò anche nella scrittura di un poema cavalleresco sullo stile di quelli spagnoli, il Polendo, sua magnum opus in questo senso.

Aderente alla Riforma protestante, sebbene le sue trasposizioni siano state oggetto di critiche già degli autori a lui contemporanei, che le giudicarono troppo letterali, rozze e imparziali, a Lauro si deve il merito di aver ultimato la traduzione in lingua volgare di numerosi testi sia classici, sia scientifici, sia epistolari. I suoi lavori ebbero una notevole diffusione, non solo tra i letterati veneziani della sua epoca, ma in tutta Italia, tanto che alcune sue traduzioni vengono ancora oggi ristampate in nuove edizioni. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 12 janvye 2026 à 01:45 (UTC)

(Ce message a été envoyé à [[:Itilizatè:Kitanago]] et est publié ici en raison d’une redirection.)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge; padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]]

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;padding: 1em 2em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026

Dear {{BASEPAGENAME}},

We are pleased to invite you to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and women.

;What Can Participants Write About?
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:

* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances
* Women and queer figures in folklore
* Women in mythology and oral traditions
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:

# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]]
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline
#* Local and international prizes
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
*For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.
* Join the office hours on 23 January 2026 and connect with the international Team. ([[:m:Event:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 Office Hours|sign up now]])

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,

'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 18 janvye 2026 à 16:31 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message envoyé par User:Tiven2240@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf25&amp;oldid=29949330 --&gt;

== Vandalis twòp sou yon peryòd tan ki long ==

Bonjou @[[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]], yon itilizatè ki bloke pou abi kont ak vandalis ap itilize plizyè kont tanporè pou kontourne bloke a epi vandalize ansiklopedi a. Yo regilyèman vize menm atik la, retire paragraf ak sous nan medya serye menm apre yo fin etabli lejitimite atik la. Li ta pi bon pou pran aksyon kont plizyè kont tanporè pwoblèmatik sa yo oswa pou pwoteje paj la. Mèsi. [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2026-38626-5|&amp;#126;2026-38626-5]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2026-38626-5|discussion]]) 18 janvye 2026 à 22:51 (UTC)

:Bonjou @[[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]], moun ki kache dèyè kont tanporè yo pou vandalize a frape ankò. Piske yo pa gen anyen pi bon pou yo fè ak lavi yo, ou ta dwe pran mezi pou anpeche yo kontinye deranje Wikipedya. [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2026-51934-9|&amp;#126;2026-51934-9]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2026-51934-9|discussion]]) 24 janvye 2026 à 11:30 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-04 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Volto di Palazzo Vecchio]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Piazza della signoria angolo via della ninna, palazzo vecchio, cantonata con testa scolpita 02.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''volto di Palazzo Vecchio''' (conosciuto anche come L'importuno o L'inopportuno) è un incisione su pietraforte attibuita a Michelangelo Buonarroti, scolpita in una delle pietre di Palazzo Vecchio a Firenze.

Secondo le varie leggende, il profilo sarebbe stato realizzato come graffito dall'artista toscano, con soggetto un suo importunatore, un debitore, un condannato a morte o se stesso. Nel 2020, gli studiosi hanno ipotizzato possa invece trattarsi di un ritratto di Francesco Granacci, pittore amico di Michelangelo. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 19 janvye 2026 à 02:14 (UTC)

(Ce message a été envoyé à [[:Itilizatè:Kitanago]] et est publié ici en raison d’une redirection.)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-05 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Raffaello Kobayashi]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Raffaello Kobayashi]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Raffaello Kobayashi''', nato Raffaele Sanzio (Bari, 14 gennaio 1917 – Yokohama, 1 aprile 2011), è stato un militare italiano naturalizzato giapponese.

Sommergibilista durante la Seconda guerra mondiale, prestò servizio per tutte e tre le principali Potenze dell'Asse: Regno d'Italia, Germania nazista e Impero giapponese. Alla fine della guerra si nascose in Giappone per evitare di subire l'internamento in un campo di prigionia, divenendo poi cittadino nipponico e cambiando il proprio nome.

Prese parte all'affondamento della HMS Calypso nel 1940, primo successo italiano in campo navale nel corso del conflitto mondiale. Con l'abbattimento di un bombardiere statunitense il 22 agosto 1945, otto giorni dopo il discorso di resa del Giappone alle potenze alleate della seconda guerra mondiale, a bordo del Comandante Cappellini, sarebbe stata l'ultima persona in assoluto a mettere fuori combattimento un velivolo degli Alleati nella stessa guerra. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 26 janvye 2026 à 02:05 (UTC)

(Ce message a été envoyé à [[:Itilizatè:Kitanago]] et est publié ici en raison d’une redirection.)
&lt;!-- Message envoyé par User:Shizhao@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&amp;oldid=29945240 --&gt;

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-06 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Censorship in the Czech Republic]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:cs:Cenzura v Česku]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Censorship in the Czech Republic''' had been highly active until 17 November 1989 and the fall of Communism in the former Czechoslovakia. Czech Republic was ranked as the 13th most free country in the World Press Freedom Index in 2014. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 2 fevriye 2026 à 02:32 (UTC)

(Ce message a été envoyé à [[:Itilizatè:Kitanago]] et est publié ici en raison d’une redirection.)
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== Atik ==

Gade atik nèg sa a; li pa satisfè kondisyon notoryete yo. Mizisyen sa a pa popilè, men l ap eseye ak tout pri pou l jwenn yon atik Wikipedya. Li deja kreye plizyè kont pou l pale de tèt li isit la. Se yon moun sòt; li ekri atik yo sou tèt li. Donk m ap mande w, kijan yon nèg konsa moun pa konnen ka gen tout enfòmasyon sa yo isit la? Menm bagay pèsonèl li yo nan atik sa a; li menm li ekri l, pa vre? San mansyone nouvèl sa yo, ki te piblikasyon peye oswa ki te ekri sou lòd li pou fè pwomosyon pou tèt li. Se yon moun ki anvi atansyon ak validasyon, men Wikipedya gen kritè pa l, epi li pa satisfè yo. Analize l epi efase l. →&lt;nowiki&gt;https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZephyrMusic&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2026-72028-6|&amp;#126;2026-72028-6]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2026-72028-6|discussion]]) 2 fevriye 2026 à 13:44 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-07 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Jacquemart de Hesdin 002.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry''' is an illuminated book of hours commissioned by John, Duke of Berry between 1375 and 1385–90. It is known for its ornate miniature leaves and border decorations. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 9 fevriye 2026 à 03:59 (UTC)

(Ce message a été envoyé à [[:Itilizatè:Kitanago]] et est publié ici en raison d’une redirection.)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-08 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Lysmata grabhami]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lysmata grabhami1.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Lysmata grabhami''''' is a species of saltwater shrimp in the family Hippolytidae. It was first described by Gordon in 1935. It occurs in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean and is a cleaner shrimp, operating a cleaning station to which fish come to have parasites removed. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 16 fevriye 2026 à 13:45 (UTC)

(Ce message a été envoyé à [[:Itilizatè:Kitanago]] et est publié ici en raison d’une redirection.)
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-09 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Elefante di Cremona]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:de:Elefant von Cremona]])&amp;#32;([[:eo:Elefanto de Cremona]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Matthew Paris Elephant from Parker MS 16 fol 151v.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
L''''elefante di Cremona''' (Asia, prima del 1228 - Parma, gennaio 1248) fu un esemplare di elefante donato nel 1228 a Federico II di Svevia da parte del sultano ayyubide al-Malik al-Kamil durante gli incontri che porteranno alla Pace di Giaffa. Usato principalmente per le manifestazioni trionfali del sovrano, l'elefante è citato da numerosi cronachisti e testimoni dell'epoca ed è noto per aver trainato il Carroccio dopo la grande vittoria delle armate di Federico II nella battaglia di Cortenuova del 1237. Rimasto a lungo nell'immaginario popolare collettivo, l'animale venne ucciso durante alcuni scontri occorsi nelle settimane immediatamente precedenti alla battaglia di Parma. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 23 fevriye 2026 à 11:43 (UTC)

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== Atik ==

Gade atik nèg sa a; li pa satisfè kondisyon notoryete yo. Mizisyen sa a pa popilè, men l ap eseye ak tout pri pou l jwenn yon atik Wikipedya. Li deja kreye plizyè kont pou l pale de tèt li isit la. Se yon moun sòt; li ekri atik yo sou tèt li. Donk m ap mande w, kijan yon nèg konsa moun pa konnen ka gen tout enfòmasyon sa yo isit la? Menm bagay pèsonèl li yo nan atik sa a; li menm li ekri l, pa vre? San mansyone nouvèl sa yo, ki te piblikasyon peye oswa ki te ekri sou lòd li pou fè pwomosyon pou tèt li. Se yon moun ki anvi atansyon ak validasyon, men Wikipedya gen kritè pa l, epi li pa satisfè yo. Analize l epi efase l. →&lt;nowiki&gt;https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZephyrMusic&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[Espesyal:Kontribisyon/&amp;#126;2026-12378-61|&amp;#126;2026-12378-61]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:&amp;#126;2026-12378-61|discussion]]) 25 fevriye 2026 à 18:44 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-10 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Treaty of the Danish West Indies]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:The Virgin islands of the United States of America; historical and descriptive, commercial and industrial facts, figures, and resources (1918) (14596880870).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Treaty of the Danish West Indies''' (Danish: Vestindiens traktat), officially the Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies (Danish: Konventionen mellem USA og Danmark), was a 1916 treaty transferring sovereignty of the Danish West Indies from Denmark to the United States in exchange for a sum of US$25,000,000 in gold ($722 million in 2024) and a declaration from the United States that it would &quot;not object to the Danish Government extending their political and economic interests to the whole of Greenland&quot;. It is one of the most recent permanent expansions of United States territory.

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 2 mas 2026 à 02:43 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-11 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Steens Mountain]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Steens Mountain near Andrews, Oregon.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Steens Mountain''' is a large fault-block mountain in the northwest United States, located in Harney County, Oregon. Stretching some fifty miles (80 km) north to south, on its east side it rises from the Alvord Desert at an elevation of about 4,200 feet (1,280 m) to 9,738 feet (2,968 m) at the summit. Steens Mountain is not part of a mountain range but is properly a single mountain, the largest of Oregon's fault-block mountains. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 9 mas 2026 à 07:31 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-12 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Casque (anatomy)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''casque''' is an anatomical feature found in some species of birds, reptiles, and amphibians. In birds, it is an enlargement of the bones of the upper mandible or the skull, either on the front of the face, the top of the head, or both. The casque has been hypothesized to serve as a visual cue to a bird's sex, state of maturity, or social status; as reinforcement to the beak's structure; or as a resonance chamber, enhancing calls. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 16 mas 2026 à 02:43 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-13 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Etruscan sculpture]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Frontone A del grande tempio di luni con concilio degli dei, 175-150 ac. ca. 01.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Etruscan sculpture''' was one of the most important artistic expressions of the Etruscan people, who inhabited the regions of Northern Italy and Central Italy between about the 9th century BC and the 1st century BC. Etruscan art was largely a derivation of Greek art, although developed with many characteristics of its own. Given the almost total lack of Etruscan written documents, a problem compounded by the paucity of information on their language—still largely undeciphered—it is in their art that the keys to the reconstruction of their history are to be found, although Greek and Roman chronicles are also of great help. Like its culture in general, Etruscan sculpture has many obscure aspects for scholars, being the subject of controversy and forcing them to propose their interpretations always tentatively, but the consensus is that it was part of the most important and original legacy of Italian art and even contributed significantly to the initial formation of the artistic traditions of ancient Rome. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 23 mas 2026 à 02:07 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-14 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Pulse (nightclub)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Orlando FL Pulse Nightclub01.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Pulse''' was a gay bar, dance club, and nightclub in Orlando, Florida, founded in 2004 by Barbara Poma and Ron Legler. On June 12, 2016, the club was the scene of the second-deadliest mass shooting by a single gunman in U.S. history, and the second-deadliest terrorist attack on U.S. soil since the September 11 attacks. Forty-nine people were killed and 58 other people were injured. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 30 mas 2026 à 02:37 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-15 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Tofana di Rozes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Tofana di Rozes 04.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Tofana di Rozes''' (3,225 metres (10,581 ft)) is a mountain of the Dolomites in the Province of Belluno, Veneto, Italy. Located west of the resort of Cortina d'Ampezzo, the mountain's giant three-edged pyramid shape and its vertical south face, above the Falzarego Pass, makes it the most popular peak in the Tofane group, and one of the most popular in the Dolomites. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 6 avril 2026 à 12:27 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-16 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Very-low-calorie diet]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Green smoothie (8222465502).jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''very-low-calorie diet''' (VLCD), also known as semistarvation diet and crash diet, is a type of diet with very or extremely low daily food energy consumption. VLCDs are defined as a diet of 800 kilocalories (3,300 kJ) per day or less. Modern medically supervised VLCDs use total meal replacements, with regulated formulations in Europe and Canada which contain the recommended daily requirements for vitamins, minerals, trace elements, fatty acids, protein and electrolyte balance. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 13 avril 2026 à 02:56 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-17 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Chromodoris willani]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Babosa de mar (Chromodoris willani), Anilao, Filipinas, 2023-08-24, DD 34.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Chromodoris willani''''', commonly known as Willan's chromodoris, is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Chromodorididae. The species is named for the renowned nudibranch taxonomist Dr. Richard C. Willan. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 20 avril 2026 à 02:34 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-18 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Platypus venom]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Platypus spur.JPG|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The platypus is one of the few living mammals to produce venom. The venom is made in venom glands that are connected to hollow spurs on their hind legs; it is primarily made during the mating season.[1] While the venom's effects are described as extremely painful, it is not lethal to humans. Many archaic mammal groups possess similar tarsal spurs, so it is thought that, rather than having developed this characteristic uniquely, the platypus simply inherited this characteristic from its ancestors. Rather than being a unique outlier, the platypus is the last demonstration of what was once a common mammalian characteristic, and it can be used as a model for non-therian mammals and their venom delivery and properties. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 27 avril 2026 à 02:04 (UTC)

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== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 28 avril 2026 à 18:33 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-19 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Kuwait National Assembly Building]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Kuwait City Arabian Gulf Street 10.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Kuwait National Assembly Building''' is the building that housed the National Assembly of Kuwait.

Designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon in 1972, it was completed in 1982 under the direction of his son Jan. The structural design was by Max Walt. The building was seriously damaged in February 1991 when retreating Iraqi troops set it on fire but has since been restored. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 4 me 2026 à 12:16 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-20 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Macau National Security Law]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Lei relative à defesa da segurança do Estado projecto.JPG|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Macau National Security Law''' is a law in Macau which prohibits and punishes acts of treason, secession, and subversion against the Central government, as well as preparative acts leading to any of the three acts. Taken into effect on 3 March 2009, the purpose of the law is to fulfil Article 23 of the Macau Basic Law, the de facto constitution of the Macau Special Administration Region. 

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----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 11 me 2026 à 02:53 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-21 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Stela of the cactus bearer]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Estela del portador del cactus]])&amp;#32;([[:ca:Estela del portador del cactus]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Estela Wachumero en Chavin.jpg|center|300px]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''stela of the cactus bearer''' is a monolith or stele of a single piece of granite, belonging to the Chavín culture of ancient Peru, which remains in its original location on the northwest side of the circular plaza at the archaeological site known as the ceremonial center of Chavín de Huántar in the Ancash region of Peru. It was discovered during the 1972 excavation season by Peruvian archaeologist Luis Guillermo Lumbreras. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 21 me 2026 à 04:05 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-22 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Griffith Hughes]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The Reverend '''Griffith Hughes''' (1707 – c.1758), FRS, was a Welsh naturalist, clergyman, and author. Hughes wrote The Natural History of Barbados, which included the first description of the grapefruit (also known as &quot;The Forbidden Fruit&quot;). His work was praised by Linnaeus, but it has also been considered a &quot;scientific fraud&quot;. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 25 me 2026 à 02:32 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-23 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Umuganda]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Umuganda&quot;Rwandan community work&quot;.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Umuganda''' is a national holiday in Rwanda taking place on the last Saturday of every month for mandatory nationwide community service from 08:00 to 11:00. Participation in Umuganda is required by law; failure to participate can result in a fine.

The program was most recently re-established under President Paul Kagame in 2009, having resulted in a notable improvement in the cleanliness of Rwanda. Also, there are other informal Umuganda day activities that occur in the middle of the month. These activities are initiated by either society or the government. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 1 jen 2026 à 01:55 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-24 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Juryeonggu]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:kr:주령구]])&amp;#32;([[:ja:酒令具]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:주령구의 발굴 당시 사진.png|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
Il '''Juryeonggu''' (주령구?, 酒令具?, JuryeongguLR, ChuryŏngguMR) è un dado a 14 facce, risalente al periodo del Silla unificato (668-935 d.C.), ritrovato nel 1975 dopo alcuni scavi occorsi presso il Donggung e lo stagno Wolji di Gyeongju, in Corea del Sud. Le facce del dado mostravano inscrizioni recanti varie penalità o sfide, legate ad un gioco di bevute, dimostrando l'importanza dell'alcool e la raffinatezza con cui la sua assunzione veniva celebrata.

L'artefatto originale è andato perduto, incendiato in un maldestro tentativo di preservazione: oggi ne esistono delle repliche, disponibili anche commercialmente. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 8 jen 2026 à 01:20 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-25 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Cape Fiolent]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Beach of Cape Fiolent, Crimea.jpg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Cape Fiolent''' (Crimean Tatar: Felenk Burun; Ukrainian: Фіолент; Russian: Фиолент; Latin: Parthenium), also historically called Cape Fiolente, is a cape and nature reserve (zakaznik) located in southern Sevastopol, a city within Crimea that is internationally recognised as part of Ukraine but currently occupied by Russia since 2014. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 15 jen 2026 à 02:24 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-26 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Renovating Action Party]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:es:Partido de Acción Renovadora]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Flag of the Renovating Action Party.svg|300px|center]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Renovating Action Party''' was a left-wing Salvadoran political party that existed from 1944 to 1967. The party had three distinct phases of its existence under the leaderships of Colonel José Asencio Menéndez (1944–1950), the old line (1950–1964), and the new line (1964–1967). 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 22 jen 2026 à 01:52 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-27 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Facial age estimation]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Facial age estimation''' is the use of artificial intelligence to estimate the age of a person based on their facial features. Computer vision techniques are used to analyse the facial features in the images of millions of people whose age is known and then deep learning is used to create an algorithm that tries to predict the age of an unknown person. The key use of the technology is to prevent access to age-restricted goods and services. Examples include restricting children from accessing internet pornography, checking that they meet a mandatory minimum age when registering for an account on social media, or preventing adults from accessing websites, online chat or games designed only for use by children. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 29 jen 2026 à 00:44 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-28 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Paulo César Vinha State Park]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Capim dourado.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Paulo César Vinha State Park''' (Portuguese: Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha) is a state park in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. It protects an area of dunes, lagoons and marshes along the Atlantic shore. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 6 jiyè 2026 à 01:35 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-29 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Caledonian MacBrayne]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[File:Cal-Mac HQ2005.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Caledonian MacBrayne''', in short form CalMac, is the trade name of CalMac Ferries Ltd, the major operator of passenger and vehicle ferries to the west coast of Scotland, serving ports on the mainland and 22 of the major islands. It is a subsidiary of holding company David MacBrayne, which is owned by the Scottish Government. 

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
[[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]]  ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
-[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 13 jiyè 2026 à 01:20 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-30 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Immigration to Switzerland]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
In 2023, resident foreigners made up 26.3% of Switzerland's population. Most of these (83%) were from European countries. Italy provided the largest single group of foreigners, accounting for 14.7% of total foreign population, followed closely by Germany (14.0%), Portugal (11.7%), France (6.6%), Kosovo (5.1%), Spain (3.9%), Turkey (3.1%), North Macedonia (3.1%), Serbia (2.8%), Austria (2.0%), United Kingdom (1.9%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1.3%) and Croatia (1.3%). Immigrants from Sri Lanka (1.3%), most of them former Tamil refugees, were the largest group of Asian origin (7.9%).  

&lt;small&gt;(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)&lt;/small&gt;
----
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&lt;/div&gt;
--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 20 jiyè 2026 à 02:18 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-31 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:fr:Study of Man's Impact on Climate]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
&lt;/div&gt;
----

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
La '''Study of Man's Impact on Climate''' (traduisible en français par « Étude de l'impact de l'homme sur le climat ») est une conférence scientifique internationale consacrée à l'influence humaine sur le climat qui s'est tenue à Stockholm, en Suède, du 28 juin au 16 juillet 1971. Elle aborde diverses hypothèses parmi lesquelles la destruction de la couche d'ozone et le réchauffement (ou refroidissement) climatique, établit l'état du savoir à leur sujet et, soulignant les nombreuses inconnues qui demeurent, appelle à consacrer davantage de fonds à la recherche scientifique sur le climat. 

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-32 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Plot of Prats de Molló]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:ca:Fets de Prats de Molló]])&amp;#32;([[:es:Complot de Prats de Molló]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''plot of Prats de Molló''' was an attempted military invasion of Catalonia carried out from France to achieve its independence planned by Francesc Macià and the leadership of the Estat Català party, discovered and aborted in 1926. The plan consisted of the penetration of two columns (one from Saint-Laurent-de-Cerdans, the other from Coll d'Ares), which were to occupy Olot and proclaim the Catalan Republic. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 3 out 2026 à 03:11 (UTC)

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== Albèta ==

Bonjou. Pourriez-vous renommer l'article [[Alberta]] vers [[Albèta]] ? Mèsi. [[Itilizatè:Yue|Yue]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Yue|diskisyon]]) 4 out 2026 à 20:58 (UTC)

:D'accord. Merci ! [[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 8 out 2026 à 14:09 (UTC)
::Mèsi anpil, zanmi mwen! [[Itilizatè:Yue|Yue]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Yue|diskisyon]]) 8 out 2026 à 20:53 (UTC)

== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-33 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Composizione VII]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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[[File:Composition VII - Wassily Kandinsky, GAC.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Composizione VII''' (Композиция VII o Zu Komposition 7) è un olio su tela del 1913, realizzato dal pittore russo Vasilij Vasil'evič Kandinskij e conservato nella Galleria Tret'jakov di Mosca.

Prodotto centrale del pittore russo nel periodo 1910-1915, essa è considerata l'opera che certificò la raggiunta maturità creativa da parte di Kandinskij, rappresentando anche l'apice della sua energia creativa. È considerato il più rappresentativo tra i lavori completati durante l'anno del successo internazionale dell'artista, simboleggiando il punto di emancipazione definitivo dell'Astrattismo.

Opera più grande mai realizzata dall'artista per dimensione, facente parte della serie denominata Composizioni, rappresenta un'allegoria dell'Apocalisse, di cui riprende il tema e lo propone in una versione astratta, trasfigurata dalla realtà in una forma composta da sole linee e colori. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 10 out 2026 à 02:24 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-34 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Divorce in Poland]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Divorce in Poland''' occurs at a rate slightly below that of the average for Europe. In the Polish legal system, divorce proceedings fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the civil court; there is no legal basis for resolving a marriage through the agreement of the spouses or through administrative procedures. Divorce requests are assessed by the court, in accordance with the positive and negative prerequisites set in the relevant law. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 17 out 2026 à 01:59 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-35 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:mk:Ден на македонската револуционерна борба]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle''' (Macedonian: Ден на македонската револуционерна борба),[1] also known as Day of VMRO, is a national holiday which is celebrated on October 23 in North Macedonia. In 2007, the holiday was voted into law as a new national holiday. It is a non-working day. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 24 out 2026 à 02:15 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-36 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Wimmen's Comix]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''''Wimmen's Comix''''', later retitled (respelled) as Wimmin's Comix, is an influential all-female underground comics anthology published from 1972 to 1992. Though it covered a wide range of genres and subject matters, Wimmen's Comix focused more than other anthologies of the time on feminist concerns, homosexuality, sex and politics in general, and autobiographical comics. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 31 out 2026 à 01:54 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-37 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Paulet affair]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Paulet affair''', also known as British Hawaii, was the insubordinate five-month occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1843 by British naval officer Captain Lord George Paulet, of HMS Carysfort. It was ended by the arrival of American warships sent to defend Hawaii's independence. The British government in London did not authorise the move and it had no official status. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 7 septanm 2026 à 01:59 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-38 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:No-AI label]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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----
[[File:No AI Sign.svg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
A '''no-AI label''' is a label used on a product to signify that it was not made using generative AI. Phrases on the labels include but are not limited to &quot;human-made&quot;, &quot;proudly human&quot; and &quot;AI-free&quot;. Some organisations that provide the labels allow product creators to download and use their no-AI labels for free, while others charge creators for analysing the content and allowing the use of the labels if the organisation believes that no AI was used. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 14 septanm 2026 à 02:43 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-39 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Scotty (dinosaur)]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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[[File:Scotty Tyrannosaurus.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Scotty''' is the nickname for the Tyrannosaurus rex fossil, catalogued as RSM P2523.8, that was discovered in Saskatchewan, Canada in 1991.[3] The fossilised remains were painstakingly removed, almost completely by hand, over two decades from the rock in which they were embedded. When the preparation was complete in 2011, an around 65% complete T. rex skeleton was revealed. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 21 septanm 2026 à 02:02 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-40 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Descartes Highlands]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
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----
[[File:Apollo 16 landingsite.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
The '''Descartes Highlands''' is an area of lunar highlands located on the near side that served as the landing site of the American Apollo 16 mission in early 1972. The Descartes Highlands is located in the area surrounding Descartes crater, after which the feature received its name 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 28 septanm 2026 à 02:27 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-41 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:it:Battaglia del pastificio]]'''&lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''([[:en:Battle of Checkpoint Pasta]])''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
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----
[[File:OTO Melara Somalia 1993.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
La '''battaglia del pastificio''', talvolta chiamata anche battaglia del checkpoint Pasta, fu uno scontro a fuoco verificatosi a Mogadiscio tra le truppe italiane e le milizie Mooryaan somale del generale Aidid ed è ricordata per essere stata la prima battaglia che vide impiegati i militari dell'Esercito Italiano dalla fine della seconda guerra mondiale. 

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--[[Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:MediaWiki message delivery|diskisyon]]) 5 oktòb 2026 à 12:39 (UTC)

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-42 ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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----
[[File:Lineup.5.JPG|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft''' is a transport museum which specialises in the preservation of trolleybuses. It is located by the village of Sandtoft, near Belton on the Isle of Axholme in the English county of Lincolnshire. 

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== Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-43 ==
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is

&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:140%;&quot;&gt;'''[[:en:Jalapeño popper]]'''&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
Please be bold and help translate this article!
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----
[[File:Cooking-food-stuffed-jalapenos-peppers.jpg|300px|center|]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; padding: .4em;&quot;&gt;
'''Jalapeño poppers''', or jalapeño bites, are jalapeño peppers that have been hollowed out, stuffed with a mixture of cheese, spices, and sometimes ground meat, and breaded and deep-fried or wrapped with bacon and baked. They are a common dish on appetizer menus in chain restaurants in the United States. 

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  <page>
    <title>Jean-Charles Moïse</title>
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      <text bytes="7518" sha1="1ugjpysv0vif9cl30ubr6jphqoea3rp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Pèsonalite politik 
|non=Jean-Charles Moïse
|foto=Jean-Charles Moïse Sep 2016.jpg
|tèks=Jean-Charles Moïse (2016)
|fonksyon 1=Lidè Pitit Desalin
|domèn=Politik
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=[[20 avril]] [[1967]]
|lye nesans=[[Milo (komin)|Milo]]
|peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]]
|dat lanmò=
|lye lanmò=
|peyi lanmò=
|nasyonalite= ayisyen
|relijyon=
|rezidans=
|kontak=
|Biyografi=
|zèv=
|omaj=
|rekonpans=
|remak=
|fim=
}}

'''Jean-Charles Moïse''' (an kreyol ː ''Moyiz Jan Chal''), ki fèt [[20 avril]] [[1967]] nan komin [[Milo (komin)|Milo]] nan awondisman [[Akil dinò (awondisman)|Akil dinò]] nan depatman [[Nò (depatman)|Nò]] ([[Ayiti]]), se yon politisyen ayisyen. Jean-Charles Moïse se ansyen senatè depatman [[Nò (depatman)|Nò]] . Pou kounye a li se lidè pati politik Pitit Desalin 

Moise Jean Charles pat dakò fé pâti konsèy prezidansyèl ke karikom fome a.Men finalman li voye reprézantan l nan konsèy la.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://anvannvote.net/candidats/moise-jean-charles-2/|title=Moïse Jean-Charles {{!}} Anvan n' Vote|access-date=2022-10-16|archive-date=2022-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016204014/https://anvannvote.net/candidats/moise-jean-charles-2/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== '''Biyografi''' ==
'''Moïse Jean-Charles''' (MJC) fèt nan Milo, yon komin nan awondisman Okap, nan depatman Nò, pi presizeman nan lokalite &quot;Baryè Batan&quot;, nan dat 20 avril 1967. Pitit peyizan, yon pitit ki renmen lapè, trè entèlijan, men timid akòz li se yon moun ki enb. Senatè Moïse Jean-Charles marye e papa 6 pitit, konnen kijan pou l kenbe ekilib ant obligasyon fanmi l ak angajman l nan batay pou yon chanjman reyèl an Ayiti.

MJC te fè etid klasik li nan Lekòl Nasyonal [[Milo (komin)|Milo]] ak nan Lise [[Philippe Guerrier]] nan vil [[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Okap]]. Yo renmen li anpil nan lantouraj li. Apre etid klasik li, Moïse te antre nan kapital la (Pòtoprens) kote li te fè premye pati etid inivèsitè li nan Inivèsite Advantis Dikini, nan syans kontablite. Aprè sa, li te benefisye yon bous detid nan yon inivèsite nan peyi [[Kiba]] pandan peryòd koudeta a, nan kòmansman ane 90 yo, pou etid nan kominikasyon politik nan Centro Estudo Para América Latina. Lè li te retounen an Ayiti, jèn gason an deside mete konpetans li ak konesans li nan sèvis peyi a, sitou nan lokalite li sòti (Milo). Li mennen batay li yo ak plis estrateji gras ak konpetans li nan diplomasi, relasyon entènasyonal ak fòmasyon li toujou ap pran nan divès peyi nan Amerik Latin nan.

Jean-Charles Moïse te okipe plizyè pòs nan peyi Dayiti. Li te majistra pandan twa (3) fwa nan komin Milo. Li te genyen eleksyon senatoryal yo pandan lane 2009. Li se yon militan konsekan k ap lite nan opozisyon an depi sou gouvènman ansyen Prezidan Michel J. Martelly a.

[[:fr:Jean-Charles_Moïse|Jean-Charles Moïse]] ak Jovenel Moïse malgre yo gen menm siyati men yo pa gen okenn lyen kòm fanmi. Toulede te kandida nan eleksyon ki te fèt nan peyi dayiti nan lane 2015 pou rive 2016. Sekretè Jeneral Pitit Desalin nan te youn nan favori yo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/fr/video/20161119-haiti-moise-jean-charles-lun-favoris-lelection-presidentielle|title=Haïti : Moïse Jean-Charles, l'un des favoris de l'élection présidentielle|date=2016-11-19|language=fr|access-date=2022-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;, men se Jovenel Moïse ki te genyen eleksyon an nan dezyèm tou. 

Depi sou administrasyon ansyen prezidan Michel J. Martelly, Jean-Charles Moïse toujou pran pozisyon kont fason peyi a ap dirije. Pandan ane 2022 a, li tanmen yon batay sou plizyè dosye tankou: mete sou pye yon bon Konsèy Elektoral&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/233459/jean-charles-moise-reclame-la-mise-en-place-dun-conseil-electoral-credible-et-lorganisation-au-plus-vite-des-elections-dans-le-pays|title=Jean Charles Moïse réclame la mise en place d’un Conseil électoral crédible et l’organisation au plus vite des élections dans le pays|language=en|access-date=2022-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; moun ka fè konfyans, li kritik bank yo anpil pou fason y ap jere lajan kliyan yo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/237716/moise-jean-charles-menace-les-banques-et-demande-le-depart-dariel-henry|title=Moïse Jean Charles menace les banques et demande le départ d'Ariel Henry|language=en|access-date=2022-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Pa rapò ak pil pwoblèm ki genyen nan peyi a, li pwopoze yon Konsèy Tranzisyon Pèp Souvren (KTPS) (en Français: Conseil de Transition du Peuple Souverain-CTPS&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article28741|title=Haïti-Politique : Le parti Pitit Desalin propose un Conseil de transition pour une issue à la crise|language=en|access-date=2022-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;) pou chèche solisyon ak pwoblèm yo. Pwopozisyon sa mete gwo pawòl anpil&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/238670/le-conseil-de-transition-du-peuple-souverain-presente-par-jean-charles-moise-suscite-des-controverses|title=Le « Conseil de transition du peuple souverain » présenté par Jean Charles Moïse suscite des controverses|language=en|access-date=2022-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://leptitjournalhaiti.com/5729-2/|title=Crise politique: Deux membres du Conseil de Transition du Peuple Souverain de Jean-Charles MOÏSE écartés. - Le P'tit journal|language=fr-FR|access-date=2022-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;nan mitan sosyete a sitou nan klas politik la. Sa te lakòz prezidan konsèy tranzisyon an, [https://www.gazettehaiti.com/node/8827 Dr Eugénia Romain]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://analyseht.com/qui-est-eugenia-romain-presidente-du-conseil-de-transition-de-moise-jean-charles/|title=Qui est Eugénia Romain, présidente du conseil de transition de Moïse Jean Charles?|date=2022-10-23|language=fr-FR|access-date=2022-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; demisyone apre 5 jou&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lefacteurhaiti.com/haiti-crise-la-presidente-du-conseil-national-de-transition-de-jean-charles-moise-poussee-vers-la-sortie/|title=Haïti-Crise : La Présidente du Conseil National de Transition de Jean-Charles Moïse poussée vers la sortie - Le Facteur Haïti|last=Haïti|first=Le Facteur|date=2022-10-27|language=fr-FR|access-date=2022-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; poutèt li gen nasyonalite [[Kanada|kanadyèn]]. KTPS la gen nèf (9) manm&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rezonodwes.com/?p=294305|title=Énième alternative : Jean-Charles Moïse propose un conseil de 9 membres pour diriger Haïti|last=Nodwes|first=Rezo|date=2022-10-24|website=Rezo Nòdwès|language=fr-FR|access-date=2022-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;, li gen yon manda k ap dire yon (1) lane&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gazettehaiti.com/node/8816|title=Jean Charles Moïse présente son conseil de transition, Dr Eugénia Romain, présidente|language=en|access-date=2022-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nan mwa mas 2024, Moïse Jean-Charles te pwopoze tabli yon Konsèy Prezidansyèl apre sipò lòt pati yo, apre kriz gang ann Ayiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/en/article/247130/le-conseil-presidentiel-de-moise-jean-charles-dans-lattente|title=Moïse Jean-Charles's Presidential Council Awaits|language=en|access-date=2024-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Zèv li yo ==

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181104150541/http://moisejean-charles.com/biographie/ Sitwèb ofisyèl Jean-Charles Moïse] 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moïse, Jean-Charlesla}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Politik]]
[[Kategori:Politisyen]]
[[Kategori:Politisyen ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1967]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Leonardo DiCaprio</title>
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'''Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio''' ( /d i ˈ k æ p r i oʊ , d ɪ -/ ⓘ ;  ; fèt 11 novanm 1974) se yon [[aktè]] ak pwodiktè fim [[Etazini|ameriken]]. Yo  konnen li pou travay li nan fim byografik ak fim ansyen, li te resevwa anpil prim, tankou yon Akademi, yon &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b&gt;British Academy Film Award&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, yon &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b&gt;Silver Bear&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ak twa &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;b&gt;Golden Globe Awards&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Fim li yo kòm yon aktè prensipal te rapòte 7 milya dola atravè mond lan, epi li te klase 8 fwa nan klasman anyèl aktè ki pi byen peye nan mond lan.


[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1974]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mbira</title>
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      <text bytes="2885" sha1="0wog89mmvoaa88p0mp5ffelbq4hyyg0" xml:space="preserve">== Ki sa ki kalimba a? ==
Pami enstriman mizik yo, gen sak ki pli popilè  tankou [[gita]] a, pyano a, saksofòn ... Genyen tou sa yo pi piti li te ye ki fè bèl bagay mefyan tankou kalimba la. 

Kalimba a se yon zouti mizikal ke nou tande sou anpil non. Li rele tou &quot;karimba&quot;, &quot;gwo pous / pyano dwèt&quot; oswa menm &quot;gita gwo pous&quot;. Nan rejyon Afriken yo, yo kon rele-l &quot;mbira&quot;, &quot;sanza / senza&quot;, &quot;likembe&quot;, &quot;matepeand&quot;, elatriye.

Li se yon enstriman ki soti nan fanmi pèkisyon, idyofòn ak lamelofòn. Kalimba a jenere vibrasyon acoustic gras a lam ki rele tou &quot;dan&quot;, &quot;lam&quot; oswa &quot;kle&quot;. Lam sa yo, yo kolé  sou yon bwat ki souvan kre. Wòl kre sa, sé pou anplifye nòt.

Li ta dwe remake ke enstriman sa, a se fasil yo sèvi ak. Pou jwe li, jis pran l 'nan pla men ou ak vibre planch yo ak gwo pous ou. Tout mèm pé joué-l, li ka itilize pa pwofesyonèl, tout moun ka itilize li.

Pyano a douèt ou a pous karakterize pa yon kò an bwa ak planch metal. Kò a ka yon kokoye, yon kès, oswa yon tablo. Li se nan dènye fòm sa a ke enstriman an itilize pa pwofesyonèl atizay. Nou rekonèt yon ti gwosè sou 23 cm. Kèk fwa li ka pi piti ak lòt fwa plis.

Tou piti, li se enstriman mizik ideyal pou nomad. Li pa bezwen elektrisite ni pil pou li maché.
[[Fichye:Kalimba front).JPG|vignette]]

== Orijin ak istwa enstriman an ==
Kalimba a gen orijin li nan sub-Saharan Afrik. Li ta kreye de (2) milye ane anvan nesans [[Jezi]] Kris la. Daprè mitoloji Bantou, chak nan lamèl li yo refere a yon etap nan kreyasyon mond lan. Lejand la di sa :

“Bondye te jwe sanza an amoni pandan li te kreye plant yo, mineral ak [[bèt]] yo. Lè sa a, yon sèl jou a, malerèzman, enstriman diven an soti nan melodi, kreye yon nòt mal ki te fè moun&quot;.

Kòm ras la nan yon sèl sa a miltipliye, dezamoni a tou perpétuer. Se poutèt sa espès imen an sipoze retounen nan amoni orijinal la pa jwenn yon akò ekselan ak sanza la. &quot;

Anpil selebrite kounye a enterese pa egzanp [[Phil Colins]]. Mizisyen sa a te itilize li nan chante li ''Long Long Way to Go'' ki soti nan albòm lan ''Pa gen jakèt obligatwa''.

Gwoup Jenèz la te itilize li tou sou albòm ''Van ak wuthering''.

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Fichye:Ikembe-sanza-mbira.JPG|Mbira tradisyonèl ak artisanal, ak senk (5) lamèl.
Fichye:Mbira dzavadzimu in deze.jpg|Enstriman enkli nan yon kalbas.
Fichye:Holding an mbira dzavadzimu.jpg|Fason jwe enstriman, izit avèk kapsil boutèy.
Fichye:Musée africain de Lyon - décembre 2015 (7).JPG|Mbira radisyonèl à lamelles de bois.
Fichye:Mbiras.jpg|De (2) sanza ak kès rezonans an tanbou.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://www.musicologie.org/sites/s/sanza.html Sanza : « pyano ak pous » afriken] sou musicologie.org
* [http://music.africamuseum.be/instruments/french/congo%20drc/chisanzhi.html Lamèlofòn] sou music.africamuseum.be

[[Kategori:Mizik]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3404" sha1="taqdduk8kb7q3rgtq1nobdcnzcq8m46" xml:space="preserve">Pami enstriman mizik yo, gen sak ki pli popilè  tankou [[gita]] a, pyano a, saksofòn ... Genyen tou sa yo pi piti li te ye ki fè bèl bagay mefyan tankou kalimba la. 

Kalimba a se yon zouti mizikal ke nou tande sou anpil non. Li rele tou &quot;karimba&quot;, &quot;gwo pous / pyano dwèt&quot; oswa menm &quot;gita gwo pous&quot;. Nan rejyon Afriken yo, yo kon rele-l &quot;mbira&quot;, &quot;sanza / senza&quot;, &quot;likembe&quot;, &quot;matepeand&quot;, elatriye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-crafting-and-playing-mbira-sansi-the-finger-plucking-traditional-musical-instrument-in-malawi-and-zimbabwe-01541|title=Art of crafting and playing Mbira/Sansi, the finger-plucking traditional musical instrument in Malawi and Zimbabwe|website=Intangible Cultural Heritage|publisher=UNESCO|language=en|access-date=11 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Li se yon enstriman ki soti nan fanmi pèkisyon, idyofòn ak lamelofòn. Kalimba a jenere vibrasyon acoustic gras a lam ki rele tou &quot;dan&quot;, &quot;lam&quot; oswa &quot;kle&quot;. Lam sa yo, yo kolé  sou yon bwat ki souvan kre. Wòl kre sa, sé pou anplifye nòt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kalimbahq.com/kalimba-vs-mbira/|title=What is Kalimba|date=23 June 2020|website=kalimbahq.com|access-date=2022-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Li ta dwe remake ke enstriman sa, a se fasil yo sèvi ak. Pou jwe li, jis pran l 'nan pla men ou ak vibre planch yo ak gwo pous ou. Tout mèm pé joué-l, li ka itilize pa pwofesyonèl, tout moun ka itilize li.

Pyano a douèt ou a pous karakterize pa yon kò an bwa ak planch metal. Kò a ka yon kokoye, yon kès, oswa yon tablo. Li se nan dènye fòm sa a ke enstriman an itilize pa pwofesyonèl atizay. Nou rekonèt yon ti gwosè sou 23 cm. Kèk fwa li ka pi piti ak lòt fwa plis.

Tou piti, li se enstriman mizik ideyal pou nomad. Li pa bezwen elektrisite ni pil pou li maché.
[[Fichye:Kalimba front).JPG|vignette]]

== Orijin ak istwa enstriman an ==
Kalimba a gen orijin li nan sub-Saharan Afrik. Li ta kreye de (2) milye ane anvan nesans [[Jezi]] Kris la. Daprè mitoloji Bantou, chak nan lamèl li yo refere a yon etap nan kreyasyon mond lan. Lejand la di sa :

“Bondye te jwe sanza an amoni pandan li te kreye plant yo, mineral ak [[bèt]] yo. Lè sa a, yon sèl jou a, malerèzman, enstriman diven an soti nan melodi, kreye yon nòt mal ki te fè moun&quot;.

Kòm ras la nan yon sèl sa a miltipliye, dezamoni a tou perpétuer. Se poutèt sa espès imen an sipoze retounen nan amoni orijinal la pa jwenn yon akò ekselan ak sanza la. &quot;

Anpil selebrite kounye a enterese pa egzanp [[Phil Colins]]. Mizisyen sa a te itilize li nan chante li ''Long Long Way to Go'' ki soti nan albòm lan ''Pa gen jakèt obligatwa''.

Gwoup Jenèz la te itilize li tou sou albòm ''Van ak wuthering''.

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Fichye:Ikembe-sanza-mbira.JPG|Mbira tradisyonèl ak artisanal, ak senk (5) lamèl.
Fichye:Mbira dzavadzimu in deze.jpg|Enstriman enkli nan yon kalbas.
Fichye:Holding an mbira dzavadzimu.jpg|Fason jwe enstriman, izit avèk kapsil boutèy.
Fichye:Musée africain de Lyon - décembre 2015 (7).JPG|Mbira radisyonèl à lamelles de bois.
Fichye:Mbiras.jpg|De (2) sanza ak kès rezonans an tanbou.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://www.musicologie.org/sites/s/sanza.html Sanza : « pyano ak pous » afriken] sou musicologie.org
* [http://music.africamuseum.be/instruments/french/congo%20drc/chisanzhi.html Lamèlofòn] sou music.africamuseum.be

[[Kategori:Mizik]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3669" sha1="3qy6dxwd50uy9fkv3vgqhuab6espxmv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox mizik (enstriman)
 | charte            = monde
 | non               = Mbira
 | imaj             = Mbira_dzavadzimu_1.jpg
 | taille image      = 
 | lejand           = 
 | klasifikasyon    = [[Ensnstriman pèkisyon]]
 | fanmi          = [[Idyofòn]]
 

}}
Pami enstriman mizik yo, gen sak ki pli popilè  tankou [[gita]] a, pyano a, saksofòn ... Genyen tou sa yo pi piti li te ye ki fè bèl bagay mefyan tankou kalimba la. 

Kalimba a se yon zouti mizikal ke nou tande sou anpil non. Li rele tou &quot;karimba&quot;, &quot;gwo pous / pyano dwèt&quot; oswa menm &quot;gita gwo pous&quot;. Nan rejyon Afriken yo, yo kon rele-l &quot;mbira&quot;, &quot;sanza / senza&quot;, &quot;likembe&quot;, &quot;matepeand&quot;, elatriye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-crafting-and-playing-mbira-sansi-the-finger-plucking-traditional-musical-instrument-in-malawi-and-zimbabwe-01541|title=Art of crafting and playing Mbira/Sansi, the finger-plucking traditional musical instrument in Malawi and Zimbabwe|website=Intangible Cultural Heritage|publisher=UNESCO|language=en|access-date=11 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Li se yon enstriman ki soti nan fanmi pèkisyon, idyofòn ak lamelofòn. Kalimba a jenere vibrasyon acoustic gras a lam ki rele tou &quot;dan&quot;, &quot;lam&quot; oswa &quot;kle&quot;. Lam sa yo, yo kolé  sou yon bwat ki souvan kre. Wòl kre sa, sé pou anplifye nòt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kalimbahq.com/kalimba-vs-mbira/|title=What is Kalimba|date=23 June 2020|website=kalimbahq.com|access-date=2022-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Li ta dwe remake ke enstriman sa, a se fasil yo sèvi ak. Pou jwe li, jis pran l 'nan pla men ou ak vibre planch yo ak gwo pous ou. Tout mèm pé joué-l, li ka itilize pa pwofesyonèl, tout moun ka itilize li.

Pyano a douèt ou a pous karakterize pa yon kò an bwa ak planch metal. Kò a ka yon kokoye, yon kès, oswa yon tablo. Li se nan dènye fòm sa a ke enstriman an itilize pa pwofesyonèl atizay. Nou rekonèt yon ti gwosè sou 23 cm. Kèk fwa li ka pi piti ak lòt fwa plis.

Tou piti, li se enstriman mizik ideyal pou nomad. Li pa bezwen elektrisite ni pil pou li maché.
[[Fichye:Kalimba front).JPG|vignette]]

== Orijin ak istwa enstriman an ==
Kalimba a gen orijin li nan sub-Saharan Afrik. Li ta kreye de (2) milye ane anvan nesans [[Jezi]] Kris la. Daprè mitoloji Bantou, chak nan lamèl li yo refere a yon etap nan kreyasyon mond lan. Lejand la di sa :

“Bondye te jwe sanza an amoni pandan li te kreye plant yo, mineral ak [[bèt]] yo. Lè sa a, yon sèl jou a, malerèzman, enstriman diven an soti nan melodi, kreye yon nòt mal ki te fè moun&quot;.

Kòm ras la nan yon sèl sa a miltipliye, dezamoni a tou perpétuer. Se poutèt sa espès imen an sipoze retounen nan amoni orijinal la pa jwenn yon akò ekselan ak sanza la. &quot;

Anpil selebrite kounye a enterese pa egzanp [[Phil Colins]]. Mizisyen sa a te itilize li nan chante li ''Long Long Way to Go'' ki soti nan albòm lan ''Pa gen jakèt obligatwa''.

Gwoup Jenèz la te itilize li tou sou albòm ''Van ak wuthering''.

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Fichye:Ikembe-sanza-mbira.JPG|Mbira tradisyonèl ak artisanal, ak senk (5) lamèl.
Fichye:Mbira dzavadzimu in deze.jpg|Enstriman enkli nan yon kalbas.
Fichye:Holding an mbira dzavadzimu.jpg|Fason jwe enstriman, izit avèk kapsil boutèy.
Fichye:Musée africain de Lyon - décembre 2015 (7).JPG|Mbira radisyonèl à lamelles de bois.
Fichye:Mbiras.jpg|De (2) sanza ak kès rezonans an tanbou.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://www.musicologie.org/sites/s/sanza.html Sanza : « pyano ak pous » afriken] sou musicologie.org
* [http://music.africamuseum.be/instruments/french/congo%20drc/chisanzhi.html Lamèlofòn] sou music.africamuseum.be

[[Kategori:Mizik]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>888983</id>
      <parentid>888982</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T17:51:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
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      <text bytes="3772" sha1="tls3v3wy54vo7mgbyr95csn7kytecai" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox mizik (enstriman)
 | charte            = monde
 | non               = Mbira
 | imaj             = Mbira_dzavadzimu_1.jpg
 | taille image      = 
 | lejand           = 
 | klasifikasyon    = [[Ensnstriman pèkisyon]]
 | fanmi          = [[Idyofòn]]
 

}}
'''Mbira''' a se yon enstriman mizik [[idyofòn]] ki soti nan Afrik [[sibsaaryèn]].


==Deskripsyon==
Pami enstriman mizik yo, gen sak ki pli popilè  tankou [[gita]] a, pyano a, saksofòn ... Genyen tou sa yo pi piti li te ye ki fè bèl bagay mefyan tankou kalimba la. 

Kalimba a se yon zouti mizikal ke nou tande sou anpil non. Li rele tou &quot;karimba&quot;, &quot;gwo pous / pyano dwèt&quot; oswa menm &quot;gita gwo pous&quot;. Nan rejyon Afriken yo, yo kon rele-l &quot;mbira&quot;, &quot;sanza / senza&quot;, &quot;likembe&quot;, &quot;matepeand&quot;, elatriye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/art-of-crafting-and-playing-mbira-sansi-the-finger-plucking-traditional-musical-instrument-in-malawi-and-zimbabwe-01541|title=Art of crafting and playing Mbira/Sansi, the finger-plucking traditional musical instrument in Malawi and Zimbabwe|website=Intangible Cultural Heritage|publisher=UNESCO|language=en|access-date=11 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Li se yon enstriman ki soti nan fanmi pèkisyon, idyofòn ak lamelofòn. Kalimba a jenere vibrasyon acoustic gras a lam ki rele tou &quot;dan&quot;, &quot;lam&quot; oswa &quot;kle&quot;. Lam sa yo, yo kolé  sou yon bwat ki souvan kre. Wòl kre sa, sé pou anplifye nòt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kalimbahq.com/kalimba-vs-mbira/|title=What is Kalimba|date=23 June 2020|website=kalimbahq.com|access-date=2022-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Li ta dwe remake ke enstriman sa, a se fasil yo sèvi ak. Pou jwe li, jis pran l 'nan pla men ou ak vibre planch yo ak gwo pous ou. Tout mèm pé joué-l, li ka itilize pa pwofesyonèl, tout moun ka itilize li.

Pyano a douèt ou a pous karakterize pa yon kò an bwa ak planch metal. Kò a ka yon kokoye, yon kès, oswa yon tablo. Li se nan dènye fòm sa a ke enstriman an itilize pa pwofesyonèl atizay. Nou rekonèt yon ti gwosè sou 23 cm. Kèk fwa li ka pi piti ak lòt fwa plis.

Tou piti, li se enstriman mizik ideyal pou nomad. Li pa bezwen elektrisite ni pil pou li maché.
[[Fichye:Kalimba front).JPG|vignette]]

== Orijin ak istwa enstriman an ==
Kalimba a gen orijin li nan sub-Saharan Afrik. Li ta kreye de (2) milye ane anvan nesans [[Jezi]] Kris la. Daprè mitoloji Bantou, chak nan lamèl li yo refere a yon etap nan kreyasyon mond lan. Lejand la di sa :

“Bondye te jwe sanza an amoni pandan li te kreye plant yo, mineral ak [[bèt]] yo. Lè sa a, yon sèl jou a, malerèzman, enstriman diven an soti nan melodi, kreye yon nòt mal ki te fè moun&quot;.

Kòm ras la nan yon sèl sa a miltipliye, dezamoni a tou perpétuer. Se poutèt sa espès imen an sipoze retounen nan amoni orijinal la pa jwenn yon akò ekselan ak sanza la. &quot;

Anpil selebrite kounye a enterese pa egzanp [[Phil Colins]]. Mizisyen sa a te itilize li nan chante li ''Long Long Way to Go'' ki soti nan albòm lan ''Pa gen jakèt obligatwa''.

Gwoup Jenèz la te itilize li tou sou albòm ''Van ak wuthering''.

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Fichye:Ikembe-sanza-mbira.JPG|Mbira tradisyonèl ak artisanal, ak senk (5) lamèl.
Fichye:Mbira dzavadzimu in deze.jpg|Enstriman enkli nan yon kalbas.
Fichye:Holding an mbira dzavadzimu.jpg|Fason jwe enstriman, izit avèk kapsil boutèy.
Fichye:Musée africain de Lyon - décembre 2015 (7).JPG|Mbira radisyonèl à lamelles de bois.
Fichye:Mbiras.jpg|De (2) sanza ak kès rezonans an tanbou.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://www.musicologie.org/sites/s/sanza.html Sanza : « pyano ak pous » afriken] sou musicologie.org
* [http://music.africamuseum.be/instruments/french/congo%20drc/chisanzhi.html Lamèlofòn] sou music.africamuseum.be

[[Kategori:Mizik]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kébert Bastien</title>
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        <id>40727</id>
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      <text bytes="4297" sha1="gd45zhzzy66urvb8ldak27p7tjqjdmz" xml:space="preserve">'''Kébert Bastien''', rele '''Keb''', ki fèt yon [[19 fevriye]] nan [[Sen Lwi dinò (komin)|Sen Lwi dinò]], se yon [[atis]] angaje,&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/60784_0|title=Vanyan|website=film-documentaire.fr|access-date=1 avril 2022|archive-date=2023-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422024119/http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/60784_0|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; jèn [[chantè]] ak [[mizisyen]] ayisyen.

== Biyografi ==
Kébert Bastien te fèt nan Sen Lwi dinò nan dat 19 fevriye. Leve nan yon fanmi pwotestan, atis la pasyone pou son folklorik ayisyen. Soti 2007 rive 2011, li te etidye relasyon entènasyonal nan Akademi Nasyonal Diplomatik ak Konsilè (ANDC). Pou etidye [[Sosyoloji]], an 2011 li antre nan Fakilte Syans Imen nan [[Université d'État d'Haïti|Inivèsite Leta Ayiti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://lequotidiennews.org/kebert-bastien-ma-musique-cest-ma-vie/|title=Kébert Bastien: « Ma musique, c'est ma vie »|date=20 fevriye 2021|website=lequotidiennews.org|publisher=Le Quotidien News|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Li kontribye tou nan travay yon magazin ki gen tit &quot;Boubou Mag&quot; pou jèn timoun lekòl yo ede yo grandi ak yon konsyans patriyotik.&lt;ref&gt;{{ht}}  {{Cite web|url=https://mit-ayiti.net/resous/boubou-anviwonman/|title=BOUBOU MAG : ANVIWÒNMAN|date=14 avril 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Karyè mizikal ===
Keb te resevwa premye [[gita]] li nan men manman li a laj de trèz ane. Nan dat 30 me 2014, li te siyen nan Fakilte Syans Imen ''Merde'' premye albòm li ak ki li te genyen yon pri pou [[Karayib]] la nan [[Kebèk]]. Li te pibliye tou an 2015 albòm ''Pwenn fè pa/100 an lokipasyon'' epi pita ''Ecole Nord Male''. Vwa li fè eko nan anpil aktivite kiltirèl atravè peyi a, tankou Vandredi Literè, [[Marathon du Livre]].&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article19480|title=Haïti-Agenda culturel : Semaine du mercredi 06 au mardi 12 janvier 2016|website=alterpresse.org|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Li te pibliye an 2020 ''Barikad Lanmou''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Pre-jiri a te chwazi, li te pami 10 finalis &quot;Prix Découvertes RFI 2021&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://rezonodwes.com/?p=261059|title=Musique {{!}} Le chanteur haïtien Kébert Bastien finaliste du Prix Découvertes RFI : Cliquez pour voter pour Keb|website=rezonodwes.com|date=3 desanm 2021|publisher=Rezo Nòdwès|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.gazettehaiti.com/node/5557|title=Le chanteur-compositeur haïtien, Kébert Bastien en lice pour remporter le Prix Decourvertes RFI 2021|website=gazettehaiti.com|publisher=Gazette Haiti|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan dat 19 oktòb 2021, li te ekspoze tablo yo nan albòm &quot;École Nord Male&quot; ilistre pa atis vizyèl Francisco Silva, albòm sa a chante an fransè ak kreyòl ayisyen ki trete tèm edikasyon ann Ayiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://lenational.org/post_article.php?cul=145|title=Le chanteur à texte et guitariste Kébert Bastién finaliste du Prix découverte RFI 2021|website=lenational.org/|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan dat 20 mas 2022, li bay yon konsè vityèl &quot;L'homme lumière&quot; ki te pwodui pa Enstiti Fransè an Ayiti nan kad Quinzaine de la francophonie. Atis la pwofite bay yon ti gout nan albòm li a : ''Mon Général Soleil, mon Kamoken'' kote li mete nan mizik travay [[Jacques-Stephen Alexis|Jacques Stephen Alexis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/koze-kilti/20220318-k%C3%A9bert-bastien-un-concert-et-un-nouvel-album-en-hommage-%C3%A0-jacques-stephen-alexis|title=Koze kilti - Kébert Bastien, un concert et un nouvel album en hommage à Jacques Stephen Alexis|date=18 mas 2022|website=rfi.fr|publisher=RFI|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diskografi ==

=== Albòm ===
Merde mai 2014

== Rekonpans ==
* Finalis pou Pri Dekouvèt RFI 2021

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=39775

https://vivevoixinfo.com/kebert-bastien-tout-un-album-en-hommage-a-jacques-stephen-alexis/
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bastien, Kébert}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Mizik]]
[[Kategori:Mizisyen]]
[[Kategori:Mizisyen ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Chantè]]
[[Kategori:Chantè ayisyen]]</text>
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    <revision>
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        <id>40727</id>
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      <text bytes="4300" sha1="r8bzwd4hog5riff58vgrpqwens6xhjs" xml:space="preserve">'''Kébert Bastien''', rele '''Keb''', ki fèt yon [[19 fevriye]] nan [[Sen Lwi dinò (komin)|Sen Lwi dinò]], se yon [[atis]] angaje,&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/60784_0|title=Vanyan|website=film-documentaire.fr|access-date=1 avril 2022|archive-date=2023-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422024119/http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/60784_0|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; jèn [[chantè]] ak [[mizisyen]] ayisyen.

== Biyografi ==
Kébert Bastien te fèt nan Sen Lwi dinò nan dat 19 fevriye. Leve nan yon fanmi pwotestan, atis la pasyone pou son folklorik ayisyen. Soti 2007 rive 2011, li te etidye relasyon entènasyonal nan Akademi Nasyonal Diplomatik ak Konsilè (ANDC). Pou etidye [[Sosyoloji]], an 2011 li antre nan Fakilte Syans Imen nan [[Université d'État d'Haïti|Inivèsite Leta Ayiti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://lequotidiennews.org/kebert-bastien-ma-musique-cest-ma-vie/|title=Kébert Bastien: « Ma musique, c'est ma vie »|date=20 fevriye 2021|website=lequotidiennews.org|publisher=Le Quotidien News|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Li kontribye tou nan travay yon magazin ki gen tit &quot;Boubou Mag&quot; pou jèn timoun lekòl yo ede yo grandi ak yon konsyans patriyotik.&lt;ref&gt;{{ht}}  {{Cite web|url=https://mit-ayiti.net/resous/boubou-anviwonman/|title=BOUBOU MAG : ANVIWÒNMAN|date=14 avril 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Karyè mizikal ===
Keb te resevwa premye [[gita]] li nan men manman li a laj de trèz ane. Nan dat 30 me 2014, li te siyen nan Fakilte Syans Imen ''Merde'' premye albòm li ak ki li te genyen yon pri pou [[Karayib]] la nan [[Kebèk]]. Li te pibliye tou an 2015 albòm ''Pwenn fè pa/100 an lokipasyon'' epi pita ''Ecole Nord Male''. Vwa li fè eko nan anpil aktivite kiltirèl atravè peyi a, tankou Vandredi Literè, [[Marathon du Livre]].&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article19480|title=Haïti-Agenda culturel : Semaine du mercredi 06 au mardi 12 janvier 2016|website=alterpresse.org|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Li te pibliye an 2020 ''Barikad Lanmou''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Pre-jiri a te chwazi, li te pami 10 finalis &quot;Prix Découvertes RFI 2021&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://rezonodwes.com/?p=261059|title=Musique {{!}} Le chanteur haïtien Kébert Bastien finaliste du Prix Découvertes RFI : Cliquez pour voter pour Keb|website=rezonodwes.com|date=3 desanm 2021|publisher=Rezo Nòdwès|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.gazettehaiti.com/node/5557|title=Le chanteur-compositeur haïtien, Kébert Bastien en lice pour remporter le Prix Decourvertes RFI 2021|website=gazettehaiti.com|publisher=Gazette Haiti|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan dat 19 oktòb 2021, li te ekspoze tablo yo nan albòm &quot;École Nord Male&quot; ilistre pa atis vizyèl Francisco Silva, albòm sa a chante an fransè ak kreyòl ayisyen ki trete tèm edikasyon ann Ayiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://lenational.org/post_article.php?cul=145|title=Le chanteur à texte et guitariste Kébert Bastién finaliste du Prix découverte RFI 2021|website=lenational.org/|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan dat 20 mas 2022, li bay yon konsè vityèl &quot;L'homme lumière&quot; ki te pwodui pa Enstiti Fransè an Ayiti nan kad Quinzaine de la francophonie. Atis la pwofite bay yon ti gout nan albòm li a : ''Mon Général Soleil, mon Kamoken'' kote li mete nan mizik travay [[Jacques-Stephen Alexis|Jacques Stephen Alexis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/koze-kilti/20220318-k%C3%A9bert-bastien-un-concert-et-un-nouvel-album-en-hommage-%C3%A0-jacques-stephen-alexis|title=Koze kilti - Kébert Bastien, un concert et un nouvel album en hommage à Jacques Stephen Alexis|date=18 mas 2022|website=rfi.fr|publisher=RFI|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diskografi ==

=== Albòm ===
Merde mai 2014

== Rekonpans ==
* Finalis pou Pri Dekouvèt RFI 2021

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

* https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=39775
* https://vivevoixinfo.com/kebert-bastien-tout-un-album-en-hommage-a-jacques-stephen-alexis/
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bastien, Kébert}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Mizik]]
[[Kategori:Mizisyen]]
[[Kategori:Mizisyen ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Chantè]]
[[Kategori:Chantè ayisyen]]</text>
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'''Kébert Bastien''', rele '''Keb''', ki fèt yon [[19 fevriye]] nan [[Sen Lwi dinò (komin)|Sen Lwi dinò]], se yon [[atis]] angaje,&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/60784_0|title=Vanyan|website=film-documentaire.fr|access-date=1 avril 2022|archive-date=2023-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422024119/http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/60784_0|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; jèn [[chantè]] ak [[mizisyen]] ayisyen.

== Biyografi ==
Kébert Bastien te fèt nan Sen Lwi dinò nan dat 19 fevriye. Leve nan yon fanmi pwotestan, atis la pasyone pou son folklorik ayisyen. Soti 2007 rive 2011, li te etidye relasyon entènasyonal nan Akademi Nasyonal Diplomatik ak Konsilè (ANDC). Pou etidye [[Sosyoloji]], an 2011 li antre nan Fakilte Syans Imen nan [[Université d'État d'Haïti|Inivèsite Leta Ayiti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://lequotidiennews.org/kebert-bastien-ma-musique-cest-ma-vie/|title=Kébert Bastien: « Ma musique, c'est ma vie »|date=20 fevriye 2021|website=lequotidiennews.org|publisher=Le Quotidien News|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Li kontribye tou nan travay yon magazin ki gen tit &quot;Boubou Mag&quot; pou jèn timoun lekòl yo ede yo grandi ak yon konsyans patriyotik.&lt;ref&gt;{{ht}}  {{Cite web|url=https://mit-ayiti.net/resous/boubou-anviwonman/|title=BOUBOU MAG : ANVIWÒNMAN|date=14 avril 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Karyè mizikal ===
Keb te resevwa premye [[gita]] li nan men manman li a laj de trèz ane. Nan dat 30 me 2014, li te siyen nan Fakilte Syans Imen ''Merde'' premye albòm li ak ki li te genyen yon pri pou [[Karayib]] la nan [[Kebèk]]. Li te pibliye tou an 2015 albòm ''Pwenn fè pa/100 an lokipasyon'' epi pita ''Ecole Nord Male''. Vwa li fè eko nan anpil aktivite kiltirèl atravè peyi a, tankou Vandredi Literè, [[Marathon du Livre]].&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article19480|title=Haïti-Agenda culturel : Semaine du mercredi 06 au mardi 12 janvier 2016|website=alterpresse.org|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Li te pibliye an 2020 ''Barikad Lanmou''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Pre-jiri a te chwazi, li te pami 10 finalis &quot;Prix Découvertes RFI 2021&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://rezonodwes.com/?p=261059|title=Musique {{!}} Le chanteur haïtien Kébert Bastien finaliste du Prix Découvertes RFI : Cliquez pour voter pour Keb|website=rezonodwes.com|date=3 desanm 2021|publisher=Rezo Nòdwès|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.gazettehaiti.com/node/5557|title=Le chanteur-compositeur haïtien, Kébert Bastien en lice pour remporter le Prix Decourvertes RFI 2021|website=gazettehaiti.com|publisher=Gazette Haiti|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan dat 19 oktòb 2021, li te ekspoze tablo yo nan albòm &quot;École Nord Male&quot; ilistre pa atis vizyèl Francisco Silva, albòm sa a chante an fransè ak kreyòl ayisyen ki trete tèm edikasyon ann Ayiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://lenational.org/post_article.php?cul=145|title=Le chanteur à texte et guitariste Kébert Bastién finaliste du Prix découverte RFI 2021|website=lenational.org/|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan dat 20 mas 2022, li bay yon konsè vityèl &quot;L'homme lumière&quot; ki te pwodui pa Enstiti Fransè an Ayiti nan kad Quinzaine de la francophonie. Atis la pwofite bay yon ti gout nan albòm li a : ''Mon Général Soleil, mon Kamoken'' kote li mete nan mizik travay [[Jacques-Stephen Alexis|Jacques Stephen Alexis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/koze-kilti/20220318-k%C3%A9bert-bastien-un-concert-et-un-nouvel-album-en-hommage-%C3%A0-jacques-stephen-alexis|title=Koze kilti - Kébert Bastien, un concert et un nouvel album en hommage à Jacques Stephen Alexis|date=18 mas 2022|website=rfi.fr|publisher=RFI|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diskografi ==

=== Albòm ===
Merde mai 2014

== Rekonpans ==
* Finalis pou Pri Dekouvèt RFI 2021

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

* https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=39775
* https://vivevoixinfo.com/kebert-bastien-tout-un-album-en-hommage-a-jacques-stephen-alexis/
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bastien, Kébert}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Mizik]]
[[Kategori:Mizisyen]]
[[Kategori:Mizisyen ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Chantè]]
[[Kategori:Chantè ayisyen]]</text>
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'''Kébert Bastien''', rele '''Keb''', ki fèt yon [[19 fevriye]] nan [[Sen Lwi dinò (komin)|Sen Lwi dinò]], se yon [[atis]] angaje,&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/60784_0|title=Vanyan|website=film-documentaire.fr|access-date=1 avril 2022|archive-date=2023-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422024119/http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/60784_0|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; jèn [[chantè]] ak [[mizisyen]] ayisyen.

== Biyografi ==
Kébert Bastien te fèt nan Sen Lwi dinò nan dat 19 fevriye. Leve nan yon fanmi pwotestan, atis la pasyone pou son folklorik ayisyen. Soti 2007 rive 2011, li te etidye relasyon entènasyonal nan Akademi Nasyonal Diplomatik ak Konsilè (ANDC). Pou etidye [[Sosyoloji]], an 2011 li antre nan Fakilte Syans Imen nan [[Université d'État d'Haïti|Inivèsite Leta Ayiti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://lequotidiennews.org/kebert-bastien-ma-musique-cest-ma-vie/|title=Kébert Bastien: « Ma musique, c'est ma vie »|date=20 fevriye 2021|website=lequotidiennews.org|publisher=Le Quotidien News|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Li kontribye tou nan travay yon magazin ki gen tit &quot;Boubou Mag&quot; pou jèn timoun lekòl yo ede yo grandi ak yon konsyans patriyotik.&lt;ref&gt;{{ht}}  {{Cite web|url=https://mit-ayiti.net/resous/boubou-anviwonman/|title=BOUBOU MAG : ANVIWÒNMAN|date=14 avril 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Karyè mizikal ===
Keb te resevwa premye [[gita]] li nan men manman li a laj de trèz ane. Nan dat 30 me 2014, li te siyen nan Fakilte Syans Imen ''Merde'' premye albòm li ak ki li te genyen yon pri pou [[Karayib]] la nan [[Kebèk]]. Li te pibliye tou an 2015 albòm ''Pwenn fè pa/100 an lokipasyon'' epi pita ''Ecole Nord Male''. Vwa li fè eko nan anpil aktivite kiltirèl atravè peyi a, tankou Vandredi Literè, [[Marathon du Livre]].&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article19480|title=Haïti-Agenda culturel : Semaine du mercredi 06 au mardi 12 janvier 2016|website=alterpresse.org|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Li te pibliye an 2020 ''Barikad Lanmou''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Pre-jiri a te chwazi, li te pami 10 finalis &quot;Prix Découvertes RFI 2021&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://rezonodwes.com/?p=261059|title=Musique {{!}} Le chanteur haïtien Kébert Bastien finaliste du Prix Découvertes RFI : Cliquez pour voter pour Keb|website=rezonodwes.com|date=3 desanm 2021|publisher=Rezo Nòdwès|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.gazettehaiti.com/node/5557|title=Le chanteur-compositeur haïtien, Kébert Bastien en lice pour remporter le Prix Decourvertes RFI 2021|website=gazettehaiti.com|publisher=Gazette Haiti|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan dat 19 oktòb 2021, li te ekspoze tablo yo nan albòm &quot;École Nord Male&quot; ilistre pa atis vizyèl Francisco Silva, albòm sa a chante an fransè ak kreyòl ayisyen ki trete tèm edikasyon ann Ayiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://lenational.org/post_article.php?cul=145|title=Le chanteur à texte et guitariste Kébert Bastién finaliste du Prix découverte RFI 2021|website=lenational.org/|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan dat 20 mas 2022, li bay yon konsè vityèl &quot;L'homme lumière&quot; ki te pwodui pa Enstiti Fransè an Ayiti nan kad Quinzaine de la francophonie. Atis la pwofite bay yon ti gout nan albòm li a : ''Mon Général Soleil, mon Kamoken'' kote li mete nan mizik travay [[Jacques-Stephen Alexis|Jacques Stephen Alexis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/koze-kilti/20220318-k%C3%A9bert-bastien-un-concert-et-un-nouvel-album-en-hommage-%C3%A0-jacques-stephen-alexis|title=Koze kilti - Kébert Bastien, un concert et un nouvel album en hommage à Jacques Stephen Alexis|date=18 mas 2022|website=rfi.fr|publisher=RFI|access-date=1 avril 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diskografi ==

=== Albòm ===
Merde mai 2014

== Rekonpans ==
* Finalis pou Pri Dekouvèt RFI 2021

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

* https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=39775
* https://vivevoixinfo.com/kebert-bastien-tout-un-album-en-hommage-a-jacques-stephen-alexis/
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bastien, Kébert}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Mizik]]
[[Kategori:Mizisyen]]
[[Kategori:Mizisyen ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Chantè]]
[[Kategori:Chantè ayisyen]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>To chanj</title>
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      <text bytes="8422" sha1="q46gngh40r1rh4xdpjtlxugt8868blp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fichye:Exchange_rates_display.jpg|lien=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Exchange_rates_display.jpg/220px-Exchange_rates_display.jpg|thumb| Tablo elektwonik To chanj ant monnen.]]

'''To chanj''' yon [[deviz]] (yon [[monnen]]) se pri deviz sa a parapò ak yon lòt. Nou pale tou sou ''parite'' yon monnen &quot;. Men, dènye mo sa a ''parite'' endike [[egalite]] absoli an anglè.

To chanj, sou mache chanj yo, ap varye an pèmanans ; yo tou varye selon kote kotasyon yo ye.

Pou egzanp, to chanj [[ewo]] a nan dola ameriken yo pral deziye : EUR/USD (oswa EURUSD) = 1.3120 (ki vle di ke 1 ewo vo 1,312 0 dola ameriken), pandan y ap to chanj dola a nan Yen yo note USD/JPY (oswa USDJPY) = 101.2954.

Notasyon yo itilize (EUR = [[ewo]] ; USD = Dola Etazini ; JPY = Yen ; …) yo gouvène pa kodifikasyon monetè entènasyonal la, estanda ISO 4217, ki gen pou objektif pou diferansye chak deviz pa yon abrevyasyon twa (3) lèt.

== Rejim to chanj fiks oswa rejim chanj flotan ==
To chanj yon monnen se :

* swa ''fiks'', setadi konstan parapò ak yon  [[Lajan|monnen]] referans (anjeneral dola ameriken an oswa [[ewo]] a ), pa desizyon [[Eta|Leta]] a ki emèt [[Lajan|monnen]] sa a. Alò to a ka sèlman modifye pa yon desizyon devalorizasyon (oswa revalorizasyon) nan [[Eta]] sa a. Sepandan, yon Leta pa ka deside adopte okenn to chanj pou monnen li. Si li fikse to chanj sa a nan yon nivo ki twò wo oswa twò ba, yo ka atake to chanj lan sou mache chanj yo. Si otorite monetè yo pa kapab fè fas (gras a rezèv chanj yo ), yo pral oblije modifye parite yo ;
* oswa ''flotan'' ak detèmine nan chak tranzaksyon pa ekilib ki genyen ant òf  ak demann sou mache chanj yo. Li se yon mache mondyal entèbankè monnen, mwens an mwens santralize sou lis espesifik kotasyon ak echanj, paske li baze sou lyezon [[Enfòmatik|òdinatè]] ant [[Labank|bank yo]].

To chanj lan se :

* swa yon kou ''spot'', setadi &quot; nan lajan kach », pou acha imedya ak lavant deviz. An jeneral, tan an livrezon deviz se 2 jou travay epi li ka depase tan sa a si livrezon an dwe fèt pandan jou [[Ferye (komin)|ferye]] yo ;
* swa yon kou ''forward'', setadi &quot; a tèm », pou tranzaksyon chanj ak yon dat limit nan lavni (livrezon pa fèt imedyatman). Misyon an se jere risk. Li se yon akò yo fikse jodi a pri a nan ki nou pral achte / vann deviz a tèm.

== Faktè ki afekte to chanj  flotan ==
To chanj lan detèmine pa òf ak demann nan chak nan de (2) monnen yo : si demann depase òf, pri a ogmante.

Piske deviz yon peyi a se fondamantalman yon kreyans sou bank santral peyi sa a &lt;ref&gt;Voir [[base monétaire]].&lt;/ref&gt;, kenbe yon deviz etranjè ka konsidere kòm kenbe yon kreyans sou peyi ki emèt li.

=== Nan kout tèm ===
To chanj varye anpil pandan menm jou a, varyasyon sa yo pa ka eksplike pa teyori a nan parite pouvwa dacha. Nan kad analiz sa a kout tèm, li nesesè pou al gade lòt eksplikasyon.

Ekilib yo, nan evaliasyon deviz, yo mezire nan parite pouvwa dacha. Sa a se yon egzèsis estatistik konplèks, ki gen ladann nan konpare sou tan an nan [[pouvwa dacha]] yon konsomatè tipik nan yon peyi ak yon seri pwodui konsomasyon yo avèk sa yo ki nan yon lòt konsomatè tipik nan yon lòt peyi ak pou yon seri de pwodui konsomasyon yo vle yo dwe pre, men ki koresponn sepandan ak lòt abitid lokal an tèm de mòd &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;lavi&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ak estrikti pri. Nan pratik, nou jeneralman itilize dola ameriken an kòm deviz nan endis komen an epi nou pral konsa chak fwa konpare [[pouvwa dacha]] nan yon konsomatè tipik nan peyi X ak sa yo ki nan yon konsomatè tipik ameriken.

Parite pouvwa dacha, pandan y ap itil pou konparezon entènasyonal nan nivo lavi, kote maj erè nan kèk pousan yo pa enpòtan, yo ta dwe itilize avèk anpil prekosyon pou analiz sou mache chanj .

Kòm parite pouvwa dacha, magazin nan popilè ''The Economist'' te kreye endis Big Mac Index ki konpare pri a nan sandwich la pi popilè an dola ak pri li nan deviz etranje nan 120 peyi.

=== Nan long tèm ===
[[Fichye:EUR-USD_1972-1999.jpg|lien=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/EUR-USD_1972-1999.jpg/450px-EUR-USD_1972-1999.jpg|droite|vignette|450x450px| RekonstriksyonTo  chanj EUR / USD soti janvye 1972 rive janvye 1999 soti nan to echanj fran franse oswa Deutschemark la.]]
Nan long tèm,monnen yo dwe teyorikman apwoche parite ekilib yo jwenn nan paramèt estriktirèl ki baze sou nosyon de ''rantabilite antisipe nan depo deviz yo'' . Ajan ekonomik yo pral detèmine demann yo pou diferan deviz dapre rentabilité yo antisipe nan depo nan deviz sa yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kodambroker.com/|title=Kodambroker|date=1402-03-19|website=Kodambroker|language=fa-IR|access-date=2023-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ann imajine yon ajan k ap viv nan zòn ewo, li mande si li pi pwofitab pou kenbe depo nan [[ewo]] oswa depo an dola.

Depo ewo li yo pral fè li yon to enterè antisipe &lt;math&gt;i_d&lt;/math&gt; ( to enterè sou depo nan zòn ewo ). Se konsa, rantabilite antisipe &lt;math&gt;R_d&lt;/math&gt; nan depo sa yo se nan ewo vo :

: &lt;math&gt;R_d \ \mathrm{(en \ euros)} = i_d.&lt;/math&gt;

Nan lòt men an, si li gen entansyon mete depo li an dola, yo pral touche li yon to enterè antisipe. &lt;math&gt;i_f&lt;/math&gt; (to enterè sou depo nan peyi Etazini), setadi fwa sa a to enterè ameriken an. Diferans lan se ke, kòm ajan nou an se yon Ewopeyen, li pral vle jwenn yo nan [[ewo]], pakonsekan bezwen an konvèti yo tounen nan deviz sa a. Kidonk, li dwe tou pran an kont varyasyon an nan to chanj lan ant deviz yo pandan depo li. Li pral alò tan sa a gen yon rantabilite antisipe :

: &lt;math&gt;R_f \ \mathrm{(en \ euros)} = i_f \frac{e_t}{e_{t+1}} - \frac{e_{t+1} - e_t}{e_{t+1}} = i_f \frac{e_t}{e_{t+1}} - \frac{\Delta e}{e_{t+1}}.&lt;/math&gt;

avèk &lt;math&gt;e_{t}&lt;/math&gt; to chanj aktyèl la (nan moman sa a &lt;math&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; ) nan ewo parapò dola a ak &lt;math&gt;e_{t+1}&lt;/math&gt; to chanj antisipe nan ewo parapò dola a lè li te retire depo li (nan moman sa a &lt;math&gt;t+1&lt;/math&gt; ).

Kidonk &lt;math&gt;\frac{\Delta e}{e_{t+1}}&lt;/math&gt; se varyasyon antisipe mezire nan ewo nan valè a nan depo lye ak varyasyon nan to chanj EUR / USD sou peryòd sa a.

Ajan nou an pral abitre ant de (2) randeman sa yo (setadi chwazi pi bon an). Yon ajan ameriken ta fè menm bagay la men nan sans envès.

Abitraj sa a, ki te fèt pa tout ajan yo ak nan kad yon sikilasyon pafè ak lib nan [[kapital]], mennen nou nan yon egalizasyon nan de (2)  rantabilite sa yo (akòz chwa ki genyen nan kenbe deviz yo diferan ). Egalizasyon sa a enplike ekwasyon sa a, yo rele ''kondisyon parite to enterè''  :

: &lt;math&gt;i_d = i_f \frac{e_t}{e_{t+1}} - \frac{\Delta e}{e_{t+1}},&lt;/math&gt;

sa vle di :

: &lt;math&gt;R_d = R_f.&lt;/math&gt;

Rantabilite yo depann prensipalman sou to entere antisipe ak valè antisipe to chanj. Evolisyon nan to enterè (ak kidonk nan to chanj) depann sou done sa yo :

* [[Lavichè|enflasyon]] antisipe relatif;
* varyasyon nan baryè komèsyal relatif yo ;
* varyasyon nan demann pou byen relatif yo ;
* kwasans antisipe relatif.

Tout valè sa yo konsidere kòm relatif paske yo dwe konsidere chak fwa parapò ak lòt ekonomi an. Pi klèman, si enflasyon antisipe se 2 % nan [[Etazini|peyi Etazini]] ak nan zòn ewo a, enflasyon antisipe relatif se nil, kidonk pa gen okenn efè.

=== Kriz monetè ===
Yon peyi ap soufri nan yon kriz monetè lè kapasite nan ranbouse dèt la ekstèn (piblik ak prive)  nan deviz peyi etranje a se nan dout grav (kriz nan konfyans). Alò, soti kapital kout tèm lakòz to chanj monnen an tonbe, fè ranbousman an menm pi difisil.

== Wòl ekonomik ==
To chanj (ak to enterè yo, ki gen rapò ak yo) afekte [[pri]] enpòtasyon ak ekspòtasyon . Yo enfliyanse direksyon kapital ant zòn ekonomik yo.

Kòm rezilta, peyi yo ak zòn ekonomik yo ka tante pou yo aji sou to chanj lan, souvan sou pretèks pou evite espekilasyon (an reyalite manipilasyon sa yo gen tandans ankouraje li), ak nan objektif pou amelyore (diminye to chanj lan). :

* konpetitivite pri byen yo ak sèvis yo ;
* atire yo an tèm de envestisman dirèk aletranje .

Diminisyon sa a nan to chanj lan pral gen tou efè negatif (rancherisman enpòtasyon, elatriye.).

To chanj la se youn nan kanal transmisyon politik monetè tou.

'''Egzanp :''' Si to chanj EUR/USD la se 1,4, sa vle di 1 € = 1,4 $.

=== Metye ===
Moun ki fè tranzaksyon chanj nan yon kapasite pwofesyonèl yo rele [[kanbis]].

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Monnen]]
[[Kategori:Ekonomi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="14239" sha1="se401g68yq4y2cp8ppx1d2auc8gihag" xml:space="preserve">'''Fanm pandan [[Revolisyon Ayisyen]] an''' (1791–1804) te patisipe, nan diferan nivo nan sosyete a, nan mouvman revòlt ki te ranvèse pouvwa kolonyal franse a sou zile [[Ayiti]], lè sa a yo te rele Sen-Domeng. Malgre wòl enpòtan yo te jwe pandan peryòd sa a, fanm sa yo raman te enkli nan resi istorik ak literè sou revòlt esklav yo&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last1=Braziel |first1=Jana Evans |title=Remembering Defilee: Dedee Baziles as Revolutionary Lieu de Memoire |journal=Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism |date=2005 |volume=9 |issue=2 |page=59|doi=10.1215/-9-2-57 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sepandan, depi ane 2000 yo te gen anpil rechèch akademik konsakre pou yo.

== Fanm esklav nan Santo Domingo anvan Revolisyon an ==
Nan koloni franse Sen-Domeng, fanm nwa ki te esklav yo te soufri, anplis de abi ak move tretman ki rezève pou esklav yo, sou fòm vyolans patikilye ki baze sou sèks, tankou [[Kadejak]] pa pwopriyetè esklav,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last1=Boisvert |first1=Jayne |title=Colonial Hell and Female Slave Resistance in Saint-Domingue |journal=Journal of Haitian Studies |date=2001 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=63}}&lt;/ref&gt; epi yo te trete yo kòm enstriman repwodiksyon.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last1=Boisvert |first1=Jayne |title=Colonial Hell and Female Slave Resistance in Saint-Domingue |journal=Journal of Haitian Studies |date=2001 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=66}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anpil nan fanm sa yo te ale nan swisid.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last1=Boisvert |first1=Jayne |title=Colonial Hell and Female Slave Resistance in Saint-Domingue |journal=Journal of Haitian Studies |date=2001 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wòl fanm nan revolisyon an ==
[[Fichye:Portrait d’une femme haïtienne, 1786.png|lien=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Portrait d’une femme haïtienne, 1786.png/220px-Portrait d’une femme haïtienne, 1786.png|vignette| [[Victoria Montou]] oswa Matant Toya, yon pèsonalite Revolisyon ayisyen an]]
Revolisyonè Ayiti yo te vize pou libere tèt yo anba [[esklavaj]], men tou pou mete fen nan okipasyon fransè zile a. Fanm te patisipe nan revòlt la nan diferan fason.

=== Òganizasyon travay ===
Esklav fi ki te anplwaye kòm travayè te refize fè travay ki menase lavi yo. Pa egzanp, fanm ki t ap travay nan mitan lannwit nan yon izin [[kann]] te pwoteste kont kondisyon travay yo, pi patikilyèman kont risk ki gen rapò ak itilizasyon aparèy ki ta ka lakòz mitilasyon oswa lanmò, ekleraj la pa ase.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last1=Boisvert |first1=Jayne |title=Colonial Hell and Female Slave Resistance in Saint-Domingue |journal=Journal of Haitian Studies |date=2001 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=65}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vodou ===
Pratik vodou a te favorize Revolisyon ayisyen an. Fanm esklav ki te chape anba plantasyon yo, ke yo rele &quot; [[Mawonaj|mawon]] &quot;, te kapab rekòmanse wòl yo kòm pratikan vodou ; toutotan yo te anba kontwòl kolon yo, yo te kapab pini yo paske yo te rejte [[katolisis]].

Kominote esklav ki sove yo te tounen vin jwenn [[Manbo|''manbo vodou'']], oswa pretrès, ki te radikalize yo epi ki te fasilite òganizasyon yon mouvman liberasyon.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last1=Boisvert |first1=Jayne |title=Colonial Hell and Female Slave Resistance in Saint-Domingue |journal=Journal of Haitian Studies |date=2001 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=69}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Manbo vodou'' yo te jeneralman abitye ak remèd fèy ak pwazon, yo te itilize pou touye mèt esklav franse ak fanmi yo pandan revolisyon an.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last1=Boisvert |first1=Jayne |title=Colonial Hell and Female Slave Resistance in Saint-Domingue |journal=Journal of Haitian Studies |date=2001 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=70}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ideyolojikman, imaj manbo vodou ayisyen an te ensite ensije yo pou yo konbat gouvènman kolonyal la, non sèlman nan yon objektif politik emansipasyon kolektif, men tou nan yon pèspektiv espirityèl ki pi wo.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last1=Boisvert |first1=Jayne |title=Colonial Hell and Female Slave Resistance in Saint-Domingue |journal=Journal of Haitian Studies |date=2001 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=71–72}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manbo ki pi popilè nan istwa revolisyonè ayisyen an se [[Sesi Fatiman (Cecile Fatiman)|Cécile Fatiman]]. Li te pitit fi yon fanm esklav ak yon pwopriyetè esklav. Yo konnen li te òganize yon seremoni vodou ki te rasanble plizyè santèn esklav rebèl swa anvan Revolisyon an, ankouraje yo e chante ak dans pou goumen pou libète.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last1=Watkins |first1=Angela Denise |title=Mambos, priestesses, and goddesses: spiritual healing through Vodou in black women's narratives of Haiti and New Orleans |journal=Iowa Research Online Repository |date=2014 |page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yo di li te viv 112 zan, li pa janm sispann pratike vodou.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite book |last1=Dayan |first1=Joan |title=Haiti, History, and the Gods |url=https://archive.org/details/haitihistorygods00daya |date=1995 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |page=[https://archive.org/details/haitihistorygods00daya/page/47 47]|isbn=9780520089006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yon lòt fanm, [[Dédée Bazile]], gen yon eritaj ki sanble ak yon mistik revolisyonè. Dédée pa konnen sevèman kòm yon ''manbo'' ; li rele Défilée-la-folle (fanm fòl). Yo di &quot;foli&quot; li se te yon konsekans asasina paran li pa sòlda franse yo ansanm ak vyolans seksyèl li te soufri. Dédée te fè plizyè timoun akòz kadejak mèt li te fè. Apre asasina lidè revolisyonè [[Janjak Desalin|Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], yo rapòte li te gen pou li rasanble rès lidè ayisyen sa a ki te dekonpoze yo, ranje kò li ki te mitile epi asire yo antere li avèk diyite. Jodi a, Dédée se yon ikon Revolisyon ayisyen an, yon senbòl &quot; foli nan angajman pèp ayisyen an, ki vin souveren sou tè li.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last1=Braziel |first1=Jana Evans |title=Remembering Defilee: Dedee Baziles as Revolutionary Lieu de Memoire |journal=Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism |date=2005 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=65–68|doi=10.1215/-9-2-57}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Konba ===
[[Fichye:Timbre_haïtien_de_50_centimes_de_gourdes.jpg|lien=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Timbre_ha%C3%AFtien_de_50_centimes_de_gourdes.jpg/440px-Timbre_ha%C3%AFtien_de_50_centimes_de_gourdes.jpg|alt=A woman in white and a man in uniform with troops behind them.|vignette| Tenm 1954 pou komemore 150yèm anivèsè endepandans Ayiti, ki reprezante [[Marie-Jeanne Lamartinière]] ak mari li.]]

Fanm yo te pran zam tou e yo te sèvi nan lame ayisyen antikolonyal, yo te patisipe nan tout nivo angajman militè yo. Entelektyèl yo atribiye patisipasyon toupatou nan fanm nan konba a tradisyon [[Afrik lwès|Afrik Lwès]] ki angaje fanm nan patisipasyon aktif nan konba.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last1=Boisvert |first1=Jayne |title=Colonial Hell and Female Slave Resistance in Saint-Domingue |journal=Journal of Haitian Studies |date=2001 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last1=Girard|first1=Philippe |title=Rebelles with a Cause: Women in the Haitian War of Independence, 1802-1804 |journal=Gender and History |date=2009 |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=68|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0424.2009.01535.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Gen kèk ki te monte nan tèt yerachi militè a ; [[Marie-Jeanne Lamartinière]], pa egzanp, te sèvi nan lame [[Tousen Louvèti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last1=Boisvert |first1=Jayne |title=Colonial Hell and Female Slave Resistance in Saint-Domingue |journal=Journal of Haitian Studies |date=2001 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; Li te dirije fòs ensije yo pandan pi popilè [[batay nan Lakrèt-a-Pyewo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last1=Braziel |first1=Jana Evans |title=Remembering Defilee: Dedee Baziles as Revolutionary Lieu de Memoire |journal=Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism |date=2005 |volume=9 |issue=2 |page=59|doi=10.1215/-9-2-57 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Apati ane 1791-1792, Romaine-la-Prophétesse ak madanm li Marie Roze Adam te dirije yon soulèvman plizyè milye esklav e yo te gouvène de (2) vil prensipal nan sid [[Ayiti]], [[Leyogàn (komin)|Leyogàn]] ak [[Jakmèl (komin)|Jakmèl]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rey 2017 a&quot;&gt;Terry Rey, ''The Priest and the Prophetess: Abbé Ouvière, Romaine Rivière, and the Revolutionary Atlantic World'' (2017), p. 30, 137.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;Colin A. Palmer, ''Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History'' (2006), p. 1972&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;Matthias Middell, Megan Maruschke, ''The French Revolution as a Moment of Respatialization'' (2019), p. 71&lt;/ref&gt; Romaine te plase e souvan konsidere kòm yon gason, men abiye ak konpòte li kòm yon fanm.&lt;ref&gt;Maria Cristina Fumagalli, ''On the Edge: Writing the Border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic'' (2015), p. 111; and Maria Cristina Fumagalli et al. (eds.), ''The Cross-Dressed Caribbean: Writing, Politics, Sexualities'' (2014), p. 11&lt;/ref&gt; Li te klèman idantifye kòm yon fanm pwofèt ;&lt;ref name=&quot;Heywood&quot;&gt;Terry Rey, &quot;Kongolese Catholic Influences on Haitian Popular Catholicism&quot;, in Linda M. Heywood (editor), ''Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora'' (2002), pp. 270-271&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;Terry Rey, ''Bourdieu on Religion: Imposing Faith and Legitimacy'' (2014, Routledge, {{ISBN|9781317490883}}), pp. 119-120&lt;/ref&gt; li te di li te genyen yon lespri fi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heywood&quot;/&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;Jeremy D. Popkin, ''A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution'' (2011), p. 51&lt;/ref&gt; Li posib ke Romaine-la-Prophétesse te transjan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rey 2017 b&quot;&gt;Terry Rey, ''The Priest and the Prophetess: Abbé Ouvière, Romaine Rivière, and the Revolutionary Atlantic World'' (2017), p. 52-53.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Albanese&quot;&gt;Mary Grace Albanese, &quot;Unraveling the Blood Line: Pauline Hopkins's Haitian Genealogies&quot;, in ''J19: The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists'', volume 7, number 2, Fall 2019, p. 234&lt;/ref&gt; Chèchè Mary Grace Albanese ak Hourya Bentouhami konte Romaine-la-Prophétesse pami fanm ki te dirije revolisyon ayisyen an.&lt;ref name=&quot;Albanese&quot;/&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;Hourya Bentouhami, &quot;Notes pour un féminisme marron. Du corps-doublure au corps propre&quot;, in ''Comment s'en sortir?'' 5, 2017, p. 111&lt;/ref&gt;

Fanm te ede pote zam, kanon ak minisyon.

Gen kèk ki te sèvi kòm enfimyè militè. Yo te itilize plant medsin ak remèd tradisyonèl yo pou swenyen rebèl yo nan zòn ki lwen ak nan mizè.

Kèk fanm te travay kòm espyon, pran pòz kòm travayè sèks ak machann yo nan lòd yo delivre mesaj ak jwenn enfòmasyon sou Franse yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last1=Girard|first1=Philippe |title=Rebelles with a Cause: Women in the Haitian War of Independence, 1802-1804 |journal=Gender and History |date=2009 |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=69|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0424.2009.01535.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gen kèk fanm ki ta fè sèks pou yo jwenn lajan, zam, enfòmasyon militè, afranchisman, oswa pou yo jwenn padon pou tèt yo oswa pou moun yo renmen. Fòs militè ayisyen yo te mete kò fanm sa yo nan sèvis Revolisyon an, sa ki te ranfòse eksplwatasyon patriyakal fanm ki te deja an plas anvan.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last1=Girard|first1=Philippe |title=Rebelles with a Cause: Women in the Haitian War of Independence, 1802-1804 |journal=Gender and History |date=2009 |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=67|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0424.2009.01535.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fanm blan ==
[[Fichye:Manuel_Lopez_Lopez_Iodibo_-_Desalines_-_Huyes_del_valor_frances,_pero_matando_blancos.jpg|lien=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Manuel_Lopez_Lopez_Iodibo_-_Desalines_-_Huyes_del_valor_frances%2C_pero_matando_blancos.jpg/250px-Manuel_Lopez_Lopez_Iodibo_-_Desalines_-_Huyes_del_valor_frances%2C_pero_matando_blancos.jpg|thumb|361x361px| Yon gravi an 1806 pa [[Janjak Desalin|Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] dapre yon tradiksyon panyòl nan yon biyografi fransèz. Li reprezante jeneral la, nepe leve nan yon sèl bra, pandan ke lòt la kenbe tèt la koupe nan yon fanm blan.]]
An 1804, lidè revolisyonè [[Janjak Desalin|Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] te dirije yon [[Masak yo nan 1804 an Ayiti|kanpay masak]] kont moun Blan. Ansanm ak asasinay yo, piyaj ak [[Kadejak|vyòl]] te pran plas tou.&lt;ref&gt;Girard, 2011, p.321&lt;/ref&gt; Anjeneral yo te touye fanm ak timoun an dènye. Fanm blan yo te &quot;souvan vyole oswa oblije nan maryaj fòse anba menas lanmò.&lt;ref&gt;Girard, 2011, p.321&lt;/ref&gt; Dessalines pat espesyalman mansyone ke fanm blan yo ta dwe touye epi li te rapòte sòlda yo ezite yon ti jan fè sa. Finalman, sepandan, fanm yo te tou touye, byenke nan yon etap pi avanse nan masak la pase gason granmoun yo.&lt;ref&gt;Girard, 2011, pp.321–322&lt;/ref&gt; Agiman pou touye medam yo se te ke moun blan yo pat ap vrèman elimine nan zile a si fanm blan yo te epanye.&lt;ref&gt;Girard, 2011, p.322&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sanksyon ==
Akòz gwo patisipasyon fanm yo nan Revolisyon ayisyen an, fòs militè kolonyal franse yo te abandone plan pou mete pinisyon espesifik pou sèks yo. Lè yo te kaptire, fanm revolisyonè yo te egzekite ansanm ak gason, sèlman detanzantan resevwa tretman espesyal sou baz sèks la.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal |last1=Girard|first1=Philippe |title=Rebelles with a Cause: Women in the Haitian War of Independence, 1802-1804 |journal=Gender and History |date=2009 |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=73|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0424.2009.01535.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sanité Bélair]], pa egzanp, yon afranchi nwa ki te sèvi kòm lyetnan nan lame [[Tousen Louvèti]] a, te kondane a lanmò apre yo te kaptire li. Nan moman egzekisyon li a, li te refize bouwo li yo bouche je yo epi dapre dokiman achiv, li te gade yo nan je pandan li te mouri.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite book |last1=Dayan |first1=Joan |title=Haiti, History, and the Gods |url=https://archive.org/details/haitihistorygods00daya |date=1995 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |page=[https://archive.org/details/haitihistorygods00daya/page/47 47]|isbn=9780520089006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gade tou ==
* [[Victoria Montou]]
* [[Sanité Bélair]]
* [[Marie-Jeanne Lamartinière]]
* [[Sesi Fatiman (Cecile Fatiman)]]

== Bibliyografi ==

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Fanm]]
[[Kategori:Fanm politik ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Pèsonalite ayisyèn]]
[[Kategori:Revolisyon Ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Pèsonalite nan Revolisyon Ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Kout pwojektè sou/Atik pwopoze]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pye fwi</title>
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      <text bytes="3203" sha1="rfgv037oqvtt1gqen5z11xgpcurehwt" xml:space="preserve">'''Yon pye fwi''' oswa '''fwitye''', se yon pye bwa ki grandi espesyalman pou [[fwi]] manjab li yo. Yon fwi se, pou [[botanis]], yon estrikti ki fòme pa ovè mi ki soti nan yon flè, ki gen youn oswa plizyè grenn, men sèlman konte isit la fwi yo ki gen yon manje ak enterè ekonomik pou nonm lan. Fwi yo konprann nan sans laj la depi nan kèk ka se sèlman grenn nan ki rekòlte, pou egzanp nan ka a nan kafe oswa nwa.

Sepandan, se pa tout fwi lèzòm konsome yo pwodui pa pye bwa: gen kèk ki pwodui pa plant èrbeuz, swa plant legim oswa plant jaden mache tankou melon, melon ak frèz oswa anana, pa touf ak touf, tankou Franbwaz, grozeye oswa blueberry, tou. grandi nan jaden, kiwi oswa pye rezen, oswa menm nan tij, tankou [[bannann]] ak kokoye.

Anplis de sa, pye bwa fwi yo ka enteresan pou lòt aspè pase fwi: pou bwa yo (nou pafwa pale de pye bwa fwi forè), pou pwopriyete medsin yo, oswa kòm plant dekoratif pou egzanp.

Pwodiksyon fwi [[pyebwa]] sa yo souvan montre fluctuations anyèl (sik milti-anyèl) ki diminye presyon èbivò ki ta espesyalize nan kalite manje sa a&lt;ref&gt;&lt;abbr&gt;(en)&lt;/abbr&gt; Raúl Ortiz-Pulido &amp; Victor Rico-Gray, «  », ''Oikos'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 91, &lt;abbr&gt;n&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt; 3,‎ 2000, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 523-527&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Kiltivasyon nan pye bwa fwi ==
Kiltivasyon pye bwa fwi yo pratike nan diferan fason:

* se arborikilti fanmi pratike nan jaden prive; pafwa pa trè pwodiktif, li pa sèlman vize satisfè, plis oswa mwens konplètman, bezwen yo nan kay la, men tou konstitye yon aktivite lwazi deyò;
* Yo pratike arborikilti entansif nan verje espesyalize, souvan trellised, nan lide pou bay mache yo swa ak fwi fre oswa ak fwi ki fèt pou pwosesis endistriyèl (konsèv, fè konfiti, elatriye). Li se souvan espekilasyon prensipal la nan fèm yo konsène, ki jwenn sitou nan sèten rejyon ki konbine kondisyon tè ak klima adapte a chak [[espès]].
* Arborikilti anpil oswa agroforesti, yon sous revni segondè ak konplemantè pou kèk fèm, sitou konsène pyebwa ki gen gwo tij, ki gen anpil espas pou fè plas pou rekòt konplemantè, sitou savann. Li sitou bay fwi pou endistri, pou egzanp pòm sidr. Sèten pye bwa, espesyalman ak fwi sèk (noye, chatèy) yo pafwa grandi kòm pye bwa avni sou chemen ak wout segondè, oswa nan bocage la.
* pye bwa fwi forè yo (seriz, sann mòn, pye bwa sèvis, pye bwa sèvis, pye pwa ak pye pòm sovaj), si yo te byen koupe epi seche, yo chache apre yo pou kalite estetik ak teknolojik yo (grenn byen, bwa di, koulè cho. , elatriye) ki apwopriye patikilyèman pou sèten itilizasyon ((eskilti, chapant, ebenistè, bwa pou enstriman mizik ak sèten bezwen ti atizan). Yo ka jwenn gwo pri&lt;ref&gt;Gauthier A. [2009] ; Utilisations et marchés des fruitiers forestiers. Forêt Wallonne 101 : 42-48 (7 p., 1 fig., 1 tab., 2 réf.).

↑ &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gauthier A. (2009 ). ''Utilisation et marchés des fruitiers forestiers''. ; Forêt‐entreprise n°184, pp.50‐53.&lt;/ref&gt;. Yo plis oswa mwens fasil jwenn nan pepinyè, depann sou espès yo ak rejyon yo&lt;ref&gt;Girard S. (2009 ). ''Fruitiers forestiers : que trouve‐t‐on en pépinière ?'' ; Forêt‐entreprise n°184 – Janvier 2009 ; pp.40‐44&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Referans ==</text>
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      <text bytes="968" sha1="mtzpm72e3dnq85t54dq7wzqepn8q0qq" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!--==============================================================

          ATTENTION : LA MODIFICATION D'UNE INFOBOX PEUT ENTRAÎNER DES PROBLÈMES 
         SUR TOUTES LES PAGES DANS LESQUELLES ELLE EST INCLUSE.

Veuillez ne pas tenter de le modifier à moins que vous ne soyez certain de bien comprendre sa conception. 
D'autre part, l'ajout ou la suppression de champs sont à discuter préalablement sur la page consacrée.

templatedata géré via la documentation

==============================================================--&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox|build|nom=Biographie}}{{Infobox en Lua|Biographie2}}&lt;!--

les mauvais paramétrages

   --&gt;{{#if:{{{imaj|}}}|&lt;!--
   --&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{imaj|}}}|-||&lt;!--
   --&gt;{{#if:{{NAMESPACE}}||&lt;!--
   --&gt;{{#ifexist: Media:{{{imaj|}}}
        |
        |[[Kategori:Erreur d'Infobox/Image inconnue ou mal codifiée]]
      }}}}}}}}&lt;!--

--&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mtzpm72e3dnq85t54dq7wzqepn8q0qq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Infobox/Biographie/Chartes</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>88429</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888942</id>
      <parentid>855830</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T15:31:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888942</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="21864" sha1="rdujlgby8mugi2gnfozhb23a77704b0" xml:space="preserve">return {
	--{{identifiants des professions de la charte}, {libellés des professions de la charte}, couleur titre, couleur sous-titre, couleur texte, icône} 
	--quand une charte regroupe plusieurs identifiants (donc plusieurs professions), mettre les libellés des différentes professions sur différentes lignes pour faciliter un éventuel découpage ultérieur en chartes distinctes
	--le premier libellé de profession est utilisé pour catégoriser dans [[Kategori:Atik ki itilize infobox Biographie2 a avèk charte la...]] si elle existe. Sinon, il faut créer la catégorie. 
	{{'Q131512','Q1781198'},{'agriculture','agriculteur', 'agricultrice', 'cultivateur', 'cultivatrice', 'éleveur', 'éleveuse','agronomie','agronome'},'#66CC80', '#BFFFBF', '#000000','defaut'},
	{{'Q104590991'}, {'vin', 'personnalité liée au vin', 'viticulteur', 'viticultrice'}, '#66CC80', '#BFFFBF', '#000000', 'oenologie'},
	{{'Q15855449'}, {'magie', 'magicien', 'magicienne'}, '#EEEEFF', '#F6F6FF', '#000000', 'defaut'},
	{{'Q191633','Q3285854','Q3285832'},{'manga', 'mangaka','manhwaga','manhuajia'},'#80DDBF', '#B0FFD0', '#000000', 'bd'},
	{{'Q715301'},  {'bande dessinée','auteur de bande dessinée', 'autrice de bande dessinée'}, '#EAAC00', '#FFDDAA', '#000000', 'bd'},
	{{'Q1350189'}, {'Égypte antique','égyptologue'}, '#CCCCAA', '#CCCCAA', '#000000', 'egypte-antique'}, 
	{{'Q3621491'}, {'archéologie', 'archéologue'}, '#CCCCAA', '#CCCCAA', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{{'Q901402'}, {'géographie', 'géographe'}, '#5A71CE', '#B5BEEA', '#FFFFFF', 'map'},
	{{'Q520549'}, {'géologie','géologue'}, '#BA4A1B', '#D4AD7C ', '#FFFFFF', 'map'}, 
	{{'Q201788'}, {'histoire', 'historien', 'historienne'}, '#CFA0E9', '#E3C8F2', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{{'Q2135538'}, {'histoire du droit', 'historien du droit', 'historienne du droit'}, '#CFA0E9', '#E3C8F2', '#000000', 'droit'}, 
	{{'Q1792450'}, {&quot;histoire de l'art&quot;, &quot;historien de l'art&quot;, &quot;historienne de l'art&quot;}, '#CFA0E9', '#E3C8F2', '#000000', 'artiste'}, 
	{{'Q674426'}, {'conservateur de musée', 'conservatrice de musée'}, '#CFA0E9', '#E3C8F2', '#000000', 'artiste'}, 
	{{'Q42973'}, {'architecture', 'architecte'}, '#4C6099', '#7090E0', '#FFFFFF', 'defaut'}, 
	{{'Q2159907'}, {'criminalité', 'criminel', 'criminelle'}, '#F2F2F2', '#F2F2F2', '#000000', 'defaut'},
	{{'Q10729326'}, {'piraterie', 'pirate'}, '#000000', '#BFC5F9', '#FFFFFF', 'pirate'},
	{{'Q11900058'}, {'exploration', 'exploratrice', 'explorateur'}, '#EEEEFF', '#F6F6FF', '#000000', 'map'}, 
	{{'Q10873124'}, {&quot;échecs&quot;,&quot;joueuse d'échecs&quot;, &quot;joueur d'échecs&quot;}, '#F0E0F0', '#F0E0F0', '#000000', 'echecs'},
	{{'Q16402890'}, {&quot;dames&quot;,&quot;joueuse de dames&quot;, &quot;joueur de dames&quot;}, '#F0E0F0', '#F0E0F0', '#000000', 'dames'},
	{{'Q12039558'}, {'go','joueuse de go', 'joueur de go'}, '#EEEEFF', '#F6F6FF', '#000000', 'jeu'}, 
	{{'Q15295720'}, {'poker','joueuse de poker', 'joueur de poker'}, '#4E957D', '#A6D0C1', '#442200', 'poker'}, 
	{{'Q212980'}, {'psychologie', 'psychologue'}, '#BFD7FF', '#CFE1FF', '#000000', 'psychologie'},   
	{{'Q39631'}, {'médecine', 'médecin'}, '#9EC2F3', '#BBDDFF', '#000000', 'medecine'}, 
	{{'Q13416803'}, {'épidémiologie', 'épidémiologiste'}, '#9EC2F3', '#BBDDFF', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{{'Q864503','Q2374149'}, {'biologie', 'biologiste',
		'botanique', 'botaniste'},'#A7E8B6', '#CFFFD0', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{{'Q864503'}, {'biochimie', 'biochimiste'}, '#A7E8B6', '#CFFFD0', '#000000', 'chimie'}, 
	{{'Q2374149'}, {'naturaliste explorateur', 'naturaliste exploratrice'}, '#A7E8B6', '#CFFFD0', '#000000', 'map'}, 
	{{'Q177220','Q158852'}, {'chanson', 'chanteur', 'chanteuse', &quot;direction d'orchestre&quot;, &quot;chef d'orchestre&quot;, &quot;cheffe d'orchestre&quot;}, '#B6CCDE', '#B6CCDE', '#000000', 'musique'}, 
	{{'Q81729632','Q2865819'}, {'musique classique', 'musicien classique', 'musicienne classique','artiste lyrique'}, '#FFDD80', '#FFECB2', '#000000', 'musique'},
	{{'Q639669','Q15981151','Q36834'}, {'musique', 'musicien', 'musicienne', 'jazz', 'musicien de jazz', 'musicienne de jazz', 'composition musicale', 'compositeur', 'compositrice'}, '#80DDBF', '#B0FFD0', '#000000', 'musique'},
	{{'Q3089940','Q1643514'}, {'production de musique','producteur de musique', 'productrice de musique','arrangeur', 'arrangeuse'}, '#B4CDCD', '#B4CDCD', '#000000', 'musique'}, 
	{'Q1278335', {'instrumentiste'}, '#D2C6B6', '#D2C6B6', '#000000', 'musique'}, 
	{{'Q5716684','Q2490358'}, {'danse', 'danseur', 'danseuse','chorégraphie', 'chorégraphe'}, '#FFDD80', '#FFECB2', '#000000', 'danse'},
	{'Q214917', {'dramaturge'}, '#FFDEAD', '#FFDEAD', '#000000', 'persofiction'},
	{'Q1954956', {'acteur de comédie musicale', 'actrice de comédie musicale'}, '#D9B2FF', '#D9B2FF', '#000000', 'musique'}, 
	{'Q2259451', {'acteur de théâtre', 'actrice de théâtre'}, '#E03C3C', '#FF8B8B', '#000000', 'persofiction'}, 
	{{'Q30102337','Q14467526','Q13418253','Q16402907'}, {'spécialiste du langage','linguiste','philologue','sémiotique', 'sémioticien', 'sémioticienne'}, '#CFA0E9', '#E3C8F2', '#000000', 'auteur'},
	{'Q4964182', {'philosophie', 'philosophe'}, '#B0C4DE', '#CFDBEB', '#000000', 'auteur'}, 
	{'Q11631', {'astronaute', 'taïkonaute', 'cosmonaute'}, '#FFDEAD', '#FFDEAD', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q2045208', {&quot;célébrité d'internet&quot;}, '#D62020', '#E96B6B', '#FFFFFF', 'internet'},
	{'Q4110598', {'vidéaste web'}, '#D62020', '#E96B6B', '#FFFFFF', 'video2'},
	{'Q17125263', {'YouTubeur', 'YouTubeuse'}, '#D62020', '#E96B6B', '#FFFFFF', 'video2'},
	{{'Q854997','Q854979','Q191421','Q37349','Q157310'}, {'moine bouddhiste','bhikku','religieuse bouddhiste','bhikkhuni','lama','dalaï-lama','panchen-lama'}, '#FFD068', '#FFE6AA', '#000000', 'dharma'},
	{'Q245068', {'humoriste'}, '#FF8080', '#FFC0C0', '#000000', 'persofiction'}, 
	{'Q488111', {'acteur de films pornographiques', 'actrice de films pornographiques'}, '#FF66B3', '#FFA0EE', '#000000', 'cinema'}, 
	{'Q10800557', {'acteur de films', 'actrice de films', 'acteur de cinéma', 'actrice de cinéma', 'film'}, '#09C8BD', '#5CF8F0', '#000000', 'cinema'}, 
	{'Q7042855', {'monteur', 'monteuse'}, '#09C8BD', '#5CF8F0', '#000000', 'cinema'}, 
	{'Q3282637', {'producteur de cinéma', 'productrice de cinéma'}, '#09C8BD', '#5CF8F0', '#000000', 'cinema'}, 
	{'Q37110', {'pharaon'}, '#AAAA80', '#CCCCAA', '#000000', 'egypte-antique'}, 
	{'Q728711', {'playmate'}, '#FF66B3', '#FFA0EE', '#000000', 'humain'}, 
	{'Q18581305', {'concours de beauté', 'participante à un concours de beauté', 'participant à un concours de beauté'},'#FFDAB9', '#FFDAB9', '#000000', 'humain'}, 
	{'Q193391', {'diplomate'}, '#4682B4', '#B0C4DE', '#FFFFFF', 'diplomatie'}, 
	{'Q203184', {'première dame'}, '#4682B4', '#B0C4DE', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{{'Q5784340','Q719039'}, {'consort','reine consort'}, '#723E64', '#CDBAC8', '#FFFFFF', 'pretendant'}, 
	{'Q207293', {'prince héritier'}, '#5977A8', '#C4CFE0', '#FFFFFF', 'pretendant'}, 
	{{'Q2747456','Q863048'}, {'prince','princesse'}, '#878787', '#D4D4D4', '#F0F0F0', 'pretendant'},
	{'Q845929', {'prétendant au trône'}, '#EAAC00', '#F7E1A5', '#000000', 'pretendant'}, 
	{'Q4610556', {'mannequinat', 'mannequin'}, '#FFB6C1', '#FFB6C1', '#000000', 'humain'}, 
	{'Q1409420', {'feudataire'}, '#4682B4', '#B0C4DE', '#FFFFFF', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q2478141', {'aristocrate', 'noble'}, '#C0C0C0', '#DFDFDF', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q842606', {'empereur romain'}, '#FFB6C1', '#FFC4EB', '#000000', 'rome-antique'}, 
	{'Q268218', {'empereur de Chine', 'impératrice de Chine'}, '#FFD700', '#FFEC80', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{{'Q116','Q2304859'}, {'monarque', 'roi', 'reine', 'empereur', 'impératrice', 'souverain', 'souveraine'}, '#000080', '#BFC5F9', '#FFFFFF', 'pretendant'}, 
	{'Q65997', {'monarque islamique'}, '#88CC88', '#CCFFCC', '#000000', 'pretendant'}, 
	{'Q11811941', {'conseillère fédérale suisse', 'conseiller fédéral suisse'}, '#FF0000', '#FFDDDD', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q2285706', {'chef de gouvernement', 'cheffe de gouvernement'}, '#6688FF', '#E1E1FF', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q48352', {&quot;chef d'État&quot;, &quot;cheffe d'État&quot;}, '#0033CC', '#BFC5F9', '#FFFFFF', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q15319501', {'sciences sociales', 'spécialiste des sciences sociales','économiste'}, '#5A71CE', '#9EB0DF', '#FFFFFF', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q2306091', {'sociologue', 'sociologie'}, '#FF8888', '#FF8888', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q133485', {'rabbin'}, '#B7B7FF', '#B7B7FF', '#000000', 'israel-judaisme'},
	{'Q619896', {'catholicos'}, '#8000FF', '#8000FF', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q9149093', {'alpiniste'}, '#BFD7FF', '#BFD7FF', '#000000', 'alpinisme'}, 
	{'Q13382355', {&quot;tir à l'arc&quot;, &quot;archer&quot;, &quot;archère&quot;}, '#FADA5E', '#FCE684', '#000000', 'arc'},
	{{'Q11513337','Q13381753','Q4439155','Q4009406','Q13464497','Q13856320','Q18510502','Q13381689','Q18534714','Q13382122','Q13381428','Q13848274','Q17405793'},
		{'athlétisme', 'athlète','demi-fond', 'coureur de demi-fond', 'coureuse de demi-fond',
		'course de fond', 'coureur de fond', 'coureuse de fond',
		'sprint', 'sprinteur', 'sprinteuse',
		'saut à la perche', 'perchiste',
		'lancer du marteau', 'lanceur de marteau', 'lanceuse de marteau',
		'lancer de javelot', 'lanceur de javelot', 'lanceuse de javelot',
		'lancer du disque', 'lanceur de disque', 'lanceuse de disque',
		'lancer du poids', 'lanceur de poids', 'lanceuse de poids',
		'saut en hauteur', 'sauteur en hauteur', 'sauteuse en hauteur',
		'saut en longueur', 'sauteur en longueur', 'sauteuse en longueur',
		'triple saut', 'triple sauteur', 'triple sauteuse',
		'marche', 'marcheur', 'marcheuse'}, '#D7877B', '#E1A59C', '#000000', 'athletisme'}, 
	{'Q38142', {'samouraï'}, '#FFDFA2', '#FFE7B9', '#000000', 'artsmartiauxjap'},
	{'Q19595175', {'lutte', 'lutteur', 'lutteuse'}, '#FFDFA2', '#FFE7B9', '#000000', 'lutte'}, 
	{'Q13382576', {'aviron', 'avironneur', 'avironneuse'}, '#BFD7FF', '#BFD7FF', '#000000', 'aviron'}, 
	{{'Q10871364','Q13388586'}, {'baseball', 'joueur de baseball', 'joueuse de baseball','softball', 'joueur de softball', 'joueuse de softball'}, '#336699', '#408080', '#FFFFFF', 'baseball'},
	{{'Q3665646','Q5137571'}, {'basket-ball', 'joueur de basket-ball', 'joueuse de basket-ball','entraîneur de basket-ball', 'entraîneuse de basket-ball'}, '#DD8F56', '#E6AB80', '#FFFFFF', 'basket-ball'}, 
	{'Q11338576', {'boxe', 'boxeur', 'boxeuse'}, '#85A3C2', '#ADC2D6', '#000000', 'boxe'}, 
	{'Q13382566', {'canoé', 'canoéiste', 'céiste'}, '#BFD7FF', '#BFD7FF', '#000000', 'kayak'}, 
	{'Q2309784', {'cyclisme','course cycliste', 'cycliste', 'coureur cycliste', 'coureuse cycliste'}, '#FFDF80', '#FFE7A0', '#000000', 'cyclisme'}, 
	{'Q13381863', {'escrime', 'escrimeur', 'escrimeuse'}, '#C0BBDB', '#D0CCE4', '#000000', 'escrime'}, 
	{'Q18515558', {'futsal', 'joueur de futsal', 'joueuse de futsal'}, '#99CC99', '#B3D9B3', '#000000', 'futsal'}, 
	{'Q937857', {'football', 'footballeur', 'footballeuse'}, '#99CC99', '#B3D9B3', '#000000', 'footballblack'}, 
	{'Q19204627', {'joueur de football américain', 'joueuse de football américain'}, '#369', '#CCCCFF', '#FFFFFF', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q19841381', {'joueur de football canadien', 'joueuse de football canadien'}, '#BFD33C', '#CFDE6D', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q16947675', {'gymnastique', 'gymnaste'}, '#B0C4DE', '#C4D3E6', '#000000', 'gymnastique'}, 
	{'Q11303721', {'golf', 'golfeur', 'golfeuse'}, '#99CC99', '#99CC99', '#FFFFFF', 'golf'}, 
	{'Q3951423', {'escalade','grimpeur', 'grimpeuse'}, '#BFD7FF', '#BFD7FF', '#000000', 'escalade'}, 
	{{'Q12840545','Q13365201'}, {'handballeur', 'handballeuse', 'handball'}, '#E0D080', '#E8DCA0', '#000000', 'handballblack'},
	{'Q13382533', {'taekwondoiste'}, '#FFDFA2', '#FFE7B9', '#000000', 'taekwondo'},
	{'Q29840095', {'capoeiriste'}, '#FFDFA2', '#FFE7B9', '#000000', 'taekwondo'},
	{'Q11296761', {'kickboxer'}, '#FFDFA2', '#FFE7B9', '#000000', 'kickboxing'},
	{'Q4696968', {'aikido', 'aikidoka'}, '#FFDFA2', '#FFE7B9', '#000000', 'aikido'}, 
	{'Q9017214', {'karaté', 'karatéka'}, '#FFDFA2', '#FFE7B9', '#000000', 'karate'}, 
	{'Q6665249', {'judo', 'judoka'}, '#FFDFA2', '#FFE7B9', '#000000', 'judo'}, 
	{'Q16004471', {'kayak', 'kayakiste'}, '#BFD7FF', '#BFD7FF', '#000000', 'kayak'}, 
	{'Q11774891', {'hockey sur glace','joueur de hockey sur glace', 'joueuse de hockey sur glace'}, '#DFEDFF', '#E7F2FF', '#000000', 'hockey'}, 
	{'Q10843263', {'hockey sur gazon','joueur de hockey sur gazon', 'joueuse de hockey sur gazon'}, '#99CC99', '#B3D9B3', '#000000', 'hockey-sur-gazon'}, 
	{'Q10843402', {'nage', 'nageur', 'nageuse'}, '#318CE7', '#65A9ED', '#FFFFFF', 'natation'}, 
	{'Q1897112', {'skipper'}, '#BFD7FF', '#DFEDFF', '#000000', 'voile'}, 
	{{'Q15958185','Q2465611','Q3014296'}, {'pilote automobile','co-pilote automobile','pilote de moto'}, '#B4B9C3', '#C7CBD2', '#000000', 'sport-automobile'}, 
	{'Q2730732', {'équitation', 'cavalier', 'cavalière'}, '#C3906E', '#D2B48C', '#000000', 'equitation'}, 
	{'Q20900796', {'joueur de rink hockey', 'joueuse de rink hockey'}, '#BFD7FF', '#BFD7FF', '#000000', 'rinkhockey'}, 
	{'Q13415036', {'rugby', 'rugbyman', 'rugbywoman'}, '#336699', '#668CB3', '#FFFFFF', 'rugby'}, 
	{'Q13561328', {'surf', 'surfeur', 'surfeuse'}, '#99CCFF', '#BBDDFF', '#000000', 'surf'}, 
	{'Q10833314', {'tennis', 'joueur de tennis', 'joueuse de tennis'}, '#FFAA77', '#FFBF99', '#000000', 'tennis'}, 
	{'Q15306067', {'triathlète'}, '#BFD7FF', '#BFD7FF', '#000000', 'triathlon'}, 
	{'Q13141064', {'joueur de badminton', 'joueuse de badminton'}, '#FFBFC2', '#FFCED0', '#000000', 'badminton'},
	{'Q16278103', {'joueur de squash', 'joueuse de squash'}, '#FFAA77', '#FFBF99', '#000000', 'squash'},
	{'Q18544928', {'joueur de billard', 'joueuse de billard', 'billard'}, '#43C76B', '#FFBF99', '#000000', 'billard'},
	{'Q13382519', {'joueur de tennis de table', 'joueuse de tennis de table', 'pongiste', 'tennis de table'}, '#FFAA77', '#FFBF99', '#000000', 'tennis-de-tableblack'}, 
	{'Q15117302', {'volleyeur', 'volleyeuse'}, '#74CC66', '#97D98C', '#000000', 'volleyball'},
	{'Q13218361', {'polo','joueur de polo', 'joueuse de polo'}, '#C3906E', '#D2B48C', '#000000', 'polo'},
	{'Q17524364', {'water-polo','joueur de water-polo', 'joueuse de water-polo'}, '#318CE7', '#65A9ED', '#000000', 'water-polo'}, 
	{'Q549322', {'torero'}, '#AA3333', '#D87C7C', '#FFFFFF', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q12299841', {'joueur de cricket', 'joueuse de cricket'}, '#F5F5DC', '#F5F5DC', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q13474373', {'catch', 'catcheur', 'catcheuse'}, '#306090', '#306090', '#000000', 'catch'}, 
	{'Q202648', {'arbitre sportif', 'arbitre sportive'}, '#CCE6CC', '#E6F2E6', '#000000', 'arbitre'}, 
	{{'Q29182','Q611644','Q49476'}, {'évêque','évêque catholique','archevêque'}, '#66CC80', '#BFFFBF', '#000000', 'eveque'}, 
	{'Q171692', {'patriarche'}, '#66CC80', '#BFFFBF', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q45722', {'cardinal'}, '#DE143C', '#EF7777', '#000000', 'cardinal'}, 
	{{'Q43115','Q9591034','Q19546','Q172748'}, {'saint', 'sainte','bienheureux', 'bienheureuse','pape','antipape'}, '#FED600', '#FFFF00', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q733786', {'moine', 'moniale', 'religieuse'}, '#8C8C8C', '#E1E1E1', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q25384621', {'moine-soldat'}, '#FF0000', '#FF8080', '#FFFFFF', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q48535708', {'templier'}, '#FF0000', '#FF8080', '#FFFFFF', 'templiers'}, 
	{'Q22673588', {&quot;maître de l'ordre du Temple&quot;}, '#000080', '#BFC5F9', '#FFFFFF', 'templiers'}, 
	{'Q48536281', {'hospitalier', 'hospitalière'}, '#FF0000', '#FF8080', '#FFFFFF', 'hospitaliers'},
	{'Q3138730', {&quot;dignitaire de l'ordre souverain de Malte&quot;}, '#FF0000', '#FF8080', '#FFFFFF', 'malte'},
	{'Q20671815', {&quot;grand maître de l'ordre souverain de Malte&quot;}, '#000080', '#BFC5F9', '#FFFFFF', 'malte'}, 
	{'Q48536351', {'teutonique'}, '#FF0000', '#FF8080', '#FFFFFF', 'teutoniques'}, 
	{{'Q4504549','Q191808','Q1646408','Q103163','Q250867','Q831474'}, {'religieux','religieuse','abbesse','abbé','prêtre catholique','prêtre chrétien',&quot;prêtre&quot;}, '#8C8C8C', '#E1E1E1', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q725440', {'prélat'}, '#AA0052', '#D580A9', '#FFFFFF', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q81066', {&quot;secrétaire général de l'ONU&quot;, &quot;secrétaire générale de l'ONU&quot;}, '#6495ED', '#6495ED', '#FFFFFF', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q20778343', {'magistrat romain'}, '#F2F2F2', '#F2F2F2', '#000000', 'rome-antique'}, 
	{'Q15253558', {'militant', 'militante'}, '#E1E1E1', '#E1E1E1', '#000000', 'defaut'},
	{'Q26102', {&quot;lanceur d'alerte&quot;,&quot;lanceuse d'alerte&quot;}, '#E1E1E1', '#E1E1E1', '#000000', 'defaut'},
	{'Q1851760', {'victime'}, '#22002A', '#440066', '#FFFFFF', 'defaut'},
	{'Q1250916', {'guerrier', 'guerrière'}, '#EEEEFF', '#F6F6FF', '#000000', 'defaut'}, 
	{'Q43845', {'personnalité du monde des affaires',&quot;femme d'affaires&quot;,&quot;homme d'affaires&quot;,'affaires'}, '#878787', '#D4D4D4', '#F0F0F0', 'association'},
	{'Q12336252', {'entrepreneur social', 'entrepreneuse sociale'}, '#878787', '#D4D4D4', '#F0F0F0', 'association'},
	{'Q2961975', {&quot;chef d'entreprise&quot;, &quot;cheffe d'entreprise&quot;}, '#878787', '#D4D4D4', '#F0F0F0', 'entreprise'}, 
	{'Q131524', {'entrepreneur', 'entrepreneuse'}, '#878787', '#D4D4D4', '#F0F0F0', 'entreprise'}, 
	{'Q1420621', {'patron de presse', 'patron de presse'}, '#878787', '#D4D4D4', '#F0F0F0', 'presse'}, 
	{'Q1662485', {&quot;professionnel de l'information&quot;, &quot;professionnelle de l'information&quot;}, '#5B8DBA', '#AFCCE3', '#FFFFFF', 'communication'}, 
	{'Q44508716', {&quot;personnalité de l'audiovisuel&quot;}, '#5B8DBA', '#AFCCE3', '#FFFFFF', 'television'}, 
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    <title>Mademoiselle Kat</title>
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      <text bytes="21185" sha1="f7fxzktcwfvwmtpmcd9ckro7hjq73z1" xml:space="preserve">{{Sous segondè|dat=Jen 2018}}

{{Infobox Atis
|Nasyonalite= [[Frans|Fransè]]
|travay= [[Toulouse]]
|mouvman= post-grafiti
}}

'''Mademoiselle Kat''' se yon [[Plastisyen|atis vizyèl]]&lt;ref name=&quot;qgdesartistes&quot; /&gt;, [[grafiti]]-atis [[Toulouse|Toulouse]]. Li te kòmanse pentire karaktè li yo nan espas iben nan ane 1990 yo&lt;ref name=&quot;qgdesartistes&quot; /&gt;.

== Biyografi ==
[[File:Mademoiselle kat.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Mademoiselle Kat 2014, Toulouse anba tè.]]
[[Fichier:Vampira, ki soti nan egzibisyon nan Toulouse. Mademoiselle Kat 2014.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Mademoiselle Kat 2014, Vampira, Toulouse underground.]]

Ansyen etidyan nan atizay vizyèl nan inivèsite [[Université Toulouse II-Le Mirail|Toulouse-Le Mirail]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.cultures.toulouse.fr/-/mademoiselle-kat-en-performance « J I te gen anpil libète nan direksyon an. Anplis, mwen vrèman renmen kote sa a, istwa li. Mwen te deja vin isit la lè mwen te yon etidyan art vizyèl nan Inivèsite Toulouse-Le Mirail…”&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;qgdesartistes&quot; /&gt;, Mademoiselle Kat te vin konnen premye nan konpayi yon lòt atis Toulouse, [[Miss Van]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |title=Mademoiselle Kat nan tèt ak dwa nan mitan afich Toulouse |url= https:// france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/occitanie /haute-garonne/toulouse/mademoiselle-kat-tout-en-haut-et-en-plein-centre-de-l-annonce-de-toulouse-387081.html |date= |site=france3-regions.francetvinfo. fr }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;artistikrezo&quot; /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;rose-beton&quot; /&gt;.

Anviwon 1998 li te kreye ekip ak trio atis grafiti Toulouse yo rele Hanky ​​​​Panky Girls ak [[Fafi]] ak Plume&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |title=HANKY PANKY GIRLS: FAFI, PLUME &amp; KAT Two moso |url =https://drouot.com/l/17174125--hanky-panky-girls--fafi-plume |date= |site=drouot.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt; {{Link web |langue=fr |title=Les Elles du hip-hop (dokimantè) |url=http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/11004_0 |date= |site=www.film- documentaire.fr }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

{{Block quote|Lide a te sitou pou kreye yon espas reve nan espas piblik. Mwen te jwenn ke te gen yon mank ... nan fenèt yo kreye. Tout bagay te kòmanse yon aswè pandan premye ane m nan etid art vizyèl nan Mirail University. Soti nan promenade nocturne sa a nan lari a, sèten mi te atire atansyon m, yo t ap tann sèlman yon bagay, yo te dekore ak karaktè fi ki gen koulè ble ak woz, koulè pi renmen m nan moman an.|Miss Kat|Katalòg Egzibisyon, Afich Toulouse. Sant, 2014}}

Li te pentire nan [[Lachin]] pandan yon rezidans nan otòn 2005 nan {{link|Enstiti Fine Arts|trad=Sichuan Fine Arts Institute}} nan [[Chongqing]]&lt;ref&gt; enspire pa rezidans ki te fèt nan otòn. 2005 nan Chongqing Institute of Fine Arts.http://www.lesabattoirs.org/expositions/entreprises-de-chine&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{citation| Depi vwayaj li nan Lachin, Azyatik féminines te kenbe yon plas privilejye.}} ''Vèsyon grafiti pou ti fi'', Nicholas Ganz, Pyramid.&lt;/ref&gt; pa esansyèlman desine karaktè fi.
Vwayaj li nan Lachin te mennen l 'nan ekspozisyon an 2006 nan [[Les Abattoirs|musée des Abattoirs]] nan Toulouse&lt;ref&gt;http://www.lesabattoirs.org/expositions/entreprises-de-chine / Finalman, &quot;Les pékins de Toulouse&quot; prezante ''Chongqing Graffiti'', yon [[Enstalasyon (atizay)|enstalasyon]] foto-grafiti melanje pa Mademoiselle Kat, Tilt, Reso ak Jeff enspire pa rezidans ki te fèt nan otòn 2005 nan Institut des Beaux-. Chongqing Arts.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Li prezante karaktè fi li yo, ki enspire pa ikon tankou [[Marilyn Monroe]], [[Bettie Page]] ak [[Catwoman]]&lt;ref&gt;''Graffiti girls'', Nicholas Ganz, Pyramid, paj 176 : {{ quote|Personaj li yo sanble soti nan desen. Li itilize tou estereyotip ak ikon tankou Marilyn Monroe, Betty Page oswa geisha nan ki li tire enspirasyon}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

An 2014, pou ven ane kreyasyon li, yon egzibisyon prezante nan [[Musée de l'Affiche de Toulouse|Centre de l'Affiche de Toulouse]] prezante travay li: yon [[Short film|short film]], Fictional. postè fim bay sipò pou kreyati imajinè fi, tit ak slogan ki karakteristik [[Seri B|seri B]] oswa menm [[Seri Z|seri Z]] konplete travay imaj orijinal atis la&lt;ref &gt;http://www.centreentreprises. .toulouse.fr/aLAffiche/accueilAlAffiche.php /Egzibisyon yo prezante a baze sou yon pwojè atis mondyal: Yon ti fim ki konpoze de 5 tablo, ki ekri, jwe ak ko-dirije pa Mademoiselle Kat yo pwojte pou okazyon an. Afich fim fiktiv bay sipò pou bèt imajinè fi. Tit ak slogan karakteristik seri B oswa menm Z konplete travay la imaj, desen preparasyon ak rechèch konfime yon egzibisyon piman grafik.&lt;/ref&gt;. An menm tan an, afich fim espesyalman kreye pou okazyon an, yo ekspoze nan métro Toulouse{{sfn|Manuel Pommard|Sant minisipal afich, kat postal ak atizay grafik (Toulouse)|2014|id=|texte =|p=20-23|loc=| gr=|ps=}}.

== Egzibisyon, evènman ak reyalizasyon piblik ==
;2022
* Egzibisyon kolektif, Le Garage pa LayUp, Saint-Cyprien, [[Toulouse]] ({{date-|Oktòb}} - {{date-|Novanm 2022}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen web |language=fr | otè=Lisa Parise |title=Street Art: nouvo egzibisyon tanporè ki dedye a atizay iben &quot;Garage By LayUp&quot; ap vini nan Toulouse |url=https://www.toulouscope.fr/2022/10/04/street -art- la-nouvelle-tanporè-ekspozisyon-dedye-a-lart-urbain-garage-by-layup-sinstalled-a-toulouse-10720874.php |dat=4 oktòb 2022 |sit=www.toulouscope.fr }} &lt;/ ref&gt;
* Egzibisyon kolektif, Galerie 22 M2, [[rue Bouquières]], Toulouse ({{date-|3 oktòb}} - {{date-|15 oktòb 2022}})
;2021
* ''baby-doll skater'', ''ak yon panse espesyal pou tout plas atis ki fèmen kounye a'', toupre [[place de la Daurade]], Toulouse ({{date-|janvye 2021 }})&lt;ref &gt;{{Lyen Entènèt |lang=fr |tit=Toulouse. Street-art: Mademoiselle Kat kreye yon travay efemèr nan omaj a kote atizay fèmen |url=https://actu.fr/occitanie/toulouse_31555/street-art-une-oeuvre-efhemere-de-mademoiselle-kat- in-hommage -aux-lieux-d-art-fermes_38485207.html |date=4 janvye 2021 |site=actu.fr }}&lt;/ref&gt;
;2020
* Mademoiselle Kat + Ekiem + Merioone, Galerie 22 M2, [[rue des Polinaires]], Toulouse ({{date-|11 desanm 2020}} - {{date-|16 janvye 2021}})&lt;ref&gt;{ {Link web |langue=fr |title=Egzibisyon: &quot;Mademoiselle Kat + Ekiem + Merioone&quot; nan Galerie 22 M2 |url=https://urbanart-paris.fr/event/expo-mademoiselle-kat-ekiem-merioone-a - la-galerie-22-m2/ |date= |site=urbanart-paris.fr }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Les Bras brokens'', egzibisyon kolektif pou finanse yon bra robot nan Johann, la friche la Vannerie, Toulouse ({{date-|4 septanm}} - {{date-|6 septanm 2020}})&lt;ref &gt; {{Lyen web |langue=fr |title=Occitanie: atizay lari pou finanse yon bra robot pou Johann atis la |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/occitanie-du-street-art - pour-financer-un-bras-robotise-a-johann-l-artiste-01-09-2020-8376306.php |date=1 septanm 2020 |site=www.leparisien.fr }}&lt;/ref&gt;
;2019
* ''Prèske anyen'', ekspozisyon gwoup, CIAM (Centre d'Initiatives Artistiques du Mirail) La Fabrique, Le Cube &amp; Le Tube, Toulouse ({{date-|Novanm}} - {{date-|Desanm 2019}} )&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |title=Prèske anyen |url=https://inspe.univ-toulouse.fr/accueil/formation/pratiques-et-ingenierie-de-la-formation/presque- anyen |date= |site=inspe.univ-toulouse.fr }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Jungle Fever'', fresk ki te kreye nan kad festival iben Rose Béton, [[ru Sainte-Ursule]] nan Toulouse ({{date-|2019}})&lt;ref name=&quot;ladepeche&quot; /&gt;{{ ,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |title=&quot;Rose Béton&quot; - Fever Jungle |url=http://www.street-heart.com/PM-D31000-07a%20Melle%20Kat%20Toulouse .htm |dat=2021 |sit=www.street-heart.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;rose-beton&quot; /&gt;
* ''Oasis tanpèt yo'', ki te kreye nan kad festival iben Rose Béton, [[boulevard de la Méditerranée]], sou miray pignon jimnazyòm Anatole-France, nan Toulouse ({{dat-|jiyè 2019). }})&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen Web |langue=fr |title=Oasis tanpèt |url=https://www.trompe-l-oeil.info/Murspeints/details.php?image_id=95167 |date= | site=www.trompe-l-oeil.info }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |titre=Toulouse. Yon frèsk pou timoun lekòl |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2019/09/10/une-fresque-pour-les-ecoliers,8404319.php |date= |site=www.ladepeche.fr }} &lt; /ref&gt;
* Festival Rose Béton, Toulouse ({{date-|Avril 2019}} - {{date-|Janvye 2020}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen web |language=fr |otè=Editè Toulouse |tit=Toulouse: l atizay iben ak grafiti envite tèt yo nan lari vil woz |url=https://actu.fr/occitanie/toulouse_31555/toulouse-art-urbain-graffitis-invitent-rues-ville-rose_22941273.html |dat =avril 2019 |sit=actu.fr }}&lt;/ref&gt;
;2018
* ''CLAP!'', Lieu Commun, Artists Run Space, sou envitasyon Centre d'Art Nomade, Toulouse ({{date-|28 jen}} - {{date-|2 septanm 2018}})&lt; ref&gt; {{Web link |langue=fr |title=La Chambre de Jenny Dorr - dekorasyon fim ak Radio FURAX |url=http://www.camillelavaud.com/la-chambre-de-jenny-dorr-dcor-de - film-et-radio-furax |date= |sit=www.camillelavaud.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Creative Awakening, entèvansyon Mademoiselle Kat, Studio Lucette, Toulouse ({{date-|Jedi 22 fevriye 2018}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen web |language=fr |author=OCCITANIE TRIBUNE - Florence DENESTEBE |title=Toulouse - HAUTE GARONNE - TOULOUSE - Creative Awakening Mademoiselle Kat Grapheuse Jedi 22 Fevriye 2018 |url=https://www.occitanie-tribune.com/articles/6180-toulouse-haute-garonne-toulouse-re-veil-cre-atif -mademoiselle -kat-grapheuse-jeudi-fe-vrier |dat=12 fevriye 2018 |sit=www.occitanie-tribune.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;
;2017
* Cabaret Vulcano, carte blanche pou Mademoiselle Kat, pwogramasyon mizikal ak scénografi, ak Lexodus, [[Kid Francescoli]], [[Zombie Zombie]], DJ Ci Riac, DJ No Breakfast, Betty Crispy, nan Métronum nan Toulouse ({{date-|Oktòb 2017}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |language=fr |title=Carte Blanche À Mademoiselle Kat : Cabaret Vulcano - Le Metronum |url=https://by-night.fr/toulouse/soiree/carte-blanche-a-mademoiselle-kat-cabaret-vulcano--329101 |dat=10 oktòb 2016 |sit=by - night.fr }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''M.Chat sove nan vil la...'', galri louvri, evènman duo ak [[Mr. Chat]], [[Toulouse Museum]] (Prentan {{dat-|2017}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen web |langue=fr |title=Yon chat nan mize a |url=https://www.citizenkid .com/sortie/expo-dessin-m-chat-a1055656 |date= |sit=www.citizenkid.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;
;2016
* Fresko ak [[Azek]] nan okazyon ''Promenades Dessines'' nan [[Colomiers]] ({{date-|Oktòb 2016}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |title= Istwa ki soti nan tout savann pou bèt yo |url=https://www.trompe-l-oeil.info/Murspeints/details.php?image_id=43459 |date= |site=www.trompe-l-oeil.info }}&lt;/ref &gt;
* Mister Freeze, egzibisyon kolektif, Espace Cobalt, Montaudran, Toulouse ({{date-|2016}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |title=Mister Freeze exhibition: the most beautiful fresques |url=https: //www.lebonbon.fr/toulouse/expo/exposition-mister-freeze-les-plus-belles-fresques/ |date=10 oktòb 2016 |sit=www.lebonbon.fr }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Festival [[Under Pressure (festival)|Under Pressure]], [[Montreal]] (Quebec, Canada) ({{date-|2016}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |title=mademoisellekat -p2 Retrospektiv 2016 kole atizay lari |url=https://wall2wallmtl.com/2017/01/04/top-100-pasted-street-art-of-2016/mademoisellekat-p2/ |dat=2017 |sit= wall2wallmtl.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Egzibisyon kolektif, galri Fresh Paint nan [[Montreal]] ({{date-|Out 2016}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt |langue=fr |title=Mademoiselle Kat ki baze nan Toulouse ekspozisyon nan Monreyal |url=https : //toulouse7.com/2016/08/09/toulouse-mademoiselle-kat-expose-a-montreal/ |dat=9 out 2016 |sit=toulouse7.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Venn iben 2016, egzibisyon kolektif, sant sosyokiltirèl Jean Prévost, [[Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray]] ({{dat-|30 avril}} - {{dat-|10 jen 2016}})&lt;ref&gt; { {Lyen web |language=fr |author=Olivier B |tit=Urban Veins 2016 |url=https://paristonkar.net/page/207/ |dat=avril 2016 |site=paristonkar.net }}&lt;/ref &gt;
;2015
* [[The WALL|The Wall]] [[rue Oberkampf]], Paris ({{date-|Novanm 2015}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |title=MADEMOISELLE KAT |url=https: //www.lemur.fr/createurs/mademoiselle-kat/ |date= |site=www.lemur.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen web |langue=fr |title= Mi-10 Miss KAT |url=https://www.trompe-l-oeil.info/graffitis/details.php?image_id=5459 |date= |site=www.trompe-l-oeil.info }}&lt; /ref&gt;
* ''Yon lòt planèt yon lòt kote nan lespas'', pèfòmans nan [[Théâtre Garonne]] ak [[Stéphane Arcas]] ak [[Michel Cloup]], Toulouse ({{date-|5 me 2015}}) &lt; ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |title= Stéphane Arcas - Yon lòt planèt yon lòt kote nan espas |url=https://www.theatregaronne.com/spectacle/2014-2015/stephane-arcas |date= 2015 |site= www.theatregaronne.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''La Féline'', egzibisyon solo, galri l'Œil Ouvert nan Pari ({{dat-|15 avril}} - {{dat-|10 me 2015}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt |lang = fr |title=Mademoiselle Kat @ Paris |url=https://www.maquis-art.com/News-4504-Mademoiselle-Kat-@-Paris-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |date=05- 03 -2015 |site=www.maquis-art.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |titre=Mademoiselle Kat ekspoze nan galri L'oeil Ouvert | url =https://etapes.com/mademoiselle-kat-s-expose-a-la-galerie-l-oeil-ouvert/ |date= |site=etapes.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}} &lt; non ref = &quot;artistikrezo&quot; /&gt;
* Pèfòmans ak entèvyou ak Mademoiselle Kat sou Radiomarais, [[Rue Chapon (Paris)|rue Chapon]], Paris ({{date-|14 avril 2015}})&lt;ref name=&quot;artistikrezo&quot; /&gt;
;2014
* Kolaj afich [[rue Quincampoix]], ''The Mask is so delicate'' and ''Contro il fantasma!'', Paris ({{date-|Oktòb 2014}})
* ''Underground show'', kanpay fiksyon afich fim nan [[Toulouse Metro|Toulouse metro]] ak [[Musée de l'Affiche de Toulouse|Matou Museum de Toulouse]] ak evènman Graphéine ({{date- |2014}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |title=Mlle Kat limen otòn Toulouse |url=https://toulouse7.com/2013/11/13/mlle- kat-illumine-lautre -toulousein/ |dat=22 janvye 2014 |sit=toulouse7.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;
;2013
* Fwa desen kontanporen, ekspozisyon kolektif ak Romain Ruiz Pacouret, Marianne Plo, Océane Moussé, Rémi Groussin ak Jérôme Souillot, Carré Sainte-Anne nan [[Montpellier]] ({{date-|27 desanm 2013}} - {{dat -|1 janvye 2014}})
* Sant afich, egzibisyon solo, Toulouse ({{date-|11 novanm 2013}} - {{date-|31 janvye 2014}})&lt;ref&gt;{{YouTube |id=wzXBLqCzX58 |title=france 3 - Mademoiselle kat ekspozisyon nan sant l'Affiche nan Toulouse. |language=fr |channel=Mademoiselle Kat }}&lt;/ref&gt;
;;2012
* Emisyon ''Picture this'' nan [[Antwerp]] nan okazyon festival entènasyonal grafiti a ({{date-|Oktòb 2012}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |language=fr |title=Atis CAN !T 2012 |url=http://www.can-it.be/artists--jury.html |date=|site=www.can-it.be/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;ombie Zombie]], DJ Ci Riac, DJ No Breakfast, Betty Crispy, nan Métronum nan Toulouse ({{date-|Oktòb 2017}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |language=fr |title=Carte Blanche À Mademoiselle Kat : Cabaret Vulcano - Le Metronum |url=https://by-night.fr/toulouse/soiree/carte-blanche-a-mademoiselle-kat-cabaret-vulcano--329101 |dat=10 oktòb 2016 |sit=by - night.fr }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''M.Chat sove nan vil la...'', galri louvri, evènman duo ak [[Mr. Chat]], [[Toulouse Museum]] (Prentan {{dat-|2017}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen web |langue=fr |title=Yon chat nan mize a |url=https://www.citizenkid .com/sortie/expo-dessin-m-chat-a1055656 |date= |sit=www.citizenkid.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;
;2016
* Fresko ak [[Azek]] nan okazyon ''Promenades Dessines'' nan [[Colomiers]] ({{date-|Oktòb 2016}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |title= Istwa ki soti nan tout savann pou bèt yo |url=https://www.trompe-l-oeil.info/Murspeints/details.php?image_id=43459 |date= |site=www.trompe-l-oeil.info }}&lt;/ref &gt;
* Mister Freeze, egzibisyon kolektif, Espace Cobalt, Montaudran, Toulouse ({{date-|2016}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |title=Mister Freeze exhibition: the most beautiful fresques |url=https: //www.lebonbon.fr/toulouse/expo/exposition-mister-freeze-les-plus-belles-fresques/ |date=10 oktòb 2016 |sit=www.lebonbon.fr }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Festival [[Under Pressure (festival)|Under Pressure]], [[Montreal]] (Quebec, Canada) ({{date-|2016}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |title=mademoisellekat -p2 Retrospektiv 2016 kole atizay lari |url=https://wall2wallmtl.com/2017/01/04/top-100-pasted-street-art-of-2016/mademoisellekat-p2/ |dat=2017 |sit= wall2wallmtl.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Egzibisyon kolektif, galri Fresh Paint nan [[Montreal]] ({{date-|Out 2016}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt |langue=fr |title=Mademoiselle Kat ki baze nan Toulouse ekspozisyon nan Monreyal |url=https : //toulouse7.com/2016/08/09/toulouse-mademoiselle-kat-expose-a-montreal/ |dat=9 out 2016 |sit=toulouse7.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Venn iben 2016, egzibisyon kolektif, sant sosyokiltirèl Jean Prévost, [[Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray]] ({{dat-|30 avril}} - {{dat-|10 jen 2016}})&lt;ref&gt; { {Lyen web |language=fr |author=Olivier B |tit=Urban Veins 2016 |url=https://paristonkar.net/page/207/ |dat=avril 2016 |site=paristonkar.net }}&lt;/ref &gt;
;2015
* [[The WALL|The Wall]] [[rue Oberkampf]], Paris ({{date-|Novanm 2015}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |title=MADEMOISELLE KAT |url=https: //www.lemur.fr/createurs/mademoiselle-kat/ |date= |site=www.lemur.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen web |langue=fr |title= Mi-10 Miss KAT |url=https://www.trompe-l-oeil.info/graffitis/details.php?image_id=5459 |date= |site=www.trompe-l-oeil.info }}&lt; /ref&gt;
* ''Yon lòt planèt yon lòt kote nan lespas'', pèfòmans nan [[Théâtre Garonne]] ak [[Stéphane Arcas]] ak [[Michel Cloup]], Toulouse ({{date-|5 me 2015}}) &lt; ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |title= Stéphane Arcas - Yon lòt planèt yon lòt kote nan espas |url=https://www.theatregaronne.com/spectacle/2014-2015/stephane-arcas |date= 2015 |site= www.theatregaronne.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''La Féline'', egzibisyon solo, galri l'Œil Ouvert nan Pari ({{dat-|15 avril}} - {{dat-|10 me 2015}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt |lang = fr |title=Mademoiselle Kat @ Paris |url=https://www.maquis-art.com/News-4504-Mademoiselle-Kat-@-Paris-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |date=05- 03 -2015 |site=www.maquis-art.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |titre=Mademoiselle Kat ekspoze nan galri L'oeil Ouvert | url =https://etapes.com/mademoiselle-kat-s-expose-a-la-galerie-l-oeil-ouvert/ |date= |site=etapes.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}} &lt; non ref = &quot;artistikrezo&quot; /&gt;
* Pèfòmans ak entèvyou ak Mademoiselle Kat sou Radiomarais, [[Rue Chapon (Paris)|rue Chapon]], Paris ({{date-|14 avril 2015}})&lt;ref name=&quot;artistikrezo&quot; /&gt;
;2014
* Kolaj afich [[rue Quincampoix]], ''The Mask is so delicate'' and ''Contro il fantasma!'', Paris ({{date-|Oktòb 2014}})
* ''Underground show'', kanpay fiksyon afich fim nan [[Toulouse Metro|Toulouse metro]] ak [[Musée de l'Affiche de Toulouse|Matou Museum de Toulouse]] ak evènman Graphéine ({{date- |2014}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |langue=fr |title=Mlle Kat limen otòn Toulouse |url=https://toulouse7.com/2013/11/13/mlle- kat-illumine-lautre -toulousein/ |dat=22 janvye 2014 |sit=toulouse7.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;
;2013
* Fwa desen kontanporen, ekspozisyon kolektif ak Romain Ruiz Pacouret, Marianne Plo, Océane Moussé, Rémi Groussin ak Jérôme Souillot, Carré Sainte-Anne nan [[Montpellier]] ({{date-|27 desanm 2013}} - {{dat -|1 janvye 2014}})
* Sant afich, egzibisyon solo, Toulouse ({{date-|11 novanm 2013}} - {{date-|31 janvye 2014}})&lt;ref&gt;{{YouTube |id=wzXBLqCzX58 |title=france 3 - Mademoiselle kat ekspozisyon nan sant l'Affiche nan Toulouse. |language=fr |channel=Mademoiselle Kat }}&lt;/ref&gt;
;;2012
* Emisyon ''Picture this'' nan [[Antwerp]] nan okazyon festival entènasyonal grafiti a ({{date-|Oktòb 2012}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |language=fr |title=Atis CAN !T 2012 |url=http://www.can-it.be/artists--jury.html |date=|site=www.can-it.be/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;ous-title= Entèvyou Quentin Gassiat te fè - Volim 4 - Fevriye 2021 - Mas 2022 |editè=Quentin Gassiat |ane=2022 |total paj= 230 |isbn=978-2-9573135-5-6 }}
* {{Liv|language=fr|otè1=Nicolas Couturieux |responsabilite1=kontribye |otè2=Tilt |responsabilite2=kontribye |tit= Roseconcrete 2019 |piblikatè=Skira |mwa=jiyè |ane=2020 |total paj=208 |isbn = 9782370741462 }}
* {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |tit=LE MUR - THE WALL |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj= 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon nan liy= https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015-125-street-art-performances } }
* {{Liv|language=fr|author1=Manuel Pommard |author2=Sant minisipal afich, kat postal ak atizay grafik (Toulouse) |title=Mademoiselle Kat |subtitle=[ekspozisyon, 25 novanm 2013-14 mas 2014], Toulouse Sant Afich |piblikatè=Toulouse Poster Center |ane=2014 |total paj=55 |isbn=9782912329271 }}
* {{en}} Sebastian Peiter, Goetz Werner, ''Guerilla art'', Laurence King Pub., 2009, {{p.}}74
* {{en}} Kiriakos Losifidis, ''Mural Art'', Publikat, 2008, {{p.}}128
* {{Liv|language=fr|author1=Nicholas Ganz |title=Planète graffiti girls version |editè=Pyramyd |mwa=janvye |ane=2006 |total paj=224 |isbn=2350170314 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https:// www .amazon.fr/Plan%C3%A8te-Graffiti-Version-Nicholas-Ganz/dp/2350170314}}

== Apendis ==
{{Lòt pwojè
|Komen=Kategori:Miss Kat
}}
=== Atik ki gen rapò ===
* [[Atis iben]]

=== Lyen ekstèn ===

{{Koneksyon}}

{{Portal|penti|atizay|atizay kontanporen|Literati pou timoun ak jèn|Toulouse||hip hop}}

[[Kategori:Atis grafiti franse]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan Gers]]
[[Kategori:Fi atis lari]]
[[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]]
[[Kategori:Atis franse kontanporen]]
[[Kategori:Atis iben]]
[[Kategori:Pseudonym]]
[[Kategori:Atis feminis]]
[[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]]
[[Kategori:Atis vizyèl franse]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sansibilizasyon e ki pou edikasyon an</title>
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      <text bytes="8505" sha1="qgemwaekkho3c8aiqszyoqr0vhnltnr" xml:space="preserve">Nan [[ekonomi]] kote [[palmantè yo ki pa gen konpetans]] yo pa p fè bon travay lejislatif. Se vre palmantè yo ta kapab kolabore oubyen kowopere pou tire endividyèlman yon pibon pwofi de travay lejislatif lan daprè konstitisyon 1987 la dwe ekilibre pou garanti nivo ki pou byènèt ki pi elve pou chak-grenn ayisyen.

Kondisyònèlman aktout chwa palemantè yo, pou [[reponn aktout bezwen]] sa pa p posib nan yon absans ki pou kowoperasyon an. Bon rezilta a se pou vin genyen l se lè chak palemantè jwenn meyè opsyon ki posib la.

===Ansanm strateji ki pou tout palemantè yo===
Etandòne ansanm strateji pou palemantè yo pran yo. Koresponn egalmen ak pi bon repons endividyèl chak lejislatè nan yon sitiyasyon ki pou konkirans lan, ekònomik lan oubyen politik.
An-konsekans ankenn palemantè pa gen enterè pou devye solisyon ki jwenn nan, pliske nou pa jwenn yon pibon opsyon endividyèl pou konkirans lan.

Fòk palemantè yo ka kolabore oubyen kowopere pou tire endividyèlman yon pibon pwofi de lejislatif lan,desten peyi a ak sekirite l depann de desizyon fòmèl palman an pou yo deside ansanm strateji ki ap pèmèt peyi genyen pwogrè. Fò n konnen byen byènèt chak grenn ayisyen depan de tout chwa lejislatif lan fè. Lwa sou [[dlo pou bwè pwòp]].

===AGRIKILTI, LOKOMOTIV POU KWASANS EKÒNOMIK===

Koupe fache avèk bidjè tradisyònèl yo,se yon obligasyon tounèf ki enpoze ak gouvènman an. Nan sis mwa pou te fini manda administrasyon sa-a, gouvènman an vle oryante pwochen bidjè a pou favorize kwasans ekònomik.&lt;ref&gt;bidjè/oryantasyon, LeNouveliste:JEANTY GÉRARD JUNIOR, 5JIYÈ 2015. P.11,14.&lt;/ref&gt;Yo aspire ak genyen yon bidjè sitwayen,entelijan, reyalist e efikas. Pou rive lad, gouvènman an envesti l pandan plis ke deh mwa ap chèche yon Lokomotiv ki pou kwasans lan pou pwochen àne yo.
*&lt;&lt;Si nou dwe chèche youn Lokomotiv nan ekònomi ayisyen an,se ap kisa ?
Pandan deh mwa e demi, nou gentan konsilte tout kad yo ki pou Ministè Ekònomi ak Finans lan lòt moun ki pou sosyete a nan sijè sa-a. Ministè Ekònomi ak Finans yo (MEF)te gentan chwazi edikasyon pou Lokomotiv, men lòt yo estime ki sa-a se agrikilti li ye&gt;&gt;, gentan endike Wilson Laleau, minis ki pou Ekònomi ak Finans yo.
*Pou chèf ki pou Villa d'accueil la, Évans Paul, chwa agrikilti a pou Lokomotiv ki pou kwasans lan se yon chwa avize.&lt;&lt;chwa stratejik ki pou agrikilti a pou Lokomotiv ki pou kwasans se li ki jidisye, te pran pou di Premye Minis lan. Devlopman agrikòl kapab kontribye rapidman ak devlopman anplwa a,pou ranfòsman sekirite alimantè a e ak amelyorasyon ki pou balans komèsyal la. Mwen vle soulinye ke peyi a gentan voye vann nan ekspòtasyon nan mwayèn 25 milyon dola ameriken ki pou pwodui agrikòl sou senk dènye àne malgre anpil demann pou pwodui ayisyen yo.&gt;&gt;
*Minis ki pou Plànifikasyon ak kowoperasyon ekstèn nan, Yves Germain Joseph pou bò kote pa l, gentan mete aksan sou enpòtans ki pou agrikilti a nan youn pèspektiv ki pou refondasyon ekònomik.&lt;&lt;pi gwo chantye ki pou refondasyon ekònomik ki wèdavans modènizasyin ak dinamizasyon agrikilti a, ki pou elevasyon e ak [[reponn aktout bezwen|lapèch]] ki rete pilye a pou ekònomi kounye a pou peyi a e l jènere anpil milye anplwa dirèk e endirèk. Modènizasyin ak dinamizasyon ki pou twa chan aktivite sa-a yo ki gen yon efè miltiplikasyònèl ki ap favorize kreyasyon richès ak anplwa e ki pou ap kontribye nan redui lepandyè alimantè nan peyi a pou vin apiye devlopman lòt sektè ki pou ekònomi an, mete-sou-sa tourisme lan ak endistri a&gt;&gt;, gentan li menm endike.

===Fizyon ak rediksyon nan ministè: ki reyalite?===

Ministè yo kreye pa lwa òganik epi yo gen pèsonalite legal ak politik. Kreyasyon yo reponn a yon nesesite politik ak sosyal. Sepandan, diminye yon kabinè ministeryèl nan fusion ministè pa reprezante yon gwo avans sou nivo politik, ekonomik ak administratif, dapre kèk opinyon.

[[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], 14 jen 2024 – Egzekitif la pa ka kreye yon ministè jan li vle. Dapre lwa ayisyen yo, sa a se yon pwosesis ki mande kolaborasyon pouvwa egzekitif ak lejislatif la. &quot;Yon ministè se yon nesesite politik ak sosyal, li pa nòmal ke nou rantre yo, menm mwens ke nou redwi yo,&quot; te deklare Clarens Renois, lidè [[Pati politik|Pati Politik]] UNIR la.

Yon konsesyon politik
Dapre ansyen kandida pou prezidan Clarens Renois, kapab genyen anpil rezon politik pou fusion ministè yo. “Se nan lespri konfye patnè politik yo ak fonksyon doub. Yon fason pou montre rekonesans anvè yon frè nan zam. Yon sòt de konsesyon politik, &quot;li te eksplike.

Diminye gwosè yon gouvènman ta ka yon estrateji politik tou. &quot;Lè yon premye minis etabli yon ministè, se yon etap politik nan yon tandans demagojik itilize nan ka ta gen negosyasyon,&quot; te ajoute Mesye Renois.

Yon entansyon pou bon jesyon
Ekonomis Enomy Germain kwè ke diminye kantite minis pa pral gen yon gwo enpak sou ekonomi an, paske depans yo pa sèlman lye ak biwo yon minis. &quot;Fizyone de ministè pa retire estati enstitisyonèl yo. Desizyon sa a se senbolik an tèm de jesyon fon piblik, pa gen anyen plis, &quot;li te eksplike.

Diminye kantite minis, machin, depans ak salè yo se siyal yo voye, men pou pi bon jesyon [[administrasyon piblik]] la, lòt mezi ki pi sibstansyèl dwe swiv.

Ti diferans administratif
Administrativman, pa gen anyen ki chanje. Biwo ak anplwaye yo kontinye fonksyone nòmalman ak bidjè yo, anplwaye yo ak obligasyon yo. De ministè fizyone anba yon sèl minis toujou vle di de administrasyon separe. &quot;Nou pa ka revoke anplwaye administratif lè de ministè yo fizyone. Diferans lan se nan yon sèl minis pou de ministè, men yo se de administrasyon diferan,” klarifye Mesye Germain.

Fonksyònman ministè yo reprezante yon gwo chay pou administrasyon piblik, ak depans ant 7 ak 10 milyon goud pa mwa pou biwo minis la, depans biwo ak anplwaye.

Finalman, fizyon ak rediksyon ministè yo sanble poze kesyon esansyèl sou efikasite politik ak administratif yo. Malgre motivasyon politik yo dèyè desizyon sa yo, yo pa nesesèman parèt pou adrese bezwen konplèks jesyon piblik epi yo ta ka pito konsidere kòm jès senbolik. Pou Clarens Renois, lidè Pati Politik UNIR, apwòch sa a soulve kesyon sou enpak reyèl sou ekonomi an ak administrasyon an, pandan y ap mete aksan sou konpleksite nan jesyon piblik rasyonèl ak efikas.

Konklizyon sa a mete aksan sou defi kontinyèl yo ap fè fas a gouvènman an nan tantativ li nan rasyonalizasyon administratif, pandan y ap kominote politik la ak ekonomis yo kontinye deba enplikasyon reyèl nan refòm ministeryèl sa yo.&lt;ref&gt;Mackenlove Hyacinthe
Vant Bèf Info (VBI)https://vantbefinfo.com/fusion-et-reduction-des-ministeres-quelle-realite/&lt;/ref&gt;

==🔥Biden rele Trump yon 'vrè danje sekirite' pou Etazini==


Swiv nou sou Telegram @Infotanzie
(Washington) Joe Biden admèt pou premye fwa nan yon entèvyou emisyon dimanch ke li te abandone yon manda final anba presyon nan kan Demokrat li a, akòz laj li ak nan fè fas a &quot;danje&quot; nan yon viktwa Donald Trump.

Prezidan Lèzetazini, ki te abandone kous pou La Mezon Blanch lan 21 jiyè a, eksplike sou chanèl CBS la ke palmantè demokrat yo te eksprime gwo krent pou chans yo genyen pou yo re-eli pandan eleksyon lejislatif pasyèl yo ki pral dewoule menm jan an. jou kòm eleksyon prezidansyèl la, 5 novanm.

&quot;Yon kantite kòlèg demokrat mwen yo nan Chanm Reprezantan an ak Sena a te panse mwen ta pral fè yo mal,&quot; li te admèt, mansyone sèlman Nancy Pelosi.  

Ansyen lidè Demokratik Chanm nan ki trè enfliyan te rekonèt semèn pase a ke li te avèti ke kanpay Mesye Biden, ki gen 81 an, &quot;pa mennen sou chemen viktwa.&quot;
Pandan twa semèn, laprès Ameriken an fè konnen Madam Pelosi, ki pa t janm sipòte Joe Biden pou yon manda final, ak ansyen Prezidan Barack Obama te fè presyon sou lokatè Lamezon Blanch lan pou l jete eponj la.

&quot;Konsène&quot;
Kidonk, &quot;Mwen te enkyete ke si mwen te rete nan kous la, ou ta sèlman kesyone m sou sa,&quot; reponn moun nan sou CBS ki te fè entèvyou kout sa a kèk jou de sa nan House-White la.

Vizib nan pi bon fòm pase pandan deba dezas li sou 27 jen an dirèk sou CNN kont ansyen prezidan an ak nouvo kandida Repibliken Donald Trump, 78, Joe Biden tou admèt ak kè di ke laj li te peze nan desizyon l 'yo retire.&lt;ref&gt;Sous: https://www.lapresse.ca/elections-americaines/2024-08-11/biden-admet-avoir-jete-l-eponge-sous-pression-de-son-camp-democrate.php?utm_source= dlvr.it&amp;utm_medium=twitter&lt;/ref&gt;
===Referans ak nòt===</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Moulen Galèt</title>
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        <username>Soroshaezami</username>
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'''Moulen Galèt''' a se yon ekspresyon jenerik: li deziyen de [[moulen]] , kounye a, sèl [[moulen ak van]] ki an fonksyon sou [[Montmartre|Bit Monmat]] nan 18e [[awondisman]] [[Pari]] a ([[Frans]]), ki sitiye ri Lepic osi byen ke moulen frè li vizib nan kwen an nan ri Lepic ak ri Girardon . Yo tout yon fwa te prezante yon [[bal]] piblik pi popilè louvri pa fanmi an [[Moulen|Millers]] Debray, depi XIXe syèk.

== Istorik ==
De moulen yo - oswa menm twa ak sa ki nan Pwavryè nan nò a (kote pwav yo te kraze) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://vergue.com/post/220/Le-moulin-de-la-Galette|title=Le moulin de la Galette, 1899 {{!}} Vergue|last=Laurent Gloaguen|date=2013|website=vergue.com|access-date=2023-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;« Au début du {{XXe}} siècle, le troisième des derniers moulins que la Butte possédait encore était situé dans le petit jardin privé de la famille Debray ; mais il était beaucoup plus petit que les deux autres. En revanche, il avait été aussi nomade que le précédent, car il venait de [[Montrouge]]. Son arrivée à Montmartre ne datait guère que de 1830). ». [https://web.archive.org/web/20241113031421/https://www.cosmovisions.com/monuParisMoulins.htm Lire en ligne]&lt;/ref&gt; - yo chita sou yon ti mòn nan mitan  Maki [[Montmartre]], kote [[Wòm ansyen|Women]] yo te etabli yon [[Tanp women|tanp.]] dedye a dye Mas ( ''mens Marlis'': mòn Mas) ki toupre yon lòt ki dedye a [[Mèki (mitoloji)|Mèki]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/04/paris-les-artistes-au-moulin-de-la.html|title=Paris : Les artistes au Moulin de la Galette - {{XVIIIe}} - Paris la douce, magazine parisien lifestyle, culture, sorties, street art|last=Caroline Hauer|date=01/04/2020|access-date=2021-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.paris-pittoresque.com/rues/96.htm|title=Montmartre|website=www.paris-pittoresque.com|access-date=2021-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;Ce temple figurait sur le lieu-dit que les anciens titres de l'[[abbaye de Montmartre]] appelaient tantôt « terres du Mont de [[Mercure (mythologie)|Mercure]] », tantôt « terres du Temple de Mercure » ou « terres du Temple », et qui avait pris plus tard le nom de « terres du Palais », « par un effet du zèle [[Falsification des écritures|falsificateur]] des religieuses, qui pensaient effacer de leur montagne cette dernière trace d'une histoire qui leur déplaisait, en substituant le mot palais au mot temple ». Lire [https://web.archive.org/web/20241113031421/https://www.cosmovisions.com/monuParisMoulins.htm en ligne]&lt;/ref&gt;. Kote sa a kapab lye tou ak ''mons Martyrum'' la, &quot; Mòn mati yo» ( ri des Martyrs mennen la a) pou viktim pèsekisyon anti-kretyen yo &lt;ref&gt;Lire en ligne ''[https://archive.org/stream/lesnomsdelieudel01long#page/378/mode/2up Les lieux des noms de France]'' et [https://www.paris-pittoresque.com/rues/96.htm ''Les environs de Paris illustrés'' (1856)] &lt;/ref&gt; (Denis ak de konpayon li yo Ristik ak Éleuthère ).
[[Fichye:Moulin_de_la_Galette_foto.jpg|centré|vignette| View de moulen orijinal yo ak antre nan sant la &quot; Galette Mill » (anviwon 1885).]]
{{Lòt pwojè|commons=Category:Moulin de la Galette|commons titre=Le moulin de la galette}}

== Referans ==
{{Referans}}
[[Kategori:Patrimwàn XIXe syèk]]</text>
      <sha1>86gmc04hf48utvx8w54zr51flfdphw5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888929</id>
      <parentid>888928</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T15:20:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Soroshaezami</username>
        <id>40727</id>
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      <origin>888929</origin>
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[[Fichye:Moulin_de_la_Galette_foto.jpg|vignette| View de moulen orijinal yo ak antre nan sant la &quot; Galette Mill » (anviwon 1885).]]
'''Moulen Galèt''' a se yon ekspresyon jenerik: li deziyen de [[moulen]] , kounye a, sèl [[moulen ak van]] ki an fonksyon sou [[Montmartre|Bit Monmat]] nan 18e [[awondisman]] [[Pari]] a ([[Frans]]), ki sitiye ri Lepic osi byen ke moulen frè li vizib nan kwen an nan ri Lepic ak ri Girardon . Yo tout yon fwa te prezante yon [[bal]] piblik pi popilè louvri pa fanmi an [[Moulen|Millers]] Debray, depi XIXe syèk.

== Istorik ==
De moulen yo - oswa menm twa ak sa ki nan Pwavryè nan nò a (kote pwav yo te kraze) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://vergue.com/post/220/Le-moulin-de-la-Galette|title=Le moulin de la Galette, 1899 {{!}} Vergue|last=Laurent Gloaguen|date=2013|website=vergue.com|access-date=2023-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;« Au début du {{XXe}} siècle, le troisième des derniers moulins que la Butte possédait encore était situé dans le petit jardin privé de la famille Debray ; mais il était beaucoup plus petit que les deux autres. En revanche, il avait été aussi nomade que le précédent, car il venait de [[Montrouge]]. Son arrivée à Montmartre ne datait guère que de 1830). ». [https://web.archive.org/web/20241113031421/https://www.cosmovisions.com/monuParisMoulins.htm Lire en ligne]&lt;/ref&gt; - yo chita sou yon ti mòn nan mitan  Maki [[Montmartre]], kote [[Wòm ansyen|Women]] yo te etabli yon [[Tanp women|tanp.]] dedye a dye Mas ( ''mens Marlis'': mòn Mas) ki toupre yon lòt ki dedye a [[Mèki (mitoloji)|Mèki]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/04/paris-les-artistes-au-moulin-de-la.html|title=Paris : Les artistes au Moulin de la Galette - {{XVIIIe}} - Paris la douce, magazine parisien lifestyle, culture, sorties, street art|last=Caroline Hauer|date=01/04/2020|access-date=2021-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.paris-pittoresque.com/rues/96.htm|title=Montmartre|website=www.paris-pittoresque.com|access-date=2021-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;Ce temple figurait sur le lieu-dit que les anciens titres de l'[[abbaye de Montmartre]] appelaient tantôt « terres du Mont de [[Mercure (mythologie)|Mercure]] », tantôt « terres du Temple de Mercure » ou « terres du Temple », et qui avait pris plus tard le nom de « terres du Palais », « par un effet du zèle [[Falsification des écritures|falsificateur]] des religieuses, qui pensaient effacer de leur montagne cette dernière trace d'une histoire qui leur déplaisait, en substituant le mot palais au mot temple ». Lire [https://web.archive.org/web/20241113031421/https://www.cosmovisions.com/monuParisMoulins.htm en ligne]&lt;/ref&gt;. Kote sa a kapab lye tou ak ''mons Martyrum'' la, &quot; Mòn mati yo» ( ri des Martyrs mennen la a) pou viktim pèsekisyon anti-kretyen yo &lt;ref&gt;Lire en ligne ''[https://archive.org/stream/lesnomsdelieudel01long#page/378/mode/2up Les lieux des noms de France]'' et [https://www.paris-pittoresque.com/rues/96.htm ''Les environs de Paris illustrés'' (1856)] &lt;/ref&gt; (Denis ak de konpayon li yo Ristik ak Éleuthère ).
{{Lòt pwojè|commons=Category:Moulin de la Galette|commons titre=Le moulin de la galette}}

== Referans ==
{{Referans}}
[[Kategori:Patrimwàn XIXe syèk]]</text>
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        <id>40729</id>
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      <text bytes="3161" sha1="cc742rgotanut16xwp82069tsuivf1s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ekriven|non=Gary Victor|foto=Gary-Victor author full.jpg|peyi nesans=Ayiti|nasyonalite=Ayisyen|lye nesans=Pòtoprens|lejand=Youn nan ekriven Ayisyen yo plis li.|dat nesans=9 jiyè 1958|aktivite=Ekriven, jounalis ak pwofesè inivèsite|zèv prensipal=Le diable dans un thé à la citronnelle|lang=Kreyòl, fransè}}

== '''Biyografi''' ==
[[Gary Victor]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-08-27|title=Gary Victor|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Victor&amp;oldid=228473398|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; se yon romansye, senaris ak [[jounalis]] ayisyen. Li se youn nan ekriven ke yo plis li [[Ayiti]] ak lòtbò dlo. Li fèt 9 jiyè  [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] nan lane 1958, e li se pitit yon sosyològ ki rele René Victor. Aprè etid li nan syans agronomi, li te travay kòm fonksyonè nan ministè planifikasyon avan li vini jounalis. De 1976 a 1983, li pibliye plizyè nouvèl nan jounal État, Nouveau Monde ak nan [[Le Nouvelliste (Ayiti)|Le Nouvelliste]]. Gary te kronikè pandan sèt (7) lane aprè jouskan 90. De plis chèf redaksyon jounal Le Matin jous an jwen 2004&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-08-27|title=Gary Victor|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Victor&amp;oldid=228473398|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== '''Distenksyon''' ==
[[Fichye:Gary-Victor author full.jpg|alt=Foto Gary Victor, ekriven ayisyen an.|gauche|vignette|'''Gary Victor''']]
Tèks li yo ekslpore divès sijè men ki ankre nan kotidyen ayisyen. Yon ouvèti pou dekouvri peyizaj kiltirèl, kiltirèl e ekonomik peyi an. Deplis tante sòti nan sikl mizè ak vyolans nap viv&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.etonnants-voyageurs.com/-942.html|title=VICTOR Gary|language=fr|access-date=2025-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Li resevwa plizyè distenksyon jouska jounen jodi an. Nan lane 2003, li genyen Prix du Livre Insulaire de Ouessant pou roman ''A l'angle des rues parallèles''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/235683/a-langle-des-rues-paralleles-de-gary-victor-un-roman-a-decouvrir-et-a-redecouvrir-a-livres-en-folie|title=« À l'angle des rues parallèles » de Gary Victor, un roman à découvrir et à redécouvrir à Livres en Folie|language=fr|access-date=2025-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Lane aprè an li pran lòt pri pou yon lòt roman ki rele ''Je sais quand Dieu vient se promener dans mon jardin'' (Prix RFO). Nan lane 2008 li pral pran plizyè lòt ankò pou Les Cloches de la Brésilienne, nou ka site Prix Littéraire des Caraïbes, Prix du Rayonnement de la langue et la  littérature française...&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://memoiredencrier.com/auteurs/gary-victor|title=Gary Victor {{!}} Mémoire d'Encrier|language=fr|access-date=2025-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gary Victor se yon Chevalye [[Òd (biyoloji)|Òd]] nasyonal Merit. Li pibliye plizyè zèv nan Mémoire d'encrier&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://memoiredencrier.com/auteurs/gary-victor|title=Gary Victor {{!}} Mémoire d'Encrier|language=fr|access-date=2025-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;, tankou ''Le violon d'Adrien (2023), Masi (2018), Nuit albinos (2016), Cûres et Châtiments (2013), Maudite éducation (2012), Soro (2011), Saison de porcs (2009)'' ak nan edisyon zwit LEGBA, ''Treize nouvelles vaudou (2023).''</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>888939</id>
      <parentid>888938</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T15:30:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AezamiSorosh</username>
        <id>40729</id>
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      <text bytes="3027" sha1="gfmt7dsy9bhrtbhvw2l3rv9om747a8z" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ekriven|non=Gary Victor|foto=Gary-Victor author full.jpg|peyi nesans=Ayiti|nasyonalite=Ayisyen|lye nesans=Pòtoprens|lejand=Youn nan ekriven Ayisyen yo plis li.|dat nesans=9 jiyè 1958|aktivite=Ekriven, jounalis ak pwofesè inivèsite|zèv prensipal=Le diable dans un thé à la citronnelle|lang=Kreyòl, fransè}}

== '''Biyografi''' ==
[[Gary Victor]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-08-27|title=Gary Victor|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Victor&amp;oldid=228473398|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; se yon romansye, senaris ak [[jounalis]] ayisyen. Li se youn nan ekriven ke yo plis li [[Ayiti]] ak lòtbò dlo. Li fèt 9 jiyè  [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] nan lane 1958, e li se pitit yon sosyològ ki rele René Victor. Aprè etid li nan syans agronomi, li te travay kòm fonksyonè nan ministè planifikasyon avan li vini jounalis. De 1976 a 1983, li pibliye plizyè nouvèl nan jounal État, Nouveau Monde ak nan [[Le Nouvelliste (Ayiti)|Le Nouvelliste]]. Gary te kronikè pandan sèt (7) lane aprè jouskan 90. De plis chèf redaksyon jounal Le Matin jous an jwen 2004&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-08-27|title=Gary Victor|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Victor&amp;oldid=228473398|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== '''Distenksyon''' ==
Tèks li yo ekslpore divès sijè men ki ankre nan kotidyen ayisyen. Yon ouvèti pou dekouvri peyizaj kiltirèl, kiltirèl e ekonomik peyi an. Deplis tante sòti nan sikl mizè ak vyolans nap viv&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.etonnants-voyageurs.com/-942.html|title=VICTOR Gary|language=fr|access-date=2025-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Li resevwa plizyè distenksyon jouska jounen jodi an. Nan lane 2003, li genyen Prix du Livre Insulaire de Ouessant pou roman ''A l'angle des rues parallèles''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/235683/a-langle-des-rues-paralleles-de-gary-victor-un-roman-a-decouvrir-et-a-redecouvrir-a-livres-en-folie|title=« À l'angle des rues parallèles » de Gary Victor, un roman à découvrir et à redécouvrir à Livres en Folie|language=fr|access-date=2025-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Lane aprè an li pran lòt pri pou yon lòt roman ki rele ''Je sais quand Dieu vient se promener dans mon jardin'' (Prix RFO). Nan lane 2008 li pral pran plizyè lòt ankò pou Les Cloches de la Brésilienne, nou ka site Prix Littéraire des Caraïbes, Prix du Rayonnement de la langue et la  littérature française...&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://memoiredencrier.com/auteurs/gary-victor|title=Gary Victor {{!}} Mémoire d'Encrier|language=fr|access-date=2025-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gary Victor se yon Chevalye Òd nasyonal Merit. Li pibliye plizyè zèv nan Mémoire d'encrier&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://memoiredencrier.com/auteurs/gary-victor|title=Gary Victor {{!}} Mémoire d'Encrier|language=fr|access-date=2025-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;, tankou ''Le violon d'Adrien (2023), Masi (2018), Nuit albinos (2016), Cûres et Châtiments (2013), Maudite éducation (2012), Soro (2011), Saison de porcs (2009)'' ak nan edisyon zwit LEGBA, ''Treize nouvelles vaudou (2023).''</text>
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      <id>888943</id>
      <parentid>888939</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T15:32:32Z</timestamp>
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        <username>AezamiSorosh</username>
        <id>40729</id>
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      <text bytes="3019" sha1="i13s4z6n562mgk61wtg020nfv7hczrk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ekriven|non=Gary Victor|foto=Gary-Victor author full.jpg|peyi nesans=Ayiti|nasyonalite=Ayisyen|lye nesans=Pòtoprens|lejand=Youn nan ekriven Ayisyen yo plis li.|dat nesans=9 jiyè 1958|aktivite=Ekriven, jounalis ak pwofesè inivèsite|zèv prensipal=Le diable dans un thé à la citronnelle|lang=Kreyòl, fransè}}[[Gary Victor]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-08-27|title=Gary Victor|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Victor&amp;oldid=228473398|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; se yon romansye, senaris ak [[jounalis]] ayisyen. Li se youn nan ekriven ke yo plis li [[Ayiti]] ak lòtbò dlo. Li fèt 9 jiyè  [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] nan lane 1958, e li se pitit yon sosyològ ki rele René Victor. Aprè etid li nan syans agronomi, li te travay kòm fonksyonè nan ministè planifikasyon avan li vini jounalis. De 1976 a 1983, li pibliye plizyè nouvèl nan jounal État, Nouveau Monde ak nan [[Le Nouvelliste (Ayiti)|Le Nouvelliste]]. Gary te kronikè pandan sèt (7) lane aprè jouskan 90. De plis chèf redaksyon jounal Le Matin jous an jwen 2004&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-08-27|title=Gary Victor|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Victor&amp;oldid=228473398|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== '''Distenksyon''' ==
Tèks li yo ekslpore divès sijè men ki ankre nan kotidyen ayisyen. Yon ouvèti pou dekouvri peyizaj kiltirèl, kiltirèl e ekonomik peyi an. Deplis tante sòti nan sikl mizè ak vyolans nap viv&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.etonnants-voyageurs.com/-942.html|title=VICTOR Gary|language=fr|access-date=2025-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Li resevwa plizyè distenksyon jouska jounen jodi an. Nan lane 2003, li genyen Prix du Livre Insulaire de Ouessant pou roman ''A l'angle des rues parallèles''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/235683/a-langle-des-rues-paralleles-de-gary-victor-un-roman-a-decouvrir-et-a-redecouvrir-a-livres-en-folie|title=« À l'angle des rues parallèles » de Gary Victor, un roman à découvrir et à redécouvrir à Livres en Folie|language=fr|access-date=2025-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Lane aprè an li pran lòt pri pou yon lòt roman ki rele ''Je sais quand Dieu vient se promener dans mon jardin'' (Prix RFO). Nan lane 2008 li pral pran plizyè lòt ankò pou Les Cloches de la Brésilienne, nou ka site Prix Littéraire des Caraïbes, Prix du Rayonnement de la langue et la  littérature française...&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://memoiredencrier.com/auteurs/gary-victor|title=Gary Victor {{!}} Mémoire d'Encrier|language=fr|access-date=2025-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gary Victor se yon Chevalye Òd nasyonal Merit. Li pibliye plizyè zèv nan Mémoire d'encrier&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://memoiredencrier.com/auteurs/gary-victor|title=Gary Victor {{!}} Mémoire d'Encrier|language=fr|access-date=2025-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;, tankou ''Le violon d'Adrien (2023), Masi (2018), Nuit albinos (2016), Cûres et Châtiments (2013), Maudite éducation (2012), Soro (2011), Saison de porcs (2009)'' ak nan edisyon zwit LEGBA, ''Treize nouvelles vaudou (2023).''

== Referans ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marcel Bluwal</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>40729</id>
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      <text bytes="5001" sha1="esf9onbf6kx62a9qhgalmi2nhdiaojg" xml:space="preserve">'''Marcel Bluwal''', fèt 26 me 1925, nan 12yèm awondisman [[Pari]] ,epi li te mouri 23 oktòb 2021, nan 18yèm awondisman Pari tou. Li te yon reyalizatè ak yon metè an sèn fransè nan s ak gen pou wè ak teyat, sinema epi televizyon.

Li te anseye nan Konsèvatwa nasyonal siperyè za dramatik nan Pari sòti 1975 rive 1980 ,epi li te pase yon gwo pati nan karyè li nan televizyon.{{Infobox Biyografi|non=Meyer Marcel Bluwal|dat nesans=26 me 1925|dat lanmò=23 oktòb 2021 ( a 96 lane)|nasyonalite=Fransè|fòmasyon=Lekòl Nasyonal Siperyè Lwi Limyè|aktivite=Reyalizè sinema, reyalizatè, senaris sinema, aktè, senaris|lye nesans=12yèm awondisman Pari}}

'''Biyografi'''

Li fèt nan Pari nan dat 25 me 1925. Paran li te jwif polonè( Henry Bluwal), yon direktè lavant ak Eda Kamieniecki. Papa l te fè pati ( Bund), yon mouvman sosyalis jwif. Epi Marcel t ap vin youn nan direktè televizyon fransè ki te panche gochis yo. Nan otobiyografi li a, yon sèl chemen( un aller), li rakonte anfans li ak premye rankont li ak sinema. Li te deja gen yon vrè pasyon pou reyalizatè iman an mouvman. Pi gwo direktè yo. Tankou Kal tewodò Weyè (vanpi- 1932) ak Jak Fedè ( areyopò nan nò -1942), te prensipal enspirasyon li.

Pandan yon peryòd gwo boulvèsman politik, jèn Marcel Buwa te fè eksperyans espwa fwont popilè a, ki te swiv pa ogmantasyon brital ak sibi antisemistism nan. [[Dezyèm Gè mondyal|Dezyèm gè mondyal la]] nan lane 1939 ak okipasyon Alman an te noulvèse adolesans li. Aprè ravaj Vel d'Hiv la nan lane 1942, pandan yo te arete grann li, pwofesè pyano li a te kache jèn Marcel Buwal ak manman l pandan prèske vennsèt mwa nan ti chanm fèmen.

Aprè liberasyon Pari, Bluwal te antre nan lekòl teknik fotografi ak sinema nan ri Vojira. Aprè kèk ane, li te antre nan mond televizyon an, yon domèn li t ap rete ladan l pandan yon bon bout tan, eksepte kèk tantativ nan sinema. Pou televizyon, li te kòmanse ap reyalize pwogram pou timoun jiska 1953 ane li te reyalize premye dram an dirèk li yo.

Nan lane 1960, li te reyalize fim televizyon ( the superprise) ki te gengen palme Ò pou meyè fi. Kann. Nan moman sa a, li te siyen ak Masèl Mousi yon nouvo konsèp pou yon pwogram. Oryantasyon sosyal, ki te abòde enkyetid konkrè : e si se te ou nan Figawo Literè, Klod Moryak te deklare nan pwogram nan :  &quot;verite nan&quot; epi Andre Bazen te afime nan radyo, sinema, televizyon : &quot; youn nan twa oswa kat evènman televizyon fransè a, depi orijin li.

Marcel Bluwal te finalman deside anbrase gou li pou bawòk nan fim ki fèt nan televizyon :  Jòj Fedo &quot; on purge bébé&quot; nan  lan 1961, Bomachè :  &quot; maryaj Figawo&quot; nan lane 1961, &quot; siyè long a&quot; ki baze sou pwòp pyès teyat li nan lane 1963. &quot;Festen pyè a&quot; konsidere kòm chèf li, Marivo :  &quot; jwèt lanmou epi aza nan lane 1967&quot; evèk &quot;Doub enkonstans&quot; nan lane 1968. Avèk &quot;Bomachè oubyen 60 000  fiz&quot; nan lane 1966, enspire pa lavi popilè a. Bluwal te adapte tou de lòt gwo otè klasik pi devan tankou Dostoevky nan lane 1969 &quot; frè karamazòv yo&quot; ak Viktò Igo nan lane 1972 ( Mizerab yo).

Nan lane 1962, li te lanse konsèp seri a, ak seri enspektè a Leklèk envestige a, men li reyisi nan lane 1967, gras a seri fantezi Vidòk ki popilè a . Anplis nouvo avanti Vidòk yo, ki te kreye nan lane 1970 ak 1972. Soti nan lane 1973 rive nan lane 1986, li te reyalize dram ki pase nan mond boujwa a, tankou Antwàn Blwaye nan lane 1973. Terèz Anmbè nan lane 1985 avèk mizik Òl nan lane 1985.

Avèk fim antitisipasyon 1996, ki te reyalize nan lane 1987,   Bluwal te adapte parfe ak stil televizyon kontanporen an. Fim sispens Orwellyen sa a pentire yon pòtrè pike sou mond televizyon an.

Li te travay tou nan lòt domèn: emisyon varyete, tankou *La Boîte à sel* (1956-1958), *L'École des vedettes* ak *Discorama* (1959-1963), ak *Tête Bêche* (1966); ak seri televizyon ki gen konsyans sosyal tankou *Celles qui parlent* ak *Vieillir au Soleil*. Nan opera ak teyat, li te reyalize pwodiksyon tankou: Don Juan Returns from the War (1975), Les dames savantes de [[Molière]], Don Quixote de La Mancha d'après Cervantes (1979), Don Giovanni, Così fan tutte, ak La Clemenza di Tito de Mozart (1986)...

An 2008, apre yon absans 13 ane nan televizyon, Marcel Bluwal te reyalize mini-seri À droite toute (Tout wout adwat), ki te konsantre sou monte ekstrèm dwat an Frans ant 1935 ak 1937 atravè fòmasyon La Cagoule, yon òganizasyon klandesten ki te konplote ranvèsman Repiblik la. Seri 200 minit sa a, ki te pase sou France 3 an fevriye 2009, te resevwa Pri FIPA Silver 2008 pou pi bon seri, Pri FIPA Gold pou pi bon aktè (Bernard-Pierre Donnadieu) ak pi bon mizik (Antoine Duhamel), ansanm ak Pri Pi bon senaryo (Marcel Bluwal ak Jean-Claude Grumberg).

Marcel Bluwal te mouri anpè a 96 lane nan dat ki te  23 oktòb 2021, nan Pari. Yo te fè antèman li nan maten 29 oktòb la nan simityè Montmartre, kote yo te antere l (divizyon 23) nan menm kav ak bòfrè li, Gérard Lebrun.</text>
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      <text bytes="4999" sha1="b1m1ovvp2j687m0jt2nibelqr2zw78m" xml:space="preserve">Li te anseye nan Konsèvatwa nasyonal siperyè za dramatik nan Pari sòti 1975 rive 1980 ,epi li te pase yon gwo pati nan karyè li nan televizyon.{{Infobox Biyografi|non=Meyer Marcel Bluwal|dat nesans=26 me 1925|dat lanmò=23 oktòb 2021 ( a 96 lane)|nasyonalite=Fransè|fòmasyon=Lekòl Nasyonal Siperyè Lwi Limyè|aktivite=Reyalizè sinema, reyalizatè, senaris sinema, aktè, senaris|lye nesans=12yèm awondisman Pari}}'''Marcel Bluwal''', fèt 26 me 1925, nan 12yèm awondisman [[Pari]] ,epi li te mouri 23 oktòb 2021, nan 18yèm awondisman Pari tou. Li te yon reyalizatè ak yon metè an sèn fransè nan s ak gen pou wè ak teyat, sinema epi televizyon.

'''Biyografi'''

Li fèt nan Pari nan dat 25 me 1925. Paran li te jwif polonè( Henry Bluwal), yon direktè lavant ak Eda Kamieniecki. Papa l te fè pati ( Bund), yon mouvman sosyalis jwif. Epi Marcel t ap vin youn nan direktè televizyon fransè ki te panche gochis yo. Nan otobiyografi li a, yon sèl chemen( un aller), li rakonte anfans li ak premye rankont li ak sinema. Li te deja gen yon vrè pasyon pou reyalizatè iman an mouvman. Pi gwo direktè yo. Tankou Kal tewodò Weyè (vanpi- 1932) ak Jak Fedè ( areyopò nan nò -1942), te prensipal enspirasyon li.

Pandan yon peryòd gwo boulvèsman politik, jèn Marcel Buwa te fè eksperyans espwa fwont popilè a, ki te swiv pa ogmantasyon brital ak sibi antisemistism nan. [[Dezyèm Gè mondyal|Dezyèm gè mondyal la]] nan lane 1939 ak okipasyon Alman an te noulvèse adolesans li. Aprè ravaj Vel d'Hiv la nan lane 1942, pandan yo te arete grann li, pwofesè pyano li a te kache jèn Marcel Buwal ak manman l pandan prèske vennsèt mwa nan ti chanm fèmen.

Aprè liberasyon Pari, Bluwal te antre nan lekòl teknik fotografi ak sinema nan ri Vojira. Aprè kèk ane, li te antre nan mond televizyon an, yon domèn li t ap rete ladan l pandan yon bon bout tan, eksepte kèk tantativ nan sinema. Pou televizyon, li te kòmanse ap reyalize pwogram pou timoun jiska 1953 ane li te reyalize premye dram an dirèk li yo.

Nan lane 1960, li te reyalize fim televizyon ( the superprise) ki te gengen palme Ò pou meyè fi. Kann. Nan moman sa a, li te siyen ak Masèl Mousi yon nouvo konsèp pou yon pwogram. Oryantasyon sosyal, ki te abòde enkyetid konkrè : e si se te ou nan Figawo Literè, Klod Moryak te deklare nan pwogram nan :  &quot;verite nan&quot; epi Andre Bazen te afime nan radyo, sinema, televizyon : &quot; youn nan twa oswa kat evènman televizyon fransè a, depi orijin li.

Marcel Bluwal te finalman deside anbrase gou li pou bawòk nan fim ki fèt nan televizyon :  Jòj Fedo &quot; on purge bébé&quot; nan  lan 1961, Bomachè :  &quot; maryaj Figawo&quot; nan lane 1961, &quot; siyè long a&quot; ki baze sou pwòp pyès teyat li nan lane 1963. &quot;Festen pyè a&quot; konsidere kòm chèf li, Marivo :  &quot; jwèt lanmou epi aza nan lane 1967&quot; evèk &quot;Doub enkonstans&quot; nan lane 1968. Avèk &quot;Bomachè oubyen 60 000  fiz&quot; nan lane 1966, enspire pa lavi popilè a. Bluwal te adapte tou de lòt gwo otè klasik pi devan tankou Dostoevky nan lane 1969 &quot; frè karamazòv yo&quot; ak Viktò Igo nan lane 1972 ( Mizerab yo).

Nan lane 1962, li te lanse konsèp seri a, ak seri enspektè a Leklèk envestige a, men li reyisi nan lane 1967, gras a seri fantezi Vidòk ki popilè a . Anplis nouvo avanti Vidòk yo, ki te kreye nan lane 1970 ak 1972. Soti nan lane 1973 rive nan lane 1986, li te reyalize dram ki pase nan mond boujwa a, tankou Antwàn Blwaye nan lane 1973. Terèz Anmbè nan lane 1985 avèk mizik Òl nan lane 1985.

Avèk fim antitisipasyon 1996, ki te reyalize nan lane 1987,   Bluwal te adapte parfe ak stil televizyon kontanporen an. Fim sispens Orwellyen sa a pentire yon pòtrè pike sou mond televizyon an.

Li te travay tou nan lòt domèn: emisyon varyete, tankou *La Boîte à sel* (1956-1958), *L'École des vedettes* ak *Discorama* (1959-1963), ak *Tête Bêche* (1966); ak seri televizyon ki gen konsyans sosyal tankou *Celles qui parlent* ak *Vieillir au Soleil*. Nan opera ak teyat, li te reyalize pwodiksyon tankou: Don Juan Returns from the War (1975), Les dames savantes de [[Molière]], Don Quixote de La Mancha d'après Cervantes (1979), Don Giovanni, Così fan tutte, ak La Clemenza di Tito de Mozart (1986)...

An 2008, apre yon absans 13 ane nan televizyon, Marcel Bluwal te reyalize mini-seri À droite toute (Tout wout adwat), ki te konsantre sou monte ekstrèm dwat an Frans ant 1935 ak 1937 atravè fòmasyon La Cagoule, yon òganizasyon klandesten ki te konplote ranvèsman Repiblik la. Seri 200 minit sa a, ki te pase sou France 3 an fevriye 2009, te resevwa Pri FIPA Silver 2008 pou pi bon seri, Pri FIPA Gold pou pi bon aktè (Bernard-Pierre Donnadieu) ak pi bon mizik (Antoine Duhamel), ansanm ak Pri Pi bon senaryo (Marcel Bluwal ak Jean-Claude Grumberg).

Marcel Bluwal te mouri anpè a 96 lane nan dat ki te  23 oktòb 2021, nan Pari. Yo te fè antèman li nan maten 29 oktòb la nan simityè Montmartre, kote yo te antere l (divizyon 23) nan menm kav ak bòfrè li, Gérard Lebrun.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sistèm edikasyon an Ayiti</title>
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      <text bytes="53920" sha1="sj3302lgeban6dxifq8vvftnqn5tqdy" xml:space="preserve">[[Fichye:REJEBECSS.jpg|vignette|'''Rezo Jèn Volontè pou Klasik Syans Sosyal yo.''']]
Sistèm edikatif Ayiti a pran modèl sou sistèm edikatif fransè a epi li plase anba responsablite Ministè Edikasyon Nasyonal Ayiti.

== '''Istwa''' ==

=== Soti nan orijin yo jouk rive an 1860 ===
Avèk gouvènè jeneral Tousen Louvèti, an 1801, premye sistèm edikatif peyi a te pran nesans, e jesyon li te sou responsablite komisyon minisipal la. Atik 68 nan Konstitisyon 1801 an te presize konsa: «Chak moun gen fakilte pou l fonde enstitisyon edikasyon ak ansèyman pou jenès la, sou otorizasyon ak sipèvizyon administrasyon minisipal yo.»

Ant 1801 ak 1843, lekòl la te anba kontwòl majistra chak komin&lt;ref&gt;Brutus, 1945&lt;/ref&gt;.

Apre anperè Jan-Jak Desalin te pwoklame endepandans lan, Konstitisyon 1805 la te deklare nan atik 19 li: «Nan chak divizyon militè, y ap kreye yon lekòl piblik pou ansèyman jenès la.» Epòk sa a, peyi Dayiti te genyen sèlman sis (6) lekòl. Konstitisyon 1806 la pa t fè okenn referans ak ansèyman piblik. Sepandan, Konstitisyon 9 mas 1807 la, nan atik 34 ak 35, te presize de dispozisyon enpòtan: premye a te di: «Y ap etabli nan chak divizyon yon lekòl santral, epi lekòl patikilye nan chak awondisman.» Dezyèm nan te ajoute: «Chak sitwayen gen dwa louvri kay edikasyon patikilye.» Salè pwofesè ak enstititè yo, ansanm ak règ disiplin lekòl yo, te gen pou yo tabli nan yon lwa espesyal. Se Konstitisyon 1816 la ki, pou premye fwa, te tabli prensip ansèyman primè gratis (Preswa, 1804-1915).

Pi ta, anviwon ane 1818, yon òdonans wa Anri I te òganize ansèyman piblik nan Leta li yo, sou direksyon wayal ki te gen 15 manm (Preswa, 1935). Peyi a te divize an de gwo zòn: Gran Nò a ak Gran Sid la.

# Nan Gran Nò a, Kristòf te angaje anpil nan devlopman sistèm nan. Tout nivo ansèyman te egziste: primè, segondè, fòmasyon pwofesyonèl ak kèk premye inisyativ pou kreye inivèsite&lt;ref&gt;Brutus, 1945 ; Trouillot, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;. Kristòf li menm te enspektè lekòl e chak jou li te pran enfòmasyon sou fason enstitisyon yo t ap fonksyone&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_%C3%A9ducatif_en_Ha%C3%AFti#cite_note-Trouillot_2006-3&lt;/ref&gt;.
# Nan Lwès la, lekòl te prèske paralize. Sepandan, gouvènman Petyon te bay kèk lekòl prive sibvansyon, menm si Konstitisyon 1816 la te preskri edikasyon gratis. Aleksann Petyon te rejte sèvis enstitisyon «British and Foreign School Society». Malgre sa, enstitisyon an voye pwofesè Thomas Bosworth nan Pòtoprens; li louvri an 1816 yon lekòl selon metòd Lankastè nan Petyonvil. Petyon deside klase lekòl sa a kòm yon lekòl nasyonal. Yon lòt lekòl te kreye nan [[Okay (komin)|Okay]] an 1821. Malerezman, Bosworth mouri menm ane a&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-04-07|title=Système éducatif en Haïti|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8me_%C3%A9ducatif_en_Ha%C3%AFti&amp;oldid=224603474|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Se poutèt sa, an 1820, te gen sèlman kat lekòl nasyonal nan zòn iben yo, ki te fèt pou bay edikasyon primè gratis pou pitit sitwayen, kit yo te sivil kit yo te militè, an rekonpans pou sèvis yo te rann peyi a (Pressoir, 1804-1915). Nan menm epòk la, wa Anri Kristòf te fè vini nan wayòm Nò a kèk enstititè ki soti [[Lonn|Lond]], ki te fonde onz (11) lekòl monitoryal (Pressoir, 1804-1915).

Epi, 7 janvye 1844 make nesans premye estrikti leta ki te gen pou misyon jere edikasyon ann Ayiti, avèk Honore Féry kòm minis (Lois et Actes, Tome VIII, pp. 437-438). Konstitisyon 1843 la, pa Charles Hérard Aîné a, nan atik 31 te presize: 

&quot;Ansèyman an lib&quot;

.
Sepandan, Konstitisyon 1846 la, nan atik 36, te deklare: 

'''&quot;Ansèyman lib, epi lekòl yo dwe òganize pwogresivman, an fonksyon kantite moun nan popilasyon an.&quot;'''

Riché, 1846

Apre sa, Konstitisyon enperyal 1849 la, anba direksyon Faustin Iᵉ, te pwoklame nan atik 35: 

«Ansèyman lib, epi lekòl yo konstwi selon bezwen sosyete a.»

Premye tantativ refòm yo te parèt nan peryòd 1844 rive 1860 avèk kontribisyon Francisque Élie Dubois ak Jan-Batis Damien. Sonje byen, se avèk Damien nou jwenn kreyasyon premye Plan Nasyonal Edikasyon an ansanm ak premye Lekòl Nòmal ki te vize fòmasyon pwofesè. Sepandan, Élie Dubois se premye aktè nan epòk la ki te mete sou pye premye lekòl nasyonal riral yo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-04-07|title=Système éducatif en Haïti|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8me_%C3%A9ducatif_en_Ha%C3%AFti&amp;oldid=224603474|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Soti 1860, rive 1960 ===

==== '''Anba gouvènman Geffrard (janvye 1859-mas 1867)''' ====
Nan tout diznevyèm syèk la, gouvènman Fabre Geffrard rete sèl administrasyon nan peyi Ayiti ki te bay edikasyon an yon enpòtans espesyal. «Depi 1860 yo te mete kanpe lekòl kongreganis oswa lekòl konfesyonèl yo, epi estrikti sa yo pa janm sibi okenn chanjman oswa transfòmasyon jiskaprezan. Pratik yo, modèl jesyon yo, estrikti yo, ansanm ak modalite ansèyman ak aprantisaj yo rete fiks malgre chanjman tan ak espas.» Plizyè reyalizasyon te fèt nan domèn edikasyon an, tankou ouvèti Lekòl Nasyonal Medsin, yon lekòl mizik, epi yon lekòl dwa… Li enpòtan pou note gouvènman sa a te chanje sis (6) minis Enstriksyon Piblik youn apre lòt sou yon peryòd 33 mwa. Malgre tout efò sa yo, nan finisman manda Geffrard (1867), peyi a te konfwonte «yon rediksyon nan kantite lekòl» akoz enstabilite politik ki te karakterize fen gouvènman an.

==== Anba gouvènman Sylvain Salnave (jen 1867-desanm 1869) ====
Nan domèn edikasyon, pa gen anpil reyalizasyon ki rete nan epòk Salnave la, poutèt gwo enstabilite politik ak mouvman gwoup peyizan ame (kako, pikè yo). Menmsi sa, te gen kèk inisyativ pou pran kontwòl sistèm edikatif la. Pou egzanp, atik 29 nan Konstitisyon 1867 la presize: «Ansèyman lib. Libète pou anseye egzèse selon kondisyon kapasite ak moralite lalwa fikse, anba wo sipèvizyon Leta. Sipèvizyon sa a gaye sou tout enstitisyon edikatif ak ansèyman san okenn eksepsyon».

==== Anba gouvènman Michel Domingue (jen 1874-avril 1876) ====
Nan epòk sa a, se [[Thomas Madiou]] ki te dirije Ministè Enstriksyon Piblik. Dapre rapò li, «19 250 elèv t ap frekante lekòl piblik, epi 3 914 elèv te nan lekòl prive, sou yon popilasyon ki genyen 1 151 099 moun. Trant pousan (30%) nan popilasyon sa a te gen laj pou lekòl». Li ajoute: «Premye fwa, eksepte pandan rejim politik Anri Kristòf, nan istwa edikasyon Ayiti, yo te deklare ansèyman primè pa sèlman gratis, men tou obligatwa».

==== Anba gouvènman Salomon (oktòb 1879-out 1888) ====
Administrasyon Salomon an te bay gwo enpòtans a «reyòganizasyon» lekòl piblik yo. Nan sans sa a, Leta te resevwa yon misyon pwofesè fransè nan kad yon pwogram koperasyon edikatif ak Lafrans; distribisyon materyèl ansèyman ak founiti klasik te fèt pou aprenan yo; lekòl primè riral te kòmanse ouvri; epi yo te reyòganize ankò Lekòl Nasyonal Dwa.

==== Fen diznevyèm syèk -kòmansman ventyèm syèk ====
Trè kèk reyalizasyon rete nan memwa kolektif la pou fen diznevyèm ak kòmansman ventyèm syèk la, akoz gwo kriz sosyopolitik ak ekonomik ki te boulvèse peyi a. Sepandan, dapre analiz Louis Auguste Joint, prezidan Nord Alexis te deklare: «Lekòl la dwe pran plas li nan premye santyèm endepandans Ayiti». Nan vizyon sa a, li te louvri Lise [[Jeremi (komin)|Jeremi]] ki pote non li.

==== Okipasyon amerikèn (1915-1934) ====
Okipasyon ameriken an te reprezante yon evènman ki make pwofon sistèm edikatif ayisyen an. Pandan peryòd sa a, edikasyon an te tounen yon espas konfwontasyon ant de kouran kiltirèl: modèl fransè a ak modèl anglosakson an. Modèl anglozakson an te pran plis plas, e li te vin domine estrikti edikatif la, jiskaske Maurice Dartigue, «ki te fòme nan modèl ameriken an&lt;ref&gt;Pierre Luc, Éducation et enjeux sociologiques, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 24.&lt;/ref&gt;», te jwenn responsabilite jere sistèm nan. 

Rezilta yo te enkli: 12 fèm lekòl ki te deja fonksyone, ak 8 lòt an konstriksyon; Lekòl Santral Agrikilti ki te fòme ekspè agrikòl ak pwofesè pou fèm lekòl yo; 380 lekòl nan vil, 631 lekòl riral, ak 73 196 elèv anrejistre, ladan yo 55 762 elèv regilye. Anplis lise yo ak kèk ra enstitisyon etid siperyè piblik, yo te konte 56 lekòl kongreganis ak 28 lekòl prive endepandan&lt;ref&gt;Ibid, Joint, &lt;abbr&gt;pp.&lt;/abbr&gt; 89-90.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ekriven Paul Moral (1961) te souliye estrateji okipan yo ki te sèvi ak edikasyon kòm yon zouti pou konsolide dominasyon yo&lt;ref&gt;Paul Moral, Le paysan haïtien, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 67.&lt;/ref&gt;.  

== '''Soti nan fen okipasyon amerikèn (1934) rive an 1960''' ==
Konstitisyon 1935 la te ratifye pandan prezidans Sténio Vincent. Atik 11 li a presize: “Anseyman lib. Libète anseyman an egzèse anba kontwòl ak siveyans Leta, selon lalwa. Lekòl fondamantal obligatwa. Fòmasyon jiska nivo segondè gratis san prejije pou kondisyon admisyon lalwa fikse. Lekòl siperyè Leta yo ouvè pou jèn ki satisfè kondisyon lalwa ak règleman yo egzije.&lt;ref&gt;Ibid, Delima, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 229.&lt;/ref&gt;” 

Nan ane 1941, Maurice Dartigue te nonmen kòm minis Enstriksyon Piblik. Li te chache konstwi yon kò ansèyman ki gen konpetans epi devlope pwogram pou amelyore kapasite kad lekòl yo, sa ki pouse anpil moun pale de “refòm Dartigue&lt;ref&gt;Haïti-Références : Éducation&lt;/ref&gt;”. Nan kad aksyon sa yo, minis la t ap vize ogmante efikasite tout sistèm edikatif la&lt;ref&gt;Ibid, Francois, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 102.&lt;/ref&gt;. Dapre sa François Enocque rapòte, Tardieu fè remake: “Dartigue pral lanse pi gwo refòm nan edikasyon an Ayiti. Pa gen okenn sektè yo neglije pa rapò ak yon lòt, epi tout mwayen mobilize pou atake pwoblèm yo nan tout dimansyon yo.”&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_%C3%A9ducatif_en_Ha%C3%AFti#cite_note-21&lt;/ref&gt;. Apre okipasyon ameriken an, te gen yon ogmantasyon enpòtan nan kantite lekòl katolik pandan ane 1940-1950 yo, espesyalman akoz rive nouvo kongregasyon relijyez etranje ki konsantre sou ansèyman.&lt;ref&gt;Ibid, Joint, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 101.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Lwa planifikasyon 1997 la ak pwogrè ki te fèt ===
Nan ane 1997, Leta te vote yon lwa planifikasyon pou pèmèt  tout popilasyon an gen aksè ak yon edikasyon de kalite sou yon peryòd dis ane. Bidjè nasyonal la ki te dedye pou edikasyon pase de 9% an 1997 a 22% an 2000. Objektif la te kouvri depans pou manje, inifòm ak transpò lekòl. An 2002, yo te ajoute 30 000 edikatè ak 700 000 liv lekòl nan sistèm nan. An jeneral, to frekans lekòl la pase soti nan 20% an 1994 pou rive 64% an 2000. Men sistèm nan kontinye fè fas ak mank pwofesè kalifye ak gwo inegalite, sitou nan zòn riral yo ki toujou sou-reprezante nan sal klas yo. 

== '''Refòm resan yo''' ==
Nan ane 1982, Refòm Bernard a te etabli de (2) lang ofisyèl Ayiti yo kreyòl ayisyen ak franse kòm lang ansèyman. 

Kreyòl ayisyen vin tounen prensipal lang ansèyman pandan senk (5) premye ane ansèyman fondamantal (lekòl primè). Selon depatman oswa enstitisyon an, franse rete swa kòm yon matyè yo anseye, swa kòm yon lang ansèyman&lt;ref&gt;«  »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?)&lt;/ref&gt;.  

Refòm Bernard la te fè fas ak gwo difikilte, sitou absans manyèl edikatif an kreyòl, mank materyèl pedagojik apwopriye, ak fòmasyon ensifizan pou pwofesè yo. Malgre sa, refòm sa a te louvri nouvo pèspektiv pou sistèm edikatif la.   

== '''Apèsi sou refòm edikatif Bernard''' ==
Plizyè refòm te fèt nan sistèm edikatif ayisyen an; pami yo, refòm yo rele “Refòm Bernard” lan se youn nan dènye ki pi enpòtan. Li te kòmanse an 1979, men yon desizyon ministeryèl te sispann li an 1982. Peryòd moratwa sa a dire soti 1982 rive 1986. Moratwa a te kontinye jiska 1987 akoz kontèks sosyopolitik la ki pa t favorab. 

Refòm nan te pwopoze yon reòganizasyon sistèm nan sou baz yon ansèyman fondamantal nèf (9) ane. Nèf ane sa yo divize an twa sik: premye sik la dire kat (4) ane, dezyèm nan dire de (2) ane, epi twazyèm nan dire twa (3) ane. Lè elèv la fin fè tout nèf ane yo, li antre nan yon nouvo segondè ki dire twa ane epi ki mennen swa nan yon bakaloreya jeneral oswa nan yon bakaloreya teknik/pedagojik.  

Refòm sa a te bay sistèm lan yon nouvo dinamis. Plizyè pwofesyonèl nan dyaspora a te retounen pou mete konesans yo disponib.   

Nan desanm 1987, refòm nan reprann ofisyèlman anba direksyon Enstiti Pedagojik Nasyonal (IPN) ki te restriktire nèt. Se te nan kad enstitisyonèl sa a yo te prepare tout kourikoulòm lekòl fondamantal la, soti nan 1e rive nan 9e AF, pou ane 1988–1989 ak patisipasyon tout patnè sosyal yo ki nan edikasyon.    

Nan mwa mas 1989, yon dekrè te pibliye pou fè kourikoulòm lekòl fondamantal la vin ofisyèl, sa ki bay refòm nan baz legal epi louvri chemen pou aplikasyon pwogresif li nan tout lekòl peyi a.     

Nan kad refòm nan, otè ayisyen yo te pwodwi nouvo manyèl eskolè. Yo te mete sou pye yon komite nasyonal kourikoulòm ak yon direksyon planifikasyon. Anpil estrikti t ap devlope pou asire adaptasyon manyèl yo ak pwogram yo.      

Gen plizyè lòt inovasyon enpòtan ki te pote epi ki toujou rete an vigè, tankou: itilizasyon kreyòl kòm lang matyè ak lang ansèyman, entwodiksyon ak itilizasyon nouvo metòd pedagojik (tankou pedagojik pa objektif), reòganizasyon sik aprantisaj yo, fòmalizasyon fòmasyon kontinyèl pou pwofesè, aprantisaj franse pale depi 1e AF, ak mete elèv la nan yon pozisyon patisipasyon aktif.       

== '''Gwo etap nan Refòm Bernard la''' ==

* 1977–1979: kòmansman refòm sistèm edikatif ayisyen an

* 1979–1980: fòmasyon komite nasyonal kourikoulòm nan

* 1980: eliminasyon egzamen ofisyèl CM I
* 1980–1981: IPN fè eksperimantasyon sou liv premye sik yo
* Out 1982: piblikasyon “Livrè vè” a, premye dokiman ofisyèl sou refòm nan.
* 1982–1987: refòm nan nan etèn; MENJS deside yon moratwa sou aktivite pou elaji refòm nan.
* 1986–1987: aktivite refòm nan rekòmanse nan yon lòt pèspektiv; restriktirasyon IPN
* 1987–1988: prepare pwogram twa sik lekòl fondamantal yo
* Mas 1989: piblikasyon dekrè ki deklare pwogram 3 sik fondamantal yo ofisyèl.
* Jiyè 1991: premye egzamen ofisyèl nasyonal 6e ak 9e AFMas 1992: piblikasyon sikilè ministeryèl pou aplike ofisyèlman dekrè 6 mas 1989 la

== '''Plan Nasyonal Edikasyon ak Fòmasyon (PNEF)''' ==
Depi desanm 1993, plizyè konsiltasyon te mennen nan pwodiksyon Plan Nasyonal Edikasyon ak Fòmasyon (PNEF), ki toujou nan aplikasyon. Konsiltasyon sa yo te pèmèt Kreye Biwo Egzekitif PNEF 2004 avèk sipò UNESCO, UNICEF ak USAID. 

Pou Jacques Édouard Alexis, Minis edikasyon nan epòk la, PNEF la reprezante yon vizyon modèn ki sote kad pratik pase yo, epi ki mete lekòl la ak misyon pou prepare sitwayen ayisyen selon nouvo reyalite yo.  

PNEF la gen kat gwo pwogram ak anpil pwojè: 

# Ranfòse kalite edikasyon an 
# Elaji òf lekòl la 
# Ogmante efikasite ekstèn sistèm nan 
# Ranfòse bon gouvènans sistèm edikatif la 

== '''Plan operasyonèl 2010-2015''' ==
Sistèm edikatif ayisyen an gen de gwo sektè: 

* sektè ki pa fòmèl la, ki okipe alfabetizasyon ak postalfabetizasyon pou granmoun ki gen 15 ane ak plis; 


sektè fòmèl la, ki gen ladan l: 

* edikasyon preskolè 

* ansèyman fondamantal 

* ansèyman segondè 

* fòmasyon teknik ak pwofesyonèl 

* ansèyman siperyè 

== '''Sistèm edikatif aktyèl la''' ==
Majorite enstitisyon edikatif Ayiti yo fè pati sektè prive a, kit se enstitisyon relijye oswa patnè entènasyonal (Kanada&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada&lt;/ref&gt;, Lafrans&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France&lt;/ref&gt;, Etazini). Yo reprezante anviwon 90% popilasyon ki nan lekòl. 

Sistèm edikatif la rete òganize an sektè fòmèl ak sektè ki pa fòmèl&lt;ref&gt;Plan opérationnel 2010-2015, ministère de l'Éducation nationale haïtien (MENFP).&lt;/ref&gt;, jan yo te defini pi wo a, ak menm estrikti senk nivo yo. Edikasyon preskolè a pa obligatwa; li konsène timoun 3 a 5 an epi li vize devlopman emosyonèl, fizik ak sosyal timoun yo.  

Depi 2007, preskolè a parèt kòm yon etap estratejik nan lavi ak nan devlopman timoun nan&lt;ref&gt;MENFP, document de Stratégie Nationale Pour l’Éducation Pour Tous&lt;/ref&gt;. Objektif Leta a se amelyore preparasyon timoun yo pou asire bon tranzisyon yo nan fondamantal la epi redui echèk lekòl nan de premye sik yo.    

== '''Ansèyman fondamantal''' ==
Ayiti genyen anviwon 15 200 lekòl primè; 90 pousan ladan yo se kominote lokal yo, òganizasyon relijye, oswa òganizasyon ki p ap travay pou fè lajan k ap dirije yo. To frekantasyon lekòl la estime a 67 pousan; sepandan, sèlman 30 pousan elèv yo rive finalize dènye ane nan ansèyman primè a. 

Ansèyman fondamantal la fèt pou l estriktire an twa sik. Premye ak dezyèm sik yo kouvri peryòd ki sòti nan premye ane fondamantal rive nan sizyèm ane fondamantal (kat ane pou premye sik la ak de ane pou dezyèm lan). Sik sa yo obligatwa epi, selon lwa, yo dwe gratis&lt;ref&gt;MENFP, Plan National d'Éducation et de Formation&lt;/ref&gt;. Yo reprezante edikasyon debaz ki koresponn ak ansèyman primè nan ansyen sistèm nan, epi yo konsène timoun ki gen ant 6 rive 11 an. Twazyèm sik la, ki atache ak de premye yo, gen ladan twa premye klas nan ansèyman segondè tradisyonèl la ki dire sèt ane; reyòganizasyon sik sa a sou eksperimantasyon depi 2007. Apre twa ane nan sik sa a, elèv yo pase yon egzamen ofisyèl 9yèm ane ki ouvè chemen pou antre nan sistèm ansèyman segondè nasyonal la.   

Nan reyalite aktyèl la, prèske tout lekòl fondamantal yo sèlman rive ofri premye ak dezyèm sik yo. Sik sa yo bay yon atestasyon edikasyon debaz, ki se yon mezi tranzitwa anvan sètifikasyon final sistèm nan.    

== '''Ansèyman segondè''' ==
Apeprè 20 pousan timoun ki nan gwoup laj ki koresponn ak nivo segondè a antre nan ansèyman sa a. Nan lespri Refòm Bernard 1982 a, ansèyman segondè a te sipoze sibi yon reyòganizasyon kote twa premye ane yo t ap atache ak de premye sik fondamantal yo. Ansèyman ki dire kat ane sa a te dwe òganize an twa filyè&lt;ref&gt;MENFP, Plan opérationnel 2010-2015&lt;/ref&gt;: (i) yon filyè ansèyman jeneral ki prepare elèv yo pou pousuiv etid siperyè; (ii) yon filyè ansèyman teknolojik ki ta fòme teknisyen pou mache travay la; epi (iii) yon filyè ansèyman pedagojik ki gen misyon pou fòme pwofesè kalifye, ni sou plan akademik ni sou plan pedagojik, pou entèveni nan de (2) premye sik ansèyman fondamantal la.  

Fòk nou note Ministè Edikasyon Nasyonal ak Fòmasyon Pwofesyonèl (MENFP) prevwa nan Pwogram Òganizasyonèl li (P.O.) pou teste yon nouvo modèl ansèyman segondè ki dire kat ane epi ki òganize an divès filyè.   

== '''Ansèyman pwofesyonèl''' ==
Fòmasyon pwofesyonèl nan konjonkti Ayiti a reprezante yon avantaj estratejik men tou yon defi enpòtan. Yon sant fòmasyon pwofesyonèl pa ka fonksyone menm jan ak yon lekòl òdinè, paske li dwe reponn a gwo egzijans teknik, tankou renouvèlman ekipman yo, amelyorasyon kontinyèl konpetans fòmatè yo nan teknoloji ki pi avanse, sa ki souvan mande envestisman ekonomik trè wo. An reyalite, resous ekonomik Leta alwe pou sektè sa a toujou limite, tandiske yon gwo pati moun ki bezwen sèvis sa yo soti nan fanmi ki gen mwayen ekonomik trè fèb&lt;ref&gt;Les Sœurs Salesiens de Don Bosco(2011). L’enseignement technique et professionnel des jeunes en Haïti: problèmes et perspectives&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Refòm sektè sa a te antre nan refleksyon depi nan ane 1989 pou rann li plis efikas ak plis adapte ak bezwen sosyal yo; sepandan, pa t gen suivi ki te fèt pou anpil rezon. An 1997–1998, plis pase sèt ane apre premye tantativ yo, Plan Nasyonal Edikasyon ak Fòmasyon (PNEF) te klase fòmasyon pwofesyonèl kòm dezyèm pi gwo priyorite li, epi te lanse yon pwosesis refòm ki, malerezman, pa t rive finalize.  

== '''Ansèyman siperyè''' ==
Edikasyon siperyè an Ayiti bay nan inivèsite ak lòt enstitisyon prive&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.haiti-reference.com/pages/plan/education/universites-en-haiti/ |title=Kopi achiv |access-date=2025-12-07 |archive-date=2017-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911213607/https://www.haiti-reference.com/pages/plan/education/universites-en-haiti/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;, e se MENFP ki responsab regilasyon sektè a. Ansèyman siperyè a genyen de gwo konpozan: (i) sektè piblik la, ki gen ladan Inivèsite Leta Ayiti (UEH), inivèsite piblik ki lokalize nan vil pwovens yo, ansanm ak lòt enstitisyon siperyè ki depann de divès ministè; (ii) sektè prive a, kote nou jwenn yon kantite k ap ogmante chak ane nan enstitisyon ak inivèsite prive&lt;ref&gt;Groupe de Travail sur l’Éducation et la Formation (2010). Pour un Pacte National pour l’Éducation en Haiti&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Inivèsite yo&lt;ref&gt;Plan opérationnel&lt;/ref&gt; gen misyon fondamantal pou prepare resous moun ki espesyalize nan divès domèn estratejik, pou soutni devlopman ekonomik, sosyal, ak teknolojik peyi a. 

== '''Kad lejislatif''' ==

== '''Konstitisyon yo''' ==
Edikasyon ann Ayiti prezante yon richès enpòtan sou plan dokiman lejislatif. Soti an 1801 rive an 1987, peyi a adopte 29 konstitisyon, ladan yo 16 nan diznevyèm (19yèm) syèk la ak 12 nan ventyèm (20yèm) syèk la. Anplis sa, plizyè lwa, dekrè, arete, sikilè, rapò, konvansyon ak desizyon ki gen rapò dirèk ak edikasyon te adopte. Prèske tout konstitisyon yo te afime prensip inivèsalite ak gratite ansèyman. Yo poze kòm prensip ki di ansèyman piblik la gratis epi se lalwa ki gen responsablite pou defini kondisyon aplikasyon prensip sa a. Sepandan, pa gen anpil lwa ki rive presize kondisyon ak mwayen konkrèt pou garanti dwa sa yo. Ant 1801 ak 1901, prèske yon syèk pase anvan premye lwa vin òganize ansèyman an nan yon kad estriktire&lt;ref&gt;Délima PIERRE, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== '''Diznevyèm (19yèm) syèk''' ==
Atik 68 Konstitisyon 1801 lan, ki se premye konstitisyon nan listwa Ayiti, presize «tout moun gen dwa mete sou pye enstitisyon prive edikasyon ak ansèyman pou jenès la, sou otorizasyon ak siveyans administrasyon minisipal yo». Nan konstitisyon ki vin apre a, atik 19 deklare: «Nan chak divizyon militè, ap gen yon lekòl piblik pou ansèyman jenès la.» Konstitisyon 1806 ak 1811 yo, pou pati pa yo, pa konsakre okenn atik espesyal pou edikasyon&lt;ref&gt;Délima PIERRE, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Nan Konstitisyon 1816 la, nou jwenn dispozisyon sa a: «Ap kreye epi òganize yon enstitisyon piblik komen pou tout sitwayen, gratis anrapò ak pati ansèyman ki endispansab pou tout moun, epi etablisman li yo ap distribye pwogresivman selon yon rapò ki aliyen ak divizyon Repiblik la.» Konstitisyon 1843 la, sou prezidans Jean-Pierre Boyer, presize nan atik 31 li: « Ansèyman an lib, epi lekòl yo distribye gratis selon kantite popilasyon an. Chak komin genyen lekòl primè pou toude sèks yo, gratis epi ouvè pou tout sitwayen. Vil prensipal yo genyen, anplis, lekòl siperyè kote yo anseye eleman syans, literati ak bèl zèv atistik. » Atik 37 la vin ajoute itilizasyon lang yo itilize ann Ayiti se yon chwa, e se sèlman lalwa ki ka regle li, epi sèlman pou zak otorite piblik ak zafè jidisyè&lt;ref&gt;Délima PIERRE, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;.  

Konstitisyon 1867 la, nan atik 29 li, deklare ansèyman an lib. Libète pou anseye a kapab egzèse selon kondisyon kapasite ak moralite lalwa fikse, epi anba gwo siveyans Leta. Siveyans sa a egzèse sou tout etablisman edikasyon ak ansèyman, san okenn distenksyon. Chak komin genyen lekòl primè pou tou de (2) sèks yo, gratis epi aksesib pou tout sitwayen, distribye pwogresivman selon kantite popilasyon an. Leta ap kreye tou, nan sant seksyon riral yo, lekòl primè agrikòl, nan objektif pou gaye ansèyman nan mitan mas popilè yo. Vil prensipal yo genyen, anplis, lekòl siperyè oswa segondè kote yo anseye eleman syans, literati ak bèl zèv atistik.   

Nan Konstitisyon 1874 la gen de (2) atik ki konsakre pou kesyon edikasyon. Ansèyman an lib. Ansèyman primè a gratis epi obligatwa. Lekòl primè yo fonde pwogresivman, selon enpòtans popilasyon yo. Atik 34 la presize libète ansèyman an kapab egzèse selon kondisyon kapasite ak moralite lalwa fikse, avèk otorizasyon epi anba gwo siveyans gouvènman an. Siveyans sa a aplike sou tout etablisman edikasyon ak ansèyman, san distenksyon. Yon lekòl atizay ak metye dwe kreye nan chak chèf-lokal depatman.    

Sa ki enpòtan pou souliye, se lefèt 16 konstitisyon ki te adopte pandan diznevyèm syèk la tradwi yon volonte klè dirijan nouvo nasyon an te genyen pou bay mas popilè yo ak jenès la aksè ak edikasyon.     

== '''Konvansyon yo''' ==
Ayiti siyen plizyè konvansyon entènasyonal ki makònnen ak edikasyon. Pami yo, genyen atik 26 Deklarasyon inivèsèl dwa moun, Konvansyon San José a, Pak entènasyonal sou dwa sivil ak politik&lt;ref&gt;Convention de San Jose page 10&lt;/ref&gt;, Konvansyon sou dwa timoun, Konvansyon sou lit kont diskriminasyon nan ansèyman (atik 28 ak 29 ki bay yon atansyon patikilye pou timoun ki nan sitiyasyon difisil), ansanm ak Konvansyon amerikèn sou dwa moun ki konsakre, nan preyanbil li, kilti kòm pi wo ekspresyon lespri imen an, Ayiti ratifye an 1977. Anplis, Leta ayisyen rekonèt tout dokiman entènasyonal peyi a siyen epi ratifye fè pati entegral lejislasyon nasyonal la&lt;ref&gt;Constitution de 1987, article 276-2&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jacques Michel Gourgues&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== '''Dekrè yo''' ==
Nan objektif pou devlope aparèy edikatif la, pouvwa egzekitif la te adopte plizyè dekrè. Pami yo, gen Dekrè 1974 sou kreyasyon ak fèmti lekòl prive yo; Dekrè 7 mas 1978 la, ki pwoklame fizyon ansèyman primè riral ak ansèyman primè iben nan yon sèl sèvis, sa vle di ansèyman primè ayisyen, dekrè sa a konsidere kòm premye pa endispansab nan direksyon refòm sistèm edikatif ayisyen an; Dekrè 30 mas 1982 a, ki vize ranplase sistèm tradisyonèl la pa yon apwòch plis pratik e adapte ak reyalite ayisyèn nan, ki make refòm Bernard la; Lwa 23 oktòb 1984 la sekreteri d Eta a te kreye; Dekrè 1985 la ki òganize fòmasyon pwofesyonèl ak teknik atravè Enstiti Nasyonal Fòmasyon Pwofesyonèl (INFP); ansanm ak Dekrè 8 me 1989 la ki kreye Direksyon Fòmasyon ak Pèfeksyònman. 

== '''Siyifikasyon kad legal sa a''' ==
Analiz konstitisyon diznevyèm syèk yo, konvansyon yo, lwa yo ak dekrè diferan gouvènman ayisyen yo adopte pèmèt idantifye omwen yon tandans fondamantal ki make refleksyon chèf Leta yo ak konstitiyan yo. Tandans sa a se volonte pou ankouraje enklizyon ak ouvèti anvè lòt kategori sosyal ki depase kad restren Leta a. Ansèyman piblik la deklare ouvè pou tout timoun. Sepandan, kondisyon admisyon yo, rezistans elit tradisyonèl yo, mank motivasyon ak abitid lekòl lakay majorite popilasyon an, ansanm ak pwosesis majinalizasyon sistemik yo, souvan vin pi fò pase deklarasyon prensip yo, menm lè gen kèk inisyativ ki te vize amelyore aksè efektiv ak edikasyon&lt;ref&gt;Délima PIERRE, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== '''Pwoblèm estriktirèl sistèm nan''' ==

== '''Òf edikatif ak aksè''' ==
Dapre done resansman lekòl ki pi resan Direksyon Planifikasyon ak Koperasyon Ekstèn (DPCE) Ministè Edikasyon Nasyonal ak Fòmasyon Pwofesyonèl (MENFP) reyalize, ansèyman klasik la konte 3 378 790 elèv. Tablo ki koresponn lan prezante, an valè absoli, kantite lekòl ak kantite elèv pou chak nivo ansèyman&lt;ref&gt;Niveau d’enseignement: Préscolaire. Fondamental &lt;abbr&gt;1er&lt;/abbr&gt;, &lt;abbr&gt;2e&lt;/abbr&gt; et Fondamental &lt;abbr&gt;3e&lt;/abbr&gt; cycles et secondaire.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Kantite lekòl ki bay sèvis edikasyon preskolè a rive nan 9 355, ladan yo gen 1 175 ki egziste sèlman pou nivo preskolè a. An total, 544 474 timoun gen aksè ak sousektè sa a. Majorite sant preskolè yo, sa vle di 93,58%, fè pati sektè ki pa piblik. Anplis, sant preskolè yo an jeneral gen ti kapasite, paske 71,03% ladan yo resevwa mwens pase 99 timoun. Yo konte 19 851 monitris ak monitè, pami yo 18 253 se fanm, sa ki reprezante 91,95%. Nan zòn vil yo, 53,20% monitè yo se nòmalyen, kont 11,22% nan zòn riral yo&lt;ref&gt;DPCE, 2010-2011&lt;/ref&gt;.  

Nan de (2) premye sik ansèyman fondamantal la, lekòl piblik yo reprezante 12% nan pak lekòl la. Sitiyasyon an rete menm jan an pou twazyèm sik fondamantal la ak pou ansèyman segondè a. Sou tout teritwa nasyonal la, sektè ki pa piblik la okipe 88% pak lekòl la, kont 12% pou sektè piblik la.   

Resansman lekòl 2010–2011 lan te idantifye 13 599 lekòl ak 2 210 221 elèv, ladan yo gen 1 090 027 fi. Nan kantite sa a, 0,14% se elèv ki gen andikap. Sektè piblik la akeyi 22,02% elèv yo (sa vle di 486 620 elèv), pandan sektè ki pa piblik la resevwa 77,98% (sa vle di 1 723 601 elèv). Nivo sa a konte 70 009 anseyan, ladan yo 28% se fanm. Nan sektè piblik la, 26,73% anseyan yo se nòmalyen, kont 13,05% nan sektè ki pa piblik la. Majorite anseyan yo (61,09%) gen laj ant 20 ak 40 an.    

Kantite lekòl fondamantal twazyèm sik ak lekòl segondè yo ki resanse sou tout peyi a se 3 477, tout sektè konfonn. Menm lè enstitisyon piblik yo mwens anpil an kantite pase sa ki prive yo, yo ofri plis plas pou elèv yo. 23% lekòl piblik twazyèm sik fondamantal ak lise yo gen mwens pase 150 elèv, kont 52% nan sektè prive a. Nan sousektè sa a gen yon total 624 095 elèv, ladan yo 313 932 fi, sa vle di 50,3%.     

To brit eskolarizasyon pou premye ak dezyèm sik fondamantal yo se respektivman 143% ak 39,30%, tandiske to nèt eskolarizasyon pou menm nivo yo se 87,66% ak 23,54%, selon menm sous la.      

Konsènan ansèyman teknik ak pwofesyonèl, estatistik Enstiti Nasyonal Fòmasyon Pwofesyonèl (INFP) yo, jiska 30 jen 2010, rapòte 138 sant fòmasyon pwofesyonèl (17 sant piblik, 17 sant prive sibvansyone, ak 104 sant prive ki pa sibvansyone). Gen lòt sant teknik ak pwofesyonèl ki anba siveyans lòt ministè. Ministè Afè Sosyal ak Travay sipèvize 209 enstitisyon, ladan yo 80% sitiye nan depatman Lwès. Anplis, gen 10 sant fòmasyon pwofesyonèl ki fè pati yon rezo enstitisyon anba sipèvizyon Ministè Agrikilti, Resous Natirèl ak Devlopman Riral&lt;ref&gt;Cinq écoles moyenne d’agriculture et cinq centres de formation professionnelle&lt;/ref&gt;.       

Ansanm enstitisyon sa yo, ki anseye pwogram nan nivo EEP, EET ak pwogram ansèyman menajè, te rasanble, nan fen ane 2009, yon total 21 090 patisipan&lt;ref&gt;Rapport INFP&lt;/ref&gt;.        

== '''Alfabetizasyon ak literasi''' ==
Analfabetis touche prèske mwatye popilasyon an, kote 55% gason ak 51% fanm konsidere kòm moun ki konn li. 

Akòz mank mwayen finansye, ansèyman piblik ak gratis la akeyi sèlman 20% popilasyon lekòl la. Rès la se swa sektè prive a, konfesyonèl oswa pa konfesyonèl ki pran li an chaj, swa yo rete deyò sistèm lekòl la nèt. Demann sosyal pou edikasyon an trè fò, sa ki lakòz fristrasyon nan mitan popilasyon an. 

'''Alfabetizasyon an Ayiti''' 

Ayiti se peyi nan Karayib la ki gen youn nan pi gwo pousantaj moun ki pa konn li ni ekri. Malgre reyalite sa a, Leta ayisyen mete sou pye plizyè enstitisyon ki gen responsabilite pou alfabetize moun nan popilasyon ki nan sitiyasyon sa a. 

Premye inisyativ nan domèn alfabetizasyon yo remonte nan ane 1940 yo, anba gouvènman Élie Lescot. Nan ane 1947, gouvènman Dumarsais Estimé te mete sou pye yon Direksyon Jeneral Edikasyon Adilt (granmoun) (DGEA) epi li te adopte yon lwa oryantasyon ki te vize lanse yon dezyèm “kanpay dezanalafabetizasyon”. Kanpay sa a te lanse nan Marbial, nan depatman Sidès peyi a, avèk kolaborasyon UNESCO, sa ki te reprezante premye eksperyans pilòt mondyal nan domèn edikasyon granmoun. Eksperyans sa a te dire jiska 1954 epi biwo UNESCO yo te prezante li ofisyèlman kòm yon eksperyans referans. Nan ane 1949, ekip ki te sou pouvwa te mete yon biwo ki pote non Biwo Edikasyon Adilt (Sekretarya Deta pou Alfabetizasyon) ki te ranplase DGEA. 

Nan ane 1957, lè François Duvalier rive sou pouvwa kòm prezidan peyi a, sa te pèmèt lansman yon twazyèm “kanpay alfabetizasyon”, ki te fini nan ane 1961. Menm ane sa a, yo te kreye Biwo Nasyonal pou Edikasyon Kominotè (ONEC), ki te lanse, 14 septanm 1961, yon katriyèm kanpay alfabetizasyon.

Nan ane 1967, Biwo Nasyonal Alfabetizasyon ak Aksyon Kominotè (ONAAC) te kreye pou ranplase ONEC. Nan dat 7 mas 1986, Misyon Alfa, yon kanpay nasyonal alfabetizasyon Legliz katolik te mete sou pye an jiyè 1985, te lanse ofisyèlman premye gwo faz alfabetizasyon li apre yon eksperyans pilòt ki te fèt an desanm 1985. Faz sa a te dewoule nan 74 pawas atravè peyi a. Yon dezyèm faz ki te touche anviwon 60 000 moun ki pa t konn li ni ekri te kòmanse tou, men li te kanpe bridsoukou an me 1988 (Sekretarya Deta pou Alfabetizasyon).

Yon ti tan apre lansman Misyon Alfa, nan dat 20 me 1986, Ministè Edikasyon Nasyonal te fèmen ONAAC epi li te ranplase li ak Biwo Nasyonal pou Patisipasyon nan Edikasyon Popilè (ONPEP). Nan mwa out 1988, gouvènman militè Henri Namphy te fèmen ONPEP pou mete Biwo Nasyonal Edikasyon Kominotè ak Alfabetizasyon (ONECA) nan plas li. Nan mwa mas 1991, prezidan Jean‑Bertrand Aristide te kreye Biwo Nasyonal Alfabetizasyon (BNA). Sepandan, koudeta 30 septanm 1991 an te mete fen nan anpil espwa ki te genyen nan domèn sa a. Lè Aristide retounen soti an ekzil nan ane 1994, li te kreye epi nonmen, ak yon arete prezidansyèl, yon Sekretarya Deta pou Alfabetizasyon. Nan ane 2001 ak 2004, li te lanse nouvo kanpay nasyonal alfabetizasyon (Sekretarya Deta pou Alfabetizasyon).

=== Rezilta diferan kanpay sa yo ===
Rezilta diferan pwogram alfabetizasyon sa yo souvan rete melanje oswa limite, sitou paske oryantasyon politik te souvan pran plis enpòtans pase ankadreman teknik. Anplis sa, gen yon lòt koz fondamantal: absans sinèji nan aksyon gouvènmantal yo. Nenpòt entèvansyon ki vize diminye pousantaj analfabetis ta dwe fèt ni an amon ni an aval. Sepandan, pifò pwogram yo te limite sèlman nan entèvansyon an aval, sa vle di tantativ pou alfabetize popilasyon ki deja analfabèt. Pandan tan sa a, nan dimansyon an amont, majorite timoun yo pa t gen aksè ak edikasyon debaz. Konsa, sous ki kontinye alimante popilasyon analfabèt la te toujou rete prezan&lt;ref&gt;Pierre Enocque François, 2010&lt;/ref&gt;.

Tout kanpay sa yo te tèlman rankontre anpil difikilte, an 2007 plis pase 3 000 000 moun ki gen 13 ane oswa plis pa t konn li ni ekri. Menm apre plis pase 73 ane efò alfabetizasyon, nivo alfabetizasyon popilasyon ki gen 10 ane oswa plis rive sèlman 61,0% nan tout peyi a. Pousantaj sa a pi wo lakay gason (63,8%) pase lakay fanm (58,3%). Anplis, nivo alfabetizasyon an pi wo nan zòn lavil yo (80,5%) pase nan zòn riral (47,1%). Malgre efò sa yo, peyi a toujou gen yon gwo pwopòsyon moun ki analfabèt. Pou yon popilasyon estime a 10 413 211 abitan, anviwon 57% ta toujou pa konn li ni ekri&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Système_éducatif_en_Haïti#cite_ref-41|Système éducatif en Haïti — Wikipédia]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;IHSI 2012&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Kòz analfabetis ===
Kòz analfabetis yo anpil epi yo konplèks. Youn nan koz prensipal yo se absans lekòl oswa abandon lekòl. Sitiyasyon sa a manifeste sitou nan kèk zòn riral kote pa gen lekòl ditou. Nan anpil ka, lekòl yo twò lwen pou timoun yo rive fasil. Genyen tou faktè sosyokiltirèl kote kèk fanmi konsidere lekòl kòm yon privilèj ki plis rezève pou ti gason pase pou ti fi. Nan lòt sitiyasyon, timoun yo oblije travay pou lòt fanmi, sa ki lakòz yo pa ale lekòl. Yon lòt koz se pwolongasyon eskolè san rezilta, ki konn mennen elèv yo nan dekrochaj eskolè. Finalman, feblès mwayen ekonomik fanmi yo, ansanm ak absans sipò Leta pou ede paran yo voye timoun yo lekòl, se youn nan lòt faktè enpòtan ki kontribye nan pwoblèm analfabetis la&lt;ref&gt;Fondation Alphabétisation, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;.

== '''Fòmasyon pwofesè yo''' ==
Apre endepandans Ayiti nan ane 1804, sistèm edikatif ayisyen an pa t gen pwofesè ki te resevwa fòmasyon pwofesyonèl ki te kapab garanti yon edikasyon kalite. Nan peryòd wayòm Nò a, wa Henri Christophe te fè vini pwofesè soti Angletè pou bay ansèyman epi pou diminye lyen ak ansyen metwopòl fransè a.

Se sèlman ak rive sou pouvwa prezidan Élie Lescot nan ane 1940, ansanm ak minis edikasyon Maurice Dartigue, kesyon fòmasyon pwofesè yo te vin pran plis enpòtans atravè yon refòm ki te mete aksan sou yon gwo kanpay fòmasyon pwofesè&lt;ref&gt;Pierre Enock François, Éléments de Politique éducative et inégalité de chance scolaire, &lt;abbr&gt;pp.&lt;/abbr&gt; 102-103&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nan ane 1979, minis Edikasyon Nasyonal, Jenès ak Espò a, Joseph Claude Bernard, te lanse yon nouvo refòm edikatif ki te vize transfòmasyon enpòtan nan sistèm nan, sitou nan domèn fòmasyon pwofesè yo.

Dapre objektif refòm sa a, pwofesè yo te dwe resevwa resiklaj pwofesyonèl pwogresif pou aplike nouvo metòd pedagojik ak nouvo pwogram ansèyman fondamantal la. Pou soutni pwosesis sa a, yo te prevwa miltiplikasyon sant fòmasyon pwofesoral atravè distri eskolè peyi a.

Sepandan, estatistik Ministè Edikasyon Nasyonal pou ane eskolè 1993-1994 montre anpil limit nan nivo fòmasyon pwofesè yo. Nan sektè piblik la, 43,6 % enstiti yo te diplome nan lekòl nòmal enstititè; 22,8 % te genyen Sètifika Aptitid Pedagojik (CAP); tandiske 33,6 % pa t gen kalifikasyon pwofesyonèl. Yon etid PHONEP&lt;ref&gt;Fondation Haïtienne de l’Enseignement Privé.&lt;/ref&gt; te fè menm ane a montre nan sektè prive a, 32,9 % pwofesè primè yo te nòmalyen, tandiske 67,1 % te gen yon nivo etid ki pi ba pase brevet etid primè (katriyèm segondè).

Anplis, pwofesè ki nan zòn vil yo ak sa ki tou pre vil yo, yo jeneralman plis kalifye pase sila yo ki nan zòn riral yo. Nan ane 1995, sou 2 747 pwofesè segondè, sèlman 360 (13 %) te gen diplòm Lekòl Nòmal Siperyè, 500 (18 %) te gen yon lòt diplòm inivèsitè, tandiske 1 315 (48 %) te sèlman gen diplòm bakaloreya. Fòmasyon rès 556 pwofesè yo pa t idantifye. Soti nan ane 1990 pou rive 1995, pousantaj pwofesè ki sèlman gen bakaloreya nan ansèyman segondè a te ogmante soti 38 % rive 48 %. An jeneral, pwofesè sektè piblik yo parèt yon ti jan plis fòme pase sila yo ki nan sektè prive a, men nan toude sektè yo gen mank fòmasyon enpòtan&lt;ref&gt;Louis Auguste Joint, Système éducatif et inégalités sociales, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nan nivo inivèsitè, majorite pwofesè nan etid siperyè yo se diplome lisans oswa metriz. Jiska prezan, fakilte nan Inivèsite Leta Dayiti ansanm ak kèk nouvo enstiti siperyè ak inivèsite prive yo sitou bay diplòm lisans. Nan kèk fakilte espesifik, tankou Fakilte Syans Imèn ak Fakilte Etnoloji nan Inivèsite Leta, pwogram fòmasyon nan nivo metriz kòmanse devlope.

Plizyè lòt pwojè edikatif ki te vini apre refòm Bernard lan mete aksan tou sou nesesite pou ranfòse fòmasyon pwofesè nan sistèm edikatif ayisyen an. Plan Nasyonal Edikasyon ak Fòmasyon an kontinye ensiste sou kesyon kalite edikasyon.

Pou amelyore sitiyasyon an, Ministè edikasyon nasyonal ak fòmasyon pwofesyonèl mete sou pye plizyè estrikti sipò bò kote Lekòl Nòmal Siperyè a pou pran an chaj fòmasyon pwofesè yo. Pami yo genyen Sant Fòmasyon pou Ansèyman Fondamantal, pwogram Fòmasyon Inisyal Akselere (FIA), ak Lekòl Fondamantal Aplikasyon Sant Apui Pedagojik (EFACAP), ki gen misyon pou asire swivi pwofesyonèl ak akonpayman pedagojik pwofesè yo.

Nan ane 2013, yon gwoup pwofesè ansanm ak kèk kad Ministè Edikasyon Nasyonal te kontinye etid yo nan nivo metriz nan syans edikasyon atravè yon pwogram fòmasyon desantralize Iniversité Laval te òganize an patenarya ak Université Autonome de Port‑au‑Prince. 

== '''Echèk eskolè''' ==
Echèk eskolè reprezante yon gwo obstak estriktirèl pou sistèm edikatif ayisyen an. An reyalite, anviwon 30% timoun ki antre nan lekòl primè (oswa lekòl fondamantal) pa rive rive nan twazyèm ane etid yo&lt;ref&gt;Maria Ausiliatrice, mars 2011&lt;/ref&gt;. Fenomèn sa a montre limit kapasite sistèm edikatif la pou asire kontinwite ak retansyon elèv yo nan pwosesis aprantisaj la.

Done estatistik yo montre tou pousantaj reyisit la diminye pwogresivman pandan elèv yo ap avanse nan sik fondamantal yo. Li pase soti 84% nan premye ane fondamantal pou rive 50% nan nivo lekòl primè, epi li rive sèlman anviwon 25% nan fen twa sik ansèyman fondamantal la (9yèm ane fondamantal). Rezilta sa yo sòti nan yon etid Ministè Ekonomi ak Finans (MEF) ansanm ak Enstiti Ayisyen Estatistik ak Enfòmatik (IHSI) te reyalize an 2005 sou kondisyon lavi popilasyon an ann Ayiti&lt;ref&gt;Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances (MEF) et l'Institut haïtien de statistique et d'informatique (IHSI) en 2005 sur les conditions de vie en Haïti.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nan kontèks ayisyen an, pwoblèm echèk eskolè a afekte yon kantite elèv ki enpòtan. Estatistik yo montre gen 76 162 elèv ki konsène dirèkteman pa fenomèn sa a nan nivo ansèyman fondamantal la&lt;ref&gt;MENFP, février 2013&lt;/ref&gt;.

Dapre done estatistik Ministè Edikasyon Nasyonal ak Fòmasyon Pwofesyonèl (MENFP) te pibliye nan  ane 2009, 97 871 elèv sou yon total 118 537 kandida echwe nan egzamen bakaloreya sesyon òdinè 2009 la atravè dis depatman jeyografik peyi a.

Nan klas reto, sèlman 10 880 elèv te reyisi egzamen yo sou yon total 66 881 kandida ki te patisipe, tandiske nan klas filozofi, se 16 861 elèv ki te reyisi sou 51 658 kandida. Sa reprezante yon to echèk global ki depase 75% pou premye ak dezyèm pati egzamen bakaloreya yo pandan mwa jen 2009.

Pou sesyon ekstraòdinè yo, pousantaj reyisit nan klas reto pou peryòd 2002-2011 rete anba 60%, eksepte pandan ane akademik 2003-2004. Pou klas filozofi, pousantaj reyisit la rete anba 40% pandan tout peryòd la&lt;ref&gt;DPCE, MENFP, février 2013&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;MENFP : ministère de l'Éducation nationale et de la Formation professionnelle DPCE : Direction de la planification et de la coopération externe.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nan analiz sistèm edikatif ayisyen an, plizyè etid mete aksan sou relasyon ki egziste ant echèk eskolè ak kesyon bilengwis nan ansèyman an&lt;ref&gt;Jean Jacques 1995; Gina Latortue 1988&lt;/ref&gt;. Echèk eskolè timoun yo nan anviwònman lekòl ann Ayiti gen rapò tou ak plizyè lòt faktè estriktirèl, tankou:

* kondisyon fizik ak enfrastrikti lekòl yo (ensifizans batiman ak ekipman pedagojik),
* absans materyèl didaktik adapte ak pwosesis aprantisaj la,
* pratik pedagojik yo itilize nan klas yo,
* atitid ak konpetans pwofesyonèl pwofesè yo,
* nivo patisipasyon fanmi yo nan pwosesis fòmasyon timoun yo.

Anplis, sitiyasyon sosyo-ekonomik ak sosyo-kiltirèl timoun yo kapab enfliyanse eta mantal elèv yo&lt;ref&gt;FONHEP, 1999&lt;/ref&gt;, sa ki gen konsekans dirèk sou pèfòmans akademik yo.

Sistèm edikatif ayisyen an tou gen yon gwo pwopòsyon elèv ki depase laj nòmal lekòl la (élèves surâgés), sa ki kontribye nan ogmantasyon echèk eskolè a. Pwopòsyon sa a te pase soti 72% an 2003 pou rive 60,84% nan ane [[2011 (almanak gregoryen)|2011]]&lt;ref&gt;MENFP, février 2013&lt;/ref&gt;.

Pami prensipal koz fenomèn sa a, nou jwenn:

* antre reta timoun yo nan lekòl pou rezon ekonomik,
* bon jan kalite ansèyman ki limite,
* kondisyon aprantisaj ki pa favorab.

Faktè sa yo ansanm favorize ogmantasyon echèk eskolè nan sistèm edikatif la&lt;ref&gt;Maria Ausiliatrice, mars 2011&lt;/ref&gt;.

== '''Redoubleman''' ==
Kesyon redoubleman an reprezante yon pwoblèm enpòtan nan sistèm edikatif ayisyen an. Redoubleman an pa sèlman gen konsekans ekonomik pou fanmi yo ak pou Leta, men li gen tou efè sosyal negatif sou elèv yo&lt;ref&gt;Charlot, 2003&lt;/ref&gt;.

Done estatistik ki disponib yo endike 80% elèv ann Ayiti repete omwen yon klas pandan pakou eskolè yo&lt;ref&gt;IHSI, 2003 : cité dans le Plan Opérationnel 2010-2015&lt;/ref&gt;.

Fonksyònman sistèm nan konsa sanble ak yon antonwa pedagojik. Pa egzanp, sou 100 elèv ki antre nan premye ane fondamantal, sèlman 3 rive nan klas filozofi&lt;ref&gt;Banque mondiale, avril 2003, cité par le GRAHN, 2010&lt;/ref&gt;.

== '''Elèv ki depase laj nòmal nan Sistèm Edikatif Ayisyen an (SEA)''' ==
Pwoblèm elèv ki depase laj nòmal yo sa vle di timoun ki gen plis pase 14 oswa 15 ane nan nivo lekòl primè&lt;ref&gt;François, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; rete yon gwo defi ki antrave bon fonksyònman sistèm edikatif ayisyen an. Ann Ayiti, yo reprezante prèske mwatye kantite total elèv nan ansèyman fondamantal la.

Sitiyasyon sa a gen plizyè konsekans:

* li redui kapasite akèy lekòl yo,
* li kreye difikilte pedagojik nan jesyon klas yo,
* li poze pwoblèm nan nivo gouvènans ak planifikasyon sistèm edikatif la.

Fenomèn elèv ki depase laj nòmal yo se yon karakteristik patikilye sistèm edikatif ayisyen an. Li eksplike an pati gwo diferans ki genyen ant to brit eskolarizasyon ak to nèt eskolarizasyon.

Done ki disponib yo montre : to brit eskolarizasyon nan nivo preskolè se anviwon 57 %, tandiske to brit eskolarizasyon nan sik primè a rive nan 76 %.

Malgre sa, anviwon 380 000 timoun ki gen ant 6 ak 11 ane pa frekante lekòl. Nan zòn riral yo, 72 % elèv premye ane yo depase laj nòmal la, tandiske 38 % timoun ki gen ant 7 ak 18 ane pa janm ale lekòl&lt;ref&gt;Unicef Haïti ?&lt;/ref&gt;.

Plizyè faktè eksplike fenomèn sa a, pami yo : distans twòp ant kay timoun yo ak lekòl yo, difikilte ekonomik grav fanmi yo ap sibi.

Sitiyasyon sa yo pouse anpil paran retade enskripsyon timoun yo nan lekòl, sa ki kontribye nan ogmantasyon kantite elèv ki depase laj nòmal yo. Lè yo konbine ak gwo pousantaj redoubleman an, pwoblèm nan vin pi grav pandan pakou eskolè a, pou rive nan 88,7 % elèv ki depase laj nòmal yo nan klas CM2, ak yon laj mwayèn 15,3 ane&lt;ref&gt;PNEF, 1997, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 22&lt;/ref&gt;.

Dapre estimasyon yo, sou 2 milyon timoun ki frekante ansèyman fondamantal la, sèlman yon pati nan yo genyen laj ki koresponn ak premye sik la (6–11 ane).

Plis pase 1 500 000 elèv, sa vle di 72 % efèktif de premye sik fondamantal yo, se elèv ki depase laj nòmal yo. Fenomèn sa a limite kantite plas ki disponib nan lekòl yo, diminye efikasite entèn sistèm edikatif la, epi dekouraje elèv yo, sa ki favorize deperdisyon eskolè.

Pou amelyore sikilasyon elèv yo nan sistèm nan, politik edikatif yo prevwa oryantasyon yon gwo kantite elèv suraje nan pwogram fòmasyon akselere ki adapte ak sitiyasyon yo&lt;ref&gt;Plan Opérationnel, 2010-2015&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Fòmasyon a distans ==
Nan domèn syans edikasyon, fòmasyon a distans defini kòm yon modalite pedagojik ki pèmèt moun ranmase konesans epi devlope konpetans san obligasyon pou prezans fizik nan enstitisyon lekòl la ni san prezans dirèk yon moun k ap anseye. Nan kad modalite sa a, rezidans oswa nenpòt lòt espas kote aprenan an ye kapab ranplase espas lekòl tradisyonèl la, tandiske materyèl didaktik la vin jwe fonksyon prensipal transmisyon konesans lan.

Nan peryòd anvan yo, modèl sa a te souvan rele kou pa korespondans, paske prensipal echanj ki te fèt ant aprenan an ak enstitisyon fòmasyon an te fèt an ekriti epi yo te transmèt sitou atravè sèvis lapòs.

Jounen jodi a, aparisyon yon seri mwayen medyasyon pedagojik ak teknolojik pèmèt òganize ak difize kou yo ansanm ak kominike avèk aprenan yo. Sitiyasyon sa a fè konsèp fòmasyon a distans la vin pi laj. Pami prensipal mwayen ki itilize nan sistèm fòmasyon sa a, nou ka site: dokiman enprime, CD, DVD, entènèt, elatriye.

Malgre materyèl didaktik yo nan fòmasyon a distans souvan fèt pou pèmèt aprenan yo pwogrese nan fason otonòm, sa pa vle di yo abandone pou kont yo. Okontrè, yo kapab benefisye sipò pedagojik moun resous ki rele ttè oswa ttris, ki gen misyon pou bay konsèy, sipèvizyon ak akonpayman akademik pandan pwosesis aprantisaj la.

== Evolisyon fòmasyon a distans ann Ayiti ==
Plizyè enstitisyon te patisipe nan devlopman ak pwomosyon fòmasyon a distans ann Ayiti. Pami yo, nou kapab mansyone enstitisyon sa yo:

=== Misyon Advantis Ayiti ===
Depi nan ane 1968, Misyon Advantis Ayiti mete an plas yon pwogram kou biblik pa korespondans ki vize popilasyon ayisyen an. Kou sa yo prezante sou fòm ti fasisikil pedagojik ki gen ladan tèm etid yo ansanm ak kesyon evalyasyon ki gen rapò ak kontni biblik.

Dapre done ki disponib, pwogram sa a te konte 11 164 etidyan ki te enskri regilyèman, pami yo 6 777 te aktif.

=== Radyo edikatif ===
Estrikti sa a te kreye nan dat 6 desanm 1972 avèk objektif prensipal pou amelyore kalite ansèyman ann Ayiti. Atravè evolisyon li, enstitisyon sa a vin tounen yon sant pwodiksyon pwogram radyo ak televizyon edikatif.

Fonksyon li sèvi sitou kòm kanal difizyon enfòmasyon piblik pandan kanpay sansibilizasyon ak mobilizasyon sou kesyon enpòtan tankou: egzamen leta, katastwòf natirèl ak lòt kestyon ki konsène lavi sosyal ak edikatif popilasyon an.

=== Konferans Episkopal Ayiti ===
Nan dat 30 avril 1978, Konferans Episkopal Ayiti lanse estasyon radyo [[Legliz Katolik]] la ki pote non Radyo Solèy. Enstitisyon sa a te gen plizyè objektif estratejik, pami yo:

* sèvi kòm pon solidarite sosyal ant diferan kouch nan sosyete a;
* fasilite devlopman entegral sitwayen ayisyen an nan dimansyon sosyal, kiltirèl ak espirityèl;
* ankouraje alfabetizasyon gwoup sosyal ki defavorize yo.

=== Fondasyon Ayisyen Ansèyman Prive (FONHEP) ===
Depi nan ane 1990, FONHEP devlope yon pwogram fòmasyon a distans ki vize elèv 2yèm, 3yèm ak 4yèm ane fondamantal, sitou nan domèn matematik ak lekti kreyòl.
Pwogram sa a te difize atravè emisyon Radyo Lekòl Entèaktif. Gras ak entegrasyon estrateji aprantisaj aktif nan emisyon sa yo, FONHEP rive touche: 427 lekòl ak 50 484 elèv.

Nan kontèks kote gen ogmantasyon kantite elèv nan lekòl ayisyen yo ansanm ak bezwen pou fòme anpil pwofesè nan zòn ki lwen sant vil yo, fòmasyon a distans parèt kòm yon altènativ estratejik ki kapab diminye depans fòmasyon pandan li elaji aksè a edikasyon.

== Edikasyon espesyal ==
Pwoblèm aksè timoun ak jèn ki ap viv ak yon andikap (tankou andikap fizik oswa defisyans entelektyèl) genyen nan sèvis edikatif yo reprezante youn nan gwo defi leta ayisyen ap eseye rezoud nan kad refondasyon ak rekonstriksyon sistèm edikasyon an&lt;ref&gt;Plan Opérationnel, 2010-2015&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nan objektif sa a, politik piblik la prevwa mete an plas yon sistèm edikasyon espesyal ki baze sou bezwen patikilye timoun sa yo. Estrateji gouvènman an prevwa sitou:

* rann anviwònman fizik lekòl yo aksesib pou timoun ki gen bezwen  espesyal;
* adapte enfrastrikti lekòl yo;
* kreye kondisyon pedagojik ki  favorize aprantisaj ak devlopman entelektyèl yo.

Aprè tranblemanntè 12 janvye 2010 la, kesyon sa a vin pran yon dimansyon plis ijan, paske anpil moun ki te viktim katastwòf la devlope nouvo bezwen espesyal. Sitiyasyon sa a mande repons enstitisyonèl adekwa ansanm ak kreyasyon nouvo lekòl ki kapab bay ankadreman pedagojik apwopriye pou moun sa yo.

Sepandan, jiska prezan, edikasyon espesyal pa ankò konstitiye yon sou-sektè estriktire nan sistèm edikasyon ayisyen an.

== Relijyon ak edikasyon ==
Kesyon idantite nasyonal ayisyen an atravè sistèm edikatif la toujou soulve anpil deba, sitou anrapò ak enfliyans relijyon sou ansèyman ann Ayiti depi peryòd endepandans lan.

Plizyè chèchè pòsmodèn, tankou Thomas Kuhn (1962) ak Gilles Bourgain (2011), menm pwopoze pou reflechi sou posibilite pou distansye edikasyon ak enfliyans relijyon. Nan yon lòt pèspektiv, Max Weber, nan analiz li sou etik pwotestan an, mete aksan sou enpòtans aks kolektif ak solidarite kominotè, kote relijyon jwe yon wòl enpòtan nan òganizasyon lavi sosyal&lt;ref&gt;Max Weber, 1920&lt;/ref&gt;.

Malgre refleksyon teyori sa yo, ankraj relijyon nan tout sektè sosyete ayisyèn nan, espesyalman nan domèn edikasyon, rete trè solid. Konprann relasyon ant edikasyon ak relijyon kòm objè etid mande yon analiz ki pran an kont dimansyon etik, moral ak politik kesyon an.

Nan epòk kolonyal la, edikasyon te gen yon plas segondè akoz sistèm esklavajis ki te domine sosyete a&lt;ref&gt;Jean Fouchard, 1932&lt;/ref&gt;. Apre endepandans lan, divès konstitisyon ayisyen te rekonèt enpòtans estratejik edikasyon. Sepandan, mank resous ekonomik ak enstitisyonèl te limite kapasite Leta pou aplike politik edikatif li yo.

Nan kontèks sa a, Legliz Katolik pran yon plas dominan nan sektè edikasyon an, sitou paske Leta pa t gen ase lejitimite enstitisyonèl ak kapasite òganizasyonèl pou jere sistèm edikatif la. Sitiyasyon sa a vin ranfòse avèk konkòda 1860 ki te siyen ant Leta ayisyen ak Legliz Katolik la, ki te konsolide enfliyans legliz la sou ansèyman ann Ayiti.

Aparisyon Legliz Metodis nan peyi a nan finisman ane 1939 yo vin modifye balans pouvwa relijye yo nan domèn edikasyon an. Ant 1970 ak 1985, popilasyon pwotestan an te estime apeprè 16,2% nan popilasyon an, tandiske nan 1996, anviwon 39% moun ki t ap viv nan zòn metwopoliten yo te idantifye kòm pwotestan, kont 49,6% ki te katolik&lt;ref&gt;Fritz Fontus, 2006, cité par Laenec Hurbon&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kwazman sa a te ranfòse prezans legliz pwotestan yo nan sèvis sosyal yo, espesyalman atravè:

* lekòl;
* pwogram devlopman;
* pwojè agrikòl;
* lopital ak sèvis sante&lt;ref&gt;Page 134&lt;/ref&gt;.

Malgre kontribisyon sa yo, sistèm sa a pa t reyisi diminye inegalite edikatif nan peyi a. Gen kèk analis ki soulve enkyetid sou lefèt ke ansèyman ki te lontan nan men enstitisyon relijye yo te souvan sèvi kòm jistifikasyon ideyolojik pou inegalite sosyal.
An rezime, malgre kontribisyon enpòtan relijyon nan devlopman edikasyon ann Ayiti, espesyalman nan yon kontèks kote kapasite Leta limite, modèl sistèm edikatif la ki te enspire selon vizyon relijye oksidantal ki te enstale nan peyi a depi kòmansman XIXe syèk la pa toujou adapte ak reyalite sosyokiltirèl ayisyèn yo.
Konsekans prensipal yo se: gwo nivo echèk lekòl; yon òganizasyon lekòl ki souvan repwodui inegalite sosyal; ak yon fòm lekòl ki pa toujou koresponn ak bezwen popilasyon an.

== '''Nòt ak referans yo''' ==
{{Referans}}{{Portail|éducation|Haïti}}</text>
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'''Sikhism''', pi byen koni kòm '''Sikhi''', se yon relijyon ak filozofi Endyen  ki te soti nan rejyon Punjab nan soukontinan Endyen an nan fen 15ym syèk la. Li se youn nan gwo relijyon ki te fonde pi resamman e li te pratike pa 25-30.{{Espas}}milyon disip, ke yo rekonèt kòm Sikh.

Sikhi soti apati ansèyman espirityèl [[Guru Nanak]] (1469–1539), premye [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] lafwa a, ak nèf gourou Sikh ki te pran plas li. Dizyèm gourou a, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] (1666–1708), te nonmen Guru Granth Sahib, ki se ekriti relijye santral nan Sikhism, kòm siksesè li. Sa te mete fen nan liy gourou imen yo. Pou sikh,  Guru Granth Sahib ji a se 11yèm guru ki vivan pou tout tan an kounya.

Kwayans ak pratik fondamantal Sikhism yo, ki atikile nan Guru Granth Sahib la ak lòt ekriti Sikh yo, genyen ladan yo lafwa ak meditasyon nan non sèl kreyatè a ( ''Ik Onkar'' ), inite diven ak egalite tout limanite, angajman nan sèvis dezenterese anvè lòt moun ( ''[[Seva|sevā]]'' ), efò pou jistis pou benefis ak pwosperite tout moun ( ''[[sarbat da bhala]]'' ), ak konduit onèt ak mwayen pou viv. Swivan estanda sa a, Sikhism pa kwe reklamasyon ke nenpòt tradisyon relijye patikilye  gen yon monopoli sou verite absoli ditou. pou rezon sa, Sikh yo pa aktivman fè pwoselitism ditou tou, byenke konvèti volontè yo jeneralman aksepte. Sikhi mete aksan sou meditasyon ak pou moun sonje kòm yon mwayen pou santi prezans Bondye ( ke sikh di ''simran'' ), ki ka eksprime mizikalman atravè ''kirtan'' oswa entènman atravè &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwTg&quot;&gt;naam japna&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ( ke vle di  'medite sou non Bondye nan kreyol ). Sikh ki batize yo oblije mete senk K yo, ki se senk atik lafwa ki distenge fizikman Sikh yo ak moun ki pa Sikh. Pami sa yo gen ''kesh'' la (cheve ki pa koupe). Pifò gason Sikh relijye yo pa koupe cheve yo men yo mete yon tiban. konsa se enpotan konsep pou moun ke kwe sikhi.
 
[[Fichye:Jewels_of_the_Sikh_Faith.png|alt=|vignette|Pi gwo tanp Sikh yo: {{Ordered list|[[Golden Temple]], [[Akal Takht|Akaal Takht]]|[[Takht Kesgarh Sahib|Kesgarh Sahib]]|[[Takht Sri Damdama Sahib|Damdama Sahib]]|[[Takht Sri Patna Sahib|Patna Sahib]]|[[Hazur Sahib]]|[[Gurdwara Panja Sahib|Panja Sahib]]|[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan|Nankana Sahib]]|[[Gurdwara Dera Sahib|Dera Sahib]]|[[Sultanpur Lodhi|Ber Sahib]]|[[Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur|Kartarpur Sahib]], [[Dera Baba Nanak]]|[[Gurdwara Hemkund Sahib|Hemkund Sahib]]|[[Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib|Sis Ganj Sahib]]}}tanp an lò a (Akaal Takht)

Kesgarh Sahib

Damdama Sahib

Patna Sahib

Hazur Sahib

Panja Sahib

Nankana Sahib

Dera Sahib

Ber Sahib

Kartarpur Sahib, Dera Baba Nanak

Hemkund Sahib

Sis Ganj Sahib]]
[[Fichye:Tarn_Taran_1.jpg|vignette|Tarn Taran Sahib – Pi gwo Sarovar nan mond lan (pisin sakre)]]
Relijyon an te devlope epitou evolye pandann yon tann pèsekisyon relijye, li te vin gn plis moun ki konvèti ni nan [[Endouyis]] ni [[Islamis|nan Islam]] . Anperè Mughal nan peyi Zend te tòtire epi egzekite de nan gourou Sikh yo —Guru Arjan (1563–1606) ak Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675)—apre yo te refize konvèti nan Islam . Pèsekisyon Sikh yo te deklanche fondasyon ''Khalsa'' a pa Guru Gobind Singh an 1699 kòm yon lòd pou pwoteje libète konsyans ak relijyon, ak manm ki te eksprime kalite yon ''sant-sipāhī'' (&quot;sen-sòlda&quot;). Alo sikh yo te ka proteje tetyo

== Terminoloji ==
Majorite teks Sikh yo te ekri premye ann [[alfabè]] &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwfA&quot;&gt;Gurmukhī&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ki se yon ekriti ke t kreye pa Guru Angad li itilize pati ekriti Laṇḍā pou fe sa. sa te istorikmant t itilize ann peyi Pakistan ak Nò peyi Zend jodya.   Moun ki pratike Sikhism yo rele ''Sikh'', ki vle di &quot;etidyan&quot; oswa &quot;disip&quot; gourou a. Mo [[Lang angle|angle]] ''Sikhism'' lan soti nan mo Punjabi pou relijyon ''Sikhi a'' ( Punjabi   ''Sikkhī'', {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|ˈsɪk.kʰiː||Sikkhi.ogg}}, soti nan Punjabi mo pou &lt;span class=&quot;gloss-quot&quot;&gt;disip&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gloss-text&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;​ ),  ki vle di &quot;chemen tanporèl aprantisaj la&quot; epi ki soti vèb sikhana a ( oswa vèb la apprand.)   

Sikh yo opoze ak tèm ekzonim ''Sikhism'' nan pask yo di n ke se kolon Britanik yo ki te envante mo a olye de Sikh yo menm, epi yo prefere andonim ''Sikhi'' a pito. Yo diskite ke yon &quot;-ism&quot; vle di yon vizyon mond fiks ak imuiabl ki.  pa kongriyan ak nati likid entèn filozofi Sikh la.  Se poutèt sa, yo itilize tèm &quot;sikhi&quot; a an kreyòl, olye de &quot;sikhism&quot;, pandan mond lan kòmanse yon vwayaj gerizon apre kolonizasyon ewopeyen an. Lòt tèm Sikh yo itilize pou nonmen lafwa yo se ''gursikhi'', ''gurmat'', oswa ''dharam'' .
[[Category:Articles containing Punjabi-language text]]
Bazi Sikhi nan soti ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] anplis siksesè li yo (guru yo 2 rive 10).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/when-is-guru-nanak-jayanti-check-date-and-all-you-need-to-know-15064101.htm|title=When is Guru Nanak Jayanti? Check date and all you need to know - CNBC TV18|date=2022-11-03|website=CNBCTV18|language=en|access-date=2025-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sikh yo mete aksan sou kongriyans ki genyen ant devlopman espirityèl ak konduit moral chak jou. kreyatè li a, Guru Nanak, t'rezime pèspektiv saa lè li te di: &quot;Verite a se pi gwo vèti a, men pi wo toujou se lavi veridik la.&quot;   Sikhi mete aksan sou konsep ''Ėk nūr te sab jag upjiā'', 'Soti nan yon sèl limyè a, tout [[linivè]] a te pete.' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/44900217|title=The Art &amp; Architecture of THE GOLDEN TEMPLE COMPLEX, AMRITSAR|last=Dokras|first=Uday|year=2021|website=Academia|publisher=Indo Nordic Author's Collective|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120212545/https://www.academia.edu/44900217|archive-date=20 November 2023|access-date=September 20, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guru Nanak te mete aksan tou sou ansèyman li te bay disip li yo lè li te ba yo egzanp nan lavi reyèl.

=== Bondye ===
Sikhism se yon relijye [[monoteyis]] ak panenteyis tou. Sikh yo kwè ke se yon sèl Bondye ki egziste e ke Bondye an menm tan an nan tout bagay epi li anglobe tout bagay. Inite Bondye a refleke nan fraz ''Ik Onkar'' la.   Nan Sikhi, mo a pou Bondye se ''Waheguru'' ( ki vle di. '  Bon mèt ). ''Waheguru'' a konsidere kòm ''Nirankar'' (&quot;sans fòm&quot;), ''Akal'' (&quot;intemporel&quot;), ''Karta Purakh'' (&quot; kreyatè a ke yo te &quot;), ''Akaal Purkh'' (&quot;pi lwen pase tan ak lanmò&quot;) ak ''Agam Agochar'' (&quot; enkonpreyansib pou nou ak envizib&quot;). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Spiritual/2018-09-01/There-is-One-God/409124|title=There is One God|last=The Hans India|date=1 September 2018|website=[[The Hans India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710164237/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Spiritual/2018-09-01/There-is-One-God/409124|archive-date=10 July 2019|access-date=10 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nan sans literal, Bondye pa gen sèks nan Sikhism, men nan yon sans metafò, Bondye souvan prezante ak imaj maskilen, pandan ke pouvwa kreyatif Bondye a dekri ak imaj feminin. Pa egzanp, Guru Gobind Singh refere a Bondye kòm papa li, epi li dekri pouvwa kreyatif Bondye a kòm manman li. Menm jan an tou, Guru Granth Sahib sèvi ak imaj lamarye espirityèl pou dekri tout moun kòm nanm ki anvi ini ak Senyè a kòm mari yo. Anplis sa, ekriti a tou mete aksan sou lide ke gen anpil mond kote Bondye transandantal la te kreye lavi.. 

Sikhism kòmanse ak konsèp Ik Onkar (ekri nan punjabi kom  ੴ ), ki vle di “Sèl Kreyatè a”. Nan tradisyon Sikh la, sa pa sèlman yon non pou Bondye, men yon deklarasyon fondamantal sou nati reyalite a: gen yon sèl prezans diven ki ini tout sa ki egziste, san divizyon, san dezyèm. Ik Onkar konprann kòm yon ekspresyon monoteyis ki montre inite absoli Bondye a. Li souvan tradui pi lajman kòm “sèl reyalite siprèm nan”, “sèl Kreyatè a”, oubyen “lespri ki penetre tout bagay la”. Nan sans sa a, li pa limite Bondye ann yon fòm oswa yon kote; olye de sa, li montre yon prezans ki gaye toupatou nan kreyasyon an pandan li rete youn e endivizib. Nan vizyon Sikh la, Ik Onkar mete aksan sou lide ke pa gen separasyon reyèl ant Kreyatè ak kreyasyon: tout egzistans se yon sèl reyalite diven ki pran plizyè fòm, men ki rete fondamantalman ini ak youn.

''Mul Mantar'' tradisyonèl la sòti nan ''ik onkar'' rive nan ''Nanak hosee bhee such.'' Premye liy ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la avèk chak ''raga'' ki vin apre yap mansyone ''ik onkar tou'' : 
{{Referans}}
[[Fichye:Akalees_Emily_Eden_PDL.jpg|vignette|Yon eskis Emily Eden te fè an 1844 sou &quot;Akalees oubyen Imòtèl yo&quot;. Dijitalize pa Bibliyotèk Dijital Panjab la.]]
''[[Maya (relijyon)|Māyā]]'', dyo dekri kòm yon ilizyon oswa yon reyalite ki pa dirab, ki ka detounen moun nan chemen pou chèche Bondye ak delivrans. Li atire moun nan direksyon plezi ak soufrans ki sanble reyèl, men ki pase vit, e konsa li ka fè yo pèdi konsantrasyon sou devosyon pou Bondye. Sepandan, Guru Nanak te eksplike ke māyā pa sèlman vle di mond lan se fo, men li refere tou a fason moun vin atache ak valè mond lan. Nan Sikhism, yo kwè ke ego, kòlè, avaris, atachman ak lanvi—yo rele Panj Chor—se fòs ki pi fasil pou detounen moun, paske yo fè mal epi yo retire moun lwen Bondye. Sikh yo kwè ke mond lan ap viv nan yon epòk yo rele Kali Yuga, kote limanite pèdi chemen li akoz lanmou ak atachman pou māyā. Dapre kwayans sa a, moun ki vin viktim senk vòlè sa yo vin separe ak Bondye. Sèl fason pou geri eta sa a se atravè yon devosyon pwofon, kontinyèl, ak san rete. 
[[Fichye:Sikh.man.at.the.Golden.Temple.jpg|vignette|Yon Nihang Sikh nan Harmandir Sahib la, ke yo rele tou Tanp an lò a]]

=== Liberasyon ===
Moun ke kwe Mo Guru Nanak yo pa kwe destinasyon final yo tankou syèl la oswa tankou lanfè, men olye de sa yo ta vle jwenn inyon espirityèl ak linivè ''a'', ki lakòz delivrans oswa ''jivanmukti'' ('iluminasyon/liberasyon pandan tout lavi yon moun'),  yon konsèp ki yo kab jwenn tou nan [[Endouyis]] tou .  [[Guru Gobind Singh]] fè li klè ke nesans imen jwenn ak anpil chans, e pou rezon sa, nou ta dwe eseye viv pibyen ke nou kapab. 

Sikhi aksepte konsèp reyenkanasyon ak karma ki parèt tou nan tradisyon tankou [[Boudis]], Endouyis, ak Jainis, men li pa nesesèman abouti nan yon sistèm soteriolojik metafizik tankou yon “syèl diven” oswa “nirvana” kòm objektif final. Nan Sikhism, karma ak liberasyon yo modifye pa lide “gras Bondye” (nadar, mehar, kirpa, elatriye). Guru Nanak anseye ke kò a antre nan nesans selon karma, men delivrans final la rive atravè gras diven. Pou pwoche pi pre Bondye, Sikh yo evite enfliyans maya, kenbe verite etènèl la nan lespri yo, pratike shabad kirtan (chante im sakre yo), medite sou Naam (non diven an), epi sèvi limanite. Yo kwè tou ke prezans nan satsang oswa sadh sangat (konpayi moun ki sou chemen verite a) se youn nan mwayen prensipal pou libere tèt yo soti nan sik reyenkanasyon an. Anplis dimansyon espirityèl sa yo, kominote Sikh la ka konprann tou kòm yon kominote ki gen idantite kolektif solid, pataje memwa istorik sou matir ak pèsekisyon anba diferan gouvènman, sa ki kontribye nan yon sans inite ak konsyans istorik nan gwoup la.

=== Pouvwa ak devosyon (Miri ak Piri) ===
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Fichye:Interior-view-Gurudwara-Sis-Ganj-Sahib.jpg|alt=Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi. The long window under the marble platform is the location where Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed by the Mughals.| Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib nan Delhi. Fenèt long ki anba platfòm mab la se kote Mughal yo te egzekite Guru Tegh Bahadur .
Fichye:Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg|alt=Artistic rendering of the execution of Bhai Mati Das by the Mughals. This image is from a Sikh Ajaibghar near the towns of Mohali and Sirhind in Punjab, India.| Reprezantasyon atistik ekzekisyon Bhai Mati Das pa Mughal yo. Imaj sa a soti nan yon Sikh Ajaibghar toupre vil Mohali ak Sirhind nan Punjab, peyi Zend.
&lt;/gallery&gt;'''Miri Piri''' se yon doktrin enpotan ki moun pratike nan relijyon Sikh la depi 17yem syèk la. Doktran pou &quot;Mir&quot; la (aspè sosyal ak politik nan lavi a) avè &quot;Pir&quot; la (gid pou aspè espirityèl lavi a) te revele pa premye guru Sikh la, [[Guru Nanak]], men se sizyèm guru Sikh la, Guru Hargobind, ki t pwopoze'l nan dat 12 jenn 1606.    Apre mati papa l, Guru Hargobind te vin nouvo Guru epitou li ta akonpli pwofesi ki te soti nan figi prensipal Sikh la, Baba Bouda, ke guru a ape posede pouvwa esprityèl ak tanporèl. Guru Hargobind te kreye de nepe Miri ak Piri yo, ki senbolize otorite mondyal (toulede sosyal ak politik) ak espirityèl.  &lt;ref name=&quot;jas&quot; /&gt; De kirpan Miri ak Piri yo mare ansanm ak yn khanda nan sant la, alo konbinezon tou de yo konsidere kòm sipwèm. Sa ap vle di tout aksyon ki soti nan kè espirityèl la oswa ki enfòme l konplete objektif ak siyifikasyon yon moun nan mond aksyon an: [[espirityalite]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;jas&quot; /&gt; 

Nan Sikhism, gen kèk gwoup andeyò rejyon Punjab nan peyi Zend, tankou nan Maharashtra ak Bihar, ki konn fè **aarti** (itilizasyon lanp seremonièl) pandan obsèvans Bhakti nan gurdwara. Sepandan, pifò gurdwara Sikh yo pa pèmèt oswa entèdi pratik aarti pandan devosyon Bhakti yo. menm si diferans sa yo nan pratik, ansèyman gourou yo mete gwo aksan sou Bhakti ansanm ak lide ke lavi espirityèl ak lavi sekilyè yon chèf fanmi pa separe, men yo mare ansanm. Sa montre yon vizyon kote mond chak jou a se pati nan yon Reyalite Enfini, e plis konsyans espirityèl pote plis angajman ak enèji nan lavi chak jou. Guru Nanak t'esplike ide yon “lavi aktif, kreyatif ak pratik” ki chita sou verite, fidelite, kontwòl tèt, ak pite kòm yon nivo ki pi wo pase sèlman refleksyon metafizik. Nan sans sa a, Sikhism ankouraje moun viv espirityalite yo nan aksyon, travay, ak lavi fanmi, olye pou separe yo.


Konsèp limanite a, jan Guru Nanak te devlope li, rafine epi mete an kesyon yon fòm “monoteyis pwòp tèt li/Bondye”, avèk lide ke monoteyis la vin prèske san sans lè li pa eksprime nan mouvman lanmou ak relasyon vivan. Guru Sikh yo te anseye ke objektif moun nan se depase tout dualite, tankou “pwòp tèt ak lòt”, “mwen ak pa-mwen”, pou rive nan yon eta kote yo reyalize yon ekilib ant opoze yo: separasyon ak inyon, pwòp tèt ak lòt, aksyon ak inaksyon, atachman ak detachman, nan lavi chak jou. 

=== Chante ak mizik ===
Sik yo refere a im gourou yo kòm ''Gurbani'' ( lit. '   ). Shabad Kirtan se chante Gurbani. Tout Guru Granth Sahib Yo ekri tèks sa yo sou fòm pwezi ak rim, pou yo ka resite yo nan trant-e-yon raga diferan nan mizik klasik Endyen, jan yo presize sa. Sepandan, li ra pou jwenn moun nan kominote Sikh la ki metrize oswa ki abitye avèk tout raga ki prezan nan Guru Granth Sahib. [[Guru Nanak]] te kòmanse tradisyon Shabad Kirtan an epi li te anseye ke koute kirtan se yon fason pwisan pou reyalize trankilite pandan w ap medite, epi chante glwa &quot;Sipwèm Etènèl la&quot; (Bondye) avèk devosyon se fason ki pi efikas pou antre an kominyon ak &quot;Sipwèm Etènèl la&quot;.  Twa priyè maten pou Sikh yo konsiste de Japji Sahib, [[Jaap Sahib]], ak Tav-Prasad Savaiye .  Sikh ki batize yo ( Amritdharis ) leve bonè epi medite, answit resite tout Senk Banis Nitnem yo, anvan dejene. Senk Banis yo konpoze de Japji Sahib, Jaap Sahib, Tav-Prasad Savaiye, Chaupai Sahib, Anand Sahib ; se Ardās ki te swiv rezitasyon banis ''paath'' la, nan ki gourou yo anseye prensip [[Sarbat da bhala|Sarbat da Bhala]] .   

=== Sonje Non Divin lan ===
Yon pratik anpil enpotan Sikh yo fè se sonje  ''Naam'' (non diven an), Waheguru/Bondye.  Kontemplasyon sa a kap fè pa ''Nām Japō'' (lè w repete Non Divin lan) oswa ''Simran'' (sonj Non Divin lan atravè resitasyon). &lt;ref name=&quot;NaamSimran&quot; /&gt;  Repetisyon vèbal non Bondye a, oswa yon silab sakre, se yon pratik ke fe tout tan an  nan peyi Zend; sepandan, Sikhism te devlope ''Naam-simran'' kòm yon pratik Bhakti enpòtan.    Ideyal Guru Nanak la se ekspozisyon total èt yon moun nan Non Divin lan ak yon konfòmite ak Dharma, &quot;Lòd Divin&quot; an. Nanak te dekri rezilta aplikasyon disipline ''nām simraṇ'' la kòm yon &quot;kwasans nan direksyon ak nan Bondye&quot; atravè yon pwosesis gradyèl senk etap. Dènye a se ''Sach Khand'' ( ''Wayòm Verite a'' ): inyon final lespri a ak Bondye. 

=== Sèvis avè aksyon ===
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
Fichye:Mehdiana_5.jpg|alt=Sculpture at Mehdiana Sahib of the execution of Banda Singh Bahadur in 1716 by the Mughals| Eskilti nan Mehdiana Sahib ki reprezante ekzekisyon Banda Singh Bahadur an 1716 pa Mughal yo.
Fichye:Bodyguard_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg|alt=Some bodyguards of Maharaja Ranjit Singh at the Sikh capital, Lahore, Punjab| Kèk gadkò Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan kapital Sikh la, Lahore, Punjab.
&lt;/gallery&gt;Guru Sikh yo te anseye ke lè yon moun toujou ape sonje Non diven an ( ''naam simran'' ) epi li angaje nan sèvis san enterè ( ''[[Seva|sēvā]]'' ), li kapab simonte egoyis ( ''Haumai'' ). Selon Guru Granth Sahib ji a, egoyis sa a konsidere kòm rasin prensipal senk move enpilsyon yo, epi li se tou sa ki kenbe moun nan sik nesans ak lanmò a.  

Sèvis nan Sikhi gen twa fòm: genyen ''Tan'' (sèvis fizik, sa vle di travay), genyen ''Man'' (sèvis mantal, tankou konsakre kè w pou sèvi lòt moun), ak genyen ''Dhan'' (sèvis materyèl, ki gen ladan sipò finansye) tou.  Sikhi di moun pou pratike ''kirat karō'', sa vle di &quot;travay onèt&quot;. Ansèyman Sikh yo mete aksan tou sou konsèp pataj, oswa ''vaṇḍ chakkō tou'', sa se konsep la bay moun ki anndan bezwen pou benefis kominote'w. 

=== Jistis ak egalite ===
Sikhi kwè Bondye kòm vrè anperè a, oswa wa tout wa yo, sila a ki bay jistis atravè lalwa ''[[Kama|karma]]'' a, yon modèl ak gras diven tou.   

Tèm pou jistis nan Sikhi se ''Niāyā''. Li konekte ak konsèp ''dharam'', ki nan Sikhism vle di lòd moral ak jistis. Sa soti nan rasin tèm Endou ''dharma'', men li gen yon sans diferan nan kontèks Sikh la. Dapre Guru Gobind Singh, jan Pashaura Singh (yon pwofesè nan etid Sikh) eksplike, yon moun dwe premye eseye tout metòd lapè pou chèche jistis. Si tout sa echwe, li vin lejitim pou pran aksyon defansiv, menm lè sa enplike itilizasyon nepe pou pwoteje jistis. Nan Sikhi, yon  atak sou ''dharam'' ta dwe konsidere  kòm yon atak sou jistis , sou lòd moral, ak sou ekilib sosyete a. Se poutèt sa, ''dharam'' dwe defann nan tout sikonstans. Non diven an konsidere kòm yon remèd espirityèl kont doulè ak vis. Malgre padon se yon vèti enpòtan nan Sikhi, tradisyon an anseye tou pou evite moun ki gen move entansyon epi, si sa nesesè, pou reziste enjistis ak pèsekisyon relijye pou pwoteje jistis ak verite. sa se youn pli enpotan bagaj nan sikhi petet 

sikhi pa gen wòl espesifik pou gason ak fanm. Sikhi kwe ke menm enèji egziste nan toulede seks. fi ka fe menm bagay pa egzanp, fe hukamnamas .   

=== Dis guru ak otorite ===
{{Atik detaye|Singh Sabha Movement}}
[[Fichye:Sikh_Gurus_with_Bhai_Bala_and_Bhai_Mardana.jpg|vignette|Yon penti ra nan style Tanjore ki soti nan fen 19yèm syèk la ki dekri dis gourou Sikh yo ak Bhai Bala ak Bhai Mardana.]]
Tèm &quot; [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|guru]] &quot; a soti nan mo Sanskrit ''guruū'' a, ki vledi pwofesè, moun kap eklere, gid, oswa konseye. Tradisyon ak filozofi Sikhi yo te etabli pa dis gourou soti nan 1469 rive 1708.   Chak Guru te ogmante/ajoute epi ranfòse mesaj ansyen Guru a te anseye a, sa ki te lakòz kreyasyon relijyon Sikh la. Guru Nanak te premye gourou a epi li ta chwasi yon nivo disip kòm siksesè. [[Guru Gobind Singh]] te dènye gurou ki t gen fòm imen. Anvan lanmò li, Guru Gobind Singh te dekrete an 1708 ke Guru Granth Sāhib la t ap dènye gourou pèpetyèl Sikh yo. 


Guru Angad vini apre  Guru Nanak, pask li te chiassi pa nanak pou ranplase l. Pita, yon faz enpòtan nan kreye Sikhi nan te vini ak twazyèm siksesè a, Guru Amar Das . Ansèyman Guru Nanak yo t'mete aksan sou pouswit delivrans lan; Guru Amar Das te kòmanse bati yon kominote disip ki byen solid ak inisyativ tanku sanksyone seremoni diferan pou nesans, maryaj ak lanmò. Amar Das te etabli tou sistèm ''manji'' (konparab ak yon [[dyosèz]] ) pou sipèvizyon klerikal. 
[[Fichye:Interior_of_Akal_Takht.jpg|vignette|Enteryè Akal Takht la]]
Gourou Sikh yo te mete an plas yon sistèm ki pèmèt relijyon Sikh la fonksyone kòm yon kominote ki ka adapte ak chanjman tan yo. Guru Hargobind te jwe yon wòl enpòtan nan kreyasyon konsèp Akal Takht, ki vle di “twòn sila ki etènèl la”. Li sèvi kòm sant siprèm pou pran desizyon nan Sikhism epi li sitiye anfas Harmandir Sahib nan vil Amritsar. Jodi a, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee se òganizasyon ki nonmen lidè administrasyon an. Sarbat Khalsa se yon reyinyon istorik kote yon pati reprezantatif nan Khalsa Panth la rasanble nan Akal Takht la, espesyalman pandan evènman tankou Vaisakhi oswa Hola Mohalla, oswa lè gen gwo desizyon pou pran pou tout kominote Sikh la. Yon gurmatā (ki vle di “volonte Gourou a”) se yon desizyon Sarbat Khalsa a pran an prezans Guru Granth Sahib. Yon gurmatā ka sèlman pase sou kestyon ki gen rapò ak prensip fondamantal relijyon Sikh la, epi li obligatwa pou tout Sikh yo swiv li.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sgpc.net/sikhism/tankah.asp|title=Sikh Reht Maryada&amp;nbsp;– Method of Adopting Gurmatta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606154817/http://sgpc.net/sikhism/tankah.asp|archive-date=6 June 2002|access-date=9 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fichye:SikhGurus-LifeSpans-GurushipSpans.jpg|alt=Graph showing Life Spans and Guruship Spans of Sikh Gurus|centré|vignette|Dire lavi apwoksimatif ak dire Guruship 10 Sikh Gurus yo]]

== Lekriti Sent yo ==

=== Adi Granth ===
 
''Ādi Granth'' la te konpile prensipalman pa Bhai Gurdas sou sipèvizyon Guru Arjan an ane 1603 ak 1604.  l'ekri nan ekriti Gurmukhī a, ki se yon desandan ekriti Laṇḍā ki t itilize nan Punjab nan epòk sa a.  Ekriti Gurmukhī a te estandadize pa Guru Angad, dezyèm gourou Sikh yo, pou itilize nan ekriti Sikh yo e yo panse ekriti Śāradā ak Devanāgarī yo te enfliyanse li. Yo te kreye yon ekriti ki fè otorite pou pwoteje entegrite im ak ansèyman gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak trèz bhagat Endou ak de bhagat Mizilman nan tradisyon sant mouvman Bhakti nan peyi Zend medyeval la.  Trèz ''bhagat'' Endou ki te gen ansèyman yo te antre nan tèks la te gen ladan yo Ramananda, Namdev, Pipa, Ravidas, Beni, Bhikhan, Dhanna, Jaidev, Parmanand, Sadhana, Sain, Sur, Trilochan, pandan ke de ''bhagat'' Mizilmen yo te Kabir ak sen Soufi Farid .     Sepandan, anpil nan bhagat sa yo te depase idantite relijye tradisyonèl yo nan ekriti yo. Pa egzanp, Kabir, ki souvan konsidere kòm Mizilman, deklare nan Ādi Granth la: “Mwen pa Endou ni Mizilman.” [8] Guru yo ki te swiv tradisyon sa a te anseye ke diferan fòm devosyon yo tout vize menm Bondye enfini an. ''Ādi Granth'' la se yon premye bouyon Guru Granth Sahib la.

=== Guru Granth Sahib ===
[[Fichye:Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Gurū Granth Sāhib – ekriti prensipal Sikhism nan]]
 
Guru Granth Sahib la se ekriti sakre Sikh yo

==== Konpilasyon ====
Tèks la gen ladan anviwon 6,000 śabad (konpozisyon vès), ki ekri sou fòm pwezi epi mete sou mizik klasik ritmik ansyen nan nò peyi Zend. Pi gwo pati nan ekriti a òganize selon swasant rāga, epi chak Granth rāga sibdivize dapre longè ak otè. Im ki nan ekriti a yo klase prensipalman selon rāga kote yo resite

==== Lang ak ekriti ====
[[Fichye:Guru_Har_Rai_-_Mool_Mantar.jpg|vignette|Mul Mantar ekri pa Guru Har Rai, ki montre Ik Onkar nan tèt]]
Lang prensipal k itilize an ekriti yo rele ''Sant Bhāṣā'', ki se yon lang ki gn rapò ak Punjabi ak Hindi e ki t lajman itilize nan tout nò peyi Zend nan Mwayennaj pa moun ki t sipòte relijyon devosyonèl popilè a ( bhakti ).  Tèks la enprime nan ekriti Gurumukhi, yo kwè se Guru Angad ki te devlope li.  Lang lan pataje rasin Endo-Ewopeyen yo jwenn nan plizyè lang rejyonal nan peyi Zend. se cool pask sa signifie ke alfebè ki se alfebè anpil punjabi itilize te kreye pa yon sikh guru 

==== Ansèyman ====
[[Fichye:Sikh_musicians.jpg|gauche|vignette|Yon gwoup mizisyen Sikh yo rele Dhadi nan konplèks Tanp an lò a]]

:

==== Kòm gourou ====
Guru Gobind Singh, dizyèm gourou a, te deklare Guru Granth Sahib kòm siksesè li. Avèk desizyon sa a, li mete fen nan tradisyon gourou imen yo, epi li etabli ekriti a kòm reprezantan gourou etènèl ak enpèsonèl la, ki vin sèvi kòm gid espirityèl pou Sikh yo.    

Guru Granth Sahib yo enstale nan tout Gurdwara yo. Anpil Sikh bese tèt yo oswa fè yon jès respè lè yo antre nan tanp lan devan li. Nan anpil Gurdwara, yo enstale Guru Granth Sahib la chak maten epi yo mete li nan yon kote pou repoze li nan aswè. Li venere kòm gurbānī etènèl ak kòm otorite espirityèl siprèm nan tradisyon Sikh la. 

Kopi Guru Granth Sahib yo pa konsidere kòm senp objè materyèl, men kòm prezans vivan. Dapre Myrvold, yo trete ekriti Sikh yo avèk menm nivo respè ak yon moun vivan, yon ti jan menm jan ak fason premye kretyen yo te onore Levanjil la. An konsekans, yo pa jete ansyen kopi ekriti Sikh yo; okontrè, yo fè yon seremoni dènye respè (fineray) pou yo. 

Nan peyi Zend, Guru Granth Sahib te rekonèt ofisyèlman pa Lakou Siprèm peyi Zend kòm yon “moun jidisyè”, sa ki pèmèt li resevwa don epi posede tè. Sepandan, kèk Sikh avèti ke si moun pa byen konprann tèks la, respè ak venerasyon pou li ka vin tounen bibliyolatri, kote fòm fizik ansèyman yo vin objè adorasyon olye de sans espirityèl ak mesaj yo menm. 

==== Relasyon ak Endouyis ak Islam ====
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Fichye:Interior-view-Gurudwara-Sis-Ganj-Sahib.jpg|alt=Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi. The long window under the marble platform is the location where Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed by the Mughals.| Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib nan Delhi. Fenèt long ki anba platfòm mab la se kote Mughal yo te egzekite Guru Tegh Bahadur .
Fichye:Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg|alt=Artistic rendering of the execution of Bhai Mati Das by the Mughals. This image is from a Sikh Ajaibghar near the towns of Mohali and Sirhind in Punjab, India.| Reprezantasyon atistik ekzekisyon Bhai Mati Das pa Mughal yo. Imaj sa a soti nan yon Sikh Ajaibghar toupre vil Mohali ak Sirhind nan Punjab, peyi Zend.
&lt;/gallery&gt;


menm si Guru Granth Sahib la rekonèt Veda yo, Purana yo ak Koran an,  li pa vle di yon pon senkretik ant Endouyis ak Islam kom yon moun petet ta panse,  men li mete aksan sou nitnem banis tankou Japu (repetisyon mantra Non diven Bondye a - Waheguru ), olye de pratik tankou priye lè w mete ajenou devan Bondye nan yon direksyon espesifik kom Mizilmen yo fè lè yo priye, oubyen rituèl Endou tankou mete fil; menm si, premye a se yon aspè disiplinè nan adorasyon an, etandone Dhikr (souvni Allah) mete aksan sou li menm jan an tou nan Islam. 

=== Dasam Granth ===
[[Fichye:Dasam.Granth.Frontispiece.BL.Manuscript.1825-1850.jpg|vignette|Dasam Granth la se yon ekriti Sikh ki gen tèks ki atribiye a Guru Gobind Singh, tankou otobiyografi li Bachittar Natak . Naratif prensipal nan tèks la se sou Chaubis Avtar (24 [[Avata (endouyis)|Avatar]] dye Endou Vishnu a ), Rudra, Brahma, deyès gèrye Endou Chandi a ak yon istwa sou Rama nan Bachittar Natak . ]]
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
Fichye:Mehdiana_5.jpg|alt=Sculpture at Mehdiana Sahib of the execution of Banda Singh Bahadur in 1716 by the Mughals| Eskilti nan Mehdiana Sahib ki reprezante ekzekisyon Banda Singh Bahadur an 1716 pa Mughal yo.
Fichye:Bodyguard_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg|alt=Some bodyguards of Maharaja Ranjit Singh at the Sikh capital, Lahore, Punjab| Kèk gadkò Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan kapital Sikh la, Lahore, Punjab.
&lt;/gallery&gt;Dasam Granth la se yon ekriti Sikh ki gen tèks ki atribiye a Guru Gobind Singh. Nan lòt men an, espesyalis yo atribiye travay la a apre lanmò gouru a, paske se yon powèt enkoni ki te ekri li. ''Dasam Granth'' la enpòtan pou yon gwo kantite Sikh. Sepandan, li pa gen menm otorite ak ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la. Gen kèk konpozisyon ''Dasam Granth'' tankou [[Jaap Sahib]] ( Amrit Savaiye ), ak Benti Chaupai ki fè pati priyè chak jou ( Nitnem ) pou Sikh yo.  Premye vèsè priyè ardās la soti nan Chandi di Var . ''Dasam Granth'' la se lajman yon vèsyon mitoloji Endou ki soti nan Puranas yo: istwa sekilye ki soti nan plizyè sous yo rele ''Charitro Pakhyan'' — istwa pou pwoteje gason neglijan kont danje lanvi.  

Gen anpil vèsyon ''Dasam Granth'' ki egziste, epi otantisite ''Dasam Granth'' la vin tounen youn nan sijè ki pi deba nan Sikhism nan epòk modèn nan. Akali Nihang yo konsidere Dasam ak Sarbloh Granth kòm ekstansyon Guru Granth Sahib la. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/the-3-granths-in-sikhism-the-debate-surrounding-sarbloh-granth-dasam-granth/754060/|title=The 3 granths in Sikhism &amp; the debate surrounding Sarbloh Granth &amp; Dasam Granth|last=Sethi|first=Chitleen K.|date=21 October 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222223640/https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/the-3-granths-in-sikhism-the-debate-surrounding-sarbloh-granth-dasam-granth/754060/|archive-date=22 February 2023|access-date=22 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tèks la te jwe yon wòl enpòtan nan listwa Sikh la, men nan epòk modèn yo, gen pati nan tèks la ki te lakòz antipati ak diskisyon nan mitan Sikh yo. 

Sarbloh Granth la se yon tèks sakre ki gen 6,500 estwòf powetik tradisyonèlman atribiye a Guru Gobind Singh. Entelektyèl yo, bò kote pa yo, atribiye travay la a apre lanmò gouru a, paske se yon powèt enkoni ki ekri li. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/42718918|title=A dictionary of Indian literature|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119215901/https://search.worldcat.org/title/42718918|archive-date=19 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekriti sa a genyen, ansanm ak plizyè sijè, Atizay Sikh ak Lwa Lagè yo . Akali Nihang yo lajman adore ekriti sa a, epi anpil Sikh ki pa Nihang rejte li kòm yon travay otantik 10yèm gouru a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/606234922|title=Debating the Dasam Granth|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119234418/https://search.worldcat.org/title/606234922|archive-date=19 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dapre Harbans Singh, otantisite travay la rejte sou baz stil ekriti li ak metriz pwezi li ki pa koresponn ak travay ''Dasam Granth'' Guru Gobind Singh la. Epitou, tèks la mansyone yon travay ki te konpoze an 1719, byen apre lanmò Guru Gobind Singh. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/29703420|title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120005930/https://search.worldcat.org/title/29703420|archive-date=20 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; WH McLeod date travay la nan fen 18yèm syèk la epi li kwè se yon powèt enkoni ki te ekri li, ki te erèman atribiye a dizyèm gouru a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/435778610|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119202841/https://search.worldcat.org/title/435778610|archive-date=19 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Janamsakhis ===
{{Atik detaye|Singh Sabha Movement}}
Janamsākhī yo (literallman ''istwa nesans'' ) se ekriti ki di ke  yo se biyografi Guru Nanak. Malgre ke yo pa ekriti nan sans ki pi strik la, yo bay yon gade ajyografik sou lavi Guru Nanak ak kòmansman Sikhism nan.

== Obsèvans ==
[[Fichye:InsideSikhGurdwara.jpg|vignette|Darbar Sahib nan yon Gurdwara]]
Sikh pratikan yo swiv pratik ak tradisyon ki etabli depi lontan pou yo ranfòse epi eksprime lafwa yo. Yo ankouraje resite non diven Bondye a, Waheguru, chak jou, epi sonje pasaj espesifik nan Guru Granth Sahib, tankou im Japu yo (oswa Japjī, ki vle di “chante”), espesyalman touswit apre leve epi benyen. Sikh ki batize yo resite priyè maten yo, priyè aswè a, ak priyè lannwit lan. Nan lavi familyal, yo konn li pasaj nan ekriti yo epi ale nan Gurdwara (yo rele tou gurduārā, ki vle di “pòt ki mennen nan Bondye”). Gen anpil Gurdwara ki byen konstwi epi byen konsève nan tout peyi Zend, ansanm ak nan prèske tout peyi kote Sikh yo prezan. Gurdwara yo ouvè pou tout moun, kèlkeswa relijyon, orijin, kas oswa ras yo. &lt;ref name=&quot;brittanica-gurdwara&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/gurdwara|title=gurdwara|date=5 May 2024|website=britannica.com|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|access-date=28 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adorasyon nan yon Gurdwara konsiste prensipalman nan chante pasaj ki soti nan Guru Granth Sahib. Sikh yo souvan mete ajenou devan ekriti sakre a lè yo antre nan Gurdwara a. Resitasyon Ardas, ki soti nan dizwityèm syèk la, se tou yon pratik enpòtan pou Sikh yo. Ardas yo raple soufrans ak glwa kominote a nan tan pase, epi yo mande favè diven pou tout limanite.. 

Gurdwara a se tou kote yo fè pratik istorik Sikh ''langar'' la oubyen repa kominotè a. Tout gurdwara yo ouvè pou nenpòt moun, kèlkeswa lafwa yo, pou yon repa gratis, ki toujou vejetaryen.  Moun yo manje ansanm, e volontè kominote Sikh yo antreteni epi sèvi kwizin nan. 

=== Festival/evènman Sikh yo ===
Guru Amar Das te chwazi festival pou selebre pa Sikh yo tankou Vaisakhi, kote li te mande Sikh yo pou yo rasanble epi pataje festivite yo kòm yon kominote.  

Vaisakhi se youn festival ki pi enpòtan pou Sikh yo, alòske lòt festival enpòtan komemore nesans, lavi gourou yo ak mati Sikh yo. Nan listwa, festival sa yo te baze sou kalandriye linè a [[Vikram Samvat|, kalandriye Bikrami]] .  An 2003, SGPC a, òganizasyon Sikh ki responsab antretyen gurdwara istorik Punjab yo, te adopte kalandriye Nanakshahi a . &lt;ref name=&quot;nesbittbc&quot; /&gt; Nouvo kalandriye a trè kontwovèse pami Sikh yo e li pa aksepte pa tout sikh yo. Festival Sikh yo enkli bagay sa yo:
 

* Band Chor Diwas (oswa Diwali Sikh) se yon lòt festival Sikh enpòtan nan listwa li.  Nan dènye ane yo, olye de Diwali, kalandriye apre 2003 ke SGPC te pibliye a te rele li Bandi Chhor Divas man yon moun ka di toulede onetman. 
* Hola Mohalla se yon tradisyon Guru Gobind Singh te kòmanse. Li kòmanse jou apre Sikh yo selebre Holi,  pafwa yo rele li ''Hola'' .  Guru Gobind Singh te modifye Holi ak yon festival twa jou ki gen ladan Hola Mohalla, ki se yon ekstansyon pou atizay masyal. Ekstansyon an te kòmanse jou apre festival Holi a nan Anandpur Sahib, kote sòlda Sikh yo te konn antrene nan batay fo, fè konpetisyon nan monte cheval, atletik, tire flèch ak egzèsis militè.  

=== Seremoni ak koutim ===
[[Fichye:Sikh_wedding.jpg|vignette|Maryaj Sikh]]
Sikh yo te sipòte epi ede devlope gwo tradisyon pelerinaj nan sit sakre tankou Harmandir Sahib, Anandpur Sahib, Fatehgarh Sahib, Patna Sahib, Hazur Nanded Sahib, Hemkund Sahib ak lòt ankò.  Pelerinaj Sikh yo ak Sikh ki soti nan lòt sèk yo abitye konsidere sa yo kòm sakre epi fè pati ''Tirath'' yo.  Hola Mohalla ki antoure festival Holi a, pa egzanp, se yon rasanbleman seremoni ak koutim chak ane nan Anandpur Sahib ki atire plis pase 100,000 Sikh.   Gwo tanp Sikh yo gen yon ''sarovar'' kote kèk Sikh pran yon beny koutim. Gen kèk ki pote dlo sakre nan tank la lakay yo, sitou pou zanmi ak fanmi ki malad,   yo kwè ke dlo sit sakre sa yo gen pouvwa restorasyon ak kapasite pou pirifye ''karma'' yon moun.   &lt;ref name=&quot;singha7&quot; /&gt; Diferan gourou Sikh yo te gen diferan apwòch pou pelerinaj. 

Lè yon timoun fèt, yo ouvri Guru Granth Sahib ji a ann yon paj oaza epi yo bay timoun nan non li avèk premye lèt ki anlè agòch paj gòch la. Tradisyonalman, Yo bay tout ti gason non fanmi Singh, epi yo bay tout ti fi non fanmi Kaur (se te yon tit yo te konn bay yon moun lè l te rantre nan Khalsa a). 

Rit maryaj Sikh la gen ladan seremoni ''anand kāraj'' la.   Seremoni maryaj la fèt devan Guru Granth Sahib la pa yon Khalsa batize, Granthi nan Gurdwara a.  &lt;ref name=&quot;fenech33&quot; /&gt; Rekonesans ofisyèl ak adopsyon li te vini an 1909, pandan Mouvman Singh Sabha a. 

Lè yon Sikh mouri, tradisyonalman, yo boule kò a. Si sa pa posib, yo kap itilize nenpòt mwayen ki respekte pou debarase kò a. Yo fè priyè ''kīrtan sōhilā'' ak ''ardās yo'' pandan seremoni fineray la (yo rele sa ''antim sanskār'' ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sgpc.net/sikhism/antam-sanskar.asp|title=Sikh Reht Maryada – Funeral Ceremonies (Antam Sanskar)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020406164549/http://sgpc.net/sikhism/antam-sanskar.asp|archive-date=6 April 2002|access-date=8 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inisyasyon ak Khalsa a ===
Khalsa (ki vle di &quot;pi ak souveren&quot;) se non kolektif Guru Gobind Singh te bay,   bay Sikh ki te inisye nèt lè yo te patisipe nan yon seremoni yo rele ''ammrit sañcār'' (seremoni nèkta). &lt;ref name=&quot;SinghFenech2014p23&quot; /&gt; Pandan seremoni sa a, yo brase dlo sikre ak yon nepe de bò pandan y ap chante priyè liturjik; yo ofri l bay Sikh ki inisye a, ki bwè l nan yon rituèl.  Anpil Sikh pa inisye fòmèlman e nèt, paske yo pa sibi seremoni sa a, men yo respekte kèk konpozan Sikhism epi yo idantifye tèt yo kòm Sikh. Sikh ki inisye a, ke yo kwè ki fèt ankò, yo rele Amritdhari oswa Khalsa Sikh, alòske moun ki pa inisye oswa ki pa batize yo rele Kesdhari oubyen Sahajdhari Sikh. &lt;ref name=&quot;SinghFenech2014p23&quot; /&gt; 

Premye fwa seremoni sa a te fèt se te nan Vaisakhi, ki te sou 30 mas 1699 nan Anandpur Sahib nan Punjab.  Se nan okazyon sa a Gobind Singh te batize Pañj Piārē yo – senk moun byenneme yo, ki te batize Guru Gobind Singh li menm. Gason ki te inisye yo te resevwa non fanmi Singh, ki vle di &quot;lyon&quot;, alòske fi Sikh ki te batize yo te resevwa non fanmi Kaur, ki vle di &quot;prenses&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;SinghFenech2014p23&quot; /&gt;

Sikh ki batize yo toujou mete senk bagay, yo rele senk K yo (an lang Punjabi yo rele ''punj kakkē'' oubyen ''punj kakar'' ). Nan Senk bagay yo li genyen: ''kēs'' (cheve ki pa koupe), ''kaṅghā'' (ti peny an bwa), ''kaṛā'' (braslè sikilè an asye oubyen an fè), ''kirpān'' (epe/ponya), ak ''kacchera'' (kilòt koton).  Senk K yo gen tou de objektif pratik ak senbolik. 

== Istwa ==
 
[[Fichye:Punjab_map.svg|vignette|Kat jeyografik Punjab, kote Sikhism nan soti, kont fwontyè aktyèl yo.]]
Sikism te kòmanse nan zòn 15yèm syèk la.  Guru Nanak (1469–1539), fondatè Sikism nan, te fèt nan vilaj ''Rāi Bhōi dī Talwandī'', ke yo rele kounye a Nankana Sahib (nan Pakistan jodi a).  Paran li te Endou Khatri Punjabi .   Dapre ajografi ''Puratan Janamsakhi'' te konpoze plis pase de syèk apre lanmò li e pwobableman baze sou tradisyon oral,  Guru Nanak te montre enterè nan relijyon ak lavi espirityèl depi li te timoun, epi li te pase anpil tan ak asèt vwayaje ak moun ki sen. [1] Zanmi pwòch li te Mardana, yon Mizilman. Ansanm, yo te konn chante im devosyonèl devan piblik pandan nwit, epi yo te konn benyen nan rivyè a nan maten. Yon jou, pandan yon beny abityèl, Nanak te disparèt, epi fanmi li te panse li te nwaye. Twa jou apre, li te retounen epi li te deklare: “Pa gen Endou, pa gen Mizilman” (“nā kōi hindū nā kōi musalmān”). Apre sa, li te kòmanse preche ansèyman li yo ki vin fòme baz Sikhism. An 1526, Guru Nanak, nan laj anviwon 50 an, te fonde yon ti kominote nan Kartarpur, epi disip li yo te vin rele Sikh..  Malgre ke kont egzak itinerè li a pa klè, kont ajyografik yo di li te fè senk gwo vwayaj, ki te kouvri plizyè milye mil: premye vwayaj la te nan direksyon lès nan direksyon [[Bengal]] ak Assam ; dezyèm nan nan direksyon sid nan direksyon Andhra ak Tamil Nadu ; twazyèm nan nan direksyon nò nan Kashmir, Ladakh, ak Mòn Sumeru  nan [[Tibet]] ; epi katriyèm nan nan [[Bagdad]] .  Nan dènye vwayaj li a, li te retounen sou rivaj rivyè Ravi a pou l fini jou li yo. 

Gen de teyori ki opoze youn ak lòt sou ansèyman Guru Nanak yo. Youn, dapre Cole ak Sambhi, baze sou Janamsakhis yo ki gen yon nati ajyografik, epi li deklare ke ansèyman Nanak yo ak Sikhism te yon revelasyon ki soti nan Bondye, olye de yon mouvman pwotestasyon sosyal oswa yon tantativ pou rekonsilye Endouyism ak Islam nan 15yèm syèk la.Lòt teyori a deklare ke Nanak te yon gourou espirityèl. Dapre Singha, Sikhism pa aksepte lide enkarnasyon oswa pwofesi, men li mete aksan sou konsèp Guru a kòm yon nanm eklere, pa yon enkarnasyon Bondye ni yon pwofèt. Dezyèm teyori a kontinye eksplike ke Janamsakhis yo pa t ekri pa Nanak li menm, men pa disip ki vin apre yo, san gwo atansyon pou presizyon istorik, e yo gen anpil lejann ak mit ki te ajoute pou montre respè pou li. Dapre Cole ak Sambhi, tèm “revelasyon” nan Sikhism pa limite sèlman ak ansèyman Nanak yo, men li pwolonje pou tout Guru Sikh yo, ansanm ak pawòl gason ak fanm ki nan diferan epòk ki te rive nan konesans diven atravè meditasyon. Li gen ladan tou pawòl bhagat ki pa Sikh, kèk ki te viv anvan nesans Nanak, epi ki gen ansèyman yo antre nan ekriti Sikh yo.Guru Granth Sahib ak ansèyman Guru yo mete aksan sou lide ke Sikhism pa konsantre sou tande vwa ki soti nan Bondye, men sou transfòmasyon lespri imen an, kote nenpòt moun ka reyalize eksperyans dirèk ak pèfeksyon espirityèl nenpòt lè.

=== Enfliyans istorik yo ===
 
Devlopman Sikhism nan te enfliyanse pa mouvman Bhakti a;     sepandan, Sikhism nan pa t sèlman yon ekstansyon mouvman Bhakti a.   Sikhism, pa egzanp, pa t dakò ak kèk nan opinyon sen Bhakti yo Kabir ak Ravidas.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Pruthi&quot; /&gt; Sikhism nan te devlope pandan rejyon an te anba kontwòl Anpi Mughal la. De nan gourou Sikh yo, Guru Arjan ak Guru Tegh Bahadur, te refize konvèti nan Islam epi yo te tòtire epi egzekite pa dirijan Mughal yo.   Pèsekisyon Sikh yo nan epòk Islamik la te deklanche fondasyon Khalsa a, kòm yon lòd pou libète konsyans ak relijyon. &lt;ref name=&quot;pashauraarjan&quot; /&gt;   Yon Sikh dwe enkarne kalite yon &quot;Sant-Sipāhī&quot;.  yon sòlda sen .  
[[Fichye:Guru.Nanak.with.Hindu.holymen-b.JPG|vignette|[[Guru Nanak]] k ap eksplike ansèyman Sikh yo bay Sadhus yo]]
Apre kreyasyon li, Sikhism te grandi pandan l t ap vin gen plis konvèti pami Endou ak Mizilman nan rejyon Punjab la.     An 1539, Guru Nanak te chwazi disip li Lahiṇā kòm siksesè pou Guruship la olye de nenpòt nan pitit gason l yo. Yo te rele Lahiṇā Guru Angad e li te vin dezyèm gourou Sikh yo.   Nanak te konfere chwa li nan vil Kartarpur sou bò larivyè Ravi a. Sri Chand, pitit gason Guru Nanak la, te yon nonm relijye tou, epi li te kontinye pwòp kominote Sikh li a. Disip li yo te vin konnen kòm Udasi Sikh yo, premye sèk paralèl Sikhism ki te fòme nan listwa Sikh .  Udasi yo kwè ke Guruship la te dwe ale jwenn Sri Chand, piske li te yon nonm ki te gen abitid relijye anplis ke li te pitit gason Nanak. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oberoi1994p78&quot; /&gt;

Anvan Guru Angad te rantre nan komin Guru Nanak la, li te travay kòm yon ''pujari'' (prèt) ak pwofesè relijye ki te santre sou deyès Endou Durga .  &lt;ref name=&quot;ColeSambhi1995p18&quot; /&gt; Sou konsèy Nanak, Guru Angad te demenaje soti Kartarpur pou ale Khadur, kote madanm li Khivi ak pitit li yo t ap viv, jiskaske li te rive pon divizyon ki te genyen ant disip li yo ak Udasi yo. Guru Angad te kontinye travay Guru Nanak te kòmanse a epi li resevwa anpil kredi pou estandadize ekriti Gurmukhī a jan yo itilize l nan ekriti sakre Sikh yo. 

Guru Amar Das te vin twazyèm gourou Sikh la an 1552 a laj de 73 an. Li te respekte tradisyon Vaishnavism Endouyis la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li, anvan li te rantre nan komin Guru Angad la.   Goindval te vin tounen yon sant enpòtan pou Sikhism pandan Guruship Guru Amar Das la. Li te yon refòmatè, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). &lt;ref name=&quot;eosamardas&quot;&gt;{{Atik ansiklopedik|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479–1574)}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma .  Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwByM&quot;&gt;manji&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf nonmen yo rele ''sangatias'' ), &lt;ref name=&quot;FenechMcLeod2014p29&quot; /&gt; li te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' (dim) pou koleksyon revni nan non guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè,  ak tradisyon ''langar'' Sikhism ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas kominotè. Koleksyon revni nan men Sikh yo atravè moun nonmen nan rejyon an te ede Sikhism grandi. &lt;ref name=&quot;FenechMcLeod2014p29&quot; /&gt; 

Guru Amar Das te nonmen disip li ak bofis li Jēṭhā kòm pwochen Guru a, ki te vin konnen kòm Guru Ram Das. Nouvo Guru a te fè fas ak opozisyon nan men pitit gason Guru Amar Das yo, e poutèt sa li te deplase sant kominote Sikh la sou tè Guru Amar Das te idantifye kòm Guru-ka-Chak. Li te etabli kominote Sikh la sou sit sa a, epi yo te rele li Ramdaspur, dapre non li. Vil la te grandi piti piti e li te vin tounen Amritsar, ki jodi a konsidere kòm vil ki pi sakre nan Sikhism. Guru Ram Das te elaji sistèm manji a pou òganize nonman klerikal nan tanp Sikh yo, epi pou ranmase resous pou sipòte mouvman Sikh la ni nan plan teyolojik ni ekonomik.

An 1581, Guru Arjan, pi jèn pitit gason Guru Ram Das la, te vin senkyèm gourou Sikh yo. Chwa siksesè a, jan sa te pase pandan prèske tout listwa siksesyon gourou Sikh yo, te mennen nan diskisyon ak divizyon entèn nan mitan Sikh yo.  Pi gran pitit gason Guru Ram Das la, ki te rele Prithi Chand, yo sonje l nan tradisyon Sikh la kòm yon moun ki te opoze Guru Arjan ak fòs, sa ki te kreye yon faksyon nan kominote Sikh ke Sikh ki te swiv Guru Arjan yo te rele ''Minaas'' (literalman, &quot;vakabon&quot;).  

Sikh yo sonje Guru Arjan pou anpil reyalizasyon. Li te bati premye Harimandir Sahib la (ki pita te vin tounen Tanp an lò a). Li te yon powèt, epi li te kreye premye edisyon tèks sakre Sikh la ke yo rekonèt kòm Ādi Granth (literalman &quot;premye liv la&quot;) epi li te gen ladan l ekri senk premye gourou yo ak lòt 13 sen Endou ak 2 sen Soufi Mizilman ki te eklere. An 1606, anperè Mughal Jahangir te tòtire epi touye l,  paske li te refize konvèti nan Islam.    Mati li konsidere kòm yon evènman enpòtan nan listwa Sikhism. &lt;ref name=&quot;pashauraarjan&quot; /&gt; 

=== Avansman politik ===
Apre mati Guru Arjan, pitit gason li, Guru Hargobind, te vin sizyèm Guru Sikh yo nan laj onz an. Nan peryòd sa a, Sikhism te evolye anpil, e li te vin pa sèlman yon mouvman espirityèl, men tou yon mouvman ki te gen dimansyon politik. Guru Hargobind te pote de nepe, youn ki reprezante otorite espirityèl epi lòt la ki reprezante otorite tanporèl, sa ki reflete konsèp Miri-Piri a. Dapre tradisyon Sikh la, Guru Arjan te mande pitit gason li pou l devlope yon fòs defans pou pwoteje kominote Sikh la, epi pou li toujou rete antoure pa disip ame. Se anba Guru Hargobind mouvman Sikh la te kòmanse òganize yon milis ame. Pita, fòs Mughal yo te arete Guru Hargobind e yo te kenbe li nan prizon nan Gwalior. Li pa klè konbyen tan li te pase nan prizon an, paske diferan sous bay chif ki varye ant de ak douz ane. Li te marye ak twa madanm, li te bati yon fò pou defann Ramdaspur, epi li te etabli yon tribinal fòmèl yo rele Akal Takht, ki jodi a konsidere kòm youn nan pi gwo otorite relijye nan tradisyon Khalsa Sikh la.

An 1644, Guru Hargobind te nonmen pitit pitit li, Guru Har Rai, kòm pwochen Guru a. Nan peryòd sa a, Anperè Mughal Shah Jahan te eseye itilize estrateji politik pou febli tradisyon Sikh la, sitou nan divize epi enfliyanse pwosesis siksesyon an. Li te bay tè ak sipò bay Dhir Mal, yon lòt pitit pitit Guru Hargobind ki te rete nan Kartarpur, epi li te eseye ankouraje Sikh yo pou rekonèt Dhir Mal kòm siksesè lejitim Guru Hargobind. Dhir Mal te menm bay deklarasyon an favè otorite Mughal yo epi li te kritike granpapa li, Guru Arjan. Guru Hargobind te rejte Dhir Mal, e Dhir Mal te refize remèt vèsyon orijinal Guru Granth Sahib li te genyen an. Sitiyasyon sa a te lakòz yon divizyon nan kominote Sikh la.. 

Guru Har Rai gen renome pou lefèt ke li te rankontre Dara Shikoh pandan yon epòk kote Dara Shikoh ak ti frè li Aurangzeb te nan yon gwo batay pou siksesyon. Aurangzeb te rele Guru Har Rai, ki te refize ale epi li te voye pi gran pitit gason li Ram Rai nan plas li. &lt;ref name=&quot;McLeod2014p260&quot; /&gt; Anperè a te jwenn yon vèsè nan ekriti Sikh la ki te ensilte Mizilman yo, epi Ram Rai te dakò ke se te yon erè epi li te chanje li. Konsa, Ram Rai te fè Aurangzeb plezi, men li pa t fè Guru Har Rai plezi ki te ekskominike pi gran pitit gason li a. Li te nonmen pi piti pitit gason li Guru Har Krishan pou siksesè li an 1661. Aurangzeb te reponn lè li te bay Ram Rai yon jagir (sibvansyon tè). Ram Rai te fonde yon vil la epi li te jwi patwonaj Aurangzeb; vil la te vin konnen kòm Dehradun, apre ''Dehra'' ki refere a tanp Ram Rai a. Sikh ki te swiv Ram Rai yo te vin konnen kòm Ramraiya Sikhs.   Guru Har Krishan te vin wityèm gouru a a laj de senk an, epi li te mouri ak varyòl anvan li te gen uit an. Pa gen okenn im konpoze pa twa gourou sa yo ki enkli nan Guru Granth Sahib la. 

Guru Tegh Bahadur, tonton Guru Har Krishan, te vin gourou an 1665. Tegh Bahadur te reziste kont konvèsyon fòse Pandit Kachmir yo  ak moun ki pa Mizilman  pou vin [[Islamis|Islam]], epi yo te koupe tèt li an piblik an 1675 sou lòd anperè Mughal Aurangzeb nan Delhi paske li te refize konvèti nan Islam.        Koupe tèt li a te traumatize Sikh yo. Yo te boule kò li nan Delhi, pandan Sikh yo te pote tèt la an sekrè epi yo te boule l nan Anandpur . Pitit gason l lan, Gobind Rai, te pran plas li, ki te militarize disip li yo lè li te kreye Khalsa a an 1699, epi li te batize ''Pañj Piārē'' a.  Depwi lè sa a, yo te konnen l kòm [[Guru Gobind Singh]], epi yo te redefini idantite Sikh la kòm yon fòs politik ki reziste kont pèsekisyon relijye. 

==== Konfederasyon Sikh la ak ogmantasyon Khalsa a ====
Guru Gobind Singh te inogire Khalsa an 1699 kòm otorite tanporèl Sikh yo. Li te kreye yon kominote ki ini objektif espirityèl ak responsablite politik ak militè. Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, Guru Gobind Singh te deklare Guru Granth Sahib kòm otorite espirityèl siprèm pou Sikh yo.

Apre lanmò Guru Gobind, Banda Singh Bahadur te vin kòmandan an chèf Khalsa a.  Li te òganize rebelyon sivil la epi li te aboli oswa sispann sistèm Zamindari a pandan l te aktif epi li te bay kiltivatè yo pwopriyete tè pa yo. 

Anpi Sikh la, ak kapital li nan Lahore, te kouvri prèske 200,000 mil kare (520,000 kilomèt kare) ki enkli sa ki jodi a se nòdwès soukontinan Endyen an. Anpi a te antre nan yon trete ak pisans kolonyal Britanik yo kote tou de bò yo te rekonèt Rivyè Sutlej kòm liy limit, epi yo te dakò pou yo pa anvayi teritwa youn lòt. Maharaja Ranjit Singh kite yon eritaj enpòtan, sitou nan restorasyon ak elajisman Harmandir Sahib, ki se gurdwara ki pi respekte nan Sikhism, e ki vin pi byen konnen kòm “Tanp an lò” akòz mab ak lò yo te itilize pou dekore li. Apre lanmò Ranjit Singh an 1839, Anpi Sikh la te tonbe nan dezòd, paske li pa t kite yon sistèm gouvènman solid ni yon pwosesis siksesyon ki estab. Anpi a te rapidman febli, pandan faksyon entèn yo te divize Sikh yo epi sa te mennen nan Lagè Anglo-Sikh yo. Fòs Britanik yo te finalman bat lame Khalsa yo, ki te deja dezòdone ak demoralize, epi yo te kraze pouvwa yo. Pi jèn pitit gason Ranjit Singh la, Duleep Singh, te vin sou pouvwa pou yon ti tan, men li te arete epi egzile apre defèt Sikh yo.

==== Mouvman Singh Sabha a ====
Singh Sabha Movement, yon mouvman pou renesans Sikhi, te chèche revitalize Khalsa apre defèt Sikh yo nan lagè kont Britanik yo, espesyalman apre Dezyèm Gè Anglo-Sikh la, ansanm ak bès ak koripsyon enstitisyon Sikh yo pandan peryòd kolonyal la, epi nan kontèks pwoselitism lòt gwoup relijye nan Punjab. Mouvman an te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo, epi apre yon peryòd rivalite ant diferan faksyon, li te finalman ini anba Tat Khalsa, avèk objektif pou revitalize pratik ak enstitisyon Sikh yo.

Dènye Maharaja Anpi Sikh la, Duleep Singh, te konvèti nan Krisyanis an 1853, yon evènman kontwovèsyal men enfliyan nan listwa Sikh la. Ansanm ak konvèsyon li a, epi apre Anpi Sikh la te fin fonn epi rejyon an te fè pati Anpi Britanik kolonyal la, aktivite pwoselitism [[Kretyen|kretyen yo]], Brahmo Samajis, Arya Samaj, Mizilman Anjuman-i-Islamia ak Ahmadiyah te chèche konvèti Sikh yo nan soukontinan nòdwès Endyen an nan lafwa respektif yo.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopædia Britannica Online&quot;&gt;{{Atik ansiklopedik|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Singh-Sabha|title=Singh Sabha (Sikhism)|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online|access-date=25 October 2017|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226073623/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Singh-Sabha}}&lt;/ref&gt; Devlopman sa yo te lanse Mouvman Singh Sabha a. &lt;ref name=&quot;barrierssm&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopædia Britannica Online&quot; /&gt;

Premye reyinyon Singh Sabha Movement te fèt nan Harmandir Sahib nan Amritsar an 1873. Li te sitou inisye pa Sanatan Sikh yo, ansanm ak Giani yo, prèt yo ak granthi yo. Yon ti tan apre, Nihang Sikhs yo te kòmanse enfliyanse mouvman an, epi pita Tat Khalsa te lanse yon kanpay òganize ki te byen vit vin dominan nan kòmansman ane 1880 yo. Mouvman an te vin tounen yon konfwontasyon ant Sanatan Sikh yo ak Tat Khalsa yo sou fason pou defini ak entèprete Sikhi

Sanatan Sikh yo, ki te dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi—ki te deklare li se yon desandan dirèk Guru Nanak—ansanm ak Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt lidè, te defann yon vizyon plis enklizif kote Sikhism te konsidere kòm yon branch refòme nan Endouyis. Okontrè, Tat Khalsa te fè kanpay pou yon idantite Sikh ki pi eksklizif, yo pa t dakò ak Sanatan Sikh yo, e yo t ap chèche modènize ak defini klèman Sikhism kòm yon tradisyon apa. Singh Sabha Movement te elaji nan nò ak nòdwès soukontinan Endyen an, sa ki te mennen nan kreyasyon plis pase 100 Singh Sabha. Nan premye deseni 20yèm syèk la, enfliyans Tat Khalsa te ogmante nan fason Sikhism te entèprete ak nan kontwòl Gurdwara yo.

Tat Khalsa a te elimine pratik Brahmanik yo tankou itilizasyon dife yagna, e yo te ranplase yo ak seremoni maryaj Anand Karaj, dapre ekriti Sikh yo. Yo te retire zidòl ak imaj Guru Sikh yo nan Harmandir Sahib an 1905, pratik ki te parèt pandan administrasyon mahants yo nan ane 1800 yo. Yo te lanse yon kanpay sistematik pou estandadize aparans ak fonksyon gurdwara yo, pandan y ap baze sou ekriti Sikh yo ak tradisyon byen bonè pou “pirifye” idantite Sikhi a.

Siksesè espirityèl yo pou Singh Sabha a enkli mouvman Akali nan ane 1920 yo, ansanm ak Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) modèn nan, yon kò administrasyon gurdwara, ak pati politik Akali Dal la. 

==== Divizyon peyi Zend ====
[[Fichye:Dubheran_Gurudwara_in_the_aftermath_of_Rawalpindi_Massacres.jpg|vignette|Gurudwara demoli ak rès zo viktim yo ki te boule pasyèlman kouche atè a, apre masak Rawalpindi yo nan mwa mas 1947, ki te vin anvan divizyon an epi ki te premye vyolans ki gen rapò ak divizyon an nan Punjab ki te montre siy klè netwayaj etnik.]]
Sik yo te patisipe epi kontribye nan mouvman endepandans Endyen an ki te dire plizyè dizèn ane nan premye mwatye 20yèm syèk la. Finalman, lè Anpi Britanik la te rekonèt peyi Zend endepandan, [[Patisyon End|tè a te divize]] an de pati: peyi Zend ak majorite Endou ak Pakistan ak majorite Mizilman (Lès ak Lwès) an 1947. Dapre Banga, divizyon an te yon evènman enpòtan nan istwa Sikh la. {{Sfn|Banga|2017}}  Sikh yo te istorikman viv nan rejyon nòdwès soukontinan Endyen an sou tou de bò liy divizyon an (&quot; Liy Radcliffe &quot;). Dapre Banga ak lòt entelektyèl, Sik yo te fòtman opoze demand Lig Mizilman yo epi yo te wè sa kòm &quot;pèpetuasyon dominasyon Mizilman an&quot; ak politik Rasis kontre Sikh nan sak te fè pati Anpi Sikh la sèlman san ane anvan. Kòm sa yo, òganizasyon Sikh yo, tankou Chèf Khalsa Dewan ak Shiromani Akali Dal ki te dirije pa Mèt Tara Singh, te kondane Rezolisyon Lahore a ak mouvman pou kreye Pakistan, yo te wè li kòm yon posiblite pou yo pèsekite l; kidonk, Sik yo te fòtman opoze divizyon peyi Zend lan .  Pandan diskisyon yo ak otorite kolonyal yo, Tara Singh te parèt kòm yon lidè enpòtan ki te fè kanpay pou anpeche divizyon peyi Zend kolonyal la epi pou rekonesans Sikh yo kòm yon twazyèm kominote. {{Sfn|Banga|2017}}

Lè yo te anonse separasyon an, nouvo liy fwontyè a te divize popilasyon Sikh la epi li te kreye gwo tansyon. Ansanm ak Endou yo, Sikh yo te sibi vyolans òganize ak revòlt nan Pakistan Lwès, sa ki te lakòz yon migrasyon masiv sou bò Endyen an, kote anpil moun te kite dèyè pwopriyete yo ak kote sakre yo. Sepandan, vyolans la pa t soti nan yon sèl bò sèlman. Pandan Sikh yo t ap deplase sou bò lès liy separasyon an, kèk ladan yo te fè reprezay kont Mizilman yo, sa ki te fòse anpil Mizilman kite zòn yo pou antre nan Pakistan. Anvan separasyon an, Sikh yo te reprezante anviwon 15% nan popilasyon Punjab Lwès la, pandan majorite a te Mizilman (apeprè 55%). Malgre sa, Sikh yo te fòme yon elit ekonomik enpòtan nan rejyon an, avèk gwo reprezantasyon nan aristokrasi lokal la, epi yo te gen prèske 700 Gurdwara ak anviwon 400 enstitisyon edikasyonèl ki te sèvi kominote yo. Anvan divizyon an, te deja gen plizyè konfli ant majorite Mizilman yo ak minorite Sikh yo, tankou diskisyon sou pratik jhatka kont halal, lit sou pwopriyetè Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj nan Lahore (ke Mizilman yo te vle konvèti an moske pandan Sikh yo te defann li kòm Gurdwara), ansanm ak demann gouvènman pwovens Mizilman an pou ranplase ekriti Gurmukhi a ak ekriti Arab-Pèsik Nastaliq nan lekòl yo. Pandan Konferans Simla an jen 1945, anba lidèchip Lord Wavell, lidè Sikh yo te okòmansman mande pou yo rekonèt kòm yon twazyèm kominote, men yo te abandone pozisyon sa a pou sipòte yon peyi Zend ini kote Sikh, Endou ak Mizilman ta viv ansanm anba yon konstitisyon ki sanble ak modèl Swis la. Lig Mizilman an te rejte pwopozisyon sa a epi li te ensiste pou Pakistan genyen tout Punjab la. Finalman, lidè Sikh yo te favorize yon divizyon teritwa a, epi Komite Travay Kongrè a te sipòte rezolisyon pou divize Punjab ak Bengal.
[[Fichye:Sikh_Light_Infantry.jpg|vignette|Pèsonèl Enfantri Lejè Sikh yo ap defile pandan parad Jou Repiblik la nan Nouvo Delhi, peyi Zend.]]
Ant mas 1947 rive jiskaout 1947, yon seri revòlt, dife ki te mete kay boule, piyaj pwopriyete Sikh yo, asasina lidè Sikh yo, ak touye moun nan distri Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock ak lòt zòn te mennen Tara Singh pou rele sitiyasyon nan Punjab la yon “gè sivil”, pandan Lord Mountbatten te deklare ke “preparasyon pou gè sivil te deja ap fèt.” Revòlt yo te lakòz premye vag migrasyon yo depi avril, kote anviwon 20,000 moun te kite nòdwès Punjab pou ale Patiala. Nan Rawalpindi, 40,000 moun te rete san kay. Lidè Sikh yo te fè plizyè apèl dezespere pou èd, men tout kominote relijye yo t ap soufri nan dezòd politik la. Sikh yo te reprezante sèlman anviwon 4 milyon sou 28 milyon moun nan Punjab, epi 6 milyon sou prèske 400 milyon nan tout peyi Zend; yo pa t majorite menm nan yon sèl distri.

Lè yo te anonse liy divizyon an ofisyèlman nan mwa Out 1947, vyolans lan te rive nan yon nivo san parèy. Sikh yo te pami kominote relijye ki te pi afekte yo, ni an tèm de lanmò, ni an tèm de pèt pwopriyete, blesi, chòk ak dezòd jeneral. Sikh yo ak Mizilman yo te tou de viktim epi otè zak vyolans revanj youn kont lòt. Estimasyon kantite moun ki mouri yo varye ant 200,000 ak 2 milyon Sikh, Endou ak Mizilman. Te gen anpil ka vyòl ak swisid an mas pami fanm Sikh yo ki te pran kòm prizonye, ansanm ak yon gwo egzòd Sikh ki t ap kite Pakistan ki fèk kreye a pou ale nan peyi Zend ki fèk vin endepandan. Divizyon an te pwodui sa Banga dekri kòm “pi gwo konvwa refijye apye ki anrejistre nan listwa limanite,” ki te plis pase 100 kilomèt longè, epi ki te gen anviwon 300,000 moun, sitou Sikh ki te blese, dezespere, ak fache. Refijye Sikh ak Endou ki soti Pakistan te antre nan peyi Zend, pandan refijye Mizilman ki soti nan peyi Zend te antre nan Pakistan, nan yon gwo echanj popilasyon ant de nouvo eta yo.

==== Khalistan ====
[[Fichye:Thousands-Sikhs-protest-in-London.jpg|vignette|Sikh nan [[Lonn|Lond]] ap pwoteste kont gouvènman Endyen an.]]

== Moun Sikh yo ==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable floatright&quot;
|+Sikh nan peyi Zend 
! Eta/Teritwa Inyon an
! Pousantaj
|-
| Pendjab
|57.7%
|-
| Chandigarh
|13.1%
|-
| Haryana
|4.9%
|-
| Delhi
|3.4%
|-
| Uttarakhand
|2.3%
|-
| Jammu ak Kachmir
|1.9%
|-
| Rajasthan
|1.3%
|-
| Himachal Pradesh
|1.2%
|}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable floatright&quot;
|+Sikh nan Kanada &lt;ref name=&quot;canadareligion2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201|title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305220639/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201|archive-date=5 March 2023|access-date=26 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Pwovens/Teritwa
! Pousantaj
|-
| Kolonbi Britanik
|5.9%
|-
| Manitoba
|2.7%
|-
| [[Alberta]]
|2.5%
|-
| Ontario
|2.1%
|-
| Yukon
|1.0%
|}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable floatright&quot;
|+Sikh nan Angletè 
! Rejyon
! Pousantaj
|-
| Midlands Lwès
|2.9%
|-
| Gran Lond
|1.6%
|-
| Midlands de Lès
|1.1%
|}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable floatright&quot;
|+Sikh nan Ostrali &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=110&amp;EndYear=2001&amp;DataType=UR|title=Australia-Community Profile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123042443/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=110&amp;EndYear=2001&amp;DataType=UR|archive-date=23 November 2022|access-date=3 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Eta/Teritwa
! Pousantaj
|-
| Viktorya
|1.4%
|-
| Sid Ostrali
|1.0%
|-
| Teritwa Kapital Ostralyen an
|1.0%
|}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable floatright&quot;
|+Sikh nan Nouvèl Zelann &lt;ref name=&quot;figure&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://figure.nz/chart/K5hAmlDDPKAqwyjk|title=Religious affiliations in the Bay of Plenty Region, New Zealand|website=Figure NZ Trust|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220043832/https://figure.nz/chart/K5hAmlDDPKAqwyjk|archive-date=20 December 2022|access-date=19 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Rejyon
! Pousantaj
|-
| Bè Plenty
|1.6%
|-
| Okland
|1.5%
|}
Estimasyon ki soti an 2019 montre Sikhi gen anviwon 25–30 milyon disip atravè lemond. Yon estimasyon Charles Preston an 2020 bay yon chif apeprè 29,254,000 Sikh globalman. Dapre Pew Research Center, plis pase 9 sou 10 Sikh yo viv nan India, men gen tou gwo kominote Sikh nan Etazini, Wayòm Ini ak Kanada. Nan peyi Zend, popilasyon Sikh la prezan nan tout eta ak teritwa inyon yo, men li konsantre sitou nan nò ak nòdwès peyi a. Se sèlman nan eta Punjab kote Sikh yo fòme yon majorite (apeprè 58% selon resansman 2011). Anplis Punjab, lòt zòn nan peyi Zend kote Sikh yo depase 1.5% nan popilasyon an gen ladan Chandigarh, Haryana, Delhi, Uttarakhand, ak Jammu ak Kashmir, ki tout sitiye nan pati nò peyi a.

Canada gen pi gwo pwopòsyon Sikh nan mond lan lè yo konpare li ak popilasyon total li, ak anviwon 2.1%. Nan Kanada, Sikh yo fòme apeprè 5.9% nan popilasyon pwovens British Columbia (Kalonbi Britik), sa ki mete li pami rejyon nan mond lan ki gen youn nan pi gwo konsantrasyon Sikh, apre Punjab ak Chandigarh nan peyi Zend. Kalonbi Britik, ansanm ak Manitoba ak Yukon, se pami sèlman kèk divizyon administratif nan mond lan kote Sikhi se dezyèm relijyon ki pi pratike nan mitan popilasyon an.

Anvan divizyon End Britanik la an 1947, te gen plizyè milyon Sikh ki t ap viv nan zòn ki pita te vin Pakistan. Sikhism menm te fonde nan rejyon sa a, epi plizyè nan Guru yo te fèt toupre Lahore ak nan lòt pati ki kounye a fè pati Pakistan. Pandan divizyon an, Sikh ak Endou yo te kite Pakistan ki te fèk kreye a (ki te gen majorite Mizilman) pou yo ale sitou nan India ki te gen majorite Endou, pandan kèk te ale tou nan Afghanistan. An menm tan, anpil Mizilman ki t ap viv nan peyi Zend te deplase pou ale Pakistan. Selon rapò nouvèl an 2017, sèlman anviwon 20,000 Sikh rete nan Pakistan, epi popilasyon yo ap diminye, sa ki reprezante apeprè 0.01% nan yon popilasyon anviwon 200 milyon moun.

=== Sèk Sikh yo ===
[[Fichye:Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Bhavan,_Birmingham.jpg|gauche|vignette|Ravidassia Sikh Gurdwara, Birmingham]]
Sikhi genyn plizyè sou-tradisyon oswa gwoup ki pafwa rele “sèk Sikh,” ki diferan nan fason yo entèprete ansèyman, ekriti, oswa otorite espirityèl la. Gen kèk ki kwè nan yon liyaj gourou altènatif, lòt yo gen pwòp entèpretasyon yo sou ekriti Sikh yo, pandan kèk kwè nan swiv yon gourou vivan, oswa yo kenbe konsèp ki pa menm ak sa Khalsa ortodòks la defann. Pami pi gwo gwoup istorik yo, gen Udasi, Nirmala, Nanakpanthi, Khalsa, Sahajdhari, Namdhari, Nirankari, ak Sarvaria.

Nihangs yo – gèrye Sikh Panth yo oubyen twoup ame yo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Gen de gwoup prensipal nan lòd sa a: Buddha Dal, oubyen lame veteran yo, ak Tarna Dal, oubyen lame jèn yo. Gen lòt ti gwoup ki konekte ak de lòd sa yo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/akalis.html|title=Akalis/Nihangs|website=philtar.ac.uk|access-date=22 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prezidan Buddha Dal la, anvan sa, te toujou sèvi kòm prezidan Akaal Takht la, ki gen jiridiksyon sou tout bagay ki gen rapò ak lòd Akaali Nihang la. 
[[Fichye:Dr._Sant_Singh_Khalsa,_a_white_convert_to_Sikhism,_who_authored_the_most_widely_used_translation_of_the_primary_Sikh_Scripture.jpg|vignette|Sant Singh Khalsa, yon blan konvèti nan Sikhism, se te otè tradiksyon Guru Granth Sahib ki pi itilize a.]]
Nirmalas – entelektyèl. Yo te konpoze tèks epi tou yo te etidye yon pakèt literati Endyen ak kèk literati ki pa Endyen. Yo te kominike avèk lòt moun ki nan chemen Dharmik yo tou. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/nirmal.html|title=Nirmalas|website=philtar.ac.uk|access-date=22 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dizyèm gourou a te enstitisyonalize yo tou. Bhai Daya Singh Ji Samparda ak Bhai Dharam Singh Ji Samparda, de nan Panj Pyare yo oubyen moun dizyèm gourou a te renmen anpil, te fonde de lòd Nirmala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nirmalashramrishikesh.org/Home.asp?GivePage=reso1024|title=Nirmal Home|date=15 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615052041/http://nirmalashramrishikesh.org/Home.asp?GivePage=reso1024|archive-date=15 June 2006|access-date=22 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Udasis – yon gwoup asèt ki istorikman te pran swen Gurdwara yo epi ki te fè aktivite misyonè . Malgre yo pa t fè pwomosyon pou li bay lòt moun, gen kèk nan pratik yo ki diferan de majorite kwayans Sikh yo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/udas.html|title=Udasis|website=philtar.ac.uk|access-date=22 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baba Sri Chand, pi gran Sahibzada (pitit gason) premye gourou a, [[Guru Nanak|Guru Nanak Dev]], te fonde lòd la. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Gurdev yo a se Baba Sri Chand. 

Sevapanthis – yon gwoup ki konsantre sou travay charitab ak sèvis san enterè (seva), san atann okenn peman an retou. Yo angaje tou nan travay akademik ak aktivite entelektyèl. Bhai Kahnaiya ji, ki te yon disip nan epòk nevyèm ak dizyèm Guru yo, souvan konsidere kòm premye chèf tradisyon sa a. Li te vin byen koni paske li te bay asistans medikal ak dlo bay sòlda blese sou tou de bò konfli yo pandan lagè, san li pa fè distenksyon ant zanmi ak lènmi. Jodi a, sèlman kèk manm Sevapanthi yo rete aktif. Istorikman, anviwònman kote yo te devlope ak kote yo te kominike te sitou yon rejyon ki te gen yon majorite Islam.

Gyaaniyan Samparda – inivèsite Sikhi a, byenke teknikman li pa yon lòd, li esansyèlman sèvi kòm youn.  Konpoze ak moun ki fè pati tout sèk ki anwo yo. Anpil branch nan lòd sa a.
[[Fichye:Ustad_Baljit_Singh_Luxmi_Namdhari_and_Fateh_Singh.jpg|gauche|vignette|Sikh Namdhari yo, ke yo rele tou Sikh ''Kuka'' yo, se yon sèk Sikhism ki rekonèt pou rad blan byen pwòp yo ak ''pagari'' orizontal (tiban).   Anwo a: Chantè ak mizisyen Namdhari yo.]]
Premye sèk Sikh yo se te Udasis ak Minas, fonde pa Baba Sri Chand – pi gran pitit gason [[Guru Nanak]], ak Prithi Chand – pi gran pitit gason Guru Ram Das respektivman, an paralèl ak siksesyon ofisyèl gourou Sikh yo. Pita, sèk Ramraiya, fonde pa Ram Rai, te grandi nan Dehradun avèk patwonaj Aurangzeb. &lt;ref name=&quot;FenechMcLeod2014p260&quot; /&gt; Anpil kominote Sikh divize te fòme pandan epòk Anpi Mughal la. Kèk nan sèk sa yo te resevwa sipò finansyè ak administratif nan men dirijan Mughal yo nan espwa pou yo te ka gen yon sitwayen ki pi favorab e ki pi obeyisan.  

Apre efondreman Anpi Mughal la, e patikilyèman pandan rèy Ranjit Singh, Sikh Udasi yo te pwoteje tanp Sikh yo, prezève ekriti Sikh yo epi rebati sa yo ki te pwofane oswa detwi pandan lagè Mizilman-Sikh yo. Sepandan, Sikh Udasi yo te kenbe zidòl ak imaj andedan tanp Sikh sa yo.   Nan 19yèm syèk la, sèk Namdharis ak Nirankaris te fòme nan Sikhism, k ap chèche refòme epi retounen nan sa yo chak te kwè ki te fòm pi Sikhism lan.   

Tout sèk sa yo diferan de Sikh ortodoks Khalsa yo nan kwayans ak pratik yo, tankou kontinye selebre maryaj yo otou dife epi yo estrikteman vejetaryen.   Anpil moun aksepte konsèp gourou vivan tankou Guru Baba Dyal Singh . Sèk Nirankari a, byenke li pa òtodòks, te enfliyan nan fòme opinyon Tat Khalsa ak kwayans ak pratik Sikh epòk kontanporen an.   Yon lòt sèk Sikh enpòtan nan 19yèm syèk la se te mouvman Radhasoami nan Punjab ki te dirije pa Baba Shiv Dyal.  Lòt sèk Sikh epòk kontanporen yo enkli [[3HO]] a, ki te fòme an 1971, ki egziste andeyò peyi Zend, patikilyèman nan Amerik di Nò ak Ewòp. &lt;ref name=&quot;HaarKalsi2009p9&quot; /&gt;  

=== Kas Sikh yo ===
Dapre Surinder S. Jodhka, eta Punjab, ki gen yon majorite Sikh, gen youn nan pi gwo pwopòsyon popilasyon ki klase kòm kas anrejistre nan peyi Zend. Malgre Sikhism ofisyèlman rejte sistèm kas la, li toujou egziste nan pratik sosyal pami Sikh yo. Jodhka note ke sistèm kas la, ansanm ak pratik entouchabilite, te pi vizib nan zòn riral Punjab yo. Kas Sikh ki gen plis pouvwa ekonomik, sitou pwopriyetè tè yo, pa fin elimine prejije kont Dalit yo. Menm si Dalit yo ka antre nan gurdwara nan vilaj yo, yo pafwa pa gen dwa prepare oswa sèvi langar (manje kominotè). Dalit Sikh yo nan Punjab te reponn a sitiyasyon sa a lè yo te kreye pwòp gurdwara yo ak lòt enstitisyon lokal pou chèche plis diyite ak amelyorasyon materyèl. Jodhka fè remake tou ke akòz ogmantasyon mobilite ekonomik nan Punjab modèn nan, kas yo pa toujou detèmine travay oswa okipasyon ankò, ni relasyon travay yo pa nesesèman mare ak yon sèl kominote oswa kote. An 1953, gouvènman Endyen an te aksepte demand lidè Sikh Master Tara Singh pou enkli Dalit Sikh yo nan lis kas anrejistre yo. Anplis, nan Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, 20 sou 140 plas yo rezève pou Sikh ki soti nan kas ki pi ba yo.

=== Dyaspora Sikh la ===
[[Fichye:Sikhs_on_the_move!.jpg|vignette|Sikh yo ap selebre Vaisakhi nan Toronto, Kanada.]]
Nan lemonn antye, gen 30&amp;nbsp;milyon Sikh, &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;McLeod, William Hewat. 2019 [1998]. {{Atik ansiklopedik|title=Sikhism}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ki reprezante 0.4% nan popilasyon mondyal la. Apeprè 75% nan Sikh yo ap viv nan Punjab, kote yo reprezante 57.7% nan popilasyon eta a. Gwo kominote Sikh yo imigre nan eta vwazen yo tankou Eta Endyen Haryana ki se lakay dezyèm pi gwo popilasyon Sikh nan peyi Zend ak 1.1&amp;nbsp;milyon Sikh dapre resansman 2001 an, epi ou ka jwenn gwo kominote imigran Sikh toupatou nan peyi Zend. Sepandan, Sikh yo sèlman reprezante anviwon 1.7% nan popilasyon Endyen an. 

Pifò Sikh ki pa nan peyi Zend ap viv nan sant Anglosfè a, avèk 771,790 nan Kanada (2.1% Sikh), &lt;ref name=&quot;canadareligion2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201|title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305220639/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201|archive-date=5 March 2023|access-date=26 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm|title=The Daily — The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www150.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=26 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; 524,140 nan Wayòm Ini a (0.9% Sikh), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021|title=Religion, England and Wales – Office for National Statistics|website=ons.gov.uk|access-date=29 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; 280,000 nan Etazini (0.1% Sikh), {{Refn|While the [[U.S. Census]] does not ask about religion,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=
Does the Census Bureau have data for religion?
|url=https://ask.census.gov/prweb/PRServletCustom/app/ECORRAsk2_/YACFBFye-rFIz_FoGtyvDRUGg1Uzu5Mn*/!STANDARD?pzuiactionzzz=CXtpbn0rTEpMcGRYOG1vS0tqTFAwaENUZWpvM1NNWEMzZ3p5aFpnWUxzVmw0TjJndno5ZkJPc24xNWYvcCtNbVVjWk5Z*|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; 70,697 Americans (or {{Percentage|70,697|331,449,281|2}} of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the [[2020 U.S. census|2020 census]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=
Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-asian-population.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[2021 Canadian census]], 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion, indicating that the Sikh American population may be around 280,329, or {{Percentage|280,329|331,449,281|2}} of the total population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=
Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population| date=9 February 2022 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&amp;DGUIDList=2021A000011124&amp;GENDERList=1,2,3&amp;STATISTICList=1,4&amp;HEADERList=0&amp;SearchText=Canada|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[U.S. Census Bureau]] estimated the adult Sikh American population at 78,000 in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Pew Research Center]] estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012 while the World Religion Database at Boston University estimated the American Sikh population to be at 280,000 in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;How Many U.S. Sikhs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=How Many U.S. Sikhs?|date=6 August 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sikh organisations like the [[Sikh Coalition]] and [[American Sikh Congressional Caucus]] estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=About Sikhs|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/about-sikhs/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=H. RES. 275 - 118th Congress (2023-2024)| date=10 April 2023 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/275/text?s=1&amp;r=1/|publisher=[[United States Congress]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;How Many U.S. Sikhs&quot;/&gt; 500,000 nevertheless remains the most cited Sikh American population size in news media.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sikhism Reporter's Guide|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=23 July 2023|archive-date=23 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723043536/https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Sikh Community Today |url=https://pluralism.org/the-sikh-community-today|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote=&quot;Today there are well over 500,000 Sikhs in the United States.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=American Sikhs are targets of bigotry, often due to cultural ignorance |date=10 August 2022 |url=https://religionnews.com/2022/08/10/american-sikhs-are-targets-of-bigotry-often-due-to-cultural-ignorance/|publisher=[[Religion News Service]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote=&quot;Scholars and government officials estimate the Sikh American population to number around 500,000.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sikhs in America:A History of Hate |date=4 August 2017 |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/sikhs-in-america-hate-crime-victims-and-bias|publisher=[[ProPublica]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote=&quot;There are an estimated 500,000 Sikhs living in the U.S., many in New York and California.&quot;
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month |url=https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/proclamations/2022/04/01/april-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month|publisher=State of Michigan Office of the Governor|access-date=28 March 2023|quote=&quot;Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world, and, today, there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide and an estimated 500,000 Sikh Americans;&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Want to know about Sikhism?|date=23 May 2022 |url=https://www.wuwm.com/2022-05-23/want-to-know-about-sikhism-head-to-new-book-collection-in-oak-creek|publisher=[[WUWM]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote=&quot;There are more than 500,000 Sikhs in the United States.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief Introduction to Sikhism|date=5 May 2021 |url=https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2021/05/05/sikhism-chicago|publisher=[[WTTW]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote=&quot;Despite its relatively recent arrival in Chicago, Sikhism is the world’s fifth-largest religion, with 25 to 30 million adherents around the globe and an estimated 500,000 in America today.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} With 1% of [[Asian Americans#Religion|Asian Americans]] being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated around 280,000 in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths|date=19 July 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/07/19/asian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-overview/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2020 National Sikh American Survey: Key Findings|date=23 October 2020|url=https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|publisher=[[Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund]]|access-date=14 April 2023|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414220224/https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=DP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES|url=https://data.census.gov/table?tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP05|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} 210,400 nan Ostrali (0.8% Sikh), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://blog.id.com.au/2012/australian-census-2011/2011-australian-census-fastest-growing-religions/|title=2011 Australian Census – Fastest Growing Religions|last=Glenn|date=6 September 2012|publisher=Blog.id.com.au|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419034240/http://blog.id.com.au/2012/australian-census-2011/2011-australian-census-fastest-growing-religions/|archive-date=19 April 2013|access-date=2 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Article~80|title=2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016|date=28 June 2017|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=14 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ak 40,908 nan Nouvèl Zelann (0.9% Sikh). &lt;ref name=&quot;New Zealand Sikh population&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/losing-our-religion|title=Losing our religion &amp;#124; Stats NZ}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;kilè?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Pandan ke kominote sa yo gen plis pase 125 an, pifò Sikh nan Lwès la se imigran premye, dezyèm oswa twazyèm jenerasyon. As of  Dapre Resansman Kanadyen 2021 an, plis pase mwatye Sikh Kanada yo ka jwenn nan youn nan kat vil sa yo: Brampton (163,260), &lt;ref name=&quot;bramptoncity2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&amp;GENDERlist=1,2,3&amp;STATISTIClist=1,4&amp;DGUIDlist=2021A00053521010&amp;HEADERlist=32&amp;SearchText=brampton|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Brampton, City (CY) Ontario [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=31 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Surrey (154,415), &lt;ref name=&quot;surreycity2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&amp;GENDERlist=1,2,3&amp;STATISTIClist=1,4&amp;DGUIDlist=2021A00055915004&amp;HEADERlist=32&amp;SearchText=surrey|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Surrey, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=31 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Calgary (49,465), &lt;ref name=&quot;calgarycity2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&amp;GENDERlist=1,2,3&amp;STATISTIClist=1,4&amp;DGUIDlist=2021A00054806016&amp;HEADERlist=32&amp;SearchText=calgary|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Calgary, City (CY) Alberta [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=31 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ak Abbotsford (38,395). &lt;ref name=&quot;abbotsfordcity2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&amp;GENDERlist=1,2,3&amp;STATISTIClist=1,4&amp;DGUIDlist=2021A00055909052&amp;HEADERlist=32&amp;SearchText=abbotsford|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Abbotsford, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=31 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sik yo te imigre tou nan Afrik de Lès, Mwayen Oryan, ak Azi Sidès. Kominote sa yo te devlope pandan Sik yo t ap imigre soti nan Penjab pou ranpli twou vid ki te genyen nan mache travay enperyal la. 

== Entèdiksyon nan Sikhism ==

* Li entèdi pou gason ak fanm Sikh pèse nen oswa zòrèy pou mete bijou.  Sepandan, sa a se yon pwen dezakò paske li te komen pou gason ak fanm Sikh mete pandan peryòd Sikh Misl la. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/YungBhujang/status/1276634524340776961|title=Today, the idea of religious Sikh men wearing earrings would be ridiculous – and in many puritan circles, the idea of any form of piercing for all Sikhs, including women and their jewelry, would be off-limits. Yet the historical record tells us a different story...}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2023)&quot;&gt;sous ki pa prensipal nesesè&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
* Timoun ki touye pitit fi : Yon Sikh pa ta dwe touye pitit fi li; ni li pa ta dwe kenbe okenn relasyon ak yon moun ki asasen yon pitit fi. 
* Yon Sikh pa dwe vòlè, fòme asosyasyon dout oswa patisipe nan jwèt aza . 
* Li pa apwopriye pou yon fanm Sikh mete yon vwal, oswa kenbe figi l kache. 
* Dapre Guru Granth Sahib, Sik yo pa ka mete okenn siy ki fè pati okenn lòt lafwa, ni patisipe nan adorasyon zidòl ( idolatri ). Sik yo pa dwe gen tèt yo toutouni oswa mete kaskèt . Yo pa ka mete okenn bijou ki ka pèse okenn pati nan kò yo tou. 
* Prèt eritye - Sikhism pa gen prèt, paske Guru Gobind Singh te aboli yo. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikhs.org/summary.htm|title=Sikhism Religion of the Sikh People|publisher=sikhs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sèl pozisyon li te kite se te yon Granthi pou pran swen Guru Granth Sahib la; nenpòt Sikh lib pou vin Granthi oswa li nan men Guru Granth Sahib la. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot; /&gt;
[[Kategori:Relijyon nan mond endyen]]</text>
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'''Sikhism''', pi byen koni kòm '''Sikhi''', se yon relijyon ak filozofi Endyen  ki te soti nan rejyon Punjab nan soukontinan Endyen an nan fen 15ym syèk la. Li se youn nan gwo relijyon ki te fonde pi resamman e li te pratike pa 25-30.{{Espas}}milyon disip, ke yo rekonèt kòm Sikh.

Sikhi soti apati ansèyman espirityèl [[Guru Nanak]] (1469–1539), premye [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] lafwa a, ak nèf gourou Sikh ki te pran plas li. Dizyèm gourou a, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] (1666–1708), te nonmen Guru Granth Sahib, ki se ekriti relijye santral nan Sikhism, kòm siksesè li. Sa te mete fen nan liy gourou imen yo. Pou sikh,  Guru Granth Sahib ji a se 11yèm guru ki vivan pou tout tan an kounya.

Kwayans ak pratik fondamantal Sikhism yo, ki atikile nan Guru Granth Sahib la ak lòt ekriti Sikh yo, genyen ladan yo lafwa ak meditasyon nan non sèl kreyatè a ( ''Ik Onkar'' ), inite diven ak egalite tout limanite, angajman nan sèvis dezenterese anvè lòt moun ( ''[[Seva|sevā]]'' ), efò pou jistis pou benefis ak pwosperite tout moun ( ''[[sarbat da bhala]]'' ), ak konduit onèt ak mwayen pou viv. Swivan estanda sa a, Sikhism pa kwe reklamasyon ke nenpòt tradisyon relijye patikilye  gen yon monopoli sou verite absoli ditou. pou rezon sa, Sikh yo pa aktivman fè pwoselitism ditou tou, byenke konvèti volontè yo jeneralman aksepte. Sikhi mete aksan sou meditasyon ak pou moun sonje kòm yon mwayen pou santi prezans Bondye ( ke sikh di ''simran'' ), ki ka eksprime mizikalman atravè ''kirtan'' oswa entènman atravè &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwTg&quot;&gt;naam japna&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ( ke vle di  'medite sou non Bondye nan kreyol ). Sikh ki batize yo oblije mete senk K yo, ki se senk atik lafwa ki distenge fizikman Sikh yo ak moun ki pa Sikh. Pami sa yo gen ''kesh'' la (cheve ki pa koupe). Pifò gason Sikh relijye yo pa koupe cheve yo men yo mete yon tiban. konsa se enpotan konsep pou moun ke kwe sikhi.
 
[[Fichye:Jewels_of_the_Sikh_Faith.png|alt=|vignette|Pi gwo tanp Sikh yo: {{Ordered list|[[Golden Temple]], [[Akal Takht|Akaal Takht]]|[[Takht Kesgarh Sahib|Kesgarh Sahib]]|[[Takht Sri Damdama Sahib|Damdama Sahib]]|[[Takht Sri Patna Sahib|Patna Sahib]]|[[Hazur Sahib]]|[[Gurdwara Panja Sahib|Panja Sahib]]|[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan|Nankana Sahib]]|[[Gurdwara Dera Sahib|Dera Sahib]]|[[Sultanpur Lodhi|Ber Sahib]]|[[Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur|Kartarpur Sahib]], [[Dera Baba Nanak]]|[[Gurdwara Hemkund Sahib|Hemkund Sahib]]|[[Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib|Sis Ganj Sahib]]}}tanp an lò a (Akaal Takht)

Kesgarh Sahib

Damdama Sahib

Patna Sahib

Hazur Sahib

Panja Sahib

Nankana Sahib

Dera Sahib

Ber Sahib

Kartarpur Sahib, Dera Baba Nanak

Hemkund Sahib

Sis Ganj Sahib]]
[[Fichye:Tarn_Taran_1.jpg|vignette|Tarn Taran Sahib – Pi gwo Sarovar nan mond lan (pisin sakre)]]
Relijyon an te devlope epitou evolye pandann yon tann pèsekisyon relijye, li te vin gn plis moun ki konvèti ni nan [[Endouyis]] ni [[Islamis|nan Islam]] . Anperè Mughal nan peyi Zend te tòtire epi egzekite de nan gourou Sikh yo —Guru Arjan (1563–1606) ak Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675)—apre yo te refize konvèti nan Islam . Pèsekisyon Sikh yo te deklanche fondasyon ''Khalsa'' a pa Guru Gobind Singh an 1699 kòm yon lòd pou pwoteje libète konsyans ak relijyon, ak manm ki te eksprime kalite yon ''sant-sipāhī'' (&quot;sen-sòlda&quot;). Alo sikh yo te ka proteje tetyo

== Terminoloji ==
Majorite teks Sikh yo te ekri premye ann [[alfabè]] Gurmukhī, ki se yon ekriti ke t kreye pa Guru Angad li itilize pati ekriti Laṇḍā pou fe sa. sa te istorikmant t itilize ann peyi Pakistan ak Nò peyi Zend jodya.   Moun ki pratike Sikhism yo rele ''Sikh'', ki vle di &quot;etidyan&quot; oswa &quot;disip&quot; gourou a. Mo [[Lang angle|angle]] ''Sikhism'' lan soti nan mo Punjabi pou relijyon ''Sikhi a'' ( Punjabi   ''Sikkhī'', {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|ˈsɪk.kʰiː||Sikkhi.ogg}}, soti nan Punjabi mo pou &lt;span class=&quot;gloss-quot&quot;&gt;disip&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;gloss-text&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;​ ),  ki vle di &quot;chemen tanporèl aprantisaj la&quot; epi ki soti vèb sikhana a ( oswa vèb la apprand.)   

Sikh yo opoze ak tèm ekzonim ''Sikhism'' nan pask yo di n ke se kolon Britanik yo ki te envante mo a olye de Sikh yo menm, epi yo prefere andonim ''Sikhi'' a pito. Yo diskite ke yon &quot;-ism&quot; vle di yon vizyon mond fiks ak imuiabl ki.  pa kongriyan ak nati likid entèn filozofi Sikh la.  Se poutèt sa, yo itilize tèm &quot;sikhi&quot; a an kreyòl, olye de &quot;sikhism&quot;, pandan mond lan kòmanse yon vwayaj gerizon apre kolonizasyon ewopeyen an. Lòt tèm Sikh yo itilize pou nonmen lafwa yo se ''gursikhi'', ''gurmat'', oswa ''dharam'' .
[[Category:Articles containing Punjabi-language text]]
Bazi Sikhi nan soti ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] anplis siksesè li yo (guru yo 2 rive 10).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/when-is-guru-nanak-jayanti-check-date-and-all-you-need-to-know-15064101.htm|title=When is Guru Nanak Jayanti? Check date and all you need to know - CNBC TV18|date=2022-11-03|website=CNBCTV18|language=en|access-date=2025-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sikh yo mete aksan sou kongriyans ki genyen ant devlopman espirityèl ak konduit moral chak jou. kreyatè li a, Guru Nanak, t'rezime pèspektiv saa lè li te di: &quot;Verite a se pi gwo vèti a, men pi wo toujou se lavi veridik la.&quot;   Sikhi mete aksan sou konsep ''Ėk nūr te sab jag upjiā'', 'Soti nan yon sèl limyè a, tout [[linivè]] a te pete.' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/44900217|title=The Art &amp; Architecture of THE GOLDEN TEMPLE COMPLEX, AMRITSAR|last=Dokras|first=Uday|year=2021|website=Academia|publisher=Indo Nordic Author's Collective|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120212545/https://www.academia.edu/44900217|archive-date=20 November 2023|access-date=September 20, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guru Nanak te mete aksan tou sou ansèyman li te bay disip li yo lè li te ba yo egzanp nan lavi reyèl.

=== Bondye ===
Sikhism se yon relijye [[monoteyis]] ak panenteyis tou. Sikh yo kwè ke se yon sèl Bondye ki egziste e ke Bondye an menm tan an nan tout bagay epi li anglobe tout bagay. Inite Bondye a refleke nan fraz ''Ik Onkar'' la.   Nan Sikhi, mo a pou Bondye se ''Waheguru'' ( ki vle di. '  Bon mèt ). ''Waheguru'' a konsidere kòm ''Nirankar'' (&quot;sans fòm&quot;), ''Akal'' (&quot;intemporel&quot;), ''Karta Purakh'' (&quot; kreyatè a ke yo te &quot;), ''Akaal Purkh'' (&quot;pi lwen pase tan ak lanmò&quot;) ak ''Agam Agochar'' (&quot; enkonpreyansib pou nou ak envizib&quot;). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Spiritual/2018-09-01/There-is-One-God/409124|title=There is One God|last=The Hans India|date=1 September 2018|website=[[The Hans India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710164237/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Spiritual/2018-09-01/There-is-One-God/409124|archive-date=10 July 2019|access-date=10 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nan sans literal, Bondye pa gen sèks nan Sikhism, men nan yon sans metafò, Bondye souvan prezante ak imaj maskilen, pandan ke pouvwa kreyatif Bondye a dekri ak imaj feminin. Pa egzanp, Guru Gobind Singh refere a Bondye kòm papa li, epi li dekri pouvwa kreyatif Bondye a kòm manman li. Menm jan an tou, Guru Granth Sahib sèvi ak imaj lamarye espirityèl pou dekri tout moun kòm nanm ki anvi ini ak Senyè a kòm mari yo. Anplis sa, ekriti a tou mete aksan sou lide ke gen anpil mond kote Bondye transandantal la te kreye lavi.. 

Sikhism kòmanse ak konsèp Ik Onkar (ekri nan punjabi kom  ੴ ), ki vle di “Sèl Kreyatè a”. Nan tradisyon Sikh la, sa pa sèlman yon non pou Bondye, men yon deklarasyon fondamantal sou nati reyalite a: gen yon sèl prezans diven ki ini tout sa ki egziste, san divizyon, san dezyèm. Ik Onkar konprann kòm yon ekspresyon monoteyis ki montre inite absoli Bondye a. Li souvan tradui pi lajman kòm “sèl reyalite siprèm nan”, “sèl Kreyatè a”, oubyen “lespri ki penetre tout bagay la”. Nan sans sa a, li pa limite Bondye ann yon fòm oswa yon kote; olye de sa, li montre yon prezans ki gaye toupatou nan kreyasyon an pandan li rete youn e endivizib. Nan vizyon Sikh la, Ik Onkar mete aksan sou lide ke pa gen separasyon reyèl ant Kreyatè ak kreyasyon: tout egzistans se yon sèl reyalite diven ki pran plizyè fòm, men ki rete fondamantalman ini ak youn.

''Mul Mantar'' tradisyonèl la sòti nan ''ik onkar'' rive nan ''Nanak hosee bhee such.'' Premye liy ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la avèk chak ''raga'' ki vin apre yap mansyone ''ik onkar tou'' : 
{{Referans}}
[[Fichye:Akalees_Emily_Eden_PDL.jpg|vignette|Yon eskis Emily Eden te fè an 1844 sou &quot;Akalees oubyen Imòtèl yo&quot;. Dijitalize pa Bibliyotèk Dijital Panjab la.]]
''[[Maya (relijyon)|Māyā]]'', dyo dekri kòm yon ilizyon oswa yon reyalite ki pa dirab, ki ka detounen moun nan chemen pou chèche Bondye ak delivrans. Li atire moun nan direksyon plezi ak soufrans ki sanble reyèl, men ki pase vit, e konsa li ka fè yo pèdi konsantrasyon sou devosyon pou Bondye. Sepandan, Guru Nanak te eksplike ke māyā pa sèlman vle di mond lan se fo, men li refere tou a fason moun vin atache ak valè mond lan. Nan Sikhism, yo kwè ke ego, kòlè, avaris, atachman ak lanvi—yo rele Panj Chor—se fòs ki pi fasil pou detounen moun, paske yo fè mal epi yo retire moun lwen Bondye. Sikh yo kwè ke mond lan ap viv nan yon epòk yo rele Kali Yuga, kote limanite pèdi chemen li akoz lanmou ak atachman pou māyā. Dapre kwayans sa a, moun ki vin viktim senk vòlè sa yo vin separe ak Bondye. Sèl fason pou geri eta sa a se atravè yon devosyon pwofon, kontinyèl, ak san rete. 
[[Fichye:Sikh.man.at.the.Golden.Temple.jpg|vignette|Yon Nihang Sikh nan Harmandir Sahib la, ke yo rele tou Tanp an lò a]]

=== Liberasyon ===
Moun ke kwe Mo Guru Nanak yo pa kwe destinasyon final yo tankou syèl la oswa tankou lanfè, men olye de sa yo ta vle jwenn inyon espirityèl ak linivè ''a'', ki lakòz delivrans oswa ''jivanmukti'' ('iluminasyon/liberasyon pandan tout lavi yon moun'),  yon konsèp ki yo kab jwenn tou nan [[Endouyis]] tou .  [[Guru Gobind Singh]] fè li klè ke nesans imen jwenn ak anpil chans, e pou rezon sa, nou ta dwe eseye viv pibyen ke nou kapab. 

Sikhi aksepte konsèp reyenkanasyon ak karma ki parèt tou nan tradisyon tankou [[Boudis]], Endouyis, ak Jainis, men li pa nesesèman abouti nan yon sistèm soteriolojik metafizik tankou yon “syèl diven” oswa “nirvana” kòm objektif final. Nan Sikhism, karma ak liberasyon yo modifye pa lide “gras Bondye” (nadar, mehar, kirpa, elatriye). Guru Nanak anseye ke kò a antre nan nesans selon karma, men delivrans final la rive atravè gras diven. Pou pwoche pi pre Bondye, Sikh yo evite enfliyans maya, kenbe verite etènèl la nan lespri yo, pratike shabad kirtan (chante im sakre yo), medite sou Naam (non diven an), epi sèvi limanite. Yo kwè tou ke prezans nan satsang oswa sadh sangat (konpayi moun ki sou chemen verite a) se youn nan mwayen prensipal pou libere tèt yo soti nan sik reyenkanasyon an. Anplis dimansyon espirityèl sa yo, kominote Sikh la ka konprann tou kòm yon kominote ki gen idantite kolektif solid, pataje memwa istorik sou matir ak pèsekisyon anba diferan gouvènman, sa ki kontribye nan yon sans inite ak konsyans istorik nan gwoup la.

=== Pouvwa ak devosyon (Miri ak Piri) ===
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Fichye:Interior-view-Gurudwara-Sis-Ganj-Sahib.jpg|alt=Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi. The long window under the marble platform is the location where Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed by the Mughals.| Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib nan Delhi. Fenèt long ki anba platfòm mab la se kote Mughal yo te egzekite Guru Tegh Bahadur .
Fichye:Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg|alt=Artistic rendering of the execution of Bhai Mati Das by the Mughals. This image is from a Sikh Ajaibghar near the towns of Mohali and Sirhind in Punjab, India.| Reprezantasyon atistik ekzekisyon Bhai Mati Das pa Mughal yo. Imaj sa a soti nan yon Sikh Ajaibghar toupre vil Mohali ak Sirhind nan Punjab, peyi Zend.
&lt;/gallery&gt;'''Miri Piri''' se yon doktrin enpotan ki moun pratike nan relijyon Sikh la depi 17yem syèk la. Doktran pou &quot;Mir&quot; la (aspè sosyal ak politik nan lavi a) avè &quot;Pir&quot; la (gid pou aspè espirityèl lavi a) te revele pa premye guru Sikh la, [[Guru Nanak]], men se sizyèm guru Sikh la, Guru Hargobind, ki t pwopoze'l nan dat 12 jenn 1606.    Apre mati papa l, Guru Hargobind te vin nouvo Guru epitou li ta akonpli pwofesi ki te soti nan figi prensipal Sikh la, Baba Bouda, ke guru a ape posede pouvwa esprityèl ak tanporèl. Guru Hargobind te kreye de nepe Miri ak Piri yo, ki senbolize otorite mondyal (toulede sosyal ak politik) ak espirityèl.  &lt;ref name=&quot;jas&quot; /&gt; De kirpan Miri ak Piri yo mare ansanm ak yn khanda nan sant la, alo konbinezon tou de yo konsidere kòm sipwèm. Sa ap vle di tout aksyon ki soti nan kè espirityèl la oswa ki enfòme l konplete objektif ak siyifikasyon yon moun nan mond aksyon an: [[espirityalite]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;jas&quot; /&gt; 

Nan Sikhism, gen kèk gwoup andeyò rejyon Punjab nan peyi Zend, tankou nan Maharashtra ak Bihar, ki konn fè **aarti** (itilizasyon lanp seremonièl) pandan obsèvans Bhakti nan gurdwara. Sepandan, pifò gurdwara Sikh yo pa pèmèt oswa entèdi pratik aarti pandan devosyon Bhakti yo. menm si diferans sa yo nan pratik, ansèyman gourou yo mete gwo aksan sou Bhakti ansanm ak lide ke lavi espirityèl ak lavi sekilyè yon chèf fanmi pa separe, men yo mare ansanm. Sa montre yon vizyon kote mond chak jou a se pati nan yon Reyalite Enfini, e plis konsyans espirityèl pote plis angajman ak enèji nan lavi chak jou. Guru Nanak t'esplike ide yon “lavi aktif, kreyatif ak pratik” ki chita sou verite, fidelite, kontwòl tèt, ak pite kòm yon nivo ki pi wo pase sèlman refleksyon metafizik. Nan sans sa a, Sikhism ankouraje moun viv espirityalite yo nan aksyon, travay, ak lavi fanmi, olye pou separe yo.


Konsèp limanite a, jan Guru Nanak te devlope li, rafine epi mete an kesyon yon fòm “monoteyis pwòp tèt li/Bondye”, avèk lide ke monoteyis la vin prèske san sans lè li pa eksprime nan mouvman lanmou ak relasyon vivan. Guru Sikh yo te anseye ke objektif moun nan se depase tout dualite, tankou “pwòp tèt ak lòt”, “mwen ak pa-mwen”, pou rive nan yon eta kote yo reyalize yon ekilib ant opoze yo: separasyon ak inyon, pwòp tèt ak lòt, aksyon ak inaksyon, atachman ak detachman, nan lavi chak jou. 

=== Chante ak mizik ===
Sik yo refere a im gourou yo kòm ''Gurbani'' ( lit. '   ). Shabad Kirtan se chante Gurbani. Tout Guru Granth Sahib Yo ekri tèks sa yo sou fòm pwezi ak rim, pou yo ka resite yo nan trant-e-yon raga diferan nan mizik klasik Endyen, jan yo presize sa. Sepandan, li ra pou jwenn moun nan kominote Sikh la ki metrize oswa ki abitye avèk tout raga ki prezan nan Guru Granth Sahib. [[Guru Nanak]] te kòmanse tradisyon Shabad Kirtan an epi li te anseye ke koute kirtan se yon fason pwisan pou reyalize trankilite pandan w ap medite, epi chante glwa &quot;Sipwèm Etènèl la&quot; (Bondye) avèk devosyon se fason ki pi efikas pou antre an kominyon ak &quot;Sipwèm Etènèl la&quot;.  Twa priyè maten pou Sikh yo konsiste de Japji Sahib, [[Jaap Sahib]], ak Tav-Prasad Savaiye .  Sikh ki batize yo ( Amritdharis ) leve bonè epi medite, answit resite tout Senk Banis Nitnem yo, anvan dejene. Senk Banis yo konpoze de Japji Sahib, Jaap Sahib, Tav-Prasad Savaiye, Chaupai Sahib, Anand Sahib ; se Ardās ki te swiv rezitasyon banis ''paath'' la, nan ki gourou yo anseye prensip [[Sarbat da bhala|Sarbat da Bhala]] .   

=== Sonje Non Divin lan ===
Yon pratik anpil enpotan Sikh yo fè se sonje  ''Naam'' (non diven an), Waheguru/Bondye.  Kontemplasyon sa a kap fè pa ''Nām Japō'' (lè w repete Non Divin lan) oswa ''Simran'' (sonj Non Divin lan atravè resitasyon). &lt;ref name=&quot;NaamSimran&quot; /&gt;  Repetisyon vèbal non Bondye a, oswa yon silab sakre, se yon pratik ke fe tout tan an  nan peyi Zend; sepandan, Sikhism te devlope ''Naam-simran'' kòm yon pratik Bhakti enpòtan.    Ideyal Guru Nanak la se ekspozisyon total èt yon moun nan Non Divin lan ak yon konfòmite ak Dharma, &quot;Lòd Divin&quot; an. Nanak te dekri rezilta aplikasyon disipline ''nām simraṇ'' la kòm yon &quot;kwasans nan direksyon ak nan Bondye&quot; atravè yon pwosesis gradyèl senk etap. Dènye a se ''Sach Khand'' ( ''Wayòm Verite a'' ): inyon final lespri a ak Bondye. 

=== Sèvis avè aksyon ===
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
Fichye:Mehdiana_5.jpg|alt=Sculpture at Mehdiana Sahib of the execution of Banda Singh Bahadur in 1716 by the Mughals| Eskilti nan Mehdiana Sahib ki reprezante ekzekisyon Banda Singh Bahadur an 1716 pa Mughal yo.
Fichye:Bodyguard_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg|alt=Some bodyguards of Maharaja Ranjit Singh at the Sikh capital, Lahore, Punjab| Kèk gadkò Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan kapital Sikh la, Lahore, Punjab.
&lt;/gallery&gt;Guru Sikh yo te anseye ke lè yon moun toujou ape sonje Non diven an ( ''naam simran'' ) epi li angaje nan sèvis san enterè ( ''[[Seva|sēvā]]'' ), li kapab simonte egoyis ( ''Haumai'' ). Selon Guru Granth Sahib ji a, egoyis sa a konsidere kòm rasin prensipal senk move enpilsyon yo, epi li se tou sa ki kenbe moun nan sik nesans ak lanmò a.  

Sèvis nan Sikhi gen twa fòm: genyen ''Tan'' (sèvis fizik, sa vle di travay), genyen ''Man'' (sèvis mantal, tankou konsakre kè w pou sèvi lòt moun), ak genyen ''Dhan'' (sèvis materyèl, ki gen ladan sipò finansye) tou.  Sikhi di moun pou pratike ''kirat karō'', sa vle di &quot;travay onèt&quot;. Ansèyman Sikh yo mete aksan tou sou konsèp pataj, oswa ''vaṇḍ chakkō tou'', sa se konsep la bay moun ki anndan bezwen pou benefis kominote'w. 

=== Jistis ak egalite ===
Sikhi kwè Bondye kòm vrè anperè a, oswa wa tout wa yo, sila a ki bay jistis atravè lalwa ''[[Kama|karma]]'' a, yon modèl ak gras diven tou.   

Tèm pou jistis nan Sikhi se ''Niāyā''. Li konekte ak konsèp ''dharam'', ki nan Sikhism vle di lòd moral ak jistis. Sa soti nan rasin tèm Endou ''dharma'', men li gen yon sans diferan nan kontèks Sikh la. Dapre Guru Gobind Singh, jan Pashaura Singh (yon pwofesè nan etid Sikh) eksplike, yon moun dwe premye eseye tout metòd lapè pou chèche jistis. Si tout sa echwe, li vin lejitim pou pran aksyon defansiv, menm lè sa enplike itilizasyon nepe pou pwoteje jistis. Nan Sikhi, yon  atak sou ''dharam'' ta dwe konsidere  kòm yon atak sou jistis , sou lòd moral, ak sou ekilib sosyete a. Se poutèt sa, ''dharam'' dwe defann nan tout sikonstans. Non diven an konsidere kòm yon remèd espirityèl kont doulè ak vis. Malgre padon se yon vèti enpòtan nan Sikhi, tradisyon an anseye tou pou evite moun ki gen move entansyon epi, si sa nesesè, pou reziste enjistis ak pèsekisyon relijye pou pwoteje jistis ak verite. sa se youn pli enpotan bagaj nan sikhi petet 

sikhi pa gen wòl espesifik pou gason ak fanm. Sikhi kwe ke menm enèji egziste nan toulede seks. fi ka fe menm bagay pa egzanp, fe hukamnamas .   

=== Dis guru ak otorite ===
{{Atik detaye|Singh Sabha Movement}}
[[Fichye:Sikh_Gurus_with_Bhai_Bala_and_Bhai_Mardana.jpg|vignette|Yon penti ra nan style Tanjore ki soti nan fen 19yèm syèk la ki dekri dis gourou Sikh yo ak Bhai Bala ak Bhai Mardana.]]
Tèm &quot; [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|guru]] &quot; a soti nan mo Sanskrit ''guruū'' a, ki vledi pwofesè, moun kap eklere, gid, oswa konseye. Tradisyon ak filozofi Sikhi yo te etabli pa dis gourou soti nan 1469 rive 1708.   Chak Guru te ogmante/ajoute epi ranfòse mesaj ansyen Guru a te anseye a, sa ki te lakòz kreyasyon relijyon Sikh la. Guru Nanak te premye gourou a epi li ta chwasi yon nivo disip kòm siksesè. [[Guru Gobind Singh]] te dènye gurou ki t gen fòm imen. Anvan lanmò li, Guru Gobind Singh te dekrete an 1708 ke Guru Granth Sāhib la t ap dènye gourou pèpetyèl Sikh yo. 


Guru Angad vini apre  Guru Nanak, pask li te chiassi pa nanak pou ranplase l. Pita, yon faz enpòtan nan kreye Sikhi nan te vini ak twazyèm siksesè a, Guru Amar Das . Ansèyman Guru Nanak yo t'mete aksan sou pouswit delivrans lan; Guru Amar Das te kòmanse bati yon kominote disip ki byen solid ak inisyativ tanku sanksyone seremoni diferan pou nesans, maryaj ak lanmò. Amar Das te etabli tou sistèm ''manji'' (konparab ak yon [[dyosèz]] ) pou sipèvizyon klerikal. 
[[Fichye:Interior_of_Akal_Takht.jpg|vignette|Enteryè Akal Takht la]]
Gourou Sikh yo te mete an plas yon sistèm ki pèmèt relijyon Sikh la fonksyone kòm yon kominote ki ka adapte ak chanjman tan yo. Guru Hargobind te jwe yon wòl enpòtan nan kreyasyon konsèp Akal Takht, ki vle di “twòn sila ki etènèl la”. Li sèvi kòm sant siprèm pou pran desizyon nan Sikhism epi li sitiye anfas Harmandir Sahib nan vil Amritsar. Jodi a, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee se òganizasyon ki nonmen lidè administrasyon an. Sarbat Khalsa se yon reyinyon istorik kote yon pati reprezantatif nan Khalsa Panth la rasanble nan Akal Takht la, espesyalman pandan evènman tankou Vaisakhi oswa Hola Mohalla, oswa lè gen gwo desizyon pou pran pou tout kominote Sikh la. Yon gurmatā (ki vle di “volonte Gourou a”) se yon desizyon Sarbat Khalsa a pran an prezans Guru Granth Sahib. Yon gurmatā ka sèlman pase sou kestyon ki gen rapò ak prensip fondamantal relijyon Sikh la, epi li obligatwa pou tout Sikh yo swiv li.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sgpc.net/sikhism/tankah.asp|title=Sikh Reht Maryada&amp;nbsp;– Method of Adopting Gurmatta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606154817/http://sgpc.net/sikhism/tankah.asp|archive-date=6 June 2002|access-date=9 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fichye:SikhGurus-LifeSpans-GurushipSpans.jpg|alt=Graph showing Life Spans and Guruship Spans of Sikh Gurus|centré|vignette|Dire lavi apwoksimatif ak dire Guruship 10 Sikh Gurus yo]]

== Lekriti Sent yo ==

=== Adi Granth ===
 
''Ādi Granth'' la te konpile prensipalman pa Bhai Gurdas sou sipèvizyon Guru Arjan an ane 1603 ak 1604.  l'ekri nan ekriti Gurmukhī a, ki se yon desandan ekriti Laṇḍā ki t itilize nan Punjab nan epòk sa a.  Ekriti Gurmukhī a te estandadize pa Guru Angad, dezyèm gourou Sikh yo, pou itilize nan ekriti Sikh yo e yo panse ekriti Śāradā ak Devanāgarī yo te enfliyanse li. Yo te kreye yon ekriti ki fè otorite pou pwoteje entegrite im ak ansèyman gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak trèz bhagat Endou ak de bhagat Mizilman nan tradisyon sant mouvman Bhakti nan peyi Zend medyeval la.  Trèz ''bhagat'' Endou ki te gen ansèyman yo te antre nan tèks la te gen ladan yo Ramananda, Namdev, Pipa, Ravidas, Beni, Bhikhan, Dhanna, Jaidev, Parmanand, Sadhana, Sain, Sur, Trilochan, pandan ke de ''bhagat'' Mizilmen yo te Kabir ak sen Soufi Farid .     Sepandan, anpil nan bhagat sa yo te depase idantite relijye tradisyonèl yo nan ekriti yo. Pa egzanp, Kabir, ki souvan konsidere kòm Mizilman, deklare nan Ādi Granth la: “Mwen pa Endou ni Mizilman.” [8] Guru yo ki te swiv tradisyon sa a te anseye ke diferan fòm devosyon yo tout vize menm Bondye enfini an. ''Ādi Granth'' la se yon premye bouyon Guru Granth Sahib la.

=== Guru Granth Sahib ===
[[Fichye:Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Gurū Granth Sāhib – ekriti prensipal Sikhism nan]]
 
Guru Granth Sahib la se ekriti sakre Sikh yo

==== Konpilasyon ====
Tèks la gen ladan anviwon 6,000 śabad (konpozisyon vès), ki ekri sou fòm pwezi epi mete sou mizik klasik ritmik ansyen nan nò peyi Zend. Pi gwo pati nan ekriti a òganize selon swasant rāga, epi chak Granth rāga sibdivize dapre longè ak otè. Im ki nan ekriti a yo klase prensipalman selon rāga kote yo resite

==== Lang ak ekriti ====
[[Fichye:Guru_Har_Rai_-_Mool_Mantar.jpg|vignette|Mul Mantar ekri pa Guru Har Rai, ki montre Ik Onkar nan tèt]]
Lang prensipal k itilize an ekriti yo rele ''Sant Bhāṣā'', ki se yon lang ki gn rapò ak Punjabi ak Hindi e ki t lajman itilize nan tout nò peyi Zend nan Mwayennaj pa moun ki t sipòte relijyon devosyonèl popilè a ( bhakti ).  Tèks la enprime nan ekriti Gurumukhi, yo kwè se Guru Angad ki te devlope li.  Lang lan pataje rasin Endo-Ewopeyen yo jwenn nan plizyè lang rejyonal nan peyi Zend. se cool pask sa signifie ke alfebè ki se alfebè anpil punjabi itilize te kreye pa yon sikh guru 

==== Ansèyman ====
[[Fichye:Sikh_musicians.jpg|gauche|vignette|Yon gwoup mizisyen Sikh yo rele Dhadi nan konplèks Tanp an lò a]]

:

==== Kòm gourou ====
Guru Gobind Singh, dizyèm gourou a, te deklare Guru Granth Sahib kòm siksesè li. Avèk desizyon sa a, li mete fen nan tradisyon gourou imen yo, epi li etabli ekriti a kòm reprezantan gourou etènèl ak enpèsonèl la, ki vin sèvi kòm gid espirityèl pou Sikh yo.    

Guru Granth Sahib yo enstale nan tout Gurdwara yo. Anpil Sikh bese tèt yo oswa fè yon jès respè lè yo antre nan tanp lan devan li. Nan anpil Gurdwara, yo enstale Guru Granth Sahib la chak maten epi yo mete li nan yon kote pou repoze li nan aswè. Li venere kòm gurbānī etènèl ak kòm otorite espirityèl siprèm nan tradisyon Sikh la. 

Kopi Guru Granth Sahib yo pa konsidere kòm senp objè materyèl, men kòm prezans vivan. Dapre Myrvold, yo trete ekriti Sikh yo avèk menm nivo respè ak yon moun vivan, yon ti jan menm jan ak fason premye kretyen yo te onore Levanjil la. An konsekans, yo pa jete ansyen kopi ekriti Sikh yo; okontrè, yo fè yon seremoni dènye respè (fineray) pou yo. 

Nan peyi Zend, Guru Granth Sahib te rekonèt ofisyèlman pa Lakou Siprèm peyi Zend kòm yon “moun jidisyè”, sa ki pèmèt li resevwa don epi posede tè. Sepandan, kèk Sikh avèti ke si moun pa byen konprann tèks la, respè ak venerasyon pou li ka vin tounen bibliyolatri, kote fòm fizik ansèyman yo vin objè adorasyon olye de sans espirityèl ak mesaj yo menm. 

==== Relasyon ak Endouyis ak Islam ====
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Fichye:Interior-view-Gurudwara-Sis-Ganj-Sahib.jpg|alt=Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi. The long window under the marble platform is the location where Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed by the Mughals.| Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib nan Delhi. Fenèt long ki anba platfòm mab la se kote Mughal yo te egzekite Guru Tegh Bahadur .
Fichye:Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg|alt=Artistic rendering of the execution of Bhai Mati Das by the Mughals. This image is from a Sikh Ajaibghar near the towns of Mohali and Sirhind in Punjab, India.| Reprezantasyon atistik ekzekisyon Bhai Mati Das pa Mughal yo. Imaj sa a soti nan yon Sikh Ajaibghar toupre vil Mohali ak Sirhind nan Punjab, peyi Zend.
&lt;/gallery&gt;


menm si Guru Granth Sahib la rekonèt Veda yo, Purana yo ak Koran an,  li pa vle di yon pon senkretik ant Endouyis ak Islam kom yon moun petet ta panse,  men li mete aksan sou nitnem banis tankou Japu (repetisyon mantra Non diven Bondye a - Waheguru ), olye de pratik tankou priye lè w mete ajenou devan Bondye nan yon direksyon espesifik kom Mizilmen yo fè lè yo priye, oubyen rituèl Endou tankou mete fil; menm si, premye a se yon aspè disiplinè nan adorasyon an, etandone Dhikr (souvni Allah) mete aksan sou li menm jan an tou nan Islam. 

=== Dasam Granth ===
[[Fichye:Dasam.Granth.Frontispiece.BL.Manuscript.1825-1850.jpg|vignette|Dasam Granth la se yon ekriti Sikh ki gen tèks ki atribiye a Guru Gobind Singh, tankou otobiyografi li Bachittar Natak . Naratif prensipal nan tèks la se sou Chaubis Avtar (24 [[Avata (endouyis)|Avatar]] dye Endou Vishnu a ), Rudra, Brahma, deyès gèrye Endou Chandi a ak yon istwa sou Rama nan Bachittar Natak . ]]
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
Fichye:Mehdiana_5.jpg|alt=Sculpture at Mehdiana Sahib of the execution of Banda Singh Bahadur in 1716 by the Mughals| Eskilti nan Mehdiana Sahib ki reprezante ekzekisyon Banda Singh Bahadur an 1716 pa Mughal yo.
Fichye:Bodyguard_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg|alt=Some bodyguards of Maharaja Ranjit Singh at the Sikh capital, Lahore, Punjab| Kèk gadkò Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan kapital Sikh la, Lahore, Punjab.
&lt;/gallery&gt;Dasam Granth la se yon ekriti Sikh ki gen tèks ki atribiye a Guru Gobind Singh. Nan lòt men an, espesyalis yo atribiye travay la a apre lanmò gouru a, paske se yon powèt enkoni ki te ekri li. ''Dasam Granth'' la enpòtan pou yon gwo kantite Sikh. Sepandan, li pa gen menm otorite ak ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la. Gen kèk konpozisyon ''Dasam Granth'' tankou [[Jaap Sahib]] ( Amrit Savaiye ), ak Benti Chaupai ki fè pati priyè chak jou ( Nitnem ) pou Sikh yo.  Premye vèsè priyè ardās la soti nan Chandi di Var . ''Dasam Granth'' la se lajman yon vèsyon mitoloji Endou ki soti nan Puranas yo: istwa sekilye ki soti nan plizyè sous yo rele ''Charitro Pakhyan'' — istwa pou pwoteje gason neglijan kont danje lanvi.  

Gen anpil vèsyon ''Dasam Granth'' ki egziste, epi otantisite ''Dasam Granth'' la vin tounen youn nan sijè ki pi deba nan Sikhism nan epòk modèn nan. Akali Nihang yo konsidere Dasam ak Sarbloh Granth kòm ekstansyon Guru Granth Sahib la. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/the-3-granths-in-sikhism-the-debate-surrounding-sarbloh-granth-dasam-granth/754060/|title=The 3 granths in Sikhism &amp; the debate surrounding Sarbloh Granth &amp; Dasam Granth|last=Sethi|first=Chitleen K.|date=21 October 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222223640/https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/the-3-granths-in-sikhism-the-debate-surrounding-sarbloh-granth-dasam-granth/754060/|archive-date=22 February 2023|access-date=22 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tèks la te jwe yon wòl enpòtan nan listwa Sikh la, men nan epòk modèn yo, gen pati nan tèks la ki te lakòz antipati ak diskisyon nan mitan Sikh yo. 

Sarbloh Granth la se yon tèks sakre ki gen 6,500 estwòf powetik tradisyonèlman atribiye a Guru Gobind Singh. Entelektyèl yo, bò kote pa yo, atribiye travay la a apre lanmò gouru a, paske se yon powèt enkoni ki ekri li. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/42718918|title=A dictionary of Indian literature|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119215901/https://search.worldcat.org/title/42718918|archive-date=19 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekriti sa a genyen, ansanm ak plizyè sijè, Atizay Sikh ak Lwa Lagè yo . Akali Nihang yo lajman adore ekriti sa a, epi anpil Sikh ki pa Nihang rejte li kòm yon travay otantik 10yèm gouru a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/606234922|title=Debating the Dasam Granth|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119234418/https://search.worldcat.org/title/606234922|archive-date=19 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dapre Harbans Singh, otantisite travay la rejte sou baz stil ekriti li ak metriz pwezi li ki pa koresponn ak travay ''Dasam Granth'' Guru Gobind Singh la. Epitou, tèks la mansyone yon travay ki te konpoze an 1719, byen apre lanmò Guru Gobind Singh. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/29703420|title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120005930/https://search.worldcat.org/title/29703420|archive-date=20 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; WH McLeod date travay la nan fen 18yèm syèk la epi li kwè se yon powèt enkoni ki te ekri li, ki te erèman atribiye a dizyèm gouru a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/435778610|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119202841/https://search.worldcat.org/title/435778610|archive-date=19 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Janamsakhis ===
{{Atik detaye|Singh Sabha Movement}}
Janamsākhī yo (literallman ''istwa nesans'' ) se ekriti ki di ke  yo se biyografi Guru Nanak. Malgre ke yo pa ekriti nan sans ki pi strik la, yo bay yon gade ajyografik sou lavi Guru Nanak ak kòmansman Sikhism nan.

== Obsèvans ==
[[Fichye:InsideSikhGurdwara.jpg|vignette|Darbar Sahib nan yon Gurdwara]]
Sikh pratikan yo swiv pratik ak tradisyon ki etabli depi lontan pou yo ranfòse epi eksprime lafwa yo. Yo ankouraje resite non diven Bondye a, Waheguru, chak jou, epi sonje pasaj espesifik nan Guru Granth Sahib, tankou im Japu yo (oswa Japjī, ki vle di “chante”), espesyalman touswit apre leve epi benyen. Sikh ki batize yo resite priyè maten yo, priyè aswè a, ak priyè lannwit lan. Nan lavi familyal, yo konn li pasaj nan ekriti yo epi ale nan Gurdwara (yo rele tou gurduārā, ki vle di “pòt ki mennen nan Bondye”). Gen anpil Gurdwara ki byen konstwi epi byen konsève nan tout peyi Zend, ansanm ak nan prèske tout peyi kote Sikh yo prezan. Gurdwara yo ouvè pou tout moun, kèlkeswa relijyon, orijin, kas oswa ras yo. &lt;ref name=&quot;brittanica-gurdwara&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/gurdwara|title=gurdwara|date=5 May 2024|website=britannica.com|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|access-date=28 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adorasyon nan yon Gurdwara konsiste prensipalman nan chante pasaj ki soti nan Guru Granth Sahib. Sikh yo souvan mete ajenou devan ekriti sakre a lè yo antre nan Gurdwara a. Resitasyon Ardas, ki soti nan dizwityèm syèk la, se tou yon pratik enpòtan pou Sikh yo. Ardas yo raple soufrans ak glwa kominote a nan tan pase, epi yo mande favè diven pou tout limanite.. 

Gurdwara a se tou kote yo fè pratik istorik Sikh ''langar'' la oubyen repa kominotè a. Tout gurdwara yo ouvè pou nenpòt moun, kèlkeswa lafwa yo, pou yon repa gratis, ki toujou vejetaryen.  Moun yo manje ansanm, e volontè kominote Sikh yo antreteni epi sèvi kwizin nan. 

=== Festival/evènman Sikh yo ===
Guru Amar Das te chwazi festival pou selebre pa Sikh yo tankou Vaisakhi, kote li te mande Sikh yo pou yo rasanble epi pataje festivite yo kòm yon kominote.  

Vaisakhi se youn festival ki pi enpòtan pou Sikh yo, alòske lòt festival enpòtan komemore nesans, lavi gourou yo ak mati Sikh yo. Nan listwa, festival sa yo te baze sou kalandriye linè a [[Vikram Samvat|, kalandriye Bikrami]] .  An 2003, SGPC a, òganizasyon Sikh ki responsab antretyen gurdwara istorik Punjab yo, te adopte kalandriye Nanakshahi a . &lt;ref name=&quot;nesbittbc&quot; /&gt; Nouvo kalandriye a trè kontwovèse pami Sikh yo e li pa aksepte pa tout sikh yo. Festival Sikh yo enkli bagay sa yo:
 

* Band Chor Diwas (oswa Diwali Sikh) se yon lòt festival Sikh enpòtan nan listwa li.  Nan dènye ane yo, olye de Diwali, kalandriye apre 2003 ke SGPC te pibliye a te rele li Bandi Chhor Divas man yon moun ka di toulede onetman. 
* Hola Mohalla se yon tradisyon Guru Gobind Singh te kòmanse. Li kòmanse jou apre Sikh yo selebre Holi,  pafwa yo rele li ''Hola'' .  Guru Gobind Singh te modifye Holi ak yon festival twa jou ki gen ladan Hola Mohalla, ki se yon ekstansyon pou atizay masyal. Ekstansyon an te kòmanse jou apre festival Holi a nan Anandpur Sahib, kote sòlda Sikh yo te konn antrene nan batay fo, fè konpetisyon nan monte cheval, atletik, tire flèch ak egzèsis militè.  

=== Seremoni ak koutim ===
[[Fichye:Sikh_wedding.jpg|vignette|Maryaj Sikh]]
Sikh yo te sipòte epi ede devlope gwo tradisyon pelerinaj nan sit sakre tankou Harmandir Sahib, Anandpur Sahib, Fatehgarh Sahib, Patna Sahib, Hazur Nanded Sahib, Hemkund Sahib ak lòt ankò.  Pelerinaj Sikh yo ak Sikh ki soti nan lòt sèk yo abitye konsidere sa yo kòm sakre epi fè pati ''Tirath'' yo.  Hola Mohalla ki antoure festival Holi a, pa egzanp, se yon rasanbleman seremoni ak koutim chak ane nan Anandpur Sahib ki atire plis pase 100,000 Sikh.   Gwo tanp Sikh yo gen yon ''sarovar'' kote kèk Sikh pran yon beny koutim. Gen kèk ki pote dlo sakre nan tank la lakay yo, sitou pou zanmi ak fanmi ki malad,   yo kwè ke dlo sit sakre sa yo gen pouvwa restorasyon ak kapasite pou pirifye ''karma'' yon moun.   &lt;ref name=&quot;singha7&quot; /&gt; Diferan gourou Sikh yo te gen diferan apwòch pou pelerinaj. 

Lè yon timoun fèt, yo ouvri Guru Granth Sahib ji a ann yon paj oaza epi yo bay timoun nan non li avèk premye lèt ki anlè agòch paj gòch la. Tradisyonalman, Yo bay tout ti gason non fanmi Singh, epi yo bay tout ti fi non fanmi Kaur (se te yon tit yo te konn bay yon moun lè l te rantre nan Khalsa a). 

Rit maryaj Sikh la gen ladan seremoni ''anand kāraj'' la.   Seremoni maryaj la fèt devan Guru Granth Sahib la pa yon Khalsa batize, Granthi nan Gurdwara a.  &lt;ref name=&quot;fenech33&quot; /&gt; Rekonesans ofisyèl ak adopsyon li te vini an 1909, pandan Mouvman Singh Sabha a. 

Lè yon Sikh mouri, tradisyonalman, yo boule kò a. Si sa pa posib, yo kap itilize nenpòt mwayen ki respekte pou debarase kò a. Yo fè priyè ''kīrtan sōhilā'' ak ''ardās yo'' pandan seremoni fineray la (yo rele sa ''antim sanskār'' ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sgpc.net/sikhism/antam-sanskar.asp|title=Sikh Reht Maryada – Funeral Ceremonies (Antam Sanskar)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020406164549/http://sgpc.net/sikhism/antam-sanskar.asp|archive-date=6 April 2002|access-date=8 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inisyasyon ak Khalsa a ===
Khalsa (ki vle di &quot;pi ak souveren&quot;) se non kolektif Guru Gobind Singh te bay,   bay Sikh ki te inisye nèt lè yo te patisipe nan yon seremoni yo rele ''ammrit sañcār'' (seremoni nèkta). &lt;ref name=&quot;SinghFenech2014p23&quot; /&gt; Pandan seremoni sa a, yo brase dlo sikre ak yon nepe de bò pandan y ap chante priyè liturjik; yo ofri l bay Sikh ki inisye a, ki bwè l nan yon rituèl.  Anpil Sikh pa inisye fòmèlman e nèt, paske yo pa sibi seremoni sa a, men yo respekte kèk konpozan Sikhism epi yo idantifye tèt yo kòm Sikh. Sikh ki inisye a, ke yo kwè ki fèt ankò, yo rele Amritdhari oswa Khalsa Sikh, alòske moun ki pa inisye oswa ki pa batize yo rele Kesdhari oubyen Sahajdhari Sikh. &lt;ref name=&quot;SinghFenech2014p23&quot; /&gt; 

Premye fwa seremoni sa a te fèt se te nan Vaisakhi, ki te sou 30 mas 1699 nan Anandpur Sahib nan Punjab.  Se nan okazyon sa a Gobind Singh te batize Pañj Piārē yo – senk moun byenneme yo, ki te batize Guru Gobind Singh li menm. Gason ki te inisye yo te resevwa non fanmi Singh, ki vle di &quot;lyon&quot;, alòske fi Sikh ki te batize yo te resevwa non fanmi Kaur, ki vle di &quot;prenses&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;SinghFenech2014p23&quot; /&gt;

Sikh ki batize yo toujou mete senk bagay, yo rele senk K yo (an lang Punjabi yo rele ''punj kakkē'' oubyen ''punj kakar'' ). Nan Senk bagay yo li genyen: ''kēs'' (cheve ki pa koupe), ''kaṅghā'' (ti peny an bwa), ''kaṛā'' (braslè sikilè an asye oubyen an fè), ''kirpān'' (epe/ponya), ak ''kacchera'' (kilòt koton).  Senk K yo gen tou de objektif pratik ak senbolik. 

== Istwa ==
 
[[Fichye:Punjab_map.svg|vignette|Kat jeyografik Punjab, kote Sikhism nan soti, kont fwontyè aktyèl yo.]]
Sikism te kòmanse nan zòn 15yèm syèk la.  Guru Nanak (1469–1539), fondatè Sikism nan, te fèt nan vilaj ''Rāi Bhōi dī Talwandī'', ke yo rele kounye a Nankana Sahib (nan Pakistan jodi a).  Paran li te Endou Khatri Punjabi .   Dapre ajografi ''Puratan Janamsakhi'' te konpoze plis pase de syèk apre lanmò li e pwobableman baze sou tradisyon oral,  Guru Nanak te montre enterè nan relijyon ak lavi espirityèl depi li te timoun, epi li te pase anpil tan ak asèt vwayaje ak moun ki sen. [1] Zanmi pwòch li te Mardana, yon Mizilman. Ansanm, yo te konn chante im devosyonèl devan piblik pandan nwit, epi yo te konn benyen nan rivyè a nan maten. Yon jou, pandan yon beny abityèl, Nanak te disparèt, epi fanmi li te panse li te nwaye. Twa jou apre, li te retounen epi li te deklare: “Pa gen Endou, pa gen Mizilman” (“nā kōi hindū nā kōi musalmān”). Apre sa, li te kòmanse preche ansèyman li yo ki vin fòme baz Sikhism. An 1526, Guru Nanak, nan laj anviwon 50 an, te fonde yon ti kominote nan Kartarpur, epi disip li yo te vin rele Sikh..  Malgre ke kont egzak itinerè li a pa klè, kont ajyografik yo di li te fè senk gwo vwayaj, ki te kouvri plizyè milye mil: premye vwayaj la te nan direksyon lès nan direksyon [[Bengal]] ak Assam ; dezyèm nan nan direksyon sid nan direksyon Andhra ak Tamil Nadu ; twazyèm nan nan direksyon nò nan Kashmir, Ladakh, ak Mòn Sumeru  nan [[Tibet]] ; epi katriyèm nan nan [[Bagdad]] .  Nan dènye vwayaj li a, li te retounen sou rivaj rivyè Ravi a pou l fini jou li yo. 

Gen de teyori ki opoze youn ak lòt sou ansèyman Guru Nanak yo. Youn, dapre Cole ak Sambhi, baze sou Janamsakhis yo ki gen yon nati ajyografik, epi li deklare ke ansèyman Nanak yo ak Sikhism te yon revelasyon ki soti nan Bondye, olye de yon mouvman pwotestasyon sosyal oswa yon tantativ pou rekonsilye Endouyism ak Islam nan 15yèm syèk la.Lòt teyori a deklare ke Nanak te yon gourou espirityèl. Dapre Singha, Sikhism pa aksepte lide enkarnasyon oswa pwofesi, men li mete aksan sou konsèp Guru a kòm yon nanm eklere, pa yon enkarnasyon Bondye ni yon pwofèt. Dezyèm teyori a kontinye eksplike ke Janamsakhis yo pa t ekri pa Nanak li menm, men pa disip ki vin apre yo, san gwo atansyon pou presizyon istorik, e yo gen anpil lejann ak mit ki te ajoute pou montre respè pou li. Dapre Cole ak Sambhi, tèm “revelasyon” nan Sikhism pa limite sèlman ak ansèyman Nanak yo, men li pwolonje pou tout Guru Sikh yo, ansanm ak pawòl gason ak fanm ki nan diferan epòk ki te rive nan konesans diven atravè meditasyon. Li gen ladan tou pawòl bhagat ki pa Sikh, kèk ki te viv anvan nesans Nanak, epi ki gen ansèyman yo antre nan ekriti Sikh yo.Guru Granth Sahib ak ansèyman Guru yo mete aksan sou lide ke Sikhism pa konsantre sou tande vwa ki soti nan Bondye, men sou transfòmasyon lespri imen an, kote nenpòt moun ka reyalize eksperyans dirèk ak pèfeksyon espirityèl nenpòt lè.

=== Enfliyans istorik yo ===
 
Devlopman Sikhism nan te enfliyanse pa mouvman Bhakti a;     sepandan, Sikhism nan pa t sèlman yon ekstansyon mouvman Bhakti a.   Sikhism, pa egzanp, pa t dakò ak kèk nan opinyon sen Bhakti yo Kabir ak Ravidas.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Pruthi&quot; /&gt; Sikhism nan te devlope pandan rejyon an te anba kontwòl Anpi Mughal la. De nan gourou Sikh yo, Guru Arjan ak Guru Tegh Bahadur, te refize konvèti nan Islam epi yo te tòtire epi egzekite pa dirijan Mughal yo.   Pèsekisyon Sikh yo nan epòk Islamik la te deklanche fondasyon Khalsa a, kòm yon lòd pou libète konsyans ak relijyon. &lt;ref name=&quot;pashauraarjan&quot; /&gt;   Yon Sikh dwe enkarne kalite yon &quot;Sant-Sipāhī&quot;.  yon sòlda sen .  
[[Fichye:Guru.Nanak.with.Hindu.holymen-b.JPG|vignette|[[Guru Nanak]] k ap eksplike ansèyman Sikh yo bay Sadhus yo]]
Apre kreyasyon li, Sikhism te grandi pandan l t ap vin gen plis konvèti pami Endou ak Mizilman nan rejyon Punjab la.     An 1539, Guru Nanak te chwazi disip li Lahiṇā kòm siksesè pou Guruship la olye de nenpòt nan pitit gason l yo. Yo te rele Lahiṇā Guru Angad e li te vin dezyèm gourou Sikh yo.   Nanak te konfere chwa li nan vil Kartarpur sou bò larivyè Ravi a. Sri Chand, pitit gason Guru Nanak la, te yon nonm relijye tou, epi li te kontinye pwòp kominote Sikh li a. Disip li yo te vin konnen kòm Udasi Sikh yo, premye sèk paralèl Sikhism ki te fòme nan listwa Sikh .  Udasi yo kwè ke Guruship la te dwe ale jwenn Sri Chand, piske li te yon nonm ki te gen abitid relijye anplis ke li te pitit gason Nanak. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oberoi1994p78&quot; /&gt;

Anvan Guru Angad te rantre nan komin Guru Nanak la, li te travay kòm yon ''pujari'' (prèt) ak pwofesè relijye ki te santre sou deyès Endou Durga .  &lt;ref name=&quot;ColeSambhi1995p18&quot; /&gt; Sou konsèy Nanak, Guru Angad te demenaje soti Kartarpur pou ale Khadur, kote madanm li Khivi ak pitit li yo t ap viv, jiskaske li te rive pon divizyon ki te genyen ant disip li yo ak Udasi yo. Guru Angad te kontinye travay Guru Nanak te kòmanse a epi li resevwa anpil kredi pou estandadize ekriti Gurmukhī a jan yo itilize l nan ekriti sakre Sikh yo. 

Guru Amar Das te vin twazyèm gourou Sikh la an 1552 a laj de 73 an. Li te respekte tradisyon Vaishnavism Endouyis la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li, anvan li te rantre nan komin Guru Angad la.   Goindval te vin tounen yon sant enpòtan pou Sikhism pandan Guruship Guru Amar Das la. Li te yon refòmatè, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). &lt;ref name=&quot;eosamardas&quot;&gt;{{Atik ansiklopedik|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479–1574)}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma .  Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwByM&quot;&gt;manji&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf nonmen yo rele ''sangatias'' ), &lt;ref name=&quot;FenechMcLeod2014p29&quot; /&gt; li te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' (dim) pou koleksyon revni nan non guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè,  ak tradisyon ''langar'' Sikhism ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas kominotè. Koleksyon revni nan men Sikh yo atravè moun nonmen nan rejyon an te ede Sikhism grandi. &lt;ref name=&quot;FenechMcLeod2014p29&quot; /&gt; 

Guru Amar Das te nonmen disip li ak bofis li Jēṭhā kòm pwochen Guru a, ki te vin konnen kòm Guru Ram Das. Nouvo Guru a te fè fas ak opozisyon nan men pitit gason Guru Amar Das yo, e poutèt sa li te deplase sant kominote Sikh la sou tè Guru Amar Das te idantifye kòm Guru-ka-Chak. Li te etabli kominote Sikh la sou sit sa a, epi yo te rele li Ramdaspur, dapre non li. Vil la te grandi piti piti e li te vin tounen Amritsar, ki jodi a konsidere kòm vil ki pi sakre nan Sikhism. Guru Ram Das te elaji sistèm manji a pou òganize nonman klerikal nan tanp Sikh yo, epi pou ranmase resous pou sipòte mouvman Sikh la ni nan plan teyolojik ni ekonomik.

An 1581, Guru Arjan, pi jèn pitit gason Guru Ram Das la, te vin senkyèm gourou Sikh yo. Chwa siksesè a, jan sa te pase pandan prèske tout listwa siksesyon gourou Sikh yo, te mennen nan diskisyon ak divizyon entèn nan mitan Sikh yo.  Pi gran pitit gason Guru Ram Das la, ki te rele Prithi Chand, yo sonje l nan tradisyon Sikh la kòm yon moun ki te opoze Guru Arjan ak fòs, sa ki te kreye yon faksyon nan kominote Sikh ke Sikh ki te swiv Guru Arjan yo te rele ''Minaas'' (literalman, &quot;vakabon&quot;).  

Sikh yo sonje Guru Arjan pou anpil reyalizasyon. Li te bati premye Harimandir Sahib la (ki pita te vin tounen Tanp an lò a). Li te yon powèt, epi li te kreye premye edisyon tèks sakre Sikh la ke yo rekonèt kòm Ādi Granth (literalman &quot;premye liv la&quot;) epi li te gen ladan l ekri senk premye gourou yo ak lòt 13 sen Endou ak 2 sen Soufi Mizilman ki te eklere. An 1606, anperè Mughal Jahangir te tòtire epi touye l,  paske li te refize konvèti nan Islam.    Mati li konsidere kòm yon evènman enpòtan nan listwa Sikhism. &lt;ref name=&quot;pashauraarjan&quot; /&gt; 

=== Avansman politik ===
Apre mati Guru Arjan, pitit gason li, Guru Hargobind, te vin sizyèm Guru Sikh yo nan laj onz an. Nan peryòd sa a, Sikhism te evolye anpil, e li te vin pa sèlman yon mouvman espirityèl, men tou yon mouvman ki te gen dimansyon politik. Guru Hargobind te pote de nepe, youn ki reprezante otorite espirityèl epi lòt la ki reprezante otorite tanporèl, sa ki reflete konsèp Miri-Piri a. Dapre tradisyon Sikh la, Guru Arjan te mande pitit gason li pou l devlope yon fòs defans pou pwoteje kominote Sikh la, epi pou li toujou rete antoure pa disip ame. Se anba Guru Hargobind mouvman Sikh la te kòmanse òganize yon milis ame. Pita, fòs Mughal yo te arete Guru Hargobind e yo te kenbe li nan prizon nan Gwalior. Li pa klè konbyen tan li te pase nan prizon an, paske diferan sous bay chif ki varye ant de ak douz ane. Li te marye ak twa madanm, li te bati yon fò pou defann Ramdaspur, epi li te etabli yon tribinal fòmèl yo rele Akal Takht, ki jodi a konsidere kòm youn nan pi gwo otorite relijye nan tradisyon Khalsa Sikh la.

An 1644, Guru Hargobind te nonmen pitit pitit li, Guru Har Rai, kòm pwochen Guru a. Nan peryòd sa a, Anperè Mughal Shah Jahan te eseye itilize estrateji politik pou febli tradisyon Sikh la, sitou nan divize epi enfliyanse pwosesis siksesyon an. Li te bay tè ak sipò bay Dhir Mal, yon lòt pitit pitit Guru Hargobind ki te rete nan Kartarpur, epi li te eseye ankouraje Sikh yo pou rekonèt Dhir Mal kòm siksesè lejitim Guru Hargobind. Dhir Mal te menm bay deklarasyon an favè otorite Mughal yo epi li te kritike granpapa li, Guru Arjan. Guru Hargobind te rejte Dhir Mal, e Dhir Mal te refize remèt vèsyon orijinal Guru Granth Sahib li te genyen an. Sitiyasyon sa a te lakòz yon divizyon nan kominote Sikh la.. 

Guru Har Rai gen renome pou lefèt ke li te rankontre Dara Shikoh pandan yon epòk kote Dara Shikoh ak ti frè li Aurangzeb te nan yon gwo batay pou siksesyon. Aurangzeb te rele Guru Har Rai, ki te refize ale epi li te voye pi gran pitit gason li Ram Rai nan plas li. &lt;ref name=&quot;McLeod2014p260&quot; /&gt; Anperè a te jwenn yon vèsè nan ekriti Sikh la ki te ensilte Mizilman yo, epi Ram Rai te dakò ke se te yon erè epi li te chanje li. Konsa, Ram Rai te fè Aurangzeb plezi, men li pa t fè Guru Har Rai plezi ki te ekskominike pi gran pitit gason li a. Li te nonmen pi piti pitit gason li Guru Har Krishan pou siksesè li an 1661. Aurangzeb te reponn lè li te bay Ram Rai yon jagir (sibvansyon tè). Ram Rai te fonde yon vil la epi li te jwi patwonaj Aurangzeb; vil la te vin konnen kòm Dehradun, apre ''Dehra'' ki refere a tanp Ram Rai a. Sikh ki te swiv Ram Rai yo te vin konnen kòm Ramraiya Sikhs.   Guru Har Krishan te vin wityèm gouru a a laj de senk an, epi li te mouri ak varyòl anvan li te gen uit an. Pa gen okenn im konpoze pa twa gourou sa yo ki enkli nan Guru Granth Sahib la. 

Guru Tegh Bahadur, tonton Guru Har Krishan, te vin gourou an 1665. Tegh Bahadur te reziste kont konvèsyon fòse Pandit Kachmir yo  ak moun ki pa Mizilman  pou vin [[Islamis|Islam]], epi yo te koupe tèt li an piblik an 1675 sou lòd anperè Mughal Aurangzeb nan Delhi paske li te refize konvèti nan Islam.        Koupe tèt li a te traumatize Sikh yo. Yo te boule kò li nan Delhi, pandan Sikh yo te pote tèt la an sekrè epi yo te boule l nan Anandpur . Pitit gason l lan, Gobind Rai, te pran plas li, ki te militarize disip li yo lè li te kreye Khalsa a an 1699, epi li te batize ''Pañj Piārē'' a.  Depwi lè sa a, yo te konnen l kòm [[Guru Gobind Singh]], epi yo te redefini idantite Sikh la kòm yon fòs politik ki reziste kont pèsekisyon relijye. 

==== Konfederasyon Sikh la ak ogmantasyon Khalsa a ====
Guru Gobind Singh te inogire Khalsa an 1699 kòm otorite tanporèl Sikh yo. Li te kreye yon kominote ki ini objektif espirityèl ak responsablite politik ak militè. Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, Guru Gobind Singh te deklare Guru Granth Sahib kòm otorite espirityèl siprèm pou Sikh yo.

Apre lanmò Guru Gobind, Banda Singh Bahadur te vin kòmandan an chèf Khalsa a.  Li te òganize rebelyon sivil la epi li te aboli oswa sispann sistèm Zamindari a pandan l te aktif epi li te bay kiltivatè yo pwopriyete tè pa yo. 

Anpi Sikh la, ak kapital li nan Lahore, te kouvri prèske 200,000 mil kare (520,000 kilomèt kare) ki enkli sa ki jodi a se nòdwès soukontinan Endyen an. Anpi a te antre nan yon trete ak pisans kolonyal Britanik yo kote tou de bò yo te rekonèt Rivyè Sutlej kòm liy limit, epi yo te dakò pou yo pa anvayi teritwa youn lòt. Maharaja Ranjit Singh kite yon eritaj enpòtan, sitou nan restorasyon ak elajisman Harmandir Sahib, ki se gurdwara ki pi respekte nan Sikhism, e ki vin pi byen konnen kòm “Tanp an lò” akòz mab ak lò yo te itilize pou dekore li. Apre lanmò Ranjit Singh an 1839, Anpi Sikh la te tonbe nan dezòd, paske li pa t kite yon sistèm gouvènman solid ni yon pwosesis siksesyon ki estab. Anpi a te rapidman febli, pandan faksyon entèn yo te divize Sikh yo epi sa te mennen nan Lagè Anglo-Sikh yo. Fòs Britanik yo te finalman bat lame Khalsa yo, ki te deja dezòdone ak demoralize, epi yo te kraze pouvwa yo. Pi jèn pitit gason Ranjit Singh la, Duleep Singh, te vin sou pouvwa pou yon ti tan, men li te arete epi egzile apre defèt Sikh yo.

==== Mouvman Singh Sabha a ====
Singh Sabha Movement, yon mouvman pou renesans Sikhi, te chèche revitalize Khalsa apre defèt Sikh yo nan lagè kont Britanik yo, espesyalman apre Dezyèm Gè Anglo-Sikh la, ansanm ak bès ak koripsyon enstitisyon Sikh yo pandan peryòd kolonyal la, epi nan kontèks pwoselitism lòt gwoup relijye nan Punjab. Mouvman an te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo, epi apre yon peryòd rivalite ant diferan faksyon, li te finalman ini anba Tat Khalsa, avèk objektif pou revitalize pratik ak enstitisyon Sikh yo.

Dènye Maharaja Anpi Sikh la, Duleep Singh, te konvèti nan Krisyanis an 1853, yon evènman kontwovèsyal men enfliyan nan listwa Sikh la. Ansanm ak konvèsyon li a, epi apre Anpi Sikh la te fin fonn epi rejyon an te fè pati Anpi Britanik kolonyal la, aktivite pwoselitism [[Kretyen|kretyen yo]], Brahmo Samajis, Arya Samaj, Mizilman Anjuman-i-Islamia ak Ahmadiyah te chèche konvèti Sikh yo nan soukontinan nòdwès Endyen an nan lafwa respektif yo.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopædia Britannica Online&quot;&gt;{{Atik ansiklopedik|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Singh-Sabha|title=Singh Sabha (Sikhism)|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online|access-date=25 October 2017|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226073623/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Singh-Sabha}}&lt;/ref&gt; Devlopman sa yo te lanse Mouvman Singh Sabha a. &lt;ref name=&quot;barrierssm&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopædia Britannica Online&quot; /&gt;

Premye reyinyon Singh Sabha Movement te fèt nan Harmandir Sahib nan Amritsar an 1873. Li te sitou inisye pa Sanatan Sikh yo, ansanm ak Giani yo, prèt yo ak granthi yo. Yon ti tan apre, Nihang Sikhs yo te kòmanse enfliyanse mouvman an, epi pita Tat Khalsa te lanse yon kanpay òganize ki te byen vit vin dominan nan kòmansman ane 1880 yo. Mouvman an te vin tounen yon konfwontasyon ant Sanatan Sikh yo ak Tat Khalsa yo sou fason pou defini ak entèprete Sikhi

Sanatan Sikh yo, ki te dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi—ki te deklare li se yon desandan dirèk Guru Nanak—ansanm ak Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt lidè, te defann yon vizyon plis enklizif kote Sikhism te konsidere kòm yon branch refòme nan Endouyis. Okontrè, Tat Khalsa te fè kanpay pou yon idantite Sikh ki pi eksklizif, yo pa t dakò ak Sanatan Sikh yo, e yo t ap chèche modènize ak defini klèman Sikhism kòm yon tradisyon apa. Singh Sabha Movement te elaji nan nò ak nòdwès soukontinan Endyen an, sa ki te mennen nan kreyasyon plis pase 100 Singh Sabha. Nan premye deseni 20yèm syèk la, enfliyans Tat Khalsa te ogmante nan fason Sikhism te entèprete ak nan kontwòl Gurdwara yo.

Tat Khalsa a te elimine pratik Brahmanik yo tankou itilizasyon dife yagna, e yo te ranplase yo ak seremoni maryaj Anand Karaj, dapre ekriti Sikh yo. Yo te retire zidòl ak imaj Guru Sikh yo nan Harmandir Sahib an 1905, pratik ki te parèt pandan administrasyon mahants yo nan ane 1800 yo. Yo te lanse yon kanpay sistematik pou estandadize aparans ak fonksyon gurdwara yo, pandan y ap baze sou ekriti Sikh yo ak tradisyon byen bonè pou “pirifye” idantite Sikhi a.

Siksesè espirityèl yo pou Singh Sabha a enkli mouvman Akali nan ane 1920 yo, ansanm ak Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) modèn nan, yon kò administrasyon gurdwara, ak pati politik Akali Dal la. 

==== Divizyon peyi Zend ====
[[Fichye:Dubheran_Gurudwara_in_the_aftermath_of_Rawalpindi_Massacres.jpg|vignette|Gurudwara demoli ak rès zo viktim yo ki te boule pasyèlman kouche atè a, apre masak Rawalpindi yo nan mwa mas 1947, ki te vin anvan divizyon an epi ki te premye vyolans ki gen rapò ak divizyon an nan Punjab ki te montre siy klè netwayaj etnik.]]
Sik yo te patisipe epi kontribye nan mouvman endepandans Endyen an ki te dire plizyè dizèn ane nan premye mwatye 20yèm syèk la. Finalman, lè Anpi Britanik la te rekonèt peyi Zend endepandan, [[Patisyon End|tè a te divize]] an de pati: peyi Zend ak majorite Endou ak Pakistan ak majorite Mizilman (Lès ak Lwès) an 1947. Dapre Banga, divizyon an te yon evènman enpòtan nan istwa Sikh la. {{Sfn|Banga|2017}}  Sikh yo te istorikman viv nan rejyon nòdwès soukontinan Endyen an sou tou de bò liy divizyon an (&quot; Liy Radcliffe &quot;). Dapre Banga ak lòt entelektyèl, Sik yo te fòtman opoze demand Lig Mizilman yo epi yo te wè sa kòm &quot;pèpetuasyon dominasyon Mizilman an&quot; ak politik Rasis kontre Sikh nan sak te fè pati Anpi Sikh la sèlman san ane anvan. Kòm sa yo, òganizasyon Sikh yo, tankou Chèf Khalsa Dewan ak Shiromani Akali Dal ki te dirije pa Mèt Tara Singh, te kondane Rezolisyon Lahore a ak mouvman pou kreye Pakistan, yo te wè li kòm yon posiblite pou yo pèsekite l; kidonk, Sik yo te fòtman opoze divizyon peyi Zend lan .  Pandan diskisyon yo ak otorite kolonyal yo, Tara Singh te parèt kòm yon lidè enpòtan ki te fè kanpay pou anpeche divizyon peyi Zend kolonyal la epi pou rekonesans Sikh yo kòm yon twazyèm kominote. {{Sfn|Banga|2017}}

Lè yo te anonse separasyon an, nouvo liy fwontyè a te divize popilasyon Sikh la epi li te kreye gwo tansyon. Ansanm ak Endou yo, Sikh yo te sibi vyolans òganize ak revòlt nan Pakistan Lwès, sa ki te lakòz yon migrasyon masiv sou bò Endyen an, kote anpil moun te kite dèyè pwopriyete yo ak kote sakre yo. Sepandan, vyolans la pa t soti nan yon sèl bò sèlman. Pandan Sikh yo t ap deplase sou bò lès liy separasyon an, kèk ladan yo te fè reprezay kont Mizilman yo, sa ki te fòse anpil Mizilman kite zòn yo pou antre nan Pakistan. Anvan separasyon an, Sikh yo te reprezante anviwon 15% nan popilasyon Punjab Lwès la, pandan majorite a te Mizilman (apeprè 55%). Malgre sa, Sikh yo te fòme yon elit ekonomik enpòtan nan rejyon an, avèk gwo reprezantasyon nan aristokrasi lokal la, epi yo te gen prèske 700 Gurdwara ak anviwon 400 enstitisyon edikasyonèl ki te sèvi kominote yo. Anvan divizyon an, te deja gen plizyè konfli ant majorite Mizilman yo ak minorite Sikh yo, tankou diskisyon sou pratik jhatka kont halal, lit sou pwopriyetè Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj nan Lahore (ke Mizilman yo te vle konvèti an moske pandan Sikh yo te defann li kòm Gurdwara), ansanm ak demann gouvènman pwovens Mizilman an pou ranplase ekriti Gurmukhi a ak ekriti Arab-Pèsik Nastaliq nan lekòl yo. Pandan Konferans Simla an jen 1945, anba lidèchip Lord Wavell, lidè Sikh yo te okòmansman mande pou yo rekonèt kòm yon twazyèm kominote, men yo te abandone pozisyon sa a pou sipòte yon peyi Zend ini kote Sikh, Endou ak Mizilman ta viv ansanm anba yon konstitisyon ki sanble ak modèl Swis la. Lig Mizilman an te rejte pwopozisyon sa a epi li te ensiste pou Pakistan genyen tout Punjab la. Finalman, lidè Sikh yo te favorize yon divizyon teritwa a, epi Komite Travay Kongrè a te sipòte rezolisyon pou divize Punjab ak Bengal.
[[Fichye:Sikh_Light_Infantry.jpg|vignette|Pèsonèl Enfantri Lejè Sikh yo ap defile pandan parad Jou Repiblik la nan Nouvo Delhi, peyi Zend.]]
Ant mas 1947 rive jiskaout 1947, yon seri revòlt, dife ki te mete kay boule, piyaj pwopriyete Sikh yo, asasina lidè Sikh yo, ak touye moun nan distri Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock ak lòt zòn te mennen Tara Singh pou rele sitiyasyon nan Punjab la yon “gè sivil”, pandan Lord Mountbatten te deklare ke “preparasyon pou gè sivil te deja ap fèt.” Revòlt yo te lakòz premye vag migrasyon yo depi avril, kote anviwon 20,000 moun te kite nòdwès Punjab pou ale Patiala. Nan Rawalpindi, 40,000 moun te rete san kay. Lidè Sikh yo te fè plizyè apèl dezespere pou èd, men tout kominote relijye yo t ap soufri nan dezòd politik la. Sikh yo te reprezante sèlman anviwon 4 milyon sou 28 milyon moun nan Punjab, epi 6 milyon sou prèske 400 milyon nan tout peyi Zend; yo pa t majorite menm nan yon sèl distri.

Lè yo te anonse liy divizyon an ofisyèlman nan mwa Out 1947, vyolans lan te rive nan yon nivo san parèy. Sikh yo te pami kominote relijye ki te pi afekte yo, ni an tèm de lanmò, ni an tèm de pèt pwopriyete, blesi, chòk ak dezòd jeneral. Sikh yo ak Mizilman yo te tou de viktim epi otè zak vyolans revanj youn kont lòt. Estimasyon kantite moun ki mouri yo varye ant 200,000 ak 2 milyon Sikh, Endou ak Mizilman. Te gen anpil ka vyòl ak swisid an mas pami fanm Sikh yo ki te pran kòm prizonye, ansanm ak yon gwo egzòd Sikh ki t ap kite Pakistan ki fèk kreye a pou ale nan peyi Zend ki fèk vin endepandan. Divizyon an te pwodui sa Banga dekri kòm “pi gwo konvwa refijye apye ki anrejistre nan listwa limanite,” ki te plis pase 100 kilomèt longè, epi ki te gen anviwon 300,000 moun, sitou Sikh ki te blese, dezespere, ak fache. Refijye Sikh ak Endou ki soti Pakistan te antre nan peyi Zend, pandan refijye Mizilman ki soti nan peyi Zend te antre nan Pakistan, nan yon gwo echanj popilasyon ant de nouvo eta yo.

==== Khalistan ====
[[Fichye:Thousands-Sikhs-protest-in-London.jpg|vignette|Sikh nan [[Lonn|Lond]] ap pwoteste kont gouvènman Endyen an.]]

== Moun Sikh yo ==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable floatright&quot;
|+Sikh nan peyi Zend 
! Eta/Teritwa Inyon an
! Pousantaj
|-
| Pendjab
|57.7%
|-
| Chandigarh
|13.1%
|-
| Haryana
|4.9%
|-
| Delhi
|3.4%
|-
| Uttarakhand
|2.3%
|-
| Jammu ak Kachmir
|1.9%
|-
| Rajasthan
|1.3%
|-
| Himachal Pradesh
|1.2%
|}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable floatright&quot;
|+Sikh nan Kanada &lt;ref name=&quot;canadareligion2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201|title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305220639/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201|archive-date=5 March 2023|access-date=26 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Pwovens/Teritwa
! Pousantaj
|-
| Kolonbi Britanik
|5.9%
|-
| Manitoba
|2.7%
|-
| [[Alberta]]
|2.5%
|-
| Ontario
|2.1%
|-
| Yukon
|1.0%
|}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable floatright&quot;
|+Sikh nan Angletè 
! Rejyon
! Pousantaj
|-
| Midlands Lwès
|2.9%
|-
| Gran Lond
|1.6%
|-
| Midlands de Lès
|1.1%
|}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable floatright&quot;
|+Sikh nan Ostrali &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=110&amp;EndYear=2001&amp;DataType=UR|title=Australia-Community Profile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123042443/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=110&amp;EndYear=2001&amp;DataType=UR|archive-date=23 November 2022|access-date=3 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Eta/Teritwa
! Pousantaj
|-
| Viktorya
|1.4%
|-
| Sid Ostrali
|1.0%
|-
| Teritwa Kapital Ostralyen an
|1.0%
|}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable floatright&quot;
|+Sikh nan Nouvèl Zelann &lt;ref name=&quot;figure&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://figure.nz/chart/K5hAmlDDPKAqwyjk|title=Religious affiliations in the Bay of Plenty Region, New Zealand|website=Figure NZ Trust|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220043832/https://figure.nz/chart/K5hAmlDDPKAqwyjk|archive-date=20 December 2022|access-date=19 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Rejyon
! Pousantaj
|-
| Bè Plenty
|1.6%
|-
| Okland
|1.5%
|}
Estimasyon ki soti an 2019 montre Sikhi gen anviwon 25–30 milyon disip atravè lemond. Yon estimasyon Charles Preston an 2020 bay yon chif apeprè 29,254,000 Sikh globalman. Dapre Pew Research Center, plis pase 9 sou 10 Sikh yo viv nan India, men gen tou gwo kominote Sikh nan Etazini, Wayòm Ini ak Kanada. Nan peyi Zend, popilasyon Sikh la prezan nan tout eta ak teritwa inyon yo, men li konsantre sitou nan nò ak nòdwès peyi a. Se sèlman nan eta Punjab kote Sikh yo fòme yon majorite (apeprè 58% selon resansman 2011). Anplis Punjab, lòt zòn nan peyi Zend kote Sikh yo depase 1.5% nan popilasyon an gen ladan Chandigarh, Haryana, Delhi, Uttarakhand, ak Jammu ak Kashmir, ki tout sitiye nan pati nò peyi a.

Canada gen pi gwo pwopòsyon Sikh nan mond lan lè yo konpare li ak popilasyon total li, ak anviwon 2.1%. Nan Kanada, Sikh yo fòme apeprè 5.9% nan popilasyon pwovens British Columbia (Kalonbi Britik), sa ki mete li pami rejyon nan mond lan ki gen youn nan pi gwo konsantrasyon Sikh, apre Punjab ak Chandigarh nan peyi Zend. Kalonbi Britik, ansanm ak Manitoba ak Yukon, se pami sèlman kèk divizyon administratif nan mond lan kote Sikhi se dezyèm relijyon ki pi pratike nan mitan popilasyon an.

Anvan divizyon End Britanik la an 1947, te gen plizyè milyon Sikh ki t ap viv nan zòn ki pita te vin Pakistan. Sikhism menm te fonde nan rejyon sa a, epi plizyè nan Guru yo te fèt toupre Lahore ak nan lòt pati ki kounye a fè pati Pakistan. Pandan divizyon an, Sikh ak Endou yo te kite Pakistan ki te fèk kreye a (ki te gen majorite Mizilman) pou yo ale sitou nan India ki te gen majorite Endou, pandan kèk te ale tou nan Afghanistan. An menm tan, anpil Mizilman ki t ap viv nan peyi Zend te deplase pou ale Pakistan. Selon rapò nouvèl an 2017, sèlman anviwon 20,000 Sikh rete nan Pakistan, epi popilasyon yo ap diminye, sa ki reprezante apeprè 0.01% nan yon popilasyon anviwon 200 milyon moun.

=== Sèk Sikh yo ===
[[Fichye:Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Bhavan,_Birmingham.jpg|gauche|vignette|Ravidassia Sikh Gurdwara, Birmingham]]
Sikhi genyn plizyè sou-tradisyon oswa gwoup ki pafwa rele “sèk Sikh,” ki diferan nan fason yo entèprete ansèyman, ekriti, oswa otorite espirityèl la. Gen kèk ki kwè nan yon liyaj gourou altènatif, lòt yo gen pwòp entèpretasyon yo sou ekriti Sikh yo, pandan kèk kwè nan swiv yon gourou vivan, oswa yo kenbe konsèp ki pa menm ak sa Khalsa ortodòks la defann. Pami pi gwo gwoup istorik yo, gen Udasi, Nirmala, Nanakpanthi, Khalsa, Sahajdhari, Namdhari, Nirankari, ak Sarvaria.

Nihangs yo – gèrye Sikh Panth yo oubyen twoup ame yo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Gen de gwoup prensipal nan lòd sa a: Buddha Dal, oubyen lame veteran yo, ak Tarna Dal, oubyen lame jèn yo. Gen lòt ti gwoup ki konekte ak de lòd sa yo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/akalis.html|title=Akalis/Nihangs|website=philtar.ac.uk|access-date=22 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prezidan Buddha Dal la, anvan sa, te toujou sèvi kòm prezidan Akaal Takht la, ki gen jiridiksyon sou tout bagay ki gen rapò ak lòd Akaali Nihang la. 
[[Fichye:Dr._Sant_Singh_Khalsa,_a_white_convert_to_Sikhism,_who_authored_the_most_widely_used_translation_of_the_primary_Sikh_Scripture.jpg|vignette|Sant Singh Khalsa, yon blan konvèti nan Sikhism, se te otè tradiksyon Guru Granth Sahib ki pi itilize a.]]
Nirmalas – entelektyèl. Yo te konpoze tèks epi tou yo te etidye yon pakèt literati Endyen ak kèk literati ki pa Endyen. Yo te kominike avèk lòt moun ki nan chemen Dharmik yo tou. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/nirmal.html|title=Nirmalas|website=philtar.ac.uk|access-date=22 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dizyèm gourou a te enstitisyonalize yo tou. Bhai Daya Singh Ji Samparda ak Bhai Dharam Singh Ji Samparda, de nan Panj Pyare yo oubyen moun dizyèm gourou a te renmen anpil, te fonde de lòd Nirmala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nirmalashramrishikesh.org/Home.asp?GivePage=reso1024|title=Nirmal Home|date=15 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615052041/http://nirmalashramrishikesh.org/Home.asp?GivePage=reso1024|archive-date=15 June 2006|access-date=22 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Udasis – yon gwoup asèt ki istorikman te pran swen Gurdwara yo epi ki te fè aktivite misyonè . Malgre yo pa t fè pwomosyon pou li bay lòt moun, gen kèk nan pratik yo ki diferan de majorite kwayans Sikh yo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/udas.html|title=Udasis|website=philtar.ac.uk|access-date=22 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baba Sri Chand, pi gran Sahibzada (pitit gason) premye gourou a, [[Guru Nanak|Guru Nanak Dev]], te fonde lòd la. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Gurdev yo a se Baba Sri Chand. 

Sevapanthis – yon gwoup ki konsantre sou travay charitab ak sèvis san enterè (seva), san atann okenn peman an retou. Yo angaje tou nan travay akademik ak aktivite entelektyèl. Bhai Kahnaiya ji, ki te yon disip nan epòk nevyèm ak dizyèm Guru yo, souvan konsidere kòm premye chèf tradisyon sa a. Li te vin byen koni paske li te bay asistans medikal ak dlo bay sòlda blese sou tou de bò konfli yo pandan lagè, san li pa fè distenksyon ant zanmi ak lènmi. Jodi a, sèlman kèk manm Sevapanthi yo rete aktif. Istorikman, anviwònman kote yo te devlope ak kote yo te kominike te sitou yon rejyon ki te gen yon majorite Islam.

Gyaaniyan Samparda – inivèsite Sikhi a, byenke teknikman li pa yon lòd, li esansyèlman sèvi kòm youn.  Konpoze ak moun ki fè pati tout sèk ki anwo yo. Anpil branch nan lòd sa a.
[[Fichye:Ustad_Baljit_Singh_Luxmi_Namdhari_and_Fateh_Singh.jpg|gauche|vignette|Sikh Namdhari yo, ke yo rele tou Sikh ''Kuka'' yo, se yon sèk Sikhism ki rekonèt pou rad blan byen pwòp yo ak ''pagari'' orizontal (tiban).   Anwo a: Chantè ak mizisyen Namdhari yo.]]
Premye sèk Sikh yo se te Udasis ak Minas, fonde pa Baba Sri Chand – pi gran pitit gason [[Guru Nanak]], ak Prithi Chand – pi gran pitit gason Guru Ram Das respektivman, an paralèl ak siksesyon ofisyèl gourou Sikh yo. Pita, sèk Ramraiya, fonde pa Ram Rai, te grandi nan Dehradun avèk patwonaj Aurangzeb. &lt;ref name=&quot;FenechMcLeod2014p260&quot; /&gt; Anpil kominote Sikh divize te fòme pandan epòk Anpi Mughal la. Kèk nan sèk sa yo te resevwa sipò finansyè ak administratif nan men dirijan Mughal yo nan espwa pou yo te ka gen yon sitwayen ki pi favorab e ki pi obeyisan.  

Apre efondreman Anpi Mughal la, e patikilyèman pandan rèy Ranjit Singh, Sikh Udasi yo te pwoteje tanp Sikh yo, prezève ekriti Sikh yo epi rebati sa yo ki te pwofane oswa detwi pandan lagè Mizilman-Sikh yo. Sepandan, Sikh Udasi yo te kenbe zidòl ak imaj andedan tanp Sikh sa yo.   Nan 19yèm syèk la, sèk Namdharis ak Nirankaris te fòme nan Sikhism, k ap chèche refòme epi retounen nan sa yo chak te kwè ki te fòm pi Sikhism lan.   

Tout sèk sa yo diferan de Sikh ortodoks Khalsa yo nan kwayans ak pratik yo, tankou kontinye selebre maryaj yo otou dife epi yo estrikteman vejetaryen.   Anpil moun aksepte konsèp gourou vivan tankou Guru Baba Dyal Singh . Sèk Nirankari a, byenke li pa òtodòks, te enfliyan nan fòme opinyon Tat Khalsa ak kwayans ak pratik Sikh epòk kontanporen an.   Yon lòt sèk Sikh enpòtan nan 19yèm syèk la se te mouvman Radhasoami nan Punjab ki te dirije pa Baba Shiv Dyal.  Lòt sèk Sikh epòk kontanporen yo enkli [[3HO]] a, ki te fòme an 1971, ki egziste andeyò peyi Zend, patikilyèman nan Amerik di Nò ak Ewòp. &lt;ref name=&quot;HaarKalsi2009p9&quot; /&gt;  

=== Kas Sikh yo ===
Dapre Surinder S. Jodhka, eta Punjab, ki gen yon majorite Sikh, gen youn nan pi gwo pwopòsyon popilasyon ki klase kòm kas anrejistre nan peyi Zend. Malgre Sikhism ofisyèlman rejte sistèm kas la, li toujou egziste nan pratik sosyal pami Sikh yo. Jodhka note ke sistèm kas la, ansanm ak pratik entouchabilite, te pi vizib nan zòn riral Punjab yo. Kas Sikh ki gen plis pouvwa ekonomik, sitou pwopriyetè tè yo, pa fin elimine prejije kont Dalit yo. Menm si Dalit yo ka antre nan gurdwara nan vilaj yo, yo pafwa pa gen dwa prepare oswa sèvi langar (manje kominotè). Dalit Sikh yo nan Punjab te reponn a sitiyasyon sa a lè yo te kreye pwòp gurdwara yo ak lòt enstitisyon lokal pou chèche plis diyite ak amelyorasyon materyèl. Jodhka fè remake tou ke akòz ogmantasyon mobilite ekonomik nan Punjab modèn nan, kas yo pa toujou detèmine travay oswa okipasyon ankò, ni relasyon travay yo pa nesesèman mare ak yon sèl kominote oswa kote. An 1953, gouvènman Endyen an te aksepte demand lidè Sikh Master Tara Singh pou enkli Dalit Sikh yo nan lis kas anrejistre yo. Anplis, nan Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, 20 sou 140 plas yo rezève pou Sikh ki soti nan kas ki pi ba yo.

=== Dyaspora Sikh la ===
[[Fichye:Sikhs_on_the_move!.jpg|vignette|Sikh yo ap selebre Vaisakhi nan Toronto, Kanada.]]
Nan lemonn antye, gen 30&amp;nbsp;milyon Sikh, &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;McLeod, William Hewat. 2019 [1998]. {{Atik ansiklopedik|title=Sikhism}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ki reprezante 0.4% nan popilasyon mondyal la. Apeprè 75% nan Sikh yo ap viv nan Punjab, kote yo reprezante 57.7% nan popilasyon eta a. Gwo kominote Sikh yo imigre nan eta vwazen yo tankou Eta Endyen Haryana ki se lakay dezyèm pi gwo popilasyon Sikh nan peyi Zend ak 1.1&amp;nbsp;milyon Sikh dapre resansman 2001 an, epi ou ka jwenn gwo kominote imigran Sikh toupatou nan peyi Zend. Sepandan, Sikh yo sèlman reprezante anviwon 1.7% nan popilasyon Endyen an. 

Pifò Sikh ki pa nan peyi Zend ap viv nan sant Anglosfè a, avèk 771,790 nan Kanada (2.1% Sikh), &lt;ref name=&quot;canadareligion2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201|title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305220639/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201|archive-date=5 March 2023|access-date=26 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm|title=The Daily — The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www150.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=26 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; 524,140 nan Wayòm Ini a (0.9% Sikh), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021|title=Religion, England and Wales – Office for National Statistics|website=ons.gov.uk|access-date=29 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; 280,000 nan Etazini (0.1% Sikh), {{Refn|While the [[U.S. Census]] does not ask about religion,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=
Does the Census Bureau have data for religion?
|url=https://ask.census.gov/prweb/PRServletCustom/app/ECORRAsk2_/YACFBFye-rFIz_FoGtyvDRUGg1Uzu5Mn*/!STANDARD?pzuiactionzzz=CXtpbn0rTEpMcGRYOG1vS0tqTFAwaENUZWpvM1NNWEMzZ3p5aFpnWUxzVmw0TjJndno5ZkJPc24xNWYvcCtNbVVjWk5Z*|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; 70,697 Americans (or {{Percentage|70,697|331,449,281|2}} of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the [[2020 U.S. census|2020 census]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=
Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-asian-population.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[2021 Canadian census]], 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion, indicating that the Sikh American population may be around 280,329, or {{Percentage|280,329|331,449,281|2}} of the total population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=
Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population| date=9 February 2022 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&amp;DGUIDList=2021A000011124&amp;GENDERList=1,2,3&amp;STATISTICList=1,4&amp;HEADERList=0&amp;SearchText=Canada|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[U.S. Census Bureau]] estimated the adult Sikh American population at 78,000 in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Pew Research Center]] estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012 while the World Religion Database at Boston University estimated the American Sikh population to be at 280,000 in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;How Many U.S. Sikhs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=How Many U.S. Sikhs?|date=6 August 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sikh organisations like the [[Sikh Coalition]] and [[American Sikh Congressional Caucus]] estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=About Sikhs|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/about-sikhs/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=H. RES. 275 - 118th Congress (2023-2024)| date=10 April 2023 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/275/text?s=1&amp;r=1/|publisher=[[United States Congress]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;How Many U.S. Sikhs&quot;/&gt; 500,000 nevertheless remains the most cited Sikh American population size in news media.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sikhism Reporter's Guide|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=23 July 2023|archive-date=23 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723043536/https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Sikh Community Today |url=https://pluralism.org/the-sikh-community-today|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote=&quot;Today there are well over 500,000 Sikhs in the United States.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=American Sikhs are targets of bigotry, often due to cultural ignorance |date=10 August 2022 |url=https://religionnews.com/2022/08/10/american-sikhs-are-targets-of-bigotry-often-due-to-cultural-ignorance/|publisher=[[Religion News Service]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote=&quot;Scholars and government officials estimate the Sikh American population to number around 500,000.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sikhs in America:A History of Hate |date=4 August 2017 |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/sikhs-in-america-hate-crime-victims-and-bias|publisher=[[ProPublica]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote=&quot;There are an estimated 500,000 Sikhs living in the U.S., many in New York and California.&quot;
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month |url=https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/proclamations/2022/04/01/april-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month|publisher=State of Michigan Office of the Governor|access-date=28 March 2023|quote=&quot;Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world, and, today, there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide and an estimated 500,000 Sikh Americans;&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Want to know about Sikhism?|date=23 May 2022 |url=https://www.wuwm.com/2022-05-23/want-to-know-about-sikhism-head-to-new-book-collection-in-oak-creek|publisher=[[WUWM]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote=&quot;There are more than 500,000 Sikhs in the United States.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A Brief Introduction to Sikhism|date=5 May 2021 |url=https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2021/05/05/sikhism-chicago|publisher=[[WTTW]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote=&quot;Despite its relatively recent arrival in Chicago, Sikhism is the world’s fifth-largest religion, with 25 to 30 million adherents around the globe and an estimated 500,000 in America today.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} With 1% of [[Asian Americans#Religion|Asian Americans]] being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated around 280,000 in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths|date=19 July 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/07/19/asian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-overview/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2020 National Sikh American Survey: Key Findings|date=23 October 2020|url=https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|publisher=[[Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund]]|access-date=14 April 2023|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414220224/https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=DP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES|url=https://data.census.gov/table?tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP05|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} 210,400 nan Ostrali (0.8% Sikh), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://blog.id.com.au/2012/australian-census-2011/2011-australian-census-fastest-growing-religions/|title=2011 Australian Census – Fastest Growing Religions|last=Glenn|date=6 September 2012|publisher=Blog.id.com.au|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419034240/http://blog.id.com.au/2012/australian-census-2011/2011-australian-census-fastest-growing-religions/|archive-date=19 April 2013|access-date=2 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Article~80|title=2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016|date=28 June 2017|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=14 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ak 40,908 nan Nouvèl Zelann (0.9% Sikh). &lt;ref name=&quot;New Zealand Sikh population&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/losing-our-religion|title=Losing our religion &amp;#124; Stats NZ}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;kilè?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Pandan ke kominote sa yo gen plis pase 125 an, pifò Sikh nan Lwès la se imigran premye, dezyèm oswa twazyèm jenerasyon. As of  Dapre Resansman Kanadyen 2021 an, plis pase mwatye Sikh Kanada yo ka jwenn nan youn nan kat vil sa yo: Brampton (163,260), &lt;ref name=&quot;bramptoncity2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&amp;GENDERlist=1,2,3&amp;STATISTIClist=1,4&amp;DGUIDlist=2021A00053521010&amp;HEADERlist=32&amp;SearchText=brampton|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Brampton, City (CY) Ontario [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=31 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Surrey (154,415), &lt;ref name=&quot;surreycity2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&amp;GENDERlist=1,2,3&amp;STATISTIClist=1,4&amp;DGUIDlist=2021A00055915004&amp;HEADERlist=32&amp;SearchText=surrey|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Surrey, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=31 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Calgary (49,465), &lt;ref name=&quot;calgarycity2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&amp;GENDERlist=1,2,3&amp;STATISTIClist=1,4&amp;DGUIDlist=2021A00054806016&amp;HEADERlist=32&amp;SearchText=calgary|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Calgary, City (CY) Alberta [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=31 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ak Abbotsford (38,395). &lt;ref name=&quot;abbotsfordcity2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&amp;GENDERlist=1,2,3&amp;STATISTIClist=1,4&amp;DGUIDlist=2021A00055909052&amp;HEADERlist=32&amp;SearchText=abbotsford|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Abbotsford, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=31 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sik yo te imigre tou nan Afrik de Lès, Mwayen Oryan, ak Azi Sidès. Kominote sa yo te devlope pandan Sik yo t ap imigre soti nan Penjab pou ranpli twou vid ki te genyen nan mache travay enperyal la. 

== Entèdiksyon nan Sikhism ==

* Li entèdi pou gason ak fanm Sikh pèse nen oswa zòrèy pou mete bijou.  Sepandan, sa a se yon pwen dezakò paske li te komen pou gason ak fanm Sikh mete pandan peryòd Sikh Misl la. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/YungBhujang/status/1276634524340776961|title=Today, the idea of religious Sikh men wearing earrings would be ridiculous – and in many puritan circles, the idea of any form of piercing for all Sikhs, including women and their jewelry, would be off-limits. Yet the historical record tells us a different story...}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2023)&quot;&gt;sous ki pa prensipal nesesè&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
* Timoun ki touye pitit fi : Yon Sikh pa ta dwe touye pitit fi li; ni li pa ta dwe kenbe okenn relasyon ak yon moun ki asasen yon pitit fi. 
* Yon Sikh pa dwe vòlè, fòme asosyasyon dout oswa patisipe nan jwèt aza . 
* Li pa apwopriye pou yon fanm Sikh mete yon vwal, oswa kenbe figi l kache. 
* Dapre Guru Granth Sahib, Sik yo pa ka mete okenn siy ki fè pati okenn lòt lafwa, ni patisipe nan adorasyon zidòl ( idolatri ). Sik yo pa dwe gen tèt yo toutouni oswa mete kaskèt . Yo pa ka mete okenn bijou ki ka pèse okenn pati nan kò yo tou. 
* Prèt eritye - Sikhism pa gen prèt, paske Guru Gobind Singh te aboli yo. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikhs.org/summary.htm|title=Sikhism Religion of the Sikh People|publisher=sikhs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sèl pozisyon li te kite se te yon Granthi pou pran swen Guru Granth Sahib la; nenpòt Sikh lib pou vin Granthi oswa li nan men Guru Granth Sahib la. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot; /&gt;
[[Kategori:Relijyon nan mond endyen]]</text>
      <sha1>6zcjy422cxgnhob8xdbmcgsrfg4ely8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tatra 87</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>97870</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888952</id>
      <parentid>888914</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T15:55:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888952</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1292" sha1="2i36xnq0rz8ar5qogh4cwmyjns17nmk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Otomobil}}
'''Tatra 87''' la se yon machin (woutyè) Tchekoslovak, ki te pwodui ant 1936 ak 1950 pa konpayi otomobil Tatra. Li mache ak yon motè V8 3 lit ki refwadi ak lè, ak yon branch kòn anlè, ki monte npa dèyè, ki pwodui 85 cheval ki ta ka pouse machin nan a prèske {{Unité|160|km/h}} . Li te pami machin ki pi rapid nan epòk li a, men sitou li te konsome mwens gaz (12.5 lit pou chak 100 km) alòske konpetitè yo jeneralman te konsome de fwa plis. Apre lagè a, yo te ekipe l ak motè V8 2.5 lit ki pi modèn nan, ki soti nan T603 la&lt;ref&gt;Karel Rosenkranz, ''100 Years of Tatra Passenger Cars'', Motormedia 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;Ralf J. F. Kieselbach, ''Stromlinienautos in Europa und USA'', Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1982, page 19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Divès==
Se avèk yon Tatra 87 [[Hanzelka et Zikmund|Hanzelka ak Zikmund]] te fè premye vwayaj yo ann Afrik ak [[Amerik disid|Amerik di Sid]] soti 1947 rive 1950.

== Galri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fichye:Tatra_87_rear_(Foto_Hilarmont).JPG
Fichye:1947_Tatra_T-87_Saloon_-_Engine_Compartment_(Lane_Motor_Museum).jpg
Fichye:Tatra_87_(Foto_Hilarmont).JPG
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nòt ak referans ==
{{Referans}}
[[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1930 yo]]
[[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1940 yo]]
[[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]]
[[Kategori:Otomobil Tatra]]</text>
      <sha1>2i36xnq0rz8ar5qogh4cwmyjns17nmk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888954</id>
      <parentid>888952</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:01:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888954</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2631" sha1="46y3dacdblu5kglj54nhxf2ie061ah0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Otomobil
 | non                  = Tatra 87
 | imaj                = Tatra 87 front (Foto Hilarmont).JPG
 | taille image         = 
 | lejand              = Une Tatra 87 de 1940
 | mak               = [[Tatra (entreprise)|Tatra]]
 | peyi mak la    = RTC
 | ane pwodiksyon = [[1936]] - [[1950]]
 | pwodiksyon           = 3056
 | classe               = 
 | izin                = {{Drapeau|République tchèque}} [[Kopřivnice]]
 | enèji              = 
 | motè              = V8 {{Unité|2969|cm|3}}
 | pozisyon             = arrière
 | cylindrée            = 
 | puissance            = 85
 | puissance2           = 
 | couple               = 
 | transmission         = 
 | boîte de vitesses    = 4 rapports
 | poids                = 1370
 | vitesse              = 160
 | accélération         = 
 | consommation         = 12,5
 | consommation2        = 
 | CO2                  = 
 | carrosseries         = Berline
 | structure            = 
 | Cx                   = 
 | suspension           = 
 | direction            = 
 | freins               = 
 | longueur             = 4740
 | largeur              = 1670
 | hauteur              = 1500
 | empattement          = 2850
 | voie avant           = 
 | voie arrière         = 
 | coffre               = 
 | modèle précédent     = [[Tatra 77A]]
 | modèle suivant       = [[Tatra 603]]
}}


'''Tatra 87''' la se yon machin (woutyè) Tchekoslovak, ki te pwodui ant 1936 ak 1950 pa konpayi otomobil Tatra. Li mache ak yon motè V8 3 lit ki refwadi ak lè, ak yon branch kòn anlè, ki monte npa dèyè, ki pwodui 85 cheval ki ta ka pouse machin nan a prèske {{Unité|160|km/h}} . Li te pami machin ki pi rapid nan epòk li a, men sitou li te konsome mwens gaz (12.5 lit pou chak 100 km) alòske konpetitè yo jeneralman te konsome de fwa plis. Apre lagè a, yo te ekipe l ak motè V8 2.5 lit ki pi modèn nan, ki soti nan T603 la&lt;ref&gt;Karel Rosenkranz, ''100 Years of Tatra Passenger Cars'', Motormedia 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;Ralf J. F. Kieselbach, ''Stromlinienautos in Europa und USA'', Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1982, page 19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Divès==
Se avèk yon Tatra 87 [[Hanzelka et Zikmund|Hanzelka ak Zikmund]] te fè premye vwayaj yo ann Afrik ak [[Amerik disid|Amerik di Sid]] soti 1947 rive 1950.

== Galri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fichye:Tatra_87_rear_(Foto_Hilarmont).JPG
Fichye:1947_Tatra_T-87_Saloon_-_Engine_Compartment_(Lane_Motor_Museum).jpg
Fichye:Tatra_87_(Foto_Hilarmont).JPG
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nòt ak referans ==
{{Referans}}
[[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1930 yo]]
[[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1940 yo]]
[[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]]
[[Kategori:Otomobil Tatra]]</text>
      <sha1>46y3dacdblu5kglj54nhxf2ie061ah0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888957</id>
      <parentid>888954</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:13:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888957</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2642" sha1="0894wmjm3klt4nfydi0bpiy80ek0yxj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Otomobil
 | non                  = Tatra 87
 | imaj                 = Tatra 87 front (Foto Hilarmont).JPG
 | gwosè imaj           = 
 | lejand               = Yon Tatra 87 an 1940
 | mak                  = [[Tatra (konpayi)|Tatra]]
 | peyi mak la          = RTC
 | ane pwodiksyon       = [[1936]] - [[1950]]
 | pwodiksyon           = 3056
 | klas                 = 
 | izin                 = {{Drapeau|Repiblik Tchèk}} [[Kopřivnice]]
 | enèji                = 
 | motè                 = V8 {{Unité|2969|cm|3}}
 | pozisyon             = dèyè
 | silendre             = 
 | pisans               = 85
 | pisans2              = 
 | koup                 = 
 | transmisyon          = 
 | bwat vitès           = 4 vitès
 | pwa                  = 1370
 | vitès                = 160
 | akselerasyon         = 
 | konsomasyon          = 12,5
 | konsomasyon2         = 
 | CO2                  = 
 | kawoseri             = Sedan
 | estrikti             = 
 | Cx                   = 
 | sispansyon           = 
 | direksyon            = 
 | fren                 = 
 | longè                = 4740
 | lajè                 = 1670
 | wotè                 = 1500
 | anpatman             = 2850
 | vwa devan            = 
 | vwa dèyè             = 
 | kòf                  = 
 | modèl anvan          = [[Tatra 77A]]
 | modèl swivan         = [[Tatra 603]]
}}


'''Tatra 87''' la se yon machin (woutyè) Tchekoslovak, ki te pwodui ant 1936 ak 1950 pa konpayi otomobil Tatra. Li mache ak yon motè V8 3 lit ki refwadi ak lè, ak yon branch kòn anlè, ki monte npa dèyè, ki pwodui 85 cheval ki ta ka pouse machin nan a prèske {{Unité|160|km/h}} . Li te pami machin ki pi rapid nan epòk li a, men sitou li te konsome mwens gaz (12.5 lit pou chak 100 km) alòske konpetitè yo jeneralman te konsome de fwa plis. Apre lagè a, yo te ekipe l ak motè V8 2.5 lit ki pi modèn nan, ki soti nan T603 la&lt;ref&gt;Karel Rosenkranz, ''100 Years of Tatra Passenger Cars'', Motormedia 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;Ralf J. F. Kieselbach, ''Stromlinienautos in Europa und USA'', Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1982, page 19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Divès==
Se avèk yon Tatra 87 [[Hanzelka et Zikmund|Hanzelka ak Zikmund]] te fè premye vwayaj yo ann Afrik ak [[Amerik disid|Amerik di Sid]] soti 1947 rive 1950.

== Galri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fichye:Tatra_87_rear_(Foto_Hilarmont).JPG
Fichye:1947_Tatra_T-87_Saloon_-_Engine_Compartment_(Lane_Motor_Museum).jpg
Fichye:Tatra_87_(Foto_Hilarmont).JPG
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nòt ak referans ==
{{Referans}}
[[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1930 yo]]
[[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1940 yo]]
[[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]]
[[Kategori:Otomobil Tatra]]</text>
      <sha1>0894wmjm3klt4nfydi0bpiy80ek0yxj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888958</id>
      <parentid>888957</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:14:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888958</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2639" sha1="bgrefxbpa58116ykxdt8kseqwqgah89" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Otomobil
 | non                  = Tatra 87
 | imaj                 = Tatra 87 front (Foto Hilarmont).JPG
 | gwosè imaj           = 
 | lejand               = Yon Tatra 87 an 1940
 | mak                  = [[Tatra (konpayi)|Tatra]]
 | peyi mak la          = RTC
 | ane pwodiksyon       = [[1936]] - [[1950]]
 | pwodiksyon           = 3056
 | klas                 = 
 | izin                 = {{Drapo|Repiblik Tchèk}} [[Kopřivnice]]
 | enèji                = 
 | motè                 = V8 {{Inite|2969|cm|3}}
 | pozisyon             = dèyè
 | silendre             = 
 | pisans               = 85
 | pisans2              = 
 | koup                 = 
 | transmisyon          = 
 | bwat vitès           = 4 vitès
 | pwa                  = 1370
 | vitès                = 160
 | akselerasyon         = 
 | konsomasyon          = 12,5
 | konsomasyon2         = 
 | CO2                  = 
 | kawoseri             = Sedan
 | estrikti             = 
 | Cx                   = 
 | sispansyon           = 
 | direksyon            = 
 | fren                 = 
 | longè                = 4740
 | lajè                 = 1670
 | wotè                 = 1500
 | anpatman             = 2850
 | vwa devan            = 
 | vwa dèyè             = 
 | kòf                  = 
 | modèl anvan          = [[Tatra 77A]]
 | modèl swivan         = [[Tatra 603]]
}}


'''Tatra 87''' la se yon machin (woutyè) Tchekoslovak, ki te pwodui ant 1936 ak 1950 pa konpayi otomobil Tatra. Li mache ak yon motè V8 3 lit ki refwadi ak lè, ak yon branch kòn anlè, ki monte npa dèyè, ki pwodui 85 cheval ki ta ka pouse machin nan a prèske {{Unité|160|km/h}} . Li te pami machin ki pi rapid nan epòk li a, men sitou li te konsome mwens gaz (12.5 lit pou chak 100 km) alòske konpetitè yo jeneralman te konsome de fwa plis. Apre lagè a, yo te ekipe l ak motè V8 2.5 lit ki pi modèn nan, ki soti nan T603 la&lt;ref&gt;Karel Rosenkranz, ''100 Years of Tatra Passenger Cars'', Motormedia 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;Ralf J. F. Kieselbach, ''Stromlinienautos in Europa und USA'', Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1982, page 19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Divès==
Se avèk yon Tatra 87 [[Hanzelka et Zikmund|Hanzelka ak Zikmund]] te fè premye vwayaj yo ann Afrik ak [[Amerik disid|Amerik di Sid]] soti 1947 rive 1950.

== Galri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fichye:Tatra_87_rear_(Foto_Hilarmont).JPG
Fichye:1947_Tatra_T-87_Saloon_-_Engine_Compartment_(Lane_Motor_Museum).jpg
Fichye:Tatra_87_(Foto_Hilarmont).JPG
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Nòt ak referans ==
{{Referans}}
[[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1930 yo]]
[[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1940 yo]]
[[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]]
[[Kategori:Otomobil Tatra]]</text>
      <sha1>bgrefxbpa58116ykxdt8kseqwqgah89</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Itilizatè:Soroshaezami</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>97871</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888925</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T15:08:07Z</timestamp>
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    <revision>
      <id>888932</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T15:25:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-18T15:28:13Z</timestamp>
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    <title>Javid Torabi</title>
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      <comment>Paj ki kreye ak &quot;  {{DISPLAYTITLE:Javid Torabi}}  '''Javid Torabi''' se yon atlèt iranyen, yon antrenè nan domèn fitnès ak kulturism. Li patisipe nan konpetisyon fitnès nan kategori ''Muscle Style''. Li te genyen plizyè meday nan konpetisyon nasyonal ak entènasyonal, tankou chanpyona fitnès peyi Iran ak konpetisyon Mister Universe nan Teheran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt |url=https://borna.news/00A08V |title=جاوید ترابی قهرمان هشتمین دوره مسابقات قهرم... &quot;</comment>
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Javid Torabi}}

'''Javid Torabi''' se yon atlèt iranyen, yon antrenè nan domèn fitnès ak kulturism. Li patisipe nan konpetisyon fitnès nan kategori ''Muscle Style''. Li te genyen plizyè meday nan konpetisyon nasyonal ak entènasyonal, tankou chanpyona fitnès peyi Iran ak konpetisyon Mister Universe nan Teheran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt
|url=https://borna.news/00A08V
|title=جاوید ترابی قهرمان هشتمین دوره مسابقات قهرمانی فیتنس کشور شد
|website=Borna
|language=fa
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:90%; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;&quot; | Javid Torabi
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#eaecf0;&quot; | Enfòmasyon pèsonèl
|-
! Non
| Javid Torabi
|-
! Ane nesans
| 1993
|-
! Peyi
| Iran
|-
! Pwofesyon
| Atlèt, antrenè fitnès
|-
! Espò
| Fitnès, kulturism
|-
! Fòmasyon
| Diplòm teknik nan achitekti
|-
! Kòmanse patisipe nan konpetisyon
| 2023
|-
! Disiplin
| Muscle Style
|}

== Biyografi ==

Javid Torabi fèt an 1993 nan Iran. Li gen yon fòmasyon teknik nan achitekti. Dapre enfòmasyon ki te pibliye sou karyè li, li gen plis pase 15 ane eksperyans nan kulturism ak anviwon uit ane eksperyans kòm antrenè.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt
|url=https://borna.news/00A08V
|title=جاوید ترابی قهرمان هشتمین دوره مسابقات قهرمانی فیتنس کشور شد
|website=Borna
|language=fa
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Li gen sètifika antrenè nan kulturism, nan nivo de, ak nan fitnès, nan nivo twa, dapre sistèm fòmasyon espòtif Iran an. Li te sèvi tou kòm sekretè komite fitnès nan distri Shahriar.

== Karyè espòtif ==

Torabi te kòmanse patisipe nan konpetisyon ofisyèl nan ane 2023. Li konpetisyon nan kategori Muscle Style, yon kategori nan fitnès ki mete aksan sou prezantasyon fizik atlèt la sou sèn.

Nan konpetisyon yo, li atire atansyon tou ak chwa rad li, tankou rad ki enspire pa ekipman tradisyonèl pou monte cheval.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt
|url=https://borna.news/00A08V
|title=جاوید ترابی قهرمان هشتمین دوره مسابقات قهرمانی فیتنس کشور شد
|website=Borna
|language=fa
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rezilta nan konpetisyon ==

Men kèk rezilta yo rapòte nan karyè espòtif li:

* 2023: Katriyèm plas nan konpetisyon ouvè Bandar Abbas.
* Out 2023: Meday lò nan chanpyona nasyonal fitnès Iran.
* Fevriye 2024: Meday ajan nan chanpyona nasyonal fitnès.
* Me 2024: Meday lò nan konpetisyon Mister Universe nan Teheran.
* Oktòb 2024: Meday bwonz nan chanpyona mondyal fitnès ki te fèt sou zile Kish.
* Mas 2025: Meday lò nan chanpyona nasyonal Iran.
* Out 2026: Meday lò nan uityèm chanpyona nasyonal fitnès Iran, nan kategori Muscle Style pou atlèt ki mezire mwens pase 180 santimèt. Konpetisyon sa a te sèvi tou kòm seleksyon pou ekip nasyonal la.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt
|url=https://borna.news/00A08V
|title=جاوید ترابی قهرمان هشتمین دوره مسابقات قهرمانی فیتنس کشور شد
|website=Borna
|language=fa
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== Lyen deyò ==

* [https://yjc.ir/fa/news/9128184/قهرمانان-فیتنس-کشور-معرفی-شدند Rapò sou chanpyon fitnès Iran yo — Young Journalists Club]

[[Kategori:Atlèt iranyen]]
[[Kategori:Antrenè espòtif]]
[[Kategori:Kulturism]]</text>
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Javid Torabi}}

'''Javid Torabi''' se yon atlèt iranyen, yon antrenè nan domèn fitnès ak kulturism. Li patisipe nan konpetisyon fitnès nan kategori ''Muscle Style''. Li te genyen plizyè meday nan konpetisyon nasyonal ak entènasyonal, tankou chanpyona fitnès peyi Iran ak konpetisyon Mister Universe nan Teheran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt
|url=https://borna.news/00A08V
|title=جاوید ترابی قهرمان هشتمین دوره مسابقات قهرمانی فیتنس کشور شد
|website=Borna
|language=fa
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width:22em; font-size:90%; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;&quot; | Javid Torabi
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#eaecf0;&quot; | Enfòmasyon pèsonèl
|-
! Non
| Javid Torabi
|-
! Ane nesans
| 1993
|-
! Peyi
| Iran
|-
! Pwofesyon
| Atlèt, antrenè fitnès
|-
! Espò
| Fitnès, kulturism
|-
! Fòmasyon
| Diplòm teknik nan achitekti
|-
! Kòmanse patisipe nan konpetisyon
| 2023
|-
! Disiplin
| Muscle Style
|}

[[Fichye:جاوید ترابی.jpg|vignette]]

== Biyografi ==

Javid Torabi fèt an 1993 nan Iran. Li gen yon fòmasyon teknik nan achitekti. Dapre enfòmasyon ki te pibliye sou karyè li, li gen plis pase 15 ane eksperyans nan kulturism ak anviwon uit ane eksperyans kòm antrenè.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt
|url=https://borna.news/00A08V
|title=جاوید ترابی قهرمان هشتمین دوره مسابقات قهرمانی فیتنس کشور شد
|website=Borna
|language=fa
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Li gen sètifika antrenè nan kulturism, nan nivo de, ak nan fitnès, nan nivo twa, dapre sistèm fòmasyon espòtif Iran an. Li te sèvi tou kòm sekretè komite fitnès nan distri Shahriar.

== Karyè espòtif ==

Torabi te kòmanse patisipe nan konpetisyon ofisyèl nan ane 2023. Li konpetisyon nan kategori Muscle Style, yon kategori nan fitnès ki mete aksan sou prezantasyon fizik atlèt la sou sèn.

Nan konpetisyon yo, li atire atansyon tou ak chwa rad li, tankou rad ki enspire pa ekipman tradisyonèl pou monte cheval.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt
|url=https://borna.news/00A08V
|title=جاوید ترابی قهرمان هشتمین دوره مسابقات قهرمانی فیتنس کشور شد
|website=Borna
|language=fa
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rezilta nan konpetisyon ==

Men kèk rezilta yo rapòte nan karyè espòtif li:

* 2023: Katriyèm plas nan konpetisyon ouvè Bandar Abbas.
* Out 2023: Meday lò nan chanpyona nasyonal fitnès Iran.
* Fevriye 2024: Meday ajan nan chanpyona nasyonal fitnès.
* Me 2024: Meday lò nan konpetisyon Mister Universe nan Teheran.
* Oktòb 2024: Meday bwonz nan chanpyona mondyal fitnès ki te fèt sou zile Kish.
* Mas 2025: Meday lò nan chanpyona nasyonal Iran.
* Out 2026: Meday lò nan uityèm chanpyona nasyonal fitnès Iran, nan kategori Muscle Style pou atlèt ki mezire mwens pase 180 santimèt. Konpetisyon sa a te sèvi tou kòm seleksyon pou ekip nasyonal la.&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt
|url=https://borna.news/00A08V
|title=جاوید ترابی قهرمان هشتمین دوره مسابقات قهرمانی فیتنس کشور شد
|website=Borna
|language=fa
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== Lyen deyò ==

* [https://yjc.ir/fa/news/9128184/قهرمانان-فیتنس-کشور-معرفی-شدند Rapò sou chanpyon fitnès Iran yo — Young Journalists Club]

[[Kategori:Atlèt iranyen]]
[[Kategori:Antrenè espòtif]]
[[Kategori:Kulturism]]</text>
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}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Transmisyon (otomobil)|Transmisyon]]|{{{transmission|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Bwat vitès]]|{{{boîte de vitesses|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Sous-titre optionnel
 | Mas ak pèfòmans|{{{poids|}}}{{{vitesse|}}}{{{accélération|}}}{{{autonomie|}}}{{{consommation|}}}{{{consommation2|}}}|B4B9C3|FFFFFF
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Mas a vid]]|{{{poids|}}}|{{formatnum|{{{poids|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;kg
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Vitès maksimòm|{{{vitesse|}}}|{{{vitesse|}}}&amp;nbsp;km/h
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Akselerasyon]]|{{{accélération|}}}|0 a 100&amp;nbsp;km/h nan {{{accélération|}}}&amp;nbsp;s
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Otonomi|{{{autonomie|}}}|{{{autonomie|}}}&amp;nbsp;km
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Konsomasyon melanje|{{{consommation|}}}|{{{consommation|}}}&amp;nbsp;L/100&amp;nbsp;km
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Konsomasyon|{{{consommation2|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Emisyon [[Diyoksid kabòn|CO{{ind|2}}]]|{{{CO2|}}}|{{{CO2|}}}&amp;nbsp;g/km
}}
{{Infobox/Sous-titre optionnel
 | Chasi - Kawoseri|{{{carrosseries|}}}{{{plateforme|}}}{{{plate-forme|}}}{{{structure|}}}{{{Cx|}}}{{{suspension|}}}{{{direction|}}}{{{freins|}}}|B4B9C3|FFFFFF
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Kalite kawoseri|Kawoseri]]|{{{carrosseries|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Platfòm (veyikil)|Platfòm]]|{{{plateforme|{{{plate-forme|}}}}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Chasi veyikil|Chasi]]|{{{structure|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Koyefisyan trennen]]|{{{Cx|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Sispansyon veyikil|Sispansyon]]|{{{suspension|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Direksyon (otomobil)|Direksyon]]|{{{direction|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Fren|{{{freins|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Sous-titre optionnel
 | Dimansyon|{{{longueur|}}}{{{largeur|}}}{{{hauteur|}}}{{{empattement|}}}{{{voie avant|}}}{{{voie arrière|}}}{{{coffre|}}}|B4B9C3|FFFFFF
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Longè|{{{longueur|}}}|{{formatnum|{{{longueur|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;mm
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Lajè|{{{largeur|}}}|{{formatnum|{{{largeur|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;mm
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Wotè|{{{hauteur|}}}|{{formatnum|{{{hauteur|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;mm
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Anpatman (veyikil)|Anpatman]]|{{{empattement|}}}|{{formatnum|{{{empattement|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;mm
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Vwa (veyikil)|Vwa]]{{#if:{{{voie arrière|}}}|&amp;nbsp;{{abréviation discrète|DV|devan}}/{{abréviation discrète|DY|dèyè}}|}}
 | {{{voie avant|}}}{{{voie arrière|}}}
 | {{formatnum|{{{voie avant|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;mm {{#if:{{{voie arrière|}}}|&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;{{formatnum|{{{voie arrière|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;mm|}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Volim kòf la|{{{coffre|}}}|{{formatnum|{{{coffre|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;dm{{exp|3}}
}}
{{Infobox/Sous-titre optionnel
 | Sekirite|{{{note Euro NCAP|}}}{{{année test|}}}|B4B9C3|FFFFFF
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Nòt [[Euro NCAP]]|{{{note Euro NCAP|}}}{{{année test|}}}|{{étoiles|{{{note Euro NCAP|}}}}}{{#if:{{{année test|}}}|&amp;nbsp;({{{année test}}})}}
}}
{{Infobox/Sous-titre optionnel
 | Kwonoloji modèl yo|{{{modèle précédent|}}}{{{modèle suivant|}}}|B4B9C3|FFFFFF
}}
{{Infobox/Succession
 | {{{modèle précédent|}}}
 | 
 | {{{modèle suivant|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Notice
 | Infobox Automobile|B4B9C3
}}
{{Infobox/Fin}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>q8q1ue3m1x3ordzxuylg9phobkajqff</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888956</id>
      <parentid>888955</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:10:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888956</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5400" sha1="muyxwfq63lk6yvfe7xf1pof58e61zmd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Infobox/Début}}
{{Infobox/Titre
 | {{{non|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|B4B9C3|defaut|FFFFFF
}}
{{Infobox/Image
 | {{{imaj|}}}
 | {{{lejand|}}}
 | {{{gwosè imaj|}}}
 | {{{altènatif|{{PAGENAME}} }}}
 |
 |
 |Automobile
}}
{{Infobox/Image optionnelle
 | {{{imaj2|}}}
 | {{{imaj2|}}}
 | {{{lejand2|}}}
 | {{{gwosè imaj2|}}}
 | {{{altènatif|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Séparateur optionnel
     | {{{imaj|}}}
     | B4B9C3
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Rele tou|{{{lòt non|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Mak|{{{mak|}}}|{{#if:{{{peyi mak la|}}}|{{{{uc:{{{peyi mak la|}}}}}-d}}|}} {{{mak|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Ane pwodiksyon|{{{ane pwodiksyon|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Pwodiksyon|{{{pwodiksyon|}}}|{{formatnum|{{{pwodiksyon|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;egzanplè
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Segman otomobil|Klas]]|{{{klas|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Izin asanblaj|{{{izin|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Sous-titre optionnel
 | Motè ak transmisyon|{{{enèji|}}}{{{motè|}}}{{{pozisyon|}}}{{{silendre|}}}{{{pisans|}}}{{{pisans2|}}}{{{koup|}}}{{{transmisyon|}}}{{{bwat vitès|}}}|B4B9C3|FFFFFF
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Enèji|{{{enèji|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Motè|Motè]]|{{{motè|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Pozisyon motè a|{{{pozisyon|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Silendre (motè)|Silendre]]|{{{silendre|}}}|{{formatnum|{{{silendre|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;[[Santimèt kib|cm{{exp|3}}]]
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Pisans (fizik)|Pisans maksimòm]]|{{{pisans|}}}|{{{pisans|}}}&amp;nbsp;[[Chwal vapè|ch]] {{#if:{{{nòm pisans|}}}|{{{nòm pisans|}}}|}} {{#if:{{{pisans2|}}}|({{{pisans2|}}}&amp;nbsp;[[Wat|kW]])|}}
}}
{{#if:{{{pisans2|}}}|{{#if:{{{pisans|}}}|| 
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Pisans (fizik)|Pisans maksimòm]]|{{{pisans2|}}}|{{{pisans2|}}}&amp;nbsp;[[Wat|kW]]|}}
}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Koup (fizik)|Koup maksimòm]]|{{{koup|}}}|{{formatnum|{{{koup|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;[[Nyouton mèt|N&amp;nbsp;m]]
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Transmisyon (otomobil)|Transmisyon]]|{{{transmisyon|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Bwat vitès]]|{{{bwat vitès|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Sous-titre optionnel
 | Mas ak pèfòmans|{{{pwa|}}}{{{vitès|}}}{{{akselerasyon|}}}{{{otonomi|}}}{{{konsomasyon|}}}{{{konsomasyon2|}}}|B4B9C3|FFFFFF
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Mas a vid]]|{{{pwa|}}}|{{formatnum|{{{pwa|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;kg
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Vitès maksimòm|{{{vitès|}}}|{{{vitès|}}}&amp;nbsp;km/h
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Akselerasyon]]|{{{akselerasyon|}}}|0 a 100&amp;nbsp;km/h nan {{{akselerasyon|}}}&amp;nbsp;s
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Otonomi|{{{otonomi|}}}|{{{otonomi|}}}&amp;nbsp;km
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Konsomasyon melanje|{{{konsomasyon|}}}|{{{konsomasyon|}}}&amp;nbsp;L/100&amp;nbsp;km
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Konsomasyon|{{{konsomasyon2|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Emisyon [[Diyoksid kabòn|CO{{ind|2}}]]|{{{CO2|}}}|{{{CO2|}}}&amp;nbsp;g/km
}}
{{Infobox/Sous-titre optionnel
 | Chasi - Kawoseri|{{{kawoseri|}}}{{{platfòm|}}}{{{estrikti|}}}{{{Cx|}}}{{{sispansyon|}}}{{{direksyon|}}}{{{fren|}}}|B4B9C3|FFFFFF
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Kalite kawoseri|Kawoseri]]|{{{kawoseri|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Platfòm (veyikil)|Platfòm]]|{{{platfòm|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Chasi veyikil|Chasi]]|{{{estrikti|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Koyefisyan trennen]]|{{{Cx|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Sispansyon veyikil|Sispansyon]]|{{{sispansyon|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Direksyon (otomobil)|Direksyon]]|{{{direksyon|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Fren|{{{fren|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Sous-titre optionnel
 | Dimansyon|{{{longè|}}}{{{lajè|}}}{{{wotè|}}}{{{anpatman|}}}{{{vwa devan|}}}{{{vwa dèyè|}}}{{{kòf|}}}|B4B9C3|FFFFFF
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Longè|{{{longè|}}}|{{formatnum|{{{longè|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;mm
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Lajè|{{{lajè|}}}|{{formatnum|{{{lajè|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;mm
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Wotè|{{{wotè|}}}|{{formatnum|{{{wotè|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;mm
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Anpatman (veyikil)|Anpatman]]|{{{anpatman|}}}|{{formatnum|{{{anpatman|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;mm
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | [[Vwa (veyikil)|Vwa]]{{#if:{{{vwa dèyè|}}}|&amp;nbsp;{{abréviation discrète|DV|devan}}/{{abréviation discrète|DY|dèyè}}|}}
 | {{{vwa devan|}}}{{{vwa dèyè|}}}
 | {{formatnum|{{{vwa devan|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;mm {{#if:{{{vwa dèyè|}}}|&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;{{formatnum|{{{vwa dèyè|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;mm|}}
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Volim kòf la|{{{kòf|}}}|{{formatnum|{{{kòf|}}}}}&amp;nbsp;dm{{exp|3}}
}}
{{Infobox/Sous-titre optionnel
 | Sekirite|{{{nòt Euro NCAP|}}}{{{ane tès|}}}|B4B9C3|FFFFFF
}}
{{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle
 | Nòt [[Euro NCAP]]|{{{nòt Euro NCAP|}}}{{{ane tès|}}}|{{etwal|{{{nòt Euro NCAP|}}}}}{{#if:{{{ane tès|}}}|&amp;nbsp;({{{ane tès}}})}}
}}
{{Infobox/Sous-titre optionnel
 | Kwonoloji modèl yo|{{{modèl anvan|}}}{{{modèl swivan|}}}|B4B9C3|FFFFFF
}}
{{Infobox/Succession
 | {{{modèl anvan|}}}
 | 
 | {{{modèl swivan|}}}
}}
{{Infobox/Notice
 | Infobox Automobile|B4B9C3
}}
{{Infobox/Fin}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>muyxwfq63lk6yvfe7xf1pof58e61zmd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modèl:Country data Repiblik Tchèk</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>97876</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888959</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:23:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paj ki kreye ak &quot; {{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}} | alias = Tcheki | sortkey = Tcheki | alt attribute = Drapo Tcheki | flag alias = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | altvar = {{{altvar|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} &lt;noinclude&gt; | redir1 = CZE | related1 = Tchekoslovaki | related2 = Bohême &lt;/noinclude&gt; }} &quot;</comment>
      <origin>888959</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="375" sha1="22bhhpvk3jjbdpoplbl0mul7628brh1" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{1&lt;noinclude&gt;|country showdata&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
| alias = Tcheki
| sortkey = Tcheki
| alt attribute = Drapo Tcheki
| flag alias = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| altlink = {{{altlink|}}}
| altvar = {{{altvar|}}}
| variant = {{{variant|}}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
| redir1 = CZE
| related1 = Tchekoslovaki
| related2 = Bohême
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>22bhhpvk3jjbdpoplbl0mul7628brh1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modèl:RTC-d</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>97877</id>
    <redirect title="Modèl:CZE-d" />
    <revision>
      <id>888960</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:25:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redireksyon sou [[Modèl:CZE-d]]</comment>
      <origin>888960</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="92" sha1="l2isu2aabcper7ebalhpfva6dnn37zv" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Modèl:CZE-d]]&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Redireksyon modèl|type=drapeau sportif}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>l2isu2aabcper7ebalhpfva6dnn37zv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888961</id>
      <parentid>888960</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:26:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888961</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="91" sha1="3yuq8gdzwos354cgjzgdbk5yqhzwf9v" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Modèl:CZE-d]]&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Redireksyon modèl|type=drapo espòtif}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3yuq8gdzwos354cgjzgdbk5yqhzwf9v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modèl:CZE-d</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>97878</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888962</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:27:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paj ki kreye ak &quot; {{CIO-d|the Czech Republic|Tcheki|{{{1|20px}}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt; {{Documentation|Modèl:CIO-d/Documentation}} [[Kategori:Modèl Tcheki|*]] &lt;/noinclude&gt; &quot;</comment>
      <origin>888962</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="146" sha1="gnntmrj4c2iqz0yvsjv76mbwknhuc17" xml:space="preserve">{{CIO-d|the Czech Republic|Tcheki|{{{1|20px}}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation|Modèl:CIO-d/Documentation}}
[[Kategori:Modèl Tcheki|*]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gnntmrj4c2iqz0yvsjv76mbwknhuc17</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategori:Erreur d'Infobox/Image inconnue ou mal codifiée</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>97879</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888963</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:32:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paj ki kreye ak &quot; __HIDDENCAT__ {{kategori wikipedya pou vide|catégorie spécifique=[[Catégorie:Page utilisant un modèle avec une syntaxe erronée]][[Kategori:Kategori antreyen modèl yo ki dwe rete vid]]}} Cette catégorie contient les pages où l'image est soit inconnue, soit mal codifiée. * {{kategorize pa|Infobox/Image|note=oui}} * {{kategorize pa|Infobox/Image optionnelle|note=oui}} * {{kategorize pa|Infobox/Image double|note=oui}} * {{kategorize pa|Infobox V3/Image|note=oui}} *... &quot;</comment>
      <origin>888963</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1327" sha1="g8gkkqtaqcacry1xb1wmwpbhqnyrqmg" xml:space="preserve">__HIDDENCAT__
{{kategori wikipedya pou vide|catégorie spécifique=[[Catégorie:Page utilisant un modèle avec une syntaxe erronée]][[Kategori:Kategori antreyen modèl yo ki dwe rete vid]]}}
Cette catégorie contient les pages où l'image est soit inconnue, soit mal codifiée.
* {{kategorize pa|Infobox/Image|note=oui}}
* {{kategorize pa|Infobox/Image optionnelle|note=oui}}
* {{kategorize pa|Infobox/Image double|note=oui}}
* {{kategorize pa|Infobox V3/Image|note=oui}}
* {{kategorize pa|Infobox Biographie2|note=oui}}

Conseils :
# seul le nom du fichier doit être indiqué : par exemple, &lt;code&gt;Monimage.svg&lt;/code&gt; ;
# enlever l'image, sa légende et sa taille si elle a été supprimée de [[:commons:Accueil|Wikimedia Commons]] ;
# supprimer le paramètre &lt;code&gt;link=&lt;/code&gt; [[Aide:Image cliquable#Faire un lien sur une image (hors des articles)|interdit dans les articles]] ;
# supprimer le format &lt;code&gt;border&lt;/code&gt; (habituellement utilisé pour les drapeaux) qui doit être ajouté grâce au paramètre &lt;code&gt;border=oui&lt;/code&gt; (ou &lt;code&gt;border2=oui&lt;/code&gt; dans Infobox/Image double ou Infobox V3/Image) ;
# lorsque l'image est récupérée via le modèle {{m|Wikidata}}, il peut être nécessaire de lui ajouter le paramètre &lt;code&gt;|numval=1&lt;/code&gt; pour n'avoir qu'une seule image.

[[Kategori:Antretyen infobox yo]]</text>
      <sha1>g8gkkqtaqcacry1xb1wmwpbhqnyrqmg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888964</id>
      <parentid>888963</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:33:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888964</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1324" sha1="e5uf8thqoepow30eugcgszog005eblw" xml:space="preserve">__HIDDENCAT__
{{kategori wikipedya pou vide|catégorie spécifique=[[Catégorie:Page utilisant un modèle avec une syntaxe erronée]][[Kategori:Kategori antreyen modèl yo ki dwe rete vid]]}}
Cette catégorie contient les pages où l'image est soit inconnue, soit mal codifiée.
* {{kategorize pa|Infobox/Image|note=oui}}
* {{kategorize pa|Infobox/Image optionnelle|note=oui}}
* {{kategorize pa|Infobox/Image double|note=oui}}
* {{kategorize pa|Infobox V3/Image|note=oui}}
* {{kategorize pa|Infobox Biographie2|note=oui}}

Conseils :
# seul le nom du fichier doit être indiqué : par exemple, &lt;code&gt;Monimage.svg&lt;/code&gt; ;
# enlever l'image, sa légende et sa taille si elle a été supprimée de [[:commons:Accueil|Wikimedia Commons]] ;
# supprimer le paramètre &lt;code&gt;link=&lt;/code&gt; [[Aide:Image cliquable#Faire un lien sur une image (hors des articles)|interdit dans les articles]] ;
# supprimer le format &lt;code&gt;border&lt;/code&gt; (habituellement utilisé pour les drapeaux) qui doit être ajouté grâce au paramètre &lt;code&gt;border=oui&lt;/code&gt; (ou &lt;code&gt;border2=oui&lt;/code&gt; dans Infobox/Image double ou Infobox V3/Image) ;
# lorsque l'image est récupérée via le modèle {{m|Wikidata}}, il peut être nécessaire de lui ajouter le paramètre &lt;code&gt;|numval=1&lt;/code&gt; pour n'avoir qu'une seule image.

[[Kategori:Antretyen infobox]]</text>
      <sha1>e5uf8thqoepow30eugcgszog005eblw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888965</id>
      <parentid>888964</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:34:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888965</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1324" sha1="qg0td269sjdvnmmlb2qajk5eg19uyvf" xml:space="preserve">__HIDDENCAT__
{{kategori Wikipedya pou vide|catégorie spécifique=[[Catégorie:Page utilisant un modèle avec une syntaxe erronée]][[Kategori:Kategori antreyen modèl yo ki dwe rete vid]]}}
Cette catégorie contient les pages où l'image est soit inconnue, soit mal codifiée.
* {{kategorize pa|Infobox/Image|note=oui}}
* {{kategorize pa|Infobox/Image optionnelle|note=oui}}
* {{kategorize pa|Infobox/Image double|note=oui}}
* {{kategorize pa|Infobox V3/Image|note=oui}}
* {{kategorize pa|Infobox Biographie2|note=oui}}

Conseils :
# seul le nom du fichier doit être indiqué : par exemple, &lt;code&gt;Monimage.svg&lt;/code&gt; ;
# enlever l'image, sa légende et sa taille si elle a été supprimée de [[:commons:Accueil|Wikimedia Commons]] ;
# supprimer le paramètre &lt;code&gt;link=&lt;/code&gt; [[Aide:Image cliquable#Faire un lien sur une image (hors des articles)|interdit dans les articles]] ;
# supprimer le format &lt;code&gt;border&lt;/code&gt; (habituellement utilisé pour les drapeaux) qui doit être ajouté grâce au paramètre &lt;code&gt;border=oui&lt;/code&gt; (ou &lt;code&gt;border2=oui&lt;/code&gt; dans Infobox/Image double ou Infobox V3/Image) ;
# lorsque l'image est récupérée via le modèle {{m|Wikidata}}, il peut être nécessaire de lui ajouter le paramètre &lt;code&gt;|numval=1&lt;/code&gt; pour n'avoir qu'une seule image.

[[Kategori:Antretyen infobox]]</text>
      <sha1>qg0td269sjdvnmmlb2qajk5eg19uyvf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategori:Otomobil Tatra</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>97880</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888966</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:38:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paj ki kreye ak &quot; {{Multi bandeau|katefgori otomobil|Kategori Tcheki}} {{Atik prensipal|Tatra (antrepriz)}}  [[Kategori:Otomobil pa konstritè|Tatra]] [[Kategori:Tatra]] &quot;</comment>
      <origin>888966</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="151" sha1="gzw29xpyqd9ngr4zd9m8d30hjh24f4j" xml:space="preserve">{{Multi bandeau|katefgori otomobil|Kategori Tcheki}}
{{Atik prensipal|Tatra (antrepriz)}}

[[Kategori:Otomobil pa konstritè|Tatra]]
[[Kategori:Tatra]]</text>
      <sha1>gzw29xpyqd9ngr4zd9m8d30hjh24f4j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategori:Otomobil pa konstritè</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>97881</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888967</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:40:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paj ki kreye ak &quot; {{multi bandeau|catégorie automobile|catégorie sport automobile|Catégorie génie mécanique|catégorie industrie}} {{Article principal|Constructeur automobile|Construction automobile}}  [[Kategori:Modèl otomobil|+]] [[Kategori:Otomobil|*]] [[Kategori:Tèm pa antrepriz]] &quot;</comment>
      <origin>888967</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="274" sha1="rg961uuhnhqugak5wiqadrbtp5yrxnf" xml:space="preserve">{{multi bandeau|catégorie automobile|catégorie sport automobile|Catégorie génie mécanique|catégorie industrie}}
{{Article principal|Constructeur automobile|Construction automobile}}

[[Kategori:Modèl otomobil|+]]
[[Kategori:Otomobil|*]]
[[Kategori:Tèm pa antrepriz]]</text>
      <sha1>rg961uuhnhqugak5wiqadrbtp5yrxnf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888968</id>
      <parentid>888967</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:41:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888968</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="262" sha1="9azqmha89czga5tyhu87odugnumptey" xml:space="preserve">{{multi bandeau|kategori otomobil|catégorie sport automobile|Catégorie génie mécanique|catégorie industrie}}
{{Atik prensipal|Konstriktè otomobil|Konstriksyon otomobil}}

[[Kategori:Modèl otomobil|+]]
[[Kategori:Otomobil|*]]
[[Kategori:Tèm pa antrepriz]]</text>
      <sha1>9azqmha89czga5tyhu87odugnumptey</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategori:Tèm pa antrepriz</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>97882</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888969</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:42:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paj ki kreye ak &quot; {{Kategori antrepriz}}  Cette catégorie présente une liste de thèmes qui sont transversalisés par différentes [[entreprise]]s, structures entrepreneuriales ou professions du monde de l'entreprise.  [[Kategori:Tèm transvèsalize|Antrepriz]] [[Kategori:Antrepriz|Π]] &quot;</comment>
      <origin>888969</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="271" sha1="chec1ze5vrwj35c62fhcj0pbhcei80o" xml:space="preserve">{{Kategori antrepriz}}

Cette catégorie présente une liste de thèmes qui sont transversalisés par différentes [[entreprise]]s, structures entrepreneuriales ou professions du monde de l'entreprise.

[[Kategori:Tèm transvèsalize|Antrepriz]]
[[Kategori:Antrepriz|Π]]</text>
      <sha1>chec1ze5vrwj35c62fhcj0pbhcei80o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Motè</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>97883</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888970</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:49:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/238286135|Moteur]] »</comment>
      <origin>888970</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="438" sha1="9fcgrmf4f4hpipwjg6n3anpu24uh459" xml:space="preserve">
[[Fichier:Mercedes_V6_DTM_Rennmotor_1996.jpg|vignette| Motè konbisyon entèn V6 pou [[otomobil]].]]
Yon '''motè''' se yon machin oswa yon aparèy ki fèt pou konvèti yon fòm enèji an [[enèji mekanik]]. Yo diferansye kalite motè yo selon sous enèji yo ak itilizasyon yo, pa egzanp:

== Nòt ak referans ==

=== Nòt ===
{{Referans}}

=== Referans ===
{{Referans}}
[[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]]
[[Kategori:Motè]]</text>
      <sha1>9fcgrmf4f4hpipwjg6n3anpu24uh459</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888971</id>
      <parentid>888970</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:51:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/238286135|Moteur]] »</comment>
      <origin>888971</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="937" sha1="kkg86rpjs7leb67q15wus92n410zu2k" xml:space="preserve">
[[Fichier:Mercedes_V6_DTM_Rennmotor_1996.jpg|vignette| Motè konbisyon entèn V6 pou [[otomobil]].]]
Yon '''motè''' se yon machin oswa yon aparèy ki fèt pou konvèti yon fòm enèji an [[enèji mekanik]]. Yo diferansye kalite motè yo selon sous enèji yo ak itilizasyon yo, pa egzanp:

*
* [[Machin elektrik|motè elektrik]]: fonksyone lè l sèvi avèk enèji elektrik pou jenere mouvman. Li itilize nan anpil aparèy (fanatik, machin endistriyèl, machin elektrik) ;
* [[Machin vapè|motè vapè]] : transfòme enèji tèmik vapè a an mouvman mekanik. Kalite motè sa a te jwe yon wòl kle nan revolisyon endistriyèl la ;
* [[motè idwolik]] : eksplwate presyon dlo oswa lòt likid pou pwodui mouvman, yo itilize li patikilyèman nan machin endistriyèl ak sistèm konstriksyon ;

== Nòt ak referans ==

=== Nòt ===
{{Referans}}

=== Referans ===
{{Referans}}
[[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]]
[[Kategori:Motè]]</text>
      <sha1>kkg86rpjs7leb67q15wus92n410zu2k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888972</id>
      <parentid>888971</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:53:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/238286135|Moteur]] »</comment>
      <origin>888972</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2167" sha1="s3akket1qv9bc0dnqz7mwvfkv8eu5va" xml:space="preserve">
[[Fichier:Mercedes_V6_DTM_Rennmotor_1996.jpg|vignette| Motè konbisyon entèn V6 pou [[otomobil]].]]
Yon '''motè''' se yon machin oswa yon aparèy ki fèt pou konvèti yon fòm enèji an [[enèji mekanik]]. Yo diferansye kalite motè yo selon sous enèji yo ak itilizasyon yo, pa egzanp:

*
* [[Machin elektrik|motè elektrik]]: fonksyone lè l sèvi avèk enèji elektrik pou jenere mouvman. Li itilize nan anpil aparèy (fanatik, machin endistriyèl, machin elektrik) ;
* [[Machin vapè|motè vapè]] : transfòme enèji tèmik vapè a an mouvman mekanik. Kalite motè sa a te jwe yon wòl kle nan revolisyon endistriyèl la ;
* [[motè idwolik]] : eksplwate presyon dlo oswa lòt likid pou pwodui mouvman, yo itilize li patikilyèman nan machin endistriyèl ak sistèm konstriksyon ;

Chak motè fèt pou satisfè yon bezwen espesifik selon aplikasyon an.

== Istorik ==
Motè ki pi ansyen yo itilize fòs natirèl,&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|auteur1=Félicien Michotte|titre=Les moteurs modernes|lieu=Paris|éditeur=J.Hetzel &amp; Cie|année=1898|pages totales=347|passage=31, 39|lire en ligne=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57244211/f37.item.r=moteur%20metarski|consulté le=03/08/2025}}.&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|auteur1=H. De Graffigny|titre=Les moteurs anciens et modernes|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Librairie Hachette|année=1881|pages totales=324|passage=19|lire en ligne=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65249573/f14.item.r=moteur%20metarski|consulté le=03/08/2025}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|auteur1=Léon bourdon|titre=Les moteurs de l'avenir|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Librairie des publications nouvelles|année=1883|lire en ligne=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7061437s/f3.item.r=moteur%20metarski.zoom|consulté le=03/08/2025}}.&lt;/ref&gt; pa mwayen teknik ridimantè: motè ki itilize presyon (vwal, moulen van), yon elastik (banza, arbalete, katapult tòsyon, revèy resò), oswa [[Gravitasyon|gravite]] (wou pagay sou yon kou dlo oswa sou yon rezèvwa dlo, klepsid, katapult kontrepwa, rotisri ak pwa, revèy ak pwa).

== Nòt ak referans ==

=== Nòt ===
{{Referans}}

=== Referans ===
{{Referans}}
[[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]]
[[Kategori:Motè]]</text>
      <sha1>s3akket1qv9bc0dnqz7mwvfkv8eu5va</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888973</id>
      <parentid>888972</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:54:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888973</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2166" sha1="rvxufkdy1hqr8a732gmmkflbinyqnwv" xml:space="preserve">
[[Fichye:Mercedes_V6_DTM_Rennmotor_1996.jpg|vignette| Motè konbisyon entèn V6 pou [[otomobil]].]]
Yon '''motè''' se yon machin oswa yon aparèy ki fèt pou konvèti yon fòm enèji an [[enèji mekanik]]. Yo diferansye kalite motè yo selon sous enèji yo ak itilizasyon yo, pa egzanp:

*
* [[Machin elektrik|motè elektrik]]: fonksyone lè l sèvi avèk enèji elektrik pou jenere mouvman. Li itilize nan anpil aparèy (fanatik, machin endistriyèl, machin elektrik) ;
* [[Machin vapè|motè vapè]] : transfòme enèji tèmik vapè a an mouvman mekanik. Kalite motè sa a te jwe yon wòl kle nan revolisyon endistriyèl la ;
* [[motè idwolik]] : eksplwate presyon dlo oswa lòt likid pou pwodui mouvman, yo itilize li patikilyèman nan machin endistriyèl ak sistèm konstriksyon ;

Chak motè fèt pou satisfè yon bezwen espesifik selon aplikasyon an.

== Istorik ==
Motè ki pi ansyen yo itilize fòs natirèl,&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|auteur1=Félicien Michotte|titre=Les moteurs modernes|lieu=Paris|éditeur=J.Hetzel &amp; Cie|année=1898|pages totales=347|passage=31, 39|lire en ligne=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57244211/f37.item.r=moteur%20metarski|consulté le=03/08/2025}}.&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|auteur1=H. De Graffigny|titre=Les moteurs anciens et modernes|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Librairie Hachette|année=1881|pages totales=324|passage=19|lire en ligne=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65249573/f14.item.r=moteur%20metarski|consulté le=03/08/2025}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|auteur1=Léon bourdon|titre=Les moteurs de l'avenir|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Librairie des publications nouvelles|année=1883|lire en ligne=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7061437s/f3.item.r=moteur%20metarski.zoom|consulté le=03/08/2025}}.&lt;/ref&gt; pa mwayen teknik ridimantè: motè ki itilize presyon (vwal, moulen van), yon elastik (banza, arbalete, katapult tòsyon, revèy resò), oswa [[Gravitasyon|gravite]] (wou pagay sou yon kou dlo oswa sou yon rezèvwa dlo, klepsid, katapult kontrepwa, rotisri ak pwa, revèy ak pwa).

== Nòt ak referans ==

=== Nòt ===
{{Referans}}

=== Referans ===
{{Referans}}
[[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]]
[[Kategori:Motè]]</text>
      <sha1>rvxufkdy1hqr8a732gmmkflbinyqnwv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategori:Motè</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>97884</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888974</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T16:59:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paj ki kreye ak &quot; {{Multi bandeau|catégorie automobile|Catégorie motocyclette|Catégorie camion|catégorie génie mécanique|Catégorie transports}} {{Lòt pwojè |commons=Engine |wikt=moteur }} {{Atik prensipal|Motè}}  [[Kategori:Teknoloji transpò]] [[Kategori:Konvèsyon enèji]] [[Kategori:Jeni mekanik]] [[Kategori:Pwopilsyon]] &quot;</comment>
      <origin>888974</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="317" sha1="hu0279x52z9xmx3ainzppx7vdjx5iu7" xml:space="preserve">{{Multi bandeau|catégorie automobile|Catégorie motocyclette|Catégorie camion|catégorie génie mécanique|Catégorie transports}}
{{Lòt pwojè
|commons=Engine
|wikt=moteur
}}
{{Atik prensipal|Motè}}

[[Kategori:Teknoloji transpò]]
[[Kategori:Konvèsyon enèji]]
[[Kategori:Jeni mekanik]]
[[Kategori:Pwopilsyon]]</text>
      <sha1>hu0279x52z9xmx3ainzppx7vdjx5iu7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888975</id>
      <parentid>888974</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T17:01:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888975</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="316" sha1="fbnm97q0d8qxea110zm8vxsziw22o2t" xml:space="preserve">{{Multi bandeau|catégorie automobile|Catégorie motocyclette|Catégorie camion|catégorie génie mécanique|Catégorie transports}}
{{Lòt pwojè
|commons=Engine
|wikt=motè
}}
{{Atik prensipal|Motè}}

[[Kategori:Teknoloji transpò]]
[[Kategori:Konvèsyon enèji]]
[[Kategori:Jeni mekanik]]
[[Kategori:Pwopilsyon]]</text>
      <sha1>fbnm97q0d8qxea110zm8vxsziw22o2t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888976</id>
      <parentid>888975</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T17:02:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>888976</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="312" sha1="n2p9o9at9mo6nubr4z42z34lut7xeut" xml:space="preserve">{{Multi bandeau|catégorie automobile|Catégorie motocyclette|Catégorie camion|catégorie génie mécanique|Kategori transpò}}
{{Lòt pwojè
|commons=Engine
|wikt=motè
}}
{{Atik prensipal|Motè}}

[[Kategori:Teknoloji transpò]]
[[Kategori:Konvèsyon enèji]]
[[Kategori:Jeni mekanik]]
[[Kategori:Pwopilsyon]]</text>
      <sha1>n2p9o9at9mo6nubr4z42z34lut7xeut</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diskisyon Itilizatè:Soroshaezami</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>97885</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888977</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-18T17:26:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kitanago</username>
        <id>19629</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paj ki kreye ak &quot; {{Byenvini}}~~~~ &quot;</comment>
      <origin>888977</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="120" sha1="0dc2jvofeezo8zuzb3vq927vtn21udl" xml:space="preserve">{{Byenvini}}[[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 18 oktòb 2026 à 17:26 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0dc2jvofeezo8zuzb3vq927vtn21udl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arad Moaf</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>97886</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888988</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-19T07:56:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>RiraBa</username>
        <id>40738</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paj ki kreye ak &quot;  {{Infobox Biographie2 | nom = Arad Moaf | nom de naissance = Arad Moaf | image = Arad Moaf.jpg | légende = Arad Moaf | taille image = 250 | activité = Antreprenè, analis mache finansye, edikatè finansye | domaine = Kriptomonnen, teknoloji finansye, analiz mache, edikasyon finansye | organisation = Rastad, Sigma | fonction = Fondatè Rastad; konsiltan nan kwasans estratejik nan Sigma | connu pour = Fondasyon Rastad, edikasyon sou byen dijital ak devlopman patenarya e... &quot;</comment>
      <origin>888988</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5771" sha1="advtnvh6on52l28cjvat7vu48roj8ro" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox Biographie2
| nom = Arad Moaf
| nom de naissance = Arad Moaf
| image = Arad Moaf.jpg
| légende = Arad Moaf
| taille image = 250
| activité = Antreprenè, analis mache finansye, edikatè finansye
| domaine = Kriptomonnen, teknoloji finansye, analiz mache, edikasyon finansye
| organisation = Rastad, Sigma
| fonction = Fondatè Rastad; konsiltan nan kwasans estratejik nan Sigma
| connu pour = Fondasyon Rastad, edikasyon sou byen dijital ak devlopman patenarya estratejik
}}


'''Arad Moaf''' se yon antreprenè, analis mache finansye ak edikatè ki travay nan domèn byen dijital, teknoloji finansye ak devlopman biznis. Li se fondatè '''Rastad''', yon òganizasyon ki konsantre sou edikasyon finansye, analiz mache kriptomonnen ak devlopman kominote. Aktivite pwofesyonèl li gen ladan rechèch sou mache, patenarya estratejik ak devlopman biznis nan Mwayen Oryan, Afrik Dinò ak Latiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusinessMatters&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://bmmagazine.co.uk/business/arad-moaf-the-entrepreneur-connecting-education-technology-and-business-growth-across-mena/ |title=Arad Moaf: The Entrepreneur Connecting Education, Technology and Business Growth Across MENA |website=Business Matters |date=8 oktòb 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karyè pwofesyonèl ==

Moaf te kòmanse karyè li nan analiz mache finansye, kote li te travay sou analiz teknik, analiz fondamantal, done sou blòkchèn ak santiman mache a. Aktivite li yo te devlope piti piti pou enkli edikasyon finansye, jesyon kominote ak kolaborasyon ak platfòm entènasyonal ki opere nan sektè byen dijital yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;GoodMen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://goodmenproject.com/everyday-life-2/arad-moaf-from-market-analyst-to-community-builder-how-my-definition-of-success-evolved/ |title=Arad Moaf: From Market Analyst to Community Builder—How My Definition of Success Evolved |website=The Good Men Project |date=16 septanm 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dapre yon atik ki te pibliye nan ''Business Matters'' an oktòb 2026, Moaf gen plis pase dis ane eksperyans nan mache byen dijital yo. Pandan dènye ane yo, li te konsantre sou devlopman patenarya komèsyal, kowòdinasyon kanpay rejyonal ak relasyon ant kominote itilizatè yo ak konpayi entènasyonal yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusinessMatters&quot; /&gt;

== Rastad ==

Moaf se fondatè Rastad, yon mak ki devlope aktivite nan edikasyon finansye, analiz kriptomonnen ak kominikasyon ak kominote envestisè yo. Aktivite Rastad yo gen ladan pwogram fòmasyon, piblikasyon analiz mache, seminè ak kominote sou platfòm dijital yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;RastadRelease&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://news.marketersmedia.com/rastad-releases-its-latest-digital-asset-market-outlook-highlighting-founder-arad-moafs-work-across-analysis-education-and-regional-partnerships/89202877 |title=Rastad Releases Its Latest Digital-Asset Market Outlook, Highlighting Founder Arad Moaf's Work Across Analysis, Education And Regional Partnerships |website=MarketersMEDIA |date=11 septanm 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rastad sèvi sitou moun ki pale pèsan, pandan aktivite pwofesyonèl Moaf yo kouvri tou kominote ki pale arab ak tik. Travay edikatif li yo konsantre sou prensip analiz finansye, konpreyansyon sik mache yo ak evalyasyon risk ki asosye ak byen dijital yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;GoodMen&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BusinessMatters&quot; /&gt;

== Patenarya ak devlopman biznis ==

Anplis aktivite edikatif li yo, Moaf travay nan devlopman patenarya estratejik nan sektè kriptomonnen an. Responsablite li yo gen ladan relasyon ak patnè komèsyal, kowòdinasyon kanpay maketing, devlopman kominote ak kominikasyon ant platfòm echanj yo ak itilizatè yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marketers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://news.marketersmedia.com/beyond-user-acquisition-arad-moaf-on-what-keeps-trading-communities-engaged/89203709 |title=Beyond User Acquisition: Arad Moaf on What Keeps Trading Communities Engaged |website=MarketersMEDIA |date=26 septanm 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Travay li nan rejyon Mwayen Oryan ak Afrik Dinò gen ladan kolaborasyon ak reprezantan kominote yo, patnè afilye ak ekip devlopman biznis nan konpayi finansye entènasyonal yo. Li patisipe tou nan aktivite ki gen rapò ak konsepsyon aplikasyon finansye ak zouti dijital.&lt;ref name=&quot;BusinessMatters&quot; /&gt;

== Aktivite nan Sigma ==

Moaf parèt kòm yon konsiltan nan kwasans estratejik nan ekip '''Sigma''', yon rezo ki travay nan domèn devlopman biznis ak patenarya nan endistri finansye a. Sit entènèt òganizasyon an prezante li kòm youn nan senk patnè prensipal ekip la.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sigma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://sigmaa.pro/about |title=About Sigma — Built From Inside the Industry |website=Sigma |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edikasyon finansye ak aktivite piblik ==

Moaf patisipe nan aktivite edikasyon finansye ki gen rapò ak mache kriptomonnen yo. Li te ekri sou wòl analiz mache, kominikasyon ak devlopman kominote nan yon atik ki te pibliye nan ''The Good Men Project'' nan mwa septanm 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;GoodMen&quot; /&gt;

Li te pibliye tou yon atik nan ''South Africa Today'' sou enpòtans konpreyansyon finansye ak jesyon risk nan yon kontèks kote itilizasyon kriptomonnen ap devlope.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAToday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://southafricatoday.net/cryptocurrency/south-africas-crypto-adoption-is-growing-financial-understanding-must-keep-pace/ |title=South Africa's Crypto Adoption Is Growing. Financial Understanding Must Keep Pace. |website=South Africa Today |date=13 septanm 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Lyen ekstèn ==
* [https://rastad.io/ Sit entènèt Rastad]
* [https://sigmaa.pro/about Sit entènèt Sigma]
* [https://www.linkedin.com/in/arad-moaf-roudpishi-6214951b0/ Pwofil pwofesyonèl Arad Moaf sou LinkedIn]

[[Kategori:Antreprenè]]
[[Kategori:Analiz finansye]]
[[Kategori:Kriptomonnen]]
[[Kategori:Moun vivan]]</text>
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