Medicina veterinari

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'''Medicina veterinari'''{{linfo}} es le application de principios medical re [[prophylaxe]] (o prophylaxis), diagnostica e therapeutica in animales. Primarimente concernente animales domestic, como animales pro production e animales pro compania o sport, ma anque animales in parcos zoologic e animales salvage. Multo importante cargas es anque le supervison public del protection de animales e controlo de viveres. 

Medicina veterinari es in le fundo tanto vetule como le domestication del animales ma durante le ultime annos medicina veterinari ha developate multo rapidemente gratias a methodos diagnostic e therapeutic avantiate pro le plus species. Medicina veterinari garanti le qualitate, quantitate e securitate de viveres per controlo del sanitate de bestiales, animales particular e productos intendite como viveres. 

Anque animales pro compania hodie sovente recipe cura medical avantiate, p.ex. in [[cane]]s excambio del articulation coxal, chirurgia de cataracta del oculo, intallation de pacemaker e radiotherapia de tumores in. Le extension de iste curas principalmente depende de tanto moneta le possessor del animal desira expender. A vices il habera conflictos ethic re tanto on debe exponer animales a curas penose. Concernente cavallos e specialmente vaccas e altere animales pro production de viveres le aspectos economic es de grande importantia. Pro un [[cavallo]], que pote vale multe milles euros, il vale expender plus moneta que pro un vacca ordinari. In plure paises medicina veterinari equin es multo specialisate. Labor clinical con cavallos comprende primarimente problemas locomotoric e orthopedic ma etiam maladias in le tracto digestive, como [[colica equin]] que es un importante causa de morte in cavallos domesticate. Infectiones e altere maladias del tracto respiratori anque exige multe labor in iste animal. 

Scientistas veterinari da contributiones importante in i.a. recercas chemical, virologic, immunologic e pharmacological.
[[File:Picture 468.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
== Education in medicina veterinari ==
Multe universitates examina [[veterinario]]s e in general illes anque pote doctorar se. In le plus paises le veterinarios es registrate e supervisate per autoritates statal. Le duration del inseniamento generalmente es 4-7 annos e include tal disciplinas como anatomia, biochimia, pharmacologia, physiologia, pathologia, parasitologia, microbiologia etc. Naturalmente practic labor clinic es importante, specialmente le ultime tempore. 

=== Alcun scholas de medicina veterinari: ===

==== Scholas de medicina veterinari in Germania: ====
* http://www.tiho-hannover.de - [School of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover]?. 
* http://www.vetmed.uni-giessen.de/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031213052401/http://www.vetmed.uni-giessen.de/ |date=2003-12-13 }} - Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 
* http://www.fu-berlin.de/einrichtungen/fachbereiche/vetmed/ - Free University of Berlin, Dept. of Veterinary Medicine. 
* http://www.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de/ - Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. 
* http://www.vmf.uni-leipzig.de/ - University of Leipzig, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. 


==== Scholas de medicina veterinari in Australia: ====
http://www.vet.unimelb.edu.au {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429060914/http://www.vet.unimelb.edu.au/ |date=2015-04-29 }} - Faculty of Vet Science, University of Melbourne. 

==== Scholas de medicina veterinari in Francia: ====
* http://www.vet-alfort.fr {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008170741/http://www.vet-alfort.fr/ |date=2014-10-08 }} - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort.
* http://www.vet-nantes.fr {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050122121520/http://www.vet-nantes.fr/ |date=2005-01-22 }} - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes. 
* http://www.vet-lyon.fr {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040520111133/http://www.vet-lyon.fr/ |date=2004-05-20 }} - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon.
* http://www.envt.fr {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915102808/http://www.envt.fr/ |date=2008-09-15 }} - Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse.

==== Scholas de medicina veterinari in Grande Britannia: ====
http://www.rvc.ac.uk - Royal Veterinary College (RVC), University of London. 

==== Scholas de medicina veterinari in Nederland: ====
http://www.vet.uu.nl {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031219225409/http://www.vet.uu.nl/ |date=2003-12-19 }} - Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Utrecht. 

==== Scholas de medicina veterinari in Svedia: ====
http://www.slu.se/en/faculties/vh/departments/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605091009/http://www.slu.se/en/faculties/vh/departments/ |date=2011-06-05 }} Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)

== Vide etiam ==
* [[Agricultura]]
* [[Bovicultura]]
* [[Medicina]]
* [[Pullicultura]]
* [[Zoologia]]
* [[Zootechnia]]
{{refer}}
[[Categoria:Medicina veterinari|*]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mexico</title>
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      <text bytes="10099" sha1="jm5i4wqeyhjq726mrz0vjrex18l69hn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox/articulo/entitate territorial}}
'''Mexico'''{{linfo}} &lt;!-- {{Audio|Es-Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.ogg}}--&gt;(del [[nahuatl]]: ''Mēxihco'' [in le umbilico del luna]) es un pais situate in [[America del Nord]] con frontieras con le [[Statos Unite de America]] al nord, e al sud-est con [[Guatemala]] e [[Belize]], in le west con le [[Golfo de Mexico]] e le [[Mar Caribe]], e per le occidente, con le [[Oceano Pacific]]. Le nomine official del pais es '''Estados Unidos Mexicanos (Statos Unite Mexican)'''. Qua extension territorial illo occupa le quinte position in le [[America|continente american]], e le decime quarte a nivello mundial. Illo es le pais que ha le major population hispanophone in le mundo, e al mesme tempore, le major population indigena de America. Le sede del poter del Federation e capital del pais es le [[Citate de Mexico]], situate in le plus parve, sed secunde entitate federative plus populate, le [[districto federal]] . Le presidente es [[Claudia Sheinbaum]].

== Historia ==

=== Epocha precolumbian ===
Le territorio actual de Mexico esseva discoperite e habitate per gruppos de chassatores e collectores nomade ha plu de 30 000 annos.

=== Independentia ===
Le occupation francese de Espania detonava varie movimentos soberaniste en le possessiones american. In 1808 occureva un crisis politic in Nova Espania que acabava con le destitution del virrege Iturrigaray mediante un coup d'état. En altere punctos puntos del virreinato se franguava conspirationes contra le dominio espaniol, ma esseva supprimite. L1 16 de septembro 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla clamava al insurgentia al villa de Dolores (Guanajuato), comenciante le Guerra de Independentia de Mexico. A Hidalgo se debe le abolition del sclavitute in Mexico. In 1811, ille e le leaders del movimento esseva appresate e fusillate.

== Statos ==
Mexico es dividite in 31 statos constituente e un [[districto federal]]:
{|align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
|
* [[Aguascalientes]]
* [[Baja California]]
* [[Baja California Sur]]
* [[Campeche]]
* [[Chiapas]]
* [[Chihuahua]]
* [[Coahuila]]
* [[Colima]]
|
* [[Durango]]
* [[Citate de Mexico]]
* [[Guanajuato]]
* [[Guerrero (stato)|Guerrero]]
* [[Hidalgo (stato)|Hidalgo]]
* [[Jalisco]]
* [[Stato de Mexico]]
* [[Michoacan]]
|
* [[Morelos]]
* [[Nayarit]]
* [[Nuevo Leon]]
* [[Oaxaca]]
* [[Puebla]]
* [[Queretaro]]
* [[Quintana Roo]]
* [[San Luis Potosi]]
|
* [[Sinaloa]]
* [[Sonora]]
* [[Tabasco]]
* [[Tamaulipas]]
* [[Tlaxcala]]
* [[Veracruz]]
* [[Yucatán]]
* [[Zacatecas]]
|}

== Population e areas del statos mexicano ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;750px&quot;
!colspan=6| Division territorial de Mexico
|-
|colspan=6 |[[File:México_División_Política_con_nombres.png|center|700px]]
|-
!Entitate federative
!Abreviatura&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[ISO 3166-2:MX|ISO]])&lt;/small&gt;
!Capital
!Anno de creation
!Population
!Superficie
|-
| [[Citate de Mexico]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-CMX
| —
| align=&quot;center&quot;| [[1824]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8.839.361
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.479
|-
|[[Aguascalientes]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-AGS
| [[Aguascalientes (citate)|Aguascalientes]]
| align=&quot;center&quot;| [[1835]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.133.137
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.625
|-
| [[Baja California]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-BCN
| [[Mexicali]]
| align=&quot;center&quot;| [[1952]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.122.408
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 71.546
|-
|[[Baja California Sur]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-BCS
| [[La Paz (Baja California Sur)|La Paz]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[1974]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 558.425
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 73.943
|-
|[[Campeche]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-CAM
| [[San Francisco de Campeche]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[1857]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 791.322
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 57.727
|-
|[[Chiapas]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-CHP
| [[Tuxtla Gutierrez]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[1824]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.483.886
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 73.681
|-
|[[Chihuahua]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-CHI
| [[Chihuahua (Chihuahua)|Chihuahua]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.376.062
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 247.487
|-
|[[Coahuila]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-COA
| [[Saltillo]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.615.574
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 151.445
|-
|[[Colima]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-COL
| [[Colima (Colima)|Colima]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[1857]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 597.043
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.627
|-
|[[Durango]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-DUR
| [[Victoria de Durango]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[1824]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.547.597
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 123.367
|-
|[[Guanajuato]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-GTO
| [[Guanajuato (Guanajuato)|Guanajuato]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.033.276
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 30.621
|-
|[[Guerrero (stato)|Guerrero]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-GRO
| [[Chilpancingo de los Bravo]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[1849]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.143.292
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 63.794
|-
|[[Hidalgo (stato)|Hidalgo]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-HGO
| [[Pachuca de Soto]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[1869]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.415.461
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 20.856
|-
|[[Jalisco]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-JAL
| [[Guadalajara (Jalisco)|Guadalajara]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[1824]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6.989.304
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 78.630
|-
|[[Stato de Mexico]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-MEX
| [[Toluca de Lerdo]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 14.739.060
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 22.333
|-
|[[Michoacan|Michoacan de Ocampo]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-MIC
| [[Morelia]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.971.225
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 58.667
|-
|[[Morelos]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-MOR
| [[Cuernavaca]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[1869]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.668.343
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.892
|-
|[[Nayarit]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-NAY
| [[Tepic]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[1917]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 968.257
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 27.862
|-
|[[Nuevo Leon]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-NLE
| [[Monterrey]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[1824]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4.420.909
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 64.203
|-
|[[Oaxaca]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-OAX
| [[Oaxaca de Juárez]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.551.710
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 93.343
|-
|[[Puebla]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-PUE
| [[Puebla de Zaragoza]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5.624.104
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 34.251
|-
|[[Queretaro]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-QRO
| [[Santiago de Querétaro]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.705.267
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11.658
|-
|[[Quintana Roo]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-ROO
| [[Chetumal]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[1974]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.290.323
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 42.535
|-
|[[San Luis Potosi]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-SLP
| [[San Luis Potosí (San Luis Potosí)|San Luis Potosí]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[1824]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.479.450
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 61.165
|-
|[[Sinaloa]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-SIN
| [[Culiacán Rosales]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[1831]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.650.499
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 57.331
|-
|[[Sonora]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-SON
| [[Hermosillo]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.499.263
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 184.946
|-
|[[Tabasco]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-TAB
| [[Villahermosa (Tabasco)|Villahermosa]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[1824]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2.045.294
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 24.747
|-
|[[Tamaulipas]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-TAM
| [[Ciudad Victoria]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.174.134
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 80.148
|-
|[[Tlaxcala]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-TLX
| [[Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[1857]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.127.331
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3.997
|-
|[[Veracruz]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-VER
| [[Xalapa-Enríquez]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | [[1824]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7.270.413
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 71.856
|-
|[[Yucatán]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-YUC
| [[Mérida (Yucatán)|Mérida]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.909.965
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 39.671
|-
|[[Zacatecas]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | MX-ZAC
| [[Zacatecas (Zacatecas)|Zacatecas]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1.380.633
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 75.416
|}

== Ligamines externe ==
&lt;!-- {{wikinews|Categoría:México e Centroamérica|México}}
{{wikiquote}}
&lt;!--
Per favor non usa iste spatio pro promover tu sito del web, portal o pagina. Solmente sitos de interesse o referentia general es acceptabile in iste lista.
--&gt;
* [http://www.presidencia.gob.mx/ Presidentia del Republica]
* [http://www.lospinos.gob.mx/ Residentia official del Pinos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222004411/http://www.lospinos.gob.mx/ |date=2016-12-22 }}
* [http://www.portaldeldesarrollo.org Portal del Desveloppate de México] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027104710/http://www.portaldeldesarrollo.org/ |date=2005-10-27 }}
* [http://www.directorio.gob.mx/ Directorio official de sitios web del Gobierno Mexicano] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321025155/http://www.directorio.gob.mx/ |date=2007-03-21 }}
* [http://www.gob.mx e-Gobierno]
* [http://www.cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/ Section educativa del INEGI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017201459/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/ |date=2010-10-17 }}
* [http://www.visitemexico.com/ Secretaría de Turismo (SECTUR)]
* [http://www.sct.gob.mx Secretaría de Comunicaciones e Transportes (SCT)]
* [http://www.shcp.gob.mx Secretaría de Hacienda e Crédito Público (SHCP)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605225032/http://www.shcp.gob.mx/ |date=2009-06-05 }}
* [http://www.sat.gob.mx Servicio de Administración Tributaria (SAT)]
* [http://www.senado.gob.mx/ Senado del República]
* [http://www.cddhcu.gob.mx/ Cámara de Diputados]
* [http://www.inah.gob.mx Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224213250/http://www.mna.inah.gob.mx/ |date=2007-02-24 }}
* [http://www.cnca.gob.mx Consejo Nacional para la Cultura e las Artes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212170405/http://www.cnca.gob.mx/ |date=2006-12-12 }}
* [http://www.consejomexicano.org.mx Consejo Mexicano para le Desarrollo Económico e Social] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201092200/http://www.consejomexicano.org.mx/ |date=2005-12-01 }}
* [http://www.inegi.gob.mx Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019165533/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/ |date=2010-10-19 }}
* [http://www.e-local.gob.mx/ Instituto Nacional para le Federalismo e le Desarrollo Municipal]
{{refer}}
{{commonscat|Mexico}}
{{elem|paises del mundo}}
{{Paises de America}}

[[Categoria:Mexico| ]]</text>
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'''Pakistan'''{{linfo}} es un republica in [[Asia]]. Illo es situate in le region que in le evo antique on appellava '''''Sindus''''' in latino o in lingua grec Σίνδος (''Sindos''). Con un population que supera 180 milliones de [[Demographia de Pakistan|personas]], illo es le pais le sexte plus populate del mundo. Illo es situate in un cruciamento de camminos inter le regiones strategicamente importante del sud, del centro, e del est asiatic. Illo conta con 1046 km de costa verso le [[Mar Arabic]] e le [[Golfo de Oman]] en su parte sud. Etiam, illo ha frontieras con [[India]] al est, con [[Afghanistan]] al west e al nord, con [[Iran]] al sudwest, e con [[China]] in su extremo nordest. Assi mesmo, illo es separate de [[Tadjikistan]] per le [[corridor de Wakhan]], pertinente a Afghanistan, e illo comparte frontiera maritime con [[Oman]].

Pakistan es un republica parlamentari federal composite per quatro provincias e quatro territorios federal, ethnic e linguisticamente diverse, con grande differentias anque in lor [[geographia]] e vita salvage. Le pais es hodie un [[potentia intermedie]] con poter regional, illo conta con le septime armea le plus numerose del mundo e illo possede [[Arma nuclear|armas nuclear]], que lo converte in le unic pais del mundo islamic con iste typo de armas e le secunde in le sud de Asia. Su economia es semiindustrialisate e illo figura in le placia 27me del mundo in terminos de paritate de poter acquisitive e in le 47me per le talia de su [[PIB nominal]]. Illo es un ex le membros fundatores del Organisation del Conferentia Islamic (hodie appellate [[Organisation pro le Cooperation Islamic]]) e illo es membro del [[ONU]], le [[Commonwealth de Nationes]], le [[Proxime Dece-Un]], le ASACR, le OCE, le D-8 e le [[G-20]] de paises in disveloppamento. 

{| class=&quot;infobox borderless&quot;
|+ Symbolos national de Pakistan
|-
! '''Animal national'''
| 
| [[File:Markhor.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''Ave national'''
| 
| [[File:Keklik.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''Arbore national'''
| 
| [[File:Pedrengo cedro nel parco Frizzoni.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''Flor national'''
| 
| [[File:Jasminum officinale.JPG|50px]]
|-
! '''Animal de hereditage national'''
| 
| [[File:Snow Leopard 13.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''Ave de hereditage national'''
| 
| [[File:Vándorsólyom.JPG|50px]]
|-
! '''Mammal aquatic marin national '''
| 
| [[File:National aquatic marine mammal of Pakistan.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''Reptile national'''
| 
| [[File:Persiancrocodile.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''Amphibio national'''
| 
| [[File:Bufo stomaticus04.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''Fructo national'''
| 
| [[File:Chaunsa.JPG|50px]]
|-
! '''Moschea national'''
| 
| [[File:Shah Faisal Mosque (Islamabad, Pakistan).jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''Mausoleo national'''
| 
| [[File:Mazar Quaid-e-Azam.jpg|50 px]] 
|-
! '''Fluvio national'''
| 
| [[File:Indus river from karakouram highway.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''Montania national'''
| 
| [[File:K2, Mount Godwin Austen, Chogori, Savage Mountain.jpg|50px]]
|-
|}

== Historia ==
Pakistan esseva create ex parte de [[India]] post le &quot;revolution pacific&quot; de [[Mahatma Gandhi]] contra le [[Regno Unite|Britannos]] que tunc regentava India. Durante iste processo politic, le leader del [[Musulman|Musulmanes]] de India, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], e altere Musulmanes pensava que le Musulmanos indian non esseva satis secur, assi le pais proprie, Pakistan, esseva create.

In tempore de [[guerra]] Pakistan esseva contra India, mais ambe republicas voleva regenter le region [[Kashmir]]. Pakistan e India ha [[arma nuclear|armas atomic]].

Le territorio actual de Pakistan esseva in le antiquitate le domo de diverse culturas, como le [[neolithic]] [[Mehrgarh]] e le cultura del Vallata del Indo del [[etate de bronzo]]. Illo anque esseva objecto de invasiones e assentimentos por parte de indianes, persas, indogrecos, musulmanes, turco-mongoles, afghanes, e sikhes. Tote iste region esseva governate per numerose imperios e dynastias como le [[Imperio maure]], le [[Imperio achemenide]], le [[Califato Omeyyade]], le [[Imperio Mongol]], le [[Imperio Durrani]], le [[Regno Sikh]] e le [[Imperio Britannic]]. Como resultato de effortios del movimento leaderate per [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] e le movimento de independentia indian, in 1947 Pakistan attingeva su independentia e se configurava como le nation del musulmanes qui habitava in le regiones del est e west de India, ubi illes esseva majoritate. Initialmente Pakistan esseva un dominio britannic, ma in 1956 le pais approbava un constitution e illo deveniva un republica islamic. Un guerra civil in 1971 resultava in le secession de Pakistan Oriental, que passava a appellar se [[Bangladesh]]. Le historia de Pakistan posterior a su independentia ha essite characterisate per periodos de governamento militar, instabilitate politic e per le conflicto con su vicin India, altere pais con armas nuclear, pro le controlo de [[Kashmir]]. Le pais continua affrontante problemas como le [[terrorismo]], le [[povressa]], le [[analphabetismo]], e le [[corruption]].

== Geographia ==

Depost le occupation de [[Alexandro Magne]], [[Sindus]] se separava de India e illo deveniva includite in le cultura Hellenic classic. Deinde su geographia e toponomia esseva cognoscite in classic Greco-Latina. 

=== Montes grande ===

* M. ''Emaus'' (hodie Karakoram, 8611 m)
* M. ''Emodus'' (hodie Himalayas, Indice antiquo ''Himavat'')
* M. ''Paropanisus'' (hodie Hindukush, 7890 m) 
* M. ''Parustus'' (hodie Sulayman, 4761 m)
* M. ''Sindhus'' (hodie Kirthar, 3451 m)
=== Picos alte ===
* K2
* Nanga Parbat

=== Fluvios grande ===

* (Antiqua:''Acesines'' ) Tsehinab
* (Antiqua:''Achesmius'' )Chenab
* (Antiqua:''Hydraspes'')Djelum
* (Antiqua:''Hyphasis'' )Rawi
* ''Indus''
* (Antiqua:''Zadartes'' ) Sutley

=== Citates antique ===

* ''Mallorum urbs'' (hodie: Multan)
* ''Mansera'' (hodie: Shahbazar)
* ''Masana'' (hodie: Gwadar)
* ''Morostobia'' (hodie: Karachi)
* ''Opiana'' (hodie: Alipur)
* ''Pactala'' (hodie: Hyderabad)
* ''Peuklotis'' (hodie: Peshawar)
* ''Pura'' (hodie: Bangur)
* ''Rhambakia'' (hodie: Shahbilwal)
* ''Taxila'' (hodie: Sirkap)

== Homines ==
* Imran Khan
* Pervez Musharraf
* Mohammed Ali Jinnah
* Liaquat Ali Khan

== Notas ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Paises de Asia}}

{{elem|paises del mundo}}
[[Categoria:Pakistan| ]]</text>
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    <title>Categoria:Philosophia politic</title>
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{{Commonscat|Political theories}}

[[Categoria:Disciplinas philosophic]]
[[Categoria:Scientias politic]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Salt Lake City</title>
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'''Salt Lake City''', frequentemente abbreviate a '''Salt Lake''' o '''SLC''', es le [[Lista de capitales del Statos Unite|capital]] e le [[Lista de citates in Utah|citate le plus populate]] del stato statounitese de [[Utah]]. Illo es le [[sede de contato]] del [[contato de Salt Lake]], le contato le plus populate del stato. Le population esseva 199.723 habitantes al [[Censo del Statos Unite de 2020|censo de 2020]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Division |first=U.S. Census Bureau, Data Integration |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2010–2018 |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/saltlakecitycityutah,US/PST045219 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524221221/https://census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-cities-and-towns.html |archive-date=May 24, 2019 |access-date=October 6, 2019 |website=census.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; dum le [[area metropolitan de Salt Lake City]] ha un population estimate de 1,3 milliones de habitantes e es le [[Area statistic metropolitan|46e plus grande area metropolitan]] in le Statos Unite. Illo es tamben parte del plus grande [[area statistic combinate]] de Salt Lake City–Ogden–Provo, un corridor urban al longo de un segmento de {{convert|120|mi|km|adj=on}} del [[Wasatch Front]] con un population de approximativemente 2,8 milliones. Illo es un del principal centros urban intra le [[Gran Bassino]], insimul con [[Reno (Nevada)|Reno, Nevada]].

Salt Lake City esseva fundate in 1847 per colones conducite per [[Brigham Young]], qui cercava de escapar le persecution que illes habeva experimentate durante lor vita plus al est. Le [[pionieros mormon]], como illes venirea a esser cognoscite, entrava in un valle semi-aride e immediatemente comenciava a construer un extensive rete de irrigation que poterea nutrir le population e promover le crescimento futur. Le systema de vias de Salt Lake City es basate super un plan standard de quadrillage con le punctos cardinales, con le angulo sud-este de [[Temple Square]] serviente como le origine del [[meridiano de Salt Lake]]. A causa de su proximitate al [[Grande Lac Salate]], le citate esseva originalmente nominate Great Salt Lake City; le parola &quot;Great&quot; esseva removite del nomine del citate in 1868.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Van Cott|first=John W.|title=Nomines de locos de Utah: un guida comprehensive al origines del nomines geographic: un compilation|publisher=[[University of Utah Press]]|year=1990|isbn=978-0-87480-345-7|page=327|id=Accedite le 25 de julio 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le immigration de membros international del [[Ecclesia de Jesus Christo del Sanctos del Ultime Dies|Ecclesia SUD]], le [[mineria|boom de mineria]], e le construction del [[prime ferrovia transcontinental]] apportava crescimento economic, e le citate recipeva le nomine &quot;Le Crucevia del West&quot;. Illa esseva traversate per le [[Lincoln Highway]], le prime autostrada transcontinental, in 1913. Duo grande autostradas interstatale transcontinental, [[Interstate 15 in Utah|I-15]] e [[Interstate 80 in Utah|I-80]], nunc se intersecant in le citate. Le citate ha etiam un [[via de circulation circumferential|via de circumvallation]], [[Interstate 215 (Utah)|I-215]].

Salt Lake City ha disveloppate un forte industria de turismo basate principalmente super [[ski]], [[recreation al aere libere]], e [[turismo religiose]]. Illa hospitava le [[Olimpiades de Inverno de 2002]] e esseva formalmente seligite pro hospitar le [[Olimpiades de Inverno de 2034]] per le [[Comitato Olympic International]] le 24 de julio 2024. Illa es cognoscite pro su cultura [[Liberalismo moderne in le Statos Unite|politicamente liberal]], que sta in contrasto con le orientationes generalmente [[conservatismo|conservative]] de gran parte del resto del stato.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Salt Lake City: Un insula de azul liberal in un mar de rubie conservative|url=https://utahpolicy.com/index.php/features/today-at-utah-policy/18103-salt-lake-city-an-island-of-liberal-blue-in-a-sea-of-conservative-red|access-date=29 de octobre 2020|website=Utah Policy|author-first1=Bob|author-last1=Bernick|date=15 de octobre 2018|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Illa es le domicilio de un communitate [[LGBT]] significative e hospita le annual [[Festival de Orgullo de Utah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Survey classifica le population LGBT de Salt Lake City al 7me loco inter le 50 principales areas metropolitan|author-first1=Jennifer|author-last1=Dobner|url=https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=2315479&amp;itype=CMSID|access-date=2 de augusto 2021|website=The Salt Lake Tribune|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Illa es le centro de [[banca industrial]] del Statos Unite.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/examinations/supervisory/insights/sisum04/industrial_loans.html|title=Bancos industrial del FDIC|publisher=[[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]]|date=25 de junio 2004|access-date=6 de martio 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070702194834/http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/examinations/supervisory/insights/sisum04/industrial_loans.html|archive-date=2 de julio 2007|url-status=live|accessdate=2026-07-30|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030752/http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/examinations/supervisory/insights/sisum04/industrial_loans.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Salt Lake City e le area circumstante es etiam le location de plure institutiones de education superior, includente le institution de recerca principal del stato, le [[Universitate de Utah]].

Le [[secheressa]] persistente in Utah ha mittite sub pression le [[securitate hydric]] de Salt Lake City, causante que le nivello del [[Grande Lac Salate]] cadeva a nivellos minime historic&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.slc.gov/mayor/drought/ |title=Secheressa 2022|website=[www.slc.gov](http://www.slc.gov) |access-date=16 de april 2022}}{{title missing|date=maio 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Le Grande Lac Salate attinge un nove minime historic |url=https://www.usgs.gov/news/great-salt-lake-reaches-new-historic-low |website=USGS |publisher=Departimento del Interior del Statos Unite |access-date=16 de april 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;, e habente un impacto super le economia local e estatal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.utahbusiness.com/if-we-want-growth-we-need-water-solutions/ |title=Si nos vole crescimento, nos necessita solutiones hydric |website=[www.utahbusiness.com](http://www.utahbusiness.com) |date=11 de maio 2022|access-date=13 de julio 2022}}{{title missing|date=septembre 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le retrahimento del lac ha exponite [[arsenico]], que pote devenir aerotransportate, exponente le habitantes del area a pulvere toxic.&lt;ref name=Flavelle2022/&gt; Le citate es etiam sub menacia de damnos major per terremoto, amplificate per duo ramificationes del proxime [[Falla de Wasatch]] que se junge sub le area del centro urbane.&lt;ref name=USGS2021/&gt;

{{Referentias}}

[[Categoria:Citates in Utah]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Diodo</title>
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[[File:Dioden2.jpg|thumb|200px|Varie diodos semiconductoric. Basso: un [[rectificator pontic]]. In le major parte de diodos, un banda pingite, blanc o nigre, identifica le terminal del [[cathodo]], que es, le terminal ubi [[currente conventional]] flue ab quando le diodo es conducer.]]
[[File:Diode tube schematic.svg|thumb|200px|Structura de un diodo [[tubo thermoionic|thermoionic]]. Le filamento pote esser nude, o plus communmente (como monstrate hic), incastrate intra e insulate ab un cathodo inglobante]]

In [[electronica]], un '''diodo''' es un typo of duo-[[Terminal (electronica)|terminal]] [[componente electronic]] con un nonlinear [[characteristica de currente e voltage]].
Un '''diodo semiconductoral''', le plus commun typo hodie, es un fragmento crystallin de [[semiconductor]] connectite a 2 terminales electric.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.element-14.com/community/docs/DOC-22519/l/physical-explanation--general-semiconductors |accessdate=2011-10-13 |archivedate=2016-05-16 |archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516081650/http://www.element-14.com/community/docs/DOC-22519/l/physical-explanation--general-semiconductors }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Diodos esseva le prime [[Apparato semiconductoral|apparatos electronic de semiconductor]]. 
Un '''diodo thermionic''' (nunc rarmente usate, excepte in alicun alte potential electrotechnica) es un [[tubo thermoionic]] con 2 [[electrodo]]s: un [[Anodo|platta (anodo)]] e un [[cathodo]].

Le function plus commun de un diodo es de permitter un currente electric de passar in un direction (appellate le ''avantiate'' direction del diodo), 
ma blocar currente in le opposite direction (le ''invertite'' direction). 
Assi, le diodo pote esser pensate de como un version electronic de un [[valvula]]. 
Iste comportamento unidirectional es appellate [[Rectification (electricitate)|rectification]], e illo es usate de converter [[currente alternate]] a [[currente directe]], 
e de extraher [[modulation]] ab signales radial in receptores de radio.

== Vide etiam ==
* [[Componente electronic]]
* [[Electronica]]
* [[Semiconductor]]
* [[Tubo thermoionic]]

== Referentias ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{traducite|en|Diode}}

[[Categoria:Componentes electronic]]
[[Categoria:Electronica]]
[[Categoria:Apparatos semiconductoral]]</text>
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    <title>Roma antique</title>
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{{citation2|Roma invicta manet.|col2=Roma remane invicte.|[[Vergilio]]|llengua1={{la}}|llengua2={{ia}}}}
{{Historia de Roma}}
'''Roma antique'''{{linfoX}} (in [[latino]]: ''Rōma''), o '''Civilisation roman''', designa omne characteristicas differente de un organisation assimilabile a un Stato, surgite del expansion del citate de [[Roma]], que in su epocha de apogeo, arrivava a extender se desde [[Grande Britannia]] usque le [[deserto del Sahara]] e desde le [[Peninsula iberic|peninsula Iberic]] al [[fluvio Euphrates]]. 

In principio, post su fundation (753 a.Chr.) Roma esseva un [[Monarchia roman|monarchia]] etrusc. Plus tarde (509 a.Chr.) esseva un [[Republica Roman|republica]] latin e in 27 a.Chr. se converteva in [[Imperio Roman|imperio]]. 

Le periodo de plus grande splendor es cognoscite como ''pax romana'' (pace roman) pro le relative stato de harmonia que prevaleva in le regiones que esseva sub le dominio roman; un periodo de ordine e prosperitate que cognosceva le Imperio sub le [[dynastia Antonin|dynastia del Antoninos]] (96-192) e etiam sub le [[Dynastia severan|Severos]] (193-235). Ille civilisation es un elemento decisive del developpamento de [[Occidente]] e, plus tarde, anque de Oriente.

== Monarchia roman ==
{{AP|Monarchia roman}}
[[File:Italy topographic map-ancient Roman roads.svg|397px|right|thumb|Le sito de Roma se situa super vias protohistoric que constitui axes de communication strategic, permitiente in particular le connexion inter Etruria e Campania. Illo representa un puncto major de passage super le Tiber al intersection inter le Via Campana e le Via Salaria (tractate per le Sabinos in le II millennio a.Chr.), connectite per le vadato de le insula Tiberina, favoriente le commercio de sal recollite in le paludes salant de Ostia, e le commercio de carne proveniente del descensus del greges in transhumantia ex le Apenninos.]]

=== Le prime Romanos ===
Le sito de Roma se situa super vias protohistoric (de) que constitueva axes de communication strategic permittente, in particular, le connexion inter Etruria e Campania. Illo representa un puncto major de passage super le Tiber al intersection inter le Via Campana&lt;ref&gt;Le toponymia popular propone erroneemente que iste via conduce al campania, sed le etymologia scientific suggere que illo duce al ''Campus salinarum''.&lt;/ref&gt; e le Via Salaria (pavite per le Sabinos in le II millennio a.Chr.), connectite per le vado del insula Tiberina, favoriente le commercio de sal recoltate in le paludes salate de Ostia, e le commercio de carne proveniente del descendentia del greges in transhumantia ex le [[Apenninos]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|language=en|author=Ada Cioffarelli|title=Archaeological routes|editorial=Bonsignori|date=1993|page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Les troupeaux pouvaient ainsi {{Citation|franchir le Tibre pour gagner les riches pâturages de plaine des territoires de la rive droite du fleuve. Là, la multitude des sentes de montagne rejoignait les routes principales, les via Salaria en provenance des hauts pâturages de la Sabine, et futures viae Latina et Appia en provenance des monts Albains. Le contrôle des points de passage sur le Tibre, à hauteur de Passo Corese, de Fidènes, de Ficana ou de Rome devait ainsi revêtir une importance certaine pour l'activité pastorale qui était encore l'activité dominante des populations de l'intérieur accidenté}}. Cf {{Cite book|author=Thierry Camous|title=Le roi et le fleuve. Ancus Marcius Rex aux origines de la puissance romaine|editorial=Belles Lettres|date=2004|page=132}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le archeologia monstra que Roma es plus vetule que lo que suggere le [[Litteratura antique|autores antique]] qui vole inscriber le origine de lor citate in un [[Mythologia roman|passato legendari]]. Le prime communitates human se stabiliva de maniera permanente&lt;ref&gt;Le archeologia mette in evidentia tracias de occupation saisonal depost le Paleolithico.&lt;/ref&gt; in le sito de Roma, initialmente [[Cloaca Maxima|infestate per paludes]] e subjecte al inundationes del Tiber, in particular super le Palatino e altere collinas roman ab le 10e seculo a.Chr. (epocha del bronzo recente), sub forma de parve villages&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Boatwright |first=Mary T. |title=The Romans: From Village to Empire |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-973057-5 |edition=2nd |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le prime Romanos esseva organisate in gruppos hereditari appellate ''gentes''&lt;ref name=&quot;gentes-premiers-romains-avant-fondation-85-88&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Poucet |first=Jacques |title=Les origines de Rome: tradition et histoire |publisher=Publications Fac St Louis |year=1985 |pages=85–88 |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=gWpGTF_Vt54C&amp;pg=PA86&amp;dq=Rome+fondation+Albe-la-longue+gentes  |access-date=6 October 2016 |language=fr }}&lt;/ref&gt; o « clans ». Durante multe tempore, iste genere de divisiones esseva commun pro le majoritate del Indo-Europeos. Cata clan se compone de un aggregato de familias vivente sub le tutela de un patriarcha, appellate ''pater'' (parola latin pro « patre »)&lt;ref name=&quot;gens-pater-tribus-clans-romains-avant-fonation-Rome-451-462&quot;&gt;{{article | langue = fr | nom1 = Ménager | prénom1 = Léon-Robert | titre = Les collèges sacerdotaux, les tribus et la formation primordiale de Rome| périodique = [[MEFRA|Mélanges de l’École française de Rome]]. Antiquité | volume = tome 88 | numéro = 2 | année = 1976 | passage = 451-462|doi=10.3406/mefr.1976.1073 | consulté le = 06 octobre 2016 | lire en ligne = http://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_1976_num_88_2_1073 |issn = 0223-5102 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Cata gens constitue un unitate auto-governate e cata membro de un gens particular comparti le mesme derectos e responsabilitates que le altere membros&lt;ref name=&quot;gens-pater-tribus-clans-romains-avant-fonation-Rome-451-462&quot;/&gt;. Cata clan se governa a se mesme de maniera democratic (cata membro pote votar) o aristocratic (un gruppo de senior solve le problemas)&lt;ref name=&quot;gens-pater-tribus-clans-romains-avant-fonation-Rome-451-462&quot;/&gt;. Multo ante le date traditional de le fundation de Roma, un communitate se fusionava in un confederation, con le citate de Alba Longa constituente su puncto de reunion&lt;ref name=&quot;gérard-Capdeville-155-156-166-171-avant-fondation-Rome-capitale-Albe-la-longue&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Capdeville  |first=Gérard |chapter=Jeux athlétiques et rituels de fondation |title=Spectacles sportifs et scéniques dans le monde étrusco-italique: Actes de la table ronde de Rome (3–4 mai 1991) |publisher=École française de Rome |series=Publications de l'École française de Rome |volume=172 |location=Rome |year=1993 |pages=155–156, 166, 171 |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1993_act_172_1_3056 |access-date=6 October 2016 |language=fr }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;avant-fondation-rome-albe-la-longue-Anne-Dubourdieu-71-82&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Liou-Gille-77-Albe-la-Longue-fondation-avant-Rome&quot;&gt;{{article | langue = fr | nom1 = Liou-Gille | prénom1 = Bernadette | titre = Naissance de la ligue latine | sous-titre = Mythe et culte de fondation. | périodique = Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire | volume = tome 74 | numéro = fascicule 1 | année = 1996 | éditeur = Antiquité - Oudheid | passage = 77|doi=10.3406/rbph.1996.4096 | consulté le = 06 octobre 2016 | lire en ligne = http://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1996_num_74_1_4096}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamen, post un certe tempore, le sede de iste confederation se translata a Roma{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=1-2}}&lt;ref name=&quot;gérard-Capdeville-155-156-166-171-avant-fondation-Rome-capitale-Albe-la-longue&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;avant-fondation-rome-albe-la-longue-Anne-Dubourdieu-71-82&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dubourdieu |first=Annie |chapter=Denys d'Halicarnasse et Lavinium |title=Denys d'Halicarnasse historien des origines de Rome |publisher=Pallas |volume=39 |year=1993 |pages=71–82 |doi=10.3406/palla.1993.1274 |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/palla_0031-0387_1993_num_39_1_1274 |access-date=6 October 2016 |language=fr }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Fundation del citate (753 a.Chr.) ===
{{AP|Fundation de Roma}}
Le citate de [[Roma]] se situa al centro del [[Peninsula Italian|peninsula Italian]], al sud de [[Europa]] e in un position central del [[Bassino mediterranee|bassino mediterranee]]. Le sito mesme del citate, con su septe collinas e un spatio paludose al limite del Tiber, in le plano del Latio, es favorabile al intercambios commercial.

Le prime Romanos probabilemente se installava super le ripa sinistre del Tiber, a circa 20 km ab le ostio del flumine. Le prime village independente se trova certe super le Palatino. Altere villages se formava super le Quirinale, le Esquilino, le Capitolio e super le collinas del Cælio. Al summitate de cata collina se trova un citadelle que protege le habitantes.

Multo presto, iste villages effectiva un synecismo (union de casas) pro formar le [[Roma|citate de Roma]]. In torno a iste periodo, existe probabilmente extensiones verso le sud, assi como le long del ripa sinistre usque al imbuccatura del Tiber{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=5}}.

==== Le fundation secundo le legenda ====
[[File:Aineias Ankhises Louvre F118.jpg|right|thumb|[[Eneas]] portante Anchises, oenochoe con figuras nigre, verso 520–510 a.Chr., Museo del Louvre (F 118).]]
[[File:Lupa Capitolina, Rome.jpg|right|thumb|Le Lupa Capitolina (secundo le legenda, Roma es fundate per Romulo e Remo, qui, in lor infantia, haberea essite nutrite per un lupa).]]
Secundo le tradition roman, [[Romulo e Remo|Romulo]] e su fratre [[Romulo e Remo|Remo]] esseva le fundatores de Roma e del [[Senato roman]]. Le historiographia actual considera falsa ista tradition, fixante le origine del citate a finales del 8e seculo a.Chr.&lt;ref&gt;Bravo Castañeda, Gonzalo (1998) ''Historia de la Roma antigua'', capitulo 1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Numitor esseva le rege de un citate del Latio nominate Alba Longa. Esseva subverse per su fratre Amulio, qui lo expelleva del citate e procedeva a occider tote le filios excepte su unic filia Rhea Silvia. Perque ille non voleva que Rhea habeva filios, ille la obligava a dedicar se al culto de Vesta, assecurante se de iste maniera que illa esserea virgine.

Rhea Silvia trovava se durmente in le rivo de un fluvio e le deo Marte se inamorava de illa, la possedeva e la lassava embarassate. Como consequentia illa faceva nascer duo geminos que nominava Romulo e Remo. Ante que le rege Amulio notava le successo, collocava a su filios in un canasta in le fluvio Tiber por que non suffreva le mesme via que lor oncles. Le canasta arenava e le parves esseva allactate per un lupa, Luperca, e plu tarde collectate per un pastor Faustulo e colite per su sposa, Acca Larentia. Se diceva que haveva essite educate en Gabio, localitate del Latio; plu tarde istos decideva fundar Roma.

Quando illos cresceva, discoperiva su origine, pro lo que regressava a Alba Longa, occideva Amulio e reponeva a su avo Numitor in the throno. Iste les delivrava territorios al nord-west del Latio. In 753 a.Chr. le duo fratres decideva fundar un citate in iste territorio in un prateria del fluvio Tiber, secundo le rito etrusc, in le precise loco in ubi arenava le canasta. Delimitava le clauso del citate (''pomoerium'') con un arate que esserea le supposite Roma quadrata del Palatino. Romulo jurava occider totes qui transpassarea le limites sin permission.

Discutente re le nomine del citate decideva que lo seligeva qui videva plu aves, prova que superava Romulo e la donava le nomine de Roma. Remo, irritate, discuteva con Romulo e borrava le sulco del limites del futura citate. Compliente le juramento, Romulo lo occideva.

Le citate esseva construite in le ''pomoerium'' palatine, e Romulo esseva le soverano. Creava le senato, composite per cento membros (''patres'') cuje descendentes esseva nominate patricios e divideva le population in 30 curias. Por popular le citate, Romulo acceptava tote typo de gente (''asylum''): refugiate, libertos, sclavos, fugitivos...

Romulo moriva in 717 a.Chr. Existe varie versiones de su morte, abuccate per le  celos in medie de un tempestate provocate per su patre Marte o assassinate per un senatores discrepante. In honor al data de su disparition se celebrava le festas Nonas Caprotina. Ille serea divinisate e adorate sub le nomine de Quirino. 

Poste su morte se producera un anno de interregno usque que le senato elige como rege a [[Numa Pompilio]].

In le chronologia actual le data del [[fundation de Roma]] se fixava le 21 de april 753 a.Chr. Prendeva como puncto de referentia por datar eventos in le mundo roman. Esseva alludite como le Nascentia de Roma (200 aUC: Anno 200 ab Urbe Condita “In le anno 200 ab le Fundation del Urbe o del Nascentia de Roma”).

=== Initios del Monarchia (8e e 7e seculos a.Chr.) ===
Le [[Monarchia roman|Monarchia]] pote esser divise in duo periodos. Le prime vide le regno del quatro prime reges legendari (Romulo/[[Tito Tatio]], [[Numa Pompilio]], [[Tullo Hostilio]] e [[Anco Marcio]]), a qui le annalistas attribue le fundation del institutiones politic e religiose del citate. Iste es organise in curias, e le Senato e le comitia curiata deveni official. Roma se involvi in plure guerras de conquista. In iste epoca probabilmente se fundava le porto de Ostia e se construiva le prime ponte super le Tiber{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=3-6}}.

==== Familias patrician e lor division in curias ====
[[File:Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 019.jpg|right|thumb|Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Romulo, victor de Acron, porta le spolias opime al templo de Jupiter Feretrio, 1812, Bellas Artes de Paris, Paris.]]
Secunde le tradition, le antique Romanos esseva divise in tres gruppos o tribos romulane: le Tities, le Ramnes e le Luceres. Le origine e le composition de iste tribos remane un subjecto de debate pro le historicos&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvsp|Heurgon|1993|p=212-213}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Le familias que appatteneva a un de iste tres grupos constituiva le prime familias patrician. Pro organisar le citate, iste familias patrician divideva Roma in unitates appelate curias, quamvis, secunde le legenda, iste organisation es attribuite al prime rege, Romulo. Cata tres tribos es divise in dece curias{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=3-5}}.

==== Creation del Senato, del ''comitia'' e del Rege de Roma ====
Alcuno del clanes se governava democraticamente, con cata membro possedente le derecto de votar. Altere se governava aristocraticamente, organisate intorno a un consilio de senior. Quando iste clanes se fusionava pro formar un communitate plus grande, ambes methodos esseva conservate pro governar.

Le prime Romanos se exprimeva democraticamente per medio de un ''comitia'' (« assemblea »). Le duo assembleas principal es cognoscite sub le nomines de ''comitia curiata'' e ''comitia calata''. Le ''comitia'' representa le tendentias democratic del prime clanes. Pro respectar melio le forma de democratia directe usate per le clanes confederate, le duo comitia esseva organisate pro reflecter le divisiones tribal del citate. Ergo, le ''comitia'' es organisate per curias. Le membros de cata tres tribos (Ramnes, Tities e Luceres) es assignate a un curia specific, cata gruppo divise in dece curias.

Le equivalente aristocratic del assembleas assume le forma de un consilio municipal de senior. Dum le consilios de cata clan se componeva del senior del familias dirigente del clan, le consilio municipal se componeva del senior del clanes dirigente del citate, consilio que devenira le Senato. Secunde le legenda, illo se componeva de 300 senior (''patres'') veniente de cata tres tribos, constituente le prime senatores romanos{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=6}}.

Le ''populus'' e le senior recognosceva le necessitate de haber un dirigente politic unic, appellate le ''rex''. Le ''populus'' electiva le rege, dum le senior le consilia{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=6}}.

=== Monarchia tardive (6e seculo a.Chr.) ===
{{Historia de Italia}}
Le secunde periodo, plus ric in eventos que le prime, vide le regno del tres ultime reges legendari, le importante expansion del territorio roman e le disveloppamento del classe plebeie con su integration partial al structura politic del citate. Finalmente, iste secunde periodo vide le solmente reges extranger que regnava super Roma, con lor successiones basate in hereditate. Le tres reges etrusc semi-legendari initia un politica de conquesta. Sin analysar in detalio le grado de veritate de iste legendas, es multo probabile que tal conquestas vermente habeva loco al fin del Monarchia. Il deveni necessario determinar quid debe esser facite del populos conquestate{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=6}}.

Le prime rege etrusc de Roma, [[Tarquinio le Vetule]], succede a [[Anco Marcio]]. On ha suggerite que Roma esseva invadite per le [[etruscos]], quamvis isto remane improbabile proque le citate se situa in un position facilemente defendibile e su rapide expansion attrahente le populationes de tote le region. Le politica liberal del citate offere opportunitate a un dirigente competente pro ganiar le throno{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=9-10}}.

==== Apparition del classe plebeie ====
Le plus sovente, le habitantes de citates conquerite remane in lor citates. Lor vita quotidian e lor systema de governo remane le mesme, ma lor citates perde lor independentia verso Roma. Tamen, un certo numero veni a Roma. Pro acquirer un statuto economic viable e legal, le nove venientes debe acceptar un dependentia verso un familia patrician o verso le rege (qui es ipse un patrician); illes deveni clientes de un familia patrician. Finalmente, illes que se attachava al rege es liberate de lor dependentia. Iste constituera le prime plebeios{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=7}}.

Como Roma se expandiva, plus e plus soldatos es necessitate pro le conquestas. Le non-patricios appertineva al mesme curia que lor patronos. In iste tempore, le exercito es organisate secunde le curias, de sorte que le individuos dependente de familias debeva combatter. Tamen, quando illes es liberate de lor dependentia, illes quitava le curia al qual lor patrono appertineva. Illes non esseva plus obligate de combatter, ma illes perdeva tote statuto politic o economic{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=7-8}}.

Pro remaner iste plebeios in le exercito, le patricios debeva facer concessiones, le natura exacte del quales non es cognoscite. Un del consequentias es que le plebeios ora habeva le derecto de posseder lor proprie terras. Illes habeva ora toto interesse a defender le citate: si illa esseva conquerite, illes perdeva tote lor terras. Tamen, illes non recipeva poter politic{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=8}}. Tote iste elementos, quando se implementava, conduceva al conflicte de ordines sub le [[Republica Roman|Republica]].

==== Reorganisation servian del exercito ====
Pro remaner le plebeios in le exercito, le rege [[Servio Tullio]] aboliva le vetule sistema que organisava le exercitos secunde le curias e lo reemplaciava per un systema basate sur le proprietate de terras. Secunde le reorganisation de Servio Tullio, duo nove unitates esseva create e le  exercito esseva dividite in centurias (''centuriæ''). Futur reorganisationes basate sur le tribos{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=4-9}} esserea plus efficiente. Le centurias se congregava in un nove assemblea appellate ''comitia centuriata'' (comices centuriates). Al momento de su creation, iste assemblea non habeva poter politic o legislative. Illo esseva solmente usate como puncto de reunion del exercito{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=21}}.

=== Reges mythologic ===
Le philologo e comparativista Georges Dumézil vide in le succession del prime reges un exemplo del functiones tripartite indo-europee&lt;ref&gt;[[Georges Dumézil]], ''Mythe et Épopée, I. II. &amp; III.'', [[Gallimard]], [[Paris]], [[1995]].&lt;/ref&gt;: Romulo, le fundator, e le pie Numa Pompilio exerce le function soveran, al mesme tempore organisative e sacerdotal; Tullo Hostilio exerce le function belligerente; Anco Marcio exerce le function productive.

A cata rege legendari on attribue un contribution particular al nascentia e creation del institutiones roman e al disveloppamento socio-politic del citate. Le reges etrusc, Tarquinio le Vetule urbanisa Roma, Servio Tullio organisa le population citatan e militar, e Tarquinio le Superbe, per su comportamento, precipita le instauration del Republica.

== Republica roman ==
{{AP|Republica Roman}}
Le parola &quot;republica&quot; veni del latino res publica, que significa &quot;le cosa public&quot;. Governar le citate es, assi, un affaire public e collective. Le lema del Republica es &quot;Senatus populusque romanus&quot;, &quot;le Senato e le populo roman&quot;. Illo symbolisa le union del Senato roman, ubi originalmente siede le familias patricie, e le totalitate del citatanos roman. De facto, le Romanos es dividite in duo gruppos, le patricios e le plebeios. Iste ultime forma le massa del artifices e agricultores. Illes vive foras del organisation patricie e non honora ulle ancestre particular. Le patricios es frequentemente proprietarios de vastes dominios cultivabile. Illes appertine a famas famas, le gentes. Cata ''gens'' ha su proprie cultos includente le culto del ancestres e lor traditiones. Illo comprende un numero plus o minus grande de clientes qui debe obedientia a lor &quot;patrono&quot; e recipe auxilio e assistentia in caso de necessitate.

=== Advenimento del Republica (5e seculo  e principio del 4e seculo a.Chr.) ===
==== Fin del regnos etrusc e institution del Republica ====
[[File:City of Rome during time of republic.jpg|thumb|left|Vision romantic de Roma, con le Tiber, le muro de Servio e le ponte Sublicio, dominante per le Capitolio e le templo dedicate al triade de Jupiter, Juno e Minerva.]]
Le historia del initios del Republica es multo obscur: excepte le discopertas archeologic, que rarmente permitte un narration del eventos, on non possede fontes contemporanee de iste periodo. Assi, on pote scriber su historia solmente a base de le relationes historic que le Romanos mesme forni, relationes frequentemente imprecise, interdum contradictorie, ubi le legenda e le rescription politic se mixtura con le memoria del eventos le plus ancian. Nonobstante, ben que il es evidente que le tradition imbelli le factos pro non attribuer a Roma un rolo negative, hodie on admite que le tradition roman se basa super factos historic, ben que il es multo difficile e sovente impossibile disentanglar le ver del fals{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=40-41}}.

[[File:Capitoline Brutus Musei Capitolini MC1183.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.8|Busto de Lucius Junius Brutus in le museos del Capitolio.]]

Secundo le traditiones, Junius Brutus, le nepote del ultime rege Tarquin le Superbe, es le fundator legendarie del Republica roman, in 509 a.Chr. Tarquin es depellite, pois ille usa su poteres pro establir un tyrannia. Su abusos es talmente extreme que le Senato e le populo roman vident le concepto del monarchia como odios. Le Senato perde le controlo del election de nove reges sub le dinastia etrusque del Tarquins, e iste intrusion al sovereignitate del Senato, plus que un tyrannia intolerabile, incita le patricios, plus que le populo integre, a expeller le ultime rege. Tarquin le Superbe incita civitates etrusque contra le republica in le initio ma illos es superate. Porsenna, rege etrusc de Clusium, assedia alors Roma pro restaurar Tarquin, ma ille renuncia ante le obstination del Romanos. Autores moderne questiona tote le evenimentos obscur narrate per le historiographos roman, particularmente le episodio de Porsenna&lt;ref name=&quot;EB&quot;&gt;''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' 2008, « Ancient Rome ».&lt;/ref&gt;. Nonobstante, multe citates latin se libera del dominio etrusque al fin del 5e seculo a.Chr. Le tyranno se refugia postea a Tusculum ubi ille incita su genero Octavius Mamilius al guerra. Alleate con le Latinos, ille dirige le ultime conflicto contra Roma al laco Regillus ubi ille es vincite, postea moriente alcun annos plus tarde a Cumas ubi ille face de su hospite, le tyranno Aristodeme, su herede&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|I|56|59}} &amp; {{RefRA|tl|II|1|15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|DH|IV|64|85|4D}}, {{RefRA|dh|V|1|18|5A}} &amp; {{RefRA|dh|V|21|36|5B}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Alcun legendas suggere que le monarchia differe radicalmente del republica nascente. Il es plus probabile que il habeva un transition plus gradual. Pote esser occurreva un subversion rapide del monarchia, ma le sol cambio immediate a ille tempore es le substitution del rege per un magistratura con duo capites limitate temporalmente. Le altere cambios probabilemente occurreva plus gradualmente que lo que le tradition suggere.

==== Guerras exterior ====
Le battalia del Laco Regille, como etiam le fallimento de Porsenna, marca definitivemente le fin del regno del Tarquinios a Roma. In 493 a.Chr., un alliantia es signate con le [[Liga Latin|Liga latin]]: le ''[[foedus Cassianum]]''. Isto pone fin al guerra inter Romanos e Latinos e colloca Roma al par con tote le membros del Liga latin reunite. Isto crea circa Roma un parapetto contra le Volscos e Equos&lt;ref&gt;Tito Livio, ''Historia roman'', II.33&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dionisio de Halicarnasso, ''Antiquitates roman'', VI.95&lt;/ref&gt;, pois Roma alliga se etiam con le Hernicos in 486 a.Chr.&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|DH|VIII|64|68|8C}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Le historia roman del 5e seculo a.Chr. es disturbate per guerras contra le Volscos e Equos e occasionalmente le Sabines, ma Roma resiste e repelle le montaneros, infligente les graves disfetas e treugas plus o minus longe, nonobstante alcun reversos&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|II}} a {{RefRA|tl|VI}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Roma e Veies se oppone pro rationes economic. Gratias a Fidene, situate supra Roma in un guado del Tevere, Veies controlla le Via Salaria e le traffico del sale in le region&lt;ref&gt;[[Jérôme Carcopino]], ''Virgile et les origines d'Ostie'', {{2e}} éd., [[Paris]], [[1968]], p. 416-420.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Adalberto Giovannini]], ''Le sel et la fortune de Rome'', dans ''Athenaeum'' [[1985]], p. 373-286.&lt;/ref&gt;. Un prime guerra, private, es conducite per le Fabios, massacrate in le batalia del Cremera&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|II|48}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Postea, circa 435 a.Chr., Roma occupa Fidene pro le prime vice&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|IV|22}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, que deveni un colonia roman, e postea definitivemente in 425 a.Chr., anno ubi un treuga de 20 annos es conciliate&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|IV|34}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. In 406 a.Chr., Roma assedia Veies&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|IV|60|61}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Le guerra e le assedio dura dece annos, usque a 396 a.Chr., quando le citate etrusc cade in le manos del Romanos dirigite per le dictator Camillo in le anno 396 a.Chr.&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|V|20|21}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Iste guerra e iste captura es un evento major in le historia roman: pro le prime vice, le soldatos-agricoltores remane in le armea plus que un anno complete, sin retornar a lor casas pro le hiberno, e pro le prime vice, como compensation, illes recipe un salario extrahite de un nove imposto pagate per le proprietarios de terras, le ''tributum''&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|V|2}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Le territorio roman duplica quasi su dimension e Roma prende le ascendantia in le alliance eternal inter equalos conciliate con le Liga latin, dominante le altere citates. Assi, Roma nunquam ha essite tan forte e necun citate latin o etrusc pare capace de facer le ombra{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=47-49}}.

Ma in 390 a.Chr., un horda gallic, dirigite per Brenno, disface le armea roman. Le autoritates religiose e le objectos sacre es securisate a Caere, un alliate, ante que le Gallos occupa Roma e assedia le Capitolio, ubi le ultime defensores resiste&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|V|38|41}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Si on crede le traditiones, Roma es totalmente depilliate, destruite e incendiate&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|V|42}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, solmente le Capitolio es parcite, defendite heroicamente (specialmente le episodio del ocas del Capitolio&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|V|47}}.&lt;/ref&gt;). In realitate, il pote esser que isto esseva solmente un sacco general, le Gallos depillante toto, specialmente le templos, plus que un destruction radical. Iste sacco remane a sempre un trauma pro le Republica roman, e assi le traditiones pote esser multo exaggerate&lt;ref&gt;Dominique Briquel, ''La prise de Rome par les Gaulois'', Paris, PUPS, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;. Le sacco de Roma es solmente un evento minor in un guerra inter le tyrannos de Syracusa, Dionysio le Senior al initio del 4e seculo a.Chr., alliatos del Gallos que illes usa forsan como mercenarios (hypothese del historiante Marta Sordi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sordi |first=Marta |title=Guerra e diritto nel mondo greco e romano |publisher=Vita e Pensiero |year=2002 |page=381 |language=it }}&lt;/ref&gt;), e le Etruscos de Caere (Caere e Siracusa luctante pro tenir le potentia thalassocratic), que es le objectivo del attacco gallic, e que suffre graves perditas simile a Roma{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=64-65}}.

==== Institutiones primitive e lucta inter patricios et plebeios ====
Post le cade del [[Monarchia roman|monarchia]], le Senato, e principalmente le duo sol magistratos, recuperava le poter supreme, transitant de un systema monarchic a un systema oligarchic. Isto cambio de governamento solo beneficia un minoritate, le nove elite: le patricios. Multe plebeios esseva profundemente debitate e subiva assi le lege del patriciato.

Le prime secession del plebe occurre in 495 a.Chr. e le plebe obtene le creation del magistratura del tribunato del plebe, interdicte al patricios, incumbite de defender lor interesse. Le tribunos del plebe es inviolabile. Illes pote opponer se a cata lege proponite per le altere magistratos: isto es le intercessio&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|II|23|33}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Le tribunos del plebe gania poter gradualmente. Per le ''Lex Publilia Voleronis'', le plebeios se organisa per tribu&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|II|55|58}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|DH|IX|37|49|9B}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, deveniente politicamente independente del patricios{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=29}}.

Postea, illes demanda le scriptura del lege, per le medio del projecto del ''Lex Terentilia'', circum le qual Roma luctava pro un decada&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|III|9|31}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, usque que un commission extraordinari, le decemviros, esseva establite pro rediger le leges scripte. Le Leges ''[[Lege del Dece-duo Tabulas|Duodecim Tabularum]]'' esseva scripte in duo vices. Le secunde commission de decemviros essayava mantener lor poter absolute, ma a causa del secession del plebe, retirate sur le monte Sacro, illes debeva resignar, e le lege esseva approbate per le populo romano&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|III|32|55}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|DH|X|56|60|10D}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|DS|XII|9|10}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Secundo studio modern, le secunde decemvirate nunquam eveniva&lt;ref name=&quot;EB&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Olga Tellegen-Couperus]], ''A Short History of Roman Law'', p. 19-20.&lt;/ref&gt;. Le Leges ''Duodecim Tabularum'' constitue le prime corpore de leges roman scripte. Lor redaction es le acto fundante del jure roman, del institutiones del [[Republica Roman]] e del [[mos maiorum]].

Un serie de leges es postea votate, per le quales le plebiscitos promulgate per le comitia tributa ha fortia de lege sub le condition que le Senato le ratifica, le derecto de appellar al populo es restabilite, le sacrosanctitate e inviolabilitate del tribunos del plebe es proclamate: ille es le leges ''Valeriae Horatiae''&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|III|55}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, assi como le abolition del prohibition de matrimonio inter plebeios e patricios: le ''lex Canuleia''. Pro facer facie al petition que le consulato se aperi al plebeios, le Senato propone le creation del tribunato militari con poteres consulare, aperite a omnes, e con quasi toto le poteres del consulato, excepte illes date a un nove magistratura patrician, le censura&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|IV|1|7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Al principio, le patricios monopolisa le nove magistratura, ma gradatim, le plebeios deveni plus numerose e accede plus e plus al tribunato militari con poteres consulare, que deveni quasi systematic, substituente le consulato.

In 376 a.Chr., un serie de leges es proponite pro meliorar le condition del plebe a Roma. Illo tracta de leges politic, economic e social, que visa dividere le poter supreme inter plebeios e patricios, luctar contra le accumulation per le patricios del terras recentemente annexite circum Roma (ager publicus) e allevar le plebe que es opprimite per debitas: le propositiones include le restablimento del consulato, con necessariemente un electe plebeio inter le duo consules, le prohibition de occupar plus que 500 jugeres del ager publicus e le deduction del capital del interesses jam pagate e le extension del repagamento del debitas sur tres annos, assi como le abolition del nexum. Le tres leges, unite in un sol pro le votation, es approbate&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|VI|35|42}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Le consulato plebeie implica implicitemente le accesso al dictatura e al censura. Durante tote iste periodo, le Republica Roman confronta se con multes inimicos, e es continualmente in guerra contra populos italic, frequentemente recurrendo a le election de un dictator pro facer facie a minacias exterior, e es plure vices proxime al catastrophe, como in le sacco de Roma in 390 a.Chr.

=== Conquesta de Italia (4e e initio del 3e seculo a.Chr.) ===
Le 4e seculo a.Chr. representa un puncto de cambio major in le historia de Roma, pois illo pone le bases del expansion que porta al extension del territorio roman usque al [[Campania]], malgrado le forte resistentia del montanieros samnita. Historicos contemporanee identifica plure factores pro explicar iste cambios: le trauma del invasiones gallic e le difficultates subsequente con su vicinos pare haber persuadite le Romanos a non plus acceptar menacias e a comenciar un expansion que a vices es qualificate de «imperialismo defensive».

==== Guerra del ordines ====
Le periodo post le leges licinio-sextie vide le emergentia de tendentias alarmante, como le approximation continue del tribunos e del senatores. Circa le medietate del 4e seculo a.Chr., le concilio plebeie ratifica le Lex Ovinia, que permitte al censores de decider le admission al Senato de omne magistrato recentemente eligite. Como le plebeios ja deteneva multe magistraturas, lor numero in le Senato cresce probabilmente rapidemente. Isto facilita le creation de un nove aristocratia plebeie, que se fusiona progressivemente con le vetere aristocratia patricie, creando un aristocratia combinate «patricio-plebeie»{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=43-48}}.

In 287 a.Chr., le plebeios face secession. Pro terminar iste nove sedition, le leges hortensianae es adoptate, que da valor legal a resolutiones del assemblea del plebe (plebiscitos) sin necessitate de ratification senatorial. Isto priva le patricios de omne medio de opposition e pone le controlo del Stato in le manos del nove aristocratia patrician-plebeie{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=51-53}}.

==== Un armea de citatanos ====
[[File:Centurion 2 Boulogne Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|redresse=0.8|Centurion in un reconstitution historic.]]
Solmente citatanos proprietarios ha le deber de combatter pro le Republica. Le plus ric serve in le cavalleria (''equites''), le alteres como infanteria (''pedites'')&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|I|43}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post le reformas de Camillo&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|Plu|Camille}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, illes forma legiones de circa 4 500 homines: ''hastati'' (''iuniores'', juvene e ben trainate, in prime linea), ''principes'' (juvene ma plus experte, in secunde linea), e ''triarii'' (seniores, in le ultime linea e como reserva). Le plus paupere combatte como ''velites''. Existeva etiam truppas auxiliar, sin citatanitate roman, que assisteva le legiones. In le legione regnava un disciplina rigorose.

==== Historia del conquesta ====
In 390 a.Chr., Roma es prendite per le [[Gallia|Gallos]] e suffre su prime sacco. Pro le Romanos, iste episodio es vivite como un catastropha national. Le urbe non prende multo tempore pro relevar se de iste disastro&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|VI|1|20}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Post alcun conflictos con su vicinos, in particular le [[Etruscos]] de Tarquinii vencite e alcun citates latinas rebelliose, e post haber facite fronte a nove incursion es gallic, Roma comencia le conquesta del [[Italia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|VII|1|28}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Roma habeva sapite poner fin a su divisiones social e poteva assi presentar un modello politic seductor al aristocratias del altere citates mediterranee, un atuto diplomatic non negligibile. Le diplomatia, in effecto, joca in le conquesta roman un rolo sovente negligite in favor del aspectos purmente militar. Le deditio de Capua in 343 a.Chr. constitue le melior exemplo: pro beneficiar del protection roman, le citate campanian de Capua se rende completemente a Roma, que vide su zona de action traditionalmente extendite subitemente al ric region que es Campania{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=68}}{{sfn|Hinard|2000|p=260 sq.}}. Le interpenetration del élites es si importante que on parla a vices de un “Stato romano-campanian”{{sfn|Hinard|2000|p=266-267}}. In omne caso, un mechanismo essential del futuras conquestas se pone in marcha: Roma se appoia super le aristocratias local, o super un parte de illos, pro extender su territorio; in cambio, illa offere a iste aristocratias le stabilitate politic e le integration valorisante in un insimul plus vaste, le accesso a un scala superior. Assi, durante le prime guerra samnitic, le Romanos interveni, in 343 a.Chr., pro proteger [[Capua]] contra le Samnitas. Iste es vencite in 341 a.Chr., ma Roma non pote exploitar su successo e debe retraer se a causa del insurrection del Latinos, que menacia directemente Roma&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|VII|30|42}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Seque le guerras latinas, que oppone Roma al Liga latina, que circumfereva in parte le territorio roman. Un tentativa del populos latinos de obtener lor independentia de Roma es le causa principal del guerra. Le defaite del Latinos resulta in le dissolution del Liga latina, assi como le incorporation de su territorios in le sphera de influentia roman. In iste occasion, le Latinos recipe derectos partial e differente nivellos de citatanitate, e lor citates es transformate, o in municipes, o in colonias roman&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|VIII|1|14}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Inter 336 e 327 a.Chr., Roma se impone plus al sud del Italia e in Campania, e stabilisa le territorios novemente conquestate&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|VIII|15|26}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le fundation roman de Fregellae al frontiera samnitic e grave tensiones a Neapole provoca un reaction hostile immediate del Samnitas. Le conflicto dura quasi 40 annos. Le Romanos reporta le prime battalias, ma post plure annos de guerras de frontiera, le consules roman decide, in 321 a.Chr., de portar le guerra in territorio samnitic, un initiative que termina per le captura humilianti de duo legiones per le samnita Caius Pontius al battalia del Furcas Caudinas. Le hostilitates fini in 316 a.Chr. e le tregua es in favor del Samnitas, que obtene del Romanos le cessione del colonia roman de Fregellae&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|VIII|27|40}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Le hostilitates recommencia in 314 a.Chr., e Roma vince un vaste coalition que include le Samnitas, le Etruscos, le Umbros, le Marsos, le Hernicos, le Pelignos e le Salentinos&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|IX|1|28}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. In 304 a.Chr., le Marsos, le Pelignos, le Marrucinos e le Volscos es a lor vice subjugate. Le Aequos, vencite per un campania fulminante, es annexe&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|X|1|13}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. In 295 a.Chr., le Samnitas succede a introducer un armea in Italia del Nord, con le adjuta de lor alliate etruscos e umbros, in guerra contra Roma depost 302 a.Chr. In plus, illos profitava del presentia del Gaules, que depost 299 a.Chr. faceva incursion es regular in Italia del Nord. Le Romanos es victoriose super iste coalition, e le territorio samnitic es invadite: iste capitula in 290 a.Chr., Roma subjuga lor citates e annexa lor territorio&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL|X|14|47}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[File:Pyrrhus route.jpg|thumb|Campanias de Pyrrho I de Epiro.]]

Roma sortiva del guerras samnitic dominante in Italia central e in contacto directe con le citates grec que borde le costas sud del peninsula e que controla un parte del commercio mediterranee. Tarento appella al juvene rege de Epiro, [[Pyrrho de Epiro|Pyrrho]] I, pro retardar le progression roman&lt;ref name=&quot;FloI18&quot;&gt;{{RefRA|Flo|I|18}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. In 280 a.Chr. Pyrrho disimbarca in Italia e vince le Romanos. Le populationes ancora independente del Bruttium e de Lucania se allia con Pyrrho, sequite per le Samnitas, e le juvene rege reporta de novo un “victoria pyrrhic”&lt;ref name=&quot;FloI18&quot;/&gt;. In medio de su campanias in Italia, Pyrrho porta su adjuta al Sicilianos contra Carthago, lo que impelle Roma a alliar se con Carthago pro proteger Sicilia del appetitos de Pyrrho. Le avantia de Pyrrho es fulminante. Totevia, Pyrrho es obligate a partir de Sicilia pro occupar se de altere asuntos in Italia meridional&lt;ref name=&quot;FloI18&quot;/&gt;. In 275 a.Chr., le Romanos finalmente vince Pyrrho, que quita Italia e retorna a Epirus, lassante un garnison a Tarento&lt;ref name=&quot;FloI18&quot;/&gt;.

Le Sallentinos e le Piceninos es a lor vice subjuga. In 265 e 264 a.Chr., Roma prende e destrue le citate etrusc de Volsinii, e le ultime citates etrusc ancora independente al sud del Arno es integrate in le Republica roman&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|Flo|I|19|21}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Economia, societate e organisation del Italia ====
A iste epocha, le Republica roman jam domina un grande parte del Italia e permitte al peninsula de stabilisar se e de prosperar pro le prime vice in su historia; le economia roman e italian es florente. In Roma mesme, le institutiones se consolida e se diversifica, le conflicto del ordines prende fin, e lo Stato trova se un sol e unic maestro del poter: le Senato{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=94-98}}.

[[File:Magna Grecia 280aC.jpg|thumb|Le Magne Grecia circa 280 a.Chr. (ante Christo).]]

Post le cadita de Tarento in 272 a.Chr., tote le terras del [[Peninsula Italian|peninsula italian]] situate al sud del fluvio Arno es sub domination plus o minus directe de Roma. De tote iste populos e citates, necuno ha succedite a resister longemente al avantia roman, necun coalition bastante forte ha potite formar se pro resister al fortias roman, proque tote iste populos e citates esseva disunite in tempore de pace. Roma apporta al Italia un stabilitate al initio del 3e seculo a.Chr., al mesme tempore in que le institutiones del Republica etiam se stabilisa{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=99}}.

Tote le populationes e tote le citates italian esseva dividite ante que Roma se imponeva, e iste ultime succede a mantener differentias inter illos, tractante con cata urbe e cata populo sub conditiones differente e pro statutos differente. De tote le Italia central e meridional, il non remaneva plus que “le Romanos, le Latinos e le alliate italian”, le sol libere homines intra le communitate roman. Il s tracta dunque de Roma e del populos o citates que esseva totalmente integrate, del territorios semi-integrate, e del alliate de Roma, al initio per alliantias inter egales, que deveniva rapidemente pactos dominate per Roma{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=99-100}}.

Il existe duo typos de citatanitate roman: le citatanos de plen derecto, que frue de tote le derectos e de tote le deberes, in particular le derecto de votar e esser eligite, de proprietate, de reciper un solda in le armea, assi como le deber de servir sub le armas e de pagar tributos; e illes que ha le mesme derectos e deberes salvo lo de votar e de poter esser eligite magistrato. Un parte del ancianos Latinos que formava le Liga latina es incorporate a Roma con le citatanitate. Roma, de concerto con le Latinos, va fundar numerose colonias latinas in locos strategic del territorio roman. Iste systema de colonia latina, ubi le colonos non es citatinos roman, ma possede un certe numero de derectos intra le colonia quasi independente de Roma, va perdurar a longe, essente al avantage de Roma e del colonos. Finalmente, le alliatos es al base del structura administrative roman. Illes es le plus sovente ligate a Roma per un alliantia inequal, e in omne caso, iste alliatos debe fornir a Roma un certe numero de tropas e de fornimentos militar, sin que Roma debe pagar los, lo que allevia le citatanos roman{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=101-103}}.

Assi, Roma habeva sapite crear circa se, intra un mosaico de statutos, un certe equilibrio e super toto un prosperitate que Italia non habeva cognoscite antea, attenuante in parte le inequalitates intra le organisation roman{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=99-103}}.

==== Institutiones politic ====
[[File:Organigramme république romaine.png|397px|right|thumb|Functionamento theoric del Republica roman circa le 3e e 2e seculos a.Chr.]]
Ben que al comenciamentos del Republica es le consules qui detene le poter, pauc a pauc le Senato emerge e se impone in le sino del institutiones roman. Le assemblea deveni permanente e stabili su autoritate sur le magistratos roman al fin del quarte seculo a.Chr., passante de un consilio de seniores al organo principal del poter de qui le magistratos es subordinatos. Le Senato roman es orientate essentialmente verso le politica estranier. Ben que su rolo in le conflictos armate se limita theoricamente a illo de consiliero, le Senato fini per supervisar iste conflictos. In plus, le Senato gere le administration civile intra le citate. Ben que le Senato pote influentiar le promulgation de leges, ille non face officialmente iste leges. Le assembleas legislative, considerate como le incarnation del populo de Roma, face le leges domestic que guberna le populo. Le Senato promulga decretos appellate senatus consultum. Officialmente, il se tracta de &quot;consilios&quot; date al magistratos, sed in practica, iste decretos es frequentemente sequite al littera per illes&lt;ref name=&quot;Pol&quot;&gt;{{PolHis}}, VI.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Byrd |first=Robert |title=The Senate of the Roman Republic |year=1995 |page=44 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Durante tote le Republica, le citatanos es repartite in centurias pro finis militar, e in tribus pro finis civile. Ciascun del duo gruppos se assembla pro fines legislative, electoral e judiciari. Le comitios centuriate es organisate de un maniera multo aristocratic. Secundo iste organisation, le classes le plus elevate controla sufficiente centurias pro obtener le majoritate in cata voto. Solmente le comitios centuriate pote eliger le consules, pretores e censores, declarar un guerra offensive, o anque validar le censo. Le comitios tribute elige le questores, le ediles curule e le tribunos militar. Illos ha egalmente le poter de instruer casos judiciari. Le concilio plebeie non representa tote le populo, proque le patricios es excludite de illo. Le concilio plebeie elige su proprie representantes (tribunos del plebe e ediles plebeie, considerate como magistratos). In effecto, le concilio plebeie es le assemblea del tribus plebeie durante que le comitios tribute es le assemblea del tribus &quot;patricio-plebeie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cic&quot;&gt;[[Cicéron]], ''De la République'', II {{lire en ligne|lien=http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/orateurs/republique2.htm}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pol&quot;/&gt;{{,}}{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=196, 257-259}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Lily Ross Taylor]], ''Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar'', [[1966]], p. 3-7 &amp; 63.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le magistraturas es elective e annue, excepte le censura e le dictatura. Tote le magistratos ha un certe rango de poter. Le dictatores possede plus de poteres que n'importa qual altere magistrato, sequite per le consules e le pretores, magistratos ordinari. Cata magistrato pote solmente blocar per su veto un action prendite per un magistrato de rango egal o inferior a su proprie. Per consequente, necun magistrato pote opponer se per su veto al decisiones del Senato o del assembleas. Como le tribunos del plebe e le ediles plebeie non es propiemente parlate magistratos, illes non es concernite per le repartition del &quot;poteres major&quot;. In general, isto face de illes magistratos independente del alteres. Illes non pote vider lor actos blocate per le veto del consules. Si un magistrato, un assemblea o le Senato non se conforma al ordines de un tribuno, iste, usante le intercessio, potera blocar iste action particular. Cata magistrato republican detene certe poteres (potestas), que comprende le imperium, le coercitio e le auspicia (poteres religiose). Iste poteres es equilibrate per plure constrictiones constitutional, includente le collegialitate (collega), le derecto del citatanos de appellar al populo (provocatio) e un division constitutional del poteres (provincia). Solmente le populo de Roma (plebeios e patricios) ha le derecto de conferer iste poteres a un magistrato&lt;ref name=&quot;Cic&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pol&quot;/&gt;{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=151, 196}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Andrew Lintott]], ''The Constitution of the Roman Republic'', [[1999]], p. 95-113.&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Byrd|1995|p=20}}.

=== Conquesta del Mediterraneo (3e e 2e seculos a.Chr.) ===
==== Conquesta del Occidente mediterranee ====
[[File:CarthageMap.png|thumb|Le [[Carthago|republica de Carthago]] ante le prime guerra punic.]]
A partir de 264 a.Chr. comencia le grande affrontamento contra [[Carthago]], que marca un puncto de tornata in le historia de Roma. Carthago, ancian colonia phenicie, habeva primo disveloppate factores commercial, postea bases e colonias in tote le Mediterraneo occidental, in particular al occidente de [[Sicilia]] gratias a su spirito de entreprisa. Roma se diffide del ambitiones carthaginese in Sicilia: isto es le causa del prime guerra punic, que dura quasi vinti-cinque annos. Le Carthagineses prende primo le urbe de Messina, reprendite per surprisa per le Romanos, lo que disbocca al initio del guerra. Seque vinti annos de guerras con fortunes varie: le prime victorias es roman, postea le Carthagineses se reprende e arresta le avanciata roman. Finalmente, Roma prende le controlo del mares, e le victoria naval ante le insulas Egates compelle Carthago a signar un pace humiliator. Illo abandona Sicilia, postea [[Sardinia]] e [[Corsica]], e paga un forte tributo&lt;ref name=&quot;FloII2&quot;&gt;{{RefRA|Flo|II|2}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[File:Second Punic War full-fr.svg|thumb|Campanias del secunde guerra punic.]]

Post le prime guerra punic, Roma se expande in Illyria, post haber vincite le Ligures, le Insubres, e reducite le Gallia cisalpin in provincia roman&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|Flo|II|3|5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. De su latere, Carthago se lancea al conquesta de [[Espania|Hispania]]. Iste expansion inquieta Roma, que relance le hostilitates in 219 a.C&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL-|XXI|1|18}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ma le Republica trova in facie de se un adversario reducibile: [[Hannibal]], un genio politic e militar. Hannibal gania in le nord de Italia un serie de victorias, passa le Apenninos, e avantia verso le sud. Illac, ille distrue duo vices le exercitos roman, a Trasimeno e a Cannes. Le citates alliate a Roma in le sud de Italia (ma solmente illac) se allia con Hannibal, que se instala a Capua&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL-|XXI}} à {{RefRA|tl-|XXIII}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Roma refusa de ceder, e gania successivemente a Nola, a Syracusa con Claudio Marcello, postea in Hispania e finalmente in Africa sub le direction de Scipione le African. Iste ultime finalmente vince Hannibal in 202 a.Chr., in le plaine de Zama, lo que pone fin al secunde guerra punic. Le victite, qui perde lor possessiones exterior, debe pagar un enorme tributo a Roma, que deveni in 202 a.Chr. le prime potentia del Mediterraneo occidental&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL-|XXII}} à {{RefRA|tl-|XXX}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Inter le rationes del successo roman on pote citar: le refusar del classe politic roman de se considerar jammais como vincite, mesmo si ella se divide super le strategia a adoptar (offensiva o defensiva) ; le capacitate de reclutamento, que reface sin cessation su perdas, al precio de un pression extenuante super su alliatos ; le maestria del mar ; e le fidelitate del populos alliatos circa Roma, que forni un glacis protectori e le major parte del portos del sud de Italia.

Carthago es finalmente destruite in 146 a.Chr., al fin del tertie guerra punic (149–146)&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|Flo|II|15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Malgrado multe revoltas, Hispania remane roman. Le Occidente mediterranee es assi sub domination roman in le 2e seculo a.Chr. Solmente le future Gallia transalpin non es ancora roman, ma illa deveni provincia in 121 a.Chr., perque le conquesta de tote le terras litoral de iste latere del Mediterraneo se completa.

==== Domination super le Oriente mediterranee ====
Durante le secunde guerra punic, Philippo V de Macedonia se allia con [[Hannibal|Hannibal Barca]]. Le guerra termina sin resultato clar in 205 a.Chr., con le division inter Roma e Macedonia de un territorio minor al littore del [[Mar Adriatic|Adriatico]] pro “combatter le pirateria”: Illyria&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL-|XXIII}} à {{RefRA|tl-|XXIX}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. In 201 a.Chr., le secunde guerra macedone es declanchate per Roma, con le adjuta de quasi tote le mundo grec. Iste conflicto resta indecise usque al victoria roman al battalia de Cynocephales in 197 a.Chr. In 194 a.Chr., Roma declara le Grecia “libere” e se retira completemente del [[Balkanes]]&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL-|XXXI}} à {{RefRA|tl-|XXXIII}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Le Liga etolian, insatisficite del territorios obtenite, “invita” Antiocho III del Imperio Seleucida a les adjutar pro liberar Grecia del “oppression roman”. Roma responde expellente le Seleucidas de Grecia e infligente les derrotas in Asia Minor, compellente Antiocho a signar le Tractato de Apamea in 188 a.Chr.&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL-|XXXV}} à {{RefRA|tl-|XXXVIII}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Post le morte de Philippo V in 179 a.Chr., su filio Perseus provoca le tertie guerra macedonic. Al initio, le forças roman ha difficultates, ma in 168 a.Chr. illes schianta lor adversarios a Pydna. Macedonia es dividite in quatro republicas dirigite per marionettas roman&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|TL-|XLII}} à {{RefRA|tl-|XLV}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Roma reprime un rebellion macedonic e non se retira plus: illa forma le provincia de Macedonia, stabiliente un poter permanent super le peninsula grec. Inter 149 e 146 a.Chr., le Liga achean se revolta etiam: victoria roman, pillage e destruction de Corintho. In 133 a.Chr., le regno de Pergamo cade per hereditage a Roma, deveniente le provincia de Asia.

==== Roma e Italia in le 2e seculo a.Chr. ====
[[File:The Growth of Roman Power in Italy.jpg|thumb|Italia in le 2e seculo a.Chr., un mosaico de statos.]]
In 287 a.Chr., le guerra del ordines terminava con le leges hortensian, que resolveva un del grande problemas del initios del Republica. Nonobstante, il non ha modificationes politice major inter 287 e 133 a.Chr. Le leges decisive de iste periodo es sempre ratificate per le Senato. Le fin del 2e seculo a.Chr. vide un aggravamento del problemas economic pro multe plebeios: le longas campanias militar tene multe citatinos foras de lor domos, impediente les de occupar se de lor terras, lassate al abandono. Le parve agricultores falle, e convergi postea verso Roma, ubi illes amplia le rangos del assemblate popular, ubi lor stato economic les induce a votar pro le candidatos que lor promitte le melior futuro. Nasce un nove cultura de dependentia, que favorisa le ascension del conductores le plus popular{{sfn|Abbott|1901|p=65-80}}.

Durante tote le secunde guerra punic, excepte alcun defectiones in le sud, le territorios latinos e alliatos remane fidel a Roma, contribuente enormemente al effortio de guerra, sia humanemente que materialmente. Totevia, le citatanitate roman es solmente limitatemente extendite, e rancores e motivos de rebellion se accumula contra le centro de poter a Roma, cec. Le organisation general del Italia non ha cambiate desde quasi duo seculos, mesmo si le territorio roman se extende ora super un grande parte del Mediterraneo. Iste blocage porta a un guerra civil terribile al initio del prime seculo a.Chr., cognoscite como le “guerra social”, inter Romanos e lor alliatos{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=137}}.

Le Republica se trova como sol dominator de un parte integre del Mediterraneo, ubi le territorios es florente. Le prisa de Grecia e de un parte del Asia multiplica le influxo de ricchessas in tote le Republica. Le numero de sclavos se multiplica enormemente, lor benes es acquisite per Roma. Le contribution pecuniari de tote iste guerras e territorios absorbite es extraordinari. Le sclavitude deveni le motor del societate roman post le secunde guerra punic, quando le ricos Romanos comencia a crear grande proprietates (''latifundia'') in le provincias conquestate{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=141-145}}.

Roma, deveniente dominator del Italia e specialmente del citates del Magna Grecia post le [[Secunde Guerra Punic]], fortifica su hellenisation. Le grec deveni un secunde lingua, largemente usate in le commercio e como lingua de cultura. Le Romanos le plus ricos invia lor filios al scholas grec. Le prisa de Grecia in 146 a.Chr. non face nisi consolidar iste phenomeno. Le arte grec experimenta un ver renascentia al medietate del 2e seculo a.Chr., e su influentia super le arte italic es considerabile. Le profonde hellenisation del arte roman es deliberate e desirate per le pais dominator{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=146-148}}.

=== Crises del Republica (fin del 2e e 1e seculos a.Chr.) ===
Le fin del Republica es marcate per le numerose guerras civil e exterior que ha incidentias considerabile super le economia e le societate roman. Le institutiones politic republican es poco a poco vacuate de lor contento in favor del general a capite de exercitos de veteranos devote a illes.

==== Guerras civil e fin del Republica ====
Le guerra profita specialmente al riccos. Le rangos del citatanes parve proprietarios se es rarefacte, specialmente durante le [[Secunde Guerra Punic|secunde guerra punic]]. Ergo, il ha minus agricultores. Le campanias se coperi de vastos pasturas. Le grano importate de Sicilia compete con illo del parve productores latinos que, ruinates, vende lor terras a basso precio al grande proprietarios e se move a Roma pro junger se al plebe urbane. Le grande familias se constitue assi immense domanios, le latifundia, ubi se installa colonos (agricultores non proprietarios) e numerose sclavos. Illes forma le ''nobilitas'', le nobilitate que monopolisa le magistraturas e reimple le Senato. Al latere de iste nobilitate fundiari, appare un nove classe de negotiatores qui se enrichi in commercio, banca e credito. Lor ricchessa les permitte tener un rolo importante in le ordine del equites. Nobilitate e equites se accorda pro expoliar le emergente imperio, dividite in provincias. Negotiatores e magistratos de origine nobilitari se enrichi per plunderar iste provincias de maniera systematic{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=152-153}}.

In le urbe, tamen, le disoccupation cresce; le mano de obra salariate es concurrite per le massa de sclavos apportate per le conquestas. Roma deveni un urbe bigarrate con, al latere de citatanes roman, italicos, grecos e libertos de omne origines. Iste multitudine alimenta un agitation constante in le citate. A partir de 133 a.Chr., le tensiones se multiplica inter le riccos e le povres, tanto plus que le plus luxuriose excessos ha facite apparition a Roma. Un [[Reformas Gracchan|tentative de reforma]] appare tamen con le Gracchos, originari de un grande familia nobile. Illes pensa que un reforma agraire es necessari pro resolver le problema del plebe, ma le duo fratres es assassinate in succession, e lor reformas abandonate{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=153-158}}.

[[File:Marius Glyptothek Munich 319.jpg|197px|left|thumb|Caio Mario (157 a.Chr. — 86 a.Chr.).]]

Germanos invade le Gallia e supervince plure vices le exercitos roman. Un reforma militar profunde es initiate, admitte in le rangos del exercito le proletarii, i.e. le citatanes sin proprietate, que non habeva usque tunc accesso al legiones. Un exercito de povres e sin proprietarios succede assi al exercitos de citatanes proprietarios terren, ma illo deveni un exercito professional, preste a dedicar se a su chef e a aperir le via al poter, tanto plus si ille es generose. Iste nove exercito permitte a Roma e a Marius de triumphar contra duo menacias{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=159-160}}.

[[File:Sulla Glyptothek Munich 309.jpg|197px|left|thumb|Sylla&lt;br&gt;(138 a.Chr. — 78 a.Chr.)]]

Post le Gracchos, veni le tempore del ambitiose que lucta pro le poter. Gratias al reforma militar e a su victorias in Africa e in Gallia, Marius domina le vita politic, associando al su poter le chefs del parte popular. In 91 a.Chr. comencia le guerra social, que oppone le Senato al italicos que tenta obtener le citatanitate roman. Nam illes, benque parte del Republica desde longe tempore e contributores major al exercito, non habe pro le major parte le statuto de citatano e es ancora considerate como subditos. Roma succede a blocar le rebellion per conceder le citatanitate al alliantos que non se habeva revoltate, e postea a omnes que deponerea le armas. Sylla vence le ultime citates irreductibile. Al fin del guerra social, le italicos obtene assi le citatanitate roman e Italia es unificate sub un sol statuto juridic. Ma le problemas persiste. Le institutiones republican functiona mal. Equites e nobilitas se affronta pro le exploitation del provincias. Sucede guerras civil inter Sylla e Marius, massacros reciproc in Roma, e finalmente le dictatura de Sylla, qui face importante reformas politic, reforcante le poter del aristocrates e diminuente illo del tribunos del plebe. Il se retira postea del vita politic{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=162-168}}.

Rapidemente, nove revoltas produce nove expeditiones militar, favorisante le emergentia de nove generalos victoriose que se disputa le poter. Pompeo e Crasso affronta con successo le rebelliones e le inimicos de Roma. Pompeo alora se allia con Crasso e con Julio Cesar, in plena ascension politic. Le tres homines se comparti le poter e forma le Prime Triumvirato. De 58 a 51 a.Chr., Julio Cesar conquesta le Gallia independente, obtenente prestigio e ricchessa. Il pote assi consacrar se a su ambition supremo: le conquesto del poter a Roma. Il pote contar super le fidelitate de su legiones e de su supportos politic in Roma. Interim, Crasso trova le morte contra le Parthos a Carrhas in 53 a.Chr. Pompeo, profitante del absentia de Cesar, es nominate consul unic per le Senato in 52 a.Chr., pro mitter fin al agitation politic incessante in le urbe. Al fin de 50, comencio de 49 a.Chr., le nobilitate roman confide a Pompeo le mission de proteger Italia. Cesar, con tropas experimentate per 9 annos de guerra in Gallia, invade Italia e batte le exercitos de Pompeo in Hispania e postea a Pharsalo in 48 a.Chr. Le ultime partisans de Pompeo es battite in Africa in 46 a.Chr. Cesar resta le sol dominator de Roma post 4 annos de guerra{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=170-180}}.

[[File:Giulio-cesare-enhanced 1-800x1450.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Julio Cesar (circa 100 a.Chr. — 44 a.Chr.).]]

Il organisa un monarchia que non se appella assi. Il es nominate dictatore per 10 annos, postea dictatore a vita in 44 a.Chr. Il es “eligite” consul cata anno, es censor e porta le titulo imperator, capite supremo del exercitos. Il detene etiam le inviolabilitate tribunician. Il reorganisa le Senato, aperiente lo a familias non roman originari del provincias. Il practica un politica favorabile al povres: remission de debitos, lotisation pro veteranos, grande obras pro embellir Roma. Il mori assassinate al Idus de Marte in 44 a.Chr. per un complotto dirigite per Bruto e Cassio{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=180-181}}.

[[File:Republica Romana.svg|left|thumb|Roma al tempo del morte de Julio Cesar.]]

Post la morte de Julio Cesar, Octaviano, su nepote e filio adoptive, Marco Antonio, su tenente e consul in exercitio, e Lepido, magistro de cavalleria del defuncto dictatore, se accorda pro divider le poter. Illes forma le Secunde Triumvirato. Lor prime objectivo es vingar la morte de Cesar. Cassio e Bruto es occidite in 42 a.Chr. al battalia de Philippi. Octaviano obtene le titulo de Imperator e plure territorios (Corsica, Sardinia…) in 38 a.Chr., benque le triumvirato de cinque annos sia renovate per le Tractato de Tarento le mesme anno. Post la destitution del triumviro Lepido per Octaviano, iste e Marco Antonio se trova facie a facie. Le conflicto es inevitabile. Marco Antonio, alliate a Cleopatra, es battite a Actium in 31 a.Chr. Octaviano prosegue methodicamente le conquesto del Oriente, usque in augusto 30 a.Chr. Quando Marco Antonio e Cleopatra se suicida, Octaviano resta le sol dominator de Roma. In ultra, le opinion public es fatigate del disordines e del guerras civil; illo demanda un regime stabile, mesmo si autoritari{{sfn|Cébeillac-Gervasoni|2006|p=182}}.

De retorno in le citate, Octaviano inaugura un nove era que se terminara solmente con le catauta de Roma in le 5e seculo.

== Imperio roman ==
{{AP|Imperio Roman}}
=== Alte-Imperio (1e seculo usque al initio del 3e seculo) ===
Le Senato confereva alora a Octaviano le titulo de Augusto. Mesmo si on lassava le functionamento del ancian magistraturas e del Senato, Augusto concentrava tote le potentias in su manos. Su successores, le imperatores [[Dynastia julio-claudie |julio-claudian]], le [[Dynastia flavie|flavianos]] e le [[Dynastia Antonin|Antoninos]], portava le Imperio Roman a su apogeo. In le 2e seculo, le superficie del Imperio Roman esseva a su maxime extension, e contava inter 50 e 80 milliones de habitantes. Roma, con su superficie de 1 385 hectares&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Lafont |first1=Bertrand |last2=Tenu |first2=Aline |last3=Clancier |first3=Philippe |last4=Joannès |first4=Francis |title=Mésopotamie: De Gilgamesh à Artaban (3300–120 av. J.-C.) |publisher=Belin |location=Paris |series=Mondes anciens |year=2017 |page=54 |isbn=978-2-7011-6490-8 |language=fr }}&lt;/ref&gt; e su million de habitantes, esseva le plus grande citate del mundo mediterranee.

Durante le regno de [[Constantino I]], un lista esseva producite super le monumentos in Roma (40 arcos de triumpho; 12 foros; 28 bibliothecas; 12 basilicas; 11 grande thermas e circa 1 000 baños public; 100 templos; 3 500 statuas de bronzo de personages illustre e 160 de auro o de ebore de deos e deas, al quales se adjungeva 25 statuas equestre; 15 obeliscos egyptie; 46 lupanares; 11 aqueductos e 1 352 fontes public; 2 circos pro le corridas de carros (le plus grande, le ''Circus Maximus'', poteva reciper circa 400 000 spectatores); 2 amphitheatros pro le gladiatores (le plus imponente, le Amphitheatro Flavian, con 50 000 a 70 000 placias); 4 theatros (le plus vaste, le Theatro de Pompeio, con 25 000 placias); 2 immense naumachias (lacos artificial pro spectaculos aquatic e reconstitutiones de battalias naval); e 1 stadio de 30 000 placias, le Stadio de Domitiano, pro le competitiones de athletismo). E le lista non se arrestava ibi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Angela |first=Alberto |title=Une journée dans la Rome antique: Sur les pas d'un Romain, dans la capitale du plus puissant des empires |publisher=Payot |year=2022 |page=29 |isbn=9782228930376 |language=fr }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== De Augusto al fin del Severos ====
[[File:Statue-Augustus.jpg|thumb|''Augusto de Prima Porta'', in le Museos del Vaticano (Braccio Nuovo), Vaticano, Roma.]]
Auguste (Octaviano), le prime imperator de Roma, recipe le poter proconsular pro dece annos. Il divide le Imperio in provincias senatoral (pacificate) e imperial (ubi se trovava le fortes armate). Il assume le controlo absolute del exercito, del qual ille assecura le financiamiento, e es permanentemente protegite per le guarda pretorian, stationate in le ''Urbs'' (usque ad alora nulle tropa habeva resideva in Roma). Le Senato retine o recipe importante prerogativas in le dominios del administration civil (Roma, Italia, provincias), del financias, del justitia e del moneta. Augusto voleva que ille fosse, fronte al exercito (reformate e devenite definitivamente un exercito professional), le sol elemento civil que contava in le Stato. Sub le principato de Augusto, Roma esseva dividite in dece-quatro « regiones ». Obras esseva initiate pro stabilisar le rivas del Tiberi. Pro luctar contra le incendios, satis frequente in le capital, un corpo de vigiles esseva instaurate, e nove aqueductos esseva construite. Multe altere monumentos esseva edificate durante su regno&lt;ref&gt;Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Augusto''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Jean-Pierre Néraudau]], ''Auguste'', [[Les Belles Lettres]], [[2007]].&lt;/ref&gt;.

A su morte, esseva su ultime filio adoptive, [[Tiberio]] — filio de un prime matrimonio de Livia — que deveniva imperator. Le Imperio prosperava e accumulava fundos que contribueva a sanear le financias, ma su regno esseva equalmente marcate per le assassinos de personalitates politic, e ille moriva odiate&lt;ref&gt;Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Tiberio''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Pierre Renucci|P. Renucci]], ''Tibère, l'empereur malgré lui'', éd.[[Mare et Martin]], [[2005]].&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Caligula]], su parvo-nepote e nepote adoptive, tertie filio de Germanico, assumeva postea le poter. Durante sex menses, le Romanos poteva felicitar se de haber un imperator juste, utile e liberal, que les faceva oblidar le sinistre fin del regno de Tiberio; ma un grave maladia cambiava dramaticamente Caligula, qui deveniva un tyranno. Un conspiration lo supprimeva, e [[Claudio]], su oncle, le succedeva&lt;ref&gt;Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Caligula''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Pierre Renucci]], ''Caligula, l'impudent'', [[in-folio]], [[2007]].&lt;/ref&gt;. Malgrado su manco de experientia politic, [[Claudio]] se monstrava un administrator capace e un grande constructor public. Su regno videva le expansion del Imperio: cinque provincias se adjungeva al Imperio, inter illos Britannia (in 43), Lycia, Mauritania, Norico e Thracia. Ille extendeva le citatanitate roman a multe provincias, inter illas le Gallia, ubi ille esseva nate. Ma ille esseva un imperator debile, e ille moriva envenenate al instigation de Agrippina in 54, post haber, super su consilios, adoptate su filio [[Neron]]&lt;ref&gt;Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Claudio''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Le prime annos del regno de Neron esseva recognoscite como exemplos de bon administration, ma numerose scandalos appareva, inter illos le grande incendio de Roma. Mal circumferite, ille prendeva mal decisiones e demandava le suicidio (le ultime de troppo) del excellente general Corbulo, provocante le rebellion de plure de su pares. Le imperator esseva destitute per le Senato e se suicidava&lt;ref&gt;Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Neron''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Eugen Cizek]], ''Néron'', [[Fayard (édition)|Fayard]], [[1982]].&lt;/ref&gt;. Isto signava le fin del [[Dynastia julio-claudie|Julio-Claudianos]].

A la morte de Neron, le Imperio experientia un prime crisis. Generales — Galba, Othon e Vitellio — es nominate imperatores a turno per lor truppas, pro esser postea assassinate in 69&lt;ref&gt;Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Galba''., Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Othon''. e Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Vitellio''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Finalmente, le chef del exercito de Oriente, Vespasiano, un italiano, deveniva imperator, dante assi origine al [[dynastia flavie]]. Il restabili le ordine e le pace in Roma, assi como in le provincias revoltate. Pro consolidar su poter, le imperator se inspirava del modello augustee, reprendente le grande themas de su regno e monopolisante le magistraturas superior. Al scala del Imperio, ille menava un politica inter continuitate e innovation. Como su predecessores, ille multiplicava le constructiones public, in particular le Colosseo que ille initiava. In plus, ille introduceva ver innovationes in le campo financiari. Le frontieras del Imperio se stabiliva e se fortificava con le construction de un systema defensive pro vigilar le populos barbaric ultra le [[Rheno]] e le [[Danubio]] (Germanos, Dacos, Sarmates, Chattos)&lt;ref&gt;Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Vespasiano''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Léon Homo]], ''Vespasien l’empereur du bon sens'', [[Éditions Albin Michel]], [[Paris]], [[1949]].&lt;/ref&gt;. Su filio Tito, qui habeva jocate un grande rolo durante su regno, le succedeva, ma esseva imperator solmente duo annos. Le secunde filio de Vespasiano deveniva alora a su torno imperator&lt;ref&gt;Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Tito''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Le conquesta de Britannia per Agricola se continuava con brillantia, e Domitiano lanceava un offensive surprise contra le populo germanic del Rheno le plus potente del epoca, le Chattos, que ille venceva. Le presentia roman in Britannia e in Germania esseva seriemente reforciate. Sed multo tosto le situation se degradava super le Danubio. Le Dacos se univa, e Domitiano interveniva in persona con le guarda pretorian pro los chassar. Finalmente, post le reversos de generales romanos, Domitiano prefereva tractar e concludeva pace con le rege daco Decebalus, qui deveniva un rege cliente e recipeva subsidios. Al initio de su regno, Domitiano se monstrava liberal e juste. Ille esseva laudate pro su senso de justitia e de religion. Totevia, su natura inquiete, su tendentia a vider conspirationes ubique, su violentia e su autoritarismo obscurava le fin de su regno. Ille esseva assassinate in 96 per un conspiration de palatio&lt;ref&gt;Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares'': ''Domitiano''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le Senato habeva ja previste un reimplacia in le persona de Nerva, qui dava origine al [[dynastia antonin]]. Il adoptava su successor Trajano, un romano de Hispania. Cinque imperatores remarcabile sur sex eligeva, durante lor vita, lor successores, proque illes non habeva filios; totevia, le selection se faceva sempre inter parentes proxime. Le regnos de Trajano e de su successor Hadriano correspondeva al apogeo del Imperio Roman.

Trajano, durante que ille favorisava le agricultura e meliorava le administration, conquestava Dacia, le Imperio Parthe e annexava Arabia. Le imperator promoveva etiam le romanisation del Imperio. Le conquesta del Parthia, tamen, non le superviveva&lt;ref&gt;[[Paul Petit]], ''Histoire générale de l'Empire romain, T. 1 : Le Haut-Empire'', [[Éditions du Seuil]], [[1974]], p. 150 et suivants.&lt;/ref&gt;. Le imperator Hadriano se dedica a ducer un politica plus defensive. Sub su regno, in plure regiones de frontiera, specialmente in Africa e Britannia, importante fortificationes se disveloppava, frequentemente appellate ''limes''. In plus, Hadriano laborava pro meliorar le functionamento del Imperio. In le continuitate de un effortio jam initiate per altere imperatores, ille promoveva le integration del provincial, specialmente per le creation de colonias honorari: durante que le termino colonia designava usualmente le installation de colonos romanos, illo deveniva ora un titulo honorific concedite a un citate e que donava le citatanitate roman a tote su habitantes{{sfn|Petit|1974|p=170 et suivants}}.

Le regno de Antonino le Pio non esseva marcate per conquestas, ma plus tosto per un voluntate de consolidar le stato actual. Es traditionalmente durante su regno que on considera que le Imperio Roman attingeva su apogeo, a causa del absentia de guerras e de revoltas major in provincia. Es tamen iste politica defensive e expectative que annunciava le difficultates financiari e militar del Imperio&lt;ref&gt;[[Bernard Rémy]], ''Antonin le Pieux. Le siècle d'or de Rome (138-161)'', [[Fayard (édition)|Fayard]], [[2005]].&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Marco Aurelio]] e Lucio Vero succedeva a Antonino. Le secunde moriva post octo annos de regno, sin grande actos. Le prime esseva cognoscite como un imperator-philosopho stoic. Sur le plano interior, ille realisava un importante obra legislative. Ille passava dece-quinque annos super le frontiera danubian a luctar contra le Barbaros. In effecto, le Imperio entrava in un periodo multo minus favorabile: su vicinos al frontieras pareva plus potente, e le Imperio debeva affrontar difficultates agricole, fames e le epidemia del peste antonin&lt;ref&gt;[[Marc Aurèle]], ''Pensées à moi-même'', éd. [[Mille et une nuits]], [[2005]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Pierre Grimal]], ''Marc Aurèle'', [[Fayard (édition)|Fayard]], [[Paris]].&lt;/ref&gt;. Marco Aurelio eligeva su filio Commodo como successore. Le assassinio de iste, qui se habeva comportate como un tyranno durante un grande parte de su regno, poneva fin al dynastia del Antoninos.

Su assassinato in decembre 192 aperiva un crisis politic, como al fin del dynastia julio-claudie. Le guarda pretorian assassinava le nove imperator Pertinax e portava al poter Didio Juliano.

[[File:Septimius Severus Glyptothek Munich 357.jpg|thumb|Busto de Septimio Severo, Glyptotheca de Munich.]]

Finalmente, le general del exercito del Danubio, le african Septimio Severo, prendeva le poter. Ille cumulava de beneficios le exercito, del qual ille augmentava le effectivos, e reforciava le poter imperial. Le pretorianos, qui habeva facite e disfacite tante imperatores, esseva de ora in avante recrutate inter le legiones del Danubio fidel a Septimio Severo. Ille salvava pro un tempore le Imperio ab le anarchia e initiava importante reformas politic, militar, economic e social. Le mixtura cultural portate per le Imperio se accresceva, e le religiones venite de Oriente deveniva plus popular in le Imperio, in particular le culto de Mithra inter le militares. Iste aspecto ha essite a vices exaggerate per le historicos, qui describeva le Severos como un dynastia oriental, un judicio que es hodie considerabilemente relativisate&lt;ref name=&quot;Sév&quot;&gt;[[Marcel Le Glay]], ''Rome : T 2, Grandeur et chute de l'Empire'', [[Éditions Perrin]], [[2005]], p. 336-337.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ille nominava su duo filios Augusto, ma a su morte, Caracalla se hastava a occider su juvene fratre Geta. Ille es cognoscite pro haber publicate in 212 le famose edicto que porta su nomine, le qual dava a tote le homines libere del Imperio le citatanitate roman. Ille moriva assassinate in le fronte parthe per ordine del prefecto del pretorio Macrino, qui solmente pro breve tempore succedeva prender su placia. Ille nominava su proprie filio Diadumeniano Cesare e pois Augusto in 218, ma ambe esseva assassinate&lt;ref name=&quot;Sév&quot;/&gt;. Le cosino de Caracalla, Elagabal, deveniva postea imperator, ma, tote occupate per le culto del deo del mesme nomine, ille lassava le governamento a su avia Julia Maesa. Ille esseva occidite per le pretorianos, e su cosino Severo Alexandro le succedeva pro un regno de 13 annos. Post su assassinato, le Imperio cadeva in un periodo multo plus turbate, traditionalmente appellate « [[anarchia militar]] », termino tamen improprie, proque, ben que le poter imperial esseva a vices dividite, illo nunquam esseva absente.

==== Poter e culto imperial ====
Le imperatores porta le titulo de ''imperator'', chef supreme del exercitos. Durante tote le duration del Imperio Roman, le victoria es un potente factor de consolidation del poter. Le imperator vincite vide se facilemente contestate in su poter per un altere general ambitiose. Tote le imperatores prende le habitude de facer se eliger consule pro monstrar le continuitate inter le institutiones republican e le principato. Isto etiam confere les le ''imperium'', le poter de constringer e de esser obedite per omnes&lt;ref name=&quot;Veyne&quot;&gt;[[Paul Veyne]], « Qu'était-ce qu'un empereur romain », ''Diogène'', {{n°|199}}, 2002/3 {{lire en ligne|lien=http://www.cairn.info/revue-diogene-2002-3-page-3.htm%20Qu'est%20ce%20qu'un%20empereur%20romain?}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Illes ha etiam le imperio proconsular, lo que les da le autoritate de governar tote le provincias. Como detentores del potentia tribunician, illes possede le intercessio, isto es, le derecto de opponer se a qualcunque decision del magistratos del Imperio. Como [[Julio Cesare|Julio Cesar]], illes porta le titulo de grande pontifice, lo que face de illes le chefes del religion roman. Illes recipe un juramento de fidelitate personal de tote le habitantes del Imperio.

Usque al fin del [[Imperio roman de oriente|Imperio Byzantin]], le succession de un membro del familia al defuncte imperator non es automatic. Le poter non pertine ni a un individuo ni a un dynastia. Assi, il ha riscos importante de guerras civil a cata fin de regno. Le periodo del Antoninos, ubi le imperator eligeva su successores foras de su familia, e ubi non occurreva disturbios al accession del nove imperator, es un exception&lt;ref name=&quot;Veyne&quot;/&gt;. Le Senato e le populo es penetrate per le timor de un guerra civil a cata succession. Illes dunque accepta con empressemento le idea que un descendente del principe reinante prendeva le sequite de su patre. Un del deberes de cata imperator es preparar le transmission pacific de su throno. Le election le plus logic es, mesmo pro le Romanos, designar su filio o adoptar un. In caso de crise, un general portate in triumpho per su soldatos pote per le armas attinger le poter supreme. Le guarda pretorian, incaricate de custodiar le securitate del imperatores, joca un rolo crescente in le complottos e le assassinatos que marca le periodo imperial.

Le function de grande pontifice procura al imperatores un character sacre. In ultra, in le credentias popular, Scipion le African, Mario e Silla habe un character divine. Cesare disveloppava circa se un legenda de divinitate, pretendente descender de Venus e Eneas. Le imperator Augusto instaura le culto imperial. Ille face divinisar Cesare e assi, como su herede, ille se eleva supra le humanitate. Ille se dice filio de Apollo. Ille associa etiam tote le communitate al culto del genio familiar, deveniente assi le patre de omnes, de ubi su titulo de “patre del patria”. Augusto refusa de esser divinisate in su vita. Ille tamen permitte que on construe templos dedicate a ille, specialmente in le Oriente habituate a considerar su sovranos como deos vivente, a condition que su nomine sia associate a illo de Roma divinisate. Le movimento continua post su morte. Tote le imperatores se pone sub le auspicio de un deo. Pauco a pauco, illes es assimilate a deos vivente in tote le Imperio. Post le morte illes recipe le apotheose. Le Antoninos prende Jove capitolin como deo supreme. Durante le regno de Hadriano, le divinisation del imperator vivente progresse ancora in Oriente. Le ideologia imperial assume aspectos plus philosophic. Le imperator debe su successo a su merito (Virtus) e al protection divin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book  |last=Petit  |first=Paul  |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain  |volume=1  |publisher=Éditions du Seuil  |year=1974  |page=181  |language=fr }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le culto imperial es etiam un maniera de habituar le habitantes del Imperio, si dissimiles per cultura e credentias, a respectar le poter de Roma per medio de un imperator divinisate. In tote le Imperio, on restaura o construe templos dedicate al culto imperial. Ceremonias es organisate in honor del imperator. Isto es le occurrentia pro le communitate de reunir se in procession con sacrificios, bancchetes e tote sorta de spectaculos.

==== Administration imperial ====
[[File:Roman Empire Map.png|thumb|Le Imperio roman sub Hadriano, con frontieras stabilisate, circa le anno 120.]]
In le provincias senatorial, le governator, un proconsul o un propretor, es nominate per le Senato. Iste provincias es in pace e nulle legione reside ibi permanentemente. In le provincias imperial le governator, un legato propretorio o procurator, es nominate per le imperator. Le Egypto es dirigite per un prefetto del ordine equestre, nominate per le imperator. Totevia, le imperator dispone de poter de controlo in tote le provincias. Ille pote nominar legatos extraordinari in le provincias senatorial. Ubique in le Imperio, le dominios imperial, le impostos indirecte e le minas es administrate per un procurator nominate per le imperator. Italia gode de un statuto privilegiate: illo escappa al imposto fundiari e es administrate directemente per le Senato.

Le governatores es nominate pro un duration de 4 a 6 annos. Illes mantene ligamines strictes con le poter central gratias a un correspondentia multo active. Illes debe supervider le impostos, le ordine public, le censimento, le respectos del proprietates. Illes dispone de un administration multo reducite. De facto, illes interveni in le vita del provincias specialmente pro judicar un citatano roman, reprimer disturbios importante al ordine public, resolver difficultates financial del citates. Le majoritate del questiones administrative es resolvite al nivello local intra le quadro del citate. Pro le Romanos, iste citate constitue le quadro de vita ideal. Ubi illo non existeva, specialmente in Occidente, le Romanos lo creava.

In le capital, on trova circa le sovrano organismos e homines que le adjuta a governar. Le consilio del prince, del qual ille se circumda pro prender le decisiones capital, es componite de homines eligite pro lor competentias militar, juridic o diplomatic. Le consilio deveni poco a poco permanente e prende un rolo predominante in le governamento del Imperio. Le prefetto del pretorio es le persona le plus importante del entourage imperial. Ille dirige le guarda pretorian e es le comandante secunde durante le expeditiones militar. Finalmente ille mesmo fini per menaciar le poter imperial.

==== Organisation militar ====
[[File:Roman Legions camps - AD 80.png|thumb|left|Displicamento del 27 legiones roman in le anno 80.]]
Usque al medio del 2e seculo, le exercito remane un exercito de conquestas. Augusto annexiona Illyria e tenta vanmente de subjugar Germania. Ille fixa le frontieras del Imperio al [[Rheno]] e al [[Danubio]]. Claudio face le conquesta de Britannia; Trajano, celle de Dacia e de Arabia. Ille realisa etiam le ephimere conquesta de Parthia. A partir de Hadriano, le plus importante es mantener le Imperio e non plus subjugar nove territorios. Un del prioritates de Hadriano es de enclavar le spatio roman detra un muro destinate a proteger le Imperio contra le barbaros. A ille on debe le famose Muro de Hadriano al nord de Britannia&lt;ref name=&quot;Vassal1&quot;&gt;[[Véronique Vassal]], « Le nouvel Hadrien », ''L'Histoire'' {{n°|335}}, octobre 2008, p. 28.&lt;/ref&gt;. Su successores continua su obra. Al frontieras de Germania, de Oriente e de Africa, muros es erigite. On finiva per dar les le nomine de limes, ben que in latino limes significava simplemente un via de patrulemento al frontiera. Vias strategic permitteva de transitar facilemente usque al frontieras pro defender los in caso de attacco. In total, le Romanos habeva 9 000 km de frontiera a defender. Le exercito remane stationate al frontieras. Le governatores del provincias frontalier que habeva legiones es eligite con cura per le imperator, pois que illes assume lor commandamento. In total, 400 000 homines, distribuite in 30 legiones (25 al tempore de Augusto), defendebant le frontieras.

[[File:Roman legion at attack.jpg|thumb|Soldatos roman circa le anno 70 (reconstruction ludic).]]

Le exercito roman comprende circa 150 000 legionarios de citatanitate roman, engageate pro 20 annos. Illes es duplice per truppas auxiliar recrutate inter non-cittadinos, que recipeva le citatanitate roman post 25 annos de servicio militar. A partir de [[Hadriano]], un parte del auxiliares se distingueva del exercito roman, proque illes reteneva lor armamento traditional&lt;ref name=&quot;Vassal1&quot;/&gt;. Le Italianos, que al prime seculo ancora esseva majoritari in le legiones, reluctava sempre plus a facer lor servicio militar. Il esseva dunque necessari cercar recrutas in le provincias que, quando illas esseva multo romanisate, anque reluctava a partir al exercito. Le soldatos esseva dunque recrutate sempre plus in le provincias minus romanisate, ben que, al secunde seculo, le guarda pretorian e le officiales (centuriones) esseva sempre recrutate inter Italianos. Italia remaneva etiam le principal loco de recruta pro le formation de nove legiones, como al etate de Marco Aurelio (''Legio III Italica''). Le exercito roman deveniva tamen un exercito professional que habeva amalgamate le varie populos del Imperio. Su unitate proveniva de un spirito de corpore date per un entrenamiento rigorose, un disciplina ferree elevate al rango de divinitate, un religion specific del campamentos circa le deos traditional romanos e le culto imperial, e un encadramento de qualitate. Al corpore del ingenieros militar on debe le construction de canales, de vias, de aqueductos e de fortification de citates. Le presentia del exercito al frontieras esseva un grande factor de disveloppamento economic pro iste zonas e un potente instrumento de romanisation.

==== Societate del Alte-Imperio ====
Le 80 milliones de habitantes del Imperio pertine, per nascentia o per fortuna, a differente gruppos social. On nasce sclavo, homine libere o citatano roman. Le sclavos non ha alcun derecto. Illes vive un vita multo dur in le grande dominios o in le minas. In le urbes, lor condition es plus clemente. Illes labora como domestic, artisanos, e mesmo professores o artistas pro le plus erudite. Alcunos tene boteca e versa un summa a lor domino pro poter travaliar. Assi illes pote pagar lor manumission. Le subditos del Imperio es homines libere que non es citatanos romanos. Illes pote testificar in judicio. Illes debe tamen pagar un imposto supplementari: le tributum. On deveni citatano roman per nascentia, per decreto, o post 25 annos de servicio militar. Le majoritate del citatanos exerce parve mestieros. A Roma, il existe 200 000 citatanos paupere pro qui le distributiones gratuite del annona es vital.

Le plus riccos es reunite in le ordine equestre o in le ordine senatorial per decision del imperator. In iste societate de ordines — ordine senatorial, ordine equestre, ordine decurional — le nobilitas se distingue per un recognition de origine e non per un statuto. Tamen, le nobilitas perde certe de su marcatores social. Al secunde seculo, le procession del portraitos dispare. Illo es de facto reservate de nunc solmente al funerales imperial&lt;ref name=&quot;Badel&quot;&gt;[[Christophe Badel]], ''La Noblesse de l'Empire romain. Les masques et la vertu'', [[Champ Vallon]], [[Seyssel (Ain)|Seyssel]], [[2005]].&lt;/ref&gt;.

Al initio del Imperio, le societate non es fixate. Le sclavos, specialmente urbanos, pote esser facilemente manumitite per lor domino. Pauco a pauco, tote le homines libere accede al cittadinia. Le edicto de Caracalla, in 212, rende tote le homines libere cittadinos romanos, lo que “fortifica le unitate moral del Imperio”. Tamen, le barbaros subjugit per le fortia, assi como le basse stratos del population egyptie, non recipe le cittadinia. Assi, a Volubilis, le paisanos isolate e le tribos semi-nomade vicin al citate remane subditos del Imperio, excepte alcun chefes recompensate assi pro lor supporto&lt;ref&gt;J.L. Panetier, en collaboration avec H. Limane, ''Volubilis, une cité du Maroc antique'', éd. Maisonneuve et Larose/Malika, [[Paris]], [[2002]].&lt;/ref&gt;. Ma pauco a pauco, le distinction se face inter le honestiores, le potentes, e le humiliores, le humiles. Illes es tractate de maniera inegale ante le justitia: al distinction juridic inter cittadino e non-cittadino se substitue un distinction social inter ricos e pauperes.

==== Le urbe, loco del civilisation roman ====
[[File:Map of downtown Rome during the Roman Empire large.png|left|thumb|Mappa del centro de Roma durante le Imperio roman.]]
In quasi tote le citates del Imperio on vive al hora roman. Secundo certe estimationes&lt;ref&gt;Secundo le numero e le importantia del aqueductos, le recenseamentos.&lt;/ref&gt;, Roma, le capital, contava plus de un million de habitantes sub le Alte Imperio (inter 600 000 e 1,2 million)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Duiker |first=William |title=World History |publisher=Wadsworth |year=2001 |page=149 |isbn=0-534-57168-9 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Le Romanos la appella simplemente ''urbs'', le citate. Illa es, con Alexandria, le plus grande citate del mundo roman. Desde le prime seculo, le citate esseva multo embellite per le imperatores. Iste numerose monumentos symbolisa le grandor de Roma e le arte de viver del Romanos. Le fora, locos de vita politic sub le Republica, deveniva insimul monumental continente basilicas, numerose templos, arcos triumphal e bibliothecas. Le colline del Palatino es occupate per le palatios imperial, le domo del Augustos. Ma Roma es supra toto, in le imagination popular, le citate del jocos. Plure monumentos extraordinari les es dedicate: le Circo Maximo inter le monte Palatino e le Aventino; le Coliseo, le plus grande amphitheatro del mundo roman, dedicate al jocos del circus, essencialmente combates de gladiatores.

Le thermas appare al fin del Republica. Le imperatores ne construe multes pro le otio del plebe roman. Pro apportar le aqua necessari al thermas e al numerose population, multe aqueductos es construite. Al prime seculo, illes poteva apportar quasi un million de metros cubos de aqua per die al citate. Roma cresceva durante le seculos de maniera disordinate: le stratas es stricte e sinuos. In 64, post le incendio de Roma, Neron face reconstruer le citate con axos large e aerate. Le plus ricos vive in vaste villas, durante que le plus modeste habita in immobiles collectivos, le insulae.

[[file:Domus suomi.png|thumb|Plano e maquette de un villa suburban de typo pompeian.]]

Le architectura roman flore in le citates. Le architectura imperial innova per le generalisation del volta a pleno circulo e per le uso systematic del mortero (''opus caementicium'') e postea del ladrillo (''opus latericium''), realisante monumentos sempre plus audace a Roma (Pantheon, Coliseo, fora imperial, thermas, etc.) e in le provincias (Ponte del Gard, arenas de Nemausus, etc.).

Le grande metropoles como Carthago e Antiochia reflore. Le Romanos edifica ubique in le Imperio citates con plano regular appellate plano hippodamian. Le citate se organisa circa duo axos: le cardo e le decumanus. On trova ibi tote le monumentos typic del romanitate. Le citates ha a lor capite un senato local appellate curia, recrutate inter le ricos habitantes del Imperio. Illes forma le ordine decurional. In su seno es eligite le magistratos: aediles — incaricate del policia del mercados e del vias —, duumviri — magistratos con attributiones judicial —, duumviri quinquennales — eligite cata cinque annos con functiones censorial. Le ordo decurionum debe gerer le finantias (pecunia publica) e le territorio del citate, garantir le ordine public e le relationes con le poter central.

Le decuriones, e specialmente le magistratos, finantia in grande parte ex lor proprie pecunia le construction de monumentos e templos. A summas legalmente definite e exigite, illes pote adder voluntarimente un donation personal. Iste practica appellate evergetismo occupa un placia importante in le construction e le vita del citates. Le evergetismo permitte al aristocrates del citates de manifestar lor liberalitate e lor fasto; illo pote esser un instrumento de autocelebration, supportar un strategia familiar, le monumento donate rememorante le gloria del familia trans generationes, al mesme tempore que illo funda un cohesion politic e social. Le donation del evergete pote esser concipite como un contra-don que responde al respecto monstrate per le citate e al poter politic que illa le confereva.

Festas, spectaculos e distributiones varie, sovente resultante del evergetismo, contribue in le citates al elaboration e postea al mantenentia de un cultura municipal e de un cohesion civic. Si le historiographia videva in le passato in le evergetismo un factor explicante le abandono del functiones politicas per le aristocratias local, iste hypothese non es nunc acceptate, e on non imagina plus un desertion generalisate del curiae.

In le citates del Occidente del Imperio, le latino se diffunde, durante que le Oriente remane fidel al lingua greca.

==== Prosperitate economic ====
In regula general, le majoritate del ricchessas producite proveni del campanias e del agricultura. Sub le Alte Imperio, le tendentia al concentration del possessiones fundiari se confirma. Le nobilitas o le templos de Oriente possede vaste dominios. Ma le plus grande proprietario del Imperio es le imperator ipse, qui amplia su possessiones per confiscar illos de su adversarios. Le centro del grande dominio o latifundium es le villa, le residentia del domino con su dependentias. Si le ideal proclamate es illo de autarchia — pois que es le patrimonio fundiari e le autosufficientia que funda le dignitate social — il existe importante regiones de culturas commercial. Le principal cultura es celle del cereales, que permitte de nutrir tote le habitantes del dominio. Le agronomos romanos recommenda reservar un parte del superficie a culturas commercial como le vinea e le olivo. Le parve proprietate non ha disparite completemente: illa remane le ideal del societate roman, ma su importantia se ha reducite. Si sub le Imperio le agricultura ha paucemente evolvite, illo ha tamen diffusite certe practicas technic. Le existentia de ganhos de productivitate non es excludite, secundo certe autores.

Le principal activitates artisanal es exercite in le campanias, ma etiam in le citates: production textile, fabrication e mantenentia de utensiles, production de ceramica. Durante multo tempore, le historicos considerava le citates antique como purmente consumitores; post discussiones importante, iste opinion es hodie multo relativisate. Importante regiones minari existeva in Hispania e in le regiones danubian. Ma ibi etiam, le progressos technic es minime. Le labor manual e le activitate mercantil es, pro le classes instruite, fonte de disprecio, reservate al classes inferior e al sclavos. Le existentia de sclavos ha forsan constituite etiam un obstaculo al disveloppamento del progresso technologic. Totevia, recenter recercas archaeologic relativisa fortemente iste judicios ancian: archaeologos e historicos concorda hodie, per exemplo, super le diffusion importante e precoce del molino a aqua in le Imperio Roman.

Le pace e le prosperitate del Alte Imperio provoca un crescimento del activitates commercial. Le Mediterraneo, al corde del Imperio Roman, cognosce un traffico intense. Le pirateria es multo reducite gratias al flottas de guerra del imperatores que patruia permanentemente. Le naves se aventura sempre plus in alto mar pro abbreviar le duration del traversiones; ma pro itinerarios breve o medie, le marinarios prefere le cabotage longo del costas. Le Mediterraneo es aperte de martio usque a octobre, isto es, le navigation ibi es autorisate; in inverno, non ha navigation. Le grande portos mediterranee es Ostia (le porto de Roma), [[Alexandria ad Egypto|Alexandria]] in Egypto e [[Carthago]] in Africa.

Le ligamines commercial attinge etiam le [[Mar Baltic|Baltico]], le Africa nigre per caravanas trans-saharian, India e China. Assi on vide que le Imperio non es un spatio claudite. Le gusto del Romanos pro productos de luxo alimenta le grande commercio international. In iste senso, le Imperio prolonga le duo ultime seculos del Republica, ma le domination economic italian in certe campos — ceramicas de qualitate, amphoras, vinos — cede, con le tempore, al productiones provincial.

=== Crise del Imperio Roman (3e seculo) ===
{{AP|Crise del Tertie Seculo}}
==== Origines del crise ====
Le historicos ancora se interroga super le causas del crise profunde que traversa le [[Imperio Roman]] al 3e seculo. Alcun causas externe al Imperio pote explicar lo. In Oriente, le Imperio Parthe in disgregation cede le loco al Imperio Sassanida in le secunde quarto del 3e seculo. Iste imperio potente, ben structurate e aggressive, exerce un pression constante super le provincias de Asia. In le nord-est de Europa, le Germanos oriental, que vive in le regiones del mar Baltico, initia un migration lente verso le Sud e le Sud-Est europee. In facer isto, illes expelle altere tribos que se trova sur le territorios que illes transversa. Iste tribos cerca refugio in le Imperio Roman, sperante trovar ibi nove terras e un ric botino{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=191}}. Lor incursion revela le debilitate del strategia defensive roman: le legiones es massate al frontieras, ma, un vice transversate le region frontalier, le barbaros pote devastar quasi sin impedimento le provincias. Le dispositivo militar roman e le organisation del poter imperial es etiam multo poco adaptate a un guerra simultanee sur duo frontes, in Oriente e sur le ensemble Rheno-Danubio.

Le difficultates interne es debite al distantia sempre plus grande inter le militares, preste a imponer pesante sacrificios al civiles pro proteger le Imperio del menacias de invasion, e le classe possedente, que accepta difficilemente le augmento de su cargas fiscal. Politicamente, isto se traduce per le ascension del ordine equestre, titular del grande prefecturas e sempre plus presente in le provincias como governator in loco del classe senatorial{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=192-193}}. In plus, a partir de 250, le Imperio Roman es attingite per epidemias que provoca, al minus regionalmente, un depopulation e un crise economic, que afflige principalmente le Occidente jam devastate per le incursion germanic.

Le stato plus recente del recerca relativisa tamen le character general e continu del crise. Le 3e seculo es ora plus tosto describite como marcate per alcun grande crises ben definite ab le puncto de vista chronologic: crise politic in 238; duo graves crises in le annos 250 e 260, le periodo le plus difficile pro le poter imperial. Ma on insiste etiam super le diversitate del situationes regional, le mantenentia de prosperitate in Africa, le existentia de periodos de redressamento, o super le capacitate de recuperation e de resistentia, inducente plus un periodo de mutation que un crise e un declino continu.

==== Instabilitate imperial ====
Le periodo inter 235 e 268 es satis mal cognoscite. Dece-septe imperatores se succedite, facite e disfascite per le fortuna del armas. Le imperatores es create per un nove gruppo, le stato-major del exercito. Illo elige le nove imperator, qui es postea avalisate per le Senato. Le rango imperial deveniva, al oculos del militares, le grado plus elevate in le hierarchia del officieros&lt;ref name=&quot;Veyne&quot;/&gt;. Assi, Maximino I le Thrace es le prime militar de carriera a devenir imperator per le voluntate sol de su soldatos&lt;ref&gt;{{RefRA|Eut|IX|1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ille dispende grande energia pro securisar le frontiera contra le Dacos e le Sarmatas. Ille exige de la classe senatorial e del provincias pesante tributos pro facer fronte al despesas militar que attinge le medietate del budgeto del Stato. Iste pression fiscal provoca le fraude fiscal del senatores, cuje fortuna supera le million de sestercios&lt;ref&gt;Jean-Pierre Brun, « La croissance à Rome », émission ''[[La Marche de l'Histoire]]'' sur [[France Inter]], 31 mai 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;, e le revolta del grande proprietarios de Africa que porta al poter Gordiano I in association con su filio Gordiano II in 238. Illes es rapidemente vincite. Maximino es occidite ante Aquileia, insimul con Pupieno e Balbinus, eligite per le Senato como noves Augustos. Al fin de 238, Gordiano III, le nepote de Gordiano I, deveni imperator. Ille periva assassinate al instigation del prefecto del pretorio, Philippo le Arabe, qui debe eliminar plure concurrentes ante esser occidite in affrontar Decius. Decio es le prime imperator occidite per barbaros, durante le grave disastro de Abritto contra le Gothos in 251. Treboniano Gallo e Emiliano se succede a ritmo rapide. Iste ultime regna solmente octo-octo dies. Le legitimitate imperial, que se basava super le victoria, es submittite a rude prova: le crise militar incoragia le usurpationes, con le exercitos que cerca un general efficace e le regiones menaciate que desira un imperator proxime pro proteger los.

Valerian regna associate a su filio Gallieno. Iste es le ultime aristocrate a attinger le Imperio. Illes debe affrontar le incursiones del Alamanni e del Francos in [[Gallia]] e le offensiva del souverano sassanida Sapor in Syria. In 260, Valerian es mesmo capturate per le Persas e termina su dies como sclavo in Iran. Gallieno, remanente sol imperator, succede a arrestar un invasion del Alamanni per vincer los in Italia del Nord. Ille abandona le Dacia, conquestate per Trajano, que deveniva troppo difficile a defender, e fixa le frontiera del Imperio super le [[Danubio]]. Ma ille debe affrontar numerose usurpationes: celle de Macriano e Quieto in Oriente, de Regaliano in Pannonia e de Postumo in Gallia, qui proclama le Imperio de Gallias.

Le successores de Gallieno es tote militares a qui le armea ha date un grande rigore e le fide in le eternitate del Imperio Roman. Le Imperio es devenite militar. A partir del reformes initiate sub Gallieno — exclusion del senatores del commando militar — le imperatores illiricos affronta le crise e reorganisa le defensa del Imperio. Aurelian reunifica le Imperio ponente fin al secessiones palmyrenian e gallic e fortifica Roma.

==== Transformationes post 260 ====
Gallieno initia un mutation profunde del strategia militar. Il distribue in profunditate le medios de defensa per placer in le principal nodos viari de Illyria detachamentos del legiones de fronteira. Il constitue un importante cavalleria con un commando autonome. Il exclude le senatores del cargas militar e los reimplacia per equites. Il introduce in le armea barbaros vincite, initiando assi le « barbarisation » del exercito{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=197}}. Le armea absorbe un parte semper plus grande del ressources del Statu. Un imposto special, le annona militar, es prelevate pro su mantenentia.

[[File:Romanworld271AD.jpg|right|thumb|Le Imperio dividite circa 271: le imperio del Gallias e illo de Palmyra.]]

Le functiones de generalissime e de duce victoriose, que le imperator tene traditionalmente, es fortificate in iste periodos de guerras incessante. In addition al appellativos habitual como felix, on associa plus e plus le termino invictus. De facto, un imperator victoriose pote sperar le fidelitate de su subjectos e de su tropas. In caso de disfacta militar, concurrentes appare inter le altere generales. Le imperatores tamen tenta trovar legitimitate per transformar le culto imperial. Aureliano es divinisate durante su vita. In su monetas, on pote leger le inscription ''deus et dominus natus'' (Deo e senior de nascentia).

Le difficultates del tertie seculo induce le Romanos a pensar que illes ha essite abandonate per le deos, e de isto seque un periodo ubi le citatanos que refusa participar al cultos public, como le christianos e le judeos, es persequitate. Decio, a partir de 250, e postea Valeriano, renova le obligation de sacrificios, lo que produce persecutiones contra le refractarios. In 260, su filio Gallieno publica un edicto de tolerantia que constitue le prime legitimation official del christianismo per le autoritates roman&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Barnes |first=Timothy David |title=Early Christian Hagiography and Roman History |chapter=The &quot;Great Persecution&quot; (303–313) |volume=III |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |year=2018 |page=97 |isbn=978-3-16-150226-2 |language=en }&lt;/ref&gt;, e que es mantenite per su successores durante 40 annos.

Le opposition inter le ''nobilitas'' e le homo novus es plus vivace que jammais. Le Imperio passa in le manos de familias que nunquam habeva exercite le function imperial. Le emperores novi lassa a su familia le nobilitate in hereditage. Le ''honestiores'' del provincias occidental e le dirigentes del populos barbar vicin obtene etiam le ''nobilitas'', que los incorpora in le stratos plus elevate. Concernente le nobilitate roman, illa conserva un immense prestigio social, ma perde quasi tote su autoritate politic&lt;ref name=&quot;Badel&quot;/&gt;.

=== Antiquitate tardive (fin del 3e seculo usque al 5e seculo) ===
==== Imperatores del Basse-Imperio ====
Pauc menses post su advento al poter, Diocletiano comprende que ille non pote regir le Imperio sol e confide a Maximiano le carga de occupar se del Occidente in le titulo de Cesar e postea de Augustus. In 293, ille da a Maximiano un adjutante que porta le titulo de Cesar, Constantio Chloro, e se elige ipse un, Galerius. Assi, le necessitates del Imperio face nascer quasi per caso le tetrarchia, isto es, le poter a quatro. Il non ha un division territorial del Imperio Roman, ma le quatro homines se distribue le commando del tropas e le sectores ubi illes interveni. Diocletiano remane tamen al culmine{{Sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=206}}. Iste nove organisation permitte eliminar le usurpatores que seminava le disturbio in Gallia e repeller le barbaros. Le victoria super le Sassanidas permitte reforciar le presentia roman in [[Mesopotamia]] con le constitution de cinque nove provincias&lt;ref name=&quot;AntTarEnc&quot;&gt;[[Paul Petit]] et [[Yann Le Bohec]], « L'Antiquité tardive », ''Encyclopædia universalis'', DVD 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;. Le politica interior de Diocletiano se insere in le linea del imperatores del tertie seculo. Ille reforcia le divinisatio del function imperial. Ille etiam desencatena le ultime e plus violente persecution contra le christianos.

In 305, le duo Augusti abdica le mesme die pro lassar le loco a lor Cesares, Galerio e Constantio Chloro, que deveni a lor turno Augusti. Diocletiano elige duo novos Cesares, Maximino II Daia e Severo, excludente deliberatemente del succession le filios de Maximiano e de Constantio Chloro. Postea, Diocletiano se retira a Spalato.

[[File:Head Constantine Musei Capitolini MC1072.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Constantino I (imperator roman), bronzo del 4e seculo, Museos del Capitolio.]]

Le secunde tetrarchia se confronta con le ambiciones de Maxentio e Constantino, filios respective de Maximiano e de Constantio Chloro. Un periodo de instabilitate seque, con usque a septe Augusti al mesme tempore.

In 313, duo imperatores remane in lucta: Constantino I, installate in Nicomedia, e Licinio. Iste ultime es vincite un prime vice in 316 e finalmente eliminate in 324. Constantino, le prime imperator que se convertiva al christianismo, remane assi le sol sovereign. In le mesme anno, ille elige le ancian colonia grec de Byzantio, situate super le ripa europee del Bosphoro, pro fundar un nove capitale que portara su nomine: Constantinopole. Construite sur le modello de Roma, illa es inaugurate in 330.

Quando [[Constantino I|Constantino]] moriva in 337, ille non habeva reglate su succession. Su tres filios se parte le Imperio, ma termina per disputationes. Finalmente, le Imperio es reunite sub le autoritate del secunde filio de Constantino I, Constantio II, qui nomina duo Cesares con poteres multo limitate. Le nove imperator continua le politica de su patre. Un del Cesares, Juliano, responsabile de Gallia, reporta un grande victoria super le Alamanni in 357. Su soldatos lo proclama imperator contra su voluntate a Lutetia. Constantio II mori le anno sequente. Juliano, cosino del defuncte imperator, renuncia al christianismo pro amor al pensamento grec, unde su surnomine de apostata. Ille tenta restaurar le religiones ancian per reaperir le templos e obtener numerose apostasias. Ille mori post 18 menses de regno, in 363, in un escaramuccia durante le retorno de un campania contra le Persas.

Su successores, Joviano, Valentiniano I in Occidente e Valente in Oriente, retorna a un absolute neutralitate religiose. Le imperator oriental Valente, fratre de Valentiniano I, debe gerer le difficultates causate per le presentia del Gothos ultra le Danubio. Valentiniano I lassa su poter a su duo juvene filios, Gratiano e Valentiniano II. Post le morte de Valente in le battalia de Adrianopole in 378, Gratiano se elige un nove collega pro le Oriente: Theodosio le Joven. Gratiano es assassinate in 383. Valentiniano II, le juvene fratre de Gratiano, remane alora sol ''augustus'' de Occidente, con al su latere le general franco Arbogaste, qui lo assassina in 392. In 394, Theodosio vincite le usurpator in le battalia del fluvio frigido, ubi le duo exercitos perde le major parte de lor fortias. Dum le periculo barbar deveni sempre plus imminente, le defension del Imperio es debilitates per interminabile guerras civil.

[[File:Theodosius I's empire.png|thumb|Le division del Imperio roman in le anno 395, post le morte de Theodosio I.]]

In 395, [[Theodosio I|Theodosio le Grande]] mori post haber dividite le Imperio inter su duo filios: Arcadio, le major, recipe le Oriente, e Honorio le Occidente. Iste division se inscribe in le continuitate del regnos precedente. Le division se vole purmente administrative. Le unitate del Imperio debe dunque esser preservate. Ma le Occidente de Honorio es affaibilite per annos de guerras civil e contra le barbaros. Illo ha perdite un grande parte de su tropas. Le economia del Occidente remane fragile, durante que illo del Oriente es florente.

Le duo partes del Imperio se separa definitivamente.

==== Instrumentos del poter ====
Le [[Crise del Tertie Seculo|crise del tertie seculo]] ha transformate le poter imperial, que es devenite absolute. Le [[Senato roman|Senato]] non ha plus alcun influentia. On ha passate del principato al dominato. Le imperatores del antiquitate tardive frue etiam de un construction ideologic que, a poc a poc, assimilava les a divinitates vivente, justificante assi lor poter absolute. Pro Constantino como pro Diocletiano, le autoritate imperial es de natura divine. Diocletiano e Galerio, su filio adoptive, pretendeva esser descendentes de Jupiter. Illes prendeva le surnomine de Joviano, durante que su collega Maximiano e su co-Cesar assumeva illo de Herculiano. Iste sacralisation del poter imperial habeva etiam pro scopo remover tote legitimitate ab eventual usurpatores, post que solmente le imperator es eligite per le deos, e solmente su successor es legittime. In 312, Constantino elige le christianismo proque illo le dava un legitimitate nove e superior a tote le alteres&lt;ref name=&quot;conversion Constantin&quot;&gt;[http://aphgcaen.free.fr/conferences/moderan.htm La conversion de Constantin et la christianisation de l'Empire romain].&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Constantino I|Constantino]] non cerca affirmar un filiation divine. Ille pretende plus tosto haber essite investite per le Deo del christianos pro governar le Imperio. Le moneta del tempore monstra un mano que emerge ab le celo e que le tende un corona. Le imperator age quasi como un clerico in su maniera de exercitar le poter. A Constantinopole, ille construye su palatio quasi como si illo esseva un ecclesia; ille affirma haber recipite un vision de Christo quasi como un apostolo; ille age como un episcopo durante le concilio de Nicea, convocate per ille mesme, ben que ille non esseva tal&lt;ref name=&quot;dagron&quot;&gt;[[Gilbert Dagron]], ''Empereur et prêtre, étude sur le césaropapisme byzantin'', [[Gallimard]], [[1996]].&lt;/ref&gt;. Constantino affirma que ille es le representante de Deo super le terra. In su intelligentia se reflecte le intelligentia supreme&lt;ref name=&quot;Diehl&quot;&gt;[[Charles Diehl]], ''Histoire de l'Empire Byzantin'', Picard, 1920 ({{Lire en ligne|url=http://www.mediterranee-antique.info/Auteurs/Fichiers/DEF/Diehl/Histoire_Byzance/HB_001.htm}}]).&lt;/ref&gt;. Ille se circumfere de un fasto incredibile pro exaltar le grandor del function imperial. De ora in avante, le romanitate e le religion christian es ligate. Eusebio de Caesarea, reprendente le theses de Meliton de Sardes&lt;ref name=&quot;X-Passion&quot;&gt;''Christianisme et stoïcisme'', X-Passion, 2001 dans [http://www.polytechnique.fr/eleves/binets/xpassion/article.php?id=42&amp;page=3].&lt;/ref&gt;, elabora in iste epoca le theologia del imperio christian. Pro ille, le unification politic ha permittite le unification religiose. Le imperator es in iste quadro le servitor de Deo e como le imagine del Filio de Deo, dominator del universo&lt;ref&gt;[[Eusèbe de Césarée]], ''La théologie politique de l'empire chrétien'', Cerf, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;. Le imperator recipe etiam le mission de guiar verso le salute e le fide christian. Su crescente intervention in le questiones religiose es assi legitimisate, insimul con le cesaropapismo.

==== Organisation militar ====
Le numero de soldatos per legione non ha facite que decrescer depost le reforma de Mario al fin del secundo seculo a.Chr. Ille passava de 6 000 a 5 000 sub le Alte Imperio, e esseva certemente circa 2 000 al initio del regno de Diocletiano. Diocletiano augmenta le numero de militares. Ille confide a soldatos, sovente de origine barbara, le ''limitanei''&lt;ref name=&quot;AntTarEnc&quot;/&gt;, le cura de defender le limes. Le legiones de manovra es de dimension plus reducite — circa 1 000 legionarios — ma plus numerose que in le periodo precedente. Illos passa de 39 a 60. Illos es incaricate de interceptar le barbaros que ha succedite a transversar un frontiera semper plus fortificate. Le necessitate de defender le Imperio justifica le abandono de Roma como residentia imperial, in favor de citates plus proxime al frontieras: Treviris, Mediolanum, Sirmium, Nicomedia. Constantino completa le transformation del armea e instaura le ''comitatus'', le armea de campania. Su commando es confidite a un magister peditum pro le infanteria e a un magister equitum pro le cavalleria{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=214}}. In caso de necessitate, magistri militum pote esser create pro un region particular, como in Illyria. In le provincias e le dioceses plus exponite, le tropas pote esser dirigite per un comes o un dux. Iste armea es tractate con particular cura per le imperatores.

On suppone que le armea roman del 4e seculo contava inter 250 000 e 300 000 homines. Pro remediar al difficultates de reclutamento, Diocletiano impone nove regulas. Le proprietarios debe de cetero fornir recrutas al armea roman. Durante le 4e seculo, illes obtene le derecto de reimplaciar le recrutas per un summa in auro, le aurum tironicum{{sfn|Lançon|1997|p=41}}. Iste systema es supprimite in 375, ma solmente pro le Oriente. Un numero significative de citatanos cerca fugir le enrolamento in le armea per partir in le deserto, per se mutilar (per exemple, cortar le pollice) o per devenir clerico. Le grave condemnationes contra desertores, e le hereditate del profession de soldato, non evita le difficultates de reclutamento, lo que compelle le imperatores a appellar al barbaros.

Diocletiano e Constantino I recruta auxiliares de origine barbara pro vigilar le limes. Iste ultime ha pauco a vider con le spirito roman. Le distinction inter ''comitatus'' e ''limitanei'' da origine al armea roman del Basso Imperio. Sub [[Theodosio I|Theodosio]], le armea se barbarisa ancora plus. Le Imperio Roman de Oriente retine le mesme dispositiones del 2e usque al 7e seculo. Le principal novitate es le substitution del systema de conscription, tanto inique, per illo del voluntariato. Pro attraher recrutas, illes recipe exemptiones fiscal super lor terras. Assi, le armea non manca plus de soldatos{{sfn|Ducellier|Kaplan|Martin|1978|p=23}}.

Al initio del 5e seculo, le armea de Occidente comprende theoreticamente 200 000 homines al frontieras — ''limitanei'' quasi tote de origine barbara — e 50 000 homines in le armea de manovra, le ''comitatus''. Le paradox del armea es que le frontieras es defendite per soldatos proveniente de populos que mesme cerca invader le Imperio{{sfn|Balard|Genet|Rouche|1973|p=16}}.

==== Administration e fiscalitate ====
[[File:Flavius Felix 00.JPG|thumb|Flavius Felix, consul in 428, Roma, ebore de elephante, ancian tresor del abbatia de Sancte Juniano de Limoges.]]

Sub Diocletiano, le distinctiones inter provincias senatoriales e provincias imperiales es supprimite. In 297, ille divide los in entitates plus parve, faciente los passar de 47 a plus de 100. Iste nove provincias es raggruppate in 12 dioceses, dirigite per vicarios equestris que obedi directemente al imperatores. Iste multiplication de circumscriptiones e de grados administrative es considerate plus efficace pro luctar contra le males del Imperio. In 312, on conta 108 provincias, e in 425 ja 116{{sfn|Lançon|1997|p=32}}.

[[Constantino I|Constantino]] divide le Imperio in grande circumscriptiones de limites fluctuant: le praefecturae regionales, con al lor testa un praefectus praetorio. Iste praefectos ha vaste prerogativas civil e judiciari{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=213}}. Cata nivello administrative — praefectura regional, diocesis, provincia — ha su capitale, su officios, su functionarios. Le poter imperial es assi plus presente a cata nivello, ma le massa salarial del functionarios es multiplicate per quatro, e le grande poteres que illes possede es factores de autonomia e de corruption{{sfn|Lançon|1997|p=33}}.

Le organisation del poter central es etiam transformate. Le ''praefectus praetorio'' es reimplaciate per le quaestor sacri palatii, qui redacta le edictos. Iste ultime dirige le consistorium sacrum, que substitue le consilio del imperator. Le magister officiorum dirige le personal administrative, le fabricas de armas e le ''scholae'' del guarda; le magister militum, le infanteria e le cavalleria; le comes sacrarum largitionum, le fisc; le comes rerum privatarum, le res privata, isto es, le cassa private del imperator, su entratas personal proveniente in major parte del immense domanios imperial. Le grande novitate es tamen le forte augmento del numero de functionarios que labora in le officios central. Un multitude de notarios, de encargatos de mission e agentes secrete (agentes in rebus, etiam appellate curiosi), circa 1 000 functionarios al 5e seculo{{sfn|Ducellier|Kaplan|Martin|1978|p=22}}, e multe altere impiegatos, transforma le Imperio Roman in un veritabile bureaucratia{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=214}}. Iste administration central exuberante contribue al isolation del imperator respectu al resto del societate.

Le financias es primarimente destinate a sustener le armea. Le annona militaris esseva instaurate gradualmente a partir del dynastia del Severos. Sub Diocletiano, illo es pagate sia in natura sia in moneta. Pro facer fronte al crescent despesas, le imperator ordina que tote le ressources del Imperio — homines, bestial e altere richessas — sia recensite. Iste censimento, que occurre cata dece-quince annos, servi de base pro establir un nove imposto: le capitatio. Le fiscalitate pesa in maniera special super le habitantes del campagne. Ultra le capitatio, illes debe pagar le iugatio super le possessiones fundiari. Le senatores debe solver le collatio glebalis cata quatro annos. Sub le regno de Theodosio, le fiscalitate se indura ancora plus, provocante revoltas (como a Antiochia in 387). In theoria, le revenues del res privata debe mantener le corte e le familia imperial, ma un parte sempre plus grande de iste cassa es dedicate al immense necessitates del Statu.

==== Economia e societate ====
Le economia roman es fundamentalmente agricole. Le trilogia mediterranee domina le production: frumento, vite (vino), olivo (oleo). Sicilia, Africa, Egypto, le Gallias e Hispania produce le cereales que alimenta le grande citates del Imperio. Le allevamento de cavallos, indispensabile pro le ludos e pro le armea, es concentrate in Hispania, Africa, Syria, Thracia e Asia. A iste epocha, duo sectores del economia pote esser qualificate de industrial: le exploitation de minas e le production de ceramic sigillata. Iste ultime es ligate al exportation de productos agricole. Assi, in le grande regiones de production on trova le principal officinas ceramic. Circa quaranta fabricas de armas es disseminate in le Imperio. Illas pertine al industrias del Statu, insimul con le fabricas de armaturas, vestimentos pro soldatos e tinturerias{{sfn|Le Bohec|Le Glay|Voisin|2011|p=505}}.

[[File:Constantinople center.svg|197px|right|thumb|Plano del centro de [[Constantinopole]].]]

Al 4e seculo, le prefecturas del urbe e del pretorio se adjunge al consulato como cargas que permitte entrar in le nobilitas. Constantino decide suppler le ordine equestre, cuje membros quasi omnes entra in le ordine senatorial. Le numero de senatores passa de 600 a 2 000 membros{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=221}}. Le Senato create a Constantinopole conta etiam 2 000 membros. Le ordine senatorial oriental es recrutate inter le notabiles del citates provincial grec&lt;ref&gt;[[Peter Brown (historien)|Peter Brown]], ''Pouvoir et persuasion dans l’Antiquité tardive : vers un Empire chrétien'', [[Éditions du Seuil]], [[1998]], p. 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. Le ''nobilitas'' roman se characterisa etiam per su resistentia al adoption del christianismo. Ligate al culto del ancestres, al cultura greco-roman e al philosophia, illa diffunde un abundante litteratura antichristian{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=234}}. Totevia, al medio del 4e seculo, le grande familias roman se converte paulatinemente al christianismo. Le invasion barbaric non impedi le aristocratia senatorial de conservar su ricchessas fundiari e su influentia usque al 8e seculo. Illa monopolisa le cargas de comes e de episcopo{{sfn|Balard|Genet|Rouche|1973|p=28}}.

Depost le tertie seculo, le Imperio Roman se nutri del apportos barbaric. Le rolo essential del populos federate in le armea roman ha jam essite evocate. Illes etiam populava le regiones septentrional del Imperio, minacciate per despoblamento. Le decretos de Valentiniano I que prohibeva le matrimonios romano-barbar monstra que jam existeva un mixtion non negligibile a iste epocha. Le casos de officeros barbar que viveva in le Imperio e se romanisava es frequente al 4e seculo.

Le citate remane le corde del romanitate. Le locos traditional del vita roman — le thermas, le circos e le amphitheatros — es frequentate usque al fin del 6e seculo, e mesmo plus tarde in Constantinopole. Ma multe monumentos ancian se degrada, proque le financias public es insufficiente pro mantener los, tanto plus que le antiquitate tardive esseva riche in terramotos. Le citates del Imperio experimenta transformationes: illas construe murallas al 3e e 4e seculos pro se proteger. Le grande novitate architectonic es le construction de edificios christian — un basilica, un baptisterio e le domo del episcopo{{sfn|Le Bohec|Le Glay|Voisin|2011|p=501-502}} — del qual un parte del materiales proveniva de monumentos ancian abandonate. Le nove residentias imperial — Treviris, Mediolanum, Sirmium, Nicomedia — beneficia del presentia del tropas e del imperatores.

==== Litteratura e artes ====
A partir del 3e e 4e seculos, le portrettos imperial assume un aspecto colossale e imponente (como le statua de [[Constantino I]]), durante que le generalisation del inhumation da un nove impulso al arte del basso-relievo super sarcophagos, con themas decorativ dionysiac o paleochristian.

Le Romanos revolutionava le supporto scriptural del libros, donante les le forma moderne que nos cognosce hodie: illes generalisava le codex, volumine de folios ligate, plus commode e plus facile a leger que le traditional rotulo (volumen). Le libro deveniva un objecto practic, facile a transportar, a deponer, e a leger per un sol individuo. Totevia, illo restava un objecto car, ben que le numero de volumines in circulation cresceva considerabilemente. Le uso del pergamena, plus solide ma plus costose, se diffundeva al detrimento del papiro. Le transition del volumen al codex, a vices de dimension multo reducite, habeva como consequentia le perdita de un parte del textos antique que non esseva plus consultate{{sfn|Lançon|1997|p=104}}. Le rolo del scriptura in le societate deveniva assi sempre plus importante.

A partir del 4e seculo, le fonte principal del litteratura es essencialmente christian. Le correspondentia de alcun grande spiritos del tempore, multo ben conservate, permitte haber un cognoscentia precise del mentalitates del antiquitate tardive. Le rhetorica grec es utilisate per le [[Patres del Ecclesia]], sia pro rediger sermones, sia pro explication del textos sacre, sia pro tentar convincer le non-christianos. Le [[hagiographia]] se multiplica. In racontar le vita del sanctos al maniera de [[Suetonio]] o [[Plutarcho]], illa se concentra super le virtutes christian del sanctos pro presentar los como exemplos al lectores. Al 6e e 7e seculos, le genere hagiographic multiplica le narrationes de miraculos, que prende le primato super le exemplo moral{{sfn|Lançon|1997|p=89}}. Il non es dunque sorprendente que le major obra del antiquitate tardive sia un obra religiose: ''Le Citate de Deo'' de [[Augustino de Hippona]], completate in 423. Illa responde in maniera magistral al detractores del christianismo que accusava le religion de esser responsabile del sacco de Roma in 410. In su theoria del duo citates, ille disveloppa le idea que Roma es un citate terrestrial e dunque mortal. Le citate del christianos es le Regno de Deo, que les attende post le morte. Illes non debe dunque ligar lor fide christian al existentia de Roma, mesmo si illes debe servir fidelmente le Imperio.

==== Expansion del christianismo ====
[[File:Aquileia, storia di giona, pavimento della basilica, 1a metà del IV secolo.jpg|left|thumb|Le historia de Jonas, mosaica del 4e seculo, basilica patriarchal de Aquileia.]]
Durante multo tempore ha predominava le idea que, al comenciamento del 4e seculo, le provincias oriental era majoritariemente acquisite al [[christianismo]]. In Occidente, le provincias mediterranee esseva plus toccate per le nove religion que le alteres. Totevia, ubique in iste parte del [[Imperio Roman]], le campania remaneva profundemente polytheiste{{sfn|Christol|Nony|1974|p=233}}. Hodie, le extension del [[Christianisation del Imperio Roman como diffusion de innovation|christianisation del Imperio]] es remise in question&lt;ref&gt;Inter alteres per Alan Cameron e Robin Lane Fox in le Statos Unite, e Pierre Chuvin e Claude Lepelley in Francia.&lt;/ref&gt;. Il sembla que in 312, le christianos non representava plus que 4 a 5 % del population total del Imperio.

Constantino se convertiva al christianismo durante su campania contra Maxentio in 312. In 313, le Edicto de Milano proclamava le libertate de culto e previde restituir al christianos le bonios confiscate durante le grande persecution de Diocletiano. Iste conversion poneva le problema del relationes inter le Ecclesia e le poter imperial&lt;ref name=&quot;dagron&quot;/&gt;. Circumdate de episcopos, Constantino interveniva in le disputas doctrinal del Ecclesia. Un de su objectivos esseva restaurar le pace civil in le Imperio. Ille combatteva le donatismo in Africa e le arianismo in Oriente. Ille mesmo presideva le Concile de Nicea in 325, que recognosceva Christo como Deo e homine a unanimite, mesmo si [[Ario]] assenti a iste doctrina&lt;ref name=&quot;X-Passion&quot;/&gt;. Totevia, Ario continuava su predication e esseva excommunicate. Le arianos adoptava positiones multo favorabile al poter imperial, recognoscente le derecto del imperator a decider in questiones religiose. Constantino finiva per se converter a iste forma de christianismo e esseva baptisate super su lecto de morte per un sacerdote ariano&lt;ref name=&quot;AntTarEnc&quot;/&gt;. Iste conversion al arianismo es contestate per le Ecclesia catholic e per alcun historicos. Su filio, Constancio II, esseva un ariano fervente. Ille non hesitava a persequer le christianos nicean plus que le paganos. Malgrado su intervention in numerose concilios, ille falleva a facer adoptar un credo que satisfacia simultaneemente arianos e niceanos. Su successores, desirante mantener le pace civil, observava un neutralitate stricte inter le duo factiones. Le disastro de Adrianopoli contra le visigothos arianos permitteva al catholicos orthodoxe de prender le offensiva. Ambrosio de Milano, defendente le credo de Nicea contra le arianos, denunciava iste heresia como un duplice trahition: contra le Ecclesia e contra le Imperio&lt;ref&gt;[[Ambrosio de Milan|Ambrosio]], Litteras, 10, 9-10.&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[File:AmbroseOfMilan.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Mosaico del [[basilica religiose|basilica]] [[Basilica de Sancto Ambrosio|Sancto Ambrosio]] de [[Milan]].]]

Gratiano finalmente se orientava verso un condemnation del arianismo sub le influentia conjugate de su collega Theodosio e de Ambrosio. Le imperator oriental promulgava leges que prohibeva doctrinas opponite al fide de Nicea&lt;ref&gt;[[Codice de Theodosio]], 16,1,2 et 16,5,4.&lt;/ref&gt;. In 380, con le Edicto de Thessalonica, ille faceva del christianismo la religion de Stato. Como su collega, ille promulgava leges anti-heretic&lt;ref&gt;Codice de Theodosio, 16,5,5.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ille convocava un concilio a Aquileia in 381, sub la direction de Ambrosio: duo episcopos arianos esseva excommunicate. Le [[Ecclesia Catholic]] jam esseva bastante forte pro resister al corte imperial. Post la morte de Gratiano, le partito ariano recuperava influentia al corte, e sub su pression, in 386 esseva promulgate un lege que prevideva le pena de morte pro quicunque opponente se al libertate de conscientia e de cultos&lt;ref&gt;Codice de Theodosio, 16,1,4.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ambrosio, con le appoio del populo e del aristocratia de Milano, refusava de ceder un basilica extra muros al arianos: le corte imperial esseva obligate a ceder. Gratias a homines como Ambrosio, le Ecclesia poteva emancipar se del tutela imperial, specialmente in Occidente, e mesmo reclamar le primato del poter spiritual super le temporal, rememorante al imperator su deberes de christian. Tamen, le christianos etiam habeva necessitate del fortia public pro imponer lor puncto de vista. Assi, Porphyrio de Gaza obteneva de l’imperatrice Eudoxia que su marito Arcadio claudeva le templos polytheista de Gaza.

Le imperatores concedeva numerose privilegios al membros del clero. Illes esseva dispensate del oneres fiscal imponite al citatanos. Le episcopos recipeva potestates de jurisdiction civil. Le personas perseguite per le poter imperial godeva del derecto de asylo, que permitteva los escapar del justitia imperial. Le clericos non dependeva del jurisdictiones ordinari e se trovava assi supra le derecto commun. Constantino dava al Ecclesia un personalitate juridic, que le permitteva reciper donationes e legatos. Isto accresceva su potentia material. Al 5e seculo, illa possedeva immense dominos, de quales alcunes supportava institutiones caritativ del Ecclesia. Le disveloppamento de su institutiones permitteva al Ecclesia de occupar un vacuo lassate per le systemas pagan de redistribution, interessantes se al povres como tales, e non plus solmente como citatanos o clientes&lt;ref&gt;[[Peter Garnsey]] et [[Caroline Humfress]], ''L'Évolution du monde de l'antiquité tardive'', chapitre 4, La Découverte, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Permanentia del paganismo ====
Durante tote le 4e seculo, le cultos polytheista traditional continuava a esser practicatos, insimul con le cultos a mysterio de origine oriental, como illos de [[Mithras]], [[Cybele]], Isis e Serapis, malgrado restrictiones progressive. Le textos christian que los denunciava violentemente, le dedicationes, le ex-voto, o le attestations de labor in le templos es testimonio de isto&lt;ref&gt;La conversion de Constantin et la christianisation de l'Empire romain par Yves Modéran dans [http://aphgcaen.free.fr/conferences/moderan.htm].&lt;/ref&gt;. In Egypto, Chenoute, abbate del Monasterio Blanc in Alte-Egypto e morite circa 466, relata in su obras su lucta contra le paganos, que ille appellava “le Grecos”&lt;ref&gt;Le Monde de la Bible, entretien avec Anne Boud’hors dans [http://www.mondedelabible.com/article/index.jsp?docId=2300670].&lt;/ref&gt;. Le historico pagan Zosimo indica que le nove religion non era ancora diffuse in tote le Imperio Roman, pois que le paganismo se manteneva longe in le villages, mesmo post su extinction in le citates.

Constantino interveniva pauco: ille prohibeva solmente le sacrificios nocturne, le practica de sortilegio e magia, e le ritos de haruspicia private, considerate superstitio. Ille sempre cercava, mesmo post 324, a tener bon relation con le paganos. Ille conservava per su vita integre le titulo de Pontifex Maximus, lo que le faceva le capite del religion traditional, e manifestava generalmente un grande tolerantia verso tote le formas de paganismo&lt;ref name=&quot;conversion Constantin&quot;/&gt;. In veritate, le major parte de su subditos esseva ancora paganos, e ille se debeva moderar. In 356, Constancio II prohibeva tote sacrificios, de nocte como de die, claudeva templos isolate e minaciava con pena de morte tote illes qui practicava magia o divination&lt;ref&gt;[[André Chastagnol]], ''Le Bas-Empire'', [[Armand Colin]], [[1999]].&lt;/ref&gt;. Le imperator Juliano, revertite al paganismo, promulgava in 361 un Edicto de Tolerantia que permitteva practicar le culto de su preferentia. Ille demandava que le christianos restitueva le tresoros del cultos paganos que illes habeva occupate. Su successores esseva tote christianos. In 379, Gratiano abandonava le carga de Pontifex Maximus. A partir de 382, sub le influentia de Ambrosio, episcopo de Milano, le Altare del Victoria, symbolo al Senato, esseva removite del Curia; le Vestales e tote le sacerdotes perdeva lor immunitates. Le 24 de februario 391, un lege de Theodosio prohibeva a qualcunque persona entrar in un templo, adorar le statuas del deos, o celebrar sacrificios, “sub pena de morte”&lt;ref&gt;[[Pierre Chuvin]], ''Chronique des derniers païens'', [[Les Belles Lettres]], [[1994]].&lt;/ref&gt;.

In 392, Theodosio prohibeva le [[Jocos Olympic]], ligate a Zeus e Hera, ma etiam a causa del nuditate del competitores, que le christianismo disdegnava como culto del corpore. Progressivemente, le templos abandonate cadeva in ruina. Altere esseva destruite, como le Serapeum de Alexandria in 391, o le templo de Caelestis, grande dea carthaginian e herede de Tanit, in 399.

In altere aspecte, le christianismo mesme se trovava impregnate de vetere ritos paganos. Alcun festas traditional roman continuava a esser celebrate ancora al fin del 5e seculo, como le Lupercalia, dedicate a fertilitate e al amantes. Pro eradicar la, le papa Gelasio I decideva in 495 de celebrar le festa de Sancto Valentin le 14 de februario, un die ante le Lupercalia, pro celebrar le amantes — un ver tentativa de christianisar un rito pagan.

In Africa, le population continuava a celebrar banchettos sur le tumbas in le anniversarios del mortos. Al 6e seculo, Cesario de Arelate denunciava in su sermones le practicas paganas persistente inter su fideles. Le portamento de amuletas, le cultos al arbores e fontes non habeva disparite del sud de Gallia. Le lamentationes del clericos es numerose usque al fin del Antiquitate Tardive.

== Geographia ==
[[File:The Roman Empire ca 400 AD.png|397px|thumb|right|Mappa physic del Imperio Roman circa le anno 400.]]
Le territorio del civilisation roman evolveva de un citate a un imperio que se extendeva ab la [[Oceano Atlantic]] in le west, le [[Mar del Nord]] al nord, [[Africa del Nord]] in le sud e [[Anatolia]] in le est.

=== Geographia physic ===
Le [[historia de Roma]] es fundamentalmente ligate a su geographia. Desde un parve vico presso un vado del fluvio Tiberis usque a un imperio que circumvalva le [[Mar Mediterranee]], le ambiente physic determinava le economia, le defensa e le expansion de iste civilisation.

==== Monarchia: Origine del septe colles ====
In le epocha regal (753 a.Chr. – 509 a.Chr.), le geographia de Roma esseva local e circumscripte al region del Latium Vetus. Le puncto central esseva le famose Septe Colles (Palatino, Aventino, Capitolino, Quirinale, Viminale, Esquilino e Celio), que offereva protection natural contra attaccos e inundationes.
* Le Fluvio Tiber: Illo esseva vital pro le communication e le commercio. Le position de Roma esseva strategic proque se trovava in un puncto ubi le fluvio esseva facile a transversar (le Isola Tiberina).
* Le valles e paludes: Inter le colles existeva zonas basse e paludose que esseva malsan. Le construction del Cloaca Maxima esseva le prime grande obra de ingenieria pro siccar iste terras e permitter le creation del Foro Roman.
* Ressources: Le region circumvicine offereva silvas pro ligno e pasturas pro le bestial, lo que permitteva un economia de subsistentia initial.

==== Republica: expansion italic e mediterranee ====
Durante le Republica (509 a.Chr. – 27 a.Chr.), Roma comenciava su expansion trans le peninsula italic e ultra. Iste phase representava le incontro con diverse barrieras e opportunitates geographic.
* Le [[Apenninos]]: Iste catena montaniose, que transversa Italia de nord a sud, serviva initialmente como un barriera, ma postea le romanos construeva vias pro connectar le Mar Tyrrheno con le Mar Adriatic.
* Le Planitie Padan: Al nord, le fertilitate del valle del fluvio Pado (Gallia Cisalpina) forni de immense ressources agricole e cerealier.
* Le ''[[Mar Mediterranee|Mare Nostrum]]'': Post le Guerras Punic contra Carthago, le geographia physic de Roma se extendeva a insulas como Sicilia, Sardinia e Corsica. Le controllo del Mediterraneo transformava iste mar in un &quot;laco roman&quot;, facilitante le transporte de merchandisias e legiones.

==== Le Imperio: le dominio de tres continentes ====
In le epocha del Imperio (27 a.Chr. – 476 p.Chr.), specialmente sub Trajano, Roma attingeva su maxime expansion. Le geographia physic del mundo roman includeva tunc biomas multo variate, desde le desertos de Africa usque al boscas de Germania.
* Le limites natural (''Limes''): Le Imperio cercava frontieras physic stabile. Al nord, le fluvios Rheno e Danubio serviva como limites natural contra le tribos germanic. Al sud, le Deserto del Sahara formava un barriera impassabile.
* Varietate climatic: Le Imperio controlava le planities de Gallia, le montanias de Hispania (Ricos in metallos), le valles fertile del Nilo in Egypto (le &quot;granario de Roma&quot;), e le plateas de Anatolia.
* Le rete de vias: Roma vinceva le geographia physic per medio de un rete de stratas que superava montanias e fluvios, integrate per pontes e tunnels que assecurava que &quot;tote le vias duceva a Roma&quot;.
Iste evolution geographic monstra como Roma sapeva adaptar se a differente terrenos, transformante obstaculos natural in avantages pro su stabilitate e grandor.

=== Geographia politic ===
==== Del colonisation in Italia al romanisation provincial ====
[[File:Scavi Etruschi e Romani di Sasso Pisano.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Complexo thermal etrusco e roman de Sasso Pisano.]]
Como habeva potite un parve potentia regional ancora al initio del quarte seculo a.Chr. devenir ''caput mundi''&lt;ref&gt;Definition del poeta latino [[Marco Anneo Lucano]] in su ''[[Pharsalia]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; in le curso de 500 annos? Le explication non jace solmente in le efficientia militar del legiones o in le determination politic del Senato e del populo roman. Illo esseva super toto le consenso suscitate inter le gentes non roman (italic primo e provincial postea) que rendeva stabile le dominio de Roma durante seculos e seculos. Le ''socii'' italic se convinceva a adherer al causa roman primemente per le partition del successo in guerra, postea (post le guerra social) per le participation effective al vita politic del Urbe&lt;ref&gt;Michel H. Crawford, ''Roma nell'età repubblicana'', Il Mulino, 1984.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quanto al consenso in le provincias (que, a differentia de Italia, esseva submittite a tributum), es interessante le definition de Santo Mazzarino: ''Le imperio roman esseva un unitate supernational, de cultura romano-hellenistic, cuje ideal esseva le pax confidate a un armea permanente''&lt;ref&gt;Santo Mazzarino, ''L'impero romano'', Tumminelli, 1956.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Roma non poteva pensar a un occupation permanente de tote le territorios conquirite: troppo grande esseva le imperio e troppo numerose le personal necessari pro un tal designo. Il esseva per lo tanto necessari, jam in epocha republican, facer recurso al elemento local e in particular al classes elevate del citates: in cambio de un loyal collaboration (fiscal, ante toto), Roma reinfortiava ubique le poter del aristocratias urban, confidante al plus ricches le governamento del citates e del territorio.&lt;ref&gt;Secun le historico Giorgio Ruffolo, un del aspectos le plus unic e successose del systema politic de Roma esseva le autonomia del municipia. Roma non imponeva un controlo absolute, ma preferiva lassar le administration del citates in le manos del elites local, cognoscite como decuriones. Iste politica de respecto verso le structuras administrative, le deos, le festas e le costumes local permitteva que le populos conquirite se sentiva integrate e non opprimite. In parolas de Ruffolo, le libertate del citates representava le fundamento mesme del consenso politic que manteneva le stabilitate del Imperio durante seculos.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Colonias roman ====
[[File:Aeclanum_(Ruins-03).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Ruinas de Aeclanum, antique colonia roman.]]
Un colonia roman esseva un communitate autonome, situate in un territorio conquirite per Roma in le qual citatanos roman se habeva stabilite, ligate per vinculas de eterne alliantia con le matrepatria. Le plus antique esseva Antium (hodie [[Nettuno]] e [[Anzio]]&lt;ref&gt;Paola Brandizzi Vittucci, ''Antium: Anzio e Nettuno in epoca romana'', Roma, Bardi Editore, 2000.&lt;/ref&gt;), fundate in le anno 338 a.Chr. Initialmente illas serviva como avante-posto pro controlar un territorio que serea ulteriormente colonisate: in iste senso, le rolo de Aquileia in le expansion roman verso le nord-est esseva multo importante. Verso le fin del Republica roman, le colonias serviva super toto como territorio habitabile per le proletarios o per le veteranos del armea roman: de iste modo se reduceva le pression demographic del Urbe.

Existeva duo differente typos de colonias: illos formate per citatanos roman e illos de jure latin.
* ''Coloniae civium Romanorum'': Le habitantes habeva le citatanitate roman complete e un administration directemente ligate a Roma.
* ''Coloniae Latinae'': Illas esseva nove entitates statal con autonomia administrative e lor proprie magistratos. Ben que illas poteva emitter monetas, illas habeva le obligation de fornir adjuta militar secundo le formula togatorum.
Le habitantes del colonias latin non esseva ''Cives Romani Optimo Jure'', ma possedeva le ''jus connubii'' (jure de maritage) e le ''jus commercii'' (jure de commercio). Iste modello serviva pro limitar le diffusion del citatanitate roman e pro permitter que le communitates local ageva plus rapidemente in caso de periculo militar sin attender le ordines directe de Roma.

==== Romanisation ====
Le processo de romanisation, i.e. le assimilation cultural e politic del populos conquirite intra le systema roman, esseva rapide e extese, totevia, super toto in le prime seculos del Imperio. Le systema economic e bureaucratic imperial forniva, de facto, grande opportunitates de carriera non solmente al élites aristocratic, ma anque e specialmente al citatanos de rango equestre. Tal processo habeva plen successo in quanto a profunditate e durantia in Occidente (le provinciis plus romanisate esseva le Gallia Narbonense, Hispania e Africa&lt;ref&gt;Colin M. Wells, ''L'impero romano'', Il Mulino, 1984.&lt;/ref&gt;), ubi se affirmava le lingua e le cultura latin; illo esseva del altere latere minor in Oriente, ubi le lingua grec e le cultura hellenistic representava un obstaculo insuperabile al penetration del romanitate.&lt;ref&gt;Anque perque le opera de urbanisation per medio del qual Roma affirmava su proprie dominio e su proprie prestigio sur le provinciis esseva multo intense in le Occidente europee (in le majoritate del casos le centros urban, como illos de London, Paris, Vienna e Colonia, habeva origine del fundation de colonias o de campos militar, con le tempore crescite sur se mesme usque a transformar se in citates), dum le Oriente esseva ja notabilemente urbanisate anque ante que arrivava le romanos. (cfr. in particular P.-A. Février, ''Le province dell'Europa occidentale'', in ''Storia di Roma'', II.2, Einaudi, Torino 1991).&lt;/ref&gt;

Le citates esseva le instrumento principal de diffusion per medio del qual Roma exerceva ille opera de integration e de assimilation del provinciis, lo que assecurava durante alcun seculos le stabilitate e le unitate del Imperio.&lt;ref&gt;Paolo Desideri, ''La romanizzazione dell'Impero'', in ''Storia di Roma'', II,2, Einaudi, Torino, 1991.&lt;/ref&gt; In le populose citates imperial residia le classes privilegiate, multo ben integrate in le systema de poter. Iste centros urban esseva le locos ubi se distribueva e consumeva le ricchessa producite in le campanias e, finalmente, illas esseva le foco de diffusion del modellos de comportamento e del cultura del societate roman. Iste rolo del citates explica pro quo le romanisation esseva tan effective: le citate non esseva solmente un centro administrative, ma un stilo de vita que le elites local voleva imitar pro ascender socialmente.

Le secreto de Roma esseva, dunque, le capacitate de assimilar le diverse culturas sur le quales illo dominava e de integrar los in un systema coherente, lo que, ben que ric in diversificationes, sapeva dar le senso de un commun pertenentia. Isto es lo que faceva que le Imperio Roman durava tanto tempore. In loco de supprimer completemente le identitates local, Roma offereva un identitate superior: le de esser roman. Per medio del jure, le architectura e le administration, populos multo differente se sentiva parte de un sol mundo unitari.&lt;ref&gt;Gabriella Poma, ''Le istituzioni politiche del mondo romano'', Il Mulino, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Provincias roman ====
[[File:RomanEmpire 117 it.svg|upright=1.4|thumb|Le Imperio roman, con le subdivision in provincias sub Trajano, representava le periodo de maxime expansion territorial.]]
Le termino provincia, post le amplicaciones del territorio del Republica inter le fin del 3e e 2e seculo a.Chr., passava gradualmente a significar non plus le sphera de competentia de un magistrato, ma le territorio sur le qual iste exerceva su proprie poteres.

Le organisation del nove territorios annexate al res publica roman esseva normalmente realisate per le general qui los habeva conquirite, per medio de un ''lex provinciae'' (lege del provincia), emanate sur le base del poteres delegate. Iste lege debeva esser ratificate per le Senato, que poteva anque inviar commissiones de legatos con poteres consultative.

Le lege stabiliva le subdivision in circumscriptiones administrative (frequentemente appellate ''conventus'') e le grado de autonomia del citates existente. Le provincias esseva governate per magistratos electe (''pretores'') o per ancian consules o pretores de qui on prolongava le carga (''prorogatio imperii'': proconsules e propretores), adjutate per proquestores e altere functionarios del ''cohors praetoria''.

==== Limes ====
Le ''limes'' (in latino, limite, confinio) esseva le linea artificial que marcava le frontiera del Imperio roman. Iste limites non esseva solmente muros defensiva, sed anque zonas de transito e de intense intercambio cultural e economic inter le mundo roman e le populos que habitava ultra le frontieras.

Le limites roman le plus notabile esseva:
* Muro de Hadriano – Limes Britannicus (Patrimonio del Humanitate UNESCO ID 430bis–001)
* Muro de Antonino – in Scotia (Sito de Patrimonio del Humanitate UNESCO)
* Litus Saxonicum, limes roman tarde in le sud-est de Anglaterra.
* Limes Germanicus, con le Limes de Germania Superior e Rhetia (Patrimonio del Humanitate UNESCO ID 430bis–002)
* Limes Arabicus, le frontiera del provincia roman de Arabia Petraea faciante verso le deserto.
* Limes Tripolitanus, le frontiera in le territorio del Libia moderne faciante verso le Sahara.
* Limes Alutanus, le frontiera est del provincia roman de Dacia.
* Limes Transalutanus, le frontiera in le Danubio inferior.
* Limes Moesiae, le frontiera del provincia roman de Moesia, de Singidunum (Serbia) secundo le Danubio usque a Moldova.
* Limes Norici, le frontiera del provincia roman de Noricum, del fluvio Inn secundo le Danubio usque a Cannabiaca (Zeiselmauer-Wolfpassing) in Austria.
* Limes Pannonicus, le frontiera del provincia roman de Pannonia, secundo le Danubio de Klosterneuburg (Austria) usque a Taurunum in Serbia.

== Politica ==

=== Structura social e politic ===
Le prime structura social e politic del latino esseva le familia: le patre (''pater familias''), le sposa (unita al patre per le rito sacre del torta), le filios, le sposas del filios, le filios del filios e le filias non maritate. Del union de alicun familias del mesme trunco, surgeva le gens, e de un conjuncto de familias surgeva le tribos. 

Le familia esta formate per le plus proxime (''agnados'') ma, in tanto que le familia se extende, integrate per le familia complete propriemente (adnati) e per le gentiles, totos illos procedente del memes antepassato.

Como se produce le union del diverse gruppos, sia de gens o de tribos? Cata gruppo ha un puncto commun de incontro, generalmente por le culto religiose (benque non exclusivemente por tal fin), puncto que constitue le embryon del civitas (''citates'').

=== Le citate ===
[[File:SoutherCircusFlaminiusInRomeByGismondi.jpg|thumb| Maquette del antique citate de Roma, ubi se apprecia le ''Theatro de Marcelo'' e le ''Theatro de Balbo'']]
Le fundation de Roma se attribue a tres tribos: le [[romanos]], le [[Titios]] e le [[Luceres]]. Iste tres gruppos fundava le nominate [[Roma Quadrata]] in le [[Monte Palatino]]. Altere citate fundate per altere gruppo o gruppos in le [[Quirinal]], se univa al Roma Quadrata, surgente assi le ''civitas'' (&quot;citate&quot;) nominate [[Roma]].

Al prime citatanos roman se le nominava [[patritio]]s o (''patres'') proque o esseva patres de familia (''pater familias'') o esseva filios de patres de familia vinculate al obedientia paterne (le filios no attingeva le condition de patre de familia usque le patre moriva e se independisava).

Le filios del [[patritio]]s, quando compliva 17 annos (plus tarde le etate se bassarea usque 14 annos) acquireva le condition de [[citatano]]s plen (con tal motivo celebrava un festivitate in le qual lassava de vestir le ''[[toga praetexta]]'' proprie del garsones e se collocava le ''[[toga viril]]is'', proprie del homines), ma continuava subjecte al potestate del patre usque su morte.

Al patritios corresponde le derecto plen de citatanitate: forma le populo e son de inter le habitantes lo de classe social plus elevate. Lor derectos esseva: le suffragio, le realisation de cargos public politic o religiose, le derecto a assignation de terras public, le derectos civil proprie del ''gens'' (tutela, succession, potestate, etc.), le derecto de maritar se con altere membros del [[gens]], le derecto de patronato, le derecto de contratation (le unic que anque se extendeva al non patritios libere) e le derecto de facer testamento (le conjuncte de derectos constitueva le ''ius quiritium'' o ''ius civitatis''). Como obligationes on pote citar: le servicio militar, e le deber de contribuer con certe [[imposto]]s al sustenimento del Stato.

=== Citates dependente de Roma ===
Con le initio del expansion territorial roman, multe citates passava a depender de Roma. Quando un civitate se submitteva a Roma a discretion, su citatinos remaneva con le statuto juridic de dediticii (Dediticius). Ben que le majoritate del citates subjugate a discretion lo esseva post le prime guerra punic, probabilemente le institution es anterior.

Roma reservava pro se le eminentia del souveranitate super iste citates, ma restituiva les le usufructo, con exception del ager publicus. Roma recognosceva le autonomia de qualcunque de iste citates, ma lor terras remaneva submittite al decima del recolta; in caso de exemption, iste se dava a titulo personal (per exemplo al habitantes de un civitate mesmo si illes cultivava terras in un altere civitate). Le decima esseva generalmente pagate in natura, e le beneficio permittite al collectores esseva limitate.

Le citates submittite a Roma, con lor territorio rural includite, non habeva le derecto de declarar guerra per lor conto, ma debeva facer lo obligatoriamente quando Roma lo declarava. Illes etiam habeva prohibition de facer tractatos con altere statos o citates. In ultra, illes non poteva batter moneta: solmente le moneta roman habeva curso legal in tote iste citates.

Il habeva varie typos de citates ligate a Roma:
* Citates de derecto roman: Initialmente, in le prime periodo republicane, durante le expansion de Roma in Italia, alcun citates italicas recipeva le derecto complete de citatanitate roman (''civitas optimo jure''), specialmente le ancian citates alliate del Liga Latin, le citates sabine e un grande parte del citates volsce. A istes se addeva altere colonias roman e municipios cum suffragio, que gaudiva del derecto de citatanitate, dispergite per tote le peninsula italica. Post le Guerra Social e le Lex Plautia Papiria, le citatanitate roman esseva concedite a tote le habitantes de Italia. Plus tarde, specialmente in etate imperial, le citatanitate roman comenciava a esser date a certe colonias e municipios in le territorios provincial, extra Italia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/civitas|título=Encyclopædia Britannica: ''cives romani''}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Citates de derecto latin: Le citates subjecte al derecto latin esseva initialmente illas del Liga Latin que non habeva recipite le citatanitate roman. Plus tarde, ancora in le prime etate republicane, le colonias de derecto latin (colonias sin derecto de suffragio e participation al vita politic) se diffundeva similarmente al colonias de derecto roman, primo in Italia e postea in provincias. In Italia iste categoria dispareva quando tote le italicos recipeva le citatanitate roman, ma se expandiva in le etate imperial a alcun territorios provincial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/jus-Latii|título=Encyclopædia Britannica: ''ius latii''}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Citates sin voto: In tertie loco esseva le citates con derecto de civitas sed sin suffragio (civitas sine suffragio), que, ben que illes poteva esser appellate citatinos, debeva supportar tote le oneres civic (reclutamento militar, tributos ordinari, servicios special) sin compensation, es dicer sin derecto de votar. Iste citates esseva administrate in asuntos judiciar per un ''Praefectus'' annual designate per le Pretores de Roma, e lor administration civil remaneva in manos de lor magistratos local, generalmente del aristocratia. Como le colonias de derecto latin, iste citates esseva numerose, specialmente in le provincias durante le Imperio.
* Citates confederate: Initialmente, al comencio del periodo republicane, le socii (alliate) e foederati (confederatos) esseva citates italicas sin citatanitate roman, cuje derectos esseva definite per tractatos particular. Illes forniva contingentes al exercito, organisate in le alae sociorum (tropas alliate), con lor proprie equipage a carga del civitate confederate. Illes esseva governate per magistratos local del aristocratia. Iste categoria dispareva total in le republica quando tote le italicos recipeva citatanitate roman, e esseva substitute per le categoria del auxiliares, recrutate inter le indigenas provincial sin citatanitate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/peregrini_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/|title=Dr. Christopher J. Dart:''The Social War, 91 to 88 BCE.A History of the Italian Insurgency against the Roman Republic''}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Governamento ===
{{AP|Governamento del Roma antique}}
[[File:Cicero Denounces Catiline in the Roman Senate by Cesare Maccari.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Representation de un session del Senato Roman: Cicero attacca Catilina, ab un fresco del 19e seculo per Cesare Maccari, in Palatio Madama, Roma, le sede del Senato de Italia.]]
Al initio, Roma habeva reges, eligite ab le tribos principal. Su poter esseva forsan absolute, specialmente in le armeas e in le religion. Al latere del rege:
* Senato: consilio consultative,
* Comitia Curiata: ratificava leges,
* Comitia Calata: collegio sacerdotal pro proclamationes e calendarios.

In le Republica, le mixtura de democracia e oligarchia deveniva clar:
* Le comitia tributa votava leges e magistratos.
* Le Senato, un institution oligarchic, habeva auctoritas ma non potestate legislativ formal. Censores nominava e removeva senatores.

Magistratos esseva eligite annualmente e divideva poter (per exemplo, duo consules). In crises, se nominava un dictator temporari. Le systema esseva flexibil ma inefficace pro un imperio expandente – lo que favoriva le transition al Imperio.

In le Imperio, le emperatores manteneva le fiction del republica: illes se presentava como princeps (“prime citatino”), ma in realitate su governo deveniva autocratic. Le Senato perdeva potestate e deveniva consilio del princeps.

==== Rege ====
Roma esseva governate per un rege, representante del institution monarchic, al qual correspondeva tote le poter (imperium), e qui dictava le ordines (dictator). Ille esseva eligite inter le populo como capite de un grande familia politic (magister populi).

Le rege esseva assistite per le lictores, officiales que precedeva le rege con hacha e virgas. In su absentia le potestates administrativ esseva date a un delegate (''praefectus urbis''). Si le rege non designava un successor, in le interregno le citatinos eligeva un interrex pro cinque dies; postea se eligeva un nove rege o se designava un altere interrex con facultate de nominar un nove capite.

==== Senato ====
{{AP|Senato roman}}
Ante le rege se erigeva le institution del Consilio de Ancianos (''senatus'') pro contrabalançar le institution regal. Le prime senatores esseva representantes designate per cata gens. Illes habeva character vitalici. Como le numero de gens esseva fixate, etiam le numero de senatores restava fixate.

Le senato habeva solmente character consultive, ma le rege lo convocava sovente e considerava su propositiones. Le sessiones se celebrava in le comitium (foro), in un sala appellate bule.

Division del population roman: le gens, le curiae e le tribos.

Le division del populo se faceva a partir del gens:
* 10 gens = 1 curia
* 10 curias = 1 tribu
* 10 tribos = 1 civitas

Le systema decimal regiva in multe aspectos: cata gens forniva 10 soldados de infanteria (miles), 1 de cavalleria (eques) e 1 senator. In le civitates submittite, se instituiva un Consilio de Cento Ancianos (centumviri), cata uno capite de 10 domos.

Con le tempore iste systema deveniva solmente theoretic, ma se manteneva le tradition.

Le curias se reuniva in comitios, le comitia curiata, ubi se votava duo vices al anno (24 martio e 24 majo).

Le citatinos esseva dividite in 35 tribus: 4 urban (Collina, Esquilina, Palatina, Suburana) e 31 rural, addeva gradualmente durante le expansion in Italia. Finalmente, in 241 a.Chr., se fixava le numero a 35.

==== Comitia ====
{{AP|Assembleas roman}}
Le decisiones in Roma se prendeva in le comitia, le assembleas de voto. Le plus ancian esseva le comitia calata, convocata per le rege pro actos religiose. Le comitia politic esseva illos ubi le populo organisate in curiae votava. Illes decideva super election del rege, asuntos politic importante e concessiones de citatanitate.

=== Lege ===
Le principios juridic del romanos antique ha su radices in le ''[[Lege del Dece-duo Tabulas|Lex Duodecim Tabularum]]'' (449 a.Chr.) e in le codification de lege ordinate per le Imperator [[Justiniano I]] circa 530 p.Chr. (''Corpus Juris Civilis''). Le lege roman, preservate in iste codices, se continuava in le Imperio Byzantin e deveniva base del codificationes juridic in Europa occidental. Illo esseva applicate in varie formas usque al fin del 17e seculo.

Le principal divisiones del lege roman, como continite in le codices theodosian e justinian, esseva:
* ''Jus civile'' – le corpo de lege applicabile a citatinos romanos.
* ''Jus gentium'' – le lege commun pro estranieros e lor relationes con citatinos romanos.
* ''Jus naturale'' – le lege natural, considerate commun a tote le esseres.

=== Exercito ===
[[File:Roman soldiers with aquilifer signifer centurio 70 aC.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Reconstruction historic del exercito roman al epocha del imperator roman Trajano.]]
Le exercito roman primitive (circa 500 a.Chr.) esseva un militia civitan que practicava tacticas de hoplites. Illo esseva dividite in cinque classes. Le armea esseva parve e essencialmente defensive{{Sfn|Keegan|1993|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwarfare00keeg/page/263 263–264]}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Potter-2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Potter |first=David |title=The Roman Army and Navy |date=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s0h2/page/67 67–70]}} in {{Harvnb|Flower|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;For a discussion of hoplite tactics and their sociocultural setting, see {{Cite book |first=Victor Davis |last=Hanson |title=The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |date=1989 |isbn=0-394-57188-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

In le 3e seculo a.Chr., le romanos abandonava le phalanxa pro le systema de manipulos (gruppos de 120 o 60 homines). Trenta manipulos formava un legion (4,000–5,000 homines){{Sfn|Keegan|1993|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwarfare00keeg/page/263 263–264]}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Potter-2004&quot; /&gt;. Le legion republican esseva dividite in:
* infanteria pesante (hastati, principes, triarii),
* infanteria leve (velites),
* cavalleria (equites){{Sfn|Keegan|1993|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwarfare00keeg/page/263 263–264]}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Potter-2004&quot; /&gt;.

Usque al tarde periodo republican, le legionario typic esseva un fermero citatan proprietari de terra de un area rural (un adsiduus) qui serviva pro campanias particular (frequentemente annual), e qui forniva su proprie equipage. Post 200 a.Chr., le conditiones economic in areas rural deteriorava a mesura que le necessitates de mano de obra cresceva, de modo que le qualificationes de proprietate pro le servicio obligatori esseva gradualmente reducite. Comenciante in le seculo 3 a.Chr., le legionarios recipeva un stipendio. Al tempore de Augusto, le ideal del citatan-soldato habeva essite abandonate e le legiones habeva devenite plenmente professional. Al fin del Guerra Civil, Augusto reorganisava le fortias militar roman, dispensante soldatos e dissolvente legiones. Ille reteneva 28 legiones, distribuite a transverso del provincias del Imperio&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Mackay|2004|pp=249–250}} Mackay points out that the number of legions grew to 30 by 125&amp;nbsp;AD and 33 during the [[Severan]] period (200–235&amp;nbsp;AD).&lt;/ref&gt;.

Durante le Principato, le organisation tactic del Armea continuava a evolver. Le auxilia remaneva cohortes independente, e le truppas legionario operava frequentemente como gruppos de cohortes in loco de como legiones complete. Un nove e versatile typo de unitate, le cohortes equitatae, combinava cavalleria e legionarios in un singule formation. Illos poteva esser collocate in garnisiones o avantpostas e poteva combatter per se proprie como parve fortias equilibrate o combinar se con unitates simile como un fortia plus grande del dimension de un legion. Iste augmento de flexibilitate organisational adjutava a assecurar le successo a longe termino del fortias militar roman{{sfn|Goldsworthy|1996|pp=36–37}}. Le Imperator Gallieno (253–268 p.Chr.) comenciava un reorganisation que creava le ultime structura militar del Imperio tardive. Retirante alcun legionarios ab le bases fixe sur le frontiera, Gallieno creava fortias mobile (le comitatenses, o armeas de campo) e los stationava detra e a alcun distantia del frontieras como un reserva strategic. Le truppas de frontiera (limitanei) stationate in bases fixe continuava a esser le prime linea de defensa. Le unitates basic del armea de campo esseva regimental: legiones o auxilia pro infantaria e vexillationes pro cavalleria. Le fortias nominal pote haber essite 1.200 homines pro regimentos de infantaria e 600 pro cavalleria, sed le nivellos real de truppas poteva esser multo plus basse — 800 infantaros e 400 cavalleros. Multe regimentos de infantaria e cavalleria operava in pares sub le commando de un comes. Le armeas de campo includeva regimentos recrutate ab tribos alliante e cognoscite como foederati. Verso 400 p.Chr., le regimentos foederati habeva devenite unitates permanentemente stabilite del armea roman, pagate e equipate per le Imperio, ducite per un tribuno roman e usate exactemente como unitates roman. Le Imperio tamben usava gruppos de barbaros pro combatter juncto con le legiones como alliates sin integration in le armeas de campo, sub le commando general de un general roman, sed ducite per lor proprie officieros{{Sfn|Elton|1996|pages=89–96}}.

Le direction militar evolveva durante le curso del historia de Roma. Sub le monarchia, le armeas hoplite esseva ducite per le reges. Durante le prime e medie Republica Roman, le fortias militar esseva sub le commando de un del duo consules electe pro le anno. Durante le Republica posterior, membros del elita senatorial roman, como parte del sequentia normal de officios public electe cognoscite como le cursus honorum, serviva prime como questor (frequentemente postate como substitutos del commandantes de campo), postea como pretor&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Brennan |first=Correy T. |title=Power and Process Under the Republican 'Constitution' |date=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s0h2/page/66 66–68]}} in {{Harvnb|Flower|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Goldsworthy|1996|pp=121–125}}. Post le fin de un mandato como pretor o consul, un senator poteva esser appunctate per le Senato como un propretor o proconsul (dependente del officio le plus alte previemente occupate) pro governar un provincia estranier. Sub Augusto, cuje prioritate politic le plus importante esseva poner le armea sub un commando permanente e unitari, le Imperator esseva le commandante legal de cata legion sed exerceva ille commando per medio de un legatus (legato) quem ille nominava ex le elita senatorial. In un provincia con un sol legion, le legato commandava le legion (''legatus legionis'') e serviva como governator provincial, durante que in un provincia con plus de un legion, cata legion esseva commandate per un legato e le legatos esseva commandate per le governator provincial (tamben un legato sed de rango plus alte).{{Sfn|Mackay|2004|pp=245–252}}

Durante le stadios posterior del periodo imperial (comenciante forsan con Diocletiano), le modello augustee esseva abandonate. Le governatores provincial esseva private de autoritate militar, e le commando del armeas in un gruppo de provincias esseva date a generales (duces) appunctate per le Imperator. Istes non esseva plus membros del elita roman sed homines qui ascendeva per le rangos e habeva vidite multe activitate militar practic. Con frequentia crescente, iste homines tentava (alcun vices con successo) usurpar le positiones del Imperatores. Le diminuite ressources, le crescente chaos politic e le guerra civil finalmente lassava le Imperio Occidental vulnerabile al attacco e conquesta per le populos barbaro vicin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Mackay|2004|pp=295–296}} Etiam capitulos 23–24.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Marina ====
[[File:D473-birème romaine-Liv2-ch10.png|thumb|Un bireme naval roman depictate in un relievo del Templo de Fortuna Primigenia in Preneste (Palestrina)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=D. B. |last=Saddington |editor-first=Paul |editor-last=Erdkamp |date=2011 |orig-date=2007 |title=A Companion to the Roman Army |chapter=Classes: the Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets |pages=201–217 (Plate 12.2 on p. 204) |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-2153-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
, que esseva construite circa 120 a.Chr.&lt;ref&gt;Coarelli, Filippo (1987), ''I Santuari del Lazio in età repubblicana''. NIS, Rome, pp. 35–84.&lt;/ref&gt;; exhibite in le Museo Pio-Clementino in le Museos Vaticanos.]]

On sape minus re le marina roman que re le armea roman. Ante le medie del 3e seculo a.Chr., officiales cognoscite como duumviri navales commandava un flotta de vinti naves usate principalmente pro controlar le pirateria. Iste flotta esseva abandonate in 278 p.Chr. e substituite per fortias alliante. Le [[Prime Guerra Punic]] requireva que Roma construeva grande flottas, e illo lo faceva amplemente con le assistentia e le financiamento de alliatos. Iste dependentia de alliatos continuava usque al fin del [[Republica Roman]]. Le quinquereme esseva le nave de guerra principal in ambe lateres del Guerras Punic e remaneva le pilar principal del fortias naval roman usque al tempore de [[Cesare Augusto]], quando illo esseva substituite per vascellos plus legier e plus manovrabile&lt;ref name=&quot;This paragraph is based upon Potter 2004&quot;&gt;Iste paragrafo es basate super {{Harvnb|Potter|2004|pp=76–78}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

In comparation con un trireme, le quinquereme permitteva le uso de un mixtura de membros de equipage experte e inexperte (un avantage pro un potentia primarimente terrestre), e su minor manovrabilitate permitteva al romanos adoptar e perfectionar tacticas de abordage usante un truppa de circa 40 marineros in loco del ariete. Le naves esseva commandate per un navarcho, un rango equal a un centurion, qui generalmente non esseva un citatano. Potter suggere que, proque le flotta esseva dominate per non-romanos, le marina esseva considerate non-roman e on permitteva su atrophia in tempores de pace.&lt;ref name=&quot;This paragraph is based upon Potter 2004&quot; /&gt;

Information suggere que vers le fin del Imperio (350 p.Chr.), le marina roman comprendeva plure flottas includente naves de guerra e vascellos mercante pro transportation e provision. Le naves de guerra esseva galeas de velo e de remos con tres a cinque rangos de rematores. Le bases del flotta includeva tal portos como Ravenna, Arles, Aquilea, Misenum e le bucca del fluvio Somme in le West, e Alexandria e Rhodos in le Est. Flotillas de parve imbarcationes fluvial (classes) faceva parte del limitanei (truppas de frontiera) durante iste periodo, basate in portos fluvial fortificate al longo del Rheno e del Danubio. Le facto que generales prominente commandava e armeas e flottas suggere que le fortias naval esseva tractate como auxiliares al armea e non como un servicio independente. Le detalios del structura de commando e le fortias del flottas durante iste periodo non es ben cognoscite, ben que le flottas esseva commandate per prefectos{{Sfn|Elton|1996|pages=99–101}}.

== Societate ==
[[File:Foro romano dal campidoglio 04.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Le Foro Roman, le centro politic, economic, cultural, e religiose del citate durante le Republica e le Imperio posterior.]]
Le citate imperial de Roma esseva le plus grande centro urban del imperio, con un population estimate inter 450,000 e quasi un million&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Duiker|Spielvogel|2001|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryto1500duik/page/149 149]}}; [https://web.archive.org/web/20110501052229/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20586744.html ''Abstract of'' The population of ancient Rome.] by Glenn R. Storey. HighBeam Research. 1 December 1997. Retrieved 22 April 2007.; [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/journals/CP/29/2/Population_of_Rome*.html#note6 The Population of Rome] by Whitney J. Oates. Originally published in ''Classical Philology''.
Vol. 29, No. 2 (April 1934), pp.&amp;nbsp;101–116. Retrieved 22 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;. Circa 20% del population sub jurisdiction de Roma antique (25–40% in Italia roman, secundo le criterios)&lt;ref&gt;N.Morley, ''Metropolis and Hinterland'' (Cambridge, 1996) 174–183&lt;/ref&gt; viveva in innumerabile centros urbane con plus que 10,000 habitantes e plure settlementos militar – un grado de urbanisation multo alte pro standards pre-industrial. Le majoritate de istes habeva un forum, templos, e altere edificios similar a illos de Roma. Le expectation medie de vita in le Imperio Medio esseva circa 26–28 annos&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gawande |first=Atul |title=Being Mortal |date=2014 |publisher=Profile Books |isbn=978-1-84668-582-8 |page=32}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rossi |first=Lino |title=Rotocalchi di pietra. Segni e disegni dei tempi sui monumenti trionfali dell'Impero romano |date=1981 |publisher=Jaca Book |isbn=978-8-8164-0071-9 |page=59 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Structura social ===
[[File:Arringatore 04.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|''Le Orator'', circa 100 a.Chr., del Museo Archeologic National de Florentia, Italia, un statua de bronzo etrusco-roman que depinge Aulo Metelo (latino: ''Aulus Metellus''), un viro etruscan vestite de un toga roman durante que ille se occupa de rhetorica; le statua presenta un inscription in le lingua etruscan.]]
Le societate roman esseva fortemente hierarchic:
* servi (sclavos) al base,
* liberti (liberatos) supra illes,
* cives (citatinos libere) al summitate.

Le citatinos libere se subdivideva in classes. Le division le plus ancian esseva inter patricios (descendentes del 100 patriarcas fundatores) e plebeos. In le Republica posterior, iste distinction perdeva importantia: plebeos poteva devenir ric e politicamente influente, durante que patricios poteva declinar economicamente.

In ultra al citatinos plene o patricios (pater familias e su filios mascul), il habeva citatinos honorari (ex altere civitates) e clientes. Le clientes esseva principalmente sclavos liberate per patricios, qui remaneva ligate a lor patronos per tutela e servicios. Anque estrangeiros e exilatos poteva devenir clientes de un patricio o mesmo del civitate de Roma.

Un altere linea de division se basava super servicio militar e proprietate, determinate per le censores:
* Classe senatorial: dominava politica e armeas.
* Equites (cavalieros): al initio, illes que poteva mantener un cavallo; postea, un potente classe mercantil.
* Alteres classes militar, ordinate per armeamento, con le proletarii (citatinos sin proprietate, salvo lor filios) al base.

Le potentia de voto in le Republica dependeva del classe: le tribos ric habeva minus membros e poteva influentiar plus rapidemente le resultato, facente que le classes basse rarmente exprimiva lor suffragio.

Le feminas roman habeva alcun derectos basic ma non poteva votar ni participar in politica. Con le tempore, illas ganiava derectos juridic e proprietate, ma remaneva sin suffragio&lt;ref&gt;Frank Frost Abbott, ''Society and Politics in Ancient Rome'', BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009, p. 41&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le civitates alliate recipiva frequentemente le Derectos Latin – un stato intermedio inter citatanitate plen e condition de peregrini. Post le Guerra Social (91–88 a.Chr.), le major parte de alliate italian recipeva citatanitate plen, e in 212 p.Chr. Caracalla lo extendite a tote homines libere del imperio (con exception del dediticii e esclavos liberatos).

=== Education ===
[[File:Busto maschile.JPG|thumb|Fresco de portraitura roman de un juvene viro con un rulo de papyro, de Herculano, del prime seculo p.Chr.]]
In le prime Republica, il non habeva scholas public, assi pueros recipeva instruction in leger e scriber per lor parentes, o per sclavos educate, appellate paedagogi, habitualmente de origine grec&lt;ref name=&quot;Lecture 13&quot;&gt;[http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture13b.html Lecture 13: A Brief Social History of the Roman Empire] by Steven Kreis. 11 October 2006. Retrieved 2 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|p=211}}{{Sfn|Werner|1978|p=31}}. Le scopo principal del education durante iste periodo esseva trainar juvenes in agricultura, guerra, traditiones roman, e affaires public. Juvene pueros apprendeva multo sur le vita civic per accompania lor patres a functiones religiose e politic, incluse le Senato pro le filios de nobiles{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|p=211}}. Le filios de nobiles esseva placiate como apprentices con un figura politic prominente al etate de 16 annos, e participava in campanias con le armea ab le etate de 17 annos{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|p=211}}. Le practicas educative esseva modificate post le conquesta del regnos hellenistic in le seculo 3 a.Chr. e le resultate influentia grec, ben que le practicas educative roman esseva ancora multo differente del grecos{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|p=211}}{{Sfn|Duiker|Spielvogel|2001|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryto1500duik/page/143 143]}}. Si lor parentes poteva permitter se lo, pueros e alcun pueras al etate de 7 annos esseva inviate a un schola private foras del domo appellate un ludus, ubi un instructor (appellate un litterator o un magister ludi, e frequentemente de origine grec) inseniava a illes le base de leger, scriber, arithmetica, e a vices greco, usque al etate de 11 annos{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|p=211}}{{Sfn|Werner|1978|p=31}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Roman Education&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071225125840/http://www.txclassics.org/exceteducation.htm Roman Education]. Latin ExCET Preparation. Texas Classical Association, by Ginny Lindzey, September 1998. Retrieved 27 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;.

A partir del etate de 12 annos, le studentes frequentava scholas secundari, ubi le instructor (ora appellate un grammaticus) inseniava a illes sur le litteratura grec e roman{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|p=211}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Roman Education&quot; /&gt;. Al etate de 16 annos, alcun studentes continuava lor studios in un schola de rhetorica (ubi le instructor, habitualmente grec, esseva appellate un rhetor){{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|p=211}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Roman Education&quot; /&gt;. Le education a iste nivello preparava le studentes pro carrieras legal, e requireva que le studentes memorisava le leges de Roma{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|p=211}}.

=== Familia ===
[[File:Galla Placidia (rechts) und ihre Kinder.jpg|thumb|Un portrait in vitro aurate de un familia del Egypto roman. Le inscription grec in le medallion pote indicar o le nomine del artista o le pater familias qui es absente in le portrait. Iste pecia, que data del tertie seculo p.Chr., esseva probabilemente create per un greco alexandrin debite al uso de un dialecto egyptie in le inscription.]]

Le unitates basic del societate roman esseva le domos e le familias{{Sfn|Duiker|Spielvogel|2001|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryto1500duik/page/146 146]}}. Gruppos de domos connectite per le linea mascule formava un familia (gens), basate sur ligamines de sanguine, un ancestre commun o adoption. Durante le Republica, alcun familias potente, o Gentes Maiores, veniva a dominar le vita politic. Le familias esseva dirigite per lor plus vetule citatano mascule, le pater familias (patre del familia), qui teneva autoritate legal (patria potestas, potentia del patre) super sposas, filios, filias e sclavos del domo, e le ricchessa del familia{{Sfn|Duiker|Spielvogel|2001|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryto1500duik/page/146 146]}}.

Le expressiones extreme de iste potentia—le vender o le occider de membros del familia pro offensas moral o civil, incluse le simple disobedience—esseva multo rarmente exercite, e esseva prohibite in le era imperial. Un pater familias habeva deberes moral e legal verso tote le membros del familia. Mesmo le plus despotic pater familias esseva expectate consultar le membros senior de su domo e de su gens sur questiones que afficeva le ben-esser e le reputation del familia. Traditionalmente, tal questiones esseva considerate como foras del competentia del stato e de su magistratos; sub le imperatores, illos deveniva gradualmente subjecte al interferentia e legislation del stato&lt;ref&gt;Parkin, Tim, &amp; Pomeroy, Arthur, ''Roman Social History, a Sourcebook,'' Routledge, 2007, p. 72. {{ISBN|978-0-4154-2675-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Un vice que illes esseva acceptate in lor familia de nascentia per lor patres, le infantes esseva heredes potential. Illes non poteva esser legalmente date o vendite in sclavitude. Si le parentes esseva incapace de curar lor infante, o si su paternitate esseva in dubita, illes poteva render se al exposition de infantes (Boswell traduce isto como esser offerite al cura del deos o de estranieros). Si un neonato deforme o malade esseva patentemente inapte pro viver, occider lo esseva un deber del pater familias. Un patre citatano qui exponeva un infante san nascite libere non esseva punite, sed perdeva automaticamente su potestas super ille infante. Infantes abandonate esseva a vices adoptate; alcunos haberea essite vendite in sclavitude. Le sclavitude esseva quasi ubiquitari e quasi universalmente acceptate. In le prime Republica, le citatanos in debita poteva vender lor labor, e forsan lor filios, a lor creditor in un forma limitate de sclavitude appellate nexum, sed isto esseva abolite in le medie Republica. Le libertate esseva considerate un stato natural e proprie pro le citatanos; le sclavos poteva esser legalmente liberate, con le consentimento e supporto de lor proprietarios, e ancora servir le familia e le interesses financier de lor proprietarios como libertos o libertas. Isto esseva le base del relation cliente-patrono, un del characteristicas plus importante del economia e del societate de Roma{{Sfn|Casson|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/everydaylifeinan00cass/page/10 10–11], 24–32}}.

In lege, un pater familias teneva potestas super su filios adulte con lor proprie domos. Isto poteva dar loco a anomalias legal, tal como filios adulte qui habeva tamben le stato de minores. Nulle viro poteva esser considerate un pater familias, ni poteva ille vermente posseder proprietate secundo le lege, durante que su proprie patre viveva{{Sfn|Casson|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/everydaylifeinan00cass/page/10 10–11, 24–32]}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777121908/ Family Values in Ancient Rome] by Richard Saller. The University of Chicago Library Digital Collections: Fathom Archive. 2001. Visited 14 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;. Durante le prime historia de Roma, le filias maritate passava sub le controlo (manus) del pater familias de lor sposos. Verso le fin del Republica, le majoritate del feminas maritate manteneva un connexion legal con lor familia de nascentia, ben que qualcunque infante del matrimonio pertineva al familia de su sposo. Le matre o un parente de etate avantiate frequentemente elevava tanto le pueros como le pueras&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rawson |first=Beryl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85Gdul_43DEC&amp;pg=PP7 |title=The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives |date=1987 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-9460-4 |page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Le moralistas roman susteneva que le matrimonio e le elevation de infantes compliva un deber basic verso le familia, le gens, e le stato. Rematrimonios multiple non esseva rar. Le patres usualmente comenciava cercar sposos pro lor filias quando istes attingeva un etate inter dece-duo e dece-quatro annos, sed le majoritate del feminas del classe commun remaneva celibe usque a lor vintes, e in general pare haber essite multo plus independente que le sposas del elite. Le divorcio requireva le consentimento de un parte, insimul con le retorno de omne dote. Ambe parentes habeva potentia super lor infantes durante lor minoritate e etate adulte, sed le sposos habeva multo minus controlo super lor sposas&lt;ref&gt;Frier, Bruce W., and McGinn, Thomas A. J. ''A Casebook on Roman Family Law'', Oxford University Press: American Philological Association, 2004, p. 20&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le feminas citatan roman teneva un forma restricte de citatanitate; illas non poteva votar sed esseva protegite per le lege. Illas dirigeva familias, poteva posseder e diriger interprisas, posseder e cultivar terra, scriber lor proprie testamentos, e litigar in le corte pro se ipse, o pro alteres, tote sub dispensation del cortes e le supervision nominal de un parente mascule senior. Durante le eras republican tarde e imperial, un natalitate diminuente inter le elite, e un augmento correspondente inter le gente commun esseva causa de preoccupation pro multe gentes; Augusto tentava tractar isto per medio de intervention del stato, offerente recompensas a qualcunque femina qui parturiva tres o plus infantes, e penalisante le personas sin infantes. Le secunde esseva multo resentite, e le prime habeva resultatos apparentemente negligibile. Le feminas aristocratic semblava esser de plus in plus disinclinate al procreation&lt;ref&gt;Rawson, Beryl, &quot;The Roman Family&quot;, in ''The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives'', Cornell University Press, 1986, pp. 30, 40–41.; Galinsky, Karl, ''Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction'', Princeton University Press, 1998, pp. 130–132, {{ISBN|978-0-6910-5890-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Tempore e calendario ===
Le horas roman era contate ordinalmente de aurora a aurora. Assi, si le sollevamento occurreva a 6 a.m., alora 6 a 7 a.m. esseva nominate le ‘prime hora’. Le meridie esseva nominate ''meridies'', e es de iste parola que le termines ''a.m.'' (ante meridiem) e ''p.m.'' (post meridiem) proveni. Le Romanos habeva horologios (''horologia''), que includeva gigante solarios public (meridiane) e horologios de aqua (''clepsydrae'').

Le septimana roman antique originale habeva octo dies, que esseva identificate per le litteras A a H, con le octavo die essente le *nundinum*, o die de mercato, un sorte de fin de septimana quando le agricultores vendeva lor productos in le stratas. Le septimana de septe dies, introducite ab le Oriente durante le primo Imperio, esseva adoptate officialmente durante le regno de Constantino. Le Romanos nominate le dies del septimana secundo corpora celeste al minus ab le 1e seculo p.Chr.

Le anno roman originale habeva decem menses ab ''Martius'' (Martio) usque ''December'', con le periodo de inverno non includite in le calendario. Le prime quatro menses esseva nominate secundo deos (''Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius'') e le altere esseva numerate (''Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, December''). Numa Pompilius, le secunde rege de Roma (716–673 a.Chr.), dice se haber introducite le menses de ''Januarius'' e ''Februarius'', ambes etiam nominate secundo deos, initiante le calendario de 12 menses que ancora se usa hodie. In 44 a.Chr., le mense ''Quintilis'' esseva renominate ''Julius'' (Julio) in honore de Julio Cesar, e in 8 a.Chr., ''Sextilis'' esseva renominate ''Augustus' (Augusto) in honore de Augusto.

Le Romanos habeva plure modos de registrar annos. Un modo commun esseva le datation consular, que identificate annos secundo le duo consules que regnava in cata anno. Un altere modo, introducite in le fin del 3e seculo p.Chr., esseva contante annos ab le ''indictio'', un periodo de 15 annos basate sur le annunciamento de le distribution de victualias e altere mercantias al governamento. Un altere modo, minus popular ma plus simile al presentia, esseva ''ab urbe condita'', que contava annos ab le fundation mythic de Roma in 753 a.Chr.

== Cultura ==
[[File:Seven Hills of Rome.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Le septe collinas de Roma.]]

Le vita in le Roma antique revolveva circa le citate de Roma, situate super septe colles. Le citate habeva un grande numero de structuras monumental como le [[Colosseo]], le Foro de Trajano e le Pantheon. Illa includeva theatros, gymnasios, mercatos, systemas de cloacas functional, complexos de balneos complete con bibliothecas e botecas, e fontanas con aqua potabile fresc fornite per centenares de millas de aqueductos. Per tote le territorio sub le controlo de Roma antique, le architectura residential variava ab casas modeste usque a villas campestre.

In Roma, il habeva residencias imperial super le Collina Palatin. Le basse classes plebee e le classe equestrial medie viveva in le centro del citate, serrate in apartamentos, o insulae, que esseva quasi como moderne ghettos. Iste areas, frequentemente construite per proprietarios de classe alte pro le location, esseva sovente centrate super ''collegia'' o ''tabernae''. Iste personas, fornite con un provision gratuite de grano e displaciate per le jocos gladiatorial, esseva inscribite como clientes de patronos inter le patricios de classe alte, cuje adjuta illes cercava e cuje interesses illes supportava.

=== Lingua ===
[[File:Roman Empire 180 CE.png|thumb|right|350px|Le Imperio Roman in 180 AD. Le latino habeva un grande influentia in le parte occidental del imperio, tanto como lingua native como lingua administrative. In le parte oriental, le lingua grec era predominant.]]
Le lingua native del Romanos esseva le [[latino]], un [[Linguas italic|lingua italic]] cuje grammatica dependeva poco del ordine del parolas, exprimente le signification per un systema de affixos attachate al radicales del parolas&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/latol-0-X.html Latin Online: Series Introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429221355/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/latol-0-X.html |date=29 April 2015 }} by Winfred P. Lehmann and Jonathan Slocum. Linguistics Research Center. The University of Texas at Austin. 15 February 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;. Su alphabeto esseva basate sur le alphabeto etrusc, que a su vice esseva basate sur le [[alphabeto grec]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Calvert |first=J.B. |date=8 August 1999 |title=The Latin Alphabet |url=http://www.du.edu/~etuttle/classics/latalph.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403040205/http://www.du.edu/~etuttle/classics/latalph.htm |archive-date=3 April 2007 |website=University of Denver}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ben que le [[litteratura latin]] superstite consiste quasi totalmente de [[latino classic]], un lingua litterari artificial, multo stylisate e polite del prime seculo a.Chr., le lingua parlate in le Imperio Roman esseva le [[latino vulgar]], que differeva significativamente del latino classic in grammatica e vocabulario, e eventualmente in pronunciation&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070810033726/http://classics.lss.wisc.edu/courses/Classical_Latin_Supplement.pdf Classical Latin Supplement]. p. 2. Retrieved 2 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;. Parlatores del latino poteva comprender ambes formas usque al septime seculo, quando le latino parlate comenciava a diverger tanto que le &quot;latino classic&quot; o &quot;bon latino&quot; debeva esser apprendite como un secunde lingua&lt;ref&gt;József Herman, ''Vulgar Latin'', English translation 2000, pp. 109–114 {{ISBN|978-0-2710-2001-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Durante que le latino remaneva le principal lingua scribite del Imperio Roman, le grec deveniva le lingua parlate per le elite ben educate, proque le major parte del litteratura studiate per le Romanos esseva scripte in grec. Le majoritate del emperatores esseva bilingue, ma habeva un preferentia pro le latino in le sphera public pro rationes politic, un practica que comenciava durante le guerras punic{{Sfnm|Rochette|2023|1pp=263,268|Rochette|2018|2pp=114-115,118}}. In le parte oriental del Imperio Roman (e plus tarde del [[Imperio roman de oriente|Imperio Roman Oriental]]), le latino nunquam poteva replaciar le grec, un hereditage del periodo hellenistic{{Sfn|Rochette|2018|p=108}}. [[Justiniano I|Justiniano]] esseva le ultime emperator a usar le latino in le governamento, marcante le momento in le qual le grec deveniva officialmente dominante{{Sfnm|1a1=Adkins|1a2=Adkins|1y=1998|1p=203|2a1=Kaldellis|2y=2023|2p=289|3a1=Rochette|3y=2011|3p=562|4a1=Rochette|4y=2023|4p=283}}. Le expansion del Imperio Roman diffundeva le latino per tote Europa, e le latino vulgar evolveva in multe [[linguas romanic]].

=== Religion ===
[[File:August Labicana Massimo Inv56230.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Augusto]] con les vestes de ''Pontifex Maximus''.]]
[[File:Pompeii - Casa dei Vettii - Ixion.jpg|thumb|Punition de Ixion: al centro es Mercurio tenente le caduceo; a su dextra Juno sede super su throno. Retro illa sta Iris, facente gestos. A sinistra es Vulcano (figura blonde), in pede retro le rotta, la governante, con Ixion jam ligate a illo. Nephele sede al pedes de Mercurio; un fresco roman del muro oriental del triclinium in le Domo del Vettii, Pompeii, Quarte Stilo (60–79 p.Chr.).]]
Le [[religion roman]] archaic, al minus in lo que concerne le deos, non consisteva in narrativas scribite, ma in interrelationes complexe inter deos e humanos{{Sfn|Matyszak|2003|page=24}}. Divergente del mythologia grec, le deos non esseva personificate, ma esseva spirites sacre vagamente definite, appellate numina. Le Romanos credeva etiam que cata persona, loco o cosa habeva su proprie genius, o anima divine. Durante le Republica Roman, le religion esseva organisate sub un systema strict de officios sacerdotal, tenite per homines de rango senatorial. Le Collegium Pontificum esseva le organismo supremo in iste hierarchia, e su sacerdote principal, le Pontifex Maximus, esseva le capite del religion del stato. Le flamines curava le cultos de varie deos, durante que le augures esseva responsabile pro prender le auspicios. Le rex sacrorum (rege sacre) assumeva le responsabilidades religiose del reges deponite. In le Imperio Roman, emperatores defuncte qui habeva regnate ben esseva deificate per lor successores e per le Senato&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gibbon |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Gibbon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvIbFyM1s54C&amp;pg=PA91 |title=The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire |publisher=printed for J.J. Tourneisen |year=1787 |page=91}}; {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a75PAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA644 |title=The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge |publisher=Encyclopedia Americana Corporation |year=1919 |page=644}}&lt;/ref&gt;, e le culto imperial formal deveniva progressivemente plus prominente.

Con le augmento del contacto con le Grecos, le vetere deos roman esseva sempre plus associate con le deos grec{{Sfn|Willis|2000|pages=166–168}}. Sub le Imperio, le Romanos absorbeva le mythologias de lor populos subjugate, frequentemente resultante in situaciones ubi templos e sacerdotes del deos traditional italian coexisteva con illos del deos extranee{{Sfn|Willis|2000}}.

Comenciando con le Emperador [[Neron]] in le prime seculo p.Chr., le politica official del Romanos verso le christianismo esseva negative, e a certe puncto, esser christian poteva esser punite con le morte. Sub le Emperador Diocletiano, le persecution del christianos attingeva su apice. Totevia, le christianismo deveniva un religion supportate officialmente per le stato roman sub le successor de Diocletiano, Constantino I, con le signatura del Edicto de Milano in 313, e rapidemente deveniva dominante. Tote religiones excepte le christianismo esseva prohibite in 391 p.Chr. per un edicto del Emperador Theodosio I&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo1.htm Theodosius I (379–395 AD)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015652/http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo1.htm |date=2015-03-15 }} by David Woods. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 2 February 1999. Retrieved 4 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Ethica e moralitate ===
Como multe culturas antique, le conceptos de ethica e moralitate, ben que compartente alcun similaritates con le societate moderne, differeva grandemente in plure aspectos importante. Proque civilisationes antique como Roma esseva sub constante menacia de attaccos per tribos maraudante, lor cultura esseva necessemente militaristic, con habilitates martial considerate como attributos de grande valor&lt;ref name=&quot;Astore, William&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Astore, William |title=Bread and Circuses in Rome and America |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/william-astore/bread-and-circuses-in-rom_b_3414248.html |access-date=11 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Durante que societates moderne considera le compassion como un virtute, le societate roman considerava le compassion como un vicio, un defecto moral. In effecto, un del objectivos principal del jocos gladiatorial esseva de immunisar le citatanos roman contra iste debilitate&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87_ImL1ryQ8C |title=Annual Editions: Western Civilization |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2002 |edition=12th |volume=1 |page=68 |quote=... where compassion was regarded as a moral defect ...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Astore, William&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jackson, Michael Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkU9IuW1IuAC |title=Look Back to Get Ahead: Life Lessons from History's Heroes |publisher=Arcade |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-55970-727-5 |page=174 |quote=Gladatorial games were popular because the Romans actually believed that compassion was a vice and a weakness}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In vice, le Romanos appreciava virtutes como le corage e le conviction (''virtus''), un senso de deber verso su populo, le moderation e le evitamento del excessos (''moderatio''), le pardon e le comprension (''clementia''), le justitia firme (''severitas''), e le fidelitate (''pietas'')&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agyhCwAAQBAJ |title=Daily Life in Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook |publisher=Hackett Publishing Company |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-58510-796-4 |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Brian K. |pages=21–28}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le societate roman habeva normas ben establite e restrictive in relation al sexualitate, ben que, como in multe societates, le major parte del responsabilitates cadeva super le feminas. Feminas esseva generalmente expectate a esser monogame, habente solmente un marito durante lor vita (''univira''), ben que isto esseva multo minus observate inter le elite, specialmente sub le imperio. Feminas esseva expectate a esser modeste in public, evitante apparitias provocante, e a demonstrar fidelitate absolute a lor maritos (''pudicitia''). In veritate, portar un velo esseva un expectation commun pro preservar le modestia. Le sexo extra matrimonio esseva generalmente disapprobate pro homines e feminas, e de facto esseva rendite illegal durante le periodo imperial&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Langlands, Rebecca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBLnttutuOMC |title=Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-85943-1 |pages=3–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Totevia, le prostitution esseva un practica acceptate e regulate&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author1=Mathew Dillon |author2=Lynda Garland |author2-link=Lynda Garland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMNL0jqhygoC |title=Ancient Rome: From the Early Republic to the Assassination of Julius Caesar |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-22459-8 |page=382}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Demonstrationes public de morte, violentia, e brutalitate esseva usate como fonte de entertainmento in le communitates roman; tamen, isto esseva etiam un maniera de mantener le ordine social, demonstrar le potentia, e significar un unitate communal.

=== Arte, musica e litteratura ===
[[File:P. Fannius Synistor anagoria links.JPG|right|thumb|Femina sonante un cithara, del Villa Boscoreale, Italia, circa 40–30 a.Chr.]]
Le stilos pictoric roman monstra influentias [[Grecia antique|grec]], e le exemplos superstite es principalmente frescos usate pro decorar muros e plafones de villas rustic, ben que le litteratura roman mentiona picturas super ligno, ebore e altere materiales{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|pp=350–352}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ropt/hd_ropt.htm Roman Painting] from Timeline of Art History. Department of Greek and Roman Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2004–10. Retrieved 22 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;. Plure exemplos de pictura roman ha essite trovate in Pompeii, e ab iste exemplares, le historicos del arte divide le historia del pictura roman in quatro periodos.

Le prime stilo pictoric esseva in uso ab le initio del secundo seculo a.Chr. usque al initio o medio del prime seculo a.Chr., e consisteva principalmente in imitationes de marmore e structuras de petra, talvolta includente figuras mythologic. Le secunde stilo comenciava in le prime seculo a.Chr. e cercava representar realisticamente elementos architectonic tridimensional e paisages. Le tertie stilo emergeva sub le regno de Augusto (27 a.Chr. – 14 p.Chr.), rejectante le realismo del secunde stilo in favor de ornamentation simple: un scena architectonic, paisage, o designo abstracte esseva placiate al centro, super un fundo monochromic. Le quarte stilo, que comenciava in le prime seculo p.Chr., illustrava scenas mythologic, conservante tamen elementos architectonic e patronos abstracte.

Le sculptura de portreto usava proportiones juvene e classic, ma plus tarde evolveva in un mixtura de realismo e idealisation. Durante le periodos antonin e severan, deveniva popular le cabellos e barba ornate, con incisiones e perforationes profunde. Progressos esseva etiam facite in le sculpturas in basso-rilievo, usualmente representante victorias roman.

Le musica roman esseva fortemente basate super le musica grec e habeva un rolo importante in multe aspectos del vita roman&lt;ref name=&quot;Grout-1988&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Donald Jay |last1=Grout |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ise5AAAAIAAJ |title=A history of western music |first2=Claude V. |last2=Palisca |date=1988 |publisher=Norton |isbn=978-0-393-95627-6 |access-date=31 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In le armea roman, instrumentos como le tuba (un longe trompeta) o le cornu esseva usate pro dar diversas commandos, durante que le buccina (probabilemente un trompeta o corn) e le ''lituus'' (probabilemente un instrumento in forma de J allongate) esseva usate in cerimonias. Musica esseva sonate in le amphitheatros roman inter le combattes e in le odea, ubi on sape usava le cornu e le hydraulis (un typo de organo a aqua){{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|pp=349–350}}. Quasi tote le ritos religiose includeva presentationes musical. Alcun historicos de musica crede que musica esseva presente in quasi omne ceremonias public&lt;ref name=&quot;Grout-1988&quot; /&gt;.

Le graffiti, lupanares, picturas e sculpturas trovate in Pompeii e Herculaneum suggere que le cultura roman esseva saturate de sexualitate.

==== Litteratura e bibliothecas ====
Le [[litteratura latin]] esseva, ab su initio, fortemente influentiate per autores grec. Alcun del plus vetere obras existente es epopeas historic que narra le prime eventos del historia militar de Roma. Con le expansion del Republica, autores comenciava a producer poesia, comedia, historia e tragedia.

Le contributiones litterari de Roma antique es ancora recognoscite hodie, e le obras de autores roman antique esseva disponibile tanto in librerias quanto in bibliothecas public e private. Multes eruditos e homines de stato in Roma antique cultivava bibliothecas private, usate tanto como demonstrationes de cognoscentia quanto como signos de ricchessa e poter&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dix |first=T. Keith |date=1994 |title=&quot;Public Libraries&quot; in Ancient Rome: Ideology and Reality |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542662 |journal=Libraries &amp; Culture |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=282–296 |jstor=25542662 |issn=0894-8631}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ben que Julio Cesare habeva le intention de establir bibliothecas public pro consolidar Roma como un grande centro cultural, simile a Athenas e Alexandria, ille moriva ante que isto esseva realisate. Su veterano subalterne, Gaio Asinio Pollio, continuava le projecto e inaugurava le prime bibliotheca public in Roma, in le Atrium Libertatis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK XXXV. AN ACCOUNT OF PAINTINGS AND COLOURS., CHAP. 2. (2.)—THE HONOUR ATTACHED TO PORTRAITS. |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plin.+Nat.+35.2&amp;redirect=true |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Imperatores como Augusto, Tiberio, Vespasiano, Domitiano e Trajano tamben fundava o expandiva bibliothecas public durante lor regnos&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Library – Ancient Rome, Collections, Archives {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/library/Rome |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Houston |first=George W. |date=2008 |title=Tiberius and the Libraries: Public Book Collections and Library Buildings in the Early Roman Empire |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/15/article/247571 |journal=Libraries &amp; the Cultural Record |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=247–269 |doi=10.1353/lac.0.0032 |s2cid=161471143 |issn=2166-3033|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Staikos |first=Konstantinos Sp |title=The History of the Library in Western Civilization, Volume II: From Cicero to Hadrian: The Roman World from the Beginnings of Latin Literature to the Monumental and Private Libraries of the Empire |date=25 October 2021 |url=https://brill.com/display/title/26053 |work=The History of the Library in Western Civilization, Volume II |access-date=29 November 2023 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004473508 |isbn=978-9-0044-7350-8|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Isto includeva le Bibliotheca Ulpian in le Forum de Trajano e bibliothecas in le Templo de Apollo Palatinus, le Templo del Pace in le Foro Roman, e le Templo de ''Divus Augustus'', que esseva dedicate a Minerva quando illo esseva reconstruite sub le ordines del Emperador Domitiano&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Roman forum: its history and its monuments / Ch. Huelsen ; translated by Jesse Benedict Carter. |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101076187390?urlappend=%3Bseq=19 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=HathiTrust | date=1909 |hdl=2027/njp.32101076187390?urlappend=%3Bseq=19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Al tempore del cadita del Imperio Roman Occidental, le citate de Roma contava plus que duo decenas de bibliothecas public&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Boyd |first=C. E. |title=Public Libraries and Literary Culture in Ancient Rome |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1915 |isbn=978-1-164-83397-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Con le expansion del Imperio Roman, bibliothecas public esseva establite in altere importante urbes e centros cultural, includente Ephesos, Athenas e Timgad&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cartwright |first=Mark |title=Libraries in the Ancient World |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1428/libraries-in-the-ancient-world/ |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=23 July 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pfeiffer |first=Homer F. |date=1931 |title=The Roman Library at Timgad |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238558 |journal=Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome |volume=9 |pages=157–165 |doi=10.2307/4238558 |jstor=4238558 |issn=0065-6801|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Cocina ===
[[File:Mosaico di un giovane come mese di giugno, III secolo dc..JPG|thumb|Un puero con un platto de fructos e, possibilemente, un sitella de crustaceos, in un cocina con pisces e calamares — in le pannello de junio de un mosaico del 3e seculo que representa le menses, in le Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia.&lt;ref&gt;J. Carson Webster, ''The Labors of the Months in Antique and Mediaeval Art to the End of the Twelfth Century,'' Studies in the Humanities 4 (Northwestern University Press, 1938), p. 128. In the collections of the [[Hermitage Museum]].&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Le cocina del Roma antique cambiava super le longe duration de iste civilisation. Le habitudes alimentar esseva influentiate per le cultura grec, le cambios politic del Regno al Republica e postea al Imperio, e per le expansion enormemente vaste del Imperio, que exposeva le romanos a nove habitudes provincial e technicas de cocitura. Al initio, le differentias inter le classes social esseva relativemente modeste, ma se evolveva con le expansion del Imperio. Homines e feminas bibeva vino con lor repastos&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Civitello |first=Linda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uaRl9ZUtBYkC&amp;q=cuisine%20of%20ancient%20rome&amp;pg=PR8 |title=Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0-470-40371-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le dieta roman antique includeva multe elementos que es hodie basic in le culina italian moderne. Plinio le Senior describeva plus de 30 varietates de oliva, 40 typos de pira, ficus (local e importate ab Africa e le provincias oriental), e un grande varietate de legumina, includente carottas (de varie colores, ma non orange&lt;ref&gt;Phyllis Pray Bober, ''Art, Culture, and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy'', University of Chicago Press (2001), p. 188.&lt;/ref&gt;), apio, allio, bulbos de flores, brassicas como cavolo, kale e broccoli, lactuca, endivia, cepa, porro, asparago, ravanellos, napas, pastinacas, betas, pisum verde, acelga, cardo, olives e cucumbre&lt;ref name=&quot;Patrick Faas&quot;&gt;Patrick Faas, ''Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome'', University of Chicago Press (2005), p. 209.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Tamen, alcun alimentos hodie associate con la culina italian non esseva usate&lt;ref name=&quot;Phyllis Pray Bober&quot;&gt;Phyllis Pray Bober, ''Art, Culture, and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy'', University of Chicago Press (2001), p. 187.&lt;/ref&gt;. In particular, spinacia e melongena (aubergine) esseva introducite plus tarde per le mundo arabic, e tomates, patatas, pimentos e mais (le fonte moderne del polenta)&lt;ref name=&quot;Patrick Faas&quot; /&gt; solmente appareva in Europa post le descubrimento del Nove Mundo e le Exchange Columbin&lt;ref name=&quot;Phyllis Pray Bober&quot; /&gt;. Le romanos cognosceva le ris, ma illo esseva rarissime. Citrus esseva etiam pauc&lt;ref name=&quot;Phyllis Pray Bober&quot; /&gt;.

Carnes de macellero como bove esseva un delicias rar. Le carne plus popular esseva porco, specialmente in forma de salsicias&lt;ref&gt;Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, ''A History of Food'', John Wiley &amp; Sons (2009), p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;. Pisces esseva plus commun que carne, con un aquacultura sophisticate e industrias extensive dedicate al cultura de ostreas. Le romanos tamben practicava le allevamento de cochleas e larvas de querco. Alcun typos de pisces esseva multo appreciate e habeva precios elevate, como le ''mullus'' del piscicultura de Cosa, e medios elaborate esseva inventate pro mantener los fresc&lt;ref&gt;John E. Stambaugh, ''The Ancient Roman City'', JHU Press (1988), p. 148.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Traditionalmente, un jentaculo (''ientaculum'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Artman-2&quot;&gt;Artman, John: &quot;Ancient Rome- Independent Learning Unit&quot;, page 26, Good Apple, 1991.&lt;/ref&gt; esseva consumite al alba. Al medie die o in le prime parte del postmeridie, on mangiava le cena&lt;ref name=&quot;Artman-2&quot; /&gt;, le plato principal del die, e al vespere un repasto leve appellate vesperna&lt;ref name=&quot;Artman&quot;&gt;Artman, John: &quot;Ancient Rome- Independent Learning Unit&quot;, p. 26, Good Apple,1991.&lt;/ref&gt;. Con le crescent importation de alimentos exotic, le cena deveniva plus abundante e varie, e se moveva gradualmente al vespere, dum le vesperna&lt;ref name=&quot;Artman&quot; /&gt; esseva abandonate. Le repasto del medie die, prandio, deveniva un repasto leve pro mantener le fame usque al cena&lt;ref name=&quot;Artman-2&quot; /&gt;.

=== Moda ===
Le [[toga]], un vestimento commun durante le era de [[Julio Cesare]], esseva gradualemente abandonate per tote le classes social del [[Imperio Roman|Imperio]]. Al initio del 4e seculo, le toga esseva reducite a un vestimento portate solmente per senatores durante sessiones del [[Senato roman|Senato]] e in ceremonias official. In le 4e seculo, le toga esseva substitute per le ''paenula'' (un vestimento simile a un poncho) como vestimento quotidian del romanos, tanto del classes basse quanto alte.

Un altere vestimento popular inter romanos in le annos plus tarde del [[Imperio roman de occidente|Imperio Roman de Occidente]] esseva le pallium, normalmente portate per philosophos e eruditos in general. A causa de influentias externe, principalemente ab populos germanic, le romanos adoptava tunicas multo simile a illos usate per le germanos con le quales illes interageva in le ultime annos del Imperio Occidental. Illes adoptava etiam pantalones e cappellos como le ''pileus pannonicus''.

Durante le basse imperio, le ''paludamentum'' (un typo de vestimento militar) esseva portate solmente per le imperator roman (desde le regno de Augusto, le prime imperator), durante que le ''dalmatica'' (tamben usate per le clero christian) comenciava a diffunder se per tote le imperio&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/dalmatica/ |title=Dalmatica |access-date=12 August 2023 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Jocos e recreation ===
[[File:Nennig Roman Villa and Mosaics - 51134391753.jpg|left|thumb|Le combatte de gladiatores esseva strictemente un sport de spectaculo. Iste mosaico roman monstra combattentes e un arbitro, del villa roman a Nennig, Germania, circa le 2e o 3e seculo p.C.]]
[[File:Villa romana bikini girls.JPG|right|thumb|Le mosaico del puellas in bikini, que monstra feminas practicante sportes, del Villa Roman del Casale, Italia, provincia roman de Sicilia, 4e seculo.]]
Le juventute de Roma habeva varie formas de joco athletic e exercitio. Le jocos pro pueros esseva destinate a preparar los pro le servicio militar active, como saltar, luctar, pugnar e currer.{{Sfn|Casson|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/everydaylifeinan00cass/page/98 98–108]}} In le campania, le passatempos del ricos includeva etiam le pesca e le chasse.&lt;ref name=&quot;SPQR Online-1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=1998 |title=Daily Life: Entertainment |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/26602/entertainment.htm#leisure |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430025620/http://library.thinkquest.org/26602/entertainment.htm |archive-date=30 April 2007 |website=SPQR Online |accessdate=24 February 2026 |archivedate=30 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430025620/http://library.thinkquest.org/26602/entertainment.htm#leisure }}&lt;/ref&gt; Le romanos habeva plure typos de jocos con bolas, includente un que resembleva le balla a mano.{{Sfn|Casson|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/everydaylifeinan00cass/page/98 98–108]}} Jocos de dados, jocos de tabula e jocos de alea esseva passatempos popular.{{Sfn|Casson|1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/everydaylifeinan00cass/page/98 98–108]}} Pro le ricos, le banchettos offereva un opportunitate pro divertimento, a vices con musica, dansa, e lectiones de poesia.{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|pp=350–352}} Le majoritate del populo, minus benestante, poteva gauder de banchettos simile per medio de collegios o associationes, ma pro le plus parte del romanos, mangiar pro placer significava visitar tavernas.{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|pp=350–352}} Le infantes se divertiva con jocos e jocas como le saltar super amicos (leapfrog).&lt;ref name=&quot;SPQR Online-1998&quot; /&gt;{{Sfn|Adkins|Adkins|1998|pp=350–352}}

Le jocos public e spectaculos esseva sponsorisate per romanos prominente qui voleva promover lor generositate e obtener favor popular; in Roma o su provincias, isto normalmente significava le imperator o su governatores. Locos specific pro le jocos public esseva construite in Roma e in le provincias. Le Colosseum de Roma esseva construite in 70 p.Chr. sub le imperator Vespasian e aperite in 80 p.Chr. pro hostar eventos e combatte de gladiatores. Le gladiatores combatteva a vices usque al morte, ma plus sovente usque a un victoria adjudicate, usualmente in accordo con le humor del multitud spectante. Spectaculos con animales exotic esseva popular in se mesme; ma a vices animales esseva collocate contra humanos, o professionales armate o criminales sin armas condamnate al morte public.

Le cursas de carros esseva extrememente popular inter tote le classes social. In Roma, iste cursas habeva loco normalmente in le Circus Maximus, que esseva construite specialmente pro cursas de carros e de cavallos e, como le plus grande spatio public de Roma, esseva usate etiam pro festivales e spectaculos con animales.&lt;ref&gt;[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/circusmaximus/circusmaximus.html Circus Maximus]. Encyclopedia Romana. University of Chicago. Retrieved 19 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Illo poteva accomodar circa 150,000 personas&lt;ref&gt;John Humphrey, ''Roman circuses: arenas for chariot racing'', University of California Press, 1986, p. 216.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Economia ==
[[File:Pompeii - Fullonica of Veranius Hypsaeus 1 - MAN.jpg|thumb|Travaliatores in un officina de tractamento de pannos, in un pictura del ''fullonica'' de Veranius Hypsaeus in Pompeii.]]

Roma commandava vaste territorios con multe recursos natural e human. Le economia restava basate sur [[Agricultura roman|agricultura]] e [[commercio]]. Grano de [[Sicilia]], [[Africa]] e [[Egypto]] alimentava Roma, durante que Italia exportava vino e oleo.

Le industria esseva limitate a extraction e atelieres. Le labor servile dominava: circa 20% del population del imperio (e 40% in Roma) esseva sclavos. Con le cessation del conquestas, sclavos deveniva plus car e le labor pagate plus competitive.

Le moneta roman era ben disveloppate: cupro, bronzo, argento e auro. Antea, le cupro se pesava a massa; postea appariva le as. Le denario esseva gradual debasate sub Nero.

Le commercio terrestre e maritim connecteva tote le [[Mar Mediterranee|Mediterraneo]]. Navigation esseva 60 vices plus cheap que transporte terrestre. Un viage de Gades a Alexandria prendeva minus que un mense.

=== Etate regia ===
Al initio del etate del ferro (9e seculo a.Chr.) le economia del populos del Italia central esseva basate quasi exclusivemente super le productos del pastoralis e del agricultura. Allevamento e agricultura representava le principal activitates economic etiam durante le periodo archaic o monarchic (ab le 8e al 6e seculo a.Chr.) del historia de Roma antique. Illo esseva un economia de subsistentia: le destination del productos esseva, in effecto, le autoconsumo familiar o tribal. Roma, totevia, se disveloppava gratias a su position in un area de frontiera, cioè le via commercial inter le citates etrusc e le colonias grec del Campania lungo le directrice nord-sud, e le “via del sal” (via Salaria) inter le fauce del Tiber e le communitates sabin e umbro-sabellic del Appennino central in direction ovest-est.

Le Tiber in le antiquitate constitueva le linea de demarcation inter duo areas con differentias distincte: illo etrusc al nord e illo latin al sud. Le sito ubi in le 8e seculo a.Chr. surse Roma esseva strategic economicamente, como puncto de incontro de vias commercial que se dirigeva in plure directiones. In particular, le controlo del trafficos ligate a un producto importante como le sal, proveniente del salinas al fauce del Tiber, constitueva le prime impulso pro le disveloppamento economic de Roma: le sal transiva, in effecto, per le citate pro esser transportate verso le interior, in territorio sabin, longo le percurso del via Salaria, cioè “via del sal”.

=== Etate republican ===
Como in grande parte del societates del mundo classic, etiam le economia del [[Republica Roman]] (del 5e al 1e seculo a.Chr.) esseva essencialmente, si non exclusivemente, basate super le production e le distribution de productos agricole (ma grande parte del production esseva destinate al autoconsumo). Le classe del aristocrates (patricios), que in iste periodo correspondeva etiam al strata social plus ric, esseva formate prevalentemente per grande proprietarios fundiari, qui se occupava personalmente del gestion del empresas agricole (villae rusticae). Solo in le etate republicane tarde comenciava a affirmar se economicamente le classe social del equites, que traheva su ricchessa non del agricultura, ma del commercio, del industrias e del finantia (exaction de taxas e prestitos a interesse).

==== Monetisation ====
Quando ab le baratto on passava a un prime systema monetari, le valor del unitate monetari, consistente in un certe quantitate de cupro o bronzo (aes rude), esseva stabilite equivalente a un ove o un bove. Postea le aes rude esseva substitute per le prime moneta de bronzo, le aes grave o asse librale (assí nominate proque illo pesava circa un libra). Con le apertura de Roma al commercio externe (in particular con Magna Grecia), in le 3e seculo a.Chr. appariva le prime monetas de argento, initialmente coniate per Cuma, usque quando Roma ipse comenciava a batter moneta: monetas de argento como le Denario e le Victoriato, e de auro como le Aureo, que se adjungeva a illos de bronzo (Asse). Le Sestertio durante le Republica esseva un parve moneta de argento con valor de 1/4 de denario (post le reforma monetari de Augusto illo designava in vice un moneta de cupro, o melio de auricalco). Le monetas plus precios esseva usate pro transactiones international, le minus valente pro le economia domestic. Le coherentia del systema esseva guarantee per cambios fixate: 1 Aureo = 25 Denarios = 100 Sestertios = 400 Asses. Le Stato durante tote le Republica ageva con prudentia e sagessa in le regulation del coniationes (quantitate de monetas emittite, lor peso e titulo).

=== Etate imperial ===
[[File:Map of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|right|Mappa del Periplo del Mar Erythrean: Commercio roman con le India secundo le ''Periplus Maris Erythraei'' e le relationes diplomatic sino-roman.]]
In le prime duo seculos del Imperio Roman, le disveloppamento de su economia se basava essencialmente super le conquestas militar, que apportava terras a distribuir al legionarios o al senatores ricos, mercantias a commerciar e sclavos a sfruttar in labores sin costo&lt;ref&gt;«Systema agrari-mercantil con base sclavista», con iste formula A. Schiavone defini le systema economico-social del prime era imperial de Roma antique (Momigliano e Schiavone, ''Storia di Roma'', Einaudi, 1988).&lt;/ref&gt;. Pro iste motivo le economia pareva prospere (“seculo de auro”). In realitate, illa remaneva in stato de stagnation, que deveniva decadentia (declino del production agricole e contraction del grande fluxos commercial) con le fin del phase del grande guerras de conquesta (198 p.Chr., conquesta de Ctesiphon, capital del imperio parthe). Le Imperio Roman non esseva capace de realisar un disveloppamento economic endogene (non dependente del conquestas) ni de compensar le augmento del costos del spesa public (principalmente exercito e bureaucratia) con un systema fiscal plus efficiente que oppressivo. Le grave crisi consequente portava gradualmente a decadentia, usque al cassa del parte occidental in le 5e seculo per obra del populos germanic&lt;ref&gt;Secundo A. Fusari, le systema economic del era imperial esseva destinate al stagnation viste que le duo elementos que lo componeva, le agricultura e le commercio, e su base energetic principal, le sclavos, non esseva integrate in un mercato unic como in le economia capitalista, e su alimentation non derivava si non in minima parte del surplus reinvestite in le mercato (accumulation endogene promovite per factores agente intra le systema), sed del affluxo de ressources externe (accumulation exogene), fructo del rapina, del guerras e del exploitation del provincias. In plus, le ordine equestre, que haberea potite opponer se al aristocratia terratenente e guerriera como classe social que basava su proprie poter, su proprie ricchessa e su proprie identitate de classe precisemente sur le developpamento de un systema interprendurial mercantilista e industrial, nunquam aspirava a substituer se al aristocratia in le acquisition del poter (como haberea facite un authentic classe burgese), sed a facer parte de illo, reinvestinte le surplus commercial in le acquisition de un rendita fundiari (A. Fusari, L'avventura umana, Seam, 2000).&lt;/ref&gt;.

In le prime etate imperial, le impulso date per forte urbanisation&lt;ref&gt;Le civilisation imperial esseva essentialmente un civilisation urban. In le citates populose del Imperio resideva le classes privilegiate. Specialmente in Occidente, le citate esseva ante toto un centro administrative, a transverso del qual on exerceva le controlo e le exploitation del region agricola circumvicin, sed illo esseva tamben le loco ubi le ricchessa producite esseva distribuite e consumite, e le centro de diffusion del modellos de comportamento del societate imperial (E. Lo Cascio, ''Roma imperiale. Una metropoli antica'', Carocci 2010)&lt;/ref&gt; e le securitate del lineas de traffico favoriva le expansion del commercio terrestre e maritim&lt;ref&gt;Da Narbona a Cartagine si impiegavano in media cinque giorni di navigazione, da Marsiglia ad Alessandria, invece, trenta ({{sfn|Ruffolo|p=130)}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Giorgio Ruffolo calcula in 4 miliardos de sestertios (un quinte del PIB total) le valor addite total del sector commercial in le prime seculo p.C. ({{sfn|Ruffolo|p=28}}).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gratias a un systema altemente organisate de transporto e vendita, se moveva liberemente de un angulo al altere del Imperio millenas de tonnas de productos: metallos extrahite in le regiones montaniose del Europa occidental: stagno ex Britannia, ferro ex Espania, plumbo ex Sardinia; pelles, pannos e bestial ex le districtos pastoral de Britannia, de Espania e ex le mercatos del Mar Nigre; vino ex Provenza, ex Aquitania, ex Italia, ex Creta, ex Numidia; oleo ex Africa e ex Espania; lardo ex Lucania; melle ex Attica; caseo ex Dalmatia; fructos sic, dactilos e prunas ex Syria; cavallos ex Sicilia e ex Numidia; ligno, pice e cera ex Russia meridional e ex le nord de Anatolia; marmore ex le litorales egee, ex Asia Minor, ex Egypto, ex le Pyreneos e anque ex le Mar de Marmara; e - le plus importante de totes - grano ex le districtos del Africa del nord, del Egypto, del Sicilia, del Thessalia e del valle del Danubio pro le necessitates del grande citates (H. St. L. B. Moss, ''The Birth of the Middle Ages'', p. 1).&lt;/ref&gt;: a Roma, per exemplo, se multiplicava botecas, empresas commercial a grande e parve scala, depositos, magazinos, corporationes de artesanos e transportatores. Le trafficos commercial attingeva le costas del Baltico, Arabia, India e China pro importar productos de luxo e prestigio a precios astronemic (al valor del mercantia se adjungeva le costos del transporto e un longe serie de taxas e pedaggios). Existiva un ligamine constante de importation via caravanas e commercio maritim con le regiones oriental, specialmente India e peninsula Arabic, unde veniva incenso, perfumes, perlas, gemmas, species, setas, carnes e pisces rare, fructos exotic, ebano, unguentos. Totevia, le effluxo de moneta in metallo precios pro iste productos de luxo habeva in le seculos sequente graves consequentias in le balancia commercial&lt;ref&gt;Plinio le Vetule calculava in 100 milliones de sestertios le summa que cata anno sortiva del Imperio pro pagar le mercantias pretiose: illo esseva un cifra vermente enorme, correspondente al recepta annual de tote le impostos indirecte e esseva equal a un quarte de tote le entratas del Imperio in le tempore de Vespasiano. (Plin. NH, XII, 84: ''minimaque computatione miliens centena milia sestertium annis omnibus India et Seres et paeninsula illa imperio nostro adimunt: tanti nobis deliciae et feminae constant. quota enim portio ex illis ad deos, quaeso, iam vel ad inferos pertinet?'').&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Necun aristocrate roman haberea unquam soniate de nominar &quot;consumos&quot; le activitates ligate al emption de productos de luxo o al generation de placeres. Le ideal del societate aristocratic roman esseva le ''otium'', non le travalio productive. On se occupava pauc del reproducibilitate del ressources usate: il habeva le sclavos e le legiones pro provider a isto. Tanto minus on se occupava del inequalitate del distribution del ressources: le societate roman, como tote le societates antique, esseva impietose e considerava natural que al concentration del ricchessas in multo pauc manos corresponderia le paupertate extreme del consumos del massas. Lo que importava non esseva tanto meliorar le production de ressources e distribuer los melior, quanto plus tosto le intensitate del placeres que on poteva traher de lor exploitation. ({{sfn|Ruffolo|p=64}}).&lt;/ref&gt;.

==== Aerarium militare e monetisation imperial ====
Le gigantesc apparato imperial comportava costos sempre plus alte. Augusto divideva le Imperio in provincias senatorie, cuje tributos entrava in le erario (antique cassa del Stato), e in provincias imperial, cuje entratas alimentava le fisco, cassa private del imperator, qui portava le oneros plus grave: exercito, bureaucratia e subsidios al plebe urban (distribution de frumento o moneta) pro evitar revoltas. Sub le successores de Augusto se creava confusione inter erario e fisco, a advantage de iste ultime. In ultra, pro le exercito on reservava un cassa special, le erario militare, ubi se accumulava fundos pro le pagamento del indemnitate al soldatos congedate&lt;ref&gt;Elio Lo Cascio, ''Le tecniche dell'amministrazione'', in ''Storia di Roma'', II.2, Einaudi, Torino, 1991, pp. 144-151.&lt;/ref&gt;. Le costo del exercito&lt;ref&gt;In le etate augustee, le costo del legiones esseva circa le medietate del dispensa public total, sed illo representava solmente le 2,5 per cento del PIB. In recompensa, esseva enorme le ricchessas que, gratias a su conquestas, afflueva al Stato e supertoto al privatos: auro, thesauros, terras, operas de arte. Durante multe annos, le ''tributum'' del 5 per cento del reddito imponibile instituite per Augusto pro financiar le defensa del Imperio poteva esser remittite al citatanos roman ({{sfn|Ruffolo|p=51}}).&lt;/ref&gt; esseva aggravate ancora per le uso, a partir de Claudio, de dar donativa al soldatos pro garantir lor fidelitate al momento del accession al throno. Addite al spesas inevitabile, le spreco del corte rendeva le finantias precari. Le decision de Augusto de consolidar le Imperio, con limites natural e secur, in vice de extender lo, dependeva etiam del conscientia que le ressources esseva limitate e incapace de sustener excessive esforços expansionistic&lt;ref&gt;Sulla strategia di conquista e consolidamento vd. Emilio Gabba, ''L'impero di Augusto'', in ''Storia di Roma'', II.2, Einaudi, Torino, 1991, pp. 13-17&lt;/ref&gt;. Le successores, excepte Trajano, non se allontanava multo del linea augustee. Trajano portava le Imperio a su maximo extension etiam pro attinger le minas de auro del Dacia e le controlo del vias caravaniere del Oriente: le beneficio esseva tamen solmente temporanee. A longe termino, le fin del politica expansionistic, le diminution del moneta circulante (minas produceva minus metallo que le demanda), le rarefication e consequentemente augmento de precio del sclavos, rendeva le spesas sempre plus insupportabile, durante que le pression fiscal se revelava inefficace. Le Stato cognosceva un sol medio de intervention que non augmentava le pression fiscal: le svalutation del moneta, per reduction del peso del monetas (Neron esseva le prime a facer isto pro sustener su politica de prestigio e grande spesas). Le consequentia, evidente in le Tardo Imperio, esseva un inflation galoppante.

== Technologia ==
[[File:Pont du Gard 3.jpg|thumb|right|Le Pont du Gard in Francia es un aquaducto roman construite in circa 19 a.Chr. Illo es un Sito del Patrimonio Mundial.]]
Roma antique possedeva impressionante realisationes technologic, utilisante multe inventiones que se perdeva durante le [[Medievo]] e non esseva rivalisate usque al 19e e 20e seculos. Un exemplo de isto es le vitros isolate, que non esseva reinventate usque al annos 1930. Multe innovationes practic del romanos esseva adoptate ab designos plus ancian del grecos. Le progressos esseva frequentemente dividite e basate super artesanias, e le artifexes protegava lor technicas como secretos de mestiero&lt;ref&gt;Ancient Roman laws protected against a person corrupting slaves to obtain secrets about the master's arts. {{Cite book |last=Zeidman |first=Bob |url=https://archive.org/details/softwareipdetect00zeid_321 |title=The Software IP Detective's Handbook: : Measurement, Comparison, and Infringement Detection |date=2011 |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-13-703533-5 |edition= |page=[https://archive.org/details/softwareipdetect00zeid_321/page/n129 103] |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Le ingenieria civil e militar roman formava un parte major del superioritate e hereditage technologic de Roma, e contribuiva al construction de centos de stratas, pontes, aqueductos, thermae public, theatros e arenas. Multe monumentos, tal como le [[Colosseo]], le Pont du Gard e le Panteon, remane hodie como testeminios del ingenieria e cultura roman.

Le romanos esseva renominate pro lor architectura, que es groupate con le traditiones grecas sub le titulo de architectura classic. Ben que multe differentias existeva inter architectura grec e roman, Roma mutuava multo de Grecia in su adhesion a designos strictemente formulari e proportionate. A parte de duo nove ordines de columnas – composite e tuscan – e del cupola, derivate del arc etrusc, Roma habeva relativemente poche innovationes architectonic usque al fin del Republica.

In le prime seculo a.Chr., le romanos comenciava a usar largemente le concreto roman. Le concreto esseva inventate in le fin del 3e seculo a.Chr. Illo era un cemento potente derivate del puteolano, e rapidemente supplanteva le marmore como principal material de construction roman, permittente formas architectonic audace&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Winter |first=Thomas Nelson |date=1979 |title=Roman Concrete: The Ascent, Summit, and Decline of an Art |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub/1 |journal=Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences |volume=7 |pages=137–143}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In le mesme periodo, [[Vitruvio]] scribeba ''[[De architectura]]'', forsan le prime tractato complete super architectura in le historia.

Le romanos etiam construeva multo con [[ligno]], lo que causava un rapide declino del silvas circa [[Roma]]. Le prime evidentias de commercio de ligno a longe distantia proveni del discoperta de tabulas de ligno, taliate inter 40 e 60 p.Chr., in le montes Jura in nord-est de [[Francia]], que finiva plus que 1,700 km lontan, in le fundationes de un portico luxuriose in un villa patrician in Roma central. On suppone que iste traves, circa 4 metros de longitude, esseva transportate via le [[Rheno]] e le Saona, trans le [[Mar Mediterranee|Mediterraneo]], e per le Tiber usque a Roma&lt;ref&gt;Choi, Charles Q. (4 December 2019). [https://www.insidescience.org/news/muddy-find-shows-how-foreign-timber-helped-build-ancient-rome &quot;Muddy Find Shows How Foreign Timber Helped Build Ancient Rome.&quot;] ''InsideScience.org''. Retrieved 22 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[File:Appia antica 2-7-05 048.jpg|thumb|left|Le Via Appia, un strata que connecte le citate de Roma con le partes meridional de Italia, remane usabile mesmo hodie.]]

Con solidas fundationes e bon escolamento&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Roman road system |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/Roman-road-system |access-date=19 August 2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;, le stratas roman esseva cognoscite pro lor durabilitate, e multe segmentos del systema stradal roman esseva ancora in uso mille annos post le cadita de Roma. Le construction de un vasta e efficiente rete de vias in tote le Imperio augmentava dramaticamente le potentia e influentia de Roma. Illas permitteva al legiones roman de mover se rapidemente, con tempos de marcha predictibile inter punctos clave del imperio, sin reguardo al saison{{Sfn|Keegan|1993|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofwarfare00keeg/page/303 303]}}. Iste vias habeva etiam enorme importantia economic, consolidante Roma como un cruciamento mercantil – le origine del dicto “tote le vias duce a Roma”. Le governamento roman manteneva un systema de stationes de reposo, cognoscite como ''cursus publicus'', e un systema de relaias a cavallo, permittente que messagerias poteva viagiar usque a 80 km per die.

Le romanos construiva numerose [[Aqueducto|aqueductos]] pro fornir aqua a citates, locos industrial e al agricultura. Per le tertie seculo, le urbe de Roma esseva fornite per 11 aqueductos con un longitude total de 450 km. Le romanos faceva etiam major progressos in sanitation. Illes esseva particularimente renominate pro lor thermas public, usate tanto pro hygienic como pro scopo social. Multe domos roman habeva latrinas con fluxo de aqua e tubatura interior, e un complexe systema de cloacas, le Cloaca Maxima, esseva usate pro exhaurir paludes e portar residuos al Tiber. Alcun historicos ha speculate que le tubos de plumb in le systemas de cloaca e tubatura causava un envenenamento largemente diffuse que contribuiva al caduida de Roma; tamen, le contento real de plumb probabilemente esseva minimal&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |publisher=Duckworth |isbn=978-0-7156-2194-3 |title=Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply |first=A.T. |last=Hodge |date=1992}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grout |first=James |title=Lead Poisoning and Rome |url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/wine/leadpoisoning.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120526104339/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/wine/leadpoisoning.html |archive-date=26 May 2012 |access-date=22 July 2011 |publisher=University of Chicago}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Vide etiam ==
* ''[[Ab Urbe condita]]'' (historia de Roma per [[Tito Livio]])

{{Ref}}

== Bibliographia ==
=== Fontes antique ===
Un numero satis importante de textos historic del Antiquitate, redigite in latino o in greco antique, nos ha pervenite per le intermediario de copias. Ben que lor contento es frequentemente questionabile, illos es un fonte major de information sur le historia politic del Roma antique. On pote citar, inter illos de quales le de sujecto es le plus general:
* Tito Livio, ''Historia roman''
:: Iste es un ovra monumental que retracia le historia de Roma depost su comenciamento usque al morte de Druso in le anno 9 a.Chr. Tamen, il nos resta solmente le prime libros, usque al guerras samnite, e depost le secunde guerra punic usque al battalia de Pydna in 168 a.Chr. Pro le periodos le plus antique, Tito Livio admitte que ille non pote distinguer inter le legenda e le realitate, sed ille es un fonte multo fidel a partir del 4e seculo a.Chr.
* Ciceron, ''Re le Republica''
:: Iste es un tractato in sex libros del philosopho roman que tracta super le institutiones e le governamento del Republica roman ante le crise del 1e seculo a.Chr. 
* Polybio, ''Historia general''
:: Fonte preciose sur le guerras punic e exposition del institutiones roman.
* Dio Cassio, ''Historia roman''
:: Ovra que retracia le historia de Roma depost le comenciamentos usque al anno 229 p.Chr., sed excepte fragmentos sur le comenciamentos del Republica, il nos resta solmente le ultime medietate, fidel, que tracta del guerras civile roman e del Imperio.
* Suetonio, ''Vita del Dece-duo Cesares''
:: Il se tracta del biographias del dece-duo prime imperatores de Roma, de Julio Cesar a Domitiano. Su ovra es satis fidel ben que ille se monstra a vices pauc critic e non hesita a colportar rumores e calumnias.
* Tacito, ''Historias'' e ''Annales''
:: Le Annales va de 14 a 68 e es in parte perdite. Le Historias va theoricamente de 68 a 96, sed solmente le parte que tracta del annos 69 e 70 es conservate.
Altere textos dona informationes preciose sur eventos precise. In plus, le litteratura latin, del qual on ha conservate numerose textos, forni numerose informationes sur le mentalitate e le historia cultural de Roma.

==== Obras general ====
* {{Cite book |last=Mommsen |first=Theodor |title=Histoire de la Rome antique |location=Paris |year=1863–1872 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dautry |first=Jean |last2=Hacquard |first2=Georges |last3=Maisani |first3=Olivier |title=Le Guide romain antique |publisher=Hachette |location=Paris |year=1952 |isbn=978-2-01-000488-9 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grimal |first=Pierre |title=La Civilisation romaine |publisher=Flammarion |location=Paris |year=1960 |isbn=978-2-08-081101-1 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Christol |first=Michel |last2=Nony |first2=Daniel |title=Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares |publisher=Hachette |location=Paris |year=1974 |isbn=978-2-01-000488-9 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jerphagnon |first=Lucien |title=Histoire de la Rome antique : Les armes et les mots |publisher=Fayard |location=Paris |year=1987 |isbn=978-2818500958 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Moatti |first=Claudia |title=À la recherche de la Rome antique |publisher=Gallimard |location=Paris |year=1989 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Le Bohec |first=Yann |last2=Le Glay |first2=Marcel |last3=Voisin |first3=Jean-Louis |title=Histoire romaine |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |location=Paris |year=2011 |isbn=978-2-13-058910-5 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cébeillac-Gervasoni |first=Mireille |title=Histoire romaine |publisher=Armand Colin |location=Paris |year=2006 |isbn=2-200-26587-5 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Beard |first=Mary |title=SPQR: histoire de l'ancienne Rome |publisher=Perrin |year=2016 |isbn=978-2-262-04871-6 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bourdin |first=Stéphane |last2=Virlouvet |first2=Catherine |last3=Cornette |first3=Joël |title=Rome naissance d'un empire, de Romulus à Pompée, 753-70 av. J.-C. |publisher=Éditions Belin |year=2021 |isbn=978-2-7011-6495-3 |language=fr}}

==== Monarchia e Republica ====
* {{Cite book |last=Hinard |first=François |title=La République romaine |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |location=Paris |year=2000 |isbn=2-13-044546-2 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Heurgon |first=Jacques |title=Rome et la Méditerranée occidentale jusqu'aux guerres puniques |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |location=Paris |year=1993 |isbn=2-13-045701-0 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Le Glay |first=Marcel |title=Rome, grandeur et déclin de la République |publisher=Perrin |location=Paris |year=1990 |isbn=978-2-262-01897-9 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nicolet |first=Claude |title=Rome et la conquête du monde méditerranéen, 264-27 av. J.-C. |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |location=Paris |year=2001 |isbn=978-2-13-051964-5 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Roman |first=Danièle |title=Rome : la République impérialiste (264-27 av. J.-C.) |publisher=Éditions Ellipses |location=Paris |year=2000 |isbn=978-2-7298-0425-1 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Briquel |first=Dominique |title=La Prise de Rome par les Gaulois |location=Paris |publisher=PUPS |year=2008 |language=fr}}

==== Imperio Roman ====
* {{Cite book |last=Grimal |first=Pierre |title=L'Empire romain |publisher=Fallois |location=Paris |year=1993 |isbn=978-2-253-06486-2 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |publisher=Le Seuil |location=Paris |year=1974 |isbn=978-2-02-002677-2 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Veyne |first=Paul |title=L'Empire gréco-romain |publisher=Le Seuil |location=Paris |year=2005 |isbn=978-2-02-057798-4 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ponthus |first=René |title=Atlas des Romains |publisher=Casterman |location=Bruxelles/Paris |year=2005 |isbn=2-203-11651-X |language=fr}}

==== Antiquitate tardive ====
* {{Cite book |last=Balard |first=Michel |last2=Genet |first2=Jean-Philippe |last3=Rouche |first3=Michel |title=Des Barbares à la Renaissance |publisher=Hachette |location=Paris |year=1973 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Peter |title=Genèse de l'Antiquité tardive |publisher=Gallimard |location=Paris |year=2001 |isbn=2070700267 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ducellier |first=Alain |last2=Kaplan |first2=Michel |last3=Martin |first3=Bernadette |title=Le Proche-Orient médiéval |publisher=Hachette |location=Paris |year=1978 |isbn=2-01-005523-3 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gibbon |first=Edward |title=Histoire de la décadence et de la chute de l'Empire romain |year=1828 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lançon |first=Bertrand |title=L'Antiquité tardive |publisher=Presses universitaires de France |location=Paris |year=1997 |isbn=2-13-048125-6 |language=fr}}

==== Societate roman ====
* {{Cite book |last=Andreae |first=Bernard |title=L’Art de l’ancienne Rome |publisher=Mazenod |location=Paris |year=1973 |isbn=978-2-85088-004-9 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bade |first=Christophe |title=La noblesse de l'Empire romain |publisher=Champ Vallon |location=Seyssel |year=2005 |isbn=978-2-87673-415-9 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Boissier |first=Gaston |title=La religion romaine d’Auguste aux Antonins |year=1909 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Breaugh |first=Martin |title=L'Expérience plébéienne |publisher=Payot &amp; Rivages |location=Paris |year=2007 |isbn=978-2-228-90260-1 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dumézil |first=Georges |title=Mythe et Épopée |publisher=Gallimard |location=Paris |year=1995 |isbn=978-2-07-073656-0 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Marrou |first=Henri-Irénée |title=Histoire de l’éducation dans l’Antiquité |publisher=Éditions du Seuil |location=Paris |year=1948 |isbn=978-2-02-006015-8 |language=fr}}

==== Institutiones politic ====
* {{Cite book |last=Mommsen |first=Theodor |title=Le droit public romain |location=Paris |year=1871–1892 |language=fr}}
* {{Cite book |last=Abbott |first=Frank Frost |title=A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions |publisher=Ginn &amp; Company |location=Boston |year=1901 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Byrd |first=Robert |title=The Senate of the Roman Republic |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-89875-393-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lintott |first=Andrew |title=The Constitution of the Roman Republic |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-926108-6 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Lily Ross |title=Roman Voting Assemblies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=1966 |isbn=978-0-472-08125-7 |language=en}}

==== Altere obras usate ====
* {{Cite book |last1=Adkins |first1=Lesley |author-link=Roy and Lesley Adkins |author-link2=Roy and Lesley Adkins |title=Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome |last2=Adkins |first2=Roy A. |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512332-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cary |first=Max |title=A History of Rome Down to the Reign of Constantine |year=1967 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite book |last=Casson |first=Lionel |url=https://archive.org/details/everydaylifeinan00cass |title=Everyday Life in Ancient Rome |year=1998 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-5992-2 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cornell |first=Tim J. |title=The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.&amp;nbsp;1000–264 BC) |year=1995 |publisher=Routledge |author-link=Tim Cornell |oclc=31515793}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Duiker |first1=William |author-link=William J. Duiker |url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryto1500duik |title=World History |last2=Spielvogel |first2=Jackson |author-link2=Jackson J. Spielvogel |year=2001 |publisher=Wadsworth |isbn=978-0-534-57168-9 |edition=3rd |ol=6786176M}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Durant |first1=Will |title=The Story of Civilization |volume=III: Caesar and Christ |title-link=The Story of Civilization |last2=Durant |first2=Ariel |year=1944 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-56731-023-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Elton |first=Hugh |title=Warfare in Roman Europe AD 350–425 |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-815241-5}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_s0h2 |title=The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-00390-2 |editor-last=Flower |editor-first=Harriet I.}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGxiE6jvzOcC |title=A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution |year=1989 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-17728-4 |editor-last=Furet |editor-first=François |editor-link=François Furet |editor-last2=Ozouf |editor-first2=Mona |editor-link2=Mona Ozouf}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian Keith |title=The Roman Army at War: 100 BC – AD 200 |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-815057-2 |author-link=Adrian Goldsworthy}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian Keith |title=The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC |year=2006 |publisher=Phoenix |isbn=978-0-304-36642-2 |author-link=Adrian Goldsworthy}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grant |first=Michael |title=Cities of Vesuvius: Pompeii and Herculaneum |year=2005 |publisher=Phoenix Press |isbn=978-1-898800-45-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=Richard |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientworld0000unse |title=The Ancient World |year=1971 |publisher=David McKay Company, Inc. |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kaldellis |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Kaldellis |title=The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium |year=2023 |location=New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197549322.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-754932-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Keegan |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwarfare00keeg |title=A History of Warfare |year=1993 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=978-0-394-58801-8}}
* [[Livy]]. ''The Rise of Rome, Books 1–5,'' translated from [[Latin]] by T.J. Luce, 1998. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-1928-2296-9}}.
* {{Cite book |last1=Luckham |first1=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDnAAAAIAAJ |title=Democratization in the South: The Jagged Wave |last2=White |first2=Gordon |year=1996 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-4942-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mackay |first=Christopher S. |title=Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80918-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Matyszak |first=Philip |title=Chronicle of the Roman Republic |year=2003 |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-500-05121-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Miles |first=Richard |title=Carthage Must be Destroyed |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-101809-6 |author-link=Richard Miles (historian)}}
* {{Cite book |last=O'Connell |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/ofarmsmenhisto00ocon |title=Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons, and Aggression |year=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-505359-3 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Rochette |first=Bruno |year=2011 |chapter=Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444343397.ch30 |title=A Companion to the Latin Language |pages=549–563 |doi=10.1002/9781444343397.ch30 |hdl=2268/35932 |isbn=978-1-4051-8605-6 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rochette |first=Bruno |year=2018 |title=Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate? |url=https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1418/90426 |journal=Lingue e Linguaggio |issue=1/2018 |pages=107–128 |doi=10.1418/90426 |issn=1720-9331}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rochette |first=Bruno |title=The Attitude of the Roman Emperors towards Language Practices |journal=Social Factors in the Latinization of the Roman West |year=2023 |pages=258–285 |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198887294.003.0012 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/55330/chapter/428805545 |editor-last=Mullen |editor-first=Alex |access-date=22 December 2023 |edition=1 |publisher=Oxford Academic |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-888729-4 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Scarre |first=Chris |title=The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome |year=1995 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-051329-5}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Scheidel |first1=Walter |title=The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World |last2=Saller |first2=Richard P. |last3=Morris |first3=Ian |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author-link=Walter Scheidel |isbn=978-0-521-78053-7 |ol=16929915W}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sellers |first=Mortimer N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7lgzjettgC |title=American Republicanism: Roman Ideology in the United States Constitution |year=1994 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-8005-3}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Taagepera |first=Rein |author-link=Rein Taagepera |year=1979 |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600&amp;nbsp;B.C. to 600&amp;nbsp;A.D. |journal=Social Science History |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |pages=115–138 |doi=10.2307/1170959 |jstor=1170959 |issn=0145-5532}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Turchin |first1=Peter |author-link1=Peter Turchin |last2=Adams |first2=Jonathan M. |last3=Hall |first3=Thomas D. |year=December 2006 |title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires |journal=Journal of World-Systems Research |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=222 |issn=1076-156X |doi=10.5195/JWSR.2006.369 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ward-Perkins |first=John Bryan |url=https://archive.org/details/romanimperialarc00jbwa |title=Roman Imperial Architecture |year=1994 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-05292-3 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Werner |first=Paul |title=Life in Rome in Ancient Times |year=1978 |publisher=Editions Minerva S.A. |others=translated by David Macrae}}
* {{Cite book |last=Willis |first=Roy |title=World Mythology: The Illustrated Guide |year=2000 |publisher=Ken Fin Books |isbn=978-1-86458-089-1}}

== Ligamines externe ==
{{Commons|Category:Ancient Rome}}
* {{ia}} [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/cultura-classic/ Cultura classic (Vicente Costalago)]

{{Roma antique}}

[[Categoria:Historia de Roma]]
[[Categoria:Roma antique| ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="728" sha1="lhaggr0iwb3x0xzbtkj8wnlsamxh220" xml:space="preserve">__NOINDEX__&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;{{#babel:ko|en-3|ia-0}} [[File:Revi wikimedia image.jpg|thumb|center|middle|If you are here to talk about CommonsDelinker removing a deleted image, please [[:c:User talk:Revi C.|go here]].]]
Hello! I am [[:m:User:Revi C.|revi]]. I edit to [[m:SWMT|revert vandals]], do Wikidata stuff&lt;!--(I am a Wikidata Admin! &lt;small&gt;([{{fullurl:wikidata:Special:ListUsers/Revi C.|limit=1}} Verify])&lt;/small&gt;)--&gt;, or do [[:c:COM:FR|Commons Filemoving stuff]] (I am Commons Admin too! &lt;small&gt;([{{fullurl:c:Special:ListUsers/Revi C.|limit=1}} Verify])&lt;/small&gt;). Come to [[:m:User:Revi C.|my Meta userpage]] or [[:c:User:Revi C.|my Commons userpage]] for more information. Thank you.&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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[[File:Stamp Soviet Union 1948 CPA 1246.jpg|thumb|upright|]]
'''''Le Manifesto communista''''' (''Das Kommunistische Manifest''), originalmente titulate '''''Manifesto del partito communista''''' (in lingua german ''Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei''), es un curte publication ab 1848 componite per le theoristas politic [[Karl Marx]] e [[Friedrich Engels]]. Illo era recognoscite como un del maxime influential manuscriptos del mundo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Seymour-Smith|first=Maerin|title=The 100 Most Influential Books Ever Written: The History of Thought from Ancient Times to Today|publisher=Citadel Press|location=Secaucus, NJ|year=1998}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commissionate per le [[Liga communista]], illo establi le scopos e programma del Liga. Illo presenta un approche analytic al [[bello del classes]] (historic e presente) e le problemas del capitalismo, in vice de un prediction del formas potential del communismo.&lt;ref&gt;The Great Philosophers, by Jeremy Stangroom and James Garvey, Arcturus 2005/ 2008 {{ISBN|978-1-84837-018-0}}, pp160 UKP9.99&lt;/ref&gt;

Le libro contine theorias per Marx Engels re le natura de societate e politica, que secundo lor proprie parolas: &quot;Le historia del tote adhuc existente societates es le historia del guerra del classes&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifesto_ch1&quot; /&gt; Illo etiam brevemente tracta lor ideas re como le societate capitalista del epocha eventualmente sera reimplaciate per socialismo, e postea eventualmente communismo.

==Autorato==
Friedrich Engels era subinde creditate in componer le prime minutas que duceva al ''Manifesto communista''. In julio 1847, Engels era eligite in le Liga communista, ubi ille era assignate schizzar catechismo. Isto deveniva le ''Minuta de un confession communista de fide.'' Le minuta contineva quasi duo dozenas de questiones que exprimeva le ideas de ambe Engels e Karl Marx in iste tempore. In octobre 1847, Engels componeva su secunde minuta pro le Liga communista titulate ''Le principios de communismo.'' Le texto remaneva non publicate usque 1914, in despecto de su base pro ''Le Manifesto.'' Ab le minutas per Engels, Marx era capace scriber, semel commissionate per le Liga communista, ''Le Manifesto communista,'' ubi ille combinava plus ab su ideas ensemble con le minutas e opera per Engels, ''Le condition del classe laborante in Anglaterra.''&lt;ref&gt;Marx's General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels, by Tristram Hunt, Metropolitan Books 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8050-8025-4}},pg. 142-44&lt;/ref&gt;

Quanquam ambe nomines de Engels e Karl Marx appare super le pagina titulo al latere del &quot;persistente assumption de co-autorato&quot;, Engels, in le prefacio del introduction al edition german de 1883 del Manifesto, assereva que le ''Manifesto'' era &quot;essentialmente le opera per Marx&quot; e que &quot;le pensata de base... pertine solo e exclusivemente a Marx.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Marx and Engels, ''The Communist Manifesto'', introduction by Martin Malia (New York: Penguin group, 1998), pg. 35 {{ISBN|0-451-52710-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Engels scribeva post le morte de Marx, {{Cita|Io non pote negar que, e ante e dum mi collaboration de quaranta annos con Marx, io habeva un certe portion independente in establir le fundationes del theoria, sed le maxime grande parte de su major principios de base pertine ad Marx... Marx era genio; nos alteres al plus talentate. Sin ille le theoria non serea tanto disveloppate como illo es nunc. Illo tunc con ration porta su nomine.&lt;ref&gt;Marx's General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels, by Tristram Hunt, Metropolitan Books 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8050-8025-4}},pg. 117&lt;/ref&gt;}}

In despecto del modestia de Engels in iste duo citationes, in facto ille faceva major contributiones al Manifesto, incipente con le suggestion derelinquer «le forma de un catechismo e titular lo le Manifesto communista». Preterea, Engels jungeva Marx in Brussel pro le composition del Manifesto. Il non ha prova de qual contributiones sue al final scripto era, ma le Manifesto porta le marca del stylo plus rhetoric de Marx. Tamen, il sembla clar que le contributiones de Engels justifica le apparition de su nomine super le pagina titulo apud iste de Marx.&lt;ref&gt;''The Life and Thought of Friedrich Engels: A Reinterpretation'', by J.D. Hunley, Yale University Press 1991 {{ISBN|0-300-04923-4}},pg. 65–79 (quotation pg. 66) pro un extendite discussion del contributiones de ambe viros.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia textual ==
''Le Manifesto communista'' era primo publicate in lingua german in London per un gruppo de refugiatos politic german in 1848. Illo era etiam episodiate circum le mesme tempore in un jornal londonian in lingua german, le ''Deutsche Londoner Zeitung''.&lt;ref&gt;Kuczynski, Thomas, ''Das kommunistische Manifest (Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei) von Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels: von der Erstausgabe zur Leseausgabe, mit einer Editionsbericht'' (Trier, 1995).&lt;/ref&gt; Le prime traduction in lingua anglese era producite per [[Helen Macfarlane]] in 1850, e le libro era primo publicate in le Statos unite de America per [[Stephen Pearl Andrews]].&lt;ref&gt;Riggenbach, Jeff (1 April 2011) [http://mises.org/daily/5161/Stephen-Pearl-Andrewss-Fleeting-Contribution-to-Anarchist-Thought Stephen Pearl Andrews's Fleeting Contribution to Anarchist Thought] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513050848/http://mises.org/daily/5161/Stephen-Pearl-Andrewss-Fleeting-Contribution-to-Anarchist-Thought |date=2014-05-13 }}, [[Mises Institute]]&lt;/ref&gt; Le ''Manifesto'' passava tra multe editiones ab 1872 usque 1890; notabile nove prefacios era scribite per Marx e Engels pro le edition german de 1872, le edition russe de 1882, le edition francese de 1883 e le edition anglese de 1888. Le [[s:Manifesto of the Communist Party|edition de 1910]], traducite per Samuel Moore con le auxilio de Engels, es le maxim communmente usate texto anglese depost tunc.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels ; ed. and intro. by Jeffrey C. Isaac et al.|title=The Communist manifesto|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=9780300123029|url=http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/excerpts/marx_communist.pdf|author=Professor Jeffrey C. Isaac (Editor)|accessdate=20 January 2013|page=2|chapter=Introduction|date=8 June 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318153733/http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/excerpts/marx_communist.pdf |date=18 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tamen, alicun recente editiones anglese, como iste del annotate &quot;road map&quot; (carta de itinere) per Phil Gasper ([[Haymarket Books]], 2006), usava un texto tenuemente modificate in responsa al criticas contra le traduction per Moore enunciate per [[Hal Draper]] in su historia del ''Manifesto'' publicate in 1994, ''The Adventures of the &quot;Communist Manifesto&quot;''(Le aventuras del Manifesto communista), (Center for Socialist History, 1994).

In le fin del anno 2010, [http://www.redquillbooks.com/ Red Quill Books] annunciava le publication de un moderne, illustrate version  [http://www.redquillbooks.com/Communist_Manifesto.html &quot;comic book&quot; (banda designate)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222184908/http://www.redquillbooks.com/Communist_Manifesto.html |date=2014-02-22 }} del Manifesto communista in quatro partes.&lt;ref&gt;Susan Polo. 20 December 2010. &quot;The Communist Manifesto: The Comic Book&quot; http://www.geekosystem.com/the-communist-manifesto-the-comic-book/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213083911/http://www.geekosystem.com/the-communist-manifesto-the-comic-book/ |date=2014-02-13 }} Accessed 20 February 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jamie Long. 29 December 2010. &quot;Communist Manifesto to get Comic Books Treatment&quot; Toronto Sun. http://www.torontosun.com/news/weird/2010/12/29/16703416.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Contento ==

Le ''Manifesto'' es dividite per un introduction, tres substantial sectiones, e un conclusion.

=== Introduction ===
Le preambulo al texto principal del Manifesto assere que le continente de Europa time le «spectro del communismo» e que le poteres del vetere Europa uni se in un «sancte alliantia [lequal intende] exorcisar iste spectro». Marx hic refere non solo al domos de poter e aristocratias terren - le burgesia - sed etiam ad diverse factiones como le papato  e le emergente mundo corporative.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifesto_intro&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Marx|Engels|1848|loc=Introduction}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Marx declara que «Il es grande tempore que le communistas debe coram, al facie del integre mundo, publicar lor vistas, lor scopos, lor tendentias e concurrer iste conto infantin del spectro del communismo per manifesto del partito ipse».&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifesto_intro&quot; /&gt;

=== I. Burgeses e proletarios ===
Le prime capitulo del ''Manifesto'', «Burgeses e proletarios», examina le conception marxista del historia, con le idea initial asserente que «Le historia de omne adhuc existente societate es le historia del bello del classes.»&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifesto_ch1&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Marx|Engels|1848|loc=Chapter One}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Illo continua dicente que in capitalismo, le classe operose, [[proletariato]], contende in le bello del classes contra le dominos del instrumentos de production, le [[burgesia]], e que iste passate bello del classes claudeva sia per revolution lequal restructurava societate, sia per «commun ruina del contendente classes»&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifesto_ch1&quot; /&gt;

Illo continua adjungente que le burgesia exploita le proletariato per le «constante revolutionisamento de production [e] ininterrumpite turbation de omne conditiones social.»&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifesto_ch1&quot; /&gt;

Le Manifesto explica que le ration pro lequal le burgesia existe e exploita le proletariato per su basse salarios es le [[proprietate private]], «le accumulation de opulentia in manos private, le formation e accrescimento de capital»,&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifesto_ch1&quot; /&gt; e que competition inter le proletariato crea bello de labor, lequal es appoiate integremente super le competition inter le laboratores.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifesto_ch1&quot; /&gt;

Iste section explica in plus que le proletarios eventualmente elevara se al poter tra bello del classes: le [[burgesia]] constantemente exploita le proletariato pro su labor manual e vil salarios, ultimemente pro crear profito pro le burgeses; le proletariato eleva se al poter tra revolution contra le burgesia como tumultos o creation de uniones. Le Manifesto communista affirma que dum il ha adhuc bello de classes in le societate, capitalismo sera subvertite per proletariato solo pro itero inciper in le proxime futuro; ultimemente communismo es le clave pro equalitate del classes inter le cives de Europa.

=== II. Proletarios e communistas ===
Le secunde section, «Proletarios e communistas», incipe asserente que le relation de conscie communistas con le ceterum del classe operose, declarante que illi non formara un partito separate lequal oppone altere partitos del classe operose, exprimera le interesses e general voluntate del proletariato qua ensemble, e distinguera se ab altere partitos del classe operose per semper exprimente le commun interesse del integre proletariato independentemente de omne [[nationalitate|nationalitates]] e representante le interesses del movimento qua collectivo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifesto_ch2&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Marx|Engels|1848|loc=Chapter Two}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Le section continua defendente communismo ab varie objectiones, como le pretension que communistas favorea «[[amor libere]]», e le pretension que homines non volera operar in un societate communista nam ili non habera incentivo  pro laborar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifesto_ch2&quot; /&gt; Le section claude delineante exigentias a termino curte:


{{div col|colwidth=40em}}
# Abolition del [[proprietate de terra|proprietates de terra]] e application de omne [[location|locationes]] de terra pro scopos public.
# Un pesante [[imposto progressive|progressive]] o graduate imposto sur le receptas.
# Abolition de omne derectos de [[hereditage]].
# [[Confiscation]] del proprietate de omne [[Emigration|emigratos]] e [[Rebellion|rebellos]].
# Centralisation del [[Credito (finance)|credito]] intra le manos del [[Soveran stato|Stato]], per medio de un [[banca national]] con [[Capital (economia)|capital]] de stato e un exclusive [[monopolio]].
# Centralisation del medios de communication e transporto intra le manos del Stato.
# Extension del manufacturas e [[medios de production|instrumentos de production]] pertinente al Stato; le [[cultivation|cultivation]] del [[wikt:terras inculte|terras inculte]], e le melioration del [[solo]] generalmente in conformitate con un [[Scientia agricole|plano commun]].
# Equal [[Responsabilitate legal|responsabilitate]] pro omnes al labor. Establimento de [[armea|armeas]] industrial, specialmente pro agricultura.
# Combination de agricultura con [[Industria|industrias]] de fabrication; gradual abolition del distinction inter burgo e campania, per plus equitabile [[densitate de population|distribution del population]] tra le pais.
# [[Education gratuite]] pro omne infantes in [[Schola public school (financiate per le governamento)|scholas public]]. Abolition del [[Labor del infantes|labor del infantes in manufacturas]] in su forma presente e combination del education con production industrial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/61|title=The Communist Manifesto at Project Gutenberg |accessdate=24 January 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{div col end}}

Le implementation de iste politicas serea, secundo Marx e Engels, precursor del [[societate sin classe]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifesto_ch2&quot; /&gt; e sin stato (apatride).
In un controversial passage illi suggere que le &quot;proletariato&quot; poterea in competition con le burgesia esser obligate organisar se qua classe, formar un revolution, facer se un classe dirigente, scopar le vetere conditiones de production, e in iste scalon haber abolite su proprie suprematia qua classe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifesto_ch2&quot; /&gt; Iste conto del transition ab socialismo ad communismo era criticate particularmente dum e post le era sovietic.


=== III. Litteratura socialista e communista ===
Le tertie section, «Litteratura socialista e communista», distingue communismo ab altere doctrinas socialista prevalente in iste tempore dum lequal le ''Manifesto'' era componite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifesto_ch3&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Marx|Engels|1848|loc=Chapter Three}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Dum le grado de reproche de Marx e Engels verso perspectivas rival varia, omnes son dimittite pro favorar [[reformismo]] e fiascar in recognoscer le rolo preeminente del classe operose.


=== IV. Position del communistas in relation con le varie partitos de opposition ===
The concludente section, «Position del communistas in relation con le varie partitos de opposition», brevemente discute le position communista re bellos in paises specific in le dece-none seculo como Francia, Suissia, Polonia e Germania, e declara que Germania es «in le die ante un revolution burgese»,&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifesto_ch4&quot; /&gt; e predice que un revolution mundial tosto sequera.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifesto_ch4&quot; /&gt; Illo tunc claude declarante un alliantia con le [[Democratia social|socio-democratas]], harditemente supportante altere revolutiones communista, e vocante le proletarios al action, finiente per le crito de rejunction del communismo: «[[Laboratores del mundo, uni vos!]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifesto_ch4&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Marx|Engels|1848|loc=Chapter Four}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Reception==

===Laudation===
Le [[unda revolutionari]] [[Revolutiones european de 1848|tra Europa in 1848]], lequales incipeva in [[Revolution francese de 1848|Francia in februario]] e mox diffundeva se in le majoritate de Europa e partes de America latin,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Merriman |first=John M. |authorlink=John M. Merriman |title=A History of Modern Europe. Volume 2: From the French Revolution to the Present |location=New York |publisher=[[W. W. Norton &amp; Company|Norton]] |year=1996 |page=715 |isbn=0-393-96928-2 |oclc=152762820 }}&lt;/ref&gt; debeva nihil al ''Manifesto communista'', sed intra un anno le revolutiones collabeva.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Eyck |first1=Frank |last2=Evans |first2=Robert John Weston |authorlink2=Robert John Weston Evans |last3=von Strandmann |first3=Hartmut Pogge |title=The Revolutions in Europe  1848–1849: From Reform to Reaction |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2000 |volume=4 |isbn=0-19-820840-5 |oclc=4669489521 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Posteriormente, autoritates traditional trovava in le ''Manifesto communista'' e su contento bon excusa pro ager contra su scriptores. Consequentemente, Marx e su uxor era arrestate e expellite ab [[Belgia]], le jornal quotidian german publicate per Marx in [[Colonia]] inter 1 junio 1848 e 19 maio 1849, ''[[Neue Rheinische Zeitung|Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Organ der Demokratie]]'', era supprimite,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Marx |first=Karl |authorlink=Karl Marx |title=The Summary Suppression of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung |journal=Neue Rheinische Zeitung |issue=301 |date=19 May 1849 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Marx |first1=Karl |authorlink1=Karl Marx |last2=Engels |first2=Friedrich |authorlink2=Friedrich Engels |title=Marx-Engels Collected Works |volume=Volume 9 |chapter=The Summary Suppression of the ''Neue Rheinische Zeitung'' |location=New York |publisher=[[International Publishers]] |year=1977 |pages=451–453 }}&lt;/ref&gt; e Marx ipse era expellite ab Germania e Francia, e, in augusto 1849 ille refugiava se in London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wheen |first=Francis |authorlink=Francis Wheen |title=Karl Marx: A Life |location=New York |publisher=[[W. W. Norton &amp; Company|Norton]] |year =2001 |origyear=1999 |edition=1st American ed. |pages=147–148 |isbn=978-0-393-32157-9 |oclc=48001599 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Watson (intellectual historian) |title=The German Genius: Europe's Third Renaissance, the Second Scientific Revolution, and the Twentieth Century |date=22 June 2010 |location=&quot;New York |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=0-06-076022-2 |oclc=456179681 |pages=250–... }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Carter |first1=John |authorlink1=John Carter (author) |last2=Muir |first2=Percy H. |title=[[Printing and the Mind of Man|Printing and the Mind of Man: A Descriptive Catalogue Illustrating the Impact of Print on the Evolution of Western Civilization During Five Centuries]] |publisher=London: [[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell]]; New York: [[Holt McDougal|Holt, Rinehart &amp; Winston]] |year=1967 |page=236 |oclc=576854 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Un certe numero de scriptores del 21me seculo commentava re le continue pertinentia del ''Manifesto communista'''. Le docto John Raines, scribente in 2002, notava que &quot;In nostre die, iste Revolution capitalista attingeva le maxime remote angulos del terra. Le instrumento del pecunia produceva le miraculo del nove mercato global e le omnipresente centro de compras. Lege le ''Manifesto communista'', scribite ante plus que cento-cinquanta annos, e vos discoperira que Marx prevideva lo integremente.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Raines, John. 2002. &quot;Introduction&quot;. ''Marx on Religion'' (Marx, Karl). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Page 05.&lt;/ref&gt; Scribente in 2003, le marxista anglese [[Chris Harman]] describeva le obra, affirmante:

{{Cita|Il ha ancora un qualitate compulsive in su prosa como illo provide perspicacia post perspicacia intra le societate in lequal nos vive, ubi illo era e ubi illo va. Illo es itero capace explicar, dum economistas e sociologos del pensata majoritari non lo pote, le hodierne mundo de today's world of recurrente bellos e repetite crises economic, de fame pro centos de milliones in un mano e &quot;superproduction&quot; in le altere. Il ha passages lequales haberea potite exhaurite ab le maxim recente scripturas re globalisation.&lt;ref&gt;Harman, Chris. 2010. &quot;The Manifesto and the World of 1848&quot;. ''The Communist Manifesto'' (Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich). Bloomsbury, London: Bookmarks. Page 03.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Le continue pertinentia del theorias marxista trovate intra le texto era etiam supportate per le docto marxista Alex Callinicos, editor del jornal ''[[International Socialism (magazine)|International Socialism (Socialismo international)]]'', lequal assereva que &quot;Isto es quidem manifesto pro le 21me seculo.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Callinicos, Alex. 2010. &quot;The Manifesto and the Crisis Today&quot;. ''The Communist Manifesto'' (Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich). Bloomsbury, London: Bookmarks. Page 08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Scribente in ''[[The London Evening Standard]]'' le 23 april, Andrew Neather citava le re-edition del Manifesto communista per Verso Books de 2012, con introduction per [[Eric Hobsbawm]], como parte de resurgentia de ideas levorso lequales include le publication del optime venditor Chavs per [[Owen Jones (scriptor)|Owen Jones]]: The Demonization of the Working Class, e le documentario per [[Jason Barker]]: Marx Reloaded.&lt;ref name=&quot;The London Evening Standard&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/the-marx-effect-7669766.html | title=The Marx effect | work=[[The London Evening Standard]] | date=23 April 2012 | accessdate=8 May 2012 | archivedate=14 January 2013 | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130114022733/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/the-marx-effect-7669766.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;


In junio 2013, le manuscripto del Manifesto communista insimul con Das Kapital, Volumine I es registrate in Memory of the World Programme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Schriften von Karl Marx: &quot;Das Manifest der Kommunistischer Partei&quot; (1848) und &quot;Das Kapital&quot; ernster Band (1867) |url=http://www.unesco.de/8005.html |accessdate=2014-03-19 |archivedate=2013-07-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706182137/http://www.unesco.de/8005.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Criticas===


Le [[Revisionismo (Marxismo)|revisionista 
marxista]] e [[Reformismo|reformista]] socialista [[Eduard Bernstein]] distingueva inter prime marxismo qua su forma «immatur»: como lo attesta le ''Manifesto communista'' componite per Marx e Engels in lor juventute, quem ille opponeva a lo quem ille considerava como su violente [[Blanquism|blanquista]] tendentias; e plus tarde marxismo qua su forma «matur» quem ille susteneva.&lt;ref name=&quot;Steger, Manfred B. 1997. pg. 236-237&quot;&gt;Steger, Manfred B. ''The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein And Social Democracy''. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1997. pg. 236-237.&lt;/ref&gt; Iste «matur» forma de marxismo refere ad Marx in su vita ulterior recognoscente que socialismo poterea esser attingite per medios pacific tra reforma legislative in societates democratic.&lt;ref&gt;Micheline R. Ishay. The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era. Berkeley and Lose Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press, 2008. P. 148.&lt;/ref&gt;


Bernstein declarava que le massive [[homogenee]] classe operose revindicate in le ''Manifesto communista'' non existeva, e que contrarimente ad pretensiones de un majoritate proletari que  emergerea, le classe medie cresceva sub capitalismo e non dispareva como Marx lo prescribeva. Bernstein notava que le classe operose non era homogenee sed heterogenee, con divisiones e factiones intra illo, includente syndicatos socialista e non-socialista. Marx ipse ulteriormente in su vita recognosceva que le classe medie non dispareva, in su obra ''[[Theorias del plusvalor]]'' (1863). Tamen, a causa del popularitate del ''Manifesto communista'' e le obscuritate del ''Theorias del plusvalor'', le recognition de Marx re iste error non es ben cognite.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Harrington. ''Socialism: Past and Future''. Reprint edition of original published in 1989. New York, New York, USA: Arcade Publishing, 2011. Pp. 249-250.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[George Boyer]] describeva le ''Manifesto'' qua &quot;permulto un film de epocha, very much a period piece, un documentari de lo quem on nominava le 'famelic' annos 1840.&quot;&lt;ref name = &quot;Boyer 1998 151&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Boyer|1998|p=151}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Etiam consulta==
* [[Anti-capitalismo]]
* [[Erwin Schulhoff]] (creaava un version musical del ''Manifesto communista'')
* [[Lista del currente communista statos]]
* [[Neue Rheinische Zeitung]]
* [[Sclavitude del salario]]
* ''[[Spectros de Marx]]'' (obra per Jacques Derrida inspirate del ''Manifesto communista'')

==Referentias==
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{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P298 ?iso3 } 
|columns=item,P474,P298,P984,P41,P94,label,P242,P300,P30,P31,description
|sort=P474
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{| class='wikitable sortable'
! item
! prefixo telephonic international
! ISO 3166-1 alpha-3
! codigo de pais per IOC
! imagine del bandiera
! imagine del scuto
! label
! position geographic
! ISO 3166-2
! continente
! instantia de
! description
|-
| [[:d:Q2895|Q2895]]
| 
| BYS
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1951–1991).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1981–1991).svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q2895|Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]]''
| [[File:Byelorussian SSR in the Soviet Union.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5689|Q5689]]
| 
| ALA
| 
| [[File:Flag of Åland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Åland.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q5689|Åland]]''
| [[File:Ahvenanmaa sijainti Suomi.svg|center|48px]]
| FI-01
| 
| ''[[:d:Q193512|region of Finland]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q782614|autonomous region]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q15180|Q15180]]
| 
| SUN
| URS
| [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1922–1923).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Soviet Union (1923–1936).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Union Sovietic]]
| [[File:Soviet Union on the globe (Soviet Union centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Asia]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16645|Q16645]]
| 
| UMI
| 
| [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Insulas minor peripheric del Statos Unite]]
| [[File:United States Minor Outlying Island in Oceania (small islands magnified).svg|center|48px]]
| US-UM
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q1402592|island group]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15042037|statistical territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4d80a9e7ddc84c2bda41cb23318f27faf6fe7628d4c9954662c5c77f43af71a8&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:US&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q23408|Q23408]]
| 
| BVT
| 
| [[File:Flag of Norway.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Insula de Bouvet]]
| [[File:PAT - Bouvet.gif|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Antarctica]]
| [[insula]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5260616|dependency of Norway]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q25227|Q25227]]
| 
| ANT&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bf25a9001b8462c071bbee32380ffaa44c643c8b3b5593348fbfcea6e912638a&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/iso_3166-3_newsletter_i-6.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| AHO
| [[File:Flag of the Netherlands Antilles (1986–2010).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Netherlands Antilles (1986-2010).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Antillas Nederlandese]]
| [[File:Kingdom of the Netherlands in its region (Caribbean special).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q15304003|pais del Regno del Paises Basse]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q31063|Q31063]]
| 
| CXR
| 
| [[File:Flag of Christmas Island.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Insula de Natal]]
| [[File:Christmas Island on globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;[[insula]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11687019|external territory of Australia]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q37024|Q37024]]
| 
| SCG&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a998332fc626f8b32ec1bc2e0ca26894f577cc645a6f823d717ad80c0c92bc11&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/iso_3166-3_newsletter_i-4.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| SCG
| [[File:Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q37024|Serbia and Montenegro]]''
| [[File:Serbia and Montenegro.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q47863|Q47863]]
| 
| MID
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q47863|Midway Atoll]]''
| [[File:Midway Atoll in United States.svg|center|48px]]
| UM-71
| 
| ''[[:d:Q1550680|unorganized territory]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q83286|Q83286]]
| 
| YUG
| 
| [[File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Yugoslavia (1963–1992).svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''
| [[File:Yugoslavia 1956-1990.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q129003|Q129003]]
| 
| ATF
| 
| [[File:Flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Armoiries Terres australes et antarctiques françaises.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Terras Austral Francese]]
| [[File:French Southern and Antarctic Lands in France (zoomed).svg|center|48px]]
| FR-TF&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b358201b6f12d036d1d725230e7d6741d07c711fce3b940b1cb25462f96118c0&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:FR&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Africa]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Antarctica]]
| ''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q129237|Q129237]]
| 
| PCI
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands seal.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q129237|Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]]''
| [[File:TTPI-locatormap.png|center|48px]]
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q985073|United Nations trust territory]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q131008|Q131008]]
| 
| JTN
| 
| [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q131008|Johnston Atoll]]''
| [[File:LocationJohnstonAtoll.png|center|48px]]
| UM-67
| [[Oceania]]
| ''[[:d:Q473972|protected area]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Atollo]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q139595919|reef island]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ecbd17383f1f46dc7954797b33cfc4f55f90a08051dd0f28e2baa19799e70c36&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q57859044|Classifying Pacific islands]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q131198|Q131198]]
| 
| HMD
| 
| [[File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Insula de Heard e Insulas de McDonald]]
| [[File:Heard Island and McDonald Islands on the globe (Antarctica centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Antarctica]]
| ''[[:d:Q11687019|external territory of Australia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[archipelago]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q38048753|natural cultural heritage site]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_61c66ae5b30ad6078e22b9f22c9b9b78d9794dff664cca19b7133532d8da93fd&quot;&gt;http://data.gov.au/dataset/2016-soe-her-aus-national-heritage&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q165783|Q165783]]
| 
| ATB
| 
| [[File:Flag of the British Antarctic Territory.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the British Antarctic Territory.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q165783|British Antarctic Territory]]''
| [[File:BritishAntarcticTerritory.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Antarctica]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q783953|territorial claims in Antarctica]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q189999|Q189999]]
| 
| ATN
| 
| [[File:Flag of Norway, state.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Norway.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q189999|Queen Maud Land]]''
| [[File:Antarctica, Norway territorial claim.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Antarctica]]
| ''[[:d:Q5260616|dependency of Norway]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7db06d5476b3f5c24f5ebb17af080c176272f9c7a4682401c5d83cbd2bb2d168&quot;&gt;https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1930-02-27-3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q783953|territorial claims in Antarctica]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7db06d5476b3f5c24f5ebb17af080c176272f9c7a4682401c5d83cbd2bb2d168&quot;&gt;https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/1930-02-27-3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15239622|disputed territory]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q212429|Q212429]]
| 
| FXX
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q212429|metropolitan France]]''
| 
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q192498|administrative territorial entity of France]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q752431|Q752431]]
| 
| NHB
| 
| [[File:Flag of New Hebrides (1969).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of New Hebrides.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q752431|New Hebrides]]''
| [[File:LocationVanuatu.png|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q734818|condominium]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q797422|Q797422]]
| 
| HVO
| VOL
| [[File:Flag of Upper Volta.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Upper Volta.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q797422|Republic of Upper Volta]]''
| [[File:LocationBurkinaFaso.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q798431|Q798431]]
| 
| DHY
| 
| [[File:Flag of Benin.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Dahomey (1958–1964).svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q798431|Republic of Dahomey]]''
| [[File:Benin in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1138279|associated state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q838261|Q838261]]
| 
| YUG
| 
| [[File:Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q838261|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''
| [[File:Serbia and Montenegro.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q842829|Q842829]]
| 
| SJM
| 
| No/unknown value&lt;br/&gt;[[File:Flag of Norway.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q842829|Svalbard and Jan Mayen]]''
| [[File:Svalbard and Jan Mayen in the world (W3).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q15042037|statistical territorial entity]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1050859|Q1050859]]
| 
| GEL
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (1937–1976).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (1937-1979).svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q1050859|Gilbert and Ellice Islands]]''
| [[File:LocationGilbertandEllice.png|center|48px]]
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q133156|colonia]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1450765|Q1450765]]
| 
| AFI
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q1450765|French Territory of the Afars and the Issas]]''
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q133156|colonia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1620908|historical region]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2618621|Q2618621]]
| 
| CTE
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2618621|Canton and Enderbury Islands]]''
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q734818|condominium]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3405693|Q3405693]]
| 
| CRQ
| 
| [[File:Flag of Sark.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Sark.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q3405693|Sark]]''
| [[File:Guernsey-Sark.png|center|48px]]
| 
| 
| [[insula]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q185086|Crown Dependencies]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q64953083|car-free place]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q140198949|Q140198949]]
| 
| rw
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q140198949|Kabeza Cell]]''
| 
| 
| [[Africa]]
| ''[[:d:Q25701968|cell of Rwanda]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16|Q16]]
| +1
| CAN
| CAN
| [[File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Royal Coat of arms of Canada.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Canada]]
| [[File:CAN orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e171e0277f9d5d9c526b1a4c0a95293daaba9cdf6db99b96253f3b627413064a&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/canada&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q30|Q30]]
| +1
| USA&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4d80a9e7ddc84c2bda41cb23318f27faf6fe7628d4c9954662c5c77f43af71a8&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:US&lt;/ref&gt;
| USA
| [[File:Flag of the United States (DDD-F-416E specifications).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Statos Unite de America]]
| [[File:United States - Location Map (2013) - USA - UNOCHA.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a2c50115ba8fd8fe7aad116280f4d98d9286995c98da34321d783b05ad96c032&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/united-states&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fb44dbd8e36ba0b1337ed6b2078b4ca9e01a621aeb978bf3115574eb73965cec&quot;&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q778|Q778]]
| +1242
| BHS
| BAH
| [[File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Bahamas.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bahamas]]
| [[File:Bahamas in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_dc208dc74ffeb5aca1f9f7fff7711206ab88f6c284cfe4b9e0550cb30d365fd6&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/the-bahamas&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q244|Q244]]
| +1246
| BRB
| BAR
| [[File:Flag of Barbados.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Barbados (2).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Barbados]]
| [[File:BRB orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_11799d3be9df75a40f35faf1d3391efa4d32ed26b946bbca02357974f9ed5627&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/barbados&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q25228|Q25228]]
| +1264
| AIA
| 
| [[File:Flag of Anguilla.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Anguilla.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q25228|Anguilla]]''
| [[File:Anguilla on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q781|Q781]]
| +1268
| ATG
| ANT
| [[File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Antigua e Barbuda]]
| [[File:ATG orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_09f1d5ff44ff7736d3d1bae71b93da1c59b126ac12fc4617d1e90d69b88c6ddd&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/antigua-and-barbuda&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3244203|monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q25305|Q25305]]
| +1284
| VGB
| IVB
| [[File:Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the British Virgin Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q25305|British Virgin Islands]]''
| [[File:British Virgin Islands on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]]
| VG
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11703|Q11703]]
| +1340
| VIR
| ISV
| [[File:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of the United States Virgin Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q11703|United States Virgin Islands]]''
| [[File:United States Virgin Islands on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]]
| VI
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1352230|territory of the United States]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5785|Q5785]]
| +1345
| CYM
| CAY
| [[File:Flag of the Cayman Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Cayman Islands Coat of Arms.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q5785|Cayman Islands]]''
| [[File:Cayman Islands in United Kingdom.svg|center|48px]]
| KY
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1402592|island group]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q23635|Q23635]]
| +1441
| BMU
| BER
| [[File:Flag of Bermuda.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Bermuda.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bermuda]]
| [[File:United Kingdom on the globe (Bermuda special) (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_062d6a907457c2cd5018246f8dbe44927859fc0e258af56b43a0695d3e0dfd2d&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bermuda/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q769|Q769]]
| +1473
| GRD
| GRN
| [[File:Flag of Grenada.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Grenada.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Grenada]]
| [[File:Grenada in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3f0562f88c5f83143020992c291623aa07812993a62211117ad5a61498725aa7&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/grenada&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q18221|Q18221]]
| +1649
| TCA
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q18221|Turks and Caicos Islands]]''
| [[File:Turks and Caicos Islands in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[entitate territorial administrative]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q13353|Q13353]]
| +1664
| MSR
| 
| [[File:Flag of Montserrat.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Montserrat.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q13353|Montserrat]]''
| [[File:Montserrat in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[insula]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16644|Q16644]]
| +1670
| MNP&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ab6934192ea8c6c60b949cb7f56be9c127a7421c2660ed39599b39c49ad0119c&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/obp/ui#iso:code:3166:MP&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q16644|Northern Mariana Islands]]''
| [[File:Northern Mariana Islands in Oceania (small islands magnified).svg|center|48px]]
| US-MP&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e2f611e48ca35a2ee76d828427ab1313b3e8e3f9874fc92a31963fc7fd56005b&quot;&gt;https://www.doi.gov/oia/budget/authorities-public-law&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e2f611e48ca35a2ee76d828427ab1313b3e8e3f9874fc92a31963fc7fd56005b&quot;&gt;https://www.doi.gov/oia/budget/authorities-public-law&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1352230|territory of the United States]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q609591|commonwealth]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16635|Q16635]]
| +1671
| GUM
| GUM
| [[File:Flag of Guam.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of Guam.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Guam]]
| [[File:Guam on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| US-GU
| [[Oceania]]
| ''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e2f611e48ca35a2ee76d828427ab1313b3e8e3f9874fc92a31963fc7fd56005b&quot;&gt;https://www.doi.gov/oia/budget/authorities-public-law&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[insula]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d0f09ed15666b50e8d9a68ba9dbc619bb6d784d90a7618c64f8a2f648668f919&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1352230|territory of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3337001|nationality for sports]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16641|Q16641]]
| +1684
| ASM
| ASA
| [[File:Flag of American Samoa.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of American Samoa.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q16641|American Samoa]]''
| [[File:American Samoa on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| US-AS
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1352230|territory of the United States]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q26273|Q26273]]
| +1721
| SXM
| 
| [[File:Flag of Sint Maarten.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Wapen van Sint Maarten.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Sint Maarten]]
| [[File:Sint Maarten on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]]
| NL-SX&lt;br/&gt;SX
| [[America del Nord]]
| [[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15304003|pais del Regno del Paises Basse]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q760|Q760]]
| +1758
| LCA
| LCA
| [[File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Saint Lucia.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q760|Saint Lucia]]''
| [[File:Saint Lucia on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fb441f96bc19e51bbad4888d2165c239dfe62ed0a81da8c4ed161778650c8b5f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/st-lucia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q784|Q784]]
| +1767
| DMA
| DMA
| [[File:Flag of Dominica.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Dominica.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Dominica (pais)|Dominica]]
| [[File:Dominica on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ce2ca7ee5a6aee5e4345061162899de6bc67957888919023f4aa0408e117652f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/dominica&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q757|Q757]]
| +1784
| VCT
| VIN
| [[File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Sancte Vincente e le Grenadinas]]
| [[File:VCT orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e9f717b19c71c60963608cbbcd52fffbd7ee75971c650b5ac85d42c4ca5d17a4&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/st-vincent-and-the-grenadines&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1183|Q1183]]
| +1787&lt;br/&gt;+1939
| PRI
| PUR
| [[File:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Porto Rico]]
| [[File:LocationPuertoRico.svg|center|48px]]
| US-PR
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q783733|unincorporated territory of the United States]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_dfc403209caf0578c8559357b9205638ab0e828262f336253dc24a8fdeb22bd0&quot;&gt;https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6444&amp;context=faculty_scholarship&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q462778|insular area of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q7252696|Provincial deputation in Spanish America]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3502482|region cultural]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1352230|territory of the United States]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q609591|commonwealth]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q786|Q786]]
| +1809&lt;br/&gt;+1829&lt;br/&gt;+1849
| DOM
| DOM
| [[File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Dominican Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Republica Dominican]]
| [[File:Dominican Republic (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2d3317b8f28cb2ab48a69a5b94320185ab9cd34a03d00ab68371545440bfbcaf&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/dominican-republic&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q754|Q754]]
| +1868
| TTO
| TTO
| [[File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago (2025).svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q754|Trinidad e Tobago]]''
| [[File:Trinidad and Tobago (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6b24ef5766d6593f3bca14f6db720c265ecb22ed13e07a68c31c0bad40b21ebc&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/trinidad-and-tobago&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q763|Q763]]
| +1869
| KNA
| SKN
| [[File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Sancte Kitts e Nevis]]
| [[File:KNA orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_572a680bf2df81619d989b05b7e918f4e013ffc89fac4dcf74747630757dc0ad&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/st-kitts-and-nevis&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| pais insular caribe
|-
| [[:d:Q766|Q766]]
| +1876
| JAM
| JAM
| [[File:Flag of Jamaica.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Jamaica.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Jamaica]]
| [[File:Jamaica (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_29e2b19937e6da0259be4f72a6eb2f505c9ce8dd4ebc4b84b148e0a76e890ec8&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/jamaica&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q918240|territorial evolution of the British Empire]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7fd3330f2d80033c175da2dfd52ded267e02db5ca01cb0080f78f14d38bee1ac&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q87326082|МСЭ2/Ямайка]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79|Q79]]
| +20
| EGY
| EGY
| [[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Egypt (Official).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Egypto]]
| [[File:EGY orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ed424f60b984d0f7e4fbdf509c1407bc29f1273d084de2e07da8d3b59211bc0d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/egypt&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais transcontinental]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q958|Q958]]
| +211&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_75070a596399354e56de25935a4456671bf660c31ae1108e470be9e01babf2c6&quot;&gt;http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/New+Country+New+Number+Country+Code+211+Officially+Assigned+To+South+Sudan.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;
| SSD
| SSD
| [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of South Sudan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Sudan del Sud]]
| [[File:LocationSouthSudan.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3ad676ef4ff211fdab637b8c1fbeb62388cd3b4d7539610cca0866b5ec1d6a6f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/south-sudan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1028|Q1028]]
| +212
| MAR
| MAR
| [[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Morocco.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Marocco]]
| [[File:Morocco WS-excluded (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7fe6c7628fb1d2077eccf0ed994887b11a993b407cd4bc92a569c96b51db30b6&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/morocco&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Monarchia constitutional]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q6250|Q6250]]
| +212
| ESH
| 
| 
| 
| [[Sahara Occidental]]
| [[File:Location Western Sahara AU Africa.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]
| ''[[:d:Q15239622|disputed territory]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q262|Q262]]
| +213
| DZA
| ALG
| [[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National Emblem of Algeria (bronze effect).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Algeria]]
| [[File:Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ee95f4536e5a883aedf388ace8d9cdb0f5ce274fd904d98594462ed3604d1235&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/algeria&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0d68ad2342f20c5aedf1007877b78f219bf3c78c3bafc42a9ec6a9bf41b84f47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q111513095|Algérie, la tierce rive en Méditerranée]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q948|Q948]]
| +216&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5e89d1a314dd29839cdb51eedeeac8edf77cced867af145d85275b4d4f93297a&quot;&gt;http://www.lincmad.com/world.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_32afd4aaf77ac08422830adc1157b155457aa0b10f5598cc364ccd262778e3dc&quot;&gt;https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-E.164D-2016-PDF-E.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7973cab252e7ab99b8674d2a939c3d0347e6d9452b837eccc968be606349fc51&quot;&gt;http://www.wtng.info/wtng-216-tn.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| TUN
| TUN
| [[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Tunisia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Tunisia]]
| [[File:Tunisia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ac576d7796fb72c4a756c7d4ca4266554dd3db3d387207612ab0c25aa0ed1eee&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/tunisia&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1016|Q1016]]
| +218
| LBY
| LBA
| [[File:Flag of Libya.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of the Government of National Unity (Libya).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Libya]]
| [[File:Libya (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7e38f88226d0b9ae38c754fa7562839a0ea71de798c8df4f53e4272c480dc61d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/libya&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1005|Q1005]]
| +220
| GMB
| GAM
| [[File:Flag of The Gambia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of The Gambia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Gambia]]
| [[File:Gambia (orthographic projection with inset).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_80edda68a00697376c3eea9450e37159a7541dc0fe4aeec63b7c53b3da7dfa30&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/the-gambia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1041|Q1041]]
| +221
| SEN
| SEN
| [[File:Flag of Senegal.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Senegal.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Senegal]]
| [[File:LocationSenegal.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3d3b7f537cc23372add2ccb60849cb34789a8b935fd6a7f97b7b055676874a90&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/senegal&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4209223|stato de derecto]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1025|Q1025]]
| +222
| MRT
| MTN
| [[File:Flag of Mauritania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National Seal of Mauritania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Mauritania]]
| [[File:LocationMauritania.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5e70311e8908f1020e1c20e67f022310cf140c2b943ba9ff4dfc7fc7cd2fbfb7&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/mauritania&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Republica islamic]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q912|Q912]]
| +223
| MLI
| MLI
| [[File:Flag of Mali.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Mali.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Mali]]
| [[File:Mali (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d57e8ee5b41d783aa6987e6fc110bb141ff779fe93cdd6eef507978d1039b307&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/mali&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1006|Q1006]]
| +224
| GIN
| GUI
| [[File:Flag of Guinea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Guinea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Guinea]]
| [[File:Guinea (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b37c6657d01d288c2c6f56657182225ef8b81d696802693da55a3391c1482a0e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/guinea&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1008|Q1008]]
| +225
| CIV
| CIV
| [[File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Ivory Coast (2).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Costa de Ebore]]
| [[File:CIV orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_407653e0871137b25d1f805a69a6c73a331e192b4b29789fbbd06bc849013d31&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/cote-d-ivoire&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ca070e9a5eb15c3dccfde88694c68f2863907488ea9e5eec31ad0622694ece24&quot;&gt;https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/cote-d-ivoire/presentation-de-la-cote-d-ivoire/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0dad73dd85c33cae8349a2e2ca72f0917d0ffc3785f00eede7e40d57c79381da&quot;&gt;https://www.presidence.ci/presentation-ci/&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q965|Q965]]
| +226
| BFA
| BUR
| [[File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Burkina Faso.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| [[File:BFA orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5964f81f18ecdaff0f7e224d8b8c637c58d73620022c3ef2b6317605d1f49963&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/burkina-faso&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1032|Q1032]]
| +227
| NER
| NIG
| [[File:Flag of Niger.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Niger.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Niger]]
| [[File:LocationNiger.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bf28e07b81e655cb04dde3e6f298819601bdf0e3a33dfa8048ab006e00eb8a2&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/niger&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q945|Q945]]
| +228
| TGO
| TOG
| [[File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Armoiries du Togo.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fffc7b435c279fc8e3b1f7f88e349523ca571e2226ff624cc2995bee274222ae&quot;&gt;https://novissi.gouv.tg/en/home-new-en/&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Togo]]
| [[File:Togo on the globe (Africa centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9b84245c581d4eb0c6d5286c3a008d0d2c41f9a57f4c5fe3987adaa802884588&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/togo&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q962|Q962]]
| +229
| BEN
| BEN
| [[File:Flag of Benin.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Benin.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Benin]]
| [[File:Benin (orthographic projection with inset).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5f18767bd2d98da3806a4be03fc3e0914161790d0489a7458a73e6e4df7f3652&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/benin&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1027|Q1027]]
| +230
| MUS
| MRI
| [[File:Flag of Mauritius.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Mauritius.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Mauritio]]
| [[File:Mauritius (orthographic projection with inset).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd7c9c5c115de492113d029f3708fa8b03faa30e67fd271d607256934089be12&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/mauritius&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd7c9c5c115de492113d029f3708fa8b03faa30e67fd271d607256934089be12&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/mauritius&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1014|Q1014]]
| +231
| LBR
| LBR
| [[File:Flag of Liberia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Liberia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Liberia]]
| [[File:Liberia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_868cd0a7e8501049422594c75ef7c0e7c364d3647d871ef7998c0a37a4085157&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/liberia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1044|Q1044]]
| +232
| SLE
| SLE
| [[File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Sierra Leone.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Sierra Leone]]
| [[File:Sierra Leone (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_78eb41018084cad06dfc1204555bfb6bc9603332ae5be910a6b475bbcd95da36&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/sierra-leone&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q117|Q117]]
| +233
| GHA
| GHA
| [[File:Flag of Ghana.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Ghana.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Ghana]]
| [[File:Ghana (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_764eb912fc07e35ce8a25c3b8b210b7412379c722d24082650b3de9744a90880&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/ghana&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1033|Q1033]]
| +234
| NGA
| NGR
| [[File:Flag of Nigeria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Nigeria]]
| [[File:LocationNigeria.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bf7ab02390aa28ad9c923dcdfdba88d815a2df540c887ede6da7c0db60a0dede&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/nigeria&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q512187|republica federal]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8c50fa2d8e3156c148a83db2383a7989df01611ed6cdf3e2f2974120c846783&quot;&gt;https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/nigeria&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7c16b139c1c51716df89b9fa1b129d4c530567a8ed5b275075fd91aaa2b1a2f9&quot;&gt;https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/nigeria.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_85f1e39a5788c1aa07c69ec708f789307f51c414537a388e555de05af05c6fc5&quot;&gt;https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Nigeria%20overview%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_76c1c3d9335871d3018c93daa405050159f0c30ae60630766a04d7d5a9c48396&quot;&gt;https://www.forbes.com/places/nigeria/?sh=171606ed4b80&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_20e6f4914c5b7943b46d51c4f77d5302928b5e184ea5d6fa9bb5b6d4bc73b833&quot;&gt;https://www.lonelyplanet.com/nigeria&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ac96336048c4cbe3228acfb72a8083a12fdf9afbfeb00ef881255ae3f37b5dd7&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/nigeria/&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q657|Q657]]
| +235
| TCD
| CHA
| [[File:Flag of Chad.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Chad.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Tchad]]
| [[File:TCD orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_093e9b3617bf3a7edb26bce4dc4e4b1128e50c15e45160dfc6e401040f81d570&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/chad&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q929|Q929]]
| +236
| CAF
| CAF
| [[File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Central African Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Republica Centroafrican]]
| [[File:CAF orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4b47c62a69dfeac290d5413d021f657bd6aa45f5c0c9471c4bce26618d61aa65&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/central-african-republic&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1009|Q1009]]
| +237
| CMR
| CMR
| [[File:Flag of Cameroon.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Cameroon.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Camerun]]
| [[File:CMR orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d20e0d837999104a09d98560c25da0c1abaee593df6f8d5cd402c7fc67be1237&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/cameroon&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1011|Q1011]]
| +238
| CPV
| CPV
| [[File:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Cape Verde.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Capo Verde]]
| [[File:CPV orthographic NaturalEarth.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3357aaa6b6e577600ac27a0eee2a61668a2659ecdfa4ad79e4969df1cf5f6171&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/cabo-verde&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1039|Q1039]]
| +239
| STP
| STP
| [[File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg|center|48px]]
| [[São Tomé e Príncipe]]
| [[File:Sao Tome and Principe on the globe (Africa centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_94f880423f8876888de93690d580a38559b71ebab1a3afb7fda0708c1741963b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/sao-tome-and-principe&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4198907|parliamentary republic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q158454|biosphere reserve]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f15cce0aaf4bcc7168adeb395beefca9131e69ae44ffbb3ed154c895c8968bd8&quot;&gt;https://www.rfi.fr/fr/environnement/20250927-l-unesco-d%C3%A9signe-26-nouvelles-r%C3%A9serves-de-biosph%C3%A8re-dont-l-%C3%AEle-de-s%C3%A3o-tom%C3%A9-et-principe&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q983|Q983]]
| +240
| GNQ
| GEQ
| [[File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Guinea Equatorial]]
| [[File:GNQ orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b546b878db5c1e3df6a721f9a40187e57b40547f563f650b4b5dfd3f833cfd22&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/equatorial-guinea&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1000|Q1000]]
| +241
| GAB
| GAB
| [[File:Flag of Gabon.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Gabon.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Gabon]]
| [[File:Gabon (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0999b25be8bb5308dedff7663f3b7af24eea6a5ee116b573189107227ff29588&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/gabon&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q971|Q971]]
| +242
| COG
| CGO
| [[File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Republica del Congo]]
| [[File:LocationRepublicoftheCongo.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_86686282cb84d15b07d8af7a9af14e9e25c3afdbee5412730461876f2a5e11ef&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/congo&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q974|Q974]]
| +243
| COD
| COD
| [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (black spear).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Republica Democratic del Congo]]
| [[File:COD orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ed806c47cd810026be18b273086c4a0bce497d753577b6badca4efc5741bf580&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/dem-rep-congo&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ed806c47cd810026be18b273086c4a0bce497d753577b6badca4efc5741bf580&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/dem-rep-congo&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q916|Q916]]
| +244
| AGO
| ANG
| [[File:Flag of Angola.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Angola.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Angola]]
| [[File:Angola (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_43e908f02d57f4e04d4c97ead4830eee0748c5289b4804757e33bc11ce7ee885&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/angola&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1007|Q1007]]
| +245
| GNB
| GBS
| [[File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Guinea-Bissau.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Guinea-Bissau]]
| [[File:Guinea-Bissau on the globe (Africa centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f6e9d3d38179dc6428bb907333e2bbe8c43f333436d77a9671070f601fd72daf&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/guinea-bissau&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q43448|Q43448]]
| +246
| IOT
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the British Indian Ocean Territory.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q43448|British Indian Ocean Territory]]''
| [[File:British Indian Ocean Territory on the globe (Afro-Eurasia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q192184|Q192184]]
| +247&lt;br/&gt;+27&lt;br/&gt;+290
| SHN
| 
| [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q192184|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]''
| [[File:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q31890709|Q31890709]]
| +247
| ASC
| 
| [[File:Flag of Ascension Island.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Ascension Island.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q31890709|Ascension]]''
| 
| SH-AC&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| ''[[:d:Q10864048|subdivision territorial administrative al prime nivello]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_28e067ba6d443e585cc6bae200ecabedea38d4555441bfa6e50598093c75548b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1194038|Geographic Names Server]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1042|Q1042]]
| +248
| SYC
| SEY
| [[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Seychelles.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Seychelles]]
| [[File:SYC orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f9f1b404f98d745554d8407c28c693b61b03004cb428c553574d86973dcb54d3&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/seychelles&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1049|Q1049]]
| +249
| SDN
| SUD
| [[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Sudan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Sudan]]
| [[File:Sudan (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8754a1422e0bab03629555e9b4197b99533e6965af8742fd10369e08dd5ae6f6&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/sudan&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1088391|rump state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1037|Q1037]]
| +250
| RWA
| RWA
| [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Rwanda.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Ruanda]]
| [[File:LocationRwanda.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_30e70b61f5d9350df30630fecb2b58752cddae729d177d4989a865fcfe3cbd8b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/rwanda&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q115|Q115]]
| +251
| ETH
| ETH
| [[File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Ethiopia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Ethiopia]]
| [[File:Ethiopia (Africa orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_edc2fab86e50cec4422ea17373796e8bf33c96df1568995feb78f6aff375f401&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q87326639|МСЭ2/Эфиопия]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_827fd2f42dc61f872c0ef41b7b34f8cfa5795fdf443c0db470cc9144b7cb32df&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/ethiopia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_edc2fab86e50cec4422ea17373796e8bf33c96df1568995feb78f6aff375f401&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q87326639|МСЭ2/Эфиопия]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1045|Q1045]]
| +252
| SOM
| SOM
| [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Somalia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Somalia]]
| [[File:Somalia (orthographic projection)2.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e00d7da220a8570d8c21f3e5ecb549474fb0d3ca5dfb3b5481417e5a9a7fc2d0&quot;&gt;https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Somalia;4169147.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ab54ba9bbaed152730dfaca4b87a26581fef0a018ab9d4440ad47a7148aee172&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/somalia&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q512187|republica federal]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q977|Q977]]
| +253
| DJI
| DJI
| [[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Djibouti.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Djibuti]]
| [[File:Djibouti (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_edb9210d1f33512c9b2e4c283bd3111f992bec0fcf02dc288f7db18596b87b0e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/djibouti&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''
| pais de Africa
|-
| [[:d:Q114|Q114]]
| +254
| KEN
| KEN
| [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Kenya (Official).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Kenya]]
| [[File:Kenya (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7fe23413cfa8cc8f594b7429792f91299730e0f35a44a5ff91dc250b2d7cefa0&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/kenya&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q924|Q924]]
| +255
| TZA
| TAN
| [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Tanzania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Tanzania]]
| [[File:Tanzania (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b832e4a1abfe6aeb0fa4b3bd6518bd955b8fdd2387b7e6b9ffe61a4413bcd83a&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/tanzania&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_66afe8a0af55b4c72538a606d569b267b8291b8e859cb3431b45dfa5e7e740d0&quot;&gt;https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/united-republic-tanzania&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1036|Q1036]]
| +256
| UGA
| UGA
| [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Uganda.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Uganda]]
| [[File:Uganda (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ca313d9a5c34631458f5293cc2377562c8fcabf68f6f5c3aafbbafaec8ebf5d4&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/uganda&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_96c78443365f47d6b9190ab9c0a9f169f7cc2ed3f7942acfef00afdbabc34b44&quot;&gt;https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/what-uganda-has-gone-through-since-1962--4787868#story&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q967|Q967]]
| +257
| BDI
| BDI
| [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Burundi.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Burundi]]
| [[File:Burundi (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_da83a16073ca8fd5065adcb0e7e6c916123f70236d0dd5b67ae3499ab33a4765&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/burundi&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6cac7bdde4be279b526ef08604ad918b112e3faa287696c1b915fbb81f2f4f0b&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1029|Q1029]]
| +258
| MOZ
| MOZ
| [[File:Flag of Mozambique (1974–1975).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Mozambique.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Mozambique]]
| [[File:Mozambique (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c00027422ebc98e9b9a93e17dde4b494de50fad77bdc2d30d007e9d18b7fea61&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/mozambique&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q953|Q953]]
| +260
| ZMB
| ZAM
| [[File:Flag of Zambia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Zambia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Zambia]]
| [[File:Zambia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f33f7da773f54e96f1f031902c01c743d43e8c7b4bc2097744109b40bbe5bfdb&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/zambia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1019|Q1019]]
| +261
| MDG
| MAD
| [[File:Flag of Madagascar.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of Madagascar.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Madagascar]]
| [[File:MDG orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7f77aada61884fa2e07e488f8f9f265ddc7904291d07a68b8832730785fbc4cd&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/madagascar&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17063|Q17063]]
| +262
| MYT
| 
| [[File:Flag of Mayotte (Local).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Mayotte.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q17063|Mayotte]]''
| [[File:Mayotte (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| FR-976
| [[Africa]]
| ''[[:d:Q202216|departimento de ultramar de Francia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Regiones de Francia|region de Francia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17070|Q17070]]
| +262
| REU
| 
| [[File:Proposed flag of Réunion (VAR).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Armoiries Réunion.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Reunion]]
| [[File:Département 974 in France.svg|center|48px]]
| FR-974
| [[Africa]]
| [[Regiones de Francia|region de Francia]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q202216|departimento de ultramar de Francia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q954|Q954]]
| +263
| ZWE
| ZIM
| [[File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Zimbabwe.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Zimbabwe]]
| [[File:LocationZimbabwe.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d5722fe0537cb5a5e7c27c67a8f413daa932cd5a87b5817ece423b7e7cabc73a&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/zimbabwe&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1030|Q1030]]
| +264
| NAM
| NAM
| [[File:Flag of Namibia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Namibia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Namibia]]
| [[File:LocationNamibia.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d648354f17344fc616dbc2270eafa426f710d848c89f5d67dded07dfb8f13b23&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/namibia&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1020|Q1020]]
| +265
| MWI
| MAW
| [[File:Flag of Malawi.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Malawi.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Malawi]]
| [[File:LocationMalawi.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec0a43d9c70b905117bd8563e77de7f3ed50e42caddcfaf2ad01ab2205b2c573&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/malawi&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1013|Q1013]]
| +266
| LSO
| LES
| [[File:Flag of Lesotho.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Lesotho.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Lesotho]]
| [[File:Lesotho (orthographic projection with inset).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a29a68435169aae19610bac77ae706a93a8195152d416fc9764d782f0a3df451&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/lesotho&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q171441|enclave]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q963|Q963]]
| +267
| BWA
| BOT
| [[File:Flag of Botswana.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Botswana.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Botswana]]
| [[File:Botswana (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0daac7d680dd6eeb4c12f04e6a412000c70d57bdc03b315e279e490f62f63344&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/botswana&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1050|Q1050]]
| +268
| SWZ
| SWZ
| [[File:Flag of Eswatini.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Eswatini.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Eswatini]]
| [[File:Location Eswatini.png|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5d90bc90a2a32192880fa038f13ddcc43a369ed2aa94d56c667901da8408ced1&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/eswatini&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| pais in Africa
|-
| [[:d:Q970|Q970]]
| +269
| COM
| COM
| [[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of the Comoros.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Comores]]
| [[File:Comoros (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_aa0206c562d2b4f753a32b37af1bf862bec7f35e26ef7e5a40e21f1388193cdb&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/comoros&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q258|Q258]]
| +27
| ZAF
| RSA
| [[File:Flag of South Africa.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Africa del Sud]]
| [[File:LocationSouthAfrica.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6dd295942ca33418478ee7e92381e7b39e612a8688e8065c0efd5f6b104b0238&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/south-africa&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q986|Q986]]
| +291
| ERI
| ERI
| [[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Eritrea (or argent azur).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Eritrea]]
| [[File:Eritrea (Africa orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Africa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_55c0f57c296108bdac91dac571469eab5712aa66cc56e9853a861cc3e22e1d28&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/eritrea&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q21203|Q21203]]
| +297
| ABW
| ARU
| [[File:Flag of Aruba.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Aruba wapen.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Aruba]]
| [[File:Aruba in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| NL-AW
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q15304003|pais del Regno del Paises Basse]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q107390|stato federate]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4628|Q4628]]
| +298
| FRO
| FRO
| [[File:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Faroe Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Insulas Feroe]]
| [[File:Europe-Faroe Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q66724388|autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''
| pais constitutive del Regno de Danmark
|-
| [[:d:Q223|Q223]]
| +299
| GRL
| 
| [[File:Flag of Greenland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Greenland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Groenlandia]]
| [[File:Greenland (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| DK-GL
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e1a1438fffe26481dcce7a3a041a830eca669d0de2adf0aaaaa56bd581a8ce1d&quot;&gt;http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/nth/og/pubs/prosp/c6_ba-eng.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q66724388|autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q192611|districto electoral]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q788176|autonomous administrative territorial entity]]''
| Pais autonome intra le Regno de Danmark
|-
| [[:d:Q41|Q41]]
| +30
| GRC
| GRE
| [[File:Flag of Greece.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Greece.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Grecia]]
| [[File:Greece on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fbcd7da80077a1bc2938b596c96446109645525fc27e4c3c5b470d37779a5e20&quot;&gt;http://www.britannica.com/nations/Greece&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_919eb75a9d61674a213fc961a84ae3d02bc6358d230df24385ec1cfca9d01dfd&quot;&gt;http://www.justgreece.org&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bbccf96b5d48698decad5413c8b90dacd924a8ba54e80d8c7e2a8f52fe06c774&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gr.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c2d67b9e3a07d872ee28f66d2f0e22aa78db5c8eb2e9b18c4acd26b41f3eea1f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/greece&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c2d67b9e3a07d872ee28f66d2f0e22aa78db5c8eb2e9b18c4acd26b41f3eea1f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/greece&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q29999|Q29999]]
| +31&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fdf1ab678fe59093d6331cd3a6439e9bdb1149acefa85346c0263c5ac6f4e3cd&quot;&gt;http://www.countrycallingcodes.com/country.php?country=Netherlands&lt;/ref&gt;
| NLD
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Royal coat of arms of the Netherlands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Regno del Paises Basse]]
| [[File:Kingdom of the Netherlands in its region (special marker).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q20181813|colonial power]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1250464|realm]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q31|Q31]]
| +32
| BEL
| BEL
| [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Great coat of arms of Belgium.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Belgica]]
| [[File:EU-Belgium.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_595bd2d9063b0d63ab50f51fdaf3e73b9865533f726f11989b931e54cd295aa2&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/belgium&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q142|Q142]]
| +33
| FRA
| FRA
| [[File:Flag of France.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_24586f4cbffe0665081df82c9c5e73f79348356487223b2dc34f514cfc958a02&quot;&gt;https://www.europe1.fr/politique/info-e1-le-drapeau-francais-a-change-de-couleur-4076943&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Arms of the French Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Francia]]
| [[File:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a92d077c5f3818620affb2a5d7c48fa8255ac5b86d0bca5eb9961dbcf2aaf058&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/france&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a92d077c5f3818620affb2a5d7c48fa8255ac5b86d0bca5eb9961dbcf2aaf058&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/france&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q29|Q29]]
| +34
| ESP
| ESP&lt;br/&gt;SPA&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_441ce199c513a152aef7457e8d9baa34eaaafd6b369d45f9de3c14d47f6defc1&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q180672|list of IOC country codes]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Flag of Spain.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Escudo de España (variant).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Espania]]
| [[File:Spain on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_816656db543d7f192ac0f5eedc1b0406efcaf2501630b58d76d99c4105e7ce6b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/spain&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c0734c4a4c9f9a09f2283bfb005697cd4dea47545ed0aea5eb3d79a7b3dc6766&quot;&gt;https://books.google.es/books?id=dciHDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA14&amp;dq=espa%C3%B1a+estado+soberano&amp;hl=es&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZvb7YgdqKAxW9TaQEHYi1L-AQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&amp;q=espa%C3%B1a%20estado%20soberano&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1250464|realm]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c0734c4a4c9f9a09f2283bfb005697cd4dea47545ed0aea5eb3d79a7b3dc6766&quot;&gt;https://books.google.es/books?id=dciHDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA14&amp;dq=espa%C3%B1a+estado+soberano&amp;hl=es&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZvb7YgdqKAxW9TaQEHYi1L-AQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&amp;q=espa%C3%B1a%20estado%20soberano&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_816656db543d7f192ac0f5eedc1b0406efcaf2501630b58d76d99c4105e7ce6b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/spain&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f6e643aeb8317c43addd1338add17398b2150b82005b8eb7fe9f4a62db4f1a20&quot;&gt;https://www.miteco.gob.es/content/dam/miteco/es/biodiversidad/temas/espacios-protegidos/pbl_rn_region_mediterranea_tcm30-197189.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179671|nation state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1410|Q1410]]
| +350
| GIB
| 
| [[File:Flag of Gibraltar.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Gibraltar1.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Gibraltar]]
| [[File:Gibraltar location in Europe.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3d29c82e3baa841b09d9b9b3d90dfa52de4372e39fcb0938708203ec1cab03f2&quot;&gt;https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press/gibraltar-fact-sheets&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3d29c82e3baa841b09d9b9b3d90dfa52de4372e39fcb0938708203ec1cab03f2&quot;&gt;https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press/gibraltar-fact-sheets&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2264924|port city]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q900119|United Nations list of non-self-governing territories]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_48b69b1d187d696733b5fe4c026ed451633a131e2317cfa1a73d9d01cc933ea8&quot;&gt;http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgovterritories.shtml&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15239622|disputed territory]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q902814|border city]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3d29c82e3baa841b09d9b9b3d90dfa52de4372e39fcb0938708203ec1cab03f2&quot;&gt;https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press/gibraltar-fact-sheets&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1200957|tourist destination]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[citate]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_90fc85d406f4fa37137ab499b9cce2bfdb857196e9342ab74d8f58415463d6c8&quot;&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62710553&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q45|Q45]]
| +351
| PRT
| POR
| [[File:Flag of Portugal (official).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Portugal.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Portugal]]
| [[File:Portugal on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7dd3b4f770cc92367bf28c3810ee5f21e0cc00e546274fe622cc301b1595ad35&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/portugal&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7dd3b4f770cc92367bf28c3810ee5f21e0cc00e546274fe622cc301b1595ad35&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/portugal&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q32|Q32]]
| +352
| LUX
| LUX
| [[File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Greater coat of arms of the grand-duchy of Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Luxemburg]]
| [[File:EU-Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f6b9cbeea5b73d80fca82c231fa303dace021cea2b19f981218c30adced2e96&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/luxembourg&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q165116|grand duchy]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27|Q27]]
| +353
| IRL
| IRL
| [[File:Flag of Ireland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Ireland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Republica de Irlanda]]
| [[File:EU-Ireland.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0226aa9a6623e7b13b638119210b88dfc56094dcf1b162eba78e05b6cfb6b67b&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ei.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3c60a482042fbb74b4f5bbbd1cbad0afee30c87787c812bc10f5b7a2791441f0&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/ireland&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q189|Q189]]
| +354
| ISL
| ISL
| [[File:Flag of Iceland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Iceland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Islanda]]
| [[File:Iceland (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2f30bc0710ff0e3662171c0fc9fd97ca39729aade81cead0ece7873b13f2d2a1&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/iceland&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q222|Q222]]
| +355
| ALB
| ALB
| [[File:Flag of Albania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Albania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Albania]]
| [[File:Albania (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_097291be158962d4fd9a39cf0bee371c5e32d0cc0583316874812456c0448b29&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/albania&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q233|Q233]]
| +356
| MLT
| MLT
| [[File:Flag of Malta.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Malta.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Malta]]
| [[File:EU-Malta.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b7d4225b765f9a3f3a6ee09618f7d4756f4eeed6e4278db7bd84c056a17e386e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/malta&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b7d4225b765f9a3f3a6ee09618f7d4756f4eeed6e4278db7bd84c056a17e386e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/malta&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q229|Q229]]
| +357
| CYP
| CYP
| [[File:Flag of Cyprus.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Cyprus (2006).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Cypro]]
| [[File:EU-Cyprus highlighted.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1d71be780813515197a846a13da1d3e1bbdc5470c1e3a52b378998a62e8c7f47&quot;&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=_bF8n8DaQtoC&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_89890a7a7bc1588181d8bf35632c151e020ed8b05fc81718d88ba90b328f393d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/cyprus&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q33|Q33]]
| +358
| FIN
| FIN
| [[File:Flag of Finland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Finland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Finlandia]]
| [[File:Finland on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b2fbbe130ed7a86b3cbf749b9ae5e393e0a863eed9fff73c9888f286f28a1c86&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/finland&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_318da0135bfb25d1f42d651688f070b4056ca932b27cf562763c8b665a912c1c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q14334357|Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q219|Q219]]
| +359
| BGR
| BUL
| [[File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Bulgaria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bulgaria]]
| [[File:Bulgaria (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c15d54ddab3e72940b361236236fc06bc4dff3d83613ac2db29c9204711c91f4&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/bulgaria&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q28|Q28]]
| +36
| HUN
| HUN
| [[File:Flag of Hungary.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Hungary.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Hungaria]]
| [[File:EU-Hungary.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_953180b37fdb8af1a50baf297e99d796da7fca898ce1c64dc2b6b39273134fb7&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/hungary&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4483f66877946ec33f67c3904523e9d019870bd6fd337507938223bc808df79f&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hu.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q43|Q43]]
| +36&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1469c45d8c5bc6b566b5bd5ef8a84d55c944ca058a1c8f2f7e8c9047f8037c2c&quot;&gt;https://www.mistikalem.com/bilim/teknoloji/turkiyenin-uluslararasi-telefon-kodu-neden-36-iken-90-oldu-haberi-16868&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;+90&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1469c45d8c5bc6b566b5bd5ef8a84d55c944ca058a1c8f2f7e8c9047f8037c2c&quot;&gt;https://www.mistikalem.com/bilim/teknoloji/turkiyenin-uluslararasi-telefon-kodu-neden-36-iken-90-oldu-haberi-16868&lt;/ref&gt;
| TUR
| TUR
| [[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Turchia]]
| [[File:Turkey (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9d123b803345e5f5fd93f6ed7b47471adbabd6d11e687cc8abae11a1010b52ab&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/turkey&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais transcontinental]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9e59fb0cade2e24af05b8139af1c56c8541241a8b9a620ca0b1c15c7c4c3fc35&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q619610|social state]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q339834|regional power]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato secular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16957|Q16957]]
| +37
| DDR
| GDR
| [[File:Flag of the German Democratic Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:State arms of the German Democratic Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Republica Democratic German]]
| [[File:East Germany 1956-1990.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q37|Q37]]
| +370
| LTU
| LTU
| [[File:Flag of Lithuania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Lithuania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Lituania]]
| [[File:Lithuania on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_79a1fa5e385278944beec646bc8f107e57e651278d8346fc564118944b938877&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/lithuania&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q211|Q211]]
| +371
| LVA
| LAT
| [[File:Flag of Latvia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Latvia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Lettonia]]
| [[File:Latvia on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7479e1fb1e27d7411d1ffd3322266c5f8c8e1729f809fb7e5f9fe281e087b395&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/latvia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| republica in le nord de Europa
|-
| [[:d:Q191|Q191]]
| +372
| EST
| EST
| [[File:Flag of Estonia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Estonia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Estonia]]
| [[File:EU-Estonia.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_89858635d1d4e1e5cf622dbd9ab76a49f5468813d004350e3380e228dd35b83d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/estonia&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_89858635d1d4e1e5cf622dbd9ab76a49f5468813d004350e3380e228dd35b83d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/estonia&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_54e342fdf5e3df1445603c89567af796e487dcfef339f4a0ae5ed1b3fe9ffe09&quot;&gt;https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/521052015001/consolide/current&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q217|Q217]]
| +373
| MDA
| MDA
| [[File:Flag of Moldova.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Moldova.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Moldavia]]
| [[File:Location Moldova Europe.png|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_18ec1cec48f5ad51ce97a6876b0c6db3d720e58b0ad76e42e68bf5b1836a8230&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/moldova&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| pais de Europa
|-
| [[:d:Q399|Q399]]
| +374
| ARM
| ARM
| [[File:Flag of Armenia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Armenia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Armenia]]
| [[File:Armenia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5456e2b473ba6d1537df5b7e21d19f742275ee23ad78827658777b14690b939b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/armenia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| pais eurasian del Caucaso Sud
|-
| [[:d:Q184|Q184]]
| +375
| BLR
| BLR
| [[File:Flag of Belarus.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Belarus (2020–present).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bielorussia]]
| [[File:Belarus on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d249a9563d71da3c3f5d6459610dfca1efa9663c5a5ceff9f792ef86b4a59c48&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/belarus&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q619610|social state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q228|Q228]]
| +376
| AND
| AND
| [[File:Flag of Andorra.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Andorra.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Andorra]]
| [[File:Andorra on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_332debc29b1bcc8f4b944ce17dc1c2f3f0cbad9f9e18c7814e5af20bc64c5faa&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/andorra&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q235|Q235]]
| +377
| MCO
| MON
| [[File:Flag of Monaco.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Monaco.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Monaco (principato)|Monaco]]
| [[File:Monaco on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_235dc882e6b895d848f43fc4df01ad49b7ad2acd7a54e338bd4a5c0aff6708ae&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/monaco&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Principato]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Citate-stato]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q902814|border city]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q238|Q238]]
| +378
| SMR
| SMR
| [[File:Flag of San Marino.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of San Marino.svg|center|48px]]
| [[San Marino]]
| [[File:Location San Marino Europe.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f0a15b91b618e1b83cee389e1150eeeda64872ac241f3a1605e645b0d76f1254&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/san-marino&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q171441|enclave]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q244381|microstate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q237|Q237]]
| +379&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bc9e3e7286431ef16ca38929df8897e9bcd1dc5065fcdd2b34861b72b58ee370&quot;&gt;https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-E.164D-11-2011-PDF-E.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| VAT
| 
| [[File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Vatican City (2023–present).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Citate Vatican]]
| [[File:Location of the Vatican City in Europe.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Citate-stato]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q171441|enclave]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q98116669|religious complex]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19691007|institutional complex]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q702492|area urban]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1200957|tourist destination]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10551526|confessional state]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q7396640|sacerdotal state]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q212|Q212]]
| +380
| UKR
| UKR
| [[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5ed3251867e0b91b05961b69a825c79af31d20592aa1b6c6c02c084f36419866&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q127974|flag of Ukraine]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Ukraine (Pantone).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Ukraina]]
| [[File:Ukraine (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d7f3fbf911ccc5e0cabba1efbe3a7d2fe53e36a359a9eb710109378e62030924&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q4041526|Internetowa encyklopedia PWN]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d8fc93073faf2413a7418e9dcfa2147fe213392313ac54f77016b70c806e0b7f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/ukraine&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d04d8d7f5731ee4d65658b5b251738e4774f75263e16fe3f0e76820ea3f141d2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1549039|Constitution of Ukraine]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6ffc63bfb6be52fa62e52df154cb155bb3608a135ef80e4f6f72beb583682da2&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7f356e30362b34841f34d2d2aa38ba88bf15d98584825e43e49f099d271bd872&quot;&gt;http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-30096/Ukraine&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d04d8d7f5731ee4d65658b5b251738e4774f75263e16fe3f0e76820ea3f141d2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1549039|Constitution of Ukraine]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d04d8d7f5731ee4d65658b5b251738e4774f75263e16fe3f0e76820ea3f141d2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1549039|Constitution of Ukraine]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q619610|social state]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d04d8d7f5731ee4d65658b5b251738e4774f75263e16fe3f0e76820ea3f141d2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1549039|Constitution of Ukraine]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4209223|stato de derecto]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d04d8d7f5731ee4d65658b5b251738e4774f75263e16fe3f0e76820ea3f141d2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1549039|Constitution of Ukraine]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4835091|territory]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_26acfc01b6c3b5a18a274ccd29ed3d723b814fc3cbec9643244ef3238ffb54cf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1048515|political world map]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| pais de Europa oriental
|-
| [[:d:Q403|Q403]]
| +381
| SRB
| SRB
| [[File:Flag of Serbia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Serbia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Serbia]]
| [[File:Europe-Serbia (2006–2008).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_56178fb2b3ba2afb7bf8122966b7655d29662167cb1f249ac845318eb480993e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/serbia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q236|Q236]]
| +382
| MNE
| MNE
| [[File:Flag of Montenegro.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Montenegro.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Montenegro]]
| [[File:LocationMontenegro.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2cb60dd1db08471e0e95accfd5f62ff8f6c8b16268cef03b4e69cc8e935f7a98&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/montenegro&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1246|Q1246]]
| +383
| XKS
| KOS
| [[File:Flag of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of the Republic of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Kosovo]]
| [[File:Europe-Republic of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10711424|stato non recognoscite]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_aa458e28623f0fe17ade40df0205fb0b44f4aea39e935882d7bc0ce285236eb7&quot;&gt;https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/kosovo/2013-04-24/kosovo-and-serbia-make-deal&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q224|Q224]]
| +385
| HRV
| CRO
| [[File:Flag of Croatia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Croatia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Croatia]]
| [[File:EU-Croatia (orthographic projection).png|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3672a2a82782c55b216fc45d48687811ab5a0e821a47ce40e8a5b5579b5701eb&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/croatia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q215|Q215]]
| +386
| SVN
| SLO
| [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Slovenia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Slovenia]]
| [[File:EU-Slovenia.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3a191855b72e446ee66c8c377ac37367f78b5eace54eb970b2408cdfd3731602&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/slovenia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q22909549|unitary parliamentary republic]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q225|Q225]]
| +387
| BIH
| BIH
| [[File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bosnia e Herzegovina]]
| [[File:Bosnia and Herzegovina (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d8d30cea60639f17b5f61e0794e2d456119e9b044d21fe6a6afc3122899e34a4&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/bosnia-and-herzegovina&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8423ba8340e8b33fb505561ed0125432eb23a2565c8790412ae86b19bd45f82&quot;&gt;https://www.ustavnisud.ba/public/down/USTAV_BOSNE_I_HERCEGOVINE_engl.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q221|Q221]]
| +389
| MKD
| MKD
| [[File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of North Macedonia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Macedonia del Nord|Republica del Macedonia del Nord]]
| [[File:North Macedonia on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_36b85b5b3863115ec3948b3809826e138d217113d38e743f3554e586eeb08575&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/north-macedonia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q38|Q38]]
| +39
| ITA
| ITA
| [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Italy.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Italia]]
| [[File:Italy on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fe4898b5ac99c11de0a2928de4169b888882f4443640945f2f432a910b4853d6&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/italy&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;
| Italia es un pais del sud de Europa, membro del Union Europee
|-
| [[:d:Q218|Q218]]
| +40
| ROU
| ROU
| [[File:Flag of Romania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Romania.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Romania]]
| [[File:Romania on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3d755d4b97dd1829ec35094fc9d098713ef5e2284882ef097aad95113b338f4b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/romania&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179671|nation state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q39|Q39]]
| +41
| CHE
| SUI
| [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ab7fc05533a6a1045f2ce8ad338b0792ed51296f1397b7e775499d19e43c8e57&quot;&gt;https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20091656/index.html#app1ahref0&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Coat of arms of Switzerland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Switza]]
| [[File:Switzerland on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_dd92ac4d34f2a75f0a50a741fe8e7d2946841a2df58853aef2804394d2df61a5&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/switzerland&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[stato]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q170156|confederation]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q43702|federation]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| republica federal in Europa occidental
|-
| [[:d:Q33946|Q33946]]
| +42
| CSK
| TCH
| [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia (1960–1990).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Checoslovachia]]
| [[File:Czechoslovakia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q3024240|stato preterite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q213|Q213]]
| +420&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_df79ecfd6cebe09b4d21d14e878829878d442d477e525f5c08223b432e633c9c&quot;&gt;https://www.itu.int/oth/T0202.aspx?parent=T0202&lt;/ref&gt;
| CZE
| CZE
| [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Republica Chec]]
| [[File:EU-Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8645e6affd6454487e5530ed31ed7a90de88f9b018af1bac5423f56ba4bfad7f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/czech-republic&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8645e6affd6454487e5530ed31ed7a90de88f9b018af1bac5423f56ba4bfad7f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/czech-republic&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3e5b9bab813465412853331eda013f076fbcdd7ad1a4220fc096b9ec9c3819bf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2948382|Constitution of the Czech Republic]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| pais de Europa
|-
| [[:d:Q214|Q214]]
| +421
| SVK
| SVK
| [[File:Flag of Slovakia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Slovakia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Slovachia]]
| [[File:EU-Slovakia.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1424c4194101285151107afadf98760d8d7016023fc10c482db8b7d6ec89b87f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/slovak-republic&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q347|Q347]]
| +423
| LIE
| LIE
| [[File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Liechtenstein]]
| [[File:Liechtenstein on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0d937f1eaa0a8ce3c1dbab48fbc6a3a1758a45e720a52f371696280451670afc&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/liechtenstein&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q40|Q40]]
| +43
| AUT
| AUT
| [[File:Flag of Austria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Austria.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Austria]]
| [[File:EU-Austria.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e33536185a3a577767c4df8815505e3839cdb3ac340226ff3e9f0263fb53a77a&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/austria&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8c9140023642283c5ce8f0054419301e4e661b4d544d74f911a04dbe4e1b2919&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1005391|Federal Constitutional Law]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4209223|stato de derecto]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8c9140023642283c5ce8f0054419301e4e661b4d544d74f911a04dbe4e1b2919&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1005391|Federal Constitutional Law]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e33536185a3a577767c4df8815505e3839cdb3ac340226ff3e9f0263fb53a77a&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/austria&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q145|Q145]]
| +44
| GBR
| GBR
| [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2e1423dcb8b790e2e90a3897a27b6871f1f66485f3fef42b8884658e2a229779&quot;&gt;https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/union-flag-approved-designs&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, variant 2).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Regno Unite]]
| [[File:Europe-UK.svg|center|48px]]
| GB-UKM
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_dfdffa9d57b2fb35a670d3ccd0f5108d106431f778afe76ae9340c6b22d4a968&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/united-kingdom&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_07aba9f4379b9bcc0a6454827692516fc6c733e43765fde9ef8e09c53c9b2bab&quot;&gt;https://www.legislation.gov.uk/aip/Geo3/40/38&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q20181813|colonial power]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q785|Q785]]
| +44
| JEY&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ca652d7e17bcaf3c9763053fbd648993f635d0474f5bfa63eea979be1687f653&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1520117|Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| [[File:Flag of Jersey.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Jersey.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q785|Jersey]]''
| [[File:Europe-Jersey.svg|center|48px]]
| GB-JSY
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q185086|Crown Dependencies]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q9676|Q9676]]
| +44&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b714df18ef994aabad5b33575fae9a331bb1a7dc5b689b12caafedbcadefb338&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/isle-of-man/&lt;/ref&gt;
| IMN
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Isle of Man.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Isle of Man.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Insula de Man]]
| [[File:Europe-Isle of Man.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q185086|Crown Dependencies]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q25230|Q25230]]
| +44
| GGY
| 
| [[File:Flag of Guernsey.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Guernsey.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q25230|Guernsey]]''
| [[File:Europe-Guernsey.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| ''[[:d:Q185086|Crown Dependencies]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4996207|bailiwick]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q35|Q35]]
| +45
| DNK
| DEN
| [[File:Flag of Denmark.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National coat of arms of Denmark.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Danmark]]
| [[File:Denmark (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2ab2d3efd2b6883b381ce9a652bd0a5322344d6df7b3edab85734fc96927cc79&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/denmark&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[stato]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q20181813|colonial power]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q66724388|autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q34|Q34]]
| +46
| SWE
| SWE
| [[File:Flag of Sweden.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Great coat of arms of Sweden.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Svedia]]
| [[File:Sweden on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_85068a0db46453daf483b5ba47c8fa4ab52bb44c01b35806a36e5e3a58b5717f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/sweden&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q63791824|country bordering the Baltic Sea]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Monarchia constitutional]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q20|Q20]]
| +47
| NOR
| NOR
| [[File:Flag of Norway.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Norway.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Norvegia|Norvega]]
| [[File:Europe-Norway.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fc099a57536d047473ad7df4ff76be5a912448e57d6a1fbd89f6dff87c3affb7&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/norway&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_238811c00bbde06ebcef712fe55f6c4e005d6573d58ef9fc61e20136bd11c169&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/no.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| pais in Europa
|-
| [[:d:Q36|Q36]]
| +48
| POL
| POL
| [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Herb Polski.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Polonia]]
| [[File:Poland on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1141d2922ee6e0af6cb7b1552630080174d486c3a0ec7527e3f165a83465e88e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/poland&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q183|Q183]]
| +49
| DEU
| GER&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7051b4fa8b9e1fd011a3751668a1a7d17dace442ab69f795ae7cd785f21ca7e6&quot;&gt;https://www.laenderdaten.de/kuerzel/olympia.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_14f12b58ecf7e955915f42a62d53c127443a3805dc49bc5b11cfcbf6a89c6802&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q28796597|Olympic.org athletes database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_79e4d44474c511272c7ee74bc50614da858523aec6ef10464aea6ef133b76b29&quot;&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/countrycodes.php&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1d422822f174182146a3ebf7ed95f411618ba7c64ac7d21c1e4fe9147edeb999&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q56045|Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Coat of arms of Germany.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1be4b5c5406071713a14f29b675da8b4bf2fcf605c1e15c08f26ab8844ae1f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q836156|Bundesgesetzblatt]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Germania]]
| [[File:Germany (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8994a5d7462aefdbea449b87b3c75500724d67a43898039a18a6f10e06f8d2ce&quot;&gt;https://tuerkei.diplo.de/tr-de/themen/08-kids-corner/-/1602334&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_28b4a876afe5bc29aa93ea5e1d077508e10499391b0dca5ba9a493d360bd35a8&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/germany&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e8d288976e5fc82ece1969aac468ee1b37e61ce5becb93cfcc5ed975493294e&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1206379|General Treaty]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0aaaa5a7a82b0a7c136905d5fdcea358424e8a04be48b9d47cb8e8cd8be10345&quot;&gt;https://www.ndr.de/geschichte/chronologie/Deutschlandvertrag-Wie-die-Bundesrepublik-souveraen-wurde,deutschlandvertrag100.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2ebe9814d2917c7003bf83a374e6ebc357663e1b2a5ad7faa6d40ad2e07afc3d&quot;&gt;https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/579364/034b11190e6f59ada9686600ee020f37/wd-3-119-09-pdf-data.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q9648|Q9648]]
| +500
| FLK
| FLK
| [[File:Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of the Falkland Islands (relief).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Insulas Falkland]]
| [[File:Location map of the Falklands – Alternative version 4.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_203f3398d59e1eab4d90d7772b9082a662f7d5689d7d159c89ce7bc067c1b4bb&quot;&gt;https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/south-america-human-geography/print/&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''
| archipelago in le Atlantico meridional, e un territorio britannic de ultramar, disputate per Argentina
|-
| [[:d:Q35086|Q35086]]
| +500
| SGS
| 
| [[File:Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q35086|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]''
| [[File:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15239622|disputed territory]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q242|Q242]]
| +501
| BLZ
| BIZ
| [[File:Flag of Belize.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Belize.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Belize]]
| [[File:BLZ orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America Central]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3c98eafb0d4c40878e965dfadc6441c2c87d66ccc85fd5c1f1a72495d062fb80&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/belize&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q774|Q774]]
| +502
| GTM
| GUA
| [[File:Flag of Guatemala.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Guatemala.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Guatemala]]
| [[File:Guatemala on the globe (Americas centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_98679fcaebc52997a11177fc30555e916cfc69b530f2421ecb540aecf9db30e9&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/guatemala&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q171751|banana republic]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q792|Q792]]
| +503
| SLV
| ESA
| [[File:Flag of El Salvador.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of El Salvador.svg|center|48px]]
| [[El Salvador]]
| [[File:Orthographic Map of El Salvador.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70b20e416ca5a00772ef3965e3330e0d5b9bbce4968b133f3a416e50f7bda5ce&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/el-salvador&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q783|Q783]]
| +504
| HND
| HON
| [[File:Flag of Honduras (1949–2022, 2026–present).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Honduras.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Honduras]]
| [[File:Honduras (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0d1c3e1552324fe47da2fcbd9bd42258c5818c866757f0381d5aaeee643cab10&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/honduras&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q811|Q811]]
| +505
| NIC
| NCA
| [[File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Nicaragua.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Nicaragua]]
| [[File:Nicaragua (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a75c072cecb60eed6d2fdbf2f67c23b4730f13f79c6a5af8702cd2bb43554ec8&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/nicaragua&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q800|Q800]]
| +506
| CRI
| CRC
| [[File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Costa Rica.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Costa Rica]]
| [[File:Costa Rica (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ddab406ed76bc355fe46531eaf50bcae55bbbe305380b0bc0306ebb912b36599&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/costa-rica&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ddab406ed76bc355fe46531eaf50bcae55bbbe305380b0bc0306ebb912b36599&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/costa-rica&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q804|Q804]]
| +507
| PAN
| PAN
| [[File:Flag of Panama.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Panama.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Panama]]
| [[File:PAN orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q34617|Q34617]]
| +508
| SPM
| 
| [[File:Flag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Armoiries SaintPierreetMiquelon.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q34617|Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]''
| [[File:Saint Pierre and Miquelon in France.svg|center|48px]]
| FR-PM
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q790|Q790]]
| +509
| HTI
| HAI
| [[File:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Haiti.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Haiti]]
| [[File:Haiti (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_905bef37a7c7392a2f0df8827fe0818ee03e71dcf51b29d39e3ca3f7d65c6bba&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/haiti&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q419|Q419]]
| +51
| PER
| PER
| [[File:Flag of Peru.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Escudo nacional del Perú.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Peru]]
| [[File:Peru (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1fd5d6cd2fb26be70c8c8fcd6dd3496cda984b2d1f36def17dca285aeeab3b64&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/peru&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| pais de America del Sud
|-
| [[:d:Q96|Q96]]
| +52
| MEX&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_48d0ce6be950795de8ca7fff8e44dbc620d6e5a7b241a75d037258726867406a&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:MX&lt;/ref&gt;
| MEX
| [[File:Flag of Mexico.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Mexico.svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Mexico]]
| [[File:MEX orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ed55f80116d256bcda4e59c84019208f7437ab56659e14f04b1fc61d7bea6a61&quot;&gt;http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_57a61da440053f5fb9c595807f0e40a5716a527552ffc7b6563d171d0c18dcc6&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/mexico&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_908cb0b705445b32704dd008e1db18a95b528c763ffcf9456df5877bed87be08&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q11191|The World Factbook]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q241|Q241]]
| +53
| CUB
| CUB
| [[File:Flag of Cuba.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Cuba]]
| [[File:Cuba (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5c70ac92f86e31f55867c9d14bb707f54acdbbfff2caa8898681ac3b65c9a30d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/cuba&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q849866|communist state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q414|Q414]]
| +54
| ARG
| ARG
| [[File:Flag of Argentina.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Argentina.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Argentina]]
| [[File:ARG orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e616ef27e84dce01a65dcb178dbd75b7dbceb23fb4bff8a3c79f35707040b686&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/argentina&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[nation]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10551526|confessional state]]''
| pais de America del Sud
|-
| [[:d:Q155|Q155]]
| +55
| BRA
| BRA
| [[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Brazil.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Brasil]]
| [[File:BRA orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fddb9d0df98a18a5136998def2603820369b7f646426d22a09005e177fde7afc&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/brazil&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5c82beb1fb4dd02d663f37b907e0cca990987aef221d1fbf12883eefd4a2f8b1&quot;&gt;https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[stato secular]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_02c70ce7e82c7b584465384c48cfa48df62e8157043980dd85c87ac7ede9f667&quot;&gt;https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm?lang=pt&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| pais de America del Sud
|-
| [[:d:Q298|Q298]]
| +56
| CHL
| CHI
| [[File:Flag of Chile.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Chile (c).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Chile]]
| [[File:CHL orthographic (+all claims).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e1310045a66773c61bd0e84b83324cf1e2fa4d46dfe527c44eb0b834a66ec172&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/chile&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[nation]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5255892|republica democratic]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais transcontinental]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q739|Q739]]
| +57
| COL
| COL
| [[File:Flag of Colombia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Colombia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Colombia]]
| [[File:COL orthographic (San Andrés and Providencia special).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_994d63c4bc3c8f9e8f60ac8f00f3f218cd213b0e0a0ed07075aeface0e40a86e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/colombia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[stato secular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q717|Q717]]
| +58
| VEN
| VEN
| [[File:Flag of Venezuela.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Venezuela.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Venezuela]]
| [[File:VEN orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34753d3ee3e55d18087148c8246f9edac384974ed010dee94db2716ef96bed2d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/venezuela&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| pais de America del Sud
|-
| [[:d:Q17012|Q17012]]
| +590
| GLP
| 
| [[File:Flag of France.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Guadeloupe.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Guadalupe|Guadeloupe]]
| [[File:Guadeloupe in France 2016.svg|center|48px]]
| FR-971
| [[America del Nord]]
| [[Regiones de Francia|region de Francia]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q202216|departimento de ultramar de Francia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q25362|Q25362]]
| +590
| BLM
| 
| [[File:Flag of Saint Barthélemy (local).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Blason St Barthélémy TOM entire.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q25362|Saint Barthélemy]]''
| [[File:Saint Barthelemy in France.svg|center|48px]]
| FR-BL
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_acb678d6cb9dd51a3fd3981405e68362fe227c398b2f88f9205d3f195172710d&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q47486150|loi organique n° 2007-223 du 21 février 2007 portant dispositions statutaires et institutionnelles relatives à l'outre-mer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q126125|Q126125]]
| +590
| MAF
| 
| [[File:Flag of France.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:St Martin Coat.png|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q126125|Saint-Martin]]''
| [[File:Saint Martin in its region (zoom).svg|center|48px]]
| FR-MF
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q750|Q750]]
| +591
| BOL
| BOL
| [[File:Flag of Bolivia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Escudo de Bolivia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bolivia]]
| [[File:BOL orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2514490d267edd0ccf67aeebd5cdef6d1a6d46658d0144e8b169f7a5d0e7fcb4&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/bolivia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| pais de America del Sud
|-
| [[:d:Q734|Q734]]
| +592
| GUY
| GUY
| [[File:Flag of Guyana.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Guyana.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Guyana]]
| [[File:GUY orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_67a868b6b67f9a228949dd4acfd83f0001226596d8ef5d369cd4e6cafa99769a&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/guyana&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q736|Q736]]
| +593
| ECU
| ECU
| [[File:Flag of Ecuador.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Ecuador.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Ecuador]]
| [[File:ECU orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e295c77e6eef104bd08bdae6da90dff1b51e9bdd08fddcf3e2a516176409d6ac&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ecuador/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1549cd7b08d3efa66a50a207465ae84b898d1ee78b3472cd0f637050f3df5674&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/ecuador&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| pais de America del Sud
|-
| [[:d:Q3769|Q3769]]
| +594
| GUF
| 
| [[File:Flag of France.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of French Guiana, according to the original displayed at the Museum Franconie, at Cayenne.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q3769|French Guiana]]''
| [[File:French Guiana (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| FR-973
| [[America del Sud]]
| ''[[:d:Q202216|departimento de ultramar de Francia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Regiones de Francia|region de Francia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q733|Q733]]
| +595
| PRY
| PAR
| [[File:Flag of Paraguay.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Paraguay.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Paraguay]]
| [[File:PRY orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_498e84adec1a718348a511c10a611145cd12143230bf83cba372af4ddc8f5ca8&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/paraguay&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17054|Q17054]]
| +596
| MTQ
| 
| [[File:Flag-of-Martinique.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Martinica]]
| [[File:Martinique-CIA WFB Map.png|center|48px]]
| FR-972
| [[America del Nord]]
| [[Regiones de Francia|region de Francia]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q202216|departimento de ultramar de Francia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q730|Q730]]
| +597
| SUR
| SUR
| [[File:Flag of Suriname.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Suriname.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Suriname]]
| [[File:SURINAME orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q116052725|national geopolitical entity]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0e3eb26c7c9b8a4b2ecbae349ee1191d318db6dce17d409ca5c2c1a31aedc2b9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q81661634|Gazetteer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q77|Q77]]
| +598
| URY
| URU
| [[File:Flag of Uruguay.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Uruguay.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Uruguay]]
| [[File:URY orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Sud]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3fc46b9f24a8ea483e8de2a69e4e9850b7ca55f5a20994df6ed612892cc8a304&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/uruguay&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[stato secular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1520223|republica constitutional]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27561|Q27561]]
| +599
| BES&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b487e18951526d42430f1cf1c21ee328d29004b78388d2bd2e82fab9d7187199&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/iso_3166-1_newsletter_vi-8_split_of_the_dutch_antilles_final-en.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| 
| 
| ''[[:d:Q27561|Caribbean Netherlands]]''
| [[File:BES islands location map.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[America del Nord]]
| [[entitate territorial administrative]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1402592|island group]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q25279|Q25279]]
| +5999
| CUW
| 
| [[File:Flag of Curaçao.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Curaçao.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q25279|Curaçao]]''
| [[File:Curacao in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| NL-CW&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a79facb7c77a4d17adb234b1eb74d3b9373e6d448dc9064422a0639025f813d0&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q14005|MusicBrainz]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[America del Nord]]
| ''[[:d:Q15304003|pais del Regno del Paises Basse]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q833|Q833]]
| +60
| MYS&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_91ced5a92c53470c76e4c318a3e14e7348c772d5741a91228cccdd5a43e6e26a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q292649|AGROVOC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| MAS
| [[File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Malaysia]]
| [[File:Malaysia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4db31c2abbd25705c252d2a83966507548cf6104716341bf45b5502c200016d5&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/malaysia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q408|Q408]]
| +61&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3c8ec2e7664ec852051e6cd9f0b6b2fbb0da9322c5c9c9cf52343863015308a9&quot;&gt;http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/telephone-country-and-area-codes&lt;/ref&gt;
| AUS&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_63f5ca7a183963ae457d8f89197c39e30c3e1963bcf902fb3e780d1dbf4e9c8a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q25275|ISO 3166-1]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| AUS
| [[File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_81c89a07f6d8245f3f610a5338eb4d06b8867ad0833011281075a438da9ceee8&quot;&gt;https://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/symbols/flag.cfm&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Australia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Australia]]
| [[File:AUS orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_55b989eb7cce48a09a35b5932d4bfe396cfa0c87723f34b78db550924ba8e125&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/australia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q43702|federation]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q36004|Q36004]]
| +61891
| CCK
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Cocos (Keeling) Island.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Clunies-Ross family arms.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q36004|Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]''
| [[File:Cocos (Keeling) Islands on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]
| ''[[:d:Q1402592|island group]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11687019|external territory of Australia]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q252|Q252]]
| +62
| IDN
| INA
| [[File:Flag of Indonesia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Indonesia]]
| [[File:Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_970dd6a46d4f65845c7cbd5220c7d0d74219a48387ec0cabf1594edb82643050&quot;&gt;https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/continent/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c55e382eccb9df0acee0cc1da5d37980fd422383f9c3ecf6120f084c3ec5f28d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/indonesia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1520223|republica constitutional]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q928|Q928]]
| +63
| PHL
| PHI
| [[File:Flag of the Philippines.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Philippines.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Philippinas]]
| [[File:Philippines on the globe (Philippines centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_90ddd9118d68da7e61f33410d7080c6b560febc48a82e4ce29895642ab46bf64&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/philippines&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_81ccc0a78ceeb0d2999af5af7bc2806ac346781fcd398871eaf267afc8de71d0&quot;&gt;http://www.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q664|Q664]]
| +64
| NZL
| NZL
| [[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of New Zealand.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Nove Zelanda]]
| [[File:NZL orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_43526c89d88275bc84852dc4b538fedc841dc0a120e0c438af7a537de4086408&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/new-zealand&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c6871316bdeb1556c2cb74d8cc18cbb2d6fdef879d68bebda378e8b70461e1f2&quot;&gt;https://www.parliament.nz/en/pb/research-papers/document/00PLLawRP07041/new-zealand-sovereignty-1857-1907-1947-or-1987&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q35672|Q35672]]
| +64
| PCN
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Pitcairn Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Pitcairn Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Insulas Pitcairn]]
| [[File:Pitcairn Islands on the globe (French Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q46395|British Overseas Territories]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[archipelago]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q334|Q334]]
| +65
| SGP
| SGP
| [[File:Flag of Singapore.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Singapore.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Singapur]]
| [[File:Singapore on the globe (Southeast Asia centered) zoom.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_591a47b973127214527a344ead22a6b9c5a29e61cecdefd3efe8549371974412&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/singapore&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Citate-stato]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[citate]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2264924|port city]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1549591|citate grande]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q902814|border city]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Citate global]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q108178728|national capital]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q869|Q869]]
| +66
| THA
| THA
| [[File:Flag of Thailand.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Thailand.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Thailanda]]
| [[File:Thailand (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1662d307f567064dc266b2cfac2a07109ffb99efbaf1b75321fe85a45954972d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/thailand&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Monarchia constitutional]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q574|Q574]]
| +670
| TLS
| TLS
| [[File:Flag of East Timor.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of East Timor.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Timor Oriental]]
| [[File:Timor Leste (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8362efb05122fa36809795881d4668b18e17bdd60c854c2c5fab6a7f55182648&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/timor-leste&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q51|Q51]]
| +672
| ATA
| 
| 
| 
| [[Antarctica]]
| [[File:Antarctica (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| 
| [[continente]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_683b2661c49be29f69007bda6012994faeb7dbcefb33fdba8ec0685c5503f9be&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q43400782|БСЭ1 / Антарктида]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[region]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q312461|terra nullius]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2418896|part of the world]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2221906|geographic location]]''
| continente
|-
| [[:d:Q10372207|Q10372207]]
| +672
| ATA
| 
| [[File:Flag of the Antarctic Treaty.svg|center|48px]]
| No/unknown value
| ''[[:d:Q10372207|Antarctic Treaty area]]''
| [[File:Mapa Polo Sur.png|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Antarctica]]
| ''[[:d:Q734818|condominium]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15239622|disputed territory]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q312461|terra nullius]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q31057|Q31057]]
| +6723
| NFK
| 
| [[File:Flag of Norfolk Island.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Norfolk Island.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Norfuk Ailen]]
| [[File:Australia in its region (Norfolk Island special).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q11687019|external territory of Australia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q14192199|territory of Australia]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q921|Q921]]
| +673
| BRN&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_85f197c05a3a50ab610b9354a76864571e64192440bbfe1f06301e0f182262ec&quot;&gt;https://www.ISO.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BN&lt;/ref&gt;
| BRU
| [[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Brunei.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Brunei]]
| [[File:Brunei on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4becd3be642e592e77e314fc7d958e6dad76a875a3179bc1ff6f9d1916367001&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/brunei&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Sultanato]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_85f197c05a3a50ab610b9354a76864571e64192440bbfe1f06301e0f182262ec&quot;&gt;https://www.ISO.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BN&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q697|Q697]]
| +674&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f445a3c22990f1d62e6cc18fc0fe03673e9da07854dda7c809cfb12ee03b8b84&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q373|Wikivoyage]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| NRU
| NRU
| [[File:Flag of Nauru.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Nauru (2020).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Nauru]]
| [[File:Nauru on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q691|Q691]]
| +675
| PNG
| PNG
| [[File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National emblem of Papua New Guinea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Papua Nove Guinea]]
| [[File:Papua New Guinea (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Monarchia constitutional]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q678|Q678]]
| +676
| TON
| TGA
| [[File:Flag of Tonga.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Tonga.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Tonga]]
| [[File:Tonga on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q918240|territorial evolution of the British Empire]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q685|Q685]]
| +677
| SLB
| SOL
| [[File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Solomon Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Insulas Salomon]]
| [[File:Solomon Islands on the globe (Oceania centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7f5ca980c7c2189a89782643533e6234e580f7f98aa6844d2d32279248a3e8ad&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/solomon-islands&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q686|Q686]]
| +678
| VUT
| VAN
| [[File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Vanuatu.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Vanuatu]]
| [[File:Vanuatu on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q712|Q712]]
| +679&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_202d137c6425b2a43a20e310db64cbd63e6934c5462ed66403c3e1a2d82eeab6&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fj.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| FJI
| FIJ
| [[File:Flag of Fiji.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Fiji.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Fiji]]
| [[File:Fiji (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_202d137c6425b2a43a20e310db64cbd63e6934c5462ed66403c3e1a2d82eeab6&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fj.html&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q695|Q695]]
| +680
| PLW
| PLW
| [[File:Flag of Palau.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of Palau.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Palau]]
| [[File:Palau on the globe (Southeast Asia centered) (small islands magnified).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Oceania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_daf169b91264e60c8364612cb2060080f814d06ec09d7ebceeda0cfaba3360c4&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/palau&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q35555|Q35555]]
| +681
| WLF
| 
| [[File:Flag of Wallis and Futuna.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:BlasonWallisetFutuna.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q35555|Wallis and Futuna]]''
| [[File:Wallis and Futuna in France (zoomed).svg|center|48px]]
| FR-WF
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q26988|Q26988]]
| +682
| COK
| COK
| [[File:Flag of the Cook Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of the Cook Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q26988|Cook Islands]]''
| [[File:Cook Islands on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1138279|associated state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q34020|Q34020]]
| +683
| NIU
| 
| [[File:Flag of Niue.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Niue.jpg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q34020|Niue]]''
| [[File:Niue on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1138279|associated state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q683|Q683]]
| +685
| WSM
| SAM
| [[File:Flag of Samoa.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Public Seal of Samoa.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Samoa]]
| [[File:Samoa on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q710|Q710]]
| +686
| KIR
| KIR
| [[File:Flag of Kiribati.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Kiribati.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Kiribati]]
| [[File:Kiribati on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Oceania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d7c103e6ebce9cca16cd4b40558d38bf1c32b659302b6caf56e1517ac3078a0b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/kiribati&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q33788|Q33788]]
| +687
| NCL
| 
| [[File:Flag of FLNKS.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of New Caledonia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Nove Caledonia]]
| [[File:New Caledonia in France (zoomed).svg|center|48px]]
| FR-NC
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q672|Q672]]
| +688
| TUV
| TUV
| [[File:Flag of Tuvalu.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Tuvalu.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Tuvalu]]
| [[File:Tuvalu in its region.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Oceania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7cd05220d2aea3511b2677c79066753c92268a3a67a0a57bd82accd0e6458f8c&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/tuvalu&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q202686|regno del Communitate de Nationes]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q30971|Q30971]]
| +689
| PYF
| 
| [[File:Flag of French Polynesia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of French Polynesia.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q30971|French Polynesia]]''
| [[File:French Polynesia on the globe (French Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| FR-PF
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q719487|collectivitate de ultramar]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q36823|Q36823]]
| +690
| TKL
| 
| [[File:Flag of Tokelau.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Badge of Tokelau.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q36823|Tokelau]]''
| [[File:LocationTokelau.png|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q538|Oceania]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1402592|island group]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q702|Q702]]
| +691
| FSM
| FSM
| [[File:Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Statos Federate de Micronesia|Micronesia]]
| [[File:Micronesia on the globe (Micronesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_35ec7f61ba88d07db6051a9635d5a80b6346c204c801f053db14ed60df06a80f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/micronesia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q709|Q709]]
| +692
| MHL
| MHL
| [[File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Seal of the Marshall Islands.svg|center|48px]]
| ''[[:d:Q709|Marshall Islands]]''
| [[File:Marshall Islands on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Oceania]]
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q159|Q159]]
| +7
| RUS
| RUS
| [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Russia]]
| [[File:LocationRussia.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a3e468da529f6170ebe537841394006365958e82b1c66e74caf70fcb621997a4&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/russia&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Asia]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Eurasia]]
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_51cfe82ebe6b6b1410c83f0e5d300685a554345e61cbb37d2ecf3e5be2d6b1ad&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q11836865|Declaration of the Council of Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR No. 142-N of 26 December 1991]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f61b0d5d011a8872156b5d698bf39e3bbdc7397313a70de6d7d097c7048b5b4c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q652062|Constitution of Russia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[stato secular]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f61b0d5d011a8872156b5d698bf39e3bbdc7397313a70de6d7d097c7048b5b4c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q652062|Constitution of Russia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais transcontinental]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q232|Q232]]
| +7&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_869fc93f19bd3db0d26985eae23a7cdc35e3955bcc025f142ba7028febd1acc8&quot;&gt;http://countrycode.org/kazakhstan&lt;/ref&gt;
| KAZ
| KAZ
| [[File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Kazakhstan latin.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Qazaqstan|Kazakhstan]]
| [[File:Kazakhstan (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0c2352a80be92c3210ce7156d90b4c25cf17b2997c3c354578a49c50ae82e7e0&quot;&gt;http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=9998&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_00f4a00217006243f1f5d216b71903ba86d97ebca781de7880fb7d1ae44c389b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/kazakhstan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais transcontinental]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| stato euroasiatic
|-
| [[:d:Q17|Q17]]
| +81
| JPN
| JPN
| [[File:Flag of Japan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Kamon of the Imperial House of Japan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Japon]]
| [[File:Japan on the globe (de-facto) (Japan centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_18b47b49cacad6ae73f045f727a828dab6f9032777e094eaacf4f43697017d32&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/japan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_abc3a7b6a82b0e7dce0ee5331c624e8c53edf38da63fef7cf24d52e956bcedd7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q66481470|МСЭ2 / Япония]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_abc3a7b6a82b0e7dce0ee5331c624e8c53edf38da63fef7cf24d52e956bcedd7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q66481470|МСЭ2 / Япония]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| pais de Asia
|-
| [[:d:Q884|Q884]]
| +82
| KOR
| KOR
| [[File:Flag of South Korea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of South Korea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Corea del Sud]]
| [[File:South Korea (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ed06a6210c3250c4513da4dbeeeef173390ab6ec6bc7e2ebb62135ead8e6dd31&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/korea&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1520223|republica constitutional]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b56d7a5874cc979de67507be4b9d0ec0309a3055065d3b2c94872cb63e655bc8&quot;&gt;https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Korea&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q881|Q881]]
| +84
| VNM
| VIE
| [[File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Vietnam.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Vietnam]]
| [[File:Vietnam on the globe (Asia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3cdd1c3c0f83a1f617d30538f8f473fd74f6c0ec9f6c4f795af39aa128e1f9cb&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/vietnam&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q849866|communist state]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q423|Q423]]
| +850
| PRK
| PRK
| [[File:Flag of North Korea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of North Korea.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Corea del Nord]]
| [[File:LocationNorthKorea.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5d92736853365d9e85e7b28bcbfce24d004923f1f10cf7563666126117dfd42d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/dem-people-s-rep-korea&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q465613|republica popular]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1309121|hermit kingdom]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3303230|pariah state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q8646|Q8646]]
| +852
| HKG
| HKG
| [[File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Regional Emblem of Hong Kong.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Hong Kong]]
| [[File:Hong Kong in China (zoomed) (+all claims hatched).svg|center|48px]]
| CN-HK
| [[Asia]]
| ''[[:d:Q779415|region administrative special]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[citate]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1549591|citate grande]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q200250|metropole]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Citate global]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Citate-stato]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q125470455|customs territory of China]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3337001|nationality for sports]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q14773|Q14773]]
| +853
| MAC
| MAC
| [[File:Flag of Macau.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Regional Emblem of Macau.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Macao]]
| [[File:Macau locator map.svg|center|48px]]
| CN-MO
| [[Asia]]
| ''[[:d:Q779415|region administrative special]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Citate-stato]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1549591|citate grande]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q486972|localitate populate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1200957|tourist destination]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q161243|territorio dependente]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q125470455|customs territory of China]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q424|Q424]]
| +855
| KHM
| CAM
| [[File:Flag of Cambodia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Royal arms of Cambodia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Cambodja|Cambodgia]]
| [[File:Cambodia on the globe (Asia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_abe4358184070f9b6797681a5adb73e29bd1da4d11a88cd83ae1664ab59a73bd&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/cambodia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1250464|realm]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q819|Q819]]
| +856
| LAO
| LAO
| [[File:Flag of Laos.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Laos (1991-2025).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Laos]]
| [[File:Laos on the globe (Asia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_39b1fd2e1c22a49137d4e9548d1988e3f3e9aa478b87789b44044b20140fc4b9&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/lao-pdr&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q849866|communist state]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q465613|republica popular]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| stato soveran in Asia del sud-est
|-
| [[:d:Q148|Q148]]
| +86
| CHN
| CHN
| [[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:中華人民共和國國徽.svg|center|48px]]
| [[China]]
| [[File:CHN orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a99460e35c29523fbc64f3e501526e4e548dc1a24bf60644edd14ee96b8d9f75&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/china&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q902|Q902]]
| +880
| BGD
| BAN
| [[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National emblem of Bangladesh.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bangladesh]]
| [[File:Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ab9a52b2415e4258c2ccb5504794704ed5046ee1482b61e585b8669706229b8b&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/bangladesh&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q865|Q865]]
| +886
| TWN
| TPE&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_57a0ad33f5b6f27f02f92a9efa64f01b99937ab26de151c23288f5b72c3c0fb2&quot;&gt;https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-olympics-full-list-ioc-national-olympic-committee-codes&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National Emblem of the Republic of China.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Taiwan|Republica de China]]
| [[File:Locator map of the ROC Taiwan.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]
| [[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5255892|republica democratic]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a9f70626dc74e5b985084e8b1f64ad3ff7e0f85a25e82df819ca2f9557c85049&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q213099|Constitution of the Republic of China]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c1a15e1a1d9b909b4bb07e4dc4f5be3a202d16916c872c87fb7d5f3047286520&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10926890|Fundamentals of National Reconstruction]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q668|Q668]]
| +91
| IND
| IND
| [[File:Flag of India.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of India.svg|center|48px]]
| [[India]]
| [[File:India (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7f529af02bea9f37111f5ff64a1ecb27e4148cfe3bfa74c586f9e3fcf2ca8574&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/india&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6aab621fef4b62124bd99d03b3d27640d6e75323aa147063e7d7135c8724a7f3&quot;&gt;https://www.state.gov/independent-states-in-the-world/&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q843|Q843]]
| +92
| PAK
| PAK
| [[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:State emblem of Pakistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Pakistan]]
| [[File:Pakistan on the globe (de-facto and claimed hatched) (Afro-Eurasia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_37b442a17714a61e024650736f93e269f286a7c916ba24fac9139775925b34e0&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/pakistan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q889|Q889]]
| +93
| AFG
| AFG
| [[File:Flag of the Taliban.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Arms of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Afghanistan]]
| [[File:Afghanistan (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d1b2dd0c80f9f9d33adddf70d21067d1f1739a3646ccb2c797f0d93469c08730&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/afghanistan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q854|Q854]]
| +94
| LKA
| SRI
| [[File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Sri Lanka.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| [[File:Sri Lanka (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a5b2f7f145888ef200ccfcec3e73bef97ccbd3157ddbbbb6160bd6803f7b51b2&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/sri-lanka&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q836|Q836]]
| +95
| MMR
| MYA
| [[File:Flag of Myanmar.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:State Seal of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Birmania]]
| [[File:Myanmar on the globe (Myanmar centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a20b46494326aff210a40fb9b2eea5e738e9385f36f0c36a24f790b010ba6e27&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/myanmar&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q826|Q826]]
| +960
| MDV
| MDV
| [[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Maldives.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Maldivas]]
| [[File:Maldives (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ca38c12334a859eed2ac9814492e6f861112b0460ba2b09b781f89acd2373b49&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/maldives&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11815167|archipelagic state]]''
| pais archipelagic de Asia
|-
| [[:d:Q822|Q822]]
| +961
| LBN
| LBN
| [[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Lebanon.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Libano]]
| [[File:Lebanon (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_852f696db1749aeed11812ff08d49b6ee67c7dd78b8c7b135092052ed9cac018&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/lebanon&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q810|Q810]]
| +962
| JOR
| JOR
| [[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Jordan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Jordania]]
| [[File:Jordan on the globe (Afro-Eurasia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9f846bfa4bc40138822f26e7705b2f459bb74eee955fcfddfa745ba4c26b853a&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/jordan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Monarchia constitutional]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q858|Q858]]
| +963
| SYR
| SYR
| [[File:Flag of Syria (2025-).svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Syria (2025–present).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Syria]]
| [[File:Syria (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_412fa4b836a6613010597160bf80f588d683992c3a7c230e40132d4d1dd5909a&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/syrian-arab-republic&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q796|Q796]]
| +964
| IRQ
| IRQ
| [[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Iraq.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Irak]]
| [[File:Iraq (orthographic-projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8235b932b9266c6c4a026faf3ec34936d71d553e259e66933aff9d02b124a1ea&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/iraq&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q817|Q817]]
| +965
| KWT
| KUW
| [[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of the State of Kuwait.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Kuwait]]
| [[File:KWT orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3ace251482c28923d1f51ac0d92f9a6660ecff6563b0ba65d49cf6d4240edd98&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/kuwait&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q851|Q851]]
| +966
| SAU
| KSA
| [[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Saudi Arabia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Arabia Saudita]]
| [[File:Saudi Arabia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_26784e44a0327d74d0bef416db5c974641a0f4599932def46a46ff3cab16958e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/saudi-arabia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q805|Q805]]
| +967
| YEM
| YEM
| [[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Yemen (2).svg|center|48px]]
| [[Yemen]]
| [[File:Yemen (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a8ffbdbb020752731956fe0b761b6fb68d783b10c1a0bb0d7af2c800aef460f8&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/yemen&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q842|Q842]]
| +968
| OMN
| OMA
| [[File:Flag of Oman.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:National emblem of Oman.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Oman]]
| [[File:Oman (better) (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_01586d2a30f5bcd896fe98d3b34625be88b8acaacdc447a62f9c38744cb89b8e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/oman&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Sultanato]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q219060|Q219060]]
| +970
| PSE&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3f75e303bf4853c467c06725a05dba6eeb7112ce137fb140bdc7a80e567b6d9a&quot;&gt;https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#search&lt;/ref&gt;
| PLE
| [[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Palestine.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Stato de Palestina]]
| [[File:State of Palestine (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2eb2aafc86ec576fb04cf58b8c5a6b5ccc975adff5e06377af3f6986e526b197&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/west-bank-and-gaza&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[region]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_61cb9542cfec0192ac28895ad39604419ece3afcc2d24629fa49d44e66ca8713&quot;&gt;https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10711424|stato non recognoscite]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1aa0d02a4d329d277dd84e6b641dfc97d3cea6ca9ee7087854a9c8096d827e5d&quot;&gt;https://www.visualcapitalist.com/recognition-of-israel-and-palestine-map/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''
| stato partialmente recognoscite in Asia
|-
| [[:d:Q407199|Q407199]]
| +970
| PSE
| 
| [[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q407199|Occupied Palestinian territories]]''
| [[File:Palestinian territories (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]
| ''[[:d:Q2577883|occupied territory]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1048835|political territorial entity]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q878|Q878]]
| +971
| ARE
| UAE
| [[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of the United Arab Emirates.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Emiratos Arabe Unite]]
| [[File:United Arab Emirates (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_59a1d652766a06f92458495e7cef738309868b7ba5a287d913c5709c1714791e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/united-arab-emirates&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q801|Q801]]
| +972
| ISR
| ISR
| [[File:Flag of Israel.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Israel.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Israel]]
| [[File:Israel (orthographic projection) with disputed territories.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_333461128a2048d57dd11c82262c851de1f5550ad2f5f6ffcd74b818b46835a7&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/israel&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q51576574|pais mediterranee]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[region]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10711424|stato non recognoscite]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q398|Q398]]
| +973
| BHR
| BRN
| [[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of The Kingdom of Bahrain.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bahrain]]
| [[File:Map of Bahrain.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2dc5aa10c6e6e1dca2838777318ef05bd87fb4d13951325b8aebc61573ab766d&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/bahrain&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[stato insular]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;[[archipelago]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q846|Q846]]
| +974
| QAT
| QAT
| [[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Qatar-2022.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Qatar]]
| [[File:QAT orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_524121d7265c4d0c8f3f7af1dc2f6c1b7e2c6f762b4df1d0540d05fec95dbf91&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/qatar&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q189898|emirato]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q917|Q917]]
| +975
| BTN
| BHU
| [[File:Flag of Bhutan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Bhutan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Bhutan]]
| [[File:Bhutan (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8006f2781cb69049dfa601b23976a7cca3397823cd5645fa63a657e7aba6ada8&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/bhutan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q417175|regno]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1309121|hermit kingdom]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q711|Q711]]
| +976&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7d1c754bbb9c79f4e261ec07b06c3412be495db3ef2a3f0b65778cafa7f09ce7&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/&lt;/ref&gt;
| MNG
| MGL
| [[File:Flag of Mongolia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:State emblem of Mongolia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Mongolia]]
| [[File:Mongolia (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b08be61c8e97998a5328bd0e6b1c3a8fd62dade52c1805737707718aca51b1d1&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/mongolia&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q837|Q837]]
| +977
| NPL
| NEP
| [[File:Flag of Nepal.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Nepal.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Nepal]]
| [[File:Nepal (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b578e9b2d5b6f56d16b4b36cbb6fe645ba081b193d8db1718aa578c3ced4e709&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/nepal&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[region]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q842112|staato socialista]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q794|Q794]]
| +98
| IRN
| IRI
| [[File:Flag of Iran.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Iran.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Iran]]
| [[File:Iran (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_706c979762a1bfe0bb4d75a7fa59245b9273be5b15e78cd69c3f108939e0d350&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3462918|Mo'in Encyclopedic Dictionary]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5a63f22cd00dda7cb42010c027da62f2730910950ae460faa8e9903ff6b486c1&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/iran&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_706c979762a1bfe0bb4d75a7fa59245b9273be5b15e78cd69c3f108939e0d350&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3462918|Mo'in Encyclopedic Dictionary]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q127693126|successor state]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q863|Q863]]
| +992
| TJK
| TJK
| [[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Tajikistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Tajikistan]]
| [[File:Tajikistan (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4393707e56515aadf68c912d8642d7702233b42c189aaed34d5f97897b12aa9f&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/tajikistan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q874|Q874]]
| +993
| TKM
| TKM
| [[File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Turkmenistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Turkmenistan]]
| [[File:Turkmenistan on the globe (Turkmenistan centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1efe86a44bb88263ac1c1ec613c2b2610305f571ffcc443c0ceacd65ddfaa25e&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/turkmenistan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q227|Q227]]
| +994
| AZE
| AZE
| [[File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Azerbaijan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| [[File:Azerbaijan orthographic projection.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c64cca2d5d5e7de7d1c417b5b3491c2239c382f1b3289d13f432b1df36ca5d11&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/azerbaijan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q230|Q230]]
| +995
| GEO
| GEO
| [[File:Flag of Georgia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Greater coat of arms of Georgia.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Georgia (pais)|Georgia]]
| [[File:Europe-Georgia.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Europa]]
| [[pais]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q179164|stato unitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4209223|stato de derecto]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais transcontinental]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q236036|republic of the Soviet Union]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5c230e70bc98bbb5feb57eebe6a26f1f466f19895c08275dad9169e8102d4f75&quot;&gt;https://iverieli.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/274221/1/Komunisti_1921_N1.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q813|Q813]]
| +996
| KGZ
| KGZ
| [[File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Kyrgyzstan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Kirghizistan]]
| [[File:Kyrgyzstan on the globe (Eurasia centered).svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6de0896fad4919ad7aff39f603c5366c3771f0a85c09be612a9ba5642f156cfc&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/kyrgyz-republic&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q123480|pais sin accesso al mar]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[republica]]&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| stato soveran in Asia central
|-
| [[:d:Q265|Q265]]
| +998
| UZB
| UZB
| [[File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[File:Emblem of Uzbekistan.svg|center|48px]]
| [[Uzbekistan]]
| [[File:UZB orthographic.svg|center|48px]]
| 
| [[Asia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d4949d4e544e92e3c5cdacf99f8862cb8fa6d1da83b12f3804a9bb8ca0b650c3&quot;&gt;https://www.workwithdata.com/place/uzbekistan&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q3624078|stato soveran]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q136361597|doubly landlocked country]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[pais]]
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>253avxrz6f7jde7kr25ock8glq8c2nh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Appendice:Lista de taxones del classe Aves</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>38839</id>
    <revision>
      <id>698141</id>
      <parentid>698049</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T18:39:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>24326</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>698141</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="263155" sha1="419izn82u0m5cab284q9kt0ygacd2pl" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox}}
{{Wikidata list
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                     FILTER (?sl &gt;= 40)
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{| class='wikitable sortable'
! #
! item
! Article
! nomine del taxon
! ?sl
! description
! imagine
! instantia de
! subclasse de
! taxon superior immediate
! parte de
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1
| [[:d:Q25222|Q25222]]
| [[Strigiformes]]
| Strigiformes
| 186
| 
| [[File:Northern Spotted Owl.USFWS.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[ave]]
| [[Afroaves]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 2
| [[:d:Q29564928|Q29564928]]
| [[Cygnus]]
| Cygnus
| 151
| 
| [[File:Cygnus olor 2 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anserinae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Cygnini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 3
| [[:d:Q9147|Q9147]]
| [[Spheniscidae]]
| Spheniscidae
| 150
| 
| [[File:00 2304 Eselspinguine in der Antarktis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[ave marin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[flightless bird]]&lt;br/&gt;[[piscivore]]
| [[Sphenisciformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 4
| [[:d:Q17592|Q17592]]
| [[Struthio camelus]]
| Struthio camelus
| 149
| 
| [[File:North African Ostrich - Masai Ostrich (Struthio camelus massaicus) - Flickr - Lip Kee.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Struthio]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 5
| [[:d:Q43365|Q43365]]
| [[Corvus]]
| Corvus
| 146
| 
| [[File:Corvus brachyrhynchos 30196.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Corvidae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Corvinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 6
| [[:d:Q14683|Q14683]]
| [[Passer domesticus]]
| Passer domesticus
| 142
| 
| [[File:House Sparrow, England - May 09.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passer]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 7
| [[:d:Q39861|Q39861]]
| [[Hirundinidae]]
| Hirundinidae
| 139
| 
| [[File:House Martin, Delichon urbicum...mud collecting - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 8
| [[:d:Q25307|Q25307]]
| [[Pica]]
| Pica pica
| 135
| 
| [[File:Eurasian magpie 2024 03 03 02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pica]]
| [[magpie]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 9
| [[:d:Q25348|Q25348]]
| [[Anas platyrhynchos]]
| Anas platyrhynchos
| 134
| 
| [[File:Anas platyrhynchos (Male) on the ground.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anas]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 10
| [[:d:Q25439|Q25439]]
| [[Picidae]]
| Picidae
| 133
| 
| [[File:2014-04-14 Picus viridis, Gosforth Park 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Piciformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 11
| [[:d:Q25247|Q25247]]
| [[Upupa epops]]
| Upupa epops
| 133
| 
| [[File:Common Hoopoe Photograph By Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Upupa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 12
| [[:d:Q43794|Q43794]]
| [[Meleagris]]
| Meleagris
| 128
| 
| [[File:Wild Turkey.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Meleagridinae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Tetraonini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 13
| [[:d:Q25234|Q25234]]
| [[merla]]
| Turdus merula
| 128
| specie de ave
| [[File:20190722 Turdus Merula 02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Turdus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 14
| [[:d:Q25341|Q25341]]
| [[Passeriformes]]
| Passeriformes
| 126
| 
| [[File:Cuervo grande (Corvus corax), Arcos de la Frontera, Cádiz, España, 2015-12-08, DD 07.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Parapasseres]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 15
| [[:d:Q28922|Q28922]]
| [[Passeridae]]
| Passeridae
| 125
| 
| [[File:House sparrowIII.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeroidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 16
| [[:d:Q28507|Q28507]]
| [[Ciconiidae]]
| Ciconiidae
| 122
| 
| [[File:00 4083 Storch (Ciconiidae).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Ciconiiformes]]&lt;br/&gt;[[piscivore]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ave]]&lt;br/&gt;[[wading bird]]
| [[Ciconiiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 17
| [[:d:Q27589|Q27589]]
| [[Laridae]]
| Laridae
| 118
| 
| [[File:Great Black Backed Gull, Fowey, Cornwall - UK, July 25 2012. (7668580890).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lari]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 18
| [[:d:Q19413|Q19413]]
| [[Pelecanus]]
| Pelecanus
| 118
| 
| [[File:Pelecanus conspicillatus -Brisbane Water, Broken Bay, New South Wales, Australia -colony-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[pelicans]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 19
| [[:d:Q42326|Q42326]]
| [[Columba livia]]
| Columba livia
| 117
| 
| [[File:Columba livia (Rock Dove, wild), Duncansby Head, Caithness, Scotland 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Columba]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 20
| [[:d:Q18845|Q18845]]
| [[Cuculus canorus]]
| Cuculus canorus
| 117
| 
| [[File:Cuculus canorus vogelartinfo chris romeiks CHR0791 cropped.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cuculus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 21
| [[:d:Q25388|Q25388]]
| [[Oriolus oriolus]]
| Oriolus oriolus
| 116
| 
| [[File:Loriot d'Europe by Michel Idre.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Oriolus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 22
| [[:d:Q43624|Q43624]]
| [[Trochilidae]]
| Trochilidae
| 114
| 
| [[File:Golden-tailed sapphire (Chrysuronia oenone oenone) male in flight Sumaco.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Apodiformes]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Trochiliformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 23
| [[:d:Q43489|Q43489]]
| [[Falco]]
| Falco
| 114
| 
| [[File:Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis) male (16794543415).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[organisms known by a particular common name]]
| [[bird of prey]]
| [[Falconinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 24
| [[:d:Q25273|Q25273]]
| [[Ardea cinerea]]
| Ardea cinerea
| 113
| 
| [[File:Ardea cinerea EM1A2714 (27349354381).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 25
| [[:d:Q25354|Q25354]]
| [[Garrulus glandarius]]
| Garrulus glandarius
| 113
| 
| [[File:Garrulus glandarius - Eurasian Jay 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Garrulus]]
| [[jay]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 26
| [[:d:Q29858|Q29858]]
| [[Alaudidae]]
| Alaudidae
| 112
| 
| [[File:Crested Lark (22026336489).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeri]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 27
| [[:d:Q25485|Q25485]]
| [[Parus major]]
| Parus major
| 112
| 
| [[File:Great tit (Parus major), Parc de Woluwé, Brussels (13042792905).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Parus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 28
| [[:d:Q25429|Q25429]]
| [[Hirundo rustica]]
| Hirundo rustica
| 111
| 
| [[File:Barn Swallow (95504589).jpeg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hirundo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 29
| [[:d:Q41181|Q41181]]
| [[Aquila chrysaetos]]
| Aquila chrysaetos
| 110
| 
| [[File:Maakotka (Aquila chrysaetos) by Jarkko Järvinen.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aquila]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 30
| [[:d:Q25440|Q25440]]
| [[Phalacrocorax carbo]]
| Phalacrocorax carbo
| 108
| 
| [[File:2021-05-05 Phalacrocorax carbo carbo, Killingworth Lake, Northumberland 1-2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phalacrocorax]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 31
| [[:d:Q25352|Q25352]]
| [[Ciconia ciconia]]
| Ciconia ciconia
| 108
| 
| [[File:00 4439 Storchennest mit Küken.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ciconia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 32
| [[:d:Q30535|Q30535]]
| [[Falco peregrinus]]
| Falco peregrinus
| 108
| 
| [[File:American Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) (10700651733).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Falco]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 33
| [[:d:Q130933|Q130933]]
| [[Bubo bubo]]
| Bubo bubo
| 107
| 
| [[File:Hubro (Bubo bubo).JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Bubo]]
| [[Bubo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 34
| [[:d:Q26490|Q26490]]
| [[Falco tinnunculus]]
| Falco tinnunculus
| 106
| 
| [[File:Common kestrel falco tinnunculus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Falco]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 35
| [[:d:Q25380|Q25380]]
| [[Accipiter nisus]]
| Accipiter nisus
| 105
| 
| [[File:Accipiter nisus Meneer Zjeroen.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Accipiter]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 36
| [[:d:Q25317|Q25317]]
| [[Tyto alba]]
| Tyto alba
| 104
| 
| [[File:Tyto alba tylluan wen detail.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tyto]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 37
| [[:d:Q25418|Q25418]]
| [[Carduel]]
| Carduelis carduelis
| 104
| 
| [[File:Carduelis carduelis (2012).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Carduelis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 38
| [[:d:Q21659|Q21659]]
| [[Galliformes]]
| Galliformes
| 103
| 
| [[File:Meleagris ocellata1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[ave]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Pangalliformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 39
| [[:d:Q25376|Q25376]]
| [[Fulica atra]]
| Fulica atra
| 103
| 
| [[File:Eurasian Coot.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Fulica]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 40
| [[:d:Q25392|Q25392]]
| [[Vanellus vanellus]]
| Vanellus vanellus
| 103
| 
| [[File:Northern-Lapwing-Vanellus-vanellus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vanellus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 41
| [[:d:Q137474876|Q137474876]]
| [[Eurasian Goshawk]]
| Astur gentilis
| 103
| 
| [[File:Northern Goshawk ad M2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Astur]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 42
| [[:d:Q25386|Q25386]]
| [[Corvus frugilegus]]
| Corvus frugilegus
| 103
| 
| [[File:Corvus frugilegus -Dartmoor, Devon, England-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Corvus]]
| [[crow]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 43
| [[:d:Q41994|Q41994]]
| [[Phoenicopterus]]
| Phoenicopterus
| 102
| 
| [[File:20170425 131 Camargue Flamingo (33654108203).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phoenicopteridae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 44
| [[:d:Q80362|Q80362]]
| [[Milvus migrans]]
| Milvus migrans
| 102
| 
| [[File:2007-black-kite.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Milvus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 45
| [[:d:Q25565|Q25565]]
| [[Corvidae]]
| Corvidae
| 102
| 
| [[File:Blue jay in PP (30960).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Corvoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 46
| [[:d:Q25968|Q25968]]
| [[Passer montanus]]
| Passer montanus
| 102
| 
| [[File:Eurasian Tree Sparrow (3352252620).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passer]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 47
| [[:d:Q168473|Q168473]]
| [[Paridae]]
| Paridae
| 101
| 
| [[File:Parus major 4 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sylvioidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 48
| [[:d:Q25393|Q25393]]
| [[rossiniolo]]
| Luscinia megarhynchos
| 101
| specie de ave
| [[File:Luscinia megarhynchos - Common nightingale - Nachtegaal.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Luscinia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 49
| [[:d:Q61865|Q61865]]
| [[Pavo cristatus]]
| Pavo cristatus
| 100
| 
| [[File:Indian Peacock in Tholpetty Wildlife Sanctuary 01.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pavo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 50
| [[:d:Q25405|Q25405]]
| [[Corvus cornix]]
| Corvus cornix
| 100
| 
| [[File:Corvus cornix (33515567265).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Corvus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 51
| [[:d:Q25365|Q25365]]
| [[Gruidae]]
| Gruidae
| 99
| 
| [[File:Demoiselle Cranes at Tal Chappar.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[water bird]]
| [[Gruiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 52
| [[:d:Q25398|Q25398]]
| [[Ciconia nigra]]
| Ciconia nigra
| 99
| 
| [[File:Ciconia nigra -Kruger National Park-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ciconia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 53
| [[:d:Q171953|Q171953]]
| [[Numididae]]
| Numididae
| 98
| 
| [[File:Acryllium vulturinum -Samburu National Reserve, Kenya -several-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[poultry]]
| [[Galliformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 54
| [[:d:Q21651|Q21651]]
| [[Anseriformes]]
| Anseriformes
| 98
| 
| [[File:Cygnus olor 2 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anserimorphae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 55
| [[:d:Q55805|Q55805]]
| [[Diomedeidae]]
| Diomedeidae
| 98
| 
| [[File:Short tailed Albatross1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Procellariiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 56
| [[:d:Q26050|Q26050]]
| [[Turdidae]]
| Turdidae
| 98
| 
| [[File:Turdus viscivorus Brych y coed.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Muscicapoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 57
| [[:d:Q25404|Q25404]]
| [[Cyanistes caeruleus]]
| Cyanistes caeruleus
| 98
| 
| [[File:Parus caeruleus1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cyanistes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 58
| [[:d:Q129059|Q129059]]
| [[Tetrao urogallus]]
| Tetrao urogallus
| 97
| 
| [[File:Auerhuhn Schweden P1130026.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tetrao]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 59
| [[:d:Q25432|Q25432]]
| [[faisan commun]]
| Phasianus colchicus
| 97
| specie de ave
| [[File:00 4488 Hühnervogel - Edelfasan.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[poultry]]
| [[Phasianus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 60
| [[:d:Q25438|Q25438]]
| [[Haliaeetus albicilla]]
| Haliaeetus albicilla
| 97
| 
| [[File:Adult White-tailed Eagle defending prey, Rezerwat Gostynin-Wloclawek, Poland.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Haliaeetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 61
| [[:d:Q25383|Q25383]]
| [[Fringilla coelebs]]
| Fringilla coelebs
| 97
| 
| [[File:Fringilla coelebs (5577610542).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Fringilla]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 62
| [[:d:Q43642|Q43642]]
| [[Apteryx]]
| Apteryx
| 96
| 
| [[File:Kiwifugl.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Apterygidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 63
| [[:d:Q93208|Q93208]]
| [[Dromaius novaehollandiae]]
| Dromaius novaehollandiae
| 96
| 
| [[File:Dromaius novaehollandiae (29619237017).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[flightless bird]]
| [[Dromaius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 64
| [[:d:Q129958|Q129958]]
| [[Athene noctua]]
| Athene noctua
| 96
| 
| [[File:Athene noctua, Ambula, Montenegro 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Athene]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 65
| [[:d:Q185237|Q185237]]
| [[Sturnidae]]
| Sturnidae
| 96
| 
| [[File:Common starling in london.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 66
| [[:d:Q21695|Q21695]]
| [[Podicipedidae]]
| Podicipedidae
| 95
| 
| [[File:Podiceps cristatus 2 - Lake Dulverton.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[water bird]]
| [[Podicipediformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 67
| [[:d:Q25510|Q25510]]
| [[Accipitridae]]
| Accipitridae
| 95
| 
| [[File:Spizaetus-ornatus-001.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[bird of prey]]
| [[Accipitriformes]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Accipitroidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 68
| [[:d:Q25700|Q25700]]
| [[Anas crecca]]
| Anas crecca
| 95
| 
| [[File:Common Teal Male (8602525826).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anas]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 69
| [[:d:Q25961|Q25961]]
| [[Alauda arvensis]]
| Alauda arvensis
| 94
| 
| [[File:Alouette des champs Zaghouan001.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alauda]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 70
| [[:d:Q26375|Q26375]]
| [[Phasianidae]]
| Phasianidae
| 93
| 
| [[File:Green Pheasant.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phasianoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 71
| [[:d:Q26106|Q26106]]
| [[Perdix perdix]]
| Perdix perdix
| 93
| 
| [[File:Nurmkana (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Perdix]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 72
| [[:d:Q209239|Q209239]]
| [[Columba]]
| Columba
| 93
| 
| [[File:2017-03-05 Columba oenas, Armstrong Park 3.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Columba|Columbidae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Columbinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 73
| [[:d:Q130730|Q130730]]
| [[Ardea alba]]
| Ardea alba
| 93
| 
| [[File:Ardea alba - Sydney Olympic Park.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[egret]]
| [[Ardea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 74
| [[:d:Q127216|Q127216]]
| [[Haliaeetus leucocephalus]]
| Haliaeetus leucocephalus
| 93
| 
| [[File:Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) Kachemak Bay, Alaska.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Haliaeetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 75
| [[:d:Q3917160|Q3917160]]
| [[Pavo]]
| Pavo
| 92
| 
| [[File:Green Peafowl - Baluran NP - East Java MG 7995 (29726908551).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pavonini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 76
| [[:d:Q26381|Q26381]]
| [[Cuculidae]]
| Cuculidae
| 92
| 
| [[File:Greater Roadrunner-JRO.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cuculiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 77
| [[:d:Q26026|Q26026]]
| [[Columba palumbus]]
| Columba palumbus
| 92
| 
| [[File:Columba palumbus -garden post-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Columba]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 78
| [[:d:Q106447604|Q106447604]]
| [[Ardea ibis]]
| Ardea ibis
| 92
| 
| [[File:Héron garde boeufs à Oued Mejerda.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 79
| [[:d:Q33504|Q33504]]
| [[Neophron percnopterus]]
| Neophron percnopterus
| 92
| 
| [[File:Egyptian Vulture, Socotra.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Neophron]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 80
| [[:d:Q179333|Q179333]]
| [[Paradisaeidae]]
| Paradisaeidae
| 92
| 
| [[File:Lesser Bird of Paradise.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeri]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 81
| [[:d:Q25377|Q25377]]
| [[Apus apus]]
| Apus apus
| 91
| 
| [[File:Common Swift 2025 07 18 02 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Apus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 82
| [[:d:Q170177|Q170177]]
| [[Bubo scandiacus]]
| Bubo scandiacus
| 91
| 
| [[File:Bubo scandiacus male Muskegon.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[owl]]
| [[Bubo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 83
| [[:d:Q126216|Q126216]]
| [[Nycticorax nycticorax]]
| Nycticorax nycticorax
| 91
| 
| [[File:Black-crowned night heron in PP (36399).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Nycticorax]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 84
| [[:d:Q25984|Q25984]]
| [[Motacilla flava]]
| Motacilla flava
| 91
| 
| [[File:Schafstelze - Auenlandschaft Hohenrode HA 222 Landkreis Schaumburg.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Motacilla]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 85
| [[:d:Q131709|Q131709]]
| [[Egretta garzetta]]
| Egretta garzetta
| 90
| 
| [[File:Aigrette garzette au lac sud de Tunis (site RAMSAR).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Egretta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 86
| [[:d:Q54696|Q54696]]
| [[Streptopelia decaocto]]
| Streptopelia decaocto
| 90
| 
| [[File:Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN2357 (3).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Streptopelia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 87
| [[:d:Q177856|Q177856]]
| [[Gyps fulvus]]
| Gyps fulvus
| 90
| 
| [[File:Gyps fulvus -Basque Country-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[ave]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scavenger]]&lt;br/&gt;[[necrophage]]
| 
| [[Gyps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 88
| [[:d:Q28106966|Q28106966]]
| [[Gadwall]]
| Mareca strepera
| 90
| 
| [[File:Anas strepera pair.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mareca]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 89
| [[:d:Q160835|Q160835]]
| [[Fringillidae]]
| Fringillidae
| 90
| 
| [[File:Fringilla coelebs chaffinch male edit2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 90
| [[:d:Q25612|Q25612]]
| [[Cygnus cygnus]]
| Cygnus cygnus
| 90
| 
| [[File:Cygnus cygnus 070416 IOL.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cygnus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 91
| [[:d:Q26114|Q26114]]
| [[Scolopax rusticola]]
| Scolopax rusticola
| 89
| 
| [[File:Waldschnepfe (scolopax rusticola) - Spiekeroog, Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Scolopax]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 92
| [[:d:Q199427|Q199427]]
| [[Pelecanus onocrotalus]]
| Pelecanus onocrotalus
| 89
| 
| [[File:Great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pelecanus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 93
| [[:d:Q160488|Q160488]]
| [[Ardea purpurea]]
| Ardea purpurea
| 89
| 
| [[File:2010-kabini-purple-heron.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 94
| [[:d:Q170718|Q170718]]
| [[Merops apiaster]]
| Merops apiaster
| 89
| 
| [[File:Бджолоїдка звичайна або щурка європейська.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Merops]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 95
| [[:d:Q171052|Q171052]]
| [[Laniidae]]
| Laniidae
| 89
| 
| [[File:Lanius excubitor, Chilham, Kent 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Corvoidea]]
| [[:Template:Laniidae|Laniidae]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 96
| [[:d:Q26198|Q26198]]
| [[Corvus corone]]
| Corvus corone
| 89
| 
| [[File:Carrion crow 2022 04 05 05 02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Corvus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 97
| [[:d:Q26017|Q26017]]
| [[Crex crex]]
| Crex crex
| 88
| specie de ave
| [[File:Corncrake2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Crex]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 98
| [[:d:Q28106837|Q28106837]]
| [[Eurasian Wigeon]]
| Mareca penelope
| 88
| 
| [[File:1994. Марка России 0170 hi.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mareca]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 99
| [[:d:Q26773|Q26773]]
| [[Bucerotidae]]
| Bucerotidae
| 88
| 
| [[File:Great hornbill Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Bucerotiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 100
| [[:d:Q25876|Q25876]]
| [[Falco subbuteo]]
| Falco subbuteo
| 88
| 
| [[File:Eurasian Hobby (14574008925) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hypotriorchis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 101
| [[:d:Q121221|Q121221]]
| [[Melopsittacus undulatus]]
| Melopsittacus undulatus
| 88
| 
| [[File:Budgerigar-male-strzelecki-qld.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Melopsittacus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 102
| [[:d:Q200989|Q200989]]
| [[Muscicapidae]]
| Muscicapidae
| 88
| 
| [[File:2019-08-23 Spotted Flycatcher, Town Moor, Newcastle, Northumberland 3.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Muscicapoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 103
| [[:d:Q25978|Q25978]]
| [[Charadriiformes]]
| Charadriiformes
| 87
| 
| [[File:Crestedauklet41.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aequorlitornithes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 104
| [[:d:Q26617|Q26617]]
| [[Apodidae]]
| Apodidae
| 87
| 
| [[File:Apus apus 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Apodiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 105
| [[:d:Q168514|Q168514]]
| [[Streptopelia turtur]]
| Streptopelia turtur
| 87
| 
| [[File:2015-05-21 Streptopelia turtur, Sutton Bank, Yorkshire 06.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Streptopelia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 106
| [[:d:Q168748|Q168748]]
| [[Sagittarius serpentarius]]
| Sagittarius serpentarius
| 87
| 
| [[File:Secretario (Sagittarius serpentarius), parque nacional de Amboseli, Kenia, 2024-05-23, DD 13.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sagittarius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 107
| [[:d:Q25909|Q25909]]
| [[Riparia riparia]]
| Riparia riparia
| 87
| 
| [[File:Riparia riparia -Markinch, Fife, Scotland -flying-8-4c.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Riparia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 108
| [[:d:Q18859|Q18859]]
| [[Tringa totanus]]
| Tringa totanus
| 86
| 
| [[File:Common Redshank Tringa totanus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tringa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 109
| [[:d:Q25692|Q25692]]
| [[Gallinago gallinago]]
| Gallinago gallinago
| 86
| 
| [[File:Bekassine (Blick nach oben).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gallinago]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 110
| [[:d:Q179863|Q179863]]
| [[Phoenicopterus roseus]]
| Phoenicopterus roseus
| 86
| 
| [[File:Flamant rose Thyna009.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phoenicopterus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 111
| [[:d:Q25384|Q25384]]
| [[Asio otus]]
| Asio otus
| 86
| 
| [[File:Asio otus Downsview Park Toronto2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Asio]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 112
| [[:d:Q25740|Q25740]]
| [[Troglodytes troglodytes]]
| Troglodytes troglodytes
| 86
| 
| [[File:Eurasian wren (Troglodytes troglodytes).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Troglodytes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 113
| [[:d:Q26012|Q26012]]
| [[Strigidae]]
| Strigidae
| 85
| 
| [[File:Eastern Screech Owl.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Strigiformes]]
| [[Strigiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 114
| [[:d:Q178811|Q178811]]
| [[Plegadis falcinellus]]
| Plegadis falcinellus
| 85
| 
| [[File:Plegadis falcinellus Syracuse.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Plegadis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 115
| [[:d:Q168677|Q168677]]
| [[Aegypius monachus]]
| Aegypius monachus
| 85
| 
| [[File:Aegypius monachus, Catalan Pyrenees, Spain S4E7659 (25191007486).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aegypius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 116
| [[:d:Q183147|Q183147]]
| [[Meropidae]]
| Meropidae
| 85
| 
| [[File:Bee eater in Selous Game Reserve.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Coraciiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 117
| [[:d:Q26209|Q26209]]
| [[Dendrocopos major]]
| Dendrocopos major
| 85
| 
| [[File:Dendrocopos major EM1B2679 (35219263071).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dendrocopos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 118
| [[:d:Q25557|Q25557]]
| [[Gruiformes]]
| Gruiformes
| 84
| 
| [[File:Balearica regulorum 1 Luc Viatour.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Neoaves]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 119
| [[:d:Q19338|Q19338]]
| [[Pelecaniformes]]
| Pelecaniformes
| 84
| 
| [[File:Pelican 4995.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[water bird]]
| [[Aequornithes]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Pelecanes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 120
| [[:d:Q18850|Q18850]]
| [[Actitis hypoleucos]]
| Actitis hypoleucos
| 84
| 
| [[File:Actitis hypoleucos - Laem Pak Bia.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Actitis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 121
| [[:d:Q178821|Q178821]]
| [[Himantopus himantopus]]
| Himantopus himantopus
| 84
| 
| [[File:Himantopus himantopus - Pak Thale.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Himantopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 122
| [[:d:Q25634|Q25634]]
| [[Chroicocephalus ridibundus]]
| Chroicocephalus ridibundus
| 84
| 
| [[File:Black-headed Gull - St James's Park, London - Nov 2006.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Chroicocephalus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 123
| [[:d:Q25572|Q25572]]
| [[Circus cyaneus]]
| Circus cyaneus
| 84
| 
| [[File:Circus cyaneus 265961899.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Circus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 124
| [[:d:Q156250|Q156250]]
| [[Milvus milvus]]
| Milvus milvus
| 84
| 
| [[File:Milvus milvus Jura.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Milvus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 125
| [[:d:Q170598|Q170598]]
| [[Vultur gryphus]]
| Vultur gryphus
| 84
| 
| [[File:204 - Canyon de Colca - Condor des Andes - Juin 2010.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vultur]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 126
| [[:d:Q131918|Q131918]]
| [[Falco columbarius]]
| Falco columbarius
| 84
| 
| [[File:Falco columbarius PP.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Falco]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 127
| [[:d:Q183361|Q183361]]
| [[Anser]]
| Anser
| 84
| genere de aves
| [[File:Anser anser 2 (Piotr Kuczynski).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anserini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 128
| [[:d:Q26444|Q26444]]
| [[Aythya fuligula]]
| Aythya fuligula
| 84
| 
| [[File:Tufted Duck 09 05 2025 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aythya]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 129
| [[:d:Q26205|Q26205]]
| [[Emberiza citrinella]]
| Emberiza citrinella
| 84
| 
| [[File:Emberiza citrinella -Midtjylland, Denmark -male-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Emberiza]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 130
| [[:d:Q28753|Q28753]]
| [[Passer]]
| Passer
| 84
| 
| [[File:Male House Sparrow 2 - crop.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[ave]]
| [[Passerinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 131
| [[:d:Q26626|Q26626]]
| [[Scolopacidae]]
| Scolopacidae
| 83
| 
| [[File:Bristle-thighed Curlew.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Charadriiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 132
| [[:d:Q171360|Q171360]]
| [[Platalea leucorodia]]
| Platalea leucorodia
| 83
| 
| [[File:Eurasian Spoonbill.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[cultural heritage]]
| 
| [[Platalea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 133
| [[:d:Q26742|Q26742]]
| [[Aythya ferina]]
| Aythya ferina
| 83
| 
| [[File:Aythya ferina Gentofte 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aythya]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 134
| [[:d:Q131044|Q131044]]
| [[Cygnus atratus]]
| Cygnus atratus
| 83
| 
| [[File:00 2102 Trauerschwäne (Breisach am Rhein).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cygnus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 135
| [[:d:Q143284|Q143284]]
| [[Dryocopus martius]]
| Dryocopus martius
| 83
| 
| [[File:2016.08.27.-14-Viernheimer Heide-Viernheim--Schwarzspecht-Weibchen.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dryocopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 136
| [[:d:Q230042|Q230042]]
| [[Motacilla]]
| Motacilla
| 83
| 
| [[File:20180415 015 Winterswijk Witte kwikstaart (40785272624).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Motacillidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 137
| [[:d:Q155878|Q155878]]
| [[Lyrurus tetrix]]
| Lyrurus tetrix
| 82
| 
| [[File:Birkhahn.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lyrurus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 138
| [[:d:Q184774|Q184774]]
| [[Gallus gallus]]
| Gallus gallus
| 82
| 
| [[File:Gallus gallus -Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gallus (taxon)|Gallus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 139
| [[:d:Q18854|Q18854]]
| [[Numenius arquata]]
| Numenius arquata
| 82
| 
| [[File:Eurasian Curlew.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Numenius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 140
| [[:d:Q28122714|Q28122714]]
| [[Philomachus pugnax]]
| Calidris pugnax
| 82
| 
| [[File:Philomachus pugnaxRuffKampfläufer.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 141
| [[:d:Q25756|Q25756]]
| [[Strix aluco]]
| Strix aluco
| 82
| 
| [[File:Kautz.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Strix]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 142
| [[:d:Q26431|Q26431]]
| [[Circus aeruginosus]]
| Circus aeruginosus
| 82
| 
| [[File:Busard des roseaux Circus aeruginosus DSC 3073-p (48841507981).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Circus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 143
| [[:d:Q170251|Q170251]]
| [[Circaetus gallicus]]
| Circaetus gallicus
| 82
| 
| [[File:Circaetus gallicus - Short-toed snake-eagleı 02-1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Circaetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 144
| [[:d:Q25934|Q25934]]
| [[Piciformes]]
| Piciformes
| 82
| 
| [[File:Red-bellied woodpecker on railing.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Picocoraciae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 145
| [[:d:Q179359|Q179359]]
| [[Aquila nipalensis]]
| Aquila nipalensis
| 82
| 
| [[File:Мангистауская область, степной орёл.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aquila]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 146
| [[:d:Q200339|Q200339]]
| [[Aix galericulata]]
| Aix galericulata
| 82
| 
| [[File:Mandarin ducks by the Weiming Lake of Peking University 09.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aix]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 147
| [[:d:Q8154335|Q8154335]]
| [[Alcedinidae]]
| Alcedinidae
| 82
| 
| [[File:SL Bundala NP asv2020-01 img20.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[water bird]]
| [[Alcedines]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 148
| [[:d:Q21744|Q21744]]
| [[Falconidae]]
| Falconidae
| 81
| 
| [[File:Brown-Falcon,-Vic,-3.1.2008.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Falconiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 149
| [[:d:Q18700|Q18700]]
| [[Balaeniceps rex]]
| Balaeniceps rex
| 81
| 
| [[File:Entebbe Shoe Bill Stork.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Balaeniceps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 150
| [[:d:Q25769|Q25769]]
| [[Asio flammeus]]
| Asio flammeus
| 81
| 
| [[File:Asio flammeus -Fazenda Campo de Ouro, Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brasil-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Asio]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 151
| [[:d:Q26147|Q26147]]
| [[Recurvirostra avosetta]]
| Recurvirostra avosetta
| 80
| 
| [[File:Avocette élégante Thyna019.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Recurvirostra]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 152
| [[:d:Q21736|Q21736]]
| [[Accipitriformes]]
| Accipitriformes
| 80
| 
| [[File:Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis Full Body 1880px.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Accipitrimorphae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 153
| [[:d:Q28236|Q28236]]
| [[Larus argentatus]]
| Larus argentatus
| 80
| 
| [[File:European herring gull vocalizing (00170).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Larus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 154
| [[:d:Q484131|Q484131]]
| [[Coraciiformes]]
| Coraciiformes
| 80
| 
| [[File:European roller.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Picocoraciae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 155
| [[:d:Q25678|Q25678]]
| [[Jynx torquilla]]
| Jynx torquilla
| 80
| 
| [[File:Jynx torquilla (34536504885).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Jynx]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 156
| [[:d:Q174088|Q174088]]
| [[Coccothraustes coccothraustes]]
| Coccothraustes coccothraustes
| 80
| 
| [[File:Coccothraustes coccothraustes 1 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Coccothraustes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 157
| [[:d:Q21716|Q21716]]
| [[Ciconiiformes]]
| Ciconiiformes
| 79
| 
| [[File:Saddle-Billed Stork.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon monotypic]]
| [[ave]]
| [[Aequornithes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 158
| [[:d:Q21755|Q21755]]
| [[Otididae]]
| Otididae
| 79
| 
| [[File:Ardeotis kori Etosha.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Otidiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 159
| [[:d:Q18851|Q18851]]
| [[Charadrius dubius]]
| Charadrius dubius
| 79
| 
| [[File:Charadrius dubius (49820761043).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Charadrius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 160
| [[:d:Q26717|Q26717]]
| [[Caprimulgus europaeus]]
| Caprimulgus europaeus
| 79
| 
| [[File:Caprimulgus europaeus g.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Caprimulgus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 161
| [[:d:Q188601|Q188601]]
| [[Tetrax tetrax]]
| Tetrax tetrax
| 79
| 
| [[File:Tetrax tetrax, Castuera, Estremadura, Spain 3.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tetrax]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 162
| [[:d:Q26982|Q26982]]
| [[Galerida cristata]]
| Galerida cristata
| 79
| 
| [[File:Galerida cristata - Crested lark 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Galerida]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 163
| [[:d:Q26620|Q26620]]
| [[Phoenicurus phoenicurus]]
| Phoenicurus phoenicurus
| 79
| 
| [[File:Gartenrotschwanz 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phoenicurus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 164
| [[:d:Q25777|Q25777]]
| [[Turdus pilaris]]
| Turdus pilaris
| 79
| 
| [[File:Björktrast (Turdus pilaris)-4.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Turdus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 165
| [[:d:Q26578|Q26578]]
| [[Luscinia svecica]]
| Luscinia svecica
| 79
| 
| [[File:Blåhake - bluethroat (Luscinia svecica)-5 - Flickr - Ragnhild &amp; Neil Crawford.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Luscinia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 166
| [[:d:Q179983|Q179983]]
| [[Pteroclidae]]
| Pteroclidae
| 78
| 
| [[File:Double-banded Sandgrouse.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pterocliformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 167
| [[:d:Q25928|Q25928]]
| [[Haematopus ostralegus]]
| Haematopus ostralegus
| 78
| 
| [[File:Haematopus ostralegus He.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Haematopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 168
| [[:d:Q33140745|Q33140745]]
| [[Sterninae]]
| Sterninae
| 78
| 
| [[File:3-point tern (Sandwich, Common &amp; Roseate Terns, St Mary's Island, Northumberland).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Laridae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 169
| [[:d:Q171655|Q171655]]
| [[Otis tarda]]
| Otis tarda
| 78
| 
| [[File:Dévaványa, Hungary – Great bustard 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Otis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 170
| [[:d:Q184432|Q184432]]
| [[Gavia arctica]]
| Gavia arctica
| 78
| 
| [[File:Gavia arctica1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gavia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 171
| [[:d:Q26685|Q26685]]
| [[Fratercula arctica]]
| Fratercula arctica
| 78
| 
| [[File:Puffin (Fratercula arctica).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Fratercula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 172
| [[:d:Q188737|Q188737]]
| [[Accipiter]]
| Accipiter
| 78
| 
| [[File:Brown Goshawk kur.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Accipitrinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 173
| [[:d:Q170466|Q170466]]
| [[Pernis apivorus]]
| Pernis apivorus
| 78
| 
| [[File:Herilaseviu..jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pernis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 174
| [[:d:Q26135|Q26135]]
| [[Bombycilla garrulus]]
| Bombycilla garrulus
| 78
| 
| [[File:Bohemian waxwing (Bombycilla garrulus), Uitkerke, Belgium (16366736689).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Bombycilla]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 175
| [[:d:Q166171|Q166171]]
| [[Picus viridis]]
| Picus viridis
| 78
| 
| [[File:Green woodpecker Franconville 2022 01 21 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Picus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 176
| [[:d:Q156767|Q156767]]
| [[Sitta europaea]]
| Sitta europaea
| 78
| 
| [[File:Kleiber (Sitta europaea caesia) Val Roseg.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sitta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 177
| [[:d:Q184820|Q184820]]
| [[Nucifraga caryocatactes]]
| Nucifraga caryocatactes
| 78
| 
| [[File:Nucifraga caryocatactes, Kotka, Finland 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Nucifraga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 178
| [[:d:Q201831|Q201831]]
| [[Cinclus cinclus]]
| Cinclus cinclus
| 78
| 
| [[File:Cinclus cinclus R(ThKraft).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cinclus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 179
| [[:d:Q26623|Q26623]]
| [[Rallidae]]
| Rallidae
| 77
| 
| [[File:Dusky moorhen442.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gruiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 180
| [[:d:Q18840|Q18840]]
| [[Tringa nebularia]]
| Tringa nebularia
| 77
| 
| [[File:Greenshank (Tringa nebularia).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tringa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 181
| [[:d:Q18875|Q18875]]
| [[Sterna hirundo]]
| Sterna hirundo
| 77
| 
| [[File:Common tern 2025 07 08 08.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sterna]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 182
| [[:d:Q185183|Q185183]]
| [[Podiceps nigricollis]]
| Podiceps nigricollis
| 77
| 
| [[File:Eared Grebe, breeding plumage (33774036404).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Podiceps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 183
| [[:d:Q26427|Q26427]]
| [[Larus canus]]
| Larus canus
| 77
| 
| [[File:Larus canus Common Gull in Norway.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Larus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 184
| [[:d:Q191125|Q191125]]
| [[Anser indicus]]
| Anser indicus
| 77
| 
| [[File:Bar-headed Goose by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN7530 (23).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anser]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 185
| [[:d:Q515217|Q515217]]
| [[Agapornis]]
| Agapornis
| 77
| 
| [[File:Fischer's Lovebird (Agapornis fischeri) (24041406070) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Psittaculini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 186
| [[:d:Q170831|Q170831]]
| [[Aegithalos caudatus]]
| Aegithalos caudatus
| 77
| 
| [[File:Long-tailed tit (74940).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aegithalos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 187
| [[:d:Q185099|Q185099]]
| [[Rallus aquaticus]]
| Rallus aquaticus
| 76
| 
| [[File:Wasserralle Bodensee.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rallus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 188
| [[:d:Q184834|Q184834]]
| [[Burhinus oedicnemus]]
| Burhinus oedicnemus
| 76
| 
| [[File:Burhinus oedicnemus insularum Lanzarote 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Burhinus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 189
| [[:d:Q25370|Q25370]]
| [[Falconiformes]]
| Falconiformes
| 76
| 
| [[File:Brown-Falcon,-Vic,-3.1.2008.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon monotypic]]
| 
| [[Eufalconimorphae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 190
| [[:d:Q18841|Q18841]]
| [[Limosa limosa]]
| Limosa limosa
| 76
| 
| [[File:.00 2789 Uferschnepfe (Limosa limosa).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Limosa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 191
| [[:d:Q26711|Q26711]]
| [[Lymnocryptes minimus]]
| Lymnocryptes minimus
| 76
| 
| [[File:Lymnocryptes minimus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lymnocryptes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 192
| [[:d:Q28294|Q28294]]
| [[Alcidae]]
| Alcidae
| 76
| 
| [[File:Parakeetauklets2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pan-Alcidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 193
| [[:d:Q26691|Q26691]]
| [[Gavia stellata]]
| Gavia stellata
| 76
| 
| [[File:Gavia stellata -Iceland -swimming-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gavia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 194
| [[:d:Q171563|Q171563]]
| [[Otus scops]]
| Otus scops
| 76
| 
| [[File:Scops Owl (Otus scops), Kalloni, Lesvos, Greece, 19.04.2015 (16773748434).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Otus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 195
| [[:d:Q177688|Q177688]]
| [[Falco rusticolus]]
| Falco rusticolus
| 76
| 
| [[File:Falco rusticolus white cropped.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Falco]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 196
| [[:d:Q179625|Q179625]]
| [[Falco vespertinus]]
| Falco vespertinus
| 76
| 
| [[File:Rotfußfalke Falco vespertinus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Falco]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 197
| [[:d:Q26597|Q26597]]
| [[Clangula hyemalis]]
| Clangula hyemalis
| 76
| 
| [[File:Clangula-hyemalis-011.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Clangula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 198
| [[:d:Q179367|Q179367]]
| [[Coracias garrulus]]
| Coracias garrulus
| 76
| 
| [[File:Coracias garrulus in Shirahmad wildlife refuge of Sabzevar 001.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Coracias]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 199
| [[:d:Q20823352|Q20823352]]
| [[Rosy Starling]]
| Pastor roseus
| 76
| 
| [[File:Pastor roseus - Rosenstar (Jungvogel).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pastor]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 200
| [[:d:Q26420|Q26420]]
| [[Oenanthe oenanthe]]
| Oenanthe oenanthe
| 76
| 
| [[File:Northern wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Oenanthe]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 201
| [[:d:Q26755|Q26755]]
| [[Phoenicurus ochruros]]
| Phoenicurus ochruros
| 76
| 
| [[File:Black Redstart bird.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phoenicurus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 202
| [[:d:Q178942|Q178942]]
| [[Turdus viscivorus]]
| Turdus viscivorus
| 76
| 
| [[File:Mistle Thrush (Turdus viscivorus) (33847459792).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Turdus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 203
| [[:d:Q182761|Q182761]]
| [[Tetrastes bonasia]]
| Tetrastes bonasia
| 75
| 
| [[File:Haselhuhn-01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tetrastes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 204
| [[:d:Q19171|Q19171]]
| [[Rhea]]
| Rhea
| 75
| 
| [[File:RheaamericanaHahn.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rheidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 205
| [[:d:Q3901247|Q3901247]]
| [[Phalacrocoracidae]]
| Phalacrocoracidae
| 75
| 
| [[File:Phalacrocorax aristotelis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Suliformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 206
| [[:d:Q18858|Q18858]]
| [[Numenius phaeopus]]
| Numenius phaeopus
| 75
| 
| [[File:Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Numenius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 207
| [[:d:Q28450|Q28450]]
| [[Tringa ochropus]]
| Tringa ochropus
| 75
| 
| [[File:Green Sandpiper ( Tringa ochropus ) ... Tophill Low , Yorkshire (53182606905).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tringa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 208
| [[:d:Q182971|Q182971]]
| [[Hieraaetus pennatus]]
| Hieraaetus pennatus
| 75
| 
| [[File:Booted eagle, Hieraaetus pennatus, at Kgalagadi Transfrontier Pa (32334023348).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hieraaetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 209
| [[:d:Q229408|Q229408]]
| [[Falco naumanni]]
| Falco naumanni
| 75
| 
| [[File:A Lesser Kestrel on a Weak Perch (49591372658).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Falco]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 210
| [[:d:Q194024|Q194024]]
| [[Porzana porzana]]
| Porzana porzana
| 74
| 
| [[File:Porzana porzana 3 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Porzana]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 211
| [[:d:Q188660|Q188660]]
| [[Opisthocomus hoazin]]
| Opisthocomus hoazin
| 74
| 
| [[File:Hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) Rio Napo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Opisthocomus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 212
| [[:d:Q26140|Q26140]]
| [[Columba oenas]]
| Columba oenas
| 74
| 
| [[File:2019-03-17 Columba oenas, Jesmond Dene 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Columba]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 213
| [[:d:Q27160|Q27160]]
| [[Larus fuscus]]
| Larus fuscus
| 74
| 
| [[File:Larus fuscus Finnboda 2012.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Larus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 214
| [[:d:Q184751|Q184751]]
| [[Pelecanus crispus]]
| Pelecanus crispus
| 74
| 
| [[File:Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN6899 (3).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pelecanus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 215
| [[:d:Q26129|Q26129]]
| [[Ixobrychus minutus]]
| Botaurus minutus
| 74
| 
| [[File:47-090506-little-bittern-at-upper-ford-near-Sigri-.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ixobrychus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 216
| [[:d:Q30085|Q30085]]
| [[Aquila]]
| Aquila
| 74
| 
| [[File:Aquila chrysaetos Flickr.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aquilinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 217
| [[:d:Q165974|Q165974]]
| [[Falco cherrug]]
| Falco cherrug
| 74
| 
| [[File:Falco cherrug 1 (Bohuš Číčel).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Falco]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 218
| [[:d:Q29865|Q29865]]
| [[Bucephala clangula]]
| Bucephala clangula
| 74
| 
| [[File:Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula)- female.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Bucephala]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 219
| [[:d:Q26657|Q26657]]
| [[Regulus regulus]]
| Regulus regulus
| 74
| 
| [[File:Goldcrest (Regulus regulus) (15954267973).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Regulus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 220
| [[:d:Q189609|Q189609]]
| [[Mergus serrator]]
| Mergus serrator
| 74
| 
| [[File:Merganser (53630992394).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mergus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 221
| [[:d:Q26552|Q26552]]
| [[Loxia curvirostra]]
| Loxia curvirostra
| 74
| 
| [[File:Cruza-bico comum, fêmea, Red Crossbill, female (51692602998).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Loxia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 222
| [[:d:Q199758|Q199758]]
| [[Cyanocitta cristata]]
| Cyanocitta cristata
| 74
| 
| [[File:Blue jay fledgling (53513).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cyanocitta]]
| [[jay]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 223
| [[:d:Q188446|Q188446]]
| [[Sylvia atricapilla]]
| Sylvia atricapilla
| 74
| 
| [[File:Sylvia atricapilla -Lullington Heath, East Sussex, England -male-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sylvia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 224
| [[:d:Q452969|Q452969]]
| [[Dinornithiformes]]
| Dinornithiformes
| 73
| 
| [[File:Giant Haasts eagle attacking New Zealand moa.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[extinct taxon]]
| 
| [[Palaeognathae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 225
| [[:d:Q26844|Q26844]]
| [[Meleagris gallopavo]]
| Meleagris gallopavo
| 73
| 
| [[File:Wild Turkey (female) - Meleagris gallopavo, Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge, Woodbridge, Virginia.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Meleagris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 226
| [[:d:Q58958|Q58958]]
| [[Calidris alba]]
| Calidris alba
| 73
| 
| [[File:2014-05-25 Sanderling, Paignton Beach, Devon 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 227
| [[:d:Q18864|Q18864]]
| [[Limosa lapponica]]
| Limosa lapponica
| 73
| 
| [[File:Bar-tailed Godwit.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Limosa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 228
| [[:d:Q26800|Q26800]]
| [[Sterna paradisaea]]
| Sterna paradisaea
| 73
| 
| [[File:00 3786. Küstenseeschwalbe.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sterna]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 229
| [[:d:Q179919|Q179919]]
| [[Podiceps grisegena]]
| Podiceps grisegena
| 73
| 
| [[File:Podiceps grisegena (33665871935).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Podiceps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 230
| [[:d:Q192058|Q192058]]
| [[Podiceps auritus]]
| Podiceps auritus
| 73
| 
| [[File:Podiceps auritus (13909575538) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Podiceps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 231
| [[:d:Q191723|Q191723]]
| [[Aythya nyroca]]
| Aythya nyroca
| 73
| 
| [[File:Ferruginous Pochard Aythya nyroca Male by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN2746 (12).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aythya]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 232
| [[:d:Q8327|Q8327]]
| [[Psittacidae]]
| Psittacidae
| 73
| 
| [[File:Scarlet-Macaw-cr.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Psittacoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 233
| [[:d:Q116667|Q116667]]
| [[Acridotheres tristis]]
| Acridotheres tristis
| 73
| 
| [[File:Common Myna in Rabindra Sarobar February 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Acridotheres]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 234
| [[:d:Q188854|Q188854]]
| [[Pycnonotidae]]
| Pycnonotidae
| 73
| 
| [[File:Brown-eared Bulbul 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeri]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 235
| [[:d:Q180991|Q180991]]
| [[Mergus merganser]]
| Mergus merganser
| 73
| 
| [[File:Female Mergus merganser americanus at Las Gallinas Wildlife Ponds.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mergus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 236
| [[:d:Q26698|Q26698]]
| [[Prunella modularis]]
| Prunella modularis
| 73
| 
| [[File:Dunnock crop2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Prunella]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 237
| [[:d:Q25950|Q25950]]
| [[Apodiformes]]
| Apodiformes
| 72
| 
| [[File:Rubythroathummer65.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cypselomorphae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 238
| [[:d:Q18837|Q18837]]
| [[Tringa glareola]]
| Tringa glareola
| 72
| 
| [[File:Wood Sandpiper (50206067826), crop.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tringa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 239
| [[:d:Q26892|Q26892]]
| [[Arenaria interpres]]
| Arenaria interpres
| 72
| 
| [[File:Arenaria interpres (habitus).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Arenaria]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 240
| [[:d:Q27129|Q27129]]
| [[Hydroprogne caspia]]
| Hydroprogne caspia
| 72
| 
| [[File:Sterna-caspia-010.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hydroprogne]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 241
| [[:d:Q182209|Q182209]]
| [[Aptenodytes patagonicus]]
| Aptenodytes patagonicus
| 72
| 
| [[File:King Penguins on Saunders Island (5586254113).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Spheniscidae]]
| [[Aptenodytes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 242
| [[:d:Q21090684|Q21090684]]
| [[Greater Spotted Eagle]]
| Clanga clanga
| 72
| 
| [[File:Great spotted Eagle I2 IMG 8358.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Clanga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 243
| [[:d:Q27074540|Q27074540]]
| [[Anser caerulescens]]
| Anser caerulescens
| 72
| 
| [[File:Snow Goose (24510697391).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anser]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 244
| [[:d:Q185784|Q185784]]
| [[Common Chiffchaff]]
| Phylloscopus collybita
| 72
| 
| [[File:Common Chiffchaff 2025 04 04 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phylloscopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 245
| [[:d:Q202478|Q202478]]
| [[Sylvia borin]]
| Sylvia borin
| 72
| 
| [[File:Sylvia borin (Örebro County).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sylvia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 246
| [[:d:Q191096|Q191096]]
| [[Periparus ater]]
| Periparus ater
| 72
| 
| [[File:Coal Tit - Dugalbitta, Uttarakhand, India (15143483976).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Periparus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 247
| [[:d:Q27244|Q27244]]
| [[Caprimulgidae]]
| Caprimulgidae
| 71
| 
| [[File:Common Nighthawk.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Caprimulgiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 248
| [[:d:Q191683|Q191683]]
| [[Grus virgo]]
| Anthropoides virgo
| 71
| 
| [[File:Demoiselle Cranes at Tal Chappar.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anthropoides]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 249
| [[:d:Q21685|Q21685]]
| [[Procellariiformes]]
| Procellariiformes
| 71
| 
| [[File:Damier du Cap - Cape Petrel.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[ave marin]]
| [[Austrodyptornithes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 250
| [[:d:Q18835|Q18835]]
| [[Pluvialis squatarola]]
| Pluvialis squatarola
| 71
| 
| [[File:Pluvialis squatarola (summer plumage).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pluvialis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 251
| [[:d:Q12267692|Q12267692]]
| [[Little Tern]]
| Sternula albifrons
| 71
| 
| [[File:Sternula albifrons - Boat Harbour.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sternula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 252
| [[:d:Q208488|Q208488]]
| [[Platalea]]
| Platalea
| 71
| 
| [[File:Royal Spoonbill mouth open.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Plateinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 253
| [[:d:Q230837|Q230837]]
| [[Circus macrourus]]
| Circus macrourus
| 71
| 
| [[File:Pallid Harrier Adult Male (46333226825).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Circus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 254
| [[:d:Q208221|Q208221]]
| [[Nectariniidae]]
| Nectariniidae
| 71
| 
| [[File:Crimson Sunbird (Aethopyga siparaja) male.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 255
| [[:d:Q26635|Q26635]]
| [[Aythya marila]]
| Aythya marila
| 71
| 
| [[File:2014-04-14 Aythya marila, female, Killingworth Lake, Northumberland 04.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aythya]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 256
| [[:d:Q208304|Q208304]]
| [[Troglodytidae]]
| Troglodytidae
| 71
| 
| [[File:Troglodytidae diversity.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeri]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 257
| [[:d:Q26416|Q26416]]
| [[Plectrophenax nivalis]]
| Plectrophenax nivalis
| 71
| 
| [[File:Plectrophenax nivalis P3130099.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Plectrophenax]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 258
| [[:d:Q514809|Q514809]]
| [[Nymphicus hollandicus]]
| Nymphicus hollandicus
| 71
| 
| [[File:Cockateil.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Nymphicus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 259
| [[:d:Q205943|Q205943]]
| [[Motacillidae]]
| Motacillidae
| 71
| 
| [[File:Anthus-rubescens-001.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeroidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 260
| [[:d:Q115661|Q115661]]
| [[Turdus]]
| Turdus
| 71
| 
| [[File:American Robin Close-Up.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Turdidae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Turdinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 261
| [[:d:Q26607|Q26607]]
| [[Muscicapa striata]]
| Muscicapa striata
| 71
| 
| [[File:SpottedFlycatcheronfence.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Muscicapa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 262
| [[:d:Q201316|Q201316]]
| [[Motacilla cinerea]]
| Motacilla cinerea
| 71
| 
| [[File:Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea (39682090233).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Motacilla]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 263
| [[:d:Q206540|Q206540]]
| [[Motacilla citreola]]
| Motacilla citreola
| 71
| 
| [[File:Citrine Wagtail (Motacilla citreola)- Breeding Male of calcarata race at Bharatpur I IMG 5752.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Motacilla]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 264
| [[:d:Q251842|Q251842]]
| [[Numida meleagris]]
| Numida meleagris
| 70
| 
| [[File:Guinea fowl at Mole National Park.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Numida]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 265
| [[:d:Q162085|Q162085]]
| [[Threskiornithidae]]
| Threskiornithidae
| 70
| 
| [[File:African Sacred Ibis in Lake Ziway.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pelecaniformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 266
| [[:d:Q26650|Q26650]]
| [[Calidris alpina]]
| Calidris alpina
| 70
| 
| [[File:Calidris alpina alpina, Riga, Latvia 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 267
| [[:d:Q27124|Q27124]]
| [[Calidris canutus]]
| Calidris canutus
| 70
| 
| [[File:Calidris canutus (summer).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 268
| [[:d:Q26816|Q26816]]
| [[Charadrius hiaticula]]
| Charadrius hiaticula
| 70
| 
| [[File:Charadrius hiaticula 3 breeding.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Charadrius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 269
| [[:d:Q193833|Q193833]]
| [[Threskiornithinae]]
| Threskiornithinae
| 70
| 
| [[File:Australian white ibis in tree.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Threskiornithidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 270
| [[:d:Q214293|Q214293]]
| [[Bubo]]
| Bubo
| 70
| 
| [[File:Spottedeagleowl.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Strigidae]]
| [[Strigidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 271
| [[:d:Q26574|Q26574]]
| [[Circus pygargus]]
| Circus pygargus
| 70
| 
| [[File:Circus pygargus (33541975444).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Circus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 272
| [[:d:Q53745|Q53745]]
| [[Harpia harpyja]]
| Harpia harpyja
| 70
| 
| [[File:Harpia-harpyja-001.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Harpia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 273
| [[:d:Q185213|Q185213]]
| [[Pithecophaga jefferyi]]
| Pithecophaga jefferyi
| 70
| 
| [[File:Pamarayeg IIIx2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pithecophaga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 274
| [[:d:Q202955|Q202955]]
| [[Oriolidae]]
| Oriolidae
| 70
| 
| [[File:Black-naped Oriole.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 275
| [[:d:Q188877|Q188877]]
| [[Fringilla montifringilla]]
| Fringilla montifringilla
| 70
| 
| [[File:Fringilla montifringilla -Poland -male-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Fringilla]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 276
| [[:d:Q184518|Q184518]]
| [[Dendrocopos minor]]
| Dryobates minor
| 70
| 
| [[File:PicoidesMinorBack.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dryobates]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 277
| [[:d:Q237670|Q237670]]
| [[Porzana pusilla]]
| Zapornia pusilla
| 69
| 
| [[File:Baillon's Crake in Baruipur February 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 03.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Zapornia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 278
| [[:d:Q27112|Q27112]]
| [[Tytonidae]]
| Tytonidae
| 69
| 
| [[File:Ceylon Bay Owl1 Abhilash Arjunan.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Strigiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 279
| [[:d:Q27232|Q27232]]
| [[Calidris minuta]]
| Calidris minuta
| 69
| 
| [[File:Little Stint (Calidris minuta) (1).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 280
| [[:d:Q184858|Q184858]]
| [[Cathartidae]]
| Cathartidae
| 69
| 
| [[File:Coragyps-atratus-001.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Accipitriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 281
| [[:d:Q190342|Q190342]]
| [[Gavia immer]]
| Gavia immer
| 69
| 
| [[File:Gavia immer -Minocqua, Wisconsin, USA -swimming-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gavia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 282
| [[:d:Q187958|Q187958]]
| [[Pygoscelis adeliae]]
| Pygoscelis adeliae
| 69
| 
| [[File:Adeliepinguin-01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pygoscelis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 283
| [[:d:Q26407|Q26407]]
| [[Buteo lagopus]]
| Buteo lagopus
| 69
| 
| [[File:Buteo lagopus 29283.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Buteo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 284
| [[:d:Q192524|Q192524]]
| [[Serinus canaria]]
| Serinus canaria
| 69
| 
| [[File:Serinus canaria -Parque Rural del Nublo, Gran Canaria, Spain -male-8a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Serinus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 285
| [[:d:Q205477|Q205477]]
| [[Ara ararauna]]
| Ara ararauna
| 69
| 
| [[File:Ara ararauna (Costa Rica).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ara]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 286
| [[:d:Q26969|Q26969]]
| [[Lullula arborea]]
| Lullula arborea
| 69
| 
| [[File:Lullula arborea (Ján Svetlík).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lullula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 287
| [[:d:Q26641|Q26641]]
| [[Turdus torquatus]]
| Turdus torquatus
| 69
| 
| [[File:2015-04-20 Turdus torquatus torquatus Cairngorm 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Turdus]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Merula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 288
| [[:d:Q143313|Q143313]]
| [[Anthus trivialis]]
| Anthus trivialis
| 69
| 
| [[File:2015-04-21 Anthus trivialis, Abernethy Forest 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anthus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 289
| [[:d:Q178702|Q178702]]
| [[Lagopus lagopus]]
| Lagopus lagopus
| 68
| 
| [[File:Lagopus lagopus - adult (Denali, 2010).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lagopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 290
| [[:d:Q28103|Q28103]]
| [[Tringa erythropus]]
| Tringa erythropus
| 68
| 
| [[File:Dunkler Wasserläufer.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tringa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 291
| [[:d:Q58921|Q58921]]
| [[Calidris temminckii]]
| Calidris temminckii
| 68
| 
| [[File:Temminck's Stint in Bakkhali September 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 292
| [[:d:Q18855|Q18855]]
| [[Charadrius alexandrinus]]
| Charadrius alexandrinus
| 68
| 
| [[File:Charadrius alexandrinus - Kentish Plover 03.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Charadrius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 293
| [[:d:Q19401|Q19401]]
| [[Phalacrocorax]]
| Phalacrocorax
| 68
| 
| [[File:Great Cormorant is a beautiful bird, crop.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phalacrocoracidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 294
| [[:d:Q26675|Q26675]]
| [[Morus bassanus]]
| Morus bassanus
| 68
| 
| [[File:2015-06-22 Morus bassanus on Bass Rock 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Morus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 295
| [[:d:Q174466|Q174466]]
| [[Aegolius funereus]]
| Aegolius funereus
| 68
| 
| [[File:Aegolius-funereus-001.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aegolius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 296
| [[:d:Q208763|Q208763]]
| [[Threskiornis aethiopicus]]
| Threskiornis aethiopicus
| 68
| 
| [[File:Threskiornis aethiopicus -Mida Creek mud flats, Kenya-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Threskiornis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 297
| [[:d:Q26680|Q26680]]
| [[Branta leucopsis]]
| Branta leucopsis
| 68
| 
| [[File:Barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Branta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 298
| [[:d:Q44245|Q44245]]
| [[Coraciidae]]
| Coraciidae
| 68
| 
| [[File:Coracias garrulus - European roller 02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Coraciiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 299
| [[:d:Q244350|Q244350]]
| [[Netta rufina]]
| Netta rufina
| 68
| 
| [[File:Netta rufina - Jona (SG) Stampf 2011-04-24 15-55-58.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Netta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 300
| [[:d:Q220328|Q220328]]
| [[Psittacus erithacus]]
| Psittacus erithacus
| 68
| 
| [[File:Perroquet à Yampopo Beach - Douala.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Psittacus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 301
| [[:d:Q191386|Q191386]]
| [[Pyrrhocorax graculus]]
| Pyrrhocorax graculus
| 68
| 
| [[File:Alpine Chough by Jim Higham.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pyrrhocorax]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 302
| [[:d:Q207831|Q207831]]
| [[Lophophanes cristatus]]
| Lophophanes cristatus
| 68
| 
| [[File:Lophophanes cristatus - 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lophophanes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 303
| [[:d:Q152144|Q152144]]
| [[Monticola solitarius]]
| Monticola solitarius
| 68
| 
| [[File:Monticola solitarius 29-August-2015.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Monticola]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 304
| [[:d:Q19172|Q19172]]
| [[Tinamidae]]
| Tinamidae
| 67
| 
| [[File:Stavenn Eudromia elegans 00.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tinamiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 305
| [[:d:Q205930|Q205930]]
| [[Lagopus muta]]
| Lagopus muta
| 67
| 
| [[File:Lagopus muta2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lagopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 306
| [[:d:Q26125|Q26125]]
| [[Caprimulgiformes]]
| Caprimulgiformes
| 67
| 
| [[File:Caprimulgus macrurus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cypselomorphae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 307
| [[:d:Q28449|Q28449]]
| [[Charadriidae]]
| Charadriidae
| 67
| 
| [[File:Ringed Plover (8899210257).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Charadriiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 308
| [[:d:Q205323|Q205323]]
| [[Stercorariidae]]
| Stercorariidae
| 67
| 
| [[File:Stercorarius pomarinusPCCA20070623-3985B.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon monotypic]]
| [[ave marin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[piscivore]]
| [[Charadriiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 309
| [[:d:Q28355|Q28355]]
| [[Tringa stagnatilis]]
| Tringa stagnatilis
| 67
| 
| [[File:Tringa stagnatilis 2 - Laem Pak Bia.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tringa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 310
| [[:d:Q62345|Q62345]]
| [[Calidris ferruginea]]
| Calidris ferruginea
| 67
| 
| [[File:Calidris ferruginea (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 311
| [[:d:Q21148|Q21148]]
| [[Pluvialis apricaria]]
| Pluvialis apricaria
| 67
| 
| [[File:.00 3155 Goldregenpfeifer (Pluvialis apricaria).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pluvialis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 312
| [[:d:Q26612|Q26612]]
| [[Rissa tridactyla]]
| Rissa tridactyla
| 67
| 
| [[File:Black-legged-Kittiwake.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rissa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 313
| [[:d:Q321267|Q321267]]
| [[Alpine Swift]]
| Tachymarptis melba
| 67
| 
| [[File:Alpine. Swift at kattampally.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tachymarptis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 314
| [[:d:Q191394|Q191394]]
| [[Ardeola ralloides]]
| Ardeola ralloides
| 67
| 
| [[File:Crabier chevelu.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardeola]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 315
| [[:d:Q27102|Q27102]]
| [[Alca torda]]
| Alca torda
| 67
| 
| [[File:Razorbill with a nice catch.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alca]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 316
| [[:d:Q189193|Q189193]]
| [[Pinguinus impennis]]
| Pinguinus impennis
| 67
| 
| [[File:Alca impennisAMF064LB.png|center|48px]]
| [[extinct taxon]]
| 
| [[Pinguinus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 317
| [[:d:Q193192|Q193192]]
| [[Surnia ulula]]
| Surnia ulula
| 67
| 
| [[File:Surnia-ulula-002.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Surnia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 318
| [[:d:Q214264|Q214264]]
| [[Anas]]
| Anas
| 67
| 
| [[File:Female mallard nest - natures pics edit2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anatinae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Anatini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 319
| [[:d:Q232523|Q232523]]
| [[Clanga pomarina]]
| Clanga pomarina
| 67
| 
| [[File:Aquila pomarina orlik krzykliwyAM.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Clanga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 320
| [[:d:Q26696|Q26696]]
| [[Somateria mollissima]]
| Somateria mollissima
| 67
| 
| [[File:Common eider female at Jones Beach (04713).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Somateria]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 321
| [[:d:Q26961|Q26961]]
| [[Emberiza schoeniclus]]
| Emberiza schoeniclus
| 67
| 
| [[File:2014-06-01 Emberiza schoeniclus, Swallow Pond, Northumberland 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Emberiza]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 322
| [[:d:Q208060|Q208060]]
| [[Psittacula krameri]]
| Psittacula krameri
| 67
| 
| [[File:African Rose-ringed Parakeet, Tamanrasset, Algeria 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Psittacula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 323
| [[:d:Q46143|Q46143]]
| [[Carpodacus erythrinus]]
| Carpodacus erythrinus
| 67
| 
| [[File:Carpodacus erythrinus 20060623.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Carpodacus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 324
| [[:d:Q643836|Q643836]]
| [[Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax]]
| Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
| 67
| 
| [[File:Alpenkrähe-Pyrrhocorax.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pyrrhocorax]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 325
| [[:d:Q26671|Q26671]]
| [[Lanius collurio]]
| Lanius collurio
| 67
| 
| [[File:Lanius collurio - Red-backed shrike 09.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lanius]]
| [[pie]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 326
| [[:d:Q187014|Q187014]]
| [[Sylviidae]]
| Sylviidae
| 67
| 
| [[File:Tallareta vulgar 01 (Sylvia communis).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sylvioidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 327
| [[:d:Q213827|Q213827]]
| [[Musophagidae]]
| Musophagidae
| 66
| 
| [[File:Corythaixoides leucogaster -Kambi ya Tembo, Tanzania -female-8 (1).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Musophagiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 328
| [[:d:Q21949185|Q21949185]]
| [[Leucogeranus leucogeranus]]
| Leucogeranus leucogeranus
| 66
| 
| [[File:Schneekranich Grus leucogeranus 090501 We 147.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Leucogeranus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 329
| [[:d:Q241753|Q241753]]
| [[Chlidonias leucopterus]]
| Chlidonias leucopterus
| 66
| 
| [[File:Chlidonias leucopterus Mai Po.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Chlidonias]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 330
| [[:d:Q191968|Q191968]]
| [[Ectopistes migratorius]]
| Ectopistes migratorius
| 66
| 
| [[File:Bird lore (1913) (14562557107).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[extinct taxon]]
| 
| [[Ectopistes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 331
| [[:d:Q191155|Q191155]]
| [[Glaucidium passerinum]]
| Glaucidium passerinum
| 66
| 
| [[File:Eurasian pygmy owl (Glaucidium passerinum) Białowieza.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Glaucidium]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 332
| [[:d:Q242851|Q242851]]
| [[Cairina moschata]]
| Cairina moschata
| 66
| 
| [[File:Muskovy duck (Cairina moschata).JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cairina]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 333
| [[:d:Q200646|Q200646]]
| [[Mergellus albellus]]
| Mergellus albellus
| 66
| 
| [[File:Mergellus albellus, Killingworth Lake, Northumberland 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mergellus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 334
| [[:d:Q26603|Q26603]]
| [[Cygnus columbianus]]
| Cygnus columbianus
| 66
| 
| [[File:Cygnus bewickii 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cygnus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 335
| [[:d:Q194240|Q194240]]
| [[Passeri]]
| Passeri
| 66
| 
| [[File:Eastern yellow robin (Victoria, Australia 2008).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eupasseres]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 336
| [[:d:Q180835|Q180835]]
| [[Acrocephalus arundinaceus]]
| Acrocephalus arundinaceus
| 66
| 
| [[File:Drosselrohrsänger Great reed warbler.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Acrocephalus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 337
| [[:d:Q27220|Q27220]]
| [[Emberiza calandra]]
| Emberiza calandra
| 66
| 
| [[File:Miliaria calandra-Corn Bunting.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Emberiza]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 338
| [[:d:Q201106|Q201106]]
| [[Picus canus]]
| Picus canus
| 66
| 
| [[File:Grey-headed Woodpecker - Italy S4E5692.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Picus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 339
| [[:d:Q184508|Q184508]]
| [[Lanius excubitor]]
| Lanius excubitor
| 66
| 
| [[File:Great Grey Shrike in Bhigwan August 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lanius]]
| [[magpie]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 340
| [[:d:Q27239|Q27239]]
| [[Phylloscopus trochilus]]
| Phylloscopus trochilus
| 66
| 
| [[File:Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phylloscopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 341
| [[:d:Q241499|Q241499]]
| [[Ficedula parva]]
| Ficedula parva
| 66
| 
| [[File:Ficedula parva мухоловка мала.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ficedula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 342
| [[:d:Q192817|Q192817]]
| [[Panurus biarmicus]]
| Panurus biarmicus
| 66
| 
| [[File:Bartmeise(Cropped) by Wolfram Riech.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Panurus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 343
| [[:d:Q187902|Q187902]]
| [[Porphyrio porphyrio]]
| Porphyrio porphyrio
| 65
| 
| [[File:Purpurhuhn.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Porphyrio]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 344
| [[:d:Q233616|Q233616]]
| [[Chlidonias hybrida]]
| Chlidonias hybrida
| 65
| 
| [[File:Chlidonias hybrida 2 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Chlidonias]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 345
| [[:d:Q18834|Q18834]]
| [[Gelochelidon nilotica]]
| Gelochelidon nilotica
| 65
| 
| [[File:Gelochelidon nilotica 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gelochelidon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 346
| [[:d:Q233684|Q233684]]
| [[Buteo rufinus]]
| Buteo rufinus
| 65
| 
| [[File:Long-legged Buzzard (24521858347).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Buteo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 347
| [[:d:Q192705|Q192705]]
| [[Sarcoramphus papa]]
| Sarcoramphus papa
| 65
| 
| [[File:NZ grp26.17DSC 0284.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sarcoramphus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 348
| [[:d:Q28486|Q28486]]
| [[Emberizidae]]
| Emberizidae
| 65
| 
| [[File:2014-06-01 Emberiza schoeniclus, Swallow Pond, Northumberland 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 349
| [[:d:Q211601|Q211601]]
| [[Ploceidae]]
| Ploceidae
| 65
| 
| [[File:Baya Weaver (Ploceus philippinus)- Male W IMG 0709.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 350
| [[:d:Q201300|Q201300]]
| [[Melanitta fusca]]
| Melanitta fusca
| 65
| 
| [[File:Velvet Scoter, Eyebrook Reservoir, Leics.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Melanitta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 351
| [[:d:Q274179|Q274179]]
| [[Alopochen aegyptiaca]]
| Alopochen aegyptiaca
| 65
| 
| [[File:Egyptian goose (05659).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alopochen]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 352
| [[:d:Q184825|Q184825]]
| [[Turdus iliacus]]
| Turdus iliacus
| 65
| 
| [[File:Redwing Turdus iliacus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Turdus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 353
| [[:d:Q206130|Q206130]]
| [[Luscinia luscinia]]
| Luscinia luscinia
| 65
| 
| [[File:Luscinia luscinia vogelartinfo chris romeiks CHR3635.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Luscinia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 354
| [[:d:Q28114227|Q28114227]]
| [[Broad-billed Sandpiper]]
| Calidris falcinellus
| 64
| 
| [[File:Broad billed sandpiper by Sreedev Puthur.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 355
| [[:d:Q18856|Q18856]]
| [[Xenus cinereus]]
| Xenus cinereus
| 64
| 
| [[File:Xenus cinereus (Alnus).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Xenus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 356
| [[:d:Q208004|Q208004]]
| [[Phoenicopterus ruber]]
| Phoenicopterus ruber
| 64
| 
| [[File:Caribbean Flamingo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phoenicopterus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 357
| [[:d:Q30944|Q30944]]
| [[Streptopelia]]
| Streptopelia
| 64
| 
| [[File:Collared Dove, La Gomera, Canary Islands (8525817722).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Columbinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 358
| [[:d:Q191469|Q191469]]
| [[Trogonidae]]
| Trogonidae
| 64
| 
| [[File:Trogon-viridis-002.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Trogoniformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 359
| [[:d:Q234722|Q234722]]
| [[Aquila fasciata]]
| Aquila fasciata
| 64
| 
| [[File:Bonelli's Eagle.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aquila]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 360
| [[:d:Q191628|Q191628]]
| [[Anser erythropus]]
| Anser erythropus
| 64
| 
| [[File:Anser erythropus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.14.6.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anser]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 361
| [[:d:Q206630|Q206630]]
| [[Emberiza hortulana]]
| Emberiza hortulana
| 64
| 
| [[File:Ortolan bunting in Sierra de Guara, Aragon, Spain.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Emberiza]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 362
| [[:d:Q334183|Q334183]]
| [[Emberiza melanocephala]]
| Emberiza melanocephala
| 64
| 
| [[File:28-090504-black-headed-bunting-at-first-layby.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Emberiza]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 363
| [[:d:Q167230|Q167230]]
| [[Tichodroma muraria]]
| Tichodroma muraria
| 64
| 
| [[File:Tichodrome échelette Tichodroma muraria aDSC 1009 (50997238804).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tichodroma]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 364
| [[:d:Q27171|Q27171]]
| [[Gallinago media]]
| Gallinago media
| 63
| 
| [[File:Gallinago media kilnsea.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gallinago]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 365
| [[:d:Q26629|Q26629]]
| [[Larus marinus]]
| Larus marinus
| 63
| 
| [[File:Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Larus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 366
| [[:d:Q190083|Q190083]]
| [[Strix uralensis]]
| Strix uralensis
| 63
| 
| [[File:2012-11-01 Ural Owl, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Strix]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 367
| [[:d:Q512737|Q512737]]
| [[Leptoptilos crumeniferus]]
| Leptoptilos crumenifer
| 63
| 
| [[File:Leptoptilos crumeniferus -near Kwara Camp, North-West District, Botswana-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Ciconiidae]]
| [[Leptoptilos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 368
| [[:d:Q20977|Q20977]]
| [[Upupidae]]
| Upupidae
| 63
| 
| [[File:Hoopoe100.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon monotypic]]
| 
| [[Bucerotiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 369
| [[:d:Q205938|Q205938]]
| [[Certhiidae]]
| Certhiidae
| 63
| 
| [[File:Certhia-americana-001.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 370
| [[:d:Q214137|Q214137]]
| [[Indicatoridae]]
| Indicatoridae
| 63
| 
| [[File:Wahlberg's Honeyguide (Prodotiscus regulus).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Piciformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 371
| [[:d:Q27434|Q27434]]
| [[Melanitta nigra]]
| Melanitta nigra
| 63
| 
| [[File:Männliche Trauerente (Melanitta nigra) - Spiekeroog, Nationalpark Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Melanitta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 372
| [[:d:Q159080|Q159080]]
| [[Acrocephalus scirpaceus]]
| Acrocephalus scirpaceus
| 63
| 
| [[File:Eurasian Reed Warbler.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Acrocephalus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 373
| [[:d:Q213216|Q213216]]
| [[Eurasian Crag Martin]]
| Ptyonoprogne rupestris
| 63
| 
| [[File:Ptyonoprogne rupestris -Europe-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ptyonoprogne]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 374
| [[:d:Q207838|Q207838]]
| [[Poecile palustris]]
| Poecile palustris
| 63
| 
| [[File:Sumpfmeise im NSG Hirschacker und Dossenwald 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Poecile]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 375
| [[:d:Q26956|Q26956]]
| [[Anthus pratensis]]
| Anthus pratensis
| 63
| 
| [[File:Meadow-Pipit.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anthus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 376
| [[:d:Q155869|Q155869]]
| [[Saxicola rubetra]]
| Saxicola rubetra
| 63
| 
| [[File:Saxicola rubetra poklaskwa AM.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Saxicola]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 377
| [[:d:Q201240|Q201240]]
| [[Tetraoninae]]
| Tetraoninae
| 62
| 
| [[File:SageGrouse21.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phasianidae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Galliformes]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Phasianinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 378
| [[:d:Q2576337|Q2576337]]
| [[Struthio]]
| Struthio
| 62
| 
| [[File:Couple autruche eco-ferme lokoli a sinemantiali.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Struthionidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 379
| [[:d:Q28078|Q28078]]
| [[Columbiformes]]
| Columbiformes
| 62
| 
| [[File:Witvleugduif.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon monotypic]]
| [[Columbimorphae]]
| [[Columbimorphae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 380
| [[:d:Q206840|Q206840]]
| [[Phalaropus lobatus]]
| Phalaropus lobatus
| 62
| 
| [[File:Phalaropus lobatus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phalaropus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 381
| [[:d:Q203053|Q203053]]
| [[Stercorarius parasiticus]]
| Stercorarius parasiticus
| 62
| 
| [[File:2021-07-11 Parasitic jaeger chick.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Stercorarius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 382
| [[:d:Q180360|Q180360]]
| [[Pelecanus philippensis]]
| Pelecanus philippensis
| 62
| 
| [[File:Spot-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) with nesting material W IMG 2806.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pelecanus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 383
| [[:d:Q244813|Q244813]]
| [[Spheniscus demersus]]
| Spheniscus demersus
| 62
| 
| [[File:Pingüino de El Cabo (Spheniscus demersus), Playa de Boulders, Simon's Town, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-23, DD 11.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Spheniscidae]]
| [[Spheniscus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 384
| [[:d:Q715710|Q715710]]
| [[Accipiter badius]]
| Accipiter badius
| 62
| 
| [[File:Shikra1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Accipiter]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 385
| [[:d:Q187852|Q187852]]
| [[Branta ruficollis]]
| Branta ruficollis
| 62
| 
| [[File:Brantha ruficollis In Taimyr Reserve.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Branta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 386
| [[:d:Q27471|Q27471]]
| [[Regulus ignicapillus]]
| Regulus ignicapilla
| 62
| 
| [[File:Regulus ignicapilla Frank Vassen.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Regulus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 387
| [[:d:Q193337|Q193337]]
| [[Nestor notabilis]]
| Nestor notabilis
| 62
| 
| [[File:Kea.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Nestor]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 388
| [[:d:Q193593|Q193593]]
| [[Certhia familiaris]]
| Certhia familiaris
| 62
| 
| [[File:Certhia familiaris 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Certhia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 389
| [[:d:Q27442|Q27442]]
| [[Ficedula hypoleuca]]
| Ficedula hypoleuca
| 62
| 
| [[File:Ficedula hypoleuca -Wood of Cree Nature Reserve, Scotland -male-8a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ficedula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 390
| [[:d:Q328982|Q328982]]
| [[Luscinia]]
| Luscinia
| 62
| 
| [[File:Common Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) (25936816473).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Saxicolinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 391
| [[:d:Q110257516|Q110257516]]
| [[Curruca communis]]
| Curruca communis
| 62
| 
| [[File:Dorngrasmücke im Geo-Naturpark Bergstraße-Odenwald.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Curruca]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 392
| [[:d:Q19168|Q19168]]
| [[Neognathae]]
| Neognathae
| 61
| 
| [[File:House sparrow (Passer domesticus) male 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Neornithes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 393
| [[:d:Q145854|Q145854]]
| [[Burhinidae]]
| Burhinidae
| 61
| 
| [[File:Burhinus grallarius - AndrewMercer IMG27414.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Charadriiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 394
| [[:d:Q208492|Q208492]]
| [[Sulidae]]
| Sulidae
| 61
| 
| [[File:Brown booby.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Suliformes]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Pelecaniformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 395
| [[:d:Q1887740|Q1887740]]
| [[Larus]]
| Larus
| 61
| 
| [[File:00 0946 Möwe im Flug.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Laridae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Larinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 396
| [[:d:Q202504|Q202504]]
| [[Charadrius morinellus]]
| Charadrius morinellus
| 61
| 
| [[File:Charadrius morinellus male.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Charadrius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 397
| [[:d:Q311761|Q311761]]
| [[Fratercula]]
| Fratercula
| 61
| 
| [[File:Puffin002.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alcidae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Fraterculini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 398
| [[:d:Q27215|Q27215]]
| [[Chlidonias niger]]
| Chlidonias niger
| 61
| 
| [[File:Chlidonias niger.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Chlidonias]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 399
| [[:d:Q180691|Q180691]]
| [[Coliidae]]
| Coliidae
| 61
| 
| [[File:Colius striatus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Coliiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 400
| [[:d:Q6471715|Q6471715]]
| [[Ciconia]]
| Ciconia
| 61
| 
| [[File:White Stork-Mindaugas Urbonas-1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ciconiini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 401
| [[:d:Q147403|Q147403]]
| [[Haliaeetus]]
| Haliaeetus
| 61
| 
| [[File:Adult White-tailed Eagle defending prey, Rezerwat Gostynin-Wloclawek, Poland.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Accipitridae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 402
| [[:d:Q235152|Q235152]]
| [[Buteo]]
| Buteo
| 61
| 
| [[File:Buteo buteo -Netherlands-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Accipitridae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Buteoninae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 403
| [[:d:Q194314|Q194314]]
| [[Gymnogyps californianus]]
| Gymnogyps californianus
| 61
| 
| [[File:California-Condor3-Szmurlo edit.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gymnogyps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 404
| [[:d:Q255503|Q255503]]
| [[domestic goose]]
| Anser anser f. domestica
| 61
| 
| [[File:00 27 1760 Hausgänse in Neuseeland.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[breed]]
| [[domesticated bird]]&lt;br/&gt;[[goose]]
| [[Ansere gris|Anser anser]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 405
| [[:d:Q27236|Q27236]]
| [[Acrocephalus schoenobaenus]]
| Acrocephalus schoenobaenus
| 61
| 
| [[File:Acrocephalus schoenobaenus -Sweden-8 (1).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Acrocephalus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 406
| [[:d:Q243761|Q243761]]
| [[Ara macao]]
| Ara macao
| 61
| 
| [[File:Ara macao -Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ara]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 407
| [[:d:Q20754771|Q20754771]]
| [[Common Redpoll]]
| Acanthis flammea
| 61
| 
| [[File:Acanthis flammea, Kotka, Finland 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Acanthis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 408
| [[:d:Q210418|Q210418]]
| [[Picoides tridactylus]]
| Picoides tridactylus
| 61
| 
| [[File:Three-toed Woodpecker - Finlandia 0005 (3).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Picoides]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 409
| [[:d:Q110257504|Q110257504]]
| [[Curruca curruca]]
| Curruca curruca
| 61
| 
| [[File:Klappergrasmücke (Curruca curruca) 3, Filey, North Yorkshire.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Curruca]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 410
| [[:d:Q1869243|Q1869243]]
| [[Coturnix]]
| Coturnix
| 60
| 
| [[File:Coturnix coturnix (Lmbuga).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Perdicinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 411
| [[:d:Q270680|Q270680]]
| [[Porzana parva]]
| Zapornia parva
| 60
| 
| [[File:Porzana parva (50).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Zapornia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 412
| [[:d:Q254636|Q254636]]
| [[Pavo muticus]]
| Pavo muticus
| 60
| 
| [[File:Green Peafowl - Baluran NP - East Java MG 7995 (29726908551).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pavo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 413
| [[:d:Q207767|Q207767]]
| [[Procellariidae]]
| Procellariidae
| 60
| 
| [[File:Damier du Cap - Cape Petrel.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Procellariiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 414
| [[:d:Q3758978|Q3758978]]
| [[Gavia]]
| Gavia
| 60
| 
| [[File:PacificLoon24.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[water bird]]
| [[Gaviidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 415
| [[:d:Q244319|Q244319]]
| [[Microcarbo pygmeus]]
| Microcarbo pygmaeus
| 60
| 
| [[File:Microcarbo pygmaeus - Pygmy cormorant.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Microcarbo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 416
| [[:d:Q276189|Q276189]]
| [[Ichthyaetus melanocephalus]]
| Ichthyaetus melanocephalus
| 60
| 
| [[File:2013-08-01 Ichthyaetus melanocephalus, Brierdene, Whitley Bay, Northumberland 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ichthyaetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 417
| [[:d:Q116686|Q116686]]
| [[Spilopelia chinensis]]
| Spilopelia chinensis
| 60
| 
| [[File:Spilopelia chinensis Zhengzhou 20210607.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Spilopelia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 418
| [[:d:Q164467|Q164467]]
| [[Hydrocoloeus minutus]]
| Hydrocoloeus minutus
| 60
| 
| [[File:Bird Yyterin lietteet 4.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hydrocoloeus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 419
| [[:d:Q208714|Q208714]]
| [[Pelecanus occidentalis]]
| Pelecanus occidentalis
| 60
| 
| [[File:Brown Pelican21K.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pelecanus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 420
| [[:d:Q200724|Q200724]]
| [[Strix nebulosa]]
| Strix nebulosa
| 60
| 
| [[File:Strix nebulosa CT.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Strix]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 421
| [[:d:Q203628|Q203628]]
| [[Eudyptula minor]]
| Eudyptula minor
| 60
| 
| [[File:Eudyptula minor Bruny 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eudyptula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 422
| [[:d:Q20740|Q20740]]
| [[Bucerotiformes]]
| Bucerotiformes
| 60
| 
| [[File:Buceros bicornis -Köln Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Picocoraciae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 423
| [[:d:Q27050|Q27050]]
| [[Branta bernicla]]
| Branta bernicla
| 60
| 
| [[File:Branta bernicla bernicla Norfolk 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Branta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 424
| [[:d:Q241399|Q241399]]
| [[Oxyura leucocephala]]
| Oxyura leucocephala
| 60
| 
| [[File:Oxyura leucocephala, Clot-de-Galvany, Alicante 16.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Oxyura]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 425
| [[:d:Q207249|Q207249]]
| [[Eremophila alpestris]]
| Eremophila alpestris
| 60
| 
| [[File:Eremophila alpestris flava, Blyth 3.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eremophila]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 426
| [[:d:Q207290|Q207290]]
| [[Dendrocopos leucotos]]
| Dendrocopos leucotos
| 60
| 
| [[File:Dendrocopos leucotos 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dendrocopos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 427
| [[:d:Q460967|Q460967]]
| [[Turdus migratorius]]
| Turdus migratorius
| 60
| 
| [[File:American robin (71307).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Turdus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 428
| [[:d:Q27226|Q27226]]
| [[Anthus campestris]]
| Anthus campestris
| 60
| 
| [[File:Anthus campestris-3.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anthus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 429
| [[:d:Q213536|Q213536]]
| [[Megapodiidae]]
| Megapodiidae
| 59
| 
| [[File:Australian Brush turkey2.jpeg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Galliformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 430
| [[:d:Q194043|Q194043]]
| [[Alectoris chukar]]
| Alectoris chukar
| 59
| 
| [[File:Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) (39660989151).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alectoris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 431
| [[:d:Q335992|Q335992]]
| [[Balearica regulorum]]
| Balearica regulorum
| 59
| 
| [[File:Balearica regulorum regulorum, South Africa.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Balearica]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 432
| [[:d:Q208335|Q208335]]
| [[Phalaropus fulicarius]]
| Phalaropus fulicarius
| 59
| 
| [[File:Grey Phalarope.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phalaropus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 433
| [[:d:Q18865|Q18865]]
| [[Pluvialis fulva]]
| Pluvialis fulva
| 59
| 
| [[File:Pacific Golden Plover - March 4, 2025.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pluvialis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 434
| [[:d:Q203472|Q203472]]
| [[Fregata]]
| Fregata
| 59
| 
| [[File:Fregata magnificens Islas Galápagos.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Fregatidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 435
| [[:d:Q207760|Q207760]]
| [[Stercorarius skua]]
| Stercorarius skua
| 59
| 
| [[File:GreatSkuaInWater.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Stercorarius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 436
| [[:d:Q27547|Q27547]]
| [[Thalasseus sandvicensis]]
| Thalasseus sandvicensis
| 59
| 
| [[File:2020-07-18 Thalasseus sandvicensis, St Marys Island, Northumberland 05.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[taxon synonyme]]
| 
| [[Thalasseus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 437
| [[:d:Q389505|Q389505]]
| [[Larus cachinnans]]
| Larus cachinnans
| 59
| 
| [[File:Larus cachinnans 3 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Larus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 438
| [[:d:Q213021|Q213021]]
| [[Pygoscelis papua]]
| Pygoscelis papua
| 59
| 
| [[File:&quot;0 0578 Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis) - Antarctic Peninsula.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pygoscelis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 439
| [[:d:Q21062|Q21062]]
| [[Uria aalge]]
| Uria aalge
| 59
| 
| [[File:Guillemot (Uria aalge) in flight.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Uria]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 440
| [[:d:Q271462|Q271462]]
| [[Haliaeetus leucoryphus]]
| Haliaeetus leucoryphus
| 59
| 
| [[File:Pallas's Fish Eagle ( Haliaeetus leucoryphus) 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Haliaeetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 441
| [[:d:Q208710|Q208710]]
| [[Locustella naevia]]
| Locustella naevia
| 59
| 
| [[File:Grashoppsangare-070512.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Locustella]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 442
| [[:d:Q193807|Q193807]]
| [[Anthus]]
| Anthus
| 59
| 
| [[File:Wiesenpieper Anthus pratensis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Motacillidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 443
| [[:d:Q273067|Q273067]]
| [[Remiz pendulinus]]
| Remiz pendulinus
| 59
| 
| [[File:Remiz pendulinus (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Remiz]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 444
| [[:d:Q19166|Q19166]]
| [[Palaeognathae]]
| Palaeognathae
| 58
| 
| [[File:Double-Wattled Cassowary (Casuarius bicarunculatus).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[ave]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Neornithes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 445
| [[:d:Q840849|Q840849]]
| [[Struthioniformes]]
| Struthioniformes
| 58
| 
| [[File:Avestruz de cuello azul (Struthio camelus australis), cabo de Buena Esparanza, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-23, DD 87.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Palaeognathae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 446
| [[:d:Q213036|Q213036]]
| [[Mellisuga helenae]]
| Mellisuga helenae
| 58
| 
| 
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mellisuga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 447
| [[:d:Q47549|Q47549]]
| [[Grus]]
| Grus
| 58
| 
| [[File:Common crane grus grus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gruidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 448
| [[:d:Q335113|Q335113]]
| [[Chrysolophus pictus]]
| Chrysolophus pictus
| 58
| 
| [[File:Golden Pheasant, Tangjiahe Nature Reserve.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Chrysolophus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 449
| [[:d:Q183364|Q183364]]
| [[Cuculiformes]]
| Cuculiformes
| 58
| 
| [[File:Chestnut-breasted Malkoha2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Otidimorphae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 450
| [[:d:Q215166|Q215166]]
| [[Numenius]]
| Numenius
| 58
| 
| [[File:2020-01-02 Curlew Numenius arquata, River Tyne at Elswick, Northumberland.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Scolopacidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 451
| [[:d:Q379761|Q379761]]
| [[Balearica pavonina]]
| Balearica pavonina
| 58
| 
| [[File:Венценосный журавль I.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Balearica]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 452
| [[:d:Q232906|Q232906]]
| [[Grus japonensis]]
| Grus japonensis
| 58
| 
| [[File:Grus japonensis 102480624.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Grus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 453
| [[:d:Q212767|Q212767]]
| [[Stercorarius pomarinus]]
| Stercorarius pomarinus
| 58
| 
| [[File:Pomarine Skua ( Stercorarius pomarinus ) Adult summer ... Coatham Sands , Redcar (53247051024).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Stercorarius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 454
| [[:d:Q241515|Q241515]]
| [[Strix]]
| Strix
| 58
| 
| [[File:Tawny Owl (4003694892).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Strigidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 455
| [[:d:Q27375|Q27375]]
| [[Larus hyperboreus]]
| Larus hyperboreus
| 58
| 
| [[File:Glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) with offspring, Liefdefjord, Svalbard.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Larus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 456
| [[:d:Q208328|Q208328]]
| [[Gavia adamsii]]
| Gavia adamsii
| 58
| 
| [[File:Yellow-billed Loon Chipp South 8-12-13 Ryan Askren.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gavia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 457
| [[:d:Q213366|Q213366]]
| [[Coragyps atratus]]
| Coragyps atratus
| 58
| 
| [[File:Coragyps atratus Miami-Dade FL.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Coragyps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 458
| [[:d:Q27674|Q27674]]
| [[Hippolais icterina]]
| Hippolais icterina
| 58
| 
| [[File:Hippolais icterina, Riga, Latvia 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hippolais]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 459
| [[:d:Q208703|Q208703]]
| [[Calcarius lapponicus]]
| Calcarius lapponicus
| 58
| 
| [[File:Calcarius lapponicus (female) 1996-07-25.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calcarius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 460
| [[:d:Q271807|Q271807]]
| [[Serinus serinus]]
| Serinus serinus
| 58
| 
| [[File:Serin cini mars.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Serinus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 461
| [[:d:Q27075477|Q27075477]]
| [[Wood Warbler]]
| Phylloscopus sibilatrix
| 58
| 
| [[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Wood Warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phylloscopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 462
| [[:d:Q747686|Q747686]]
| [[Oenanthe isabellina]]
| Oenanthe isabellina
| 58
| 
| [[File:Isabelline wheatear (Oenanthe isabellina) male, non-breeding.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Oenanthe]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 463
| [[:d:Q235057|Q235057]]
| [[Monticola saxatilis]]
| Monticola saxatilis
| 58
| 
| [[File:Common rock thrush.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Monticola]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 464
| [[:d:Q241347|Q241347]]
| [[Anthus cervinus]]
| Anthus cervinus
| 58
| 
| [[File:Anthus cervinus2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anthus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 465
| [[:d:Q214508|Q214508]]
| [[Aepyornithidae]]
| Aepyornithidae
| 57
| 
| [[File:Aepyornis maximus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| 
| [[Aepyornithiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 466
| [[:d:Q192044|Q192044]]
| [[Rhea americana]]
| Rhea americana
| 57
| 
| [[File:Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) (28234029614).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rhea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 467
| [[:d:Q338996|Q338996]]
| [[Afropavo congensis]]
| Afropavo congensis
| 57
| 
| [[File:Afropavo congensis -Antwerp Zoo -pair-8a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Afropavo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 468
| [[:d:Q28114126|Q28114126]]
| [[Sarus crane]]
| Antigone antigone
| 57
| 
| [[File:Sarus crane (Grus antigone).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Antigone]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 469
| [[:d:Q193404|Q193404]]
| [[Hydrobatidae]]
| Hydrobatidae
| 57
| 
| [[File:European Storm-petrel.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Procellariiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 470
| [[:d:Q212937|Q212937]]
| [[Anseranas semipalmata]]
| Anseranas semipalmata
| 57
| 
| [[File:Magpie goose.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anseranas]]
| [[magpie]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 471
| [[:d:Q83020448|Q83020448]]
| [[Gulosus aristotelis]]
| Gulosus aristotelis
| 57
| 
| [[File:Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gulosus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 472
| [[:d:Q126630|Q126630]]
| [[Gyps]]
| Gyps
| 57
| 
| [[File:Gyps fulvus - 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Accipitridae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Aegypiinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 473
| [[:d:Q26896|Q26896]]
| [[Fulmarus glacialis]]
| Fulmarus glacialis
| 57
| 
| [[File:Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) on water.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Fulmarus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 474
| [[:d:Q206668|Q206668]]
| [[Spheniscus mendiculus]]
| Spheniscus mendiculus
| 57
| 
| [[File:Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) -Isabela2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Spheniscus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 475
| [[:d:Q224151|Q224151]]
| [[Spheniscus humboldti]]
| Spheniscus humboldti
| 57
| 
| [[File:Spheniscus humboldti (54905367722).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Spheniscus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 476
| [[:d:Q27461|Q27461]]
| [[Hydrobates pelagicus]]
| Hydrobates pelagicus
| 57
| 
| [[File:Hydrobates pelagicus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hydrobates]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 477
| [[:d:Q44327|Q44327]]
| [[Ciconia episcopus]]
| Ciconia episcopus
| 57
| 
| [[File:White necked stork (Ciconia episcopus) 21-Mar-2007 7-37-51 AM 21-Mar-2007 7-37-52.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ciconia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 478
| [[:d:Q27227|Q27227]]
| [[Elanus caeruleus]]
| Elanus caeruleus
| 57
| 
| [[File:Black-shouldered Kite (Elanus caeruleus) in Kawal WS, AP W IMG 1681.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Elanus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 479
| [[:d:Q431212|Q431212]]
| [[Spilornis cheela]]
| Spilornis cheela
| 57
| 
| [[File:Crested Sperpent Eagle 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Spilornis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 480
| [[:d:Q209419|Q209419]]
| [[Anser brachyrhynchus]]
| Anser brachyrhynchus
| 57
| 
| [[File:2019-03-25 Anser brachyrhynchus, Killingworth Lake, Northumberland 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anser]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 481
| [[:d:Q207107|Q207107]]
| [[Cacatua galerita]]
| Cacatua galerita
| 57
| 
| [[File:Cacatua galerita Tas 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cacatua]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 482
| [[:d:Q208940|Q208940]]
| [[Bombycilla]]
| Bombycilla
| 57
| 
| [[File:Bohemian Wax Wing.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Bombycillidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 483
| [[:d:Q214096|Q214096]]
| [[Menura]]
| Menura
| 57
| 
| [[File:Lantfarku.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Menuridae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 484
| [[:d:Q477133|Q477133]]
| [[Coracias benghalensis]]
| Coracias benghalensis
| 57
| 
| [[File:Indian Roller (Coracias benghalensis)2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Coracias]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 485
| [[:d:Q239393|Q239393]]
| [[Lanius minor]]
| Lanius minor
| 57
| 
| [[File:Lesser Grey Shrike by Daniel Bastaja.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lanius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 486
| [[:d:Q266761|Q266761]]
| [[Copsychus saularis]]
| Copsychus saularis
| 57
| 
| [[File:Oriental Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis)- Male at Kolkata I IMG 3003.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Copsychus]]
| [[magpie]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 487
| [[:d:Q208707|Q208707]]
| [[Anthus spinoletta]]
| Anthus spinoletta
| 57
| 
| [[File:Anthus spinoletta - Water Pipit, Kahramanmaraş 2016-11-18 01-10.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anthus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 488
| [[:d:Q466200|Q466200]]
| [[Passer hispaniolensis]]
| Passer hispaniolensis
| 57
| 
| [[File:Passer hispaniolensis -Canary Islands, Spain -female-8 (1).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passer]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 489
| [[:d:Q27043839|Q27043839]]
| [[King Quail]]
| Synoicus chinensis
| 56
| 
| [[File:Synoicus chinensis chinensis, Tanglin, Singapore 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Synoicus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 490
| [[:d:Q205320|Q205320]]
| [[Turnicidae]]
| Turnicidae
| 56
| 
| [[File:Turnix sylvatica.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Charadriiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 491
| [[:d:Q216921|Q216921]]
| [[Stercorarius longicaudus]]
| Stercorarius longicaudus
| 56
| 
| [[File:Long-tailed Skua (js) 26.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Stercorarius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 492
| [[:d:Q457267|Q457267]]
| [[Sula nebouxii]]
| Sula nebouxii
| 56
| 
| [[File:Alcatraz Patiazul.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 493
| [[:d:Q310853|Q310853]]
| [[Ardea]]
| Ardea
| 56
| 
| [[File:Goliath Heron, Ardea goliath at Marievale Nature Reserve, Gauten (43682842260).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardeinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 494
| [[:d:Q242369|Q242369]]
| [[Phoeniconaias minor]]
| Phoeniconaias minor
| 56
| 
| [[File:Flamingo in Amboseli National Park.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phoeniconaias]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 495
| [[:d:Q652151|Q652151]]
| [[Scopus umbretta]]
| Scopus umbretta
| 56
| 
| [[File:Hamerkop standing in a stream in Zambia.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Scopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 496
| [[:d:Q602496|Q602496]]
| [[Anastomus oscitans]]
| Anastomus oscitans
| 56
| 
| [[File:Anastomus oscitans - Bueng Boraphet.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anastomus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 497
| [[:d:Q207246|Q207246]]
| [[Spheniscus magellanicus]]
| Spheniscus magellanicus
| 56
| 
| [[File:Magellanic penguin.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Spheniscus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 498
| [[:d:Q206654|Q206654]]
| [[Megadyptes antipodes]]
| Megadyptes antipodes
| 56
| 
| [[File:Yellow-eyed Penguin MC.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Megadyptes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 499
| [[:d:Q643101|Q643101]]
| [[Gyps himalayensis]]
| Gyps himalayensis
| 56
| 
| [[File:Himalayan Vulture (by a road) (2926948182).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gyps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 500
| [[:d:Q374141|Q374141]]
| [[Aquila rapax]]
| Aquila rapax
| 56
| 
| [[File:Aquila rapax Simien Mountains, Ethiopia.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aquila]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 501
| [[:d:Q253789|Q253789]]
| [[Mergus]]
| Mergus
| 56
| 
| [[File:Mergus serrator.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mergini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 502
| [[:d:Q31354|Q31354]]
| [[Anser cygnoides]]
| Anser cygnoides
| 56
| 
| [[File:Anser cygnoides Qiqihar 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[goose]]
| [[Anser]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 503
| [[:d:Q459267|Q459267]]
| [[Pharomachrus mocinno]]
| Pharomachrus mocinno
| 56
| 
| [[File:Pharomachrus mocinno 189344785.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pharomachrus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 504
| [[:d:Q27075446|Q27075446]]
| [[Eastern Red-rumped Swallow]]
| Cecropis daurica
| 56
| 
| [[File:Cecropis daurica, Fufeng County, Baoji, Shaanxi, China 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cecropis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 505
| [[:d:Q337416|Q337416]]
| [[Gracula religiosa]]
| Gracula religiosa
| 56
| 
| [[File:Common Hill Myna, Satchari NP, Bangladesh 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gracula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 506
| [[:d:Q47501|Q47501]]
| [[Ramphastos sulfuratus]]
| Ramphastos sulfuratus
| 56
| 
| [[File:Keel billed toucan costa rica (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ramphastos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 507
| [[:d:Q232768|Q232768]]
| [[Buceros bicornis]]
| Buceros bicornis
| 56
| 
| [[File:Great Hornbill Goa.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Buceros]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 508
| [[:d:Q46435|Q46435]]
| [[Dicrurus macrocercus]]
| Dicrurus macrocercus
| 56
| 
| [[File:Black Drongo in Purulia June 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dicrurus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 509
| [[:d:Q739089|Q739089]]
| [[Ara chloropterus]]
| Ara chloropterus
| 56
| 
| [[File:189 Red-and-green macaw couple flying in Chapada dos Guimarães National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ara]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 510
| [[:d:Q214627|Q214627]]
| [[Phylloscopus]]
| Phylloscopus
| 56
| 
| [[File:BG Phylloscopus sibilatrix 2002.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phylloscopidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 511
| [[:d:Q320043|Q320043]]
| [[Ceryle rudis]]
| Ceryle rudis
| 56
| 
| [[File:Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis leucomelanurus) female.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ceryle]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 512
| [[:d:Q10965357|Q10965357]]
| [[Twite]]
| Linaria flavirostris
| 56
| 
| [[File:Carduelis flavirostris.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Linaria]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 513
| [[:d:Q507383|Q507383]]
| [[Corvus splendens]]
| Corvus splendens
| 56
| 
| [[File:House-Crow444.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Corvus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 514
| [[:d:Q330318|Q330318]]
| [[Phylloscopus inornatus]]
| Phylloscopus inornatus
| 56
| 
| [[File:Phylloscopus inornatus 456140817.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phylloscopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 515
| [[:d:Q460229|Q460229]]
| [[Phylloscopus trochiloides]]
| Phylloscopus trochiloides
| 56
| 
| [[File:Greenish Warbler Sikkim India 11.05.2014.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phylloscopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 516
| [[:d:Q214281|Q214281]]
| [[Perisoreus infaustus]]
| Perisoreus infaustus
| 56
| 
| [[File:Siberian Jay Kittila 20100312.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Perisoreus]]
| [[jay]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 517
| [[:d:Q690826|Q690826]]
| [[Ficedula albicollis]]
| Ficedula albicollis
| 56
| 
| [[File:Collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ficedula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 518
| [[:d:Q732487|Q732487]]
| [[Perdix]]
| Perdix
| 55
| 
| [[File:Perdix perdix (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Perdicinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 519
| [[:d:Q217484|Q217484]]
| [[Anhimidae]]
| Anhimidae
| 55
| 
| [[File:Anhima cornuta -near Manu Wildlife Center, Manu National Park, Peru -three-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anseriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 520
| [[:d:Q213785|Q213785]]
| [[Steatornis caripensis]]
| Steatornis caripensis
| 55
| 
| [[File:Oilbirds.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Steatornis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 521
| [[:d:Q476356|Q476356]]
| [[Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus]]
| Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus
| 55
| 
| [[File:Larus ichthyaetus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ichthyaetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 522
| [[:d:Q290871|Q290871]]
| [[Chlamydotis undulata]]
| Chlamydotis undulata
| 55
| 
| [[File:Houbara035.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Chlamydotis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 523
| [[:d:Q752398|Q752398]]
| [[Vanellus indicus]]
| Vanellus indicus
| 55
| 
| [[File:Red-wattled Lapwing denoised.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vanellus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 524
| [[:d:Q605804|Q605804]]
| [[Caloenas nicobarica]]
| Caloenas nicobarica
| 55
| 
| [[File:Caloenas nicobarica, Ko Miang, Thailand 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Caloenas]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 525
| [[:d:Q126643|Q126643]]
| [[Pygoscelis antarcticus]]
| Pygoscelis antarcticus
| 55
| 
| [[File:A chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus) on Deception Island in Antarctica.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pygoscelis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 526
| [[:d:Q245414|Q245414]]
| [[Geronticus eremita]]
| Geronticus eremita
| 55
| 
| [[File:Geronticus eremita.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Geronticus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 527
| [[:d:Q17970|Q17970]]
| [[Jabiru mycteria]]
| Jabiru mycteria
| 55
| 
| [[File:Jabiru Mato Grosso Pantanal Brazil-2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Jabiru]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 528
| [[:d:Q690813|Q690813]]
| [[Somateria]]
| Somateria
| 55
| 
| [[File:048 - SPECTACLED EIDER (6-17-2016) barrow, alaska -05 (27890171860).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anatinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 529
| [[:d:Q269896|Q269896]]
| [[Haliaeetus pelagicus]]
| Haliaeetus pelagicus
| 55
| 
| [[File:Haliaeetus pelagicus (Rausu, Japan).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Haliaeetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 530
| [[:d:Q645755|Q645755]]
| [[Haliastur indus]]
| Haliastur indus
| 55
| 
| [[File:Brahminy Kite in Sundarbans National Park February 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Haliastur]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 531
| [[:d:Q27461190|Q27461190]]
| [[Baikal Teal]]
| Sibirionetta formosa
| 55
| 
| [[File:Anas.formosa.4.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[recombination]]
| 
| [[Sibirionetta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 532
| [[:d:Q114338|Q114338]]
| [[Accipiter brevipes]]
| Accipiter brevipes
| 55
| 
| [[File:Accipiter brevipes, male.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Accipiter]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 533
| [[:d:Q244432|Q244432]]
| [[Cygnus melancoryphus]]
| Cygnus melancoryphus
| 55
| 
| [[File:Blackneck swan pair hornopiren chile feb 2010.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cygnus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 534
| [[:d:Q205857|Q205857]]
| [[Sittidae]]
| Sittidae
| 55
| 
| [[File:Brhlík lesní.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon monotypic]]
| 
| [[Passeri]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 535
| [[:d:Q210422|Q210422]]
| [[Acrocephalus palustris]]
| Acrocephalus palustris
| 55
| 
| [[File:Acrocephalus palustris (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Acrocephalus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 536
| [[:d:Q335535|Q335535]]
| [[Emberiza aureola]]
| Emberiza aureola
| 55
| 
| [[File:Wiki-simaaoji-2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Emberiza]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 537
| [[:d:Q339517|Q339517]]
| [[Loxia]]
| Loxia
| 55
| 
| [[File:Loxia curvirostra -Karwendel mountains, Austria.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Carduelinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 538
| [[:d:Q470853|Q470853]]
| [[Melanocorypha calandra]]
| Melanocorypha calandra
| 55
| 
| [[File:Bereşe.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Melanocorypha]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 539
| [[:d:Q719380|Q719380]]
| [[Parus]]
| Parus
| 55
| 
| [[File:Parus major male.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Paridae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 540
| [[:d:Q736313|Q736313]]
| [[Petronia petronia]]
| Petronia petronia
| 55
| 
| [[File:Petronia petronia -Ariege, Midi-Pyrenee, France-8-4c.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Petronia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 541
| [[:d:Q104867606|Q104867606]]
| [[Curruca nisoria]]
| Curruca nisoria
| 55
| 
| [[File:Curruca nisoria 378155893 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Curruca]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 542
| [[:d:Q637533|Q637533]]
| [[Fulica]]
| Fulica
| 54
| 
| [[File:American coot in Prospect Park (06152).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rallidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 543
| [[:d:Q375790|Q375790]]
| [[Casuarius casuarius]]
| Casuarius casuarius
| 54
| 
| [[File:Double-wattled Cassowary.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Casuario|Casuarius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 544
| [[:d:Q18857|Q18857]]
| [[Charadrius leschenaultii]]
| Charadrius leschenaultii
| 54
| 
| [[File:2024-07-26 Anarhynchus leschenaultii leschenaultii, Newbiggin, Northumberland 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Charadrius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 545
| [[:d:Q330310|Q330310]]
| [[Glareola pratincola]]
| Glareola pratincola
| 54
| 
| [[File:Collared pratincole (Glareola pratincola).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Glareola]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 546
| [[:d:Q128002|Q128002]]
| [[Syrrhaptes paradoxus]]
| Syrrhaptes paradoxus
| 54
| 
| [[File:Syrrhapte paradoxal (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Syrrhaptes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 547
| [[:d:Q391198|Q391198]]
| [[Streptopelia senegalensis]]
| Spilopelia senegalensis
| 54
| 
| [[File:140 Laughing dove in Twyfelfontein Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Spilopelia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 548
| [[:d:Q798401|Q798401]]
| [[Eudynamys scolopaceus]]
| Eudynamys scolopaceus
| 54
| 
| [[File:Asian koel.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Koel]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 549
| [[:d:Q1219291|Q1219291]]
| [[Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis]]
| Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis
| 54
| 
| [[File:Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis -Kruger National Park, Limpopo, South Africa-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Ciconiiformes]]
| [[Ephippiorhynchus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 550
| [[:d:Q217497|Q217497]]
| [[Haliaeetus vocifer]]
| Haliaeetus vocifer
| 54
| 
| [[File:African fish eagle just caught fish.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Haliaeetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 551
| [[:d:Q331447|Q331447]]
| [[Marmaronetta angustirostris]]
| Marmaronetta angustirostris
| 54
| 
| [[File:Marbled Teal (Marmaronetta angustirostris) RWD2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Marmaronetta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 552
| [[:d:Q244284|Q244284]]
| [[Dendrocygna javanica]]
| Dendrocygna javanica
| 54
| 
| [[File:Dendrocygna javanica (Lesser Whistling Duck - Zwergpfeifgans) Weltvogelpark Walsrode 2012-009.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dendrocygna]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 553
| [[:d:Q322159|Q322159]]
| [[Aix sponsa]]
| Aix sponsa
| 54
| 
| [[File:Wood duck druid ridge cemetery 10.10.20 DSC 5487.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Aix]]
| [[Aix]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 554
| [[:d:Q331179|Q331179]]
| [[Histrionicus histrionicus]]
| Histrionicus histrionicus
| 54
| 
| [[File:Histrionicus histrionicus drake Barnegat.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Histrionicus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 555
| [[:d:Q614481|Q614481]]
| [[Emberiza]]
| Emberiza
| 54
| 
| [[File:Goldammer Emberiza citrinella.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Emberizidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 556
| [[:d:Q242599|Q242599]]
| [[Acrocephalus paludicola]]
| Acrocephalus paludicola
| 54
| 
| [[File:Seggenrohrsaenger hand.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Acrocephalus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 557
| [[:d:Q376038|Q376038]]
| [[Ramphastos toco]]
| Ramphastos toco
| 54
| 
| [[File:006 Toco toucan in Encontro das Águas State Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ramphastos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 558
| [[:d:Q208334|Q208334]]
| [[Prunella collaris]]
| Prunella collaris
| 54
| 
| [[File:Alpine accentor saganta.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Prunella]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 559
| [[:d:Q751036|Q751036]]
| [[Buceros rhinoceros]]
| Buceros rhinoceros
| 54
| 
| [[File:Hornbill 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Buceros]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 560
| [[:d:Q463154|Q463154]]
| [[Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus]]
| Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus
| 54
| 
| [[File:104 Hyacinth macaw with Pink Ipê tree in background in Encontro das Águas State Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anodorhynchus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 561
| [[:d:Q215603|Q215603]]
| [[Ptilonorhynchidae]]
| Ptilonorhynchidae
| 54
| 
| [[File:Regentbowerbirdmale.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Climacterida]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 562
| [[:d:Q215211|Q215211]]
| [[Willow Tit]]
| Poecile montanus
| 54
| 
| [[File:Parus atricapillus 2 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Poecile]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 563
| [[:d:Q499290|Q499290]]
| [[Montifringilla nivalis]]
| Montifringilla nivalis
| 54
| 
| [[File:Montifringilla nivalis Francer.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Montifringilla]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 564
| [[:d:Q27042|Q27042]]
| [[Recurvirostridae]]
| Recurvirostridae
| 53
| 
| [[File:Black-necked Stilt.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Charadriiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 565
| [[:d:Q21728|Q21728]]
| [[Suliformes]]
| Suliformes
| 53
| 
| [[File:Northern Gannet 2006 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[ave marin]]
| [[Aequornithes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 566
| [[:d:Q716869|Q716869]]
| [[Coturnix japonica]]
| Coturnix japonica
| 53
| 
| [[File:Coturnix japonica, Yehliu, Taiwan 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Coturnix]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 567
| [[:d:Q30838|Q30838]]
| [[Calidris]]
| Calidris
| 53
| 
| [[File:Purple Sandpiper winter.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Scolopacidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 568
| [[:d:Q786045|Q786045]]
| [[Gallinago]]
| Gallinago
| 53
| 
| [[File:Gallinago gallinago a1.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Scolopacidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 569
| [[:d:Q261445|Q261445]]
| [[Grus nigricollis]]
| Grus nigricollis
| 53
| 
| [[File:Black necked crane at Hanle.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Grus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 570
| [[:d:Q27515|Q27515]]
| [[Haematopus]]
| Haematopus
| 53
| 
| [[File:American oystercatchers at Fort Tilden (60747).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Haematopodidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 571
| [[:d:Q213836|Q213836]]
| [[Dromas ardeola]]
| Dromas ardeola
| 53
| 
| [[File:Crab plover 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dromas]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 572
| [[:d:Q832329|Q832329]]
| [[Otus]]
| Otus
| 53
| 
| [[File:Otus bakkamoena.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Strigidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 573
| [[:d:Q270722|Q270722]]
| [[Butorides striata]]
| Butorides striata
| 53
| 
| [[File:Butorides striata Garcita rayada Striated Heron (6549356697).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Butorides]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 574
| [[:d:Q320193|Q320193]]
| [[Sula leucogaster]]
| Sula leucogaster
| 53
| 
| [[File:Atobá-pardo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 575
| [[:d:Q602084|Q602084]]
| [[Sula dactylatra]]
| Sula dactylatra
| 53
| 
| [[File:Atobá.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 576
| [[:d:Q279307|Q279307]]
| [[Vanellus gregarius]]
| Vanellus gregarius
| 53
| 
| [[File:Sociable Lapwing, Korgalzhynskiy, Kazakhstan 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vanellus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 577
| [[:d:Q207796|Q207796]]
| [[Circus]]
| Circus
| 53
| 
| [[File:Circus approximans -New Zealand-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Accipitridae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 578
| [[:d:Q26902|Q26902]]
| [[Anastomus lamelligerus]]
| Anastomus lamelligerus
| 53
| 
| [[File:African Openbill (Anastomus lamelligerus).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anastomus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 579
| [[:d:Q467996|Q467996]]
| [[Eudocimus ruber]]
| Eudocimus ruber
| 53
| 
| [[File:Eudocimus ruber Corocora Scarlet Ibis (6264848783).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eudocimus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 580
| [[:d:Q327118|Q327118]]
| [[Gyps bengalensis]]
| Gyps bengalensis
| 53
| 
| [[File:Gyps bengalensis PLoS.png|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gyps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 581
| [[:d:Q245181|Q245181]]
| [[Cathartes aura]]
| Cathartes aura
| 53
| 
| [[File:Cathartes aura -Mexico-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cathartes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 582
| [[:d:Q243451|Q243451]]
| [[Harpagornis moorei]]
| Harpagornis moorei
| 53
| 
| [[File:Canterbury Museum, Christchurch - Joy of Museums - Haast's Eagle.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[extinct taxon]]
| 
| [[Harpagornis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 583
| [[:d:Q33554|Q33554]]
| [[Falco biarmicus]]
| Falco biarmicus
| 53
| 
| [[File:Lanner falcon, Falco biarmicus, at Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Northern Cape, South Africa (34447024871).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Falco]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 584
| [[:d:Q839526|Q839526]]
| [[Dicruridae]]
| Dicruridae
| 53
| 
| [[File:Black Drongo I IMG 7924.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon monotypic]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 585
| [[:d:Q207846|Q207846]]
| [[Somateria spectabilis]]
| Somateria spectabilis
| 53
| 
| [[File:049 - KING EIDER (6-15-2016) barrow, alaska -06 (27577003883).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Somateria]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 586
| [[:d:Q742292|Q742292]]
| [[domestic duck]]
| 
| 53
| 
| [[File:Witte kwaker.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[animal productive]]&lt;br/&gt;[[duck breed]]
| [[duck]]
| [[Anas platyrhynchos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 587
| [[:d:Q333842|Q333842]]
| [[Sturnus]]
| Sturnus
| 53
| 
| [[File:Star Sturnus vulgaris.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sturnidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 588
| [[:d:Q205491|Q205491]]
| [[Emberiza cia]]
| Emberiza cia
| 53
| 
| [[File:Rock Bunting (Cochem).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Emberiza]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 589
| [[:d:Q216855|Q216855]]
| [[Emberiza pusilla]]
| Emberiza pusilla
| 53
| 
| [[File:Zwergammer.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Emberiza]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 590
| [[:d:Q213984|Q213984]]
| [[Ara]]
| Ara
| 53
| 
| [[File:Ara macao -Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Arinae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Arini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 591
| [[:d:Q210791|Q210791]]
| [[Cisticola juncidis]]
| Cisticola juncidis
| 53
| 
| [[File:Cisticola juncidis, El Qanater el Khayreyya, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cisticola]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 592
| [[:d:Q217472|Q217472]]
| [[Pittidae]]
| Pittidae
| 53
| 
| [[File:Pitta brachyura.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tyranni]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 593
| [[:d:Q321272|Q321272]]
| [[Locustella luscinioides]]
| Locustella luscinioides
| 53
| 
| [[File:Rohrschwirl Chiemgau.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Locustella]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 594
| [[:d:Q214571|Q214571]]
| [[Pinicola enucleator]]
| Pinicola enucleator
| 53
| 
| [[File:Pinicola enucleator, Kotka, Finland 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pinicola]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 595
| [[:d:Q31818|Q31818]]
| [[Jynx]]
| Jynx
| 53
| 
| [[File:Red-throated Wryneck, Jynx ruficollis at Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (14897405378).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Jynginae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 596
| [[:d:Q235052|Q235052]]
| [[Lanius senator]]
| Lanius senator
| 53
| 
| [[File:Lanius senator01 new.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lanius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 597
| [[:d:Q28915|Q28915]]
| [[Oenanthe]]
| Oenanthe
| 53
| 
| [[File:Oenanthe oenanthe 01 II.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Muscicapidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 598
| [[:d:Q726389|Q726389]]
| [[Cardinalis cardinalis]]
| Cardinalis cardinalis
| 53
| 
| [[File:Cardinal couple - Feb. 2018 (watermark removed).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cardinalis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 599
| [[:d:Q725342|Q725342]]
| [[Cracidae]]
| Cracidae
| 52
| 
| [[File:Crax daubentoni -Philadelphia Zoo -female-8a-4c.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Galliformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 600
| [[:d:Q162029|Q162029]]
| [[Lagopus]]
| Lagopus
| 52
| 
| [[File:Lagopus muta2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tetraoninae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 601
| [[:d:Q19370|Q19370]]
| [[Anhingidae]]
| Anhingidae
| 52
| 
| [[File:African darter preening (38184856351).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Suliformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 602
| [[:d:Q736322|Q736322]]
| [[Charadrius]]
| Charadrius
| 52
| 
| [[File:Charadrius hiaticula Oulu 20120628 01.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Charadriidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 603
| [[:d:Q76411|Q76411]]
| [[Numenius tenuirostris]]
| Numenius tenuirostris
| 52
| 
| [[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.AVES.1670 - Numenius tenuirostris Vieillot, 1817 - Scolopacidae - skin specimen, right lateral view (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[extincte]]
| 
| [[Numenius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 604
| [[:d:Q2699803|Q2699803]]
| [[Larinae]]
| Larinae
| 52
| 
| [[File:Larus argentatus, at Oslo Opera House.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[ave marin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[piscivore]]
| [[Laridae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 605
| [[:d:Q695729|Q695729]]
| [[Glareola nordmanni]]
| Glareola nordmanni
| 52
| 
| [[File:Black-winged pratincole (Glareola nordmanni) at Mkhombo Dam, Mpumalanga (36861637734).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Glareola]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 606
| [[:d:Q18861|Q18861]]
| [[Hydrophasianus chirurgus]]
| Hydrophasianus chirurgus
| 52
| 
| [[File:Hydrophasianus chirurgus P6273470.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hydrophasianus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 607
| [[:d:Q317220|Q317220]]
| [[Phoenicopterus chilensis]]
| Phoenicopterus chilensis
| 52
| 
| [[File:Phoenicopterus chilensis -Tavares, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil -flying-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phoenicopterus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 608
| [[:d:Q321293|Q321293]]
| [[Sterna dougallii]]
| Sterna dougallii
| 52
| 
| [[File:2020-07-18 Sterna dougallii, St Marys Island, Northumberland 19.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sterna]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 609
| [[:d:Q217122|Q217122]]
| [[Sula sula]]
| Sula sula
| 52
| 
| [[File:Male Galápagos red-footed booby.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 610
| [[:d:Q498428|Q498428]]
| [[Ardeola grayii]]
| Ardeola grayii
| 52
| 
| [[File:Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii) @ Chavakkad.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardeola]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 611
| [[:d:Q26063|Q26063]]
| [[Pelecanus conspicillatus]]
| Pelecanus conspicillatus
| 52
| 
| [[File:00 3804 Water bird pelican.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pelecanus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 612
| [[:d:Q391421|Q391421]]
| [[Chroicocephalus genei]]
| Chroicocephalus genei
| 52
| 
| [[File:Goéland railleur Thyna012.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Chroicocephalus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 613
| [[:d:Q204111|Q204111]]
| [[Ixobrychus cinnamomeus]]
| Ixobrychus cinnamomeus
| 52
| 
| [[File:Cinnamon bittern or chestnut bittern (Ixobrychus cinnamomeus) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ixobrychus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 614
| [[:d:Q373114|Q373114]]
| [[Threskiornis melanocephalus]]
| Threskiornis melanocephalus
| 52
| 
| [[File:SL Bundala NP asv2020-01 img03.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Threskiornis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 615
| [[:d:Q655510|Q655510]]
| [[Mycteria ibis]]
| Mycteria ibis
| 52
| 
| [[File:Yellow-billed Stork (Mycteria ibis) (6045310265).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[Ciconiidae]]
| [[Mycteria]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 616
| [[:d:Q26470|Q26470]]
| [[Alle alle]]
| Alle alle
| 52
| 
| [[File:AlleAlle 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alle]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 617
| [[:d:Q45974|Q45974]]
| [[Haliaeetus leucogaster]]
| Haliaeetus leucogaster
| 52
| 
| [[File:Ceylon Fish Eagle At Yala National Park.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Haliaeetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 618
| [[:d:Q666222|Q666222]]
| [[Thraupidae]]
| Thraupidae
| 52
| 
| [[File:Green-headed Tanager Ubatuba.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Emberizoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 619
| [[:d:Q426968|Q426968]]
| [[Sarkidiornis melanotos]]
| Sarkidiornis melanotos
| 52
| 
| [[File:Knob-billed Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos, female, by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN8938 (1).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sarkidiornis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 620
| [[:d:Q788544|Q788544]]
| [[Strigopidae]]
| Strigopidae
| 52
| 
| [[File:Kaka-Parrots.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Strigopoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 621
| [[:d:Q637716|Q637716]]
| [[Acrocephalus]]
| Acrocephalus
| 52
| 
| [[File:Australianreedwarbler.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Acrocephalidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 622
| [[:d:Q312779|Q312779]]
| [[Acrocephalus dumetorum]]
| Acrocephalus dumetorum
| 52
| 
| [[File:Blyth's Reed Warbler in Baruipur December 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Acrocephalus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 623
| [[:d:Q286809|Q286809]]
| [[Emberiza rustica]]
| Emberiza rustica
| 52
| 
| [[File:Kashiradaka-01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Emberiza]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 624
| [[:d:Q747787|Q747787]]
| [[Locustella fluviatilis]]
| Locustella fluviatilis
| 52
| 
| [[File:Flodsangare.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Locustella]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 625
| [[:d:Q211670|Q211670]]
| [[Meliphagidae]]
| Meliphagidae
| 52
| 
| [[File:Noisy-Miner-2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Meliphagoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 626
| [[:d:Q331190|Q331190]]
| [[Loxia leucoptera]]
| Loxia leucoptera
| 52
| 
| [[File:Whitewingedcrossbillmale09.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Loxia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 627
| [[:d:Q271634|Q271634]]
| [[Pica]]
| Pica
| 52
| 
| [[File:Black-billed Magpie.png|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Corvidae]]
| [[magpie]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 628
| [[:d:Q24843|Q24843]]
| [[Calandrella brachydactyla]]
| Calandrella brachydactyla
| 52
| 
| [[File:Alondra.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calandrella]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 629
| [[:d:Q632213|Q632213]]
| [[Agapornis roseicollis]]
| Agapornis roseicollis
| 52
| 
| [[File:162 Rosy-faced lovebird in flight in Damaraland Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Agapornis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 630
| [[:d:Q473939|Q473939]]
| [[Aegithalidae]]
| Aegithalidae
| 52
| 
| [[File:Long-tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sylvioidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 631
| [[:d:Q275591|Q275591]]
| [[Dendrocopos medius]]
| Dendrocoptes medius
| 52
| 
| [[File:Middle-spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos medius), Parc du Rouge-Cloître, Brussels (49179578882) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dendrocoptes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 632
| [[:d:Q769934|Q769934]]
| [[Oenanthe deserti]]
| Oenanthe deserti
| 52
| 
| [[File:Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN9430 (1).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Oenanthe]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 633
| [[:d:Q285165|Q285165]]
| [[Francolinus francolinus]]
| Francolinus francolinus
| 51
| 
| [[File:Francolinus francolinus, Azerbaijan.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Francolinus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 634
| [[:d:Q585636|Q585636]]
| [[Limosa]]
| Limosa
| 51
| 
| [[File:Black-tailed Godwit Uferschnepfe.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Scolopacidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 635
| [[:d:Q862825|Q862825]]
| [[Amaurornis phoenicurus]]
| Amaurornis phoenicurus
| 51
| 
| [[File:White breasted Waterhen I4-Bhopal IMG 0515.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Amaurornis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 636
| [[:d:Q304434|Q304434]]
| [[Gallus sonneratii]]
| Gallus sonneratii
| 51
| 
| [[File:Gallus sonneratii (Bandipur).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gallus (taxon)|Gallus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 637
| [[:d:Q260716|Q260716]]
| [[Calidris melanotos]]
| Calidris melanotos
| 51
| 
| [[File:Pectoral Sandpiper3.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 638
| [[:d:Q648422|Q648422]]
| [[Asio]]
| Asio
| 51
| 
| [[File:Waldohreule in freier Wildbahn.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Strigidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 639
| [[:d:Q704982|Q704982]]
| [[Larus michahellis]]
| Larus michahellis
| 51
| 
| [[File:Larus michahellis LC0046.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Larus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 640
| [[:d:Q431179|Q431179]]
| [[Treron]]
| Treron
| 51
| 
| [[File:Thick-billed Green Pigeon.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Treroninae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 641
| [[:d:Q212047|Q212047]]
| [[Xema sabini]]
| Xema sabini
| 51
| 
| [[File:Sabine's gull (53706724037).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Xema]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 642
| [[:d:Q600204|Q600204]]
| [[Milvus]]
| Milvus
| 51
| 
| [[File:Milvus migrans front(ThKraft).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Accipitridae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 643
| [[:d:Q704987|Q704987]]
| [[Streptopelia orientalis]]
| Streptopelia orientalis
| 51
| 
| [[File:Oriental Turtle Dove (Streptopelia orientalis) (52502770215).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Streptopelia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 644
| [[:d:Q527830|Q527830]]
| [[Pelecanus rufescens]]
| Pelecanus rufescens
| 51
| 
| [[File:Pelecanus rufescens.001 - Zoo Aquarium de Madrid.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pelecanus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 645
| [[:d:Q467068|Q467068]]
| [[Athene cunicularia]]
| Athene cunicularia
| 51
| 
| [[File:Athene cunicularia -Vale do Ribeira, Juquia, Sao Paulo, Brazil-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Athene]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 646
| [[:d:Q118608|Q118608]]
| [[Ardea goliath]]
| Ardea goliath
| 51
| 
| [[File:Ardea goliath.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 647
| [[:d:Q998703|Q998703]]
| [[Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus]]
| Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus
| 51
| 
| [[File:Black-necked Stork in Kaziranga National Park March 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 04.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ephippiorhynchus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 648
| [[:d:Q208682|Q208682]]
| [[Diomedea exulans]]
| Diomedea exulans
| 51
| 
| [[File:070226 wandering albatross off Kaikoura 3.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Diomedea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 649
| [[:d:Q631805|Q631805]]
| [[Mycteria leucocephala]]
| Mycteria leucocephala
| 51
| 
| [[File:Mycteria leucocephala - Pak Thale.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mycteria]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 650
| [[:d:Q248086|Q248086]]
| [[Gyps indicus]]
| Gyps indicus
| 51
| 
| [[File:Indian vulture on cliff.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gyps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 651
| [[:d:Q46316|Q46316]]
| [[Tadorna]]
| Tadorna
| 51
| genere de aves
| [[File:2014-04-18 Tadorna tadorna pair, Swallow Pond.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tadorninae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 652
| [[:d:Q501733|Q501733]]
| [[Polemaetus bellicosus]]
| Polemaetus bellicosus
| 51
| 
| [[File:Martial Eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus) (51854471490).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Polemaetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 653
| [[:d:Q247412|Q247412]]
| [[Plectropterus gambensis]]
| Plectropterus gambensis
| 51
| 
| [[File:Spur-winged Geese (Plectropterus gambensis niger) male.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Plectropterus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 654
| [[:d:Q740741|Q740741]]
| [[Dendrocygna bicolor]]
| Dendrocygna bicolor
| 51
| 
| [[File:Marrecas-caneleiras - Dendrocygna bicolor.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dendrocygna]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 655
| [[:d:Q210954|Q210954]]
| [[Polysticta stelleri]]
| Polysticta stelleri
| 51
| 
| [[File:047 - STELLER'S EIDER (6-16-2016) barrow, alaska -02 (27539228164).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Polysticta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 656
| [[:d:Q31501|Q31501]]
| [[Probosciger aterrimus]]
| Probosciger aterrimus
| 51
| 
| [[File:Probosciger aterrimus, Cape York 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Probosciger]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 657
| [[:d:Q208716|Q208716]]
| [[Regulus]]
| Regulus
| 51
| 
| [[File:Goldcrest, male (Regulus regulus) (40047182502).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Regulidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 658
| [[:d:Q27757|Q27757]]
| [[Carduelis]]
| Carduelis
| 51
| 
| [[File:0 Carduelis carduelis, East Chevington.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Carduelinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 659
| [[:d:Q753746|Q753746]]
| [[Psittacula eupatria]]
| Psittacula eupatria
| 51
| 
| [[File:Alexandrine parakeet (Psittacula eupatria eupatria) male.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Psittacula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 660
| [[:d:Q723059|Q723059]]
| [[Dendrocopos]]
| Dendrocopos
| 51
| 
| [[File:Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) (13667857655).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Melanerpini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 661
| [[:d:Q790616|Q790616]]
| [[Lanius cristatus]]
| Lanius cristatus
| 51
| 
| [[File:Brown Shrike I IMG 7367.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lanius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 662
| [[:d:Q240088|Q240088]]
| [[Phoenicurus]]
| Phoenicurus
| 51
| 
| [[File:Black Redstart I2 IMG 0862.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Muscicapidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 663
| [[:d:Q1293045|Q1293045]]
| [[Sylvia]]
| Sylvia
| 51
| 
| [[File:Sylvia atricapilla - Burgenland 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sylviidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 664
| [[:d:Q41972|Q41972]]
| [[Tringa]]
| Tringa
| 50
| 
| [[File:Wood Sandpiper (Breeding)- Bharatpur I2 IMG 8646.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Scolopacidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 665
| [[:d:Q253776|Q253776]]
| [[Phalaropus]]
| Phalaropus
| 50
| 
| [[File:Phalaropus lobatus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Scolopacidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 666
| [[:d:Q642855|Q642855]]
| [[Scolopax]]
| Scolopax
| 50
| 
| [[File:Woodcock earthworm.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Scolopacidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 667
| [[:d:Q503804|Q503804]]
| [[Grus canadensis]]
| Grus canadensis
| 50
| 
| [[File:Grus canadensis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Grus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 668
| [[:d:Q3901583|Q3901583]]
| [[Phoenicopteridae]]
| Phoenicopteridae
| 50
| 
| [[File:Greater Flamingoes (Phoenicopterus roseus) W2 IMG 0072.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[water bird]]
| [[Phoenicopteriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 669
| [[:d:Q62359|Q62359]]
| [[Calidris maritima]]
| Calidris maritima
| 50
| 
| [[File:Purple Sandpiper ( Calidris maritima ) ... Filey Brig , Yorkshire (53266204391).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 670
| [[:d:Q305255|Q305255]]
| [[Charadrius mongolus]]
| Charadrius mongolus
| 50
| 
| [[File:Charadrius mongolus - Laem Phak Bia.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Charadrius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 671
| [[:d:Q392570|Q392570]]
| [[Egretta gularis]]
| Egretta gularis
| 50
| 
| [[File:Western Reef heron (Egretta gularis).JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Egretta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 672
| [[:d:Q423800|Q423800]]
| [[Phoenicopterus andinus]]
| Phoenicoparrus andinus
| 50
| 
| [[File:Andean Flamingo Salar De Atacama Chile Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phoenicoparrus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 673
| [[:d:Q389664|Q389664]]
| [[Platalea ajaja]]
| Platalea ajaja
| 50
| 
| [[File:Roseate Spoonbill - Myakka River State Park.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Platalea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 674
| [[:d:Q27725|Q27725]]
| [[Anatinae]]
| Anatinae
| 50
| 
| [[File:Anas platyrhynchos male female quadrat.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anatidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 675
| [[:d:Q888559|Q888559]]
| [[Ixobrychus flavicollis]]
| Ixobrychus flavicollis
| 50
| 
| [[File:Black Bittern by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN6890 (4).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ixobrychus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 676
| [[:d:Q644012|Q644012]]
| [[Leptoptilos dubius]]
| Leptoptilos dubius
| 50
| 
| [[File:Greater Adjutant (Leptoptilos dubius).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Leptoptilos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 677
| [[:d:Q831376|Q831376]]
| [[Glaucidium]]
| Glaucidium
| 50
| 
| [[File:Glaucidium capense.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Surniinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 678
| [[:d:Q208405|Q208405]]
| [[Puffinus puffinus]]
| Puffinus puffinus
| 50
| 
| [[File:Manx Shearwater.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Puffinus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 679
| [[:d:Q214300|Q214300]]
| [[Aythya]]
| Aythya
| 50
| 
| [[File:Canvasback pair2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anatinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 680
| [[:d:Q310868|Q310868]]
| [[Bucephala]]
| Bucephala
| 50
| 
| [[File:Bucephala clangula Oulu Finland 2021-04-26.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anatinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 681
| [[:d:Q628068|Q628068]]
| [[Sarcogyps calvus]]
| Sarcogyps calvus
| 50
| 
| [[File:Red-headed Vulture, Kanha National Park 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sarcogyps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 682
| [[:d:Q212243|Q212243]]
| [[Falco eleonorae]]
| Falco eleonorae
| 50
| 
| [[File:Eleonorenfalke1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Falco]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 683
| [[:d:Q581391|Q581391]]
| [[Fringilla]]
| Fringilla
| 50
| 
| [[File:Fringilla coelebs chaffinch male edit2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Fringillidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 684
| [[:d:Q463135|Q463135]]
| [[Cacatua alba]]
| Cacatua alba
| 50
| 
| [[File:White cockatoo (Cacatua alba).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cacatua]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 685
| [[:d:Q1253755|Q1253755]]
| [[Eolophus roseicapilla]]
| Eolophus roseicapilla
| 50
| 
| [[File:Eolophus roseicapilla AF.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eolophus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 686
| [[:d:Q420840|Q420840]]
| [[Merops orientalis]]
| Merops orientalis
| 50
| 
| [[File:Green Bee-eater (Merops orientalis) @ Madayippara.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Merops]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 687
| [[:d:Q214621|Q214621]]
| [[Eurylaimidae]]
| Eurylaimidae
| 50
| 
| [[File:Eurylaimus javanicus wild.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tyranni]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 688
| [[:d:Q735158|Q735158]]
| [[Halcyon smyrnensis]]
| Halcyon smyrnensis
| 50
| 
| [[File:Halcyon smyrnensis - White-throated kingfisher 02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Halcyon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 689
| [[:d:Q752513|Q752513]]
| [[Phylloscopus proregulus]]
| Phylloscopus proregulus
| 50
| 
| [[File:Goldhähnchen-Laubsänger, Heligoland, Germany 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phylloscopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 690
| [[:d:Q129219|Q129219]]
| [[Tarsiger cyanurus]]
| Tarsiger cyanurus
| 50
| 
| [[File:Ruribitakif1.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tarsiger]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 691
| [[:d:Q1988064|Q1988064]]
| [[Struthio molybdophanes]]
| Struthio molybdophanes
| 49
| 
| [[File:Somali ostrich.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Struthio]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 692
| [[:d:Q212929|Q212929]]
| [[Jacanidae]]
| Jacanidae
| 49
| 
| [[File:Irediparra gallinacea1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Charadriiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 693
| [[:d:Q217272|Q217272]]
| [[Glareolidae]]
| Glareolidae
| 49
| 
| [[File:Small pranticole.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Charadriiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 694
| [[:d:Q742818|Q742818]]
| [[Lophophorus impejanus]]
| Lophophorus impejanus
| 49
| 
| [[File:Himalayan Monal Adult Female Tungnath Rudraprayag Uttarakhand India 14.06.2013.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lophophorus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 695
| [[:d:Q165923|Q165923]]
| [[Apus pallidus]]
| Apus pallidus
| 49
| 
| [[File:Apus pallidus -Greece-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Apus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 696
| [[:d:Q652976|Q652976]]
| [[Aptenodytes]]
| Aptenodytes
| 49
| genere de aves
| [[File:Emperor penguin.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Spheniscidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 697
| [[:d:Q663507|Q663507]]
| [[Athene]]
| Athene
| 49
| 
| [[File:Athene noctua, Ambula, Montenegro 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Strigidae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Surniinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 698
| [[:d:Q174232|Q174232]]
| [[Larus glaucoides]]
| Larus glaucoides
| 49
| 
| [[File:Adult Larus glaucoides, Swallow Pond 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Larus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 699
| [[:d:Q282242|Q282242]]
| [[Anhinga melanogaster]]
| Anhinga melanogaster
| 49
| 
| [[File:Darter I2m IMG 8574.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anhinga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 700
| [[:d:Q723064|Q723064]]
| [[Pagophila eburnea]]
| Pagophila eburnea
| 49
| 
| [[File:Ivory Gull Portrait.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pagophila]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 701
| [[:d:Q620938|Q620938]]
| [[Anserinae]]
| Anserinae
| 49
| 
| [[File:Geese Fruggo01.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anatidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 702
| [[:d:Q333796|Q333796]]
| [[Ardea herodias]]
| Ardea herodias
| 49
| 
| [[File:Great blue heron in GWC (21718).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 703
| [[:d:Q308199|Q308199]]
| [[Ciconia abdimii]]
| Ciconia abdimii
| 49
| 
| [[File:Ciconia abdimii -London Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ciconia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 704
| [[:d:Q55111925|Q55111925]]
| [[Gyps rueppelli]]
| Gyps rueppelli
| 49
| 
| [[File:Rüppell's Vulture (Gyps rueppelli) (21160089681).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gyps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 705
| [[:d:Q256760|Q256760]]
| [[Melanitta]]
| Melanitta
| 49
| 
| [[File:Melanitta perspicillata.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anatinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 706
| [[:d:Q28106778|Q28106778]]
| [[Blue-winged Teal]]
| Spatula discors
| 49
| 
| [[File:Blue-wingedTeal-16DEC2017(2).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Spatula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 707
| [[:d:Q795439|Q795439]]
| [[Ictinaetus malayensis]]
| Ictinaetus malaiensis
| 49
| 
| [[File:Black Eagle DSC5485 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ictinaetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 708
| [[:d:Q651545|Q651545]]
| [[Falco sparverius]]
| Falco sparverius
| 49
| 
| [[File:American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) (14547482002).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Falco]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 709
| [[:d:Q366974|Q366974]]
| [[Acrocephalidae]]
| Acrocephalidae
| 49
| 
| [[File:Acrocephalus schoenobaenus 1 (Marek Szczepanek)-2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 710
| [[:d:Q371086|Q371086]]
| [[Zosteropidae]]
| Zosteropidae
| 49
| 
| [[File:Zosterops japonicus 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 711
| [[:d:Q537702|Q537702]]
| [[Acanthisittidae]]
| Acanthisittidae
| 49
| 
| [[File:XenicusLongipesBuller.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 712
| [[:d:Q601055|Q601055]]
| [[Aythya collaris]]
| Aythya collaris
| 49
| 
| [[File:Ring-necked Duck (f) (26058476660).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aythya]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 713
| [[:d:Q647461|Q647461]]
| [[Oxyura jamaicensis]]
| Oxyura jamaicensis
| 49
| 
| [[File:065 - RUDDY DUCK (11-27-07) fem, oso flaco, sloco, ca oso (1) (8718083235).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Oxyura]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 714
| [[:d:Q1951359|Q1951359]]
| [[Merops persicus]]
| Merops persicus
| 49
| 
| [[File:Guepier de Perse Jebil NP.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Merops]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 715
| [[:d:Q626289|Q626289]]
| [[Nestor meridionalis]]
| Nestor meridionalis
| 49
| 
| [[File:Kaka-Parrots.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Nestor]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 716
| [[:d:Q757116|Q757116]]
| [[Iduna caligata]]
| Iduna caligata
| 49
| 
| [[File:Booted warbler 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Iduna]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 717
| [[:d:Q650114|Q650114]]
| [[Cettia cetti]]
| Cettia cetti
| 49
| 
| [[File:Cettia cetti orientalis, Bismil, Turkey.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cettia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 718
| [[:d:Q311248|Q311248]]
| [[Garrulus]]
| Garrulus
| 49
| 
| [[File:Sójka na Łąkach Pychowickich w Krakowie, 20210421 1206 6369.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Corvidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 719
| [[:d:Q503807|Q503807]]
| [[Cyanopica cyanus]]
| Cyanopica cyanus
| 49
| 
| [[File:ANR00921(cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cyanopica]]
| [[magpie]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 720
| [[:d:Q385723|Q385723]]
| [[Oenanthe hispanica]]
| Oenanthe hispanica
| 49
| 
| [[File:CollalbaRubia.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Oenanthe]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 721
| [[:d:Q763538|Q763538]]
| [[Oenanthe pleschanka]]
| Oenanthe pleschanka
| 49
| 
| [[File:Oenanthe pleschanka.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Oenanthe]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 722
| [[:d:Q499283|Q499283]]
| [[Cyanistes cyanus]]
| Cyanistes cyanus
| 49
| 
| [[File:Azure Tit - Cyanistes cyanus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cyanistes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 723
| [[:d:Q36197|Q36197]]
| [[Lonchura punctulata]]
| Lonchura punctulata
| 49
| 
| [[File:Scaly Brested Munia.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lonchura]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 724
| [[:d:Q740872|Q740872]]
| [[Francolinus]]
| Francolinus
| 48
| 
| [[File:Black Francolin.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Perdicinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 725
| [[:d:Q829334|Q829334]]
| [[Tetraogallus]]
| Tetraogallus
| 48
| 
| [[File:Tetraogallus tibetanus hm.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Perdicinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 726
| [[:d:Q853653|Q853653]]
| [[Gallinula]]
| Gallinula
| 48
| 
| [[File:Dusky Moorhen, Gallinula tenebrosa in Victoria, Australia.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[water bird]]
| [[Rallidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 727
| [[:d:Q492684|Q492684]]
| [[Alectoris graeca]]
| Alectoris graeca
| 48
| 
| [[File:Alectoris graeca (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alectoris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 728
| [[:d:Q310465|Q310465]]
| [[Apus]]
| Apus
| 48
| 
| [[File:Apus apus -Barcelona, Spain-8 (1).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Apodidae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Apodini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 729
| [[:d:Q21346306|Q21346306]]
| [[Sri Lanka Junglefowl]]
| Gallus lafayettii
| 48
| 
| [[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Ceylon Junglefowl (Gallus lafayetii) Male.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gallus (taxon)|Gallus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 730
| [[:d:Q756674|Q756674]]
| [[Anthropoides paradiseus]]
| Anthropoides paradiseus
| 48
| 
| [[File:Blue Cranes (Anthropoides paradiseus) couple (32611106035).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anthropoides]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Grus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 731
| [[:d:Q659657|Q659657]]
| [[Mesitornithidae]]
| Mesitornithidae
| 48
| 
| [[File:Subdesert Mesite.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mesitornithiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 732
| [[:d:Q13426919|Q13426919]]
| [[Vanellus]]
| Vanellus
| 48
| 
| [[File:Northern Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), Katingsiel, Tönning, Germany.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vanellinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 733
| [[:d:Q132201|Q132201]]
| [[Actophilornis africanus]]
| Actophilornis africanus
| 48
| 
| [[File:African Jacana (Actophilornis africanus).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Actophilornis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 734
| [[:d:Q219199|Q219199]]
| [[Cursorius cursor]]
| Cursorius cursor
| 48
| 
| [[File:Cream-coloured Courser, Wadi Degla, Egypt.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cursorius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 735
| [[:d:Q216836|Q216836]]
| [[Pluvialis dominica]]
| Pluvialis dominica
| 48
| 
| [[File:Pluvialis dominica1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pluvialis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 736
| [[:d:Q31769|Q31769]]
| [[Hirundapus caudacutus]]
| Hirundapus caudacutus
| 48
| 
| [[File:White-throated Needletail 09a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hirundapus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 737
| [[:d:Q392232|Q392232]]
| [[Egretta sacra]]
| Egretta sacra
| 48
| 
| [[File:Eastern Reef Egret - dark and light morphs-trim.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Egretta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 738
| [[:d:Q28482|Q28482]]
| [[Onychoprion fuscatus]]
| Onychoprion fuscatus
| 48
| 
| [[File:Onychoprion fuscatus Ascension Island 7.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Onychoprion]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 739
| [[:d:Q739050|Q739050]]
| [[Botaurus]]
| Botaurus
| 48
| 
| [[File:Bittern - Botaurus stellaris.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Botaurinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 740
| [[:d:Q558990|Q558990]]
| [[Gavia pacifica]]
| Gavia pacifica
| 48
| 
| [[File:PacificLoon24.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gavia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 741
| [[:d:Q218312|Q218312]]
| [[Agamia agami]]
| Agamia agami
| 48
| 
| [[File:Agami Heron (Agamia agami).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Agamia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 742
| [[:d:Q669634|Q669634]]
| [[Rhynochetos jubatus]]
| Rhynochetos jubatus
| 48
| 
| [[File:Kagu 0A2A3921.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rhynochetos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 743
| [[:d:Q735190|Q735190]]
| [[Pelecanus erythrorhynchos]]
| Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
| 48
| 
| [[File:American White Pelican.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pelecanus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 744
| [[:d:Q81515|Q81515]]
| [[Bubo virginianus]]
| Bubo virginianus
| 48
| 
| [[File:Bubo virginianus -Canada-6.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Bubo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 745
| [[:d:Q212055|Q212055]]
| [[Cepphus grylle]]
| Cepphus grylle
| 48
| 
| [[File:Tystie1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cepphus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 746
| [[:d:Q888536|Q888536]]
| [[Ixobrychus sinensis]]
| Ixobrychus sinensis
| 48
| 
| [[File:Hong Kong - Yellow Bittern - Ixobrychus sinensis - 2017.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ixobrychus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 747
| [[:d:Q839524|Q839524]]
| [[Athene brama]]
| Athene brama
| 48
| 
| [[File:Athene brama 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Athene]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 748
| [[:d:Q27074615|Q27074615]]
| [[Ardea intermedia]]
| Ardea intermedia
| 48
| 
| [[File:Egretta intermedia.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 749
| [[:d:Q217494|Q217494]]
| [[Eudyptes chrysolophus]]
| Eudyptes chrysolophus
| 48
| 
| [[File:Macaroni Penguins (js).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eudyptes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 750
| [[:d:Q607893|Q607893]]
| [[Leptoptilos javanicus]]
| Leptoptilos javanicus
| 48
| 
| [[File:Lesser Adjutant Chonburi.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Leptoptilos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 751
| [[:d:Q845946|Q845946]]
| [[Pseudibis papillosa]]
| Pseudibis papillosa
| 48
| 
| [[File:Red-naped Ibis in Bhigwan August 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pseudibis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 752
| [[:d:Q839535|Q839535]]
| [[Clamator jacobinus]]
| Clamator jacobinus
| 48
| 
| [[File:Pied Cuckoo (Clamator jacobinus) in AP W IMG 3978.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Clamator]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 753
| [[:d:Q131450|Q131450]]
| [[Aix]]
| Aix
| 48
| 
| [[File:Woodduck95.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anatinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 754
| [[:d:Q210341|Q210341]]
| [[Cochlearius cochlearius]]
| Cochlearius cochlearius
| 48
| 
| [[File:Boat-billed Heron, Transpantaneira, Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil 4.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cochlearius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 755
| [[:d:Q605431|Q605431]]
| [[Pernis ptilorhynchus]]
| Pernis ptilorhynchus
| 48
| 
| [[File:Oriental honey buzzard Mudumalai Mar21 DSC01405.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pernis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 756
| [[:d:Q28106685|Q28106685]]
| [[American wigeon]]
| Mareca americana
| 48
| 
| [[File:Anas americana - drake.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mareca]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 757
| [[:d:Q742574|Q742574]]
| [[Dendrocygna viduata]]
| Dendrocygna viduata
| 48
| 
| [[File:Dendrocygna viduata (Vincent Vos).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dendrocygna]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 758
| [[:d:Q71118|Q71118]]
| [[Cuckoo-roller]]
| Leptosomus discolor
| 48
| 
| [[File:Male cuckoo roller.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Leptosomus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 759
| [[:d:Q755653|Q755653]]
| [[Chen canagica]]
| Anser canagicus
| 48
| 
| [[File:An emperor goose in flight (53706721602).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anser]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 760
| [[:d:Q310935|Q310935]]
| [[Picus]]
| Picus
| 48
| 
| [[File:Grünspecht Picus viridis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Picinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 761
| [[:d:Q125895|Q125895]]
| [[Certhia brachydactyla]]
| Certhia brachydactyla
| 48
| 
| [[File:Short-toed treecreeper (Certhia brachydactyla brachydactyla).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Certhia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 762
| [[:d:Q378278|Q378278]]
| [[Alauda]]
| Alauda
| 48
| 
| [[File:Alauda arvensis 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alaudidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 763
| [[:d:Q74092|Q74092]]
| [[Oriolus chinensis]]
| Oriolus chinensis
| 48
| 
| [[File:Black-naped Oriole eyeing on Lannea coromandelica fruits W IMG 7449.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Oriolus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 764
| [[:d:Q824974|Q824974]]
| [[Dacelo novaeguineae]]
| Dacelo novaeguineae
| 48
| 
| [[File:Dacelo novaeguineae waterworks.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dacelo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 765
| [[:d:Q217478|Q217478]]
| [[Tyrannidae]]
| Tyrannidae
| 48
| 
| [[File:Tyrannidae diversity.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tyrannida]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 766
| [[:d:Q949603|Q949603]]
| [[Corvus albus]]
| Corvus albus
| 48
| 
| [[File:Corvus albus -Etosha National Park, Namibia-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Corvus]]
| [[crow]]&lt;br/&gt;[[magpie]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 767
| [[:d:Q214462|Q214462]]
| [[Estrildidae]]
| Estrildidae
| 48
| 
| [[File:Paxaro GDFL27.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeroidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 768
| [[:d:Q282256|Q282256]]
| [[Dendrocitta vagabunda]]
| Dendrocitta vagabunda
| 48
| 
| [[File:Rufous treepie (Dendrocitta vagabunda) 02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dendrocitta]]
| [[treepie]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 769
| [[:d:Q73741|Q73741]]
| [[Amandava amandava]]
| Amandava amandava
| 48
| 
| [[File:Red Avadavat in Baruipur September 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 06.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Amandava]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 770
| [[:d:Q838665|Q838665]]
| [[Saxicola rubicola]]
| Saxicola rubicola
| 48
| 
| [[File:Saxicola rubicola -Belgium -female-8 (1).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Saxicola]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 771
| [[:d:Q27075678|Q27075678]]
| [[Siberian Rubythroat]]
| Calliope calliope
| 48
| 
| [[File:Luscinia calliope - Pak Chong 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calliope]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 772
| [[:d:Q72968|Q72968]]
| [[Odontophoridae]]
| Odontophoridae
| 47
| 
| [[File:Callipepla californica2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Galliformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 773
| [[:d:Q756174|Q756174]]
| [[Tetrao]]
| Tetrao
| 47
| 
| [[File:Tetrao urogallus Richard Bartz.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phasianidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 774
| [[:d:Q737426|Q737426]]
| [[Phasianus]]
| Phasianus
| 47
| 
| [[File:Pheasant.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phasianinae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Phasianini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 775
| [[:d:Q788536|Q788536]]
| [[Podargidae]]
| Podargidae
| 47
| 
| [[File:Tawny frogmouth wholebody444.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Podargiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 776
| [[:d:Q4865776|Q4865776]]
| [[Arenaria]]
| Arenaria
| 47
| 
| [[File:Arenaria interpres.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Scolopacidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 777
| [[:d:Q596325|Q596325]]
| [[Gallus varius]]
| Gallus varius
| 47
| 
| [[File:Green Junglefowl - Baluran NP - East Java MG 7948 (29183361863) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gallus (taxon)|Gallus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 778
| [[:d:Q725276|Q725276]]
| [[Aramus guarauna]]
| Aramus guarauna
| 47
| 
| [[File:Aramus guarauna.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aramus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 779
| [[:d:Q76366|Q76366]]
| [[Sterna]]
| Sterna
| 47
| 
| [[File:Sterna hirundo (adult).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Laridae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Sternidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 780
| [[:d:Q1651414|Q1651414]]
| [[Morus]]
| Morus
| 47
| 
| [[File:Morus bassanus 9.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sulidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 781
| [[:d:Q476350|Q476350]]
| [[Limnodromus scolopaceus]]
| Limnodromus scolopaceus
| 47
| 
| [[File:Limnodromus scolopaceus Mike Baird crop.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Limnodromus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 782
| [[:d:Q217704|Q217704]]
| [[Ibidorhyncha struthersii]]
| Ibidorhyncha struthersii
| 47
| 
| [[File:Ibisbill Ibidorhyncha struthersii by Dr Raju Kasambe (4).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ibidorhyncha]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 783
| [[:d:Q571268|Q571268]]
| [[Stercorarius maccormicki]]
| Stercorarius maccormicki
| 47
| 
| [[File:Skua Terra Nova Bay 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Stercorarius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 784
| [[:d:Q648494|Q648494]]
| [[Fregata minor]]
| Fregata minor
| 47
| 
| [[File:Fragata común (Fregata minor), isla Lobos, islas Galápagos, Ecuador, 2015-07-25, DD 55.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Fregata]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 785
| [[:d:Q72260|Q72260]]
| [[Microcarbo niger]]
| Microcarbo niger
| 47
| 
| [[File:Little Cormorant, Balapitiya, Sri Lanka (7568505286).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Microcarbo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 786
| [[:d:Q754885|Q754885]]
| [[Larus delawarensis]]
| Larus delawarensis
| 47
| 
| [[File:Larus delawarensis -Lake Erie, Ohio, USA -adult non-breeding-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Larus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 787
| [[:d:Q423782|Q423782]]
| [[Phoenicopterus jamesi]]
| Phoenicoparrus jamesi
| 47
| 
| [[File:James Flamingo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phoenicoparrus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 788
| [[:d:Q747817|Q747817]]
| [[Rhodostethia rosea]]
| Rhodostethia rosea
| 47
| 
| [[File:Rhodostethia rosea, Shiretoko, Japan.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rhodostethia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 789
| [[:d:Q827245|Q827245]]
| [[Vanellus leucurus]]
| Vanellus leucurus
| 47
| 
| [[File:Vanellus leucurus, Ag-Gel National Park.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vanellus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 790
| [[:d:Q795565|Q795565]]
| [[Chalcophaps indica]]
| Chalcophaps indica
| 47
| 
| [[File:Asian Emerald Dove in Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary March 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Chalcophaps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 791
| [[:d:Q767112|Q767112]]
| [[Centropus sinensis]]
| Centropus sinensis
| 47
| 
| [[File:Greater Coucal I IMG 7775.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Centropus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 792
| [[:d:Q743017|Q743017]]
| [[Botaurus lentiginosus]]
| Botaurus lentiginosus
| 47
| 
| [[File:American bittern in flight (53726569227) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Botaurus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 793
| [[:d:Q745262|Q745262]]
| [[Eudyptes schlegeli]]
| Eudyptes schlegeli
| 47
| 
| [[File:RoyalPenguins2.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eudyptes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 794
| [[:d:Q216850|Q216850]]
| [[Calonectris diomedea]]
| Calonectris diomedea
| 47
| 
| [[File:Calonectris diomedea, Cabrera National Park (12076283283).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calonectris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 795
| [[:d:Q665363|Q665363]]
| [[Clamator glandarius]]
| Clamator glandarius
| 47
| 
| [[File:Clamator glandarius (juvenile).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Clamator]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 796
| [[:d:Q211986|Q211986]]
| [[Oceanodroma leucorhoa]]
| Hydrobates leucorhous
| 47
| 
| [[File:Leach's Storm-petrel Saint-Jean-de-Monts 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hydrobates]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 797
| [[:d:Q734720|Q734720]]
| [[Momotidae]]
| Momotidae
| 47
| 
| [[File:Blue-crowned Motmot back 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Coraciiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 798
| [[:d:Q827657|Q827657]]
| [[Acrocephalus agricola]]
| Acrocephalus agricola
| 47
| 
| [[File:Paddyfield Warbler Acrocephalus agricola by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN8336 (11).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Acrocephalus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 799
| [[:d:Q756868|Q756868]]
| [[Leucopsar rothschildi]]
| Leucopsar rothschildi
| 47
| 
| [[File:Bali Myna 0A2A9443.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Leucopsar]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 800
| [[:d:Q754657|Q754657]]
| [[Lanius]]
| Lanius
| 47
| 
| [[File:Lanius excubitor 1 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Laniidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 801
| [[:d:Q647533|Q647533]]
| [[Cotingidae]]
| Cotingidae
| 47
| 
| [[File:Cotingidae diversity.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tyrannida]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 802
| [[:d:Q111674|Q111674]]
| [[Corvus macrorhynchos]]
| Corvus macrorhynchos
| 47
| 
| [[File:Large-billed Crow in Bhigwan August 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Corvus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 803
| [[:d:Q720497|Q720497]]
| [[Phylloscopus borealis]]
| Phylloscopus borealis
| 47
| 
| [[File:Arctic Warbler 4683b.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phylloscopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 804
| [[:d:Q752481|Q752481]]
| [[Dendrocopos syriacus]]
| Dendrocopos syriacus
| 47
| 
| [[File:Dendrocopos syriacus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dendrocopos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 805
| [[:d:Q223402|Q223402]]
| [[Cardinalidae]]
| Cardinalidae
| 47
| 
| [[File:Northern Cardinal Male-27527-2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeroidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 806
| [[:d:Q692828|Q692828]]
| [[Remizidae]]
| Remizidae
| 47
| 
| [[File:Auriparus flaviceps.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sylvioidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 807
| [[:d:Q642685|Q642685]]
| [[Anthus petrosus]]
| Anthus petrosus
| 47
| 
| [[File:2015-04-22 Anthus petrosus, Portsoy.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anthus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 808
| [[:d:Q904790|Q904790]]
| [[Anthus richardi]]
| Anthus richardi
| 47
| 
| [[File:Anthus richardi - Laem Pak Bia.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anthus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 809
| [[:d:Q500278|Q500278]]
| [[Padda oryzivora]]
| Padda oryzivora
| 47
| 
| [[File:Java Sparrow - Baluran NP - East Java MG 8207 (29696610022).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Padda]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 810
| [[:d:Q607027|Q607027]]
| [[Cercotrichas galactotes]]
| Cercotrichas galactotes
| 47
| 
| [[File:Agrobate roux au Parc National de l'Ichkeul (Tunisia), crop.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cercotrichas]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 811
| [[:d:Q19173|Q19173]]
| [[Casuariiformes]]
| Casuariiformes
| 46
| 
| [[File:Darica Cossowary 00975.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Novaeratitae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 812
| [[:d:Q652266|Q652266]]
| [[Argusianus argus]]
| Argusianus argus
| 46
| 
| [[File:Argusianus argus -Lok Kawi Wildlife Park, Malaysia -male-8a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Argusianus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 813
| [[:d:Q286072|Q286072]]
| [[Recurvirostra]]
| Recurvirostra
| 46
| 
| [[File:Avocet Fledglings Learning to Hunt Insects (19116147220).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Recurvirostridae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 814
| [[:d:Q457477|Q457477]]
| [[Grus americana]]
| Grus americana
| 46
| 
| [[File:Grus americana Sasata.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Grus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 815
| [[:d:Q926178|Q926178]]
| [[Grus rubicunda]]
| Grus rubicunda
| 46
| 
| [[File:Brolga-1-Healesville,-Vic,-3.1.2008 edit.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Grus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 816
| [[:d:Q212941|Q212941]]
| [[Rynchops]]
| Rynchops
| 46
| 
| [[File:Black Skimmer by Dan Pancamo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Laridae]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Rynchopidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 817
| [[:d:Q1267654|Q1267654]]
| [[Crex egregia]]
| Crex egregia
| 46
| 
| [[File:CrakeAfrican2(byMarkTittley).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Crecopsis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 818
| [[:d:Q611324|Q611324]]
| [[Apus affinis]]
| Apus affinis
| 46
| 
| [[File:Little Swift - Aberdares - Kenya.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Apus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 819
| [[:d:Q845969|Q845969]]
| [[Calidris subminuta]]
| Calidris subminuta
| 46
| 
| [[File:Calidris subminuta - Pak Thale.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 820
| [[:d:Q18836|Q18836]]
| [[Turnix sylvaticus]]
| Turnix sylvaticus
| 46
| 
| [[File:Kurrichane Buttonquail 2016 01 01 2734.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Turnix]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 821
| [[:d:Q383182|Q383182]]
| [[Pterocles orientalis]]
| Pterocles orientalis
| 46
| 
| [[File:Pterocles orientalis 1921.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pterocles]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 822
| [[:d:Q498102|Q498102]]
| [[Ardeola bacchus]]
| Ardeola bacchus
| 46
| 
| [[File:Ardeola bacchus (19169872143).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardeola]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 823
| [[:d:Q494544|Q494544]]
| [[Platalea minor]]
| Platalea minor
| 46
| 
| [[File:Platalea minor okinawa.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Platalea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 824
| [[:d:Q688641|Q688641]]
| [[Eudyptes chrysocome]]
| Eudyptes chrysocome
| 46
| 
| [[File:Gorfou sauteur - Rockhopper Penguin.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eudyptes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 825
| [[:d:Q589171|Q589171]]
| [[Eudocimus albus]]
| Eudocimus albus
| 46
| 
| [[File:Eudocimus albus (4111616588).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eudocimus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 826
| [[:d:Q990175|Q990175]]
| [[Mycteria americana]]
| Mycteria americana
| 46
| 
| [[File:WoodStorkWhole.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mycteria]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 827
| [[:d:Q375716|Q375716]]
| [[Tyto]]
| Tyto
| 46
| 
| [[File:Tyto alba tylluan wen detail.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tytoninae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 828
| [[:d:Q281874|Q281874]]
| [[Gyps africanus]]
| Gyps africanus
| 46
| 
| [[File:2012-white-backed-vulture.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gyps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 829
| [[:d:Q607024|Q607024]]
| [[Oceanites oceanicus]]
| Oceanites oceanicus
| 46
| 
| [[File:Oceanites oceanicus - SE Tasmania.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Oceanites]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 830
| [[:d:Q726387|Q726387]]
| [[Terathopius ecaudatus]]
| Terathopius ecaudatus
| 46
| 
| [[File:Bateleur (Terathopius ecaudatus) - Flickr - Lip Kee.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Terathopius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 831
| [[:d:Q257006|Q257006]]
| [[Cereopsis novaehollandiae]]
| Cereopsis novaehollandiae
| 46
| 
| [[File:Cereopsis novaehollandiae 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cereopsis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 832
| [[:d:Q499568|Q499568]]
| [[Aquila adalberti]]
| Aquila adalberti
| 46
| 
| [[File:Aguila imperial iberica.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aquila]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 833
| [[:d:Q732881|Q732881]]
| [[Campephagidae]]
| Campephagidae
| 46
| 
| [[File:Blackfacedcuckooshrike.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 834
| [[:d:Q752529|Q752529]]
| [[Phoeniculidae]]
| Phoeniculidae
| 46
| 
| [[File:There's something in this....jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Bucerotiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 835
| [[:d:Q687695|Q687695]]
| [[Branta sandvicensis]]
| Branta sandvicensis
| 46
| 
| [[File:Branta sandvicensis -Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii, USA-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Branta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 836
| [[:d:Q839542|Q839542]]
| [[Anas poecilorhyncha]]
| Anas poecilorhyncha
| 46
| 
| [[File:Pair Indian Spot-billed Duck Karanji Mysore Dec23 A7C 08342.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anas]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 837
| [[:d:Q733375|Q733375]]
| [[Cygnus buccinator]]
| Cygnus buccinator
| 46
| 
| [[File:NPS Wildlife. Trumpeter Swan on Nest.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cygnus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 838
| [[:d:Q28135|Q28135]]
| [[Hirundo]]
| Hirundo
| 46
| 
| [[File:Hirundo neoxena risdon.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hirundinidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 839
| [[:d:Q372906|Q372906]]
| [[Cacatua sulphurea]]
| Cacatua sulphurea
| 46
| 
| [[File:Gelbwangenkakadu 8559.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cacatua]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 840
| [[:d:Q735231|Q735231]]
| [[Cacatua moluccensis]]
| Cacatua moluccensis
| 46
| 
| [[File:Cacatua moluccensis -Cincinnati Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cacatua]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 841
| [[:d:Q148583|Q148583]]
| [[Emberiza cirlus]]
| Emberiza cirlus
| 46
| 
| [[File:Cirl Bunting Chiker Morocco Nov25 A7CR 09378.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Emberiza]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 842
| [[:d:Q456513|Q456513]]
| [[Amazona]]
| Amazona
| 46
| 
| [[File:Amazona amazonica 2c.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Arinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 843
| [[:d:Q583551|Q583551]]
| [[Alcedo]]
| Alcedo
| 46
| 
| [[File:European Kingfisher at Mesologgi, by Antonis Tsaknakis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alcedinidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 844
| [[:d:Q480086|Q480086]]
| [[Bucorvus abyssinicus]]
| Bucorvus abyssinicus
| 46
| 
| [[File:Abyssinian ground-hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus) female.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Bucorvus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 845
| [[:d:Q367327|Q367327]]
| [[Quelea quelea]]
| Quelea quelea
| 46
| 
| [[File:Quelea quelea -Limpopo, South Africa-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Quelea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 846
| [[:d:Q223574|Q223574]]
| [[Ocyceros birostris]]
| Ocyceros birostris
| 46
| 
| [[File:Indian Grey Hornbill I IMG 4048.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ocyceros]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 847
| [[:d:Q476593|Q476593]]
| [[Ara glaucogularis]]
| Ara glaucogularis
| 46
| 
| [[File:Ara glaucogularis -Chester Zoo -upper body-8a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ara]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 848
| [[:d:Q1971364|Q1971364]]
| [[Pyrrhocorax]]
| Pyrrhocorax
| 46
| 
| [[File:Alpine Chough by Jim Higham.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Corvidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 849
| [[:d:Q749701|Q749701]]
| [[Sitta neumayer]]
| Sitta neumayer
| 46
| 
| [[File:Sitta neumayer 0.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sitta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 850
| [[:d:Q509455|Q509455]]
| [[Pycnonotus cafer]]
| Pycnonotus cafer
| 46
| 
| [[File:Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer) in Tirunelveli, India.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pycnonotus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 851
| [[:d:Q739200|Q739200]]
| [[Parulidae]]
| Parulidae
| 46
| 
| [[File:Parulidae diversity.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeroidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 852
| [[:d:Q906092|Q906092]]
| [[Saxicola]]
| Saxicola
| 46
| 
| [[File:European Stonechat.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Muscicapidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 853
| [[:d:Q752146|Q752146]]
| [[Chloebia gouldiae]]
| Chloebia gouldiae
| 46
| 
| [[File:Chloebia gouldiae, Elsey, Northern Territory, Australia 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Chloebia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 854
| [[:d:Q19163|Q19163]]
| [[Neornithes]]
| Neornithes
| 45
| 
| [[File:Afrikanischer Strauss Portrait.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[ave]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 855
| [[:d:Q1569770|Q1569770]]
| [[Struthionidae]]
| Struthionidae
| 45
| 
| [[File:Struthio camelus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon monotypic]]
| 
| [[Struthioniformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 856
| [[:d:Q667778|Q667778]]
| [[Apteryx australis]]
| Apteryx australis
| 45
| 
| [[File:Tokoeka.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Apteryx]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 857
| [[:d:Q31836|Q31836]]
| [[Hemiprocnidae]]
| Hemiprocnidae
| 45
| 
| [[File:Crestedtreeswift.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon monotypic]]
| 
| [[Apodiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 858
| [[:d:Q733120|Q733120]]
| [[Pterocnemia pennata]]
| Rhea pennata
| 45
| 
| [[File:Pterocnemia pennata qtl1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rhea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 859
| [[:d:Q385750|Q385750]]
| [[Chrysolophus amherstiae]]
| Chrysolophus amherstiae
| 45
| 
| [[File:Chrysolophus amherstiae, Garzê Tibetan AP, Sichuan 9S3A2641.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Chrysolophus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 860
| [[:d:Q2814783|Q2814783]]
| [[Gaviiformes]]
| Gaviiformes
| 45
| 
| [[File:Common Loon.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aequornithes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 861
| [[:d:Q839539|Q839539]]
| [[Ithaginis cruentus]]
| Ithaginis cruentus
| 45
| 
| [[File:Blood Pheasant.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ithaginis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 862
| [[:d:Q551092|Q551092]]
| [[Raphinae]]
| Raphidae
| 45
| 
| [[File:Dodo-Skeleton Natural History Museum London England.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Columbiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 863
| [[:d:Q494424|Q494424]]
| [[Gallicrex cinerea]]
| Gallicrex cinerea
| 45
| 
| [[File:Watercock (Gallicrex cinerea).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gallicrex]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 864
| [[:d:Q45696|Q45696]]
| [[Phalaropus tricolor]]
| Phalaropus tricolor
| 45
| 
| [[File:Phalaropus tricolor Ork 02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phalaropus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 865
| [[:d:Q18876|Q18876]]
| [[Calidris tenuirostris]]
| Calidris tenuirostris
| 45
| 
| [[File:Calidris tenuirostris - Laem Phak Bia.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 866
| [[:d:Q28000|Q28000]]
| [[Tringa flavipes]]
| Tringa flavipes
| 45
| 
| [[File:Lesser Yellowlegs.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tringa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 867
| [[:d:Q27452709|Q27452709]]
| [[Buff-breasted Sandpiper]]
| Calidris subruficollis
| 45
| 
| [[File:Grasläufer (Calidris subruficollis) am Strand im Willapa National Wildlife Refuge.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 868
| [[:d:Q31617|Q31617]]
| [[Rostratula benghalensis]]
| Rostratula benghalensis
| 45
| 
| [[File:Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) male, Kruger NP (53247730001).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rostratula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 869
| [[:d:Q198823|Q198823]]
| [[Caprimulgus]]
| Caprimulgus
| 45
| 
| [[File:Caprimulgus aegyptius.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Caprimulginae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 870
| [[:d:Q752485|Q752485]]
| [[Anarhynchus asiaticus]]
| Anarhynchus asiaticus
| 45
| 
| [[File:Caspian Plover in Koonthalulam Tamilnadu, India, by Dr. Tejinder Singh Rawal.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anarhynchus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 871
| [[:d:Q753755|Q753755]]
| [[Metopidius indicus]]
| Metopidius indicus
| 45
| 
| [[File:Bronze-winged jacana (Metopidius indicus).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Metopidius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 872
| [[:d:Q749326|Q749326]]
| [[Phalacrocorax fuscicollis]]
| Phalacrocorax fuscicollis
| 45
| 
| [[File:Indian Cormorant (Br.) I IMG 8092.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phalacrocorax]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 873
| [[:d:Q756640|Q756640]]
| [[Phaethon rubricauda]]
| Phaethon rubricauda
| 45
| 
| [[File:Red-tail.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phaethon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 874
| [[:d:Q647512|Q647512]]
| [[Fregata magnificens]]
| Fregata magnificens
| 45
| 
| [[File:Fregata magnificens -Galapagos, Ecuador -male-8 (1).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Fregata]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 875
| [[:d:Q59785|Q59785]]
| [[Egretta thula]]
| Egretta thula
| 45
| 
| [[File:Aigrette neigeuse.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Egretta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 876
| [[:d:Q18866|Q18866]]
| [[Thalasseus bergii]]
| Thalasseus bergii
| 45
| 
| [[File:Crested Tern Tasmania.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Thalasseus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 877
| [[:d:Q525717|Q525717]]
| [[Anous stolidus]]
| Anous stolidus
| 45
| 
| [[File:Anous stolidus by Gregg Yan 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anous]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 878
| [[:d:Q28490|Q28490]]
| [[Onychoprion anaethetus]]
| Onychoprion anaethetus
| 45
| 
| [[File:Bridled Tern ( Sterna anaethetus ) ... Great Barrier Reef , Australia (53374667291).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Onychoprion]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 879
| [[:d:Q782094|Q782094]]
| [[Morus serrator]]
| Morus serrator
| 45
| 
| [[File:Gannet standing in Black Reef colony.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Morus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 880
| [[:d:Q864359|Q864359]]
| [[Ardeotis nigriceps]]
| Ardeotis nigriceps
| 45
| 
| [[File:Ardeotis nigriceps, Desert National Park, Rajasthan, India 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardeotis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 881
| [[:d:Q579213|Q579213]]
| [[Goura victoria]]
| Goura victoria
| 45
| 
| [[File:Bristol.zoo.victoria.crowned.pigeon.arp.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Goura]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 882
| [[:d:Q844860|Q844860]]
| [[Ducula aenea]]
| Ducula aenea
| 45
| 
| [[File:DuculaAenea.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ducula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 883
| [[:d:Q839854|Q839854]]
| [[Papasula abbotti]]
| Papasula abbotti
| 45
| 
| [[File:Abbott's Booby.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Papasula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 884
| [[:d:Q469940|Q469940]]
| [[Anhinga anhinga]]
| Anhinga anhinga
| 45
| 
| [[File:Anhinga anhinga -Costa Rica-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anhinga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 885
| [[:d:Q602598|Q602598]]
| [[Black-browed Albatross]]
| Thalassarche melanophris
| 45
| 
| [[File:Black-browed albatross.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Thalassarche]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 886
| [[:d:Q750027|Q750027]]
| [[Zenaida macroura]]
| Zenaida macroura
| 45
| 
| [[File:Mourning dove perched (61179).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Zenaida]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 887
| [[:d:Q622637|Q622637]]
| [[Eudyptes pachyrhynchus]]
| Eudyptes pachyrhynchus
| 45
| 
| [[File:Eudyptes pachyrhynchus 4342035.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eudyptes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 888
| [[:d:Q728682|Q728682]]
| [[Uria lomvia]]
| Uria lomvia
| 45
| 
| [[File:A Brünnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia) with prey.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Uria]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 889
| [[:d:Q1094736|Q1094736]]
| [[Yellow-footed Green Pigeon]]
| Treron phoenicopterus
| 45
| 
| [[File:Yellow-footed Green Pigeons (Treron phoenicoptera)- chlorigaster race at Sultanpur I Picture 014.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Treron]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 890
| [[:d:Q828255|Q828255]]
| [[Ketupa zeylonensis]]
| Ketupa zeylonensis
| 45
| 
| [[File:Brown fishing owl.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ketupa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 891
| [[:d:Q27074603|Q27074603]]
| [[Ardenna grisea]]
| Ardenna grisea
| 45
| 
| [[File:Sooty Shearwater.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardenna]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 892
| [[:d:Q998495|Q998495]]
| [[Ciconia boyciana]]
| Ciconia boyciana
| 45
| 
| [[File:Bocian czarnodzioby Ciconia boyciana RB3.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ciconia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 893
| [[:d:Q457471|Q457471]]
| [[Buteo jamaicensis]]
| Buteo jamaicensis
| 45
| 
| [[File:Red-tailed hawk (44371).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[hawk]]
| [[Buteo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 894
| [[:d:Q241349|Q241349]]
| [[Lophodytes cucullatus]]
| Lophodytes cucullatus
| 45
| 
| [[File:Hooded merganser female in CP (40676).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lophodytes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 895
| [[:d:Q529857|Q529857]]
| [[Thalassornis leuconotus]]
| Thalassornis leuconotus
| 45
| 
| [[File:White-backed Duck (Thalassornis leuconotus) 1 (46494351142).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Thalassornis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 896
| [[:d:Q25495361|Q25495361]]
| [[White-winged Duck]]
| Asarcornis scutulata
| 45
| 
| [[File:White-winged wood duck.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Asarcornis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 897
| [[:d:Q481742|Q481742]]
| [[Falco amurensis]]
| Falco amurensis
| 45
| 
| [[File:Amur Falcon (F).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Falco]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 898
| [[:d:Q408457|Q408457]]
| [[Timaliidae]]
| Timaliidae
| 45
| 
| [[File:Macronus gularis chersonesophilus - Kaeng Krachan.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 899
| [[:d:Q420841|Q420841]]
| [[Maluridae]]
| Maluridae
| 45
| 
| [[File:Superb blue Wren1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 900
| [[:d:Q501063|Q501063]]
| [[Pycnonotus jocosus]]
| Pycnonotus jocosus
| 45
| 
| [[File:Pycnonotus jocosus (1).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pycnonotus]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 901
| [[:d:Q748159|Q748159]]
| [[Icteridae]]
| Icteridae
| 45
| 
| [[File:Bullock's Oriole.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 902
| [[:d:Q576762|Q576762]]
| [[Bucephala albeola]]
| Bucephala albeola
| 45
| 
| [[File:Bucephala-albeola-007.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Bucephala]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 903
| [[:d:Q833243|Q833243]]
| [[Aythya affinis]]
| Aythya affinis
| 45
| 
| [[File:Aythya affinis.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aythya]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 904
| [[:d:Q839532|Q839532]]
| [[Nettapus coromandelianus]]
| Nettapus coromandelianus
| 45
| 
| [[File:Cotton Pygmy-goose.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Nettapus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 905
| [[:d:Q144218|Q144218]]
| [[Coscoroba coscoroba]]
| Coscoroba coscoroba
| 45
| 
| [[File:Coscoroba coscoroba -Pineyro, Buenos Aires, Argentina-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Coscoroba]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 906
| [[:d:Q244320|Q244320]]
| [[Anser rossii]]
| Anser rossii
| 45
| 
| [[File:Chen rossii1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anser]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 907
| [[:d:Q755540|Q755540]]
| [[Dicaeidae]]
| Dicaeidae
| 45
| 
| [[File:Dicaeum trigonostigma 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeri]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 908
| [[:d:Q924326|Q924326]]
| [[Aceros nipalensis]]
| Aceros nipalensis
| 45
| 
| [[File:Rufous necked Hornbill female.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aceros]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 909
| [[:d:Q385273|Q385273]]
| [[Acrocephalus melanopogon]]
| Acrocephalus melanopogon
| 45
| 
| [[File:Acrocephalus melanopogon ad03 CB.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Acrocephalus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 910
| [[:d:Q568512|Q568512]]
| [[Terpsiphone paradisi]]
| Terpsiphone paradisi
| 45
| 
| [[File:Asian Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi) (45839175624).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Terpsiphone]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 911
| [[:d:Q373031|Q373031]]
| [[Ramphastos dicolorus]]
| Ramphastos dicolorus
| 45
| 
| [[File:Tucano de bico verde (Ramphastos dicolorus).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ramphastos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 912
| [[:d:Q827170|Q827170]]
| [[Serinus]]
| Serinus
| 45
| 
| [[File:Serin cini mars.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Carduelinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 913
| [[:d:Q843173|Q843173]]
| [[Pyrrhula]]
| Pyrrhula
| 45
| 
| [[File:Pyrrhula pyrrhula bl1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Carduelinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 914
| [[:d:Q461021|Q461021]]
| [[Formicariidae]]
| Formicariidae
| 45
| 
| [[File:Chamaeza nobilis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tyranni]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 915
| [[:d:Q645055|Q645055]]
| [[Loxia pytyopsittacus]]
| Loxia pytyopsittacus
| 45
| 
| [[File:Furukorsnebb. Hann.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Loxia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 916
| [[:d:Q838924|Q838924]]
| [[Ara militaris]]
| Ara militaris
| 45
| 
| [[File:Ara militaris -London Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ara]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 917
| [[:d:Q267735|Q267735]]
| [[Corvus brachyrhynchos]]
| Corvus brachyrhynchos
| 45
| 
| [[File:Corvus-brachyrhynchos-001.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Corvus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 918
| [[:d:Q752678|Q752678]]
| [[Lanius isabellinus]]
| Lanius isabellinus
| 45
| 
| [[File:Basai Wetland Gurgaon DSC9380 Isabelline shrike.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lanius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 919
| [[:d:Q795567|Q795567]]
| [[Lanius schach]]
| Lanius schach
| 45
| 
| [[File:Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN8981 (92).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lanius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 920
| [[:d:Q368505|Q368505]]
| [[Phylloscopus fuscatus]]
| Phylloscopus fuscatus
| 45
| 
| [[File:Dusky Warbler in Baruipur October 2024 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phylloscopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 921
| [[:d:Q809446|Q809446]]
| [[Phylloscopus schwarzi]]
| Phylloscopus schwarzi
| 45
| 
| [[File:Radde's Warbler (Phylloscopus schwarzi).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phylloscopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 922
| [[:d:Q192575|Q192575]]
| [[Cinclus]]
| Cinclus
| 45
| 
| [[File:Cinclus mexicanus FWS.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[water bird]]
| [[Cinclidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 923
| [[:d:Q726873|Q726873]]
| [[Anthus hodgsoni]]
| Anthus hodgsoni
| 45
| 
| [[File:Anthus hodgsoni (singing s2).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anthus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 924
| [[:d:Q94601|Q94601]]
| [[Meleagris ocellata]]
| Meleagris ocellata
| 44
| 
| [[File:Meleagris ocellata -Guatemala-8a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Meleagris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 925
| [[:d:Q845408|Q845408]]
| [[Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi]]
| Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi
| 44
| 
| [[File:Tetras du caucase jogo 0g.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lyrurus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 926
| [[:d:Q526626|Q526626]]
| [[Alectoris]]
| Alectoris
| 44
| 
| [[File:Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) (39660989151).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Perdicinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 927
| [[:d:Q848706|Q848706]]
| [[domesticated turkey]]
| Meleagris gallopavo domesticus
| 44
| 
| [[File:Male north american turkey supersaturated.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| [[poultry]]&lt;br/&gt;[[animal productive]]
| [[Meleagris gallopavo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 928
| [[:d:Q425900|Q425900]]
| [[Phasianus versicolor]]
| Phasianus versicolor
| 44
| 
| [[File:Phasianus versicolor female.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phasianus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 929
| [[:d:Q843182|Q843182]]
| [[Casuarius unappendiculatus]]
| Casuarius unappendiculatus
| 44
| 
| [[File:Casuarius unappendiculatus -Northern Cassowary -head to toe.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Casuario|Casuarius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 930
| [[:d:Q494983|Q494983]]
| [[Grus monacha]]
| Grus monacha
| 44
| 
| [[File:Grus monacha Phila Zoo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Grus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 931
| [[:d:Q2359014|Q2359014]]
| [[Pluvialis]]
| Pluvialis
| 44
| 
| [[File:Pluvialis dominica1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Charadriidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 932
| [[:d:Q312272|Q312272]]
| [[Egretta]]
| Egretta
| 44
| 
| [[File:Western Reef heron (Egretta gularis).JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hairon|Ardeidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 933
| [[:d:Q18860|Q18860]]
| [[Calidris ruficollis]]
| Calidris ruficollis
| 44
| 
| [[File:Calidris ruficollis - Marion Bay.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 934
| [[:d:Q599749|Q599749]]
| [[Calidris fuscicollis]]
| Calidris fuscicollis
| 44
| 
| [[File:Calidris fuscicollis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 935
| [[:d:Q753760|Q753760]]
| [[Calidris acuminata]]
| Calidris acuminata
| 44
| 
| [[File:Calidris acuminata - Hexham Swamp.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 936
| [[:d:Q389691|Q389691]]
| [[Actitis macularius]]
| Actitis macularius
| 44
| 
| [[File:Actitis-macularia-005.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Actitis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 937
| [[:d:Q612817|Q612817]]
| [[Sula]]
| Sula
| 44
| 
| [[File:Atobá-pardo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sulidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 938
| [[:d:Q591480|Q591480]]
| [[Eudyptes]]
| Eudyptes
| 44
| 
| [[File:MacaroniPenguinJM.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Spheniscidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 939
| [[:d:Q609432|Q609432]]
| [[Pygoscelis]]
| Pygoscelis
| 44
| 
| [[File:Manchot 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Spheniscidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 940
| [[:d:Q528764|Q528764]]
| [[Leucophaeus atricilla]]
| Leucophaeus atricilla
| 44
| 
| [[File:Laughing Gull adult summer, Daytona Beach, Florida.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Leucophaeus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 941
| [[:d:Q18839|Q18839]]
| [[Thalasseus bengalensis]]
| Thalasseus bengalensis
| 44
| 
| [[File:Lesser crested terns (Thalasseus bengalensis) by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Thalasseus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 942
| [[:d:Q841221|Q841221]]
| [[Columba leuconota]]
| Columba leuconota
| 44
| 
| [[File:Snow Pigeon (Columba leuconota) (19589090133).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Columba]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 943
| [[:d:Q753741|Q753741]]
| [[Pterocles alchata]]
| Pterocles alchata
| 44
| 
| [[File:Pterocles alchata (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pterocles]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 944
| [[:d:Q387379|Q387379]]
| [[Anhinga rufa]]
| Anhinga rufa
| 44
| 
| [[File:African darter preening (38184856351).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anhinga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 945
| [[:d:Q145593|Q145593]]
| [[Streptopelia tranquebarica]]
| Streptopelia tranquebarica
| 44
| 
| [[File:Red Collared Dove, Tamil Nadu IMG 4960.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Streptopelia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 946
| [[:d:Q764171|Q764171]]
| [[Gorsachius melanolophus]]
| Gorsachius melanolophus
| 44
| 
| [[File:55594021 Yongfu Bridge, Taipei City +ID 2411215+002 0005.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gorsachius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 947
| [[:d:Q220578|Q220578]]
| [[Ardea melanocephala]]
| Ardea melanocephala
| 44
| 
| [[File:2009-black-headed-heron.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 948
| [[:d:Q757350|Q757350]]
| [[Ardea sumatrana]]
| Ardea sumatrana
| 44
| 
| [[File:Ardea sumatrana 195843670.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 949
| [[:d:Q753758|Q753758]]
| [[Eudyptes robustus]]
| Eudyptes robustus
| 44
| 
| [[File:SnaresPenguin (Mattern) large.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eudyptes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 950
| [[:d:Q748236|Q748236]]
| [[Diomedea epomophora]]
| Diomedea epomophora
| 44
| 
| [[File:Diomedea epomophora - SE Tasmania.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Diomedea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 951
| [[:d:Q1145127|Q1145127]]
| [[Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae]]
| Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae
| 44
| 
| [[File:Kereru profile.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hemiphaga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 952
| [[:d:Q844655|Q844655]]
| [[Netta]]
| Netta
| 44
| 
| [[File:Netta peposaca, Costanera Sur 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anatinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 953
| [[:d:Q1006681|Q1006681]]
| [[Dendrocygna]]
| Dendrocygna
| 44
| 
| [[File:Whistling duck flight02 - natures pics-edit1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dendrocygninae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 954
| [[:d:Q382321|Q382321]]
| [[Stictonetta naevosa]]
| Stictonetta naevosa
| 44
| 
| [[File:Freckled-Duck-male.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Stictonetta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 955
| [[:d:Q597144|Q597144]]
| [[Rhodonessa caryophyllacea]]
| Rhodonessa caryophyllacea
| 44
| 
| [[File:Rhodonessa caryophyllacea.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rhodonessa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 956
| [[:d:Q838162|Q838162]]
| [[Torgos tracheliotos]]
| Torgos tracheliotos
| 44
| 
| [[File:Lappet-faced Vulture (Torgos tracheliotos), Kgalagadi, South Africa (6526355327).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Torgos]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 957
| [[:d:Q752465|Q752465]]
| [[Aquila audax]]
| Aquila audax
| 44
| 
| [[File:Aquila audax - Captain's Flat.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aquila]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 958
| [[:d:Q244189|Q244189]]
| [[Branta hutchinsii]]
| Branta hutchinsii
| 44
| 
| [[File:AleutianCanadaGoose2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Branta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 959
| [[:d:Q845292|Q845292]]
| [[Anas rubripes]]
| Anas rubripes
| 44
| 
| [[File:028 - AMERICAN BLACK DUCK (2-19-11) Quidi Vidi Lake, St John's, Newfoundland (8710694225).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anas]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 960
| [[:d:Q740680|Q740680]]
| [[Aythya baeri]]
| Aythya baeri
| 44
| 
| [[File:Aythya baeri female.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aythya]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 961
| [[:d:Q269203|Q269203]]
| [[Merops]]
| Merops
| 44
| 
| [[File:Merops apiaster 04.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Meropidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 962
| [[:d:Q757360|Q757360]]
| [[Cacatua haematuropygia]]
| Cacatua haematuropygia
| 44
| 
| [[File:Red Vented Cockatoo.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cacatua]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 963
| [[:d:Q212942|Q212942]]
| [[Galbulidae]]
| Galbulidae
| 44
| 
| [[File:Galbula ruficauda - front.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Galbuloidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 964
| [[:d:Q2090536|Q2090536]]
| [[Oriolus]]
| Oriolus
| 44
| 
| [[File:Black-naped Oriole.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Oriolidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 965
| [[:d:Q221423|Q221423]]
| [[Emberiza leucocephalos]]
| Emberiza leucocephalos
| 44
| 
| [[File:Emberiza leucocephalos; Baikonur-town 001.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Emberiza]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 966
| [[:d:Q31884|Q31884]]
| [[Merops philippinus]]
| Merops philippinus
| 44
| 
| [[File:Blue-tailed Bee-eater in Sundarbans National Park July 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 03.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Merops]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 967
| [[:d:Q748861|Q748861]]
| [[Callocephalon fimbriatum]]
| Callocephalon fimbriatum
| 44
| 
| [[File:Callocephalon fimbriatum (pair) -NSW -Australia-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Callocephalon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 968
| [[:d:Q756777|Q756777]]
| [[Philepittidae]]
| Philepittidae
| 44
| 
| [[File:Philepitta castanea 1868.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tyranni]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 969
| [[:d:Q653246|Q653246]]
| [[Oriolus xanthornus]]
| Oriolus xanthornus
| 44
| 
| [[File:Black-hooded Oriole in Purbasthali June 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Oriolus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 970
| [[:d:Q16819|Q16819]]
| [[Colaptes auratus]]
| Colaptes auratus
| 44
| 
| [[File:Northern Flicker.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Colaptes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 971
| [[:d:Q1951909|Q1951909]]
| [[Nucifraga]]
| Nucifraga
| 44
| 
| [[File:Clark's Nutcracker - Nucifraga columbiana.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Corvidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 972
| [[:d:Q559883|Q559883]]
| [[Bucanetes githagineus]]
| Bucanetes githagineus
| 44
| 
| [[File:Bucanetes githagineus amantum 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Bucanetes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 973
| [[:d:Q27075856|Q27075856]]
| [[Arctic Redpoll]]
| Acanthis hornemanni
| 44
| 
| [[File:Acanthis hornemanni hornemanni, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Acanthis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 974
| [[:d:Q379200|Q379200]]
| [[Pipridae]]
| Pipridae
| 44
| 
| [[File:Pipridae diversity.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tyrannida]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 975
| [[:d:Q753221|Q753221]]
| [[Mimidae]]
| Mimidae
| 44
| 
| [[File:Curve-billed Thrasher.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Muscicapoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 976
| [[:d:Q603875|Q603875]]
| [[Agapornis fischeri]]
| Agapornis fischeri
| 44
| 
| [[File:046 Fischer's lovebird in the Serengeti National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Agapornis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 977
| [[:d:Q655145|Q655145]]
| [[Pitta brachyura]]
| Pitta brachyura
| 44
| 
| [[File:Pitta brachyura.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pitta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 978
| [[:d:Q27075635|Q27075635]]
| [[Copsychus malabaricus]]
| Copsychus malabaricus
| 44
| 
| [[File:Copsychus malabaricus - Khao Yai.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Copsychus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 979
| [[:d:Q574939|Q574939]]
| [[Lonchura striata]]
| Lonchura striata
| 44
| 
| [[File:White-rumped Munia (Lonchura striata) (5780780488).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lonchura]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 980
| [[:d:Q266107|Q266107]]
| [[Dendronanthus indicus]]
| Dendronanthus indicus
| 44
| 
| [[File:Forest Wagtail 4024.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dendronanthus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 981
| [[:d:Q2330918|Q2330918]]
| [[Neoaves]]
| Neoaves
| 43
| 
| [[File:Common Wood Pigeon (Columba palumbus).JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[clado]]
| 
| [[Neognathae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 982
| [[:d:Q836291|Q836291]]
| [[Macrocephalon maleo]]
| Macrocephalon maleo
| 43
| 
| [[File:Maleo bird.PNG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Macrocephalon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 983
| [[:d:Q564265|Q564265]]
| [[Calypte anna]]
| Calypte anna
| 43
| 
| [[File:Anna's Hummingbird - 0L8A9194.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calypte]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 984
| [[:d:Q730091|Q730091]]
| [[Apteryx haastii]]
| Apteryx haastii
| 43
| 
| [[File:Apteryx haastii.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Apteryx]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 985
| [[:d:Q220705|Q220705]]
| [[Rallus]]
| Rallus
| 43
| 
| [[File:Rallus aquaticus 4 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rallidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 986
| [[:d:Q833453|Q833453]]
| [[Lerwa lerwa]]
| Lerwa lerwa
| 43
| 
| [[File:Lerwa lerwa.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lerwa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 987
| [[:d:Q7512165|Q7512165]]
| [[Phoenicopteriformes]]
| Phoenicopteriformes
| 43
| 
| [[File:Flamingo.greater.flaps.750pix.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mirandornithes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 988
| [[:d:Q470016|Q470016]]
| [[Fulica americana]]
| Fulica americana
| 43
| 
| [[File:American coot in Prospect Park (06152).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Fulica]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 989
| [[:d:Q756714|Q756714]]
| [[Gallirallus australis]]
| Gallirallus australis
| 43
| 
| [[File:Gallirallus australis 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gallirallus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 990
| [[:d:Q793068|Q793068]]
| [[Casuarius bennetti]]
| Casuarius bennetti
| 43
| 
| [[File:Dwarf Cassowary Lae.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Casuario|Casuarius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 991
| [[:d:Q316342|Q316342]]
| [[Himantopus]]
| Himantopus
| 43
| 
| [[File:Black winged Stilt I MG 9747.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Recurvirostridae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 992
| [[:d:Q1207101|Q1207101]]
| [[Cariamiformes]]
| Cariamiformes
| 43
| 
| [[File:Andalgalornis jconway.png|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Australavis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 993
| [[:d:Q27452479|Q27452479]]
| [[Antigone vipio]]
| Antigone vipio
| 43
| 
| [[File:Grus Vipio (Aqua Zoo).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Antigone]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 994
| [[:d:Q31866|Q31866]]
| [[Apus pacificus]]
| Apus pacificus
| 43
| 
| [[File:ApusPacificus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Apus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 995
| [[:d:Q28065684|Q28065684]]
| [[Spoon-billed Sandpiper]]
| Calidris pygmaea
| 43
| 
| [[File:Eurynorhynchus pygmeus 2 - Pak Thale.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 996
| [[:d:Q755737|Q755737]]
| [[Charadrius vociferus]]
| Charadrius vociferus
| 43
| 
| [[File:Juvenile killdeer.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Charadrius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 997
| [[:d:Q856201|Q856201]]
| [[Jacana jacana]]
| Jacana jacana
| 43
| 
| [[File:Acana jacana -near Yarina Lodge, Napo Province, Ecuador -adult-8 cropped.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Jacana]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 998
| [[:d:Q28514|Q28514]]
| [[Sterna aurantia]]
| Sterna aurantia
| 43
| 
| [[File:River tern (Sterna aurantia).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sterna]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 999
| [[:d:Q528117|Q528117]]
| [[Phaethon lepturus]]
| Phaethon lepturus
| 43
| 
| [[File:Phaethon lepturus, Seychelles.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phaethon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1000
| [[:d:Q686600|Q686600]]
| [[Phaethon aethereus]]
| Phaethon aethereus
| 43
| 
| [[File:20180811-Red-billed tropicbird at Plaza Sur (0374).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phaethon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1001
| [[:d:Q870775|Q870775]]
| [[Fregata ariel]]
| Fregata ariel
| 43
| 
| [[File:Lesser frigatebird lei.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Fregata]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1002
| [[:d:Q392139|Q392139]]
| [[Egretta tricolor]]
| Egretta tricolor
| 43
| 
| [[File:Adult Tricolored Heron.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Egretta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1003
| [[:d:Q754662|Q754662]]
| [[Columba rupestris]]
| Columba rupestris
| 43
| 
| [[File:Hill Pigeon, near Dras, Jammu and Kashmir, India.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Columba]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1004
| [[:d:Q577346|Q577346]]
| [[Leptoptilos]]
| Leptoptilos
| 43
| 
| [[File:Leptoptilos crumeniferus -Brevard Zoo, Florida, USA-8a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Leptoptilini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1005
| [[:d:Q512348|Q512348]]
| [[Platalea alba]]
| Platalea alba
| 43
| 
| [[File:Platalea alba eating JdP.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Platalea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1006
| [[:d:Q722981|Q722981]]
| [[Platalea regia]]
| Platalea regia
| 43
| 
| [[File:Royal Spoonbill mouth open.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Platalea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1007
| [[:d:Q735296|Q735296]]
| [[Phoebastria irrorata]]
| Phoebastria irrorata
| 43
| 
| [[File:Waved Albatross in flight, Española Island 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phoebastria]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1008
| [[:d:Q731308|Q731308]]
| [[Mycteria cinerea]]
| Mycteria cinerea
| 43
| 
| [[File:Milky Stork (Mycteria cinerea).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mycteria]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1009
| [[:d:Q493173|Q493173]]
| [[Nipponia nippon]]
| Nipponia nippon
| 43
| 
| [[File:Nipponia nippon, two, Yang Xian, Shaanxi, China.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Nipponia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1010
| [[:d:Q524740|Q524740]]
| [[Daption capense]]
| Daption capense
| 43
| 
| [[File:Daption capense -west of Falkland Islands-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Daption]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1011
| [[:d:Q926291|Q926291]]
| [[Micrathene whitneyi]]
| Micrathene whitneyi
| 43
| 
| [[File:Elf Ow Cropped very small.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Micrathene]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1012
| [[:d:Q177386|Q177386]]
| [[Necrosyrtes monachus]]
| Necrosyrtes monachus
| 43
| 
| [[File:Hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Necrosyrtes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1013
| [[:d:Q732523|Q732523]]
| [[Gypohierax angolensis]]
| Gypohierax angolensis
| 43
| 
| [[File:Gypohierax angolensis -Jurong Bird Park-8a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gypohierax]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1014
| [[:d:Q280663|Q280663]]
| [[Lophotriorchis kienerii]]
| Lophotriorchis kienerii
| 43
| 
| [[File:Elang-Perut-Karat-by-alimadura.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lophotriorchis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1015
| [[:d:Q658658|Q658658]]
| [[Cyanochen cyanopterus]]
| Cyanochen cyanoptera
| 43
| 
| [[File:Blue-winged goose (Cyanochen cyanoptera).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cyanochen]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1016
| [[:d:Q917586|Q917586]]
| [[Dendrocygna eytoni]]
| Dendrocygna eytoni
| 43
| 
| [[File:Dendrocygna eytoni - Macquarie University.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dendrocygna]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1017
| [[:d:Q550595|Q550595]]
| [[Cisticolidae]]
| Cisticolidae
| 43
| 
| [[File:Cisticola exilis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1018
| [[:d:Q420499|Q420499]]
| [[Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos]]
| Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos
| 43
| 
| [[File:Whio potrait MTL.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hymenolaimus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1019
| [[:d:Q757271|Q757271]]
| [[Anas superciliosa]]
| Anas superciliosa
| 43
| 
| [[File:Pacific Black Duck (Anas superciliosa), Warriewood, Sydney (50425801576).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anas]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1020
| [[:d:Q7256090|Q7256090]]
| [[Psittaculidae]]
| Psittaculidae
| 43
| 
| [[File:Psittacula krameri -Karnataka, India-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Psittacoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1021
| [[:d:Q755119|Q755119]]
| [[Caracara plancus]]
| Caracara plancus
| 43
| 
| [[File:Schopfkarakara.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Caracara]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1022
| [[:d:Q136358|Q136358]]
| [[Acridotheres]]
| Acridotheres
| 43
| 
| [[File:Acridotheres tristis, Common Myna.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sturnidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1023
| [[:d:Q644135|Q644135]]
| [[Cacatua leadbeateri]]
| Cacatua leadbeateri
| 43
| 
| [[File:Cacatua leadbeateri -SW Queensland-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cacatua]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1024
| [[:d:Q1063141|Q1063141]]
| [[Bucorvus]]
| Bucorvus
| 43
| 
| [[File:Abyssinian Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus) male - Flickr - berniedup.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Bucorvidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1025
| [[:d:Q621861|Q621861]]
| [[Bucconidae]]
| Bucconidae
| 43
| 
| [[File:Rapazinho-carijó (Bucco tamatia Gmelin, 1788).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Galbuli]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1026
| [[:d:Q26537|Q26537]]
| [[Aegithina tiphia]]
| Aegithina tiphia
| 43
| 
| [[File:Bharat ravat.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aegithina]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1027
| [[:d:Q838951|Q838951]]
| [[Ara rubrogenys]]
| Ara rubrogenys
| 43
| 
| [[File:Ara rubrogenys -Tulsa Zoo, Oklahoma, USA-8a-3c.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ara]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1028
| [[:d:Q753748|Q753748]]
| [[Agapornis personatus]]
| Agapornis personatus
| 43
| 
| [[File:Agapornis personatus -Serengeti, Tanzania-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Agapornis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1029
| [[:d:Q743214|Q743214]]
| [[Cyanopsitta spixii]]
| Cyanopsitta spixii
| 43
| 
| [[File:AraSpixiSmit.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cyanopsitta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1030
| [[:d:Q31898|Q31898]]
| [[Todiramphus chloris]]
| Todiramphus chloris
| 43
| 
| [[File:Todiramphus chloris 2 - Laem Phak Bia.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Todiramphus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1031
| [[:d:Q828544|Q828544]]
| [[Eclectus roratus]]
| Eclectus roratus
| 43
| 
| [[File:Eclectus Parrot male.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eclectus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1032
| [[:d:Q736052|Q736052]]
| [[Megaceryle alcyon]]
| Megaceryle alcyon
| 43
| 
| [[File:Belted Kingfisher.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Megaceryle]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1033
| [[:d:Q220985|Q220985]]
| [[Turdus ruficollis]]
| Turdus ruficollis
| 43
| 
| [[File:Red-throated thrush in Nepal (1) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Turdus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1034
| [[:d:Q73427|Q73427]]
| [[Blue Whistling Thrush]]
| Myophonus caeruleus
| 43
| 
| [[File:Myophonus caeruleus - Ang Khang edit1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Myophonus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1035
| [[:d:Q853058|Q853058]]
| [[Galloanserae]]
| Galloanserae
| 42
| 
| [[File:Galloanserae.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Neognathae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1036
| [[:d:Q282973|Q282973]]
| [[Patagona gigas]]
| Patagona gigas
| 42
| 
| [[File:Patagona Gigas.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Patagona]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1037
| [[:d:Q19055|Q19055]]
| [[Lagopus leucura]]
| Lagopus leucura
| 42
| 
| [[File:Mount Rainier White-Tailed Ptarmigan (53058740798).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lagopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1038
| [[:d:Q244197|Q244197]]
| [[Apteryx owenii]]
| Apteryx owenii
| 42
| 
| [[File:Apteryx owenii 0.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Apteryx]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1039
| [[:d:Q789358|Q789358]]
| [[Balearica]]
| Balearica
| 42
| 
| [[File:Balearica regulorum 1 Luc Viatour.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gruidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1040
| [[:d:Q1137291|Q1137291]]
| [[Porphyrio]]
| Porphyrio
| 42
| 
| [[File:Australasian swamphen. (48041463068).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rallidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1041
| [[:d:Q546835|Q546835]]
| [[Lophura nycthemera]]
| Lophura nycthemera
| 42
| 
| [[File:Lophura nycthemera, Exiandong reserve, Fujian 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lophura]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1042
| [[:d:Q754863|Q754863]]
| [[Alectoris rufa]]
| Alectoris rufa
| 42
| 
| [[File:AlectorisRufa.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alectoris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1043
| [[:d:Q1237815|Q1237815]]
| [[Podiceps]]
| Podiceps
| 42
| 
| [[File:Horned Grebe.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Podicipedidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1044
| [[:d:Q746658|Q746658]]
| [[Cuculus]]
| Cuculus
| 42
| 
| [[File:Cuculus canorus2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cuculidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1045
| [[:d:Q570379|Q570379]]
| [[Tringa melanoleuca]]
| Tringa melanoleuca
| 42
| 
| [[File:Greater Yellowlegs2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tringa]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1046
| [[:d:Q788649|Q788649]]
| [[Calidris bairdii]]
| Calidris bairdii
| 42
| 
| [[File:Baird's sandpiper (Calidris bairdii) 03.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1047
| [[:d:Q116708|Q116708]]
| [[Glareola maldivarum]]
| Glareola maldivarum
| 42
| 
| [[File:Glareola maldivarum - Beung Borapet.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Glareola]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1048
| [[:d:Q18987|Q18987]]
| [[Stercorarius antarcticus]]
| Stercorarius antarcticus
| 42
| 
| [[File:BrownSkua4.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Stercorarius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1049
| [[:d:Q754030|Q754030]]
| [[Cariamidae]]
| Cariamidae
| 42
| 
| [[File:Cariama cristata.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cariamiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1050
| [[:d:Q28505|Q28505]]
| [[Sterna sumatrana]]
| Sterna sumatrana
| 42
| 
| [[File:Black-naped Tern LEI.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sterna]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1051
| [[:d:Q310862|Q310862]]
| [[Aegolius]]
| Aegolius
| 42
| 
| [[File:Aegolius-funereus-001.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Strigidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1052
| [[:d:Q392175|Q392175]]
| [[Egretta ardesiaca]]
| Egretta ardesiaca
| 42
| 
| [[File:Black heron, Egretta ardesiaca, at Marievale Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (29946902700).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Egretta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1053
| [[:d:Q756795|Q756795]]
| [[Leucophaeus pipixcan]]
| Leucophaeus pipixcan
| 42
| 
| [[File:Franklin's Gull Brisbane98.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Leucophaeus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1054
| [[:d:Q855618|Q855618]]
| [[Columba guinea]]
| Columba guinea
| 42
| 
| [[File:Columba guinea 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Columba]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1055
| [[:d:Q1074450|Q1074450]]
| [[Columba elphinstonii]]
| Columba elphinstonii
| 42
| 
| [[File:Columba elphinstonii.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Columba]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1056
| [[:d:Q519583|Q519583]]
| [[Ichthyaetus audouinii]]
| Ichthyaetus audouinii
| 42
| 
| [[File:Ichthyaetus audouinii 20091001.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ichthyaetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1057
| [[:d:Q601107|Q601107]]
| [[Eurypyga helias]]
| Eurypyga helias
| 42
| 
| [[File:075 Sunbittern in Encontro das Águas State Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eurypyga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1058
| [[:d:Q498183|Q498183]]
| [[Ardeola speciosa]]
| Ardeola speciosa
| 42
| 
| [[File:Ardeola speciosa.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardeola]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1059
| [[:d:Q662429|Q662429]]
| [[Otidiphaps nobilis]]
| Otidiphaps nobilis
| 42
| 
| [[File:Green-naped Pheasant Pigeon Otidiphaps nobilis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Otidiphaps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1060
| [[:d:Q867544|Q867544]]
| [[Circaetus]]
| Circaetus
| 42
| 
| [[File:Circaetus pectoralis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Accipitridae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1061
| [[:d:Q26064|Q26064]]
| [[Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus]]
| Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus
| 42
| 
| [[File:Brown-headed Gull. in breeding plumage.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Chroicocephalus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1062
| [[:d:Q852874|Q852874]]
| [[Ardea insignis]]
| Ardea insignis
| 42
| 
| [[File:White-Bellied Heron DSCN1518 06, crop.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1063
| [[:d:Q853412|Q853412]]
| [[Phoebastria albatrus]]
| Phoebastria albatrus
| 42
| 
| [[File:Short tailed Albatross1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phoebastria]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1064
| [[:d:Q276185|Q276185]]
| [[Macronectes giganteus]]
| Macronectes giganteus
| 42
| 
| [[File:Giant petrel with chicks.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Macronectes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1065
| [[:d:Q838959|Q838959]]
| [[Eudyptes sclateri]]
| Eudyptes sclateri
| 42
| 
| [[File:Bul02BirdP046.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eudyptes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1066
| [[:d:Q667540|Q667540]]
| [[Threskiornis moluccus]]
| Threskiornis molucca
| 42
| 
| [[File:'Bin chicken' (Threskiornis molucca) in Belmore Park, Sydney.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Threskiornis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1067
| [[:d:Q151851|Q151851]]
| [[Oena capensis]]
| Oena capensis
| 42
| 
| [[File:Namaqua dove, Oena capensis, at Mapungubwe National Park, Limpopo, South Africa (18085767542).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Oena]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1068
| [[:d:Q755006|Q755006]]
| [[Trigonoceps occipitalis]]
| Trigonoceps occipitalis
| 42
| 
| [[File:Day 12 White-headed Vulture (Trigonoceps occipitalis) (53439819016).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Trigonoceps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1069
| [[:d:Q28106764|Q28106764]]
| [[Cinnamon Teal]]
| Spatula cyanoptera
| 42
| 
| [[File:Cinnamon teal (53706590927).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Spatula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1070
| [[:d:Q28106789|Q28106789]]
| [[Falcated Duck]]
| Mareca falcata
| 42
| 
| [[File:Anas falcata male.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mareca]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1071
| [[:d:Q752461|Q752461]]
| [[Dendrocygna autumnalis]]
| Dendrocygna autumnalis
| 42
| 
| [[File:Black-bellied Whistling Duck, Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dendrocygna]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1072
| [[:d:Q427512|Q427512]]
| [[Thamnophilidae]]
| Thamnophilidae
| 42
| 
| [[File:Thamnophilidae diversity.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1073
| [[:d:Q587527|Q587527]]
| [[Vangidae]]
| Vangidae
| 42
| 
| [[File:Artamie.a.tete.blanche1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1074
| [[:d:Q839859|Q839859]]
| [[Furnariidae]]
| Furnariidae
| 42
| 
| [[File:Furnariidae diversity.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1075
| [[:d:Q1797393|Q1797393]]
| [[Purple Sunbird]]
| Cinnyris asiaticus
| 42
| 
| [[File:Purple Sunbird Male, Bangalore, India.jpeg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cinnyris]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1076
| [[:d:Q369767|Q369767]]
| [[Bucephala islandica]]
| Bucephala islandica
| 42
| 
| [[File:Barrow's Goldeneye Drake Seedskadee NWR (16656643482).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Bucephala]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1077
| [[:d:Q638242|Q638242]]
| [[Calyptorhynchus banksii]]
| Calyptorhynchus banksii
| 42
| 
| [[File:Calyptorhynchus banksii (pair)-8-2cp.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calyptorhynchus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1078
| [[:d:Q644442|Q644442]]
| [[Buphagus]]
| Buphagus
| 42
| 
| [[File:Red billed oxpecker close.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Buphagidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1079
| [[:d:Q694756|Q694756]]
| [[Cinnyricinclus leucogaster]]
| Cinnyricinclus leucogaster
| 42
| 
| [[File:Violet-backed starling (Cinnyricinclus leucogaster verreauxi) female.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cinnyricinclus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1080
| [[:d:Q843168|Q843168]]
| [[Carpodacus]]
| Carpodacus
| 42
| 
| [[File:Carpodacus roseus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Carduelinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1081
| [[:d:Q1070285|Q1070285]]
| [[Ploceus cucullatus]]
| Ploceus cucullatus
| 42
| 
| [[File:Village weaver (Ploceus cucullatus cucullatus) female.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ploceus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1082
| [[:d:Q163049|Q163049]]
| [[Prunella montanella]]
| Prunella montanella
| 42
| 
| [[File:Prunella modularis montanella.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Prunella]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1083
| [[:d:Q685074|Q685074]]
| [[Bucorvus leadbeateri]]
| Bucorvus leadbeateri
| 42
| 
| [[File:Bucorvus leadbeateri (Mfuwe).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Bucorvus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1084
| [[:d:Q1140949|Q1140949]]
| [[Gymnorhina tibicen]]
| Gymnorhina tibicen
| 42
| 
| [[File:Cracticus tibicen hypoleuca male domain.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gymnorhina]]
| [[magpie]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1085
| [[:d:Q795556|Q795556]]
| [[Orthotomus sutorius]]
| Orthotomus sutorius
| 42
| 
| [[File:2005-tailor-bird.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Orthotomus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1086
| [[:d:Q682379|Q682379]]
| [[Psittacula alexandri]]
| Psittacula alexandri
| 42
| 
| [[File:Betet biasa (Psittacula alexandri).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Psittacula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1087
| [[:d:Q246498|Q246498]]
| [[Berenicornis comatus]]
| Berenicornis comatus
| 42
| 
| [[File:Bucerotidae - Berenicornis comatus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Berenicornis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1088
| [[:d:Q852709|Q852709]]
| [[Ara severus]]
| Ara severus
| 42
| 
| [[File:Ara severus - Guacamaya cariseca - Chestnut-Fronted Macaw (7503884654).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ara]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1089
| [[:d:Q319545|Q319545]]
| [[Trichoglossus haematodus]]
| Trichoglossus haematodus
| 42
| 
| [[File:Coconut Lorikeets Trichoglossus haematodus, Variata National Park, Port Moresby, PNG (48743693166).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Trichoglossus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1090
| [[:d:Q835926|Q835926]]
| [[Poicephalus senegalus]]
| Poicephalus senegalus
| 42
| 
| [[File:Mohrenkopfpapagei1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Poicephalus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1091
| [[:d:Q724987|Q724987]]
| [[Myiopsitta monachus]]
| Myiopsitta monachus
| 42
| 
| [[File:Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) Buenos Aires.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Myiopsitta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1092
| [[:d:Q930712|Q930712]]
| [[Dryocopus pileatus]]
| Dryocopus pileatus
| 42
| 
| [[File:Pileated Woodpecker (9597212081).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dryocopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1093
| [[:d:Q247472|Q247472]]
| [[Corvus hawaiiensis]]
| Corvus hawaiiensis
| 42
| 
| [[File:Corvus hawaiiensis FWS.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Corvus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1094
| [[:d:Q731085|Q731085]]
| [[Lanius nubicus]]
| Lanius nubicus
| 42
| 
| [[File:Lanius nubicus (unmirrored).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lanius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1095
| [[:d:Q608313|Q608313]]
| [[Phylloscopus humei]]
| Phylloscopus humei
| 42
| 
| [[File:Hume's Warbler I2 IMG 3401.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phylloscopus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1096
| [[:d:Q325356|Q325356]]
| [[Paradisaea apoda]]
| Paradisaea apoda
| 42
| 
| [[File:Paradisaea apoda -Bali Bird Park-5.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Paradisaea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1097
| [[:d:Q133565|Q133565]]
| [[Cyanistes]]
| Cyanistes
| 42
| 
| [[File:Blue Tit aka.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Paridae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1098
| [[:d:Q1591663|Q1591663]]
| [[Turdus obscurus]]
| Turdus obscurus
| 42
| 
| [[File:Eyebrowed Thrush.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Turdus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1099
| [[:d:Q574281|Q574281]]
| [[Poecile lugubris]]
| Poecile lugubris
| 42
| 
| [[File:Poecile lugubris, Bulgaria 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Poecile]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1100
| [[:d:Q695723|Q695723]]
| [[Zoothera dauma]]
| Zoothera dauma
| 42
| 
| [[File:Scaly Thrush at Godwari, Kathmandu.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Zoothera]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1101
| [[:d:Q331065|Q331065]]
| [[Taeniopygia guttata]]
| Taeniopygia guttata
| 42
| 
| [[File:2014-08-19 Zebra Finch, Sumba, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[organismo modelo]]
| 
| [[Taeniopygia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1102
| [[:d:Q110257507|Q110257507]]
| [[Curruca melanocephala]]
| Curruca melanocephala
| 42
| 
| [[File:Sardinian Warbler.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Curruca]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1103
| [[:d:Q110257508|Q110257508]]
| [[Curruca cantillans]]
| Curruca cantillans
| 42
| 
| [[File:Κοκκινοτσιροβάκος.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Curruca]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1104
| [[:d:Q728995|Q728995]]
| [[Lyrurus]]
| Lyrurus
| 41
| 
| [[File:Black Grouse Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phasianidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1105
| [[:d:Q390270|Q390270]]
| [[Acryllium vulturinum]]
| Acryllium vulturinum
| 41
| 
| [[File:Acryllium vulturinum -Tsavo East National Park, Kenya-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Acryllium]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1106
| [[:d:Q661898|Q661898]]
| [[Heliornithidae]]
| Heliornithidae
| 41
| 
| [[File:Masked Finfoot.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gruiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1107
| [[:d:Q748145|Q748145]]
| [[Thinocoridae]]
| Thinocoridae
| 41
| 
| [[File:Thinocorus rumicivorus 3.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Charadriiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1108
| [[:d:Q202423|Q202423]]
| [[Alectoris barbara]]
| Alectoris barbara
| 41
| 
| [[File:Alectoris barbara Tenerife.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alectoris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1109
| [[:d:Q748957|Q748957]]
| [[Polyplectron bicalcaratum]]
| Polyplectron bicalcaratum
| 41
| 
| [[File:Grey Peacock-pheasant - Kang-Kra Khan, Thailand H8O5535 (15362061647).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Polyplectron]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1110
| [[:d:Q776739|Q776739]]
| [[Ardeola]]
| Ardeola
| 41
| 
| [[File:Pond-Heron-Ardeola-grayii.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hairon|Ardeidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1111
| [[:d:Q835119|Q835119]]
| [[Pluvianus aegyptius]]
| Pluvianus aegyptius
| 41
| 
| [[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Egyptian Plover (Pluvianus aegyptius).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pluvianus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1112
| [[:d:Q498228|Q498228]]
| [[Butorides virescens]]
| Butorides virescens
| 41
| 
| [[File:Butorides virescens2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Butorides]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1113
| [[:d:Q686287|Q686287]]
| [[Ardeotis kori]]
| Ardeotis kori
| 41
| 
| [[File:Avutarda kori (Ardeotis kori), zona de conservación de Ngorongoro, Tanzania, 2024-05-27, DD 38.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardeotis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1114
| [[:d:Q248740|Q248740]]
| [[Gygis alba]]
| Gygis alba
| 41
| 
| [[File:Gygis alba Ascension Island 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gygis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1115
| [[:d:Q579718|Q579718]]
| [[Podilymbus podiceps]]
| Podilymbus podiceps
| 41
| 
| [[File:Pied-billed Grebe (53638106406) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Podilymbus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1116
| [[:d:Q218549|Q218549]]
| [[Syrigma sibilatrix]]
| Syrigma sibilatrix
| 41
| 
| [[File:Syrigma sibilatrix -Punta del Este, Uruguay-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Syrigma]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1117
| [[:d:Q657775|Q657775]]
| [[Centropus]]
| Centropus
| 41
| 
| [[File:Greater Coucal Hong Kong.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Centropodinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1118
| [[:d:Q940115|Q940115]]
| [[Accipitrinae]]
| Accipitrinae
| 41
| 
| [[File:Northern Goshawk ad M2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Accipitridae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1119
| [[:d:Q782038|Q782038]]
| [[Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae]]
| Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae
| 41
| 
| [[File:Larus novaehollandiae - Austin's Ferry.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Chroicocephalus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1120
| [[:d:Q616393|Q616393]]
| [[Strix leptogrammica]]
| Strix leptogrammica
| 41
| 
| [[File:Brown Wood Owl (14157347364).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Strix]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1121
| [[:d:Q1137288|Q1137288]]
| [[Bubo blakistoni]]
| Bubo blakistoni
| 41
| 
| [[File:Blakiston`s fish owl1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Bubo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1122
| [[:d:Q1262700|Q1262700]]
| [[Thalassarche cauta]]
| Thalassarche cauta
| 41
| 
| [[File:070226 Shy mollymawk off Kaikoura 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Thalassarche]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1123
| [[:d:Q792890|Q792890]]
| [[Treron bicinctus]]
| Treron bicinctus
| 41
| 
| [[File:Treron bicincta -Wilpattu National Park, Sri Lanka -pair-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Treron]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1124
| [[:d:Q844776|Q844776]]
| [[Phoebetria palpebrata]]
| Phoebetria palpebrata
| 41
| 
| [[File:Light sooty albatross flying.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phoebetria]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1125
| [[:d:Q634804|Q634804]]
| [[Geococcyx californianus]]
| Geococcyx californianus
| 41
| 
| [[File:2025-02-02 01 Greater roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus) - AZ USA.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Geococcyx]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1126
| [[:d:Q166442|Q166442]]
| [[Pagodroma nivea]]
| Pagodroma nivea
| 41
| 
| [[File:Pétrel des neiges - Snow Petrel.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pagodroma]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1127
| [[:d:Q338601|Q338601]]
| [[Ciconia maguari]]
| Ciconia maguari
| 41
| 
| [[File:Ciconia maguari 3.jpeg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ciconia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1128
| [[:d:Q535436|Q535436]]
| [[Ciconia stormi]]
| Ciconia stormi
| 41
| 
| [[File:Stavenn Ciconia stormii 00.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ciconia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1129
| [[:d:Q826525|Q826525]]
| [[Gyps coprotheres]]
| Gyps coprotheres
| 41
| 
| [[File:Gyps coprotheres -St Augustine Alligator Farm, St. Augustine, Florida-8a-3c.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Gyps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1130
| [[:d:Q605350|Q605350]]
| [[Aviceda leuphotes]]
| Aviceda leuphotes
| 41
| 
| [[File:Black Baza.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aviceda]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1131
| [[:d:Q900773|Q900773]]
| [[Circus melanoleucos]]
| Circus melanoleucos
| 41
| 
| [[File:Circus melanoleucos from iNaturalist photo 104706101 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Circus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1132
| [[:d:Q1262185|Q1262185]]
| [[Nisaetus nipalensis]]
| Nisaetus nipalensis
| 41
| 
| [[File:Hawkeagle.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Nisaetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1133
| [[:d:Q742698|Q742698]]
| [[Parabuteo unicinctus]]
| Parabuteo unicinctus
| 41
| 
| [[File:Harris's Hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) 3 of 4 in set.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Parabuteo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1134
| [[:d:Q738666|Q738666]]
| [[Falco chicquera]]
| Falco chicquera
| 41
| 
| [[File:Red-Necked Falcon.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Falco]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1135
| [[:d:Q378192|Q378192]]
| [[Dendrocygna arborea]]
| Dendrocygna arborea
| 41
| 
| [[File:West Indian Whistling Duck, Bayahibe, Dominican Republic 2017-12-10.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dendrocygna]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1136
| [[:d:Q390189|Q390189]]
| [[Rhinocryptidae]]
| Rhinocryptidae
| 41
| 
| [[File:Rhinocryptidae diversity.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1137
| [[:d:Q855761|Q855761]]
| [[Promeropidae]]
| Promeropidae
| 41
| 
| [[File:Cape Sugarbird (Promerops cafer).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon monotypic]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1138
| [[:d:Q2527969|Q2527969]]
| [[Lybiidae]]
| Lybiidae
| 41
| 
| [[File:Beardedbarbet.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Piciformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1139
| [[:d:Q914045|Q914045]]
| [[Merganetta armata]]
| Merganetta armata
| 41
| 
| [[File:Merganetta armata - Rio Urumamba, Peru -pair-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Merganetta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1140
| [[:d:Q129036|Q129036]]
| [[Chloephaga picta]]
| Chloephaga picta
| 41
| 
| [[File:Chloephaga picta.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Chloephaga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1141
| [[:d:Q742468|Q742468]]
| [[Melanitta perspicillata]]
| Melanitta perspicillata
| 41
| 
| [[File:Melanitta perspicillata female.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Melanitta]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1142
| [[:d:Q629176|Q629176]]
| [[Cacatua ophthalmica]]
| Cacatua ophthalmica
| 41
| 
| [[File:Cacatua ophthalmica -Vogelpark Walsrode-6b-3c.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cacatua]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1143
| [[:d:Q748939|Q748939]]
| [[Cacatua sanguinea]]
| Cacatua sanguinea
| 41
| 
| [[File:Little corella (Cacatua sanguinea gymnopis) Blanchetown.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cacatua]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1144
| [[:d:Q753743|Q753743]]
| [[Cacatua ducorpsii]]
| Cacatua ducorpsii
| 41
| 
| [[File:Salomonenkakadus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cacatua]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1145
| [[:d:Q44023|Q44023]]
| [[Coracias caudatus]]
| Coracias caudatus
| 41
| 
| [[File:005 Lilac-breasted roller in flight in Etosha National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Coracias]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1146
| [[:d:Q795545|Q795545]]
| [[Zosterops palpebrosus]]
| Zosterops palpebrosus
| 41
| 
| [[File:Oriental White Eyes.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Zosterops]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1147
| [[:d:Q28108429|Q28108429]]
| [[Zanda latirostris]]
| Zanda latirostris
| 41
| 
| [[File:Carnaby's Black Cockatoo 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Zanda]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1148
| [[:d:Q226900|Q226900]]
| [[Zosterops]]
| Zosterops
| 41
| 
| [[File:Japanese white-eye at Tennōji Park in Osaka, January 2016 II.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Zosteropidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1149
| [[:d:Q832245|Q832245]]
| [[Hippolais]]
| Hippolais
| 41
| 
| [[File:Hippolais icterina1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Acrocephalidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1150
| [[:d:Q547159|Q547159]]
| [[Emberiza bruniceps]]
| Emberiza bruniceps
| 41
| 
| [[File:Emberiza bruniceps -Tanbaly, Kazakhstan-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Emberiza]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1151
| [[:d:Q648313|Q648313]]
| [[Emberiza buchanani]]
| Emberiza buchanani
| 41
| 
| [[File:GreyNeckedBunting PrasadBR.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Emberiza]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1152
| [[:d:Q635333|Q635333]]
| [[Anodorhynchus]]
| Anodorhynchus
| 41
| 
| [[File:Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus-1cp.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Arinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1153
| [[:d:Q833979|Q833979]]
| [[Merops ornatus]]
| Merops ornatus
| 41
| 
| [[File:Merops ornatus - Centenary Lakes.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Merops]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1154
| [[:d:Q1319774|Q1319774]]
| [[Ploceus philippinus]]
| Ploceus philippinus
| 41
| 
| [[File:Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN0233 (17).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ploceus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1155
| [[:d:Q836833|Q836833]]
| [[Sturnus unicolor]]
| Sturnus unicolor
| 41
| 
| [[File:Sturnus unicolor by John Gould.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sturnus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1156
| [[:d:Q226043|Q226043]]
| [[Rhinoplax vigil]]
| Rhinoplax vigil
| 41
| 
| [[File:Buceros-vigil-bvk.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rhinoplax]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1157
| [[:d:Q727891|Q727891]]
| [[Hypocolius ampelinus]]
| Hypocolius ampelinus
| 41
| 
| [[File:Hypocolius ampelinus pair-cropped.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hypocolius]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1158
| [[:d:Q14753772|Q14753772]]
| [[Eastern Olivaceous Warbler]]
| Iduna pallida
| 41
| 
| [[File:Ak mukallit - Iduna pallida - Eastern Olivaceous Warbler, Adana, Turkey 04.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Iduna]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1159
| [[:d:Q752539|Q752539]]
| [[Hippolais polyglotta]]
| Hippolais polyglotta
| 41
| 
| [[File:Hippolais polyglotta MHNT ZOO 2010 11 201 Ouarsenis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Hippolais]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1160
| [[:d:Q32048|Q32048]]
| [[Alcedo meninting]]
| Alcedo meninting
| 41
| 
| [[File:Blue-eared Kingfisher (Alcedo meninting) (8071061758).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alcedo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1161
| [[:d:Q846974|Q846974]]
| [[Ara ambiguus]]
| Ara ambiguus
| 41
| 
| [[File:Ara ambigua.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ara]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1162
| [[:d:Q225039|Q225039]]
| [[Aratinga solstitialis]]
| Aratinga solstitialis
| 41
| 
| [[File:Aratinga solstitialis -captive-two-8a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aratinga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1163
| [[:d:Q629204|Q629204]]
| [[Conuropsis carolinensis]]
| Conuropsis carolinensis
| 41
| 
| [[File:Karolinasittich 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon fossile]]
| 
| [[Conuropsis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1164
| [[:d:Q756063|Q756063]]
| [[Ivory-billed Woodpecker]]
| Campephilus principalis
| 41
| 
| [[File:Ivory-billed Woodpecker by Jerry A. Payne.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Lazarus taxon]]
| 
| [[Campephilus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1165
| [[:d:Q181561|Q181561]]
| [[Corvus crassirostris]]
| Corvus crassirostris
| 41
| 
| [[File:Krkavec tlustozobý.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Corvus]]
| [[raven]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1166
| [[:d:Q1144421|Q1144421]]
| [[Pica nuttalli]]
| Pica nuttallii
| 41
| 
| [[File:Pica nuttalli 08036.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Pica]]
| [[magpie]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1167
| [[:d:Q1049056|Q1049056]]
| [[Halcyon pileata]]
| Halcyon pileata
| 41
| 
| [[File:Halcyon pileata - Phra Non.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Halcyon]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1168
| [[:d:Q525871|Q525871]]
| [[Alauda gulgula]]
| Alauda gulgula
| 41
| 
| [[File:Oriental Lark (49172375968).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alauda]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1169
| [[:d:Q201461|Q201461]]
| [[Corvus dauuricus]]
| Corvus dauuricus
| 41
| 
| [[File:Dwlhany.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Coloeus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1170
| [[:d:Q728092|Q728092]]
| [[Agapornis nigrigenis]]
| Agapornis nigrigenis
| 41
| 
| [[File:Agapornis nigrigenis -London Zoo-8a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Agapornis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1171
| [[:d:Q1052008|Q1052008]]
| [[Ceyx erithaca]]
| Ceyx erithaca
| 41
| 
| [[File:Three-toed kingfisher.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ceyx]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1172
| [[:d:Q282943|Q282943]]
| [[Psarisomus dalhousiae]]
| Psarisomus dalhousiae
| 41
| 
| [[File:Psarisomus dalhousiae - Ian Dugdale - 546696102 (cropped).jpeg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Psarisomus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1173
| [[:d:Q795542|Q795542]]
| [[Paradisaea rubra]]
| Paradisaea rubra
| 41
| 
| [[File:Paradisaea rubra-20090516.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Paradisaea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1174
| [[:d:Q27075424|Q27075424]]
| [[Alaudala rufescens]]
| Alaudala rufescens
| 41
| 
| [[File:Lesser Short-toed Lark Alaudala rufescens polatzeki, Fuerteventura.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alaudala]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1175
| [[:d:Q1142785|Q1142785]]
| [[Nucifraga columbiana]]
| Nucifraga columbiana
| 41
| 
| [[File:Clarks Nutcraker Crater Lake Nick Myatt 08 (4458470688).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Nucifraga]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1176
| [[:d:Q490393|Q490393]]
| [[Rupicola peruviana]]
| Rupicola peruvianus
| 41
| 
| [[File:P1010107mod.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rupicola]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1177
| [[:d:Q80780|Q80780]]
| [[Turdus atrogularis]]
| Turdus atrogularis
| 41
| 
| [[File:A dark-throated Thrush female - Dhanachuli, Uttarakhand India.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Turdus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1178
| [[:d:Q829683|Q829683]]
| [[Mimus polyglottos]]
| Mimus polyglottos
| 41
| 
| [[File:Mockingbird in Bay Ridge (85082).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mimus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1179
| [[:d:Q557745|Q557745]]
| [[Irania gutturalis]]
| Irania gutturalis
| 41
| 
| [[File:Berkute (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Irania]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1180
| [[:d:Q901708|Q901708]]
| [[Passer luteus]]
| Passer luteus
| 41
| 
| [[File:Passer luteus 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passer]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1181
| [[:d:Q632066|Q632066]]
| [[Alectura lathami]]
| Alectura lathami
| 40
| 
| [[File:Australian Brushturkey 2 - Newington.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Alectura]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1182
| [[:d:Q569957|Q569957]]
| [[Lophophorus]]
| Lophophorus
| 40
| 
| [[File:Lophophorus impejanus (Jardin Acclimatation).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phasianinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1183
| [[:d:Q835525|Q835525]]
| [[Porzana]]
| Porzana
| 40
| 
| [[File:Porzana porzana 3 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rallidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1184
| [[:d:Q147907|Q147907]]
| [[Eurypygiformes]]
| Eurypygiformes
| 40
| 
| [[File:Eurypyga heliasPCCA20051227-2000B.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eurypygimorphae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1185
| [[:d:Q385891|Q385891]]
| [[Catreus wallichii]]
| Catreus wallichii
| 40
| 
| [[File:Cheer Pheasant.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Catreus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1186
| [[:d:Q516662|Q516662]]
| [[Rynchops niger]]
| Rynchops niger
| 40
| 
| [[File:Black Skimmer Close Flying.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Rynchops]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1187
| [[:d:Q839820|Q839820]]
| [[Calidris himantopus]]
| Calidris himantopus
| 40
| 
| [[File:Stilt Sandpiper (29065008787).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Calidris]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1188
| [[:d:Q1262057|Q1262057]]
| [[Turnix suscitator]]
| Turnix suscitator
| 40
| 
| [[File:Barred Buttonquail in Bhigwan August 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 02.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Turnix]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1189
| [[:d:Q902912|Q902912]]
| [[Spheniscus]]
| Spheniscus
| 40
| 
| [[File:African.penguin.bristol.750pix (Pingstone).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Spheniscidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1190
| [[:d:Q679154|Q679154]]
| [[Aechmophorus occidentalis]]
| Aechmophorus occidentalis
| 40
| 
| [[File:Western Grebe swimming.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aechmophorus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1191
| [[:d:Q495144|Q495144]]
| [[Cuculus poliocephalus]]
| Cuculus poliocephalus
| 40
| 
| [[File:Cuculus poliocephalus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Cuculus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1192
| [[:d:Q953999|Q953999]]
| [[Larus californicus]]
| Larus californicus
| 40
| 
| [[File:Adult California Gull at Stinson Beach-4211.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Larus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1193
| [[:d:Q1127687|Q1127687]]
| [[Larus dominicanus]]
| Larus dominicanus
| 40
| 
| [[File:Larus dominicanus -Kenton-on-Sea, Eastern Cape, South Africa-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Larus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1194
| [[:d:Q1452250|Q1452250]]
| [[Geococcyx]]
| Geococcyx
| 40
| 
| [[File:Geococcyx californianus.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Neomorphinae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1195
| [[:d:Q732753|Q732753]]
| [[Anhima cornuta]]
| Anhima cornuta
| 40
| 
| [[File:Anhima cornuta (Vincent Vos).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anhima]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1196
| [[:d:Q839862|Q839862]]
| [[Larosterna inca]]
| Larosterna inca
| 40
| 
| [[File:Larosterna inca -Lima, Peru -adult-8 (1).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Larosterna]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1197
| [[:d:Q1047787|Q1047787]]
| [[Vanellus cinereus]]
| Vanellus cinereus
| 40
| 
| [[File:Vanellus cinereus.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Vanellus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1198
| [[:d:Q528572|Q528572]]
| [[Pezophaps solitaria]]
| Pezophaps solitaria
| 40
| 
| [[File:Leguat1891solitaire.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[extinct taxon]]
| 
| [[Pezophaps]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1199
| [[:d:Q931759|Q931759]]
| [[Giant Ibis]]
| Thaumatibis gigantea
| 40
| 
| [[File:ThaumantibisGiganteaGronvold.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Thaumatibis]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1200
| [[:d:Q728881|Q728881]]
| [[Anastomus]]
| Anastomus
| 40
| 
| [[File:Asian Openbill (Anastomus oscitans) in Kolkata I IMG 0495.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Mycteriini]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1201
| [[:d:Q629525|Q629525]]
| [[Chroicocephalus philadelphia]]
| Chroicocephalus philadelphia
| 40
| 
| [[File:Bonaparte's Gull Biloxi RWD2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Chroicocephalus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1202
| [[:d:Q630457|Q630457]]
| [[Strix varia]]
| Strix varia
| 40
| 
| [[File:Strix-varia-005.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Strix]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1203
| [[:d:Q932473|Q932473]]
| [[Bubo coromandus]]
| Bubo coromandus
| 40
| 
| [[File:Dusky Eagle Owl 2019.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Bubo]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1204
| [[:d:Q372383|Q372383]]
| [[Nycticorax caledonicus]]
| Nycticorax caledonicus
| 40
| 
| [[File:Nankeen (Rufous) Night Heron (23333548021).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Nycticorax]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1205
| [[:d:Q888547|Q888547]]
| [[Ixobrychus eurhythmus]]
| Ixobrychus eurhythmus
| 40
| 
| [[File:Schrenk's Bittern fem - Kang Kra Chan - Thailand S4E4834 (14235609026).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ixobrychus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1206
| [[:d:Q373554|Q373554]]
| [[Ardea humbloti]]
| Ardea humbloti
| 40
| 
| [[File:Ardea humbloti.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1207
| [[:d:Q911449|Q911449]]
| [[Ardea cocoi]]
| Ardea cocoi
| 40
| 
| [[File:Ardea cocoi -Apure State, Venezuela-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1208
| [[:d:Q786350|Q786350]]
| [[Thalassarche chrysostoma]]
| Thalassarche chrysostoma
| 40
| 
| [[File:Greyhead.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Thalassarche]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1209
| [[:d:Q600319|Q600319]]
| [[Phoebastria nigripes]]
| Phoebastria nigripes
| 40
| 
| [[File:Black footed albatross1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phoebastria]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1210
| [[:d:Q838607|Q838607]]
| [[Fratercula cirrhata]]
| Fratercula cirrhata
| 40
| 
| [[File:Tufted Puffin Alaska (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Fratercula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1211
| [[:d:Q934841|Q934841]]
| [[Phoebastria immutabilis]]
| Phoebastria immutabilis
| 40
| 
| [[File:Laysan Albatross RWD2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Phoebastria]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1212
| [[:d:Q856009|Q856009]]
| [[Ninox scutulata]]
| Ninox scutulata
| 40
| 
| [[File:004 Brown boobook.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ninox]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1213
| [[:d:Q288485|Q288485]]
| [[Geopelia striata]]
| Geopelia striata
| 40
| 
| [[File:Geopelia striata 1 crop - Chinese Garden.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Geopelia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1214
| [[:d:Q512566|Q512566]]
| [[Treron calvus]]
| Treron calvus
| 40
| 
| [[File:African Green Pigeon (Treron calvus) (11423539903) (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Treron]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1215
| [[:d:Q27074605|Q27074605]]
| [[Short-tailed Shearwater]]
| Ardenna tenuirostris
| 40
| 
| [[File:Puffinus tenuirostris 2.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardenna]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1216
| [[:d:Q27074609|Q27074609]]
| [[Ardenna gravis]]
| Ardenna gravis
| 40
| 
| [[File:131 - GREAT SHEARWATER (9-15-2918) MAS pelagic trip, out of bar harbor, me -37 (42977042330).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Ardenna]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1217
| [[:d:Q883092|Q883092]]
| [[Halobaena caerulea]]
| Halobaena caerulea
| 40
| 
| [[File:Halobaena caerulea in flight - SE Tasmania.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Halobaena]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1218
| [[:d:Q27074633|Q27074633]]
| [[Grey-headed Fish Eagle]]
| Haliaeetus ichthyaetus
| 40
| 
| [[File:Grey-headed Fish Eagle (5484754969).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Haliaeetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1219
| [[:d:Q594328|Q594328]]
| [[Elanus axillaris]]
| Elanus axillaris
| 40
| 
| [[File:Elanus axillaris -Royal Botanic Gardens, Cranbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Elanus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1220
| [[:d:Q116670|Q116670]]
| [[Nisaetus cirrhatus]]
| Nisaetus cirrhatus
| 40
| 
| [[File:Changeable Hawk eagle - Crested Hawk-Eagle - Flickr - Lip Kee.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Nisaetus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1221
| [[:d:Q747827|Q747827]]
| [[Aquila verreauxii]]
| Aquila verreauxii
| 40
| 
| [[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Verreaux's Eagle pair.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aquila]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1222
| [[:d:Q748290|Q748290]]
| [[Falco pelegrinoides]]
| Falco pelegrinoides
| 40
| 
| [[File:Wüstenfalke.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Falco]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1223
| [[:d:Q681374|Q681374]]
| [[Monarchidae]]
| Monarchidae
| 40
| 
| [[File:Asian Paradise Flycatcher- Male at Himachal I2 IMG 2939.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1224
| [[:d:Q748220|Q748220]]
| [[Vireonidae]]
| Vireonidae
| 40
| 
| [[File:BellsvireoF1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1225
| [[:d:Q835712|Q835712]]
| [[Callaeatidae]]
| Callaeidae
| 40
| 
| [[File:Huia Buller.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Passeriformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1226
| [[:d:Q809613|Q809613]]
| [[Capitonidae]]
| Capitonidae
| 40
| 
| [[File:Eubucco bourcierii.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Piciformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1227
| [[:d:Q935463|Q935463]]
| [[Megalaimidae]]
| Megalaimidae
| 40
| 
| [[File:Megalarima lineate.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Piciformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1228
| [[:d:Q378533|Q378533]]
| [[Aythya valisineria]]
| Aythya valisineria
| 40
| 
| [[File:Aythya valisineria at Las Gallinas Wildlife Ponds.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aythya]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1229
| [[:d:Q692192|Q692192]]
| [[Aythya americana]]
| Aythya americana
| 40
| 
| [[File:Aythya americana f Ontario.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Aythya]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1230
| [[:d:Q539783|Q539783]]
| [[Brachypteraciidae]]
| Brachypteraciidae
| 40
| 
| [[File:Rollier Terrestre à courte queue.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Coraciiformes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1231
| [[:d:Q508474|Q508474]]
| [[Nestor]]
| Nestor
| 40
| 
| [[File:Nestor meridionalis.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Nestoridae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1232
| [[:d:Q929726|Q929726]]
| [[Ramphastos]]
| Ramphastos
| 40
| 
| [[File:Ramphastos toco -Kobe Kachoen -Japan-8a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tucano|Ramphastidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1233
| [[:d:Q961342|Q961342]]
| [[Coracias abyssinicus]]
| Coracias abyssinicus
| 40
| 
| [[File:Coracias abyssinica - Carlos Vermeersch Santana.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Coracias]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1234
| [[:d:Q757013|Q757013]]
| [[Menura novaehollandiae]]
| Menura novaehollandiae
| 40
| 
| [[File:Superb lyrbird in scrub.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Menura]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1235
| [[:d:Q768526|Q768526]]
| [[Tyranni]]
| Tyranni
| 40
| 
| [[File:Scissortailedfly700.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eupasseres]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1236
| [[:d:Q28107872|Q28107872]]
| [[Zanda funerea]]
| Zanda funerea
| 40
| 
| [[File:Calyptorhynchus funereus (male) -Wamboin-8.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Zanda]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1237
| [[:d:Q1076571|Q1076571]]
| [[Brahminy Starling]]
| Sturnia pagodarum
| 40
| 
| [[File:Brahminy starling (Sturnia pagodarum) female.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sturnia]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1238
| [[:d:Q27075861|Q27075861]]
| [[American Goldfinch]]
| Spinus tristis
| 40
| 
| [[File:Carduelis-tristis-002.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Spinus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1239
| [[:d:Q754511|Q754511]]
| [[Tockus leucomelas]]
| Tockus leucomelas
| 40
| 
| [[File:Southern Yellow-billed Hornbill, Tockus leucomelas at Mapungubwe National Park, Limpopo, South Africa (18305273221).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Tockus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1240
| [[:d:Q44109|Q44109]]
| [[Eurystomus orientalis]]
| Eurystomus orientalis
| 40
| 
| [[File:Dollarbird Samcem Dec02.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Eurystomus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1241
| [[:d:Q775300|Q775300]]
| [[Guaruba guarouba]]
| Guaruba guarouba
| 40
| 
| [[File:Guaruba guarouba -Gramado Zoo, Brazil-8a.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Guaruba]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1242
| [[:d:Q913813|Q913813]]
| [[Psittacula cyanocephala]]
| Psittacula cyanocephala
| 40
| 
| [[File:A Female Plum Headed Parakeet (50263113627).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Psittacula]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1243
| [[:d:Q178434|Q178434]]
| [[Dinopium benghalense]]
| Dinopium benghalense
| 40
| 
| [[File:Black-rumped Flameback in Rabindra Sarobar January 2025 by Tisha Mukherjee 01.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Dinopium]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1244
| [[:d:Q838955|Q838955]]
| [[Anodorhynchus leari]]
| Anodorhynchus leari
| 40
| 
| [[File:Anodorhynchus leari (3 cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Anodorhynchus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1245
| [[:d:Q858577|Q858577]]
| [[Sitta]]
| Sitta
| 40
| 
| [[File:Sitta europaea wildlife 2 1.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Sittidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1246
| [[:d:Q646994|Q646994]]
| [[Ara tricolor]]
| Ara tricolor
| 40
| 
| [[File:A. tricolor.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[extinct taxon]]
| 
| [[Ara]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1247
| [[:d:Q833811|Q833811]]
| [[Malaconotidae]]
| Malaconotidae
| 40
| 
| [[File:Black-headed Gonolek Laniarius erythrogaster National Aviary 1200px.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Malaconotoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1248
| [[:d:Q334206|Q334206]]
| [[Corvus moneduloides]]
| Corvus moneduloides
| 40
| 
| [[File:CorvusMoneduloidesKeulemans.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Corvus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1249
| [[:d:Q578174|Q578174]]
| [[Melanerpes erythrocephalus]]
| Melanerpes erythrocephalus
| 40
| 
| [[File:Melanerpes erythrocephalus -tree trunk-USA.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Melanerpes]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1250
| [[:d:Q94533|Q94533]]
| [[Urocissa caerulea]]
| Urocissa caerulea
| 40
| 
| [[File:Taiwan blue magpie (Urocissa caerulea) Xindian.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Urocissa]]
| [[magpie]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1251
| [[:d:Q766306|Q766306]]
| [[Urocissa erythroryncha]]
| Urocissa erythroryncha
| 40
| 
| [[File:Urocissa erythrorhyncha.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Urocissa]]
| [[magpie]]
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1252
| [[:d:Q749577|Q749577]]
| [[Paradisaea raggiana]]
| Paradisaea raggiana
| 40
| 
| [[File:Raggiana Bird-of-Paradise wild 5.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Paradisaea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1253
| [[:d:Q829925|Q829925]]
| [[Petroicidae]]
| Petroicidae
| 40
| 
| [[File:Eastern yellow robin (Victoria, Australia 2008).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Petroicoidea]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1254
| [[:d:Q852860|Q852860]]
| [[Lonchura]]
| Lonchura
| 40
| 
| [[File:Black-and-white Mannikin (Lonchura bicolor).jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Estrildidae]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1255
| [[:d:Q125142|Q125142]]
| [[Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae]]
| Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae
| 40
| 
| [[File:Tui (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae) Tiritiri Matangi.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Prosthemadera]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1256
| [[:d:Q843175|Q843175]]
| [[Turdus naumanni]]
| Turdus naumanni
| 40
| 
| [[File:Turdus naumanni naumanni.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Turdus]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1257
| [[:d:Q574447|Q574447]]
| [[Poecile cinctus]]
| Poecile cinctus
| 40
| 
| [[File:Siberian Tit Parus Cinctus 2006 03 07.JPG|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Poecile]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1258
| [[:d:Q478632|Q478632]]
| [[Lonchura malacca]]
| Lonchura malacca
| 40
| 
| [[File:Black-headed Munia I IMG 7747.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Lonchura]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1259
| [[:d:Q1589281|Q1589281]]
| [[Saxicola maurus]]
| Saxicola maurus
| 40
| 
| [[File:Siberian Stonechat (Saxicola maura)- Male at Bharatpur I IMG 5768.jpg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Saxicola]]
| 
|-
| style='text-align:right'| 1260
| [[:d:Q110257494|Q110257494]]
| [[Curruca nana]]
| Curruca nana
| 40
| 
| [[File:Curruca nana - Kudaibergen Amirekul - 562372019.jpeg|center|48px]]
| [[taxon]]
| 
| [[Curruca]]
| 
|}
----
&amp;sum; 1260 items.
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>419izn82u0m5cab284q9kt0ygacd2pl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Appendice:Lista de inventores</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>39155</id>
    <revision>
      <id>698151</id>
      <parentid>698013</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-02T01:07:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>24326</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>698151</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="195865" sha1="kmuath9zkl0twk7mwodtar15pstsrqc" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox}}
Lista de [[inventor]]es.
* [[Robert Moog]]
* [[Juan de la Cierva y Codorníu]]
* [[Leonardo Torres Quevedo]]
* [[Isaac Peral]]
* [[Alexander Fleming]]
* [[Alexander Graham Bell]]
* [[Thomas Alva Edison]] (&quot;le mago de Melon Park&quot;)
* [[Benjamin Franklin]]
* [[Ferdinand von Zeppelin]]
* [[Samuel Colt]]
* [[Humberto Fernández Morán]]

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5 .
 ?item wdt:P106 wd:Q205375
 }
|columns=item,label,P18,P569,P570,P21,P106
|sort=P569
|thumb=48
|links=local 
|references=all
|summary=itemnumber
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! item
! label
! imagine
! data de nascentia
! data de morte
! sexo
! occupation
|-
| [[:d:Q8739|Q8739]]
| [[Archimedes]]
| [[File:Retrato de un erudito (¿Arquímedes?), por Domenico Fetti.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;-287&quot; | -287&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd64887fccb6c3d67a440b2eb704f12678eedb20d9c4cfdbed6ad5f1b42a17a2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q18785969|British Museum person-institution thesaurus]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c00a3a4635bce5c2e24e0ffae89793e627b74609eb7afbaec3f498b9cfbff233&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q55402145|Encyclopaedia Herder]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b6af51143f97de689c0d23d7b87d3cd2d282f8f7ac7b09168e80d6a2c4a53884&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1768199|Большая российская энциклопедия]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;-212&quot; | -212&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd64887fccb6c3d67a440b2eb704f12678eedb20d9c4cfdbed6ad5f1b42a17a2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q18785969|British Museum person-institution thesaurus]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b6af51143f97de689c0d23d7b87d3cd2d282f8f7ac7b09168e80d6a2c4a53884&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1768199|Большая российская энциклопедия]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9f05129a6b40d3b2d9a276b7f3fe447d6f262ce11dec0010b465be96f285d415&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q65921422|Treccani Enciclopedia on line]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f7b61f08dc834f202e166592d35ef7e01e2d572be9fb7d00c0901dcede1e848f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q105263158|Archivio di Autorità del Museo Galileo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fb1f64d34c5132f5694317071ca178ed1972feacbb7953a7f9690398b08c1731&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13219454|Library of Congress Authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_720411ec39dd630a3cb78fbb9c07d50a047f1529dfcab56e4b35a70eaafc9fce&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q193563|Bibliothèque nationale de France]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[mathematico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[astronomo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q151197|military engineer]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopho]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''
|-
| [[:d:Q11903|Q11903]]
| [[Hypatia]]
| [[File:Hipatia67.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;360&quot; | 360
| data-sort-value=&quot;415&quot; | 415-03
| ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e6d43cbbd948475dd0184c8ceb0ba369ba7c76feb80b2255ffc10a1e1124ef0b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q46002746|Dictionary of African Biography]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[mathematico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopho]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[astronomo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scriptor]]&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]
|-
| [[:d:Q8958|Q8958]]
| [[Johannes Gutenberg]]
| [[File:Gutenberg.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1400&quot; | 1400&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd64887fccb6c3d67a440b2eb704f12678eedb20d9c4cfdbed6ad5f1b42a17a2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q18785969|British Museum person-institution thesaurus]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7e2f62323f235150f60d5ecae951dbf8705282d4bf45132e0ebd273652f93ded&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q27062196|Catholic Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1f5e8282827eb5114db3f404b2d1519195cef3bf44ae17f094e176ee3f5a2a8a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q131560266|collections.artsmia.org]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1468&quot; | 1468&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a84cd6520d7de7bb151245743446dc89ffcf657d02d0f3bdfe9e04c9681dbbe5&quot;&gt;https://www.gutenberg-gesellschaft.de/en/johannes-gutenberg/gutenbergs-final-years&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[inventor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1229025|typographo]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q329439|gravator]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1639825|blacksmith]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q211423|goldsmith]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1463475|mintmaster]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q40881196|book printer]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q87620|Q87620]]
| [[Luca Pacioli]]
| [[File:Pacioli.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1440&quot; | 1440s&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_796cc6dbdbfc0c384085897786c4034999b5d329cb8107c1ae2f7a8be783c240&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1128537|Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1517&quot; | 1517&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_796cc6dbdbfc0c384085897786c4034999b5d329cb8107c1ae2f7a8be783c240&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1128537|Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q548320|friar]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_796cc6dbdbfc0c384085897786c4034999b5d329cb8107c1ae2f7a8be783c240&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1128537|Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9f05129a6b40d3b2d9a276b7f3fe447d6f262ce11dec0010b465be96f285d415&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q65921422|Treccani Enciclopedia on line]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[mathematico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_796cc6dbdbfc0c384085897786c4034999b5d329cb8107c1ae2f7a8be783c240&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1128537|Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9f05129a6b40d3b2d9a276b7f3fe447d6f262ce11dec0010b465be96f285d415&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q65921422|Treccani Enciclopedia on line]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q188094|economista]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Contabile]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q831474|presbytero]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q7322|Q7322]]
| [[Christophoro Columbo]]
| [[File:Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio - Ritratto di Cristoforo Colombo (1520).jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1451&quot; | 1451&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a2d8ac1f9c2db00dcb849984ae156174101b8b0d84f9e0e99baf7c3321276723&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q25877697|National Library of Wales archives and manuscripts catalogue]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e033777d98b3d251d070a79407585cbbf43787e7b77ead23f7e7755221790204&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q933290|Project Runeberg]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7f5bbff9df041d88c8b61ec14cbb798b82512ffc53e56e8c973ae72eb0508039&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1798125|LIBRIS]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4cb36fae6489517dac781b461d274d817f41bb519d47243b0d3111e4c01ca6b4&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q41705771|Spanish Biographical Dictionary]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1506&quot; | 1506-05-20&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8bdceb045a54fe31552dd69d5e1c2a6af8e2ca0de7c5dc6e3f9e269e07f73ad9&quot;&gt;https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-Columbus&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4a413433a7740223938bf60412d775909d58aa93b5ae9da289c6ffda43c909ae&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17329836|Larousse Encyclopedia online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_aa581bc9bbd360a2c2feb18c3607c75d3f92f2c482db84a4e65a4e124890e48c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2720582|Royal Academy of History]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q11900058|explorator]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12038843|seafarer]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12356615|traveler]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q45199|marinero]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q762|Q762]]
| [[Leonardo da Vinci]]
| [[File:Francesco Melzi - Portrait of Leonardo.png|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1452&quot; | 1452-04-15&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_796cc6dbdbfc0c384085897786c4034999b5d329cb8107c1ae2f7a8be783c240&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1128537|Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_26e5fbb474d15885017de6518c6cb4cc2e225cf4f26fe5815754cec980eb694c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q266566|Artnet]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1519&quot; | 1519-05-02&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_796cc6dbdbfc0c384085897786c4034999b5d329cb8107c1ae2f7a8be783c240&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1128537|Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c5bbc4a8cb8c19daed205b0d934b128751f48557c322ec58a79dd84370a9ba1e&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q22681075|artist list of the National Museum of Sweden]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_26e5fbb474d15885017de6518c6cb4cc2e225cf4f26fe5815754cec980eb694c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q266566|Artnet]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q1028181|pictor]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34a8d05cd161c94c3f52a81fe94b9e2e94eaa7666f12232a2bf408070bc0312c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2494649|Union List of Artist Names]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_26e5fbb474d15885017de6518c6cb4cc2e225cf4f26fe5815754cec980eb694c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q266566|Artnet]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[astronomo]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10872101|anatomista]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[mathematico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34a8d05cd161c94c3f52a81fe94b9e2e94eaa7666f12232a2bf408070bc0312c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2494649|Union List of Artist Names]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1281618|sculptor]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34a8d05cd161c94c3f52a81fe94b9e2e94eaa7666f12232a2bf408070bc0312c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2494649|Union List of Artist Names]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_26e5fbb474d15885017de6518c6cb4cc2e225cf4f26fe5815754cec980eb694c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q266566|Artnet]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q270141|polymatha]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[architecto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34a8d05cd161c94c3f52a81fe94b9e2e94eaa7666f12232a2bf408070bc0312c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2494649|Union List of Artist Names]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_26e5fbb474d15885017de6518c6cb4cc2e225cf4f26fe5815754cec980eb694c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q266566|Artnet]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q193391|diplomate]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;[[compositor]]&lt;br/&gt;[[physico]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2055046|physiologo]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2374149|botanista]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[chimico]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q350979|zoologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3658608|caricaturist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q901|scientista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2079935|architectural drafter]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34a8d05cd161c94c3f52a81fe94b9e2e94eaa7666f12232a2bf408070bc0312c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2494649|Union List of Artist Names]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5322166|designator]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34a8d05cd161c94c3f52a81fe94b9e2e94eaa7666f12232a2bf408070bc0312c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2494649|Union List of Artist Names]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[scriptor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ca80f6a31529e570100ce9f874f67a3f7af9b9f4a4a9e02fae9ff49b3b6d5963&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19098835|Library of the World's Best Literature]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3391743|artista visual]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d68dd9762076e48d258882fb590237029dd52e385fa57d5b37187621f089211&quot;&gt;http://kmska.be/collection/work/data/1rliu1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3eeecaf0bf95a9d7a99e9f463b897a69e13fd4232416e6fc565ee5eb6a0fd1a4&quot;&gt;https://www.museabrugge.be/collection/work/id/2014_GRO0297_III&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1340643|master builder]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q18805|naturalista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1925963|artista graphic]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q327029|mechanic]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[artista]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q639669|musico]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q8178443|librettista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q88208585|natural philosopher]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q7321|Q7321]]
| [[Jacques Cartier]]
| [[File:Jacques Cartier 1851-1852.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1491&quot; | 1491-12-31
| data-sort-value=&quot;1557&quot; | 1557-09-24
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q254651|navigator]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11900058|explorator]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12038843|seafarer]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q45199|marinero]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q82955|politico]]''
|-
| [[:d:Q159592|Q159592]]
| [[John Napier]]
| [[File:John Napier.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1550&quot; | 1550-02-01&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
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| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q1234713|theologo]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[mathematico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[astronomo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[physico]]&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q155647|astrologo]]''
|-
| [[:d:Q307|Q307]]
| [[Galileo Galilei]]
| [[File:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1564&quot; | 1564-02-15&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b3292016d5f724d04774269b83222032b7cbbc619c151f982348dcb893e60497&quot;&gt;http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
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| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[astronomo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ad89e45a3a06f6f56a1bd4912daa193f4f81083fa64285bc0c64c6afcec35f32&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q20888754|The Hunt for Planet X]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopho]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[mathematico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_889995788c81583cce978c72287591639d12ad347517c389f430be8ad2835bf5&quot;&gt;http://www.infoplease.com/biography/science-mathematicians.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q155647|astrologo]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q901|scientista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e50a63e4d97297f2813d691cd8d9c1555092a67e62b6460558c30cb4d21fe8be&quot;&gt;http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/12/science/12ESSA.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a03f56e73ea87cf34c0175e03eeb63c1631f332c2349d867932dee64593a255e&quot;&gt;http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/02/science/02essay.html?pagewanted=all&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopho]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q82955|politico]]''
|-
| [[:d:Q8963|Q8963]]
| [[Johannes Kepler]]
| [[File:Johannes Kepler by Hans von Aachen.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1571&quot; | 1571-12-27&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1630&quot; | 1630-11-15&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3cf3cd9ad977342e73fc625818ed1386a331f5b1d5d7326dda23e34a0979923a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19025604|A Short History of Astronomy]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_73707f06a193f35d24ee1ac7f90dffb251395f66fb367c833fa1705e74d68556&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q45028042|Geneological database Merkel-Zeller]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_78d04e64a72d43fbd3d837384f3505e1b5667ee4b22f5700b8b613bf3ba05336&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23023088|Vegetti Catalog of Fantastic Literature]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e603e8fa80b9c79a8a9dbaa163c928c67892a86a30508d2bf848f63dd360de8f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q296584|Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1b1be539a4dd280fc69294e971af2196dba0a74c48f48a27adc03b5af959a638&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q6023365|Internet Philosophy Ontology project]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
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| ''[[:d:Q18805|naturalista]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q155647|astrologo]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q98833883|Protestant theologian]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[mathematico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[astronomo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q14915627|musicologo]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[physico]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2998308|cosmologo]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q16031530|music theorist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopho]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[scriptor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ca80f6a31529e570100ce9f874f67a3f7af9b9f4a4a9e02fae9ff49b3b6d5963&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19098835|Library of the World's Best Literature]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Inseniante]]&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]
|-
| [[:d:Q57073|Q57073]]
| [[Gabriel Fahrenheit]]
| [[File:Fahrenheit small.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1686&quot; | 1686-05-24&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1736&quot; | 1736-09-16&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ae5e84219ee5b1de9684e0c1cad6ca41001dadff841f0e89a806c6c436dd09fc&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1868372|Biografisch Portaal]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[physico]]&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2341443|instrument maker]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[chimico]]
|-
| [[:d:Q185832|Q185832]]
| [[Emanuel Swedenborg]]
| [[File:Emanuel Swedenborg, 1688-1772, ämbetsman (Per Krafft d.ä.) - Nationalmuseum - 15710.tif|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1688&quot; | 1688-01-29
| data-sort-value=&quot;1772&quot; | 1772-03-29&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3f80052a7e6884ace767001ac980bad2ce84ef6f49b56b1f875283f6b7a4f14c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q16323066|KulturNav]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[physico]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopho]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1234713|theologo]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[mathematico]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12328016|mystico]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[scriptor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_baf6bf25bc404836d66e5e3d9553c0390d20c03b6a82a4c0a4cba4d0bb4258bf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q52055677|Merriam-Webster online dictionary]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ca80f6a31529e570100ce9f874f67a3f7af9b9f4a4a9e02fae9ff49b3b6d5963&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19098835|Library of the World's Best Literature]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q901|scientista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q49757|poeta]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q81130|Q81130]]
| [[Anders Celsius]]
| [[File:Anders-Celsius-Head.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1701&quot; | 1701-11-27&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_58783a16501a17524f43b546042f692cd594a59d2842380a7cd451d8c54bc8c5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q379406|Dictionary of Swedish National Biography]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_93ff7d0cb3c031470881a8a2a9305f9521463b6d4697a5976f242ebe76058948&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/celsius-anders&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1744&quot; | 1744-04-25&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_58783a16501a17524f43b546042f692cd594a59d2842380a7cd451d8c54bc8c5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q379406|Dictionary of Swedish National Biography]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_42d05e09802b415c7bf06a74ec1394586eca346117fda09fdd5e05d7fe922348&quot;&gt;https://sok.riksarkivet.se/bildvisning/C0004348_00022#?c=&amp;m=&amp;s=&amp;cv=21&amp;xywh=878%2C3475%2C2347%2C1395&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[astronomo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_58783a16501a17524f43b546042f692cd594a59d2842380a7cd451d8c54bc8c5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q379406|Dictionary of Swedish National Biography]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_58783a16501a17524f43b546042f692cd594a59d2842380a7cd451d8c54bc8c5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q379406|Dictionary of Swedish National Biography]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[mathematico]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;[[chimico]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2310145|meteorologist]]''
|-
| [[:d:Q7604|Q7604]]
| [[Leonhard Euler]]
| [[File:Leonhard Euler.jpg|center|48px]]
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| data-sort-value=&quot;1783&quot; | 1783-09-18&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0cea21303047f48b5431165959194e6d99dc9b3afe17a9264a3a4f9612c9c52f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107212659|www.accademiadellescienze.it]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_57d5bcef5fa4efd272d40cdfbd726919e1ce8378c00da635f32423e0ffc8e31d&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q24694883|ECARTICO]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[mathematico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fe9bd444a8216f450faf1a9a81c86d6de1662309b0f44f74ecc19a73dc86a6e0&quot;&gt;http://www.nndb.com/cemetery/803/000208179/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_57d5bcef5fa4efd272d40cdfbd726919e1ce8378c00da635f32423e0ffc8e31d&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q24694883|ECARTICO]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0185241bc0cdd25bcf6b3d91218b9f8bb46c3f84e878140892f618427f60e0c2&quot;&gt;http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/switzerland/chfamous.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_57d5bcef5fa4efd272d40cdfbd726919e1ce8378c00da635f32423e0ffc8e31d&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q24694883|ECARTICO]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[scriptor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_412e1c26f353d15f69222a038c65bf89a11aeb38970c7585b213377c5917927c&quot;&gt;http://blogcritics.org/culture/article/a-nasty-mathematical-myth/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q16031530|music theorist]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[astronomo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b3cb19ef03c9a53cfda8056a0db373691a35d361dfe158a9835a39452269f507&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q96189706|Euler: Genius Blind Astronomer Mathematician]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2dbef0cfd5b9bd6da695088fa2d5437f95af1f6bf37d63344cff5ffa53f5fe7f&quot;&gt;https://www.famousscientists.org/leonhard-euler/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_57d5bcef5fa4efd272d40cdfbd726919e1ce8378c00da635f32423e0ffc8e31d&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q24694883|ECARTICO]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q901|scientista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q978044|executive]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q901402|geographo]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_57d5bcef5fa4efd272d40cdfbd726919e1ce8378c00da635f32423e0ffc8e31d&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q24694883|ECARTICO]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q9041|Q9041]]
| [[James Watt]]
| [[File:James Watt by Henry Howard.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1736&quot; | 1736-01-19&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_36ce4de930bbffc9723de7712c1f4f17b6f1e9025becd52a21d3099f10950735&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19062388|Watt, James (1736-1819) (DNB00)]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1819&quot; | 1819-08-25&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_36ce4de930bbffc9723de7712c1f4f17b6f1e9025becd52a21d3099f10950735&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19062388|Watt, James (1736-1819) (DNB00)]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[chimico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d7b7d7658a2871775cfc117ae07bc94c16b0d28f9cd826287ea2b43348c5afb3&quot;&gt;http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/v052/52.3.miller.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e2c1ae921669836e710d2e7b23b0ba31c9ea7699bcd1d628d844c552a313344b&quot;&gt;https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/v052/52.3.miller.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q131524|interprenditor]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[mathematico]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5352191|technician]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q11812|Q11812]]
| [[Thomas Jefferson]]
| [[File:Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800)(cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1743&quot; | 1743-04-02&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1826&quot; | 1826-07-04&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cb7e3691f7e193dcee107c8f43e696dbf8e7ab31ee607bd50e722e0bab724f03&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q523660|International Music Score Library Project]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_809bfc42b0331ca57d8bfb459567d8a5c7896619bfbd4d734e58da3bcfe648f9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21491701|KNAW Past Members]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1b1be539a4dd280fc69294e971af2196dba0a74c48f48a27adc03b5af959a638&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q6023365|Internet Philosophy Ontology project]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_39693e519a3b4bd531145c748da5e69c7198327e7f598d4477bf605c4c01d83f&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/jefferson-thomas&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_931851ab1666964918600e8fa1634af8ac7a2b90a6cf86b2910b446e3d4af03f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q103937665|Jefferson, Thomas]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3af208141b863901feb8656072d4b709a0553a072437135dcee56bf291d3568c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q126722605|Pedagogues and Psychologists of the World]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_48e9963ee25a3b63b0dbdd0640e770365429e4dfe801c4537c6b710062e0e063&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q56024286|Archives Directory for the History of Collecting in America]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Inseniante]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15442776|cryptographer]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[architecto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34a8d05cd161c94c3f52a81fe94b9e2e94eaa7666f12232a2bf408070bc0312c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2494649|Union List of Artist Names]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2713c3c88e6911ebb1875b2c052ec308eb21c80420740ac74c381cc159c2fffc&quot;&gt;http://arch-pavouk.cz/index.php/architekti/1636-jefferson-thomas&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q40348|advocato]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[scriptor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ca80f6a31529e570100ce9f874f67a3f7af9b9f4a4a9e02fae9ff49b3b6d5963&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19098835|Library of the World's Best Literature]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q193391|diplomate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q82955|politico]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_abf715812c4bc330da063858ebd72145b80d162325b75883e420751af8ea80f9&quot;&gt;https://history.house.virginia.gov/search&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopho]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q55630100|planter class]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q372436|homine de stato]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3621491|archeologo]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q185351|jurista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1662561|paleontologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q132050|governor]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15296811|designator]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q7330070|foreign minister]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q675|Q675]]
| [[André-Marie Ampère]]
| [[File:Ampere portrait at the Musee Poleymieux.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1775&quot; | 1775-01-20&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_974c9ec2ba2a3251c2f39bffad1c19f640c3aa63346bc7bf097d5ac8ba685ca9&quot;&gt;http://books.google.de/books?id=rwEoAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA389&amp;hl=de#v=snippet&amp;q=1775&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5f90aada25764a622cd97e34b60bd65a044050ba73f182ed0f679c8611e6bf62&quot;&gt;http://amperemusee.fr&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a000f0dfebc191c3c7086d5fc3e6ac1fb04ec7836f1b655a4cd43e9ad8df34cb&quot;&gt;http://www.ras.ru/win/db/show_per.asp?P=.id-49535.ln-ru.dl-.pr-inf.uk-12&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a2970288df4c6974c3c3d45d8067ec6e541bbfcda51fdd09a69467d982bd3409&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q28924058|Nouveau Dictionnaire des auteurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7f2ec2e17898e6ea3f91cc2e3a705b7ddd66aa6eb4c3b569d3c87105507c421b&quot;&gt;https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/archives-images/LH003/FRDAFAN83_OL0032001v005_L.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_60eff1d8010e228bb535322c7a52150c730b2ac70a31ea8c43ee4796853fed0b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19847326|Genealogics]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cf3c313e4a6b6669fd0eb4e4aa0cb9c18dca4bce8b2f48740eb356be3a924fde&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q105958830|Base biographique]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a0225532ce55578e1c4bec0c56d3bb163e7acceace9ed246cd446190c42768d0&quot;&gt;http://www.fondsenligne.archives-lyon.fr/v2/ark:/18811/8bmfsfm6gr468h4m&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1836&quot; | 1836-06-10&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a2970288df4c6974c3c3d45d8067ec6e541bbfcda51fdd09a69467d982bd3409&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q28924058|Nouveau Dictionnaire des auteurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_60eff1d8010e228bb535322c7a52150c730b2ac70a31ea8c43ee4796853fed0b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19847326|Genealogics]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cf3c313e4a6b6669fd0eb4e4aa0cb9c18dca4bce8b2f48740eb356be3a924fde&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q105958830|Base biographique]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a2970288df4c6974c3c3d45d8067ec6e541bbfcda51fdd09a69467d982bd3409&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q28924058|Nouveau Dictionnaire des auteurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a2970288df4c6974c3c3d45d8067ec6e541bbfcda51fdd09a69467d982bd3409&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q28924058|Nouveau Dictionnaire des auteurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[mathematico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a2970288df4c6974c3c3d45d8067ec6e541bbfcda51fdd09a69467d982bd3409&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q28924058|Nouveau Dictionnaire des auteurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopho]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a2970288df4c6974c3c3d45d8067ec6e541bbfcda51fdd09a69467d982bd3409&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q28924058|Nouveau Dictionnaire des auteurs de tous les temps et de tous les pays]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[chimico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q44412|Q44412]]
| [[Hans Christian Ørsted]]
| [[File:Ørsted, Hans Christian (av Christian Albrecht Jensen 1842).jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1777&quot; | 1777-08-14&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_096b1aefcf3a63462c9a7120797e5319abe64f728ee0f38a92658ef527536fff&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1164910|Dansk Biografisk Leksikon]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1851&quot; | 1851-03-09&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_096b1aefcf3a63462c9a7120797e5319abe64f728ee0f38a92658ef527536fff&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1164910|Dansk Biografisk Leksikon]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2a5b2c8dc4c5f17f1ca5d49d89f66441c882f74265fc5defecc4a9e87f377bf3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q87326927|МСЭ2/Эрстед, Ганс Христиан]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[chimico]]&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Pharmacista|Pharmaceutico]]
|-
| [[:d:Q77122|Q77122]]
| [[Karl von Drais]]
| [[File:KarlDrais.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1785&quot; | 1785-04-29&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_51a2884a7a850194f7d7e318254c10580f3a2ec7623fcd7cbcdba566b226af2e&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q105192847|Biblioteka Narodowa]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1851&quot; | 1851-12-10&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[inventor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1895303|forester]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5322166|designator]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q124565434|land surveyor]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q327029|mechanic]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q8750|Q8750]]
| [[Michael Faraday]]
| [[File:M Faraday Th Phillips oil 1842.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1791&quot; | 1791-09-22&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_201b2f2db573a37ce033ccc5fa8606ddc8e7fb512c47b65b0901ba0b9bf17d09&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21503556|ESBE / Faradej, Mikhail]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ae5e84219ee5b1de9684e0c1cad6ca41001dadff841f0e89a806c6c436dd09fc&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1868372|Biografisch Portaal]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_809bfc42b0331ca57d8bfb459567d8a5c7896619bfbd4d734e58da3bcfe648f9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21491701|KNAW Past Members]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8c057469bd2d8fe32704c7d01a94436d8fd6e86a103c063f93cdd9ef79ff0a64&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/faraday-michael&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0cea21303047f48b5431165959194e6d99dc9b3afe17a9264a3a4f9612c9c52f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107212659|www.accademiadellescienze.it]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_97dd956f2ef09e92aaeb94c5bb675645e0d97c0fc93c0f2053d5da5cde7deba4&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21503558|EB-11 / Faraday, Michael]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1d0a3f39efae1b161d729efa5159868f474766450df844b24ee672442c19a617&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19020305|Faraday, Michael (DNB00)]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ae3af917d782d1b3df9f2ed5244e0f360f1e3cbbe7f5dabe26ce0c34ed0e7e41&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107213173|www.academie-medecine.fr]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1867&quot; | 1867-08-25&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_97dd956f2ef09e92aaeb94c5bb675645e0d97c0fc93c0f2053d5da5cde7deba4&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21503558|EB-11 / Faraday, Michael]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ae5e84219ee5b1de9684e0c1cad6ca41001dadff841f0e89a806c6c436dd09fc&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1868372|Biografisch Portaal]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_809bfc42b0331ca57d8bfb459567d8a5c7896619bfbd4d734e58da3bcfe648f9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21491701|KNAW Past Members]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8c057469bd2d8fe32704c7d01a94436d8fd6e86a103c063f93cdd9ef79ff0a64&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/faraday-michael&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0cea21303047f48b5431165959194e6d99dc9b3afe17a9264a3a4f9612c9c52f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107212659|www.accademiadellescienze.it]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1d0a3f39efae1b161d729efa5159868f474766450df844b24ee672442c19a617&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19020305|Faraday, Michael (DNB00)]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ae3af917d782d1b3df9f2ed5244e0f360f1e3cbbe7f5dabe26ce0c34ed0e7e41&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107213173|www.academie-medecine.fr]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[chimico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scriptor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ca80f6a31529e570100ce9f874f67a3f7af9b9f4a4a9e02fae9ff49b3b6d5963&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19098835|Library of the World's Best Literature]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q46633|Q46633]]
| [[Charles Babbage]]
| [[File:Charles Babbage - 1860.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1791&quot; | 1791-12-26&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d6656babba665393e790da37bac7c7487f7876f82ae68d6abba25d4565539819&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q24340781|ESBE / Babbidzj, Tsjarlz]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1b1be539a4dd280fc69294e971af2196dba0a74c48f48a27adc03b5af959a638&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q6023365|Internet Philosophy Ontology project]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1871&quot; | 1871-10-18&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1b1be539a4dd280fc69294e971af2196dba0a74c48f48a27adc03b5af959a638&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q6023365|Internet Philosophy Ontology project]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0cea21303047f48b5431165959194e6d99dc9b3afe17a9264a3a4f9612c9c52f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107212659|www.accademiadellescienze.it]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[mathematico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q82594|computer scientist]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q188094|economista]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopho]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[astronomo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scriptor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ca80f6a31529e570100ce9f874f67a3f7af9b9f4a4a9e02fae9ff49b3b6d5963&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19098835|Library of the World's Best Literature]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q7259|Q7259]]
| [[Ada Lovelace]]
| [[File:Ada Byron daguerreotype by Antoine Claudet 1843 or 1850 - cropped.png|center|48px]]
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| data-sort-value=&quot;1852&quot; | 1852-11-27&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7d0a39f1cc422766b3c419838bcd2bdc0b089067444b2344d0bf357ccd3a7f2e&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q20203059|ESBE / Bajron, Dzjordzj-Noelj-Gordon]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_46a8ca4c192bece0da996ebb4e4fb04e221b66cae2c1b1a32072dab4e6c73dc7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q75653886|Kindred Britain]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bacc35436aef9e68c8af62222945a62218168bdc52d60d0c9980f6bef20cc22c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q124350773|A historical dictionary of British women]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[mathematico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5482740|programmator]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q49757|poeta]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q82594|computer scientist]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;[[traductor]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scriptor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''
|-
| [[:d:Q9095|Q9095]]
| [[James Clerk Maxwell]]
| [[File:James-Clerk-Maxwell-1831-1879.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1831&quot; | 1831-06-13&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cb5d088d079a5ea35da38538d6644d0b78b5005fd2c1ff895ad21b4a6ec45b96&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q602358|Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c451fcca4f04c07b6010792517083f4f75f4bc86ac87ffa01d3b6eef71a162ab&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q6703301|Luminous-Lint]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_809bfc42b0331ca57d8bfb459567d8a5c7896619bfbd4d734e58da3bcfe648f9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21491701|KNAW Past Members]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9d77e9c209ffea9be9eed34899846b8e16b559ec7836e5c1edb36a2db2ef2df5&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/maxwell-james-clerk&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1b1be539a4dd280fc69294e971af2196dba0a74c48f48a27adc03b5af959a638&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q6023365|Internet Philosophy Ontology project]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cf3c313e4a6b6669fd0eb4e4aa0cb9c18dca4bce8b2f48740eb356be3a924fde&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q105958830|Base biographique]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1879&quot; | 1879-11-05&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cb5d088d079a5ea35da38538d6644d0b78b5005fd2c1ff895ad21b4a6ec45b96&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q602358|Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c451fcca4f04c07b6010792517083f4f75f4bc86ac87ffa01d3b6eef71a162ab&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q6703301|Luminous-Lint]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9d77e9c209ffea9be9eed34899846b8e16b559ec7836e5c1edb36a2db2ef2df5&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/maxwell-james-clerk&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1b1be539a4dd280fc69294e971af2196dba0a74c48f48a27adc03b5af959a638&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q6023365|Internet Philosophy Ontology project]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cf3c313e4a6b6669fd0eb4e4aa0cb9c18dca4bce8b2f48740eb356be3a924fde&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q105958830|Base biographique]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[mathematico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q33231|photographo]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19350898|physico theoretic]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Inseniante]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q7783170|thermodynamicist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q901|scientista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q23810|Q23810]]
| [[Alfred Nobel]]
| [[File:AlfredNobel2.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1833&quot; | 1833-10-21&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6039b76309048d6641e51ad3b8dec2cdba5d9f674fd5f72363ee7670cff26383&quot;&gt;https://sok.riksarkivet.se/bildvisning/C0054707_00124#?cv=123&amp;z=543.8215%2C2567.1661%2C3313.7983%2C2116.4241&amp;c=&amp;m=&amp;s=&amp;xywh=688%2C2681%2C2445%2C1655&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1896&quot; | 1896-12-10&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_58783a16501a17524f43b546042f692cd594a59d2842380a7cd451d8c54bc8c5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q379406|Dictionary of Swedish National Biography]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2abff375eb476c497e0cc1218e65f3c4d943de014d65cf7b29aac886f3e7cb1e&quot;&gt;https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[chimico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q6606110|industrialist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12362622|philanthropo]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q33231|photographo]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q64689213|weapons manufacturer]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q901|scientista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q131524|interprenditor]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Pacifista]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q77124|Q77124]]
| [[Johann Philipp Reis]]
| [[File:JPReis.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1834&quot; | 1834-01-07&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8aa285cbc79cce6633ec1022cd057bd3f4ef46687f42037874b9bf61958f13de&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q39845173|Frankfurter Personenlexikon]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1874&quot; | 1874-01-14&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8aa285cbc79cce6633ec1022cd057bd3f4ef46687f42037874b9bf61958f13de&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q39845173|Frankfurter Personenlexikon]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;[[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q901|scientista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q40224|Q40224]]
| [[Carl Benz]]
| [[File:Carl Benz c. 1889.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1844&quot; | 1844-11-25&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_604c52988f1cd62da3cd3359919f4dcf6b39cd703c748f7cd4ea681e1709b508&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/benz-carl-friedrich&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1929&quot; | 1929-04-04&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_604c52988f1cd62da3cd3359919f4dcf6b39cd703c748f7cd4ea681e1709b508&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/benz-carl-friedrich&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]
|-
| [[:d:Q8743|Q8743]]
| [[Thomas Edison]]
| [[File:Thomas Edison2.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1847&quot; | 1847-02-11&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d0efb20bbdf9fd17093fcc9b48fc7a250ac0c1235c35e08af02175dafd07fa65&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/edison-thomas-alva&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d3601acb0434d7bb9599a6c271d4ad199400d13b829bd6a1e731a29a326addc0&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q104010085|Edison, Thomas]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5c00d955d8a15f2c3a0c92d28633d35d2fb95e6671944f0ddc26cd7688130e89&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q138307249|Archivio Storico Ricordi - digital collection]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1931&quot; | 1931-10-18&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ca4fc94fb0ac2743da55f8ece3ef96cd3ac76a7e28836b162749c62e2da5a96&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17378135|Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d0efb20bbdf9fd17093fcc9b48fc7a250ac0c1235c35e08af02175dafd07fa65&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/edison-thomas-alva&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d3601acb0434d7bb9599a6c271d4ad199400d13b829bd6a1e731a29a326addc0&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q104010085|Edison, Thomas]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_5c00d955d8a15f2c3a0c92d28633d35d2fb95e6671944f0ddc26cd7688130e89&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q138307249|Archivio Storico Ricordi - digital collection]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q131524|interprenditor]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[mathematico]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q28389|scenarista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f8a8b4f1fde1952ffa25ec8a5e1315e1b0b325a226a5abc38939df1f010ff071&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q18709181|Letterboxd]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2526255|director de cinema]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3282637|productor de cinema]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q57162|Q57162]]
| [[Otto Lilienthal]]
| [[File:Otto-lilienthal.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1848&quot; | 1848-05-23&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_82c08241e74b88cf8f435b477b582c92af906ecc414dc7301b3ecf3be12c7159&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/lilienthal-otto&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1896&quot; | 1896-08-10&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_82c08241e74b88cf8f435b477b582c92af906ecc414dc7301b3ecf3be12c7159&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/lilienthal-otto&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q10497074|military flight engineer]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Pilota]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1776724|theatre manager]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[dramaturgo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[actor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q12658|Q12658]]
| [[Wilhelm Ostwald]]
| [[File:Ostwald.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1853&quot; | 1853-09-02&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ae5e84219ee5b1de9684e0c1cad6ca41001dadff841f0e89a806c6c436dd09fc&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1868372|Biografisch Portaal]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_809bfc42b0331ca57d8bfb459567d8a5c7896619bfbd4d734e58da3bcfe648f9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21491701|KNAW Past Members]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1932&quot; | 1932-04-04&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ca4fc94fb0ac2743da55f8ece3ef96cd3ac76a7e28836b162749c62e2da5a96&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17378135|Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_809bfc42b0331ca57d8bfb459567d8a5c7896619bfbd4d734e58da3bcfe648f9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21491701|KNAW Past Members]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[chimico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q860918|esperantista]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q27496075|idista]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[scriptor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ca80f6a31529e570100ce9f874f67a3f7af9b9f4a4a9e02fae9ff49b3b6d5963&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19098835|Library of the World's Best Literature]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[physico]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopho]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Inseniante]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1028181|pictor]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q18805|naturalista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2306091|sociologo]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q62891|Q62891]]
| [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]]
| [[File:Kamerlingh portret.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1853&quot; | 1853-09-21&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ae5e84219ee5b1de9684e0c1cad6ca41001dadff841f0e89a806c6c436dd09fc&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1868372|Biografisch Portaal]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_809bfc42b0331ca57d8bfb459567d8a5c7896619bfbd4d734e58da3bcfe648f9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21491701|KNAW Past Members]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1cf2ecbc0df5cd7afb033b3a7f7e5a23838cc5de4cbc4cbe813ee8117e62b1de&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23667505|Leidse Hoogleraren]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_52725ca89ffba6372c025246048281420bd704c6991b830d8549cda6d0d60f08&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q71545423|Onze Hoogleeraren]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0cea21303047f48b5431165959194e6d99dc9b3afe17a9264a3a4f9612c9c52f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107212659|www.accademiadellescienze.it]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1926&quot; | 1926-02-21&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ca4fc94fb0ac2743da55f8ece3ef96cd3ac76a7e28836b162749c62e2da5a96&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17378135|Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ae5e84219ee5b1de9684e0c1cad6ca41001dadff841f0e89a806c6c436dd09fc&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1868372|Biografisch Portaal]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_809bfc42b0331ca57d8bfb459567d8a5c7896619bfbd4d734e58da3bcfe648f9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21491701|KNAW Past Members]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1cf2ecbc0df5cd7afb033b3a7f7e5a23838cc5de4cbc4cbe813ee8117e62b1de&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23667505|Leidse Hoogleraren]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0cea21303047f48b5431165959194e6d99dc9b3afe17a9264a3a4f9612c9c52f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107212659|www.accademiadellescienze.it]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1cf2ecbc0df5cd7afb033b3a7f7e5a23838cc5de4cbc4cbe813ee8117e62b1de&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23667505|Leidse Hoogleraren]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[physico]]&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1cf2ecbc0df5cd7afb033b3a7f7e5a23838cc5de4cbc4cbe813ee8117e62b1de&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23667505|Leidse Hoogleraren]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_52725ca89ffba6372c025246048281420bd704c6991b830d8549cda6d0d60f08&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q71545423|Onze Hoogleeraren]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q901|scientista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q9036|Q9036]]
| [[Nikola Tesla]]
| [[File:Tesla circa 1890.jpeg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7fab8393aed7b338df81280ffb065864997d4eda9e8ad578c2bfb2d17d6cc0b5&quot;&gt;https://www.biography.com/people/nikola-tesla-9504443&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1856&quot; | 1856-07-10&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7fab8393aed7b338df81280ffb065864997d4eda9e8ad578c2bfb2d17d6cc0b5&quot;&gt;https://www.biography.com/people/nikola-tesla-9504443&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_18368819c27e9efa3b59f731c95314b9aec681df7474ddcf0a13e15db701ac61&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1563573|Croatian Biographical Lexicon]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1943&quot; | 1943-01-07&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ca4fc94fb0ac2743da55f8ece3ef96cd3ac76a7e28836b162749c62e2da5a96&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17378135|Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_76481d355d9650ae7297f7feb0685c1fac86d14890ded6508eb9f5fe9f15b05e&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q103882021|Tesla, Nikola (9/10 July 1856–07 January 1943), electrical inventor]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7fab8393aed7b338df81280ffb065864997d4eda9e8ad578c2bfb2d17d6cc0b5&quot;&gt;https://www.biography.com/people/nikola-tesla-9504443&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_18368819c27e9efa3b59f731c95314b9aec681df7474ddcf0a13e15db701ac61&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1563573|Croatian Biographical Lexicon]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7fab8393aed7b338df81280ffb065864997d4eda9e8ad578c2bfb2d17d6cc0b5&quot;&gt;https://www.biography.com/people/nikola-tesla-9504443&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[inventor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7fab8393aed7b338df81280ffb065864997d4eda9e8ad578c2bfb2d17d6cc0b5&quot;&gt;https://www.biography.com/people/nikola-tesla-9504443&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7d2be0d41e3e070d322e3e74db28dc07788157999622a6f219686a488170ede0&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23833686|Catalog of the German National Library]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1326886|electrical engineer]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7fab8393aed7b338df81280ffb065864997d4eda9e8ad578c2bfb2d17d6cc0b5&quot;&gt;https://www.biography.com/people/nikola-tesla-9504443&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7fab8393aed7b338df81280ffb065864997d4eda9e8ad578c2bfb2d17d6cc0b5&quot;&gt;https://www.biography.com/people/nikola-tesla-9504443&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7d2be0d41e3e070d322e3e74db28dc07788157999622a6f219686a488170ede0&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23833686|Catalog of the German National Library]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q165029|electricista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7d2be0d41e3e070d322e3e74db28dc07788157999622a6f219686a488170ede0&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23833686|Catalog of the German National Library]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1906857|mechanical engineer]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7fab8393aed7b338df81280ffb065864997d4eda9e8ad578c2bfb2d17d6cc0b5&quot;&gt;https://www.biography.com/people/nikola-tesla-9504443&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q846430|futurist]]''
|-
| [[:d:Q552053|Q552053]]
| [[Paul von Jankó]]
| [[File:Das Fotoalbum für Weierstraß 2 34 (Paul von Jankó).jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1856&quot; | 1856-06-02&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1919&quot; | 1919-03-17&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q639669|musico]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q860918|esperantista]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q14915627|musicologo]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[pianista]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q27496075|idista]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[mathematico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q41257|Q41257]]
| [[Heinrich Rudolf Hertz]]
| [[File:HEINRICH HERTZ.JPG|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1857&quot; | 1857-02-22&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c97ff1c50a9048ab8a011104eb2bfe669852672a47b69a69eb73232f57a35a2e&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/hertz-heinrich-rudolf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0cea21303047f48b5431165959194e6d99dc9b3afe17a9264a3a4f9612c9c52f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107212659|www.accademiadellescienze.it]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1894&quot; | 1894-01-01&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c97ff1c50a9048ab8a011104eb2bfe669852672a47b69a69eb73232f57a35a2e&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/hertz-heinrich-rudolf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0cea21303047f48b5431165959194e6d99dc9b3afe17a9264a3a4f9612c9c52f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107212659|www.accademiadellescienze.it]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[physico]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopho]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''
|-
| [[:d:Q11758|Q11758]]
| [[Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof]]
| [[File:Zamenhof portreto.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1859&quot; | 1859-12-15&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cb7e3691f7e193dcee107c8f43e696dbf8e7ab31ee607bd50e722e0bab724f03&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q523660|International Music Score Library Project]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_eb911dbae8981ff6640b8831e4c183529e0c1d38725440e62ddeb7abd389382c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q25504413|Estonian biographical database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_063dc5f047f2d151d10e713a0a1965557c94b20cf737675e31ede4e1f25efcb3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q96022943|Internetowy Polski Słownik Biograficzny]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c73b4e136c95a62c6fb5c1b63d033799166fa5ac4c23767f91f4e762ff15e673&quot;&gt;https://tritius.kmol.cz/authority/865142&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1917&quot; | 1917-04-14&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cb7e3691f7e193dcee107c8f43e696dbf8e7ab31ee607bd50e722e0bab724f03&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q523660|International Music Score Library Project]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_eb911dbae8981ff6640b8831e4c183529e0c1d38725440e62ddeb7abd389382c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q25504413|Estonian biographical database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_063dc5f047f2d151d10e713a0a1965557c94b20cf737675e31ede4e1f25efcb3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q96022943|Internetowy Polski Słownik Biograficzny]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c73b4e136c95a62c6fb5c1b63d033799166fa5ac4c23767f91f4e762ff15e673&quot;&gt;https://tritius.kmol.cz/authority/865142&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[linguista]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8cd52a0d2ade56f60505457841361e94231b6d68b5888f7e458e2d17d9df7c02&quot;&gt;https://www.esperanto.es/hef/index.php/que-es/historia/zamenhof&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12013238|ophthalmologist]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8cd52a0d2ade56f60505457841361e94231b6d68b5888f7e458e2d17d9df7c02&quot;&gt;https://www.esperanto.es/hef/index.php/que-es/historia/zamenhof&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q49757|poeta]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8cd52a0d2ade56f60505457841361e94231b6d68b5888f7e458e2d17d9df7c02&quot;&gt;https://www.esperanto.es/hef/index.php/que-es/historia/zamenhof&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[traductor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q860918|esperantista]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[medico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8cd52a0d2ade56f60505457841361e94231b6d68b5888f7e458e2d17d9df7c02&quot;&gt;https://www.esperanto.es/hef/index.php/que-es/historia/zamenhof&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c73b4e136c95a62c6fb5c1b63d033799166fa5ac4c23767f91f4e762ff15e673&quot;&gt;https://tritius.kmol.cz/authority/865142&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q551835|physician writer]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q24262584|Bible translator]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q56810907|esperantologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q13418253|philologo]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q8768|Q8768]]
| [[Henry Ford]]
| [[File:Henry ford 1919.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1863&quot; | 1863-07-30&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7f82ea8b3f948afe12d36adecd9ca3fcd8a1cd3fb108dc56a427217390708d69&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/ford-henry&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1947&quot; | 1947-04-07&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ca4fc94fb0ac2743da55f8ece3ef96cd3ac76a7e28836b162749c62e2da5a96&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17378135|Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7f82ea8b3f948afe12d36adecd9ca3fcd8a1cd3fb108dc56a427217390708d69&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/ford-henry&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q131524|interprenditor]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[scriptor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q82955|politico]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10349745|racing automobile driver]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1930187|jornalista]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q6606110|industrialist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q911554|business magnate]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1607826|editor]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q908538|Q908538]]
| [[Frederick Gardner Cottrell]]
| [[File:Frederick Cottrell.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1877&quot; | 1877-01-10&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1948&quot; | 1948-11-16&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''
| [[chimico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]
|-
| [[:d:Q937|Q937]]
| [[Albert Einstein]]
| [[File:Albert Einstein Head cleaned.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1879&quot; | 1879-03-14&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_64f140fc066e2c8a3e2a58826fbd4b9d4459080a48363ce24772f2603f2a754d&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2728291|Biographie Nationale de Belgique]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1b1be539a4dd280fc69294e971af2196dba0a74c48f48a27adc03b5af959a638&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q6023365|Internet Philosophy Ontology project]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_809bfc42b0331ca57d8bfb459567d8a5c7896619bfbd4d734e58da3bcfe648f9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21491701|KNAW Past Members]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1cf2ecbc0df5cd7afb033b3a7f7e5a23838cc5de4cbc4cbe813ee8117e62b1de&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23667505|Leidse Hoogleraren]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_82b7d344207b335d154630f5b3633ca6e9092c67382481b97b60dd96d5bd7e90&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1307356|Salzburgwiki]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cf3c313e4a6b6669fd0eb4e4aa0cb9c18dca4bce8b2f48740eb356be3a924fde&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q105958830|Base biographique]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
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| ''[[:d:Q19350898|physico theoretic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q16389557|philosopho del scientia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3745071|science writer]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1231865|pedagogo]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1cf2ecbc0df5cd7afb033b3a7f7e5a23838cc5de4cbc4cbe813ee8117e62b1de&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23667505|Leidse Hoogleraren]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0a831354d244a1a70754317f991c56db87b708a07fe963d8cf9327ce23c42224&quot;&gt;http://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/25/obituaries/zhou-peiyuan-is-dead-educator-scientist-91.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f3a682eeac12ca3160a94b69c480bde6660170c391e7d4d58310c642ab61541d&quot;&gt;http://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/23/theater/theater-review-a-fantasy-meeting-of-minds.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7d2be0d41e3e070d322e3e74db28dc07788157999622a6f219686a488170ede0&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23833686|Catalog of the German National Library]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopho]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ea8cd478cce29258709207730f7b641983adb9835918e99b562c48c8a2d6fd6c&quot;&gt;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13528165.2012.728445&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4cccb4c7c3b6614fc06ffd7904beb275700cbadb3c18b606c036d9442d8edce3&quot;&gt;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09515081003690418&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[scriptor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_37b52059d519103547add71b033ff75982e6e5e8a8b716ae94826be4676fcc03&quot;&gt;http://www.smh.com.au/news/book-reviews/einstein-his-life-and-universe/2007/06/22/1182019350450.html?page=fullpage&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3e76aad0ae44f77e605152eb69296b6f6956860894e51029b6eb311a8dde7afd&quot;&gt;http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2172365-modern-day-einstein-smashes-flaming-golf-ball-sets-pants-on-fire&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q901|scientista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_767dd218d47c57908da8cc1cda433c43a98634075f4eadf2ae2a6a37223a9002&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q4834894|BBC Programme Catalogue]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7d2be0d41e3e070d322e3e74db28dc07788157999622a6f219686a488170ede0&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23833686|Catalog of the German National Library]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[mathematico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c30d62d300258faef83f3daeaae603418813c29071389aa3bdbb9c1a14092e5d&quot;&gt;http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00srz5b/episodes/player&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e38d922999b4f168fa4e1fafd0228511853d68e1e38cb46df8ea20dbbd7053e8&quot;&gt;http://www.bbc.co.uk/norfolk/kids/science/az_alberteinstein.shtml&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_45d794d34935c12803876846f5cef1762d537841b5ccbfda3a13bff03269ecd6&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q77541206|BeWeB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2896489|patent examiner]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Professor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_25bb1337db9558e2ff3ac2bf46e579975845d1a391e727a1b4e5d81ffa80bec2&quot;&gt;http://digi.nacr.cz/prihlasky2/index.php?action=link&amp;ref=czarch:CZ-100000010:874&amp;karton=3&amp;folium=290&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Pacifista]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7d2be0d41e3e070d322e3e74db28dc07788157999622a6f219686a488170ede0&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23833686|Catalog of the German National Library]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q37064|Q37064]]
| [[Alexander Fleming]]
| [[File:Synthetic Production of Penicillin TR1468.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1881&quot; | 1881-08-06&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ae5e84219ee5b1de9684e0c1cad6ca41001dadff841f0e89a806c6c436dd09fc&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1868372|Biografisch Portaal]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_809bfc42b0331ca57d8bfb459567d8a5c7896619bfbd4d734e58da3bcfe648f9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21491701|KNAW Past Members]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c0864279f7aeeeb204e5a716dacc8319bc60663c754b709b7958202d42b7e5a2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q6936720|Munk's Roll]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ae3af917d782d1b3df9f2ed5244e0f360f1e3cbbe7f5dabe26ce0c34ed0e7e41&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107213173|www.academie-medecine.fr]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1955&quot; | 1955-03-11&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ae5e84219ee5b1de9684e0c1cad6ca41001dadff841f0e89a806c6c436dd09fc&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1868372|Biografisch Portaal]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_809bfc42b0331ca57d8bfb459567d8a5c7896619bfbd4d734e58da3bcfe648f9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21491701|KNAW Past Members]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ae3af917d782d1b3df9f2ed5244e0f360f1e3cbbe7f5dabe26ce0c34ed0e7e41&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107213173|www.academie-medecine.fr]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_47984cd472c330f9ded38c20ef895bdfa7fcf972d038158ec6f3777edbee4973&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q21401824|The Peerage]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q15816836|bacteriologist]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2114605|pharmacologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[medico]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Chirurgo]]&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]
|-
| [[:d:Q8003|Q8003]]
| [[Sergei Eisenstein]]
| [[File:Sergei Eisenstein 03.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1898&quot; | 1898-01-10&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b6af51143f97de689c0d23d7b87d3cd2d282f8f7ac7b09168e80d6a2c4a53884&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1768199|Большая российская энциклопедия]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
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| ''[[:d:Q2526255|director de cinema]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ae23e1c8c74687f062ed1a95864373626a4c5af199f091569b476cfe6bc152ab&quot;&gt;https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/99156828458303941/catalog&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q7042855|editor de film]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q28389|scenarista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ae23e1c8c74687f062ed1a95864373626a4c5af199f091569b476cfe6bc152ab&quot;&gt;https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/99156828458303941/catalog&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[Inseniante]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q222344|cinematographo]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15296811|designator]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q33231|photographo]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34a8d05cd161c94c3f52a81fe94b9e2e94eaa7666f12232a2bf408070bc0312c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2494649|Union List of Artist Names]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3455803|director]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d3f1a53c03c3866de294fee842ec63bfeef77a65b6fb4dec2051cfa1a350670a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q120061370|www.acmi.net.au]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11613590|theatre designer]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1776724|theatre manager]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[actor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q2908|Q2908]]
| [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]
| [[File:11exupery-inline1-500.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1900&quot; | 1900-06-29&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1ef73acaa6e35c746a43f9e0bc10a749c81196356c4a47da4f869a260d68a637&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q20056651|Le Delarge]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_91def873cdbde77d744f48f86aa46016c6e6b9c226e31c32c3c11c543a173556&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q55740543|La France savante]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_830e96b7f6b0434034e3f0ecf565e1cc3b868d0f65cbb4545401d7a0216cbaad&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2886420|Léonore database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1944&quot; | 1944-07-31&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_69468c245a16cd051f0941469dba192d0479ffa4f0f56cc9c298091c1ecbb5cf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q101207543|AlKindi]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_830e96b7f6b0434034e3f0ecf565e1cc3b868d0f65cbb4545401d7a0216cbaad&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2886420|Léonore database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34a8d05cd161c94c3f52a81fe94b9e2e94eaa7666f12232a2bf408070bc0312c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2494649|Union List of Artist Names]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_830e96b7f6b0434034e3f0ecf565e1cc3b868d0f65cbb4545401d7a0216cbaad&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2886420|Léonore database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Pilota]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_830e96b7f6b0434034e3f0ecf565e1cc3b868d0f65cbb4545401d7a0216cbaad&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2886420|Léonore database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q6625963|romancero]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4853732|scriptor pro infantes]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[scriptor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1930187|jornalista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_830e96b7f6b0434034e3f0ecf565e1cc3b868d0f65cbb4545401d7a0216cbaad&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2886420|Léonore database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q644687|illustrator]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopho]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q49757|poeta]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_96f721e173744101e9d2f9b8fc96159a28360a1a273aa1082fabe49ecb683488&quot;&gt;https://www.interencheres.com/recherche/lots?search=brevet%20saint%20exup%C3%A9ry&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q155786|Q155786]]
| [[Dennis Gabor]]
| [[File:Dennis Gabor 1971.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1900&quot; | 1900-06-05&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979&quot; | 1979-02-08&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_02183298a19954965159df80b576b14cfe294156830e2943c01361652d3e5415&quot;&gt;http://data.nobelprize.org/page/laureate/93&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[physico]]&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q108897110|holographer]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_770d6c8053b8df706d00e8946777efa7ac736db00ea9d4fe2356252502b50e82&quot;&gt;https://www.holographyforum.org/wiki/Biographies_of_Holographers&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q8704|Q8704]]
| [[Walt Disney]]
| [[File:Walt Disney 1946.JPG|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1901&quot; | 1901-12-05&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d546391a7e44b42fc9077fd26022cda56db201b25ef5e3c53ad78eca6b02fbca&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36463449|Who's Who in Animated Cartoon]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_362e8e207d7b021b6f215e0338864fde1b2a1e51a3712c51e72d3c7e86616b21&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q24255573|Benezit Dictionary of Artists]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f2c80df09e95b58628606a2c8a10b00cd8a6048c2ebdae04cf3f20d42f6c2393&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q31964|Internet Broadway Database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bc70e62042975513edab3ab7adcd50272b88fdc649d65c77fb4788df92180369&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q41599984|Enciclopédia Itaú Cultural]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6a2de5dba0ceb74e5ca82d9f5042cdf8a49df169c53444522e3a1e9799f8e86a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q51343652|Lambiek Comiclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2682dc33e3142f8152e8185add840e8532bb60d12e2baaf57420542ee04a4a11&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q103854838|Disney, Walt (05 December 1901–15 December 1966), animator and motion picture producer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c540ddd32b3a1f16a66cde0de9a095da57a40f0b0e5d190db15973cb966aa813&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2876969|BD Gest’]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_329e33b0b1b714d18f05404f1241a23dc62576709cdd20b4011b4e76d83e3739&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/disney-walt&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_49144b9c75ee6ab9a8ac496217ceb9b3a57a336a62f6c8e29b7a9ab9ac18f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q103905586|Disney, Walt(er Elias)]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_619ad8d627a641ee6d50841bc6cc063806bfc4d7446314bb2cc962a8421d8ee8&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2451336|Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1966&quot; | 1966-12-15&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ca4fc94fb0ac2743da55f8ece3ef96cd3ac76a7e28836b162749c62e2da5a96&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17378135|Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d546391a7e44b42fc9077fd26022cda56db201b25ef5e3c53ad78eca6b02fbca&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36463449|Who's Who in Animated Cartoon]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_362e8e207d7b021b6f215e0338864fde1b2a1e51a3712c51e72d3c7e86616b21&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q24255573|Benezit Dictionary of Artists]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f2c80df09e95b58628606a2c8a10b00cd8a6048c2ebdae04cf3f20d42f6c2393&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q31964|Internet Broadway Database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bc70e62042975513edab3ab7adcd50272b88fdc649d65c77fb4788df92180369&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q41599984|Enciclopédia Itaú Cultural]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6a2de5dba0ceb74e5ca82d9f5042cdf8a49df169c53444522e3a1e9799f8e86a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q51343652|Lambiek Comiclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2682dc33e3142f8152e8185add840e8532bb60d12e2baaf57420542ee04a4a11&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q103854838|Disney, Walt (05 December 1901–15 December 1966), animator and motion picture producer]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c540ddd32b3a1f16a66cde0de9a095da57a40f0b0e5d190db15973cb966aa813&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2876969|BD Gest’]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_329e33b0b1b714d18f05404f1241a23dc62576709cdd20b4011b4e76d83e3739&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/disney-walt&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_49144b9c75ee6ab9a8ac496217ceb9b3a57a336a62f6c8e29b7a9ab9ac18f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q103905586|Disney, Walt(er Elias)]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_619ad8d627a641ee6d50841bc6cc063806bfc4d7446314bb2cc962a8421d8ee8&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2451336|Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q2526255|director de cinema]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3282637|productor de cinema]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e25085169d2de3145b7522f45e56e77c7850b1a2eea2aa4ebf5739b282736bcf&quot;&gt;https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/99157880266903941/catalog&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q266569|animator]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34a8d05cd161c94c3f52a81fe94b9e2e94eaa7666f12232a2bf408070bc0312c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2494649|Union List of Artist Names]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q947873|presentator de television]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2405480|actor de voce]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[scriptor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q13235160|manufacturer]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1028181|pictor]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10800557|actor de film]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q644687|illustrator]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3658608|caricaturist]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3455803|director]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d3f1a53c03c3866de294fee842ec63bfeef77a65b6fb4dec2051cfa1a350670a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q120061370|www.acmi.net.au]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[actor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q47541952|productor]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d3f1a53c03c3866de294fee842ec63bfeef77a65b6fb4dec2051cfa1a350670a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q120061370|www.acmi.net.au]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5322166|designator]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q715301|comics artist]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_75f410066e7f65c92af7e5e0cb4798bd37f034883b838792a166eee2264e9e11&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17299517|RKDartists]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15296811|designator]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q8753|Q8753]]
| [[Enrico Fermi]]
| [[File:Enrico Fermi 1943-49.jpg|center|48px]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774&quot;&gt;https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1901&quot; | 1901-09-29&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774&quot;&gt;https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93525d597abfc11843208a057ab6a3214e596cb962c394ca2d936705dc4845c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3621644|Archivio Storico Ricordi]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954-11-28&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ca4fc94fb0ac2743da55f8ece3ef96cd3ac76a7e28836b162749c62e2da5a96&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17378135|Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d5bc70998a03e4a1be5d58f28d1a82850e155813ea86c8aa781c84ac02745f7&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1165538|Nationalencyklopedin]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774&quot;&gt;https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ff32cb157f332cb4cddd38b09ecd8e975656883a79871be675e2e30b504babe5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q746368|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_454f72f09b7c6bfdd6ba70832587971dab0670bafd15afe1d093312784b52e47&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2664168|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93525d597abfc11843208a057ab6a3214e596cb962c394ca2d936705dc4845c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3621644|Archivio Storico Ricordi]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774&quot;&gt;https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b06ed730acad4a7eca00b87d239560af3a784c55907e909314f773e0ffed991c&quot;&gt;http://www.nndb.com/honors/032/000111696/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4e1a7213ac22daaa9a82214ba98de6ff0ba7463795acaadfdbe12e9fd351c38a&quot;&gt;http://www.nndb.com/org/107/000099807/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6d6d14ef6935f845ba538643eaf5a3e1cacdf7094e4caa57ef5e7d4d74434167&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1373513|NNDB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774&quot;&gt;https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19350898|physico theoretic]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774&quot;&gt;https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q16742096|nuclear physicist]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774&quot;&gt;https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774&quot;&gt;https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_29ba93b1ca93d8c64dde85704540208bb3edaaa2db10ff864ffae98e001dd774&quot;&gt;https://www.biography.com/people/enrico-fermi-9293405&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q149997|Q149997]]
| [[Zeppo Marx]]
| [[File:Zeppo Marx.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1901&quot; | 1901-02-25&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f2c80df09e95b58628606a2c8a10b00cd8a6048c2ebdae04cf3f20d42f6c2393&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q31964|Internet Broadway Database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979&quot; | 1979-11-30&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q10800557|actor de film]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2259451|actor de theatro]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q43845|homine de affaires]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q245068|comico]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[actor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1344174|talent agent]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''
|-
| [[:d:Q213195|Q213195]]
| [[B. F. Skinner]]
| [[File:B.F. Skinner at Harvard circa 1950 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1904&quot; | 1904-03-20&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ae14802de020b504b1d9f863cc15934f0614e296be8d86b5ce28f04ad6154ced&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q201469|Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1b1be539a4dd280fc69294e971af2196dba0a74c48f48a27adc03b5af959a638&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q6023365|Internet Philosophy Ontology project]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3af208141b863901feb8656072d4b709a0553a072437135dcee56bf291d3568c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q126722605|Pedagogues and Psychologists of the World]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1990&quot; | 1990-08-18&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ae14802de020b504b1d9f863cc15934f0614e296be8d86b5ce28f04ad6154ced&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q201469|Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1b1be539a4dd280fc69294e971af2196dba0a74c48f48a27adc03b5af959a638&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q6023365|Internet Philosophy Ontology project]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3af208141b863901feb8656072d4b709a0553a072437135dcee56bf291d3568c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q126722605|Pedagogues and Psychologists of the World]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q212980|psychologo]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7d2be0d41e3e070d322e3e74db28dc07788157999622a6f219686a488170ede0&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23833686|Catalog of the German National Library]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopho]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q16831721|ethologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q18814623|autobiographo]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7d2be0d41e3e070d322e3e74db28dc07788157999622a6f219686a488170ede0&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23833686|Catalog of the German National Library]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[scriptor]]
|-
| [[:d:Q160411|Q160411]]
| [[Marian Rejewski]]
| [[File:Marian Rejewski 1932 small.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1905&quot; | 1905-08-16&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3554fee03f5b110da82eb9cdef0edd4d159fd41871eb27c994c6cddde8304453&quot;&gt;http://marianrejewski.pl/wp/biografia/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1980&quot; | 1980-02-13&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_063dc5f047f2d151d10e713a0a1965557c94b20cf737675e31ede4e1f25efcb3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q96022943|Internetowy Polski Słownik Biograficzny]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[mathematico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q16390131|cryptologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]
|-
| [[:d:Q949|Q949]]
| [[John Bardeen]]
| [[File:Bardeen.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1908&quot; | 1908-05-23&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_94d53549e05e7f815e26538f212459faf55086f5155b4ef918d9fa03687b3f3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q103845857|Bardeen, John (23 May 1908–30 January 1991), physicist]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1991&quot; | 1991-01-30&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_94d53549e05e7f815e26538f212459faf55086f5155b4ef918d9fa03687b3f3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q103845857|Bardeen, John (23 May 1908–30 January 1991), physicist]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_29c46a0e8a483c1ac225360d082932b7eb4af3016d91201c3fd19a81924ac3f4&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q106928293|John Bardeen: 23 May 1908 · 30 January 1991]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1326886|electrical engineer]]''
|-
| [[:d:Q60093|Q60093]]
| [[Konrad Zuse]]
| [[File:Konrad Zuse (1992).jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1910&quot; | 1910-06-22&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_74a186e50455df0a0b37510f4bf95fa24d3bfad5648cd49752736821b23964ed&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1061861|Structurae]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_893254bd92808099cc27f2d4b50a50f86aacd9c461c10efb58d43960928bd76f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q47092600|compArt database Digital Art]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_11859b6ed9e861184985bc1f4656b69b5b639ad54d9a1378bf4ebd59755eb7d0&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/zuse-konrad-ernst-otto&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995&quot; | 1995-12-18&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cdef21979db91033a066302059358f4e4b21f930674db43f61ff78468b210334&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q15706812|filmportal.de]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_74a186e50455df0a0b37510f4bf95fa24d3bfad5648cd49752736821b23964ed&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1061861|Structurae]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_11859b6ed9e861184985bc1f4656b69b5b639ad54d9a1378bf4ebd59755eb7d0&quot;&gt;https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/zuse-konrad-ernst-otto&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''
| [[inventor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q131524|interprenditor]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q82594|computer scientist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q13582652|ingeniero civil]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1028181|pictor]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q104668|Q104668]]
| [[Vitaly L. Ginzburg]]
| [[File:Виталий Лазаревич Гинзбург.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1916&quot; | 1916-10-04&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b6af51143f97de689c0d23d7b87d3cd2d282f8f7ac7b09168e80d6a2c4a53884&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1768199|Большая российская энциклопедия]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;2009&quot; | 2009-11-08&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_03c566869e019b3282273f2c4ba2c180404bf2ddcd5b715bb5c6eb4a7b3612a4&quot;&gt;http://lifeinlegacy.com/Display.aspx?weekof=2009-11-14&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f44325b5c9e330c204af43e76518fff23875fe8374a892af33677c7c3820226d&quot;&gt;http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/233993/Vitaly-Lazarevich-Ginzburg&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b6af51143f97de689c0d23d7b87d3cd2d282f8f7ac7b09168e80d6a2c4a53884&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1768199|Большая российская энциклопедия]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ce56fc6ffa6e8b7b013afdd1e2b41266e6db8d831da047a47bcfc6766b2b2b07&quot;&gt;http://www.nndb.com/org/616/000067415/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f562308c65620ed8b0ee410b040c385874fb8b72c869af4cd0cb72446eb51c20&quot;&gt;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00107510210122495&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_13af4330cc93e33f2f902f8cb7d496178d2defe606b32f27c5d5eb293cb7141b&quot;&gt;http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00150190701455005&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q752129|astrophysico]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q901|scientista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d8dc8f36ad27eda86fbef36bfa2999043aa90e60357da1e5d41e52fc1d4f190&quot;&gt;http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/2.209/scientist-vitaly-ginzburg-who-helped-make-soviet-h-bomb-dies-at-93-1.4494&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_270f54a92f6b64c4478a55bcb04b6474e5f62a0b4981cd2ec6e0c1fb2e66eec7&quot;&gt;http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20091110/world/nobel-winner-soviet-h-bomb-scientist-vitaly-ginzburg-dies.281122&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_12ed35a2d2ef9eff1266874dd71648471802b63bf1569331180a7865e666b933&quot;&gt;http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/09/us-russia-physicist-idUSTRE5A813520091109&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19350898|physico theoretic]]''
|-
| [[:d:Q39246|Q39246]]
| [[Richard Feynman]]
| [[File:RichardFeynman-PaineMansionWoods1984 copyrightTamikoThiel bw.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1918&quot; | 1918-05-11&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ca4fc94fb0ac2743da55f8ece3ef96cd3ac76a7e28836b162749c62e2da5a96&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q17378135|Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f2c80df09e95b58628606a2c8a10b00cd8a6048c2ebdae04cf3f20d42f6c2393&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q31964|Internet Broadway Database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1988&quot; | 1988-02-15&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_b8e02536ce47e5feb558b98f426388a2d0110578f45693e3976faa86f1584d9b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q547473|MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f2c80df09e95b58628606a2c8a10b00cd8a6048c2ebdae04cf3f20d42f6c2393&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q31964|Internet Broadway Database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8281a8144a7f9896829b9934f7bdbb10157c1b2c1978fe441986b385b54a1b6b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2629164|ISFDB]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_db3d99a1e40222a7836ff836e6dfdb5b473e884559e7f11b491d3144e21f587b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q3407324|Proleksis Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q16745601|quantum physicist]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;[[scriptor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4351403|percussionista]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q19350898|physico theoretic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15143191|science communicator]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q82955|politico]]''
|-
| [[:d:Q215574|Q215574]]
| [[Mario R Capecchi]]
| [[File:MarioCapecchiFotoThalerTamas2.JPG|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1937&quot; | 1937-10-06&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3126128|geneticista]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q14906342|biophysicist]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q23889|Q23889]]
| [[Clive Sinclair]]
| [[File:Sinclair.600pix.crop.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1940&quot; | 1940-07-30&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e9e8a42dfab8395a2d2b8e7415761f7bd04e1a9313a3ec8b381994fdedeccb8b&quot;&gt;http://www.sincuser.f9.co.uk/051/sincbow.htm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fb1f64d34c5132f5694317071ca178ed1972feacbb7953a7f9690398b08c1731&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13219454|Library of Congress Authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;2021&quot; | 2021-09-16&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_62eea75b888ac0921f7b330df1c7bd3b7ff45d81efaf968fc7603412d176e110&quot;&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/sep/16/home-computing-pioneer-sir-clive-sinclair-dies-aged-81&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''
| ''[[:d:Q131524|interprenditor]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q82594|computer scientist]]''
|-
| [[:d:Q7439|Q7439]]
| [[Richard Matthew Stallman]]
| [[File:Richard Stallman Bologna 2024 abc1.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1953&quot; | 1953-03-16&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34e46dbfa37bac3c07eedb582f5b0c7a2996302c003e5f19915712beae24475a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10855166|The Fine Art Archive]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q5482740|programmator]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6f91f239bf608caac333415f54e2c4a6a52535385b3ee0f511a3c8aad9f39105&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107456632|abART]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q8246794|blogger]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15253558|activista]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q82594|computer scientist]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7d2be0d41e3e070d322e3e74db28dc07788157999622a6f219686a488170ede0&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23833686|Catalog of the German National Library]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q80|Q80]]
| [[Tim Berners-Lee]]
| [[File:LS3 4919 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1955&quot; | 1955-06-08&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_431a10a0f0ff71fc591927cd18045ae9381046508d3bf27c0b4ad1f8d830cefe&quot;&gt;http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/Longer.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_dc94c0369b0c0704b1297c5e5d6c30196103b012e010ca8d43a5cc6a1cbde10b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q37312|Internet Movie Database]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_136e3a876567c7afe00732ded2f3e5eb4d0daeb789143b958b82c913a8fa53db&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q114752493|Davos 2014 Participant List]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q82594|computer scientist]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cb81ede13043147b0d1f862a528e195c979708fdf0658f8a9e641eb094ca82ca&quot;&gt;http://www.infoplease.com/biography/b-bios.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c8c6643753b1e2a6d49af87d2bcd6545b2bab13f3f56f3c6ee50446c419d9b21&quot;&gt;http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/tim-bernerslee-on-creating-the-web-i-never-expected-all-these-cats-9189946.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[physico]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_70c3bb41c04c4e74e29f145065397a2885b8cb7fefd98c8d87964095ff3cbd94&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q13550863|Národní autority České republiky]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5482740|programmator]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q6859454|web developer]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_4cd864a570c8d8e93e7b05fa1d986687a0dab856070b8a87ce719ae50c2d5ba1&quot;&gt;http://info.cern.ch/Proposal.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q482980|autor]]''
|-
| [[:d:Q19837|Q19837]]
| [[Steve Jobs]]
| [[File:Steve Jobs Headshot 2010-CROP2.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1955&quot; | 1955-02-24&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e6d493e8b7e3a4737db1a35ec558489e1163cf5ceeee5c007b6a1071a5c307f5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q16460065|Steve Jobs]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;2011&quot; | 2011-10-05&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a124349cf53e233fbc8c9a85ef77bb173a6404b255682d4b7274c6e9b13100c5&quot;&gt;http://apnews.excite.com/article/20111011/D9Q9T1D00.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_e6d493e8b7e3a4737db1a35ec558489e1163cf5ceeee5c007b6a1071a5c307f5&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q16460065|Steve Jobs]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8b0a327cfc00f7c0d07d4d61a30e67b8df5171572af575b03421261860e5f2fa&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q29861311|SNAC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_fded7aef1d55ee02519f9762a808b0bc88fa657da1816a59e0144c549e9a8ace&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q63056|Find a Grave]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ec875aeb59436376ae3bca9b22aab5b87c90d11190c1703734a35406a107becf&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q1789619|Croatian Encyclopedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8023c974aba1e9f2ff175b48ef1111017a582ed846e23b218cfdf99f7d99fe40&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q19938912|BnF authorities]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q131524|interprenditor]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_34a8d05cd161c94c3f52a81fe94b9e2e94eaa7666f12232a2bf408070bc0312c&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2494649|Union List of Artist Names]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d40158da4c9ae8346325b8aa977616fff40ae1180590a7603dee20f05c00e262&quot;&gt;http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/steve-jobs-dead-apple-confirms-former-ceo-loses-cancer-fight-20111006-1lag8.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8d0df4043168bee7e1d596ec80433d51b90b9988691f70e1c30d2500b178cadf&quot;&gt;http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/steve-jobs-quits-as-apple-ceo-20110825-1jat8.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q5322166|designator]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q82594|computer scientist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1053574|executive producer]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3282637|productor de cinema]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1979607|financier]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q133253419|technology entrepreneur]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1210069|general manager]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q4479442|founder]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q4273363|Q4273363]]
| [[Frances H. Arnold]]
| [[File:Frances Arnold in 2021 at Caltech 01 (cropped).jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1956&quot; | 1956-07-25&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| ''[[:d:Q6581072|feminin]]''
| [[Biochimico|biochimista]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|professor universitari]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''
|-
| [[:d:Q34253|Q34253]]
| [[Linus Torvalds]]
| [[File:Lc3 2018 (263682303) (cropped).jpeg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1969&quot; | 1969-12-28&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0b6394c9b71b4096d2093e1c96ed71f61a31b392bc22d3542305c22bb29142a2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q2877812|Babelio]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d4563e1be35c46281b54ba4b5f9989f8c0ccfed11c64615c0422b3b6e91ea930&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q10429758|Biografiskt lexikon för Finland]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_ae252dccea5cdaaa1379456832ceda432881776d03b668cf65e400a170467893&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q105657727|BiographySampo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_aba585e7bcff5bc07e83f12a27e02523501f205c0eb0b67a27da135bf81e06cd&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q4349956|The National Biography of Finland]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q5482740|programmator]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_47f84843ae86d521d35c11af16576d7860f416fb810e9c7a49d46e2f2a5ed470&quot;&gt;http://www.nndb.com/lists/880/000106562/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q183888|software developer]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[scriptor]]&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q8246794|blogger]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f7c7d212f1d0db7d7fcbeb0af37b8464700245bb36e784dde610d22cb05b17a6&quot;&gt;http://torvalds-family.blogspot.com/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q82594|computer scientist]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q43845|homine de affaires]]''
|-
| [[:d:Q317521|Q317521]]
| [[Elon Musk]]
| [[File:Elon Musk (54816836217) (cropped 2) (b).jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1971&quot; | 1971-06-28&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7ed18971eda0d85c91db4f5fac9a99c611d97fb8d71bd5aefd996b13a5d40bf2&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_cd05ff4b2e7c80737dcfea926f6951432d0720738c84d35ef2684788cb398210&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q98769076|GeneaStar]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_beb08c37302db59faae18def7df503aa49faa56692d5237f49cc8cdcaf6046c9&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q83365652|Roglo]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d93dab851f5a062783f73c103680ec63bc8865c6c5d40177ae8b6d19640a9a63&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q107343683|Munzinger Personen]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_d00d5359b9635927475ffc0b606d7622658d6b4d1a877ac4368dcb0c1c0fde54&quot;&gt;https://www.notablebiographies.com/news/Li-Ou/Musk-Elon.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7d2be0d41e3e070d322e3e74db28dc07788157999622a6f219686a488170ede0&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23833686|Catalog of the German National Library]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q5482740|programmator]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q131524|interprenditor]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7d2be0d41e3e070d322e3e74db28dc07788157999622a6f219686a488170ede0&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23833686|Catalog of the German National Library]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q557880|investor]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7d2be0d41e3e070d322e3e74db28dc07788157999622a6f219686a488170ede0&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23833686|Catalog of the German National Library]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q82955|politico]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q212238|civil servant]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q133253419|technology entrepreneur]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11481802|dub actor]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1979607|financier]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6736ab989f2d8e2cd451d0d2b4069c27c6ecdc3b67423cd2d1d5f73148e6cd3f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q36578|Gemeinsame Normdatei]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12362622|philanthropo]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_c8fd69863c21b6a94d6f94a0584bbdbbd51d18e1748e883480a71007e98b0b9d&quot;&gt;https://fortune.com/2022/12/12/elon-musk-gave-5-7-billion-to-charity-last-year-where-it-went-was-a-mystery-until-now/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9ccb877e74b8355fe73fa7bb9824a2407b43a0f2515765018f8c59583749e26b&quot;&gt;https://eu.detroitnews.com/story/business/2022/12/12/musks-5-7-billion-mystery-gift-went-to-his-own-charity/69722448007/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[:d:Q227030|Q227030]]
| [[Mark Shuttleworth]]
| [[File:Markshuttleworth-dublin-20101116.jpg|center|48px]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1973&quot; | 1973-09-18
| 
| ''[[:d:Q6581097|mascule]]''
| ''[[:d:Q131524|interprenditor]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[astronauta]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|ingeniero]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[inventor]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q82594|computer scientist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q8246794|blogger]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q43845|homine de affaires]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q183888|software developer]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_046b87b212b11beda13eee5625fdac94fcc45d6cb3d39e1a337eb63e2ecd7574&quot;&gt;https://code.launchpad.net/~sabdfl&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q20623701|space tourist]]''
|}
----
&amp;sum; 59 items.
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>kmuath9zkl0twk7mwodtar15pstsrqc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Crocodylus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>39496</id>
    <revision>
      <id>698145</id>
      <parentid>570448</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T20:15:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shiana1</username>
        <id>60745</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Subtaxones */</comment>
      <origin>698145</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="274" sha1="cdrevwteoq8abyjovdawyncmhmgmls0" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox}}
'''Crocodylus''' es un [[taxon]].

==Classification==
===Rango taxinomic===
{{#if:{{{#property:P105}}}|* {{#property:P105}}|n.a.}}

===Supertaxones===
*[[Crocodylinae]]

===Subtaxones===
*[[Crocodylus palustris]]
*[[Crocodylus porosus]]
*[[Crocodylus niloticus]]</text>
      <sha1>cdrevwteoq8abyjovdawyncmhmgmls0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>1941-06</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>40561</id>
    <revision>
      <id>698129</id>
      <parentid>698100</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T16:08:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>40773</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>698129</origin>
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      <text bytes="19540" sha1="r371bowfk2n2i1g5tm08yyfv738dbx7" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox}}
{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE {
 ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart .
 ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend .
  FILTER (?dtstart &lt; &quot;1941-07-01T00:00:00Z&quot;^^xsd:dateTime)
  FILTER (?dtstart &gt; &quot;1941-06-01T00:00:00Z&quot;^^xsd:dateTime)
}
|wdq=
|columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description
|sort=P580
|thumb=48
|links=
|references=all
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! item
! data de initio
! data de fin
! label
! instantia de
! description
|-
| [[:d:Q83055|Q83055]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-22&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_bb991413d2b16365ef1e33cbdd744e118fec80f994ba6c186f0e51ff57c84df3&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q5375741|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-12-05
| ''[[:d:Q83055|Operation Barbarossa]]''
| ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q122100|Q122100]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-25&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_60a85a9ad331c5d50540f7ff305fdf6c0e3d0a129437f144156f397ef2d64e6d&quot;&gt;http://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2012/11/08/valirauhan-aika&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1944&quot; | 1944-09-19&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_60a85a9ad331c5d50540f7ff305fdf6c0e3d0a129437f144156f397ef2d64e6d&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q122100|Continuation War]]''
| [[guerra]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q189266|Q189266]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-22
| data-sort-value=&quot;1945&quot; | 1945-05-07&lt;br/&gt;1955-01-21
| ''[[:d:Q189266|Eastern Front]]''
| ''[[:d:Q842332|war front]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[guerra]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q313442|Q313442]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-29
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-17&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q313442|Operation Silver Fox]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q327061|Q327061]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-22&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-03
| ''[[:d:Q327061|Battle of Białystok–Minsk]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q384680|Q384680]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-22
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-12-02
| ''[[:d:Q384680|Battle of Hanko]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q611789|Q611789]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-22
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-29
| ''[[:d:Q611789|Defense of Brest Fortress]]''
| ''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q667890|Q667890]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-30
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-02
| ''[[:d:Q667890|Lviv pogroms]]''
| [[Pogrom]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q682399|Q682399]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-15
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-17
| ''[[:d:Q682399|Operation Battleaxe]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q708213|Q708213]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-23
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-30
| ''[[:d:Q708213|Battle of Brody]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q770698|Q770698]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-08
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-14
| ''[[:d:Q770698|Syria–Lebanon campaign]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q941834|Q941834]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-12
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-06
| ''[[:d:Q941834|1941 Vuelta a España]]''
| ''[[:d:Q33937|Vuelta a España]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1102584|Q1102584]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-29
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-06
| ''[[:d:Q1102584|Iași pogrom]]''
| [[Pogrom]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q135010|war crime]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1528565|Q1528565]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-23
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-27
| ''[[:d:Q1528565|Battle of Raseiniai]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2083668|Q2083668]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-22
| data-sort-value=&quot;1945&quot; | 1945-01-28
| ''[[:d:Q2083668|German occupation of Lithuania during World War II]]''
| ''[[:d:Q188686|military occupation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2310242|Q2310242]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-29
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-21
| ''[[:d:Q2310242|Operation Platinum Fox]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2563727|Q2563727]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-22
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-27
| ''[[:d:Q2563727|Bombing of Minsk in World War II]]''
| ''[[:d:Q4688003|aerial bombing of a city]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2915791|Q2915791]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-29
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04
| ''[[:d:Q2915791|Liepāja Massacres]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3199915|massacre]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2953425|Q2953425]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-22
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-20
| ''[[:d:Q2953425|1941 Norrländska Mästerskapet]]''
| ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3919386|Q3919386]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-30
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-03
| ''[[:d:Q3919386|Defense of Borisov]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4438359|Q4438359]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-22
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-23
| ''[[:d:Q4438359|Battle for Alytus]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4538839|Q4538839]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-22
| data-sort-value=&quot;1945&quot; | 1945-05-09
| ''[[:d:Q4538839|Ярославская область в Великой Отечественной войне]]''
| 
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4671621|Q4671621]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-18
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-21
| ''[[:d:Q4671621|Battle of Damascus]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4830610|Q4830610]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-22
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-12
| ''[[:d:Q4830610|Axis and Soviet air operations during Operation Barbarossa]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4871454|Q4871454]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-15&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-17&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q4871454|Battle of Kissoué]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4871714|Q4871714]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-19
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-24
| ''[[:d:Q4871714|Battle of Merdjayoun]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11322081|Q11322081]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-13
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-14
| ''[[:d:Q11322081|Operation Tracer]]''
| ''[[:d:Q113782315|naval operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q12760414|Q12760414]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-23
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-07
| ''[[:d:Q12760414|June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina]]''
| ''[[:d:Q124734|rebellion]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16931765|Q16931765]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-18
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-12
| ''[[:d:Q16931765|Convoy SL 78]]''
| ''[[:d:Q131656428|military convoy]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17126188|Q17126188]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-28
| data-sort-value=&quot;1944&quot; | 1944-07-03
| ''[[:d:Q17126188|German occupation of Minsk during World War II]]''
| ''[[:d:Q188686|military occupation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q18343100|Q18343100]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-25
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-12-08
| ''[[:d:Q18343100|jatkosodan hyökkäysvaihe]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2001676|offensive]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q29075700|Q29075700]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-08
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-14
| ''[[:d:Q29075700|Battle of Sidon]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478571|Q79478571]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-02&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf |accessdate=2019-12-24 |archivedate=2019-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206191658/https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-15&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478571|Watercolors by J. M. D. Olmsted]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478576|Q79478576]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-06&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-12&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478576|Flowers as Art - Arrangements by Museum Classes]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478579|Q79478579]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-10&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-25&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478579|Paintings from &quot;The Long Voyage Home&quot;]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478582|Q79478582]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-12&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-06&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478582|Mural Paintings and Paintings by Candido Portinari]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478585|Q79478585]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-14&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-27&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478585|Eastman Kodak Photographs, Prize Winners of 1940]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478589|Q79478589]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-16&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-30&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478589|Camera Club Photographs]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478591|Q79478591]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-16&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-29&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478591|Prints by Charles Surendorf]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478595|Q79478595]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-17&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-06&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478595|Paintings by Eleanore Bates]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478598|Q79478598]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-17&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-06&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478598|Sculpture by Zygmund Sazevich]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478603|Q79478603]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-18&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-06&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478603|Architecture Around San Francisco Bay]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478605|Q79478605]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-26&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-06&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478605|All-American Photographic Salon]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478608|Q79478608]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-27&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-06&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478608|Exhibition of 48 States Mural Designs]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478611|Q79478611]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-30&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-13&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478611|Watercolors And Lithographs by B. Ullrich Prendergast]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q87406445|Q87406445]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-22
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-07
| ''[[:d:Q87406445|Gentsch Photosalon]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q87406446|Q87406446]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-22
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-07
| ''[[:d:Q87406446|De Kunstenaar en de Grafiek]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q96149130|Q96149130]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-22
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-30
| ''[[:d:Q96149130|Battle of Lwów]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q100342394|Q100342394]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-29&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_30d7361782a51e43658f0b34db61911844ed6e8a75956757b65fd8940f521908&quot;&gt;https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/exh1227&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-05-10&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_30d7361782a51e43658f0b34db61911844ed6e8a75956757b65fd8940f521908&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q100342394|Chineesche, Japansche en Indische kunst]]''
| ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q109467689|Q109467689]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-08&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;&gt;https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-01&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q109467689|Nyförvärv, teckningar och grafik 1940]]''
| ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q109467690|Q109467690]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-27&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-08-17&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q109467690|Minnesutställning över Märta Måås-Fjetterström]]''
| ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890638|Q110890638]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-03
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-18
| ''[[:d:Q110890638|New Acquisitions: European Paintings]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890640|Q110890640]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-03
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-18
| ''[[:d:Q110890640|Sculpture and Sculptor's Drawings]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890641|Q110890641]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-05
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-03
| ''[[:d:Q110890641|A History of American Movies]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890642|Q110890642]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-11
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-26
| ''[[:d:Q110890642|A History of the Modern Poster]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890643|Q110890643]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-30
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-27
| ''[[:d:Q110890643|Paul Klee]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q112685574|Q112685574]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-24
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-25
| ''[[:d:Q112685574|Raseiniai KV]]''
| ''[[:d:Q608573|KV-1]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q115019035|Q115019035]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-09
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-30
| ''[[:d:Q115019035|Index of American Design, New York City WPA Art Project]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q126046667|Q126046667]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-25
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-07-24&lt;br/&gt;1941-07-25
| ''[[:d:Q126046667|Jumada al-Thani 1360 AH]]''
| ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q127247663|Q127247663]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-22
| data-sort-value=&quot;1945&quot; | 1945-05-15
| ''[[:d:Q127247663|National Liberation War and Socialist Revolution]]''
| [[guerra]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q130282483|Q130282483]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-22
| data-sort-value=&quot;1944&quot; | 1944-08-23
| ''[[:d:Q130282483|Participarea României în Campania din Est împotriva Uniunii Sovietice]]''
| ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q133040520|Q133040520]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-01
| ''[[:d:Q133040520|Tentoonstelling van schilderijen der Utrechtsche School]]''
| ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q134053500|Q134053500]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-22&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_19dd9ab706e94df6d71d90006d999cf5cde33c8563c3394a0342cb7ad646477e&quot;&gt;https://data.library.amnh.org/archives-authorities/id/amnhc_2000422&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9f35910f190005beee6517ec10b99b2582dd2b27e8ae47eeec6f021580ffc1b1&quot;&gt;https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstreams/a25b306b-59b2-4c58-b80e-1769d482ee8b/download&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-08-31&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_19dd9ab706e94df6d71d90006d999cf5cde33c8563c3394a0342cb7ad646477e&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9f35910f190005beee6517ec10b99b2582dd2b27e8ae47eeec6f021580ffc1b1&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q134053500|Alberta-British Columbia Expedition 1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q366301|research expedition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q138773112|Q138773112]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-15&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a7ebdf0c26b36dd3a8c2dc80aa781af0592601ec5679db438bbe3d1c89ebf2d3&quot;&gt;https://placesofpride.awm.gov.au/stories/239611/260576&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1943&quot; | 1943-12-09&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a7ebdf0c26b36dd3a8c2dc80aa781af0592601ec5679db438bbe3d1c89ebf2d3&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q138773112|No. 2 Bombing and Gunnery School]]''
| ''[[:d:Q78634583|military training unit]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1c1c6f38df15fa4b843c5d7842bce24111b2750830b83ab3e99351ed65edd3c6&quot;&gt;https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U59494&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q140638470|Q140638470]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-25
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-06-27
| ''[[:d:Q140638470|Vilijampole pogrom]]''
| [[Pogrom]]
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>1941-09</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>40564</id>
    <revision>
      <id>698130</id>
      <parentid>698104</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T16:08:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>40773</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>698130</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11892" sha1="iepxk478floevlx7v50iubaw20lqtop" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox}}
{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE {
 ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart .
 ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend .
  FILTER (?dtstart &lt; &quot;1941-10-01T00:00:00Z&quot;^^xsd:dateTime)
  FILTER (?dtstart &gt; &quot;1941-09-01T00:00:00Z&quot;^^xsd:dateTime)
}
|wdq=
|columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description
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|references=all
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! item
! data de initio
! data de fin
! label
! instantia de
! description
|-
| [[:d:Q40765|Q40765]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-27&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-29&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q40765|German Offensive Against Serbian Uprising]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q582956|punitive expedition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q135010|war crime]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q151290|Q151290]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-30
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-20
| ''[[:d:Q151290|Battle of Moscow]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q151860|Q151860]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-08
| data-sort-value=&quot;1944&quot; | 1944-01-27
| ''[[:d:Q151860|Siege of Leningrad]]''
| ''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_8fb0e2684cce9fa7b19fdc630a76ddad0ea0326171712ab5274930a96b24bd7f&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q4088289|Siege of Leningrad in art]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q207480|Q207480]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-16
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-27
| ''[[:d:Q207480|1941 Texas hurricane]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2547976|North Atlantic tropical cyclone]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q319581|Q319581]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-06&lt;br/&gt;1941-09-08&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_af8d7d6576d62501b927a37f7c775a88b9d344ce8095b37b9ecf683b34dc7fb6&quot;&gt;https://www.klueser.de/story.php?id=26&amp;battle=beowulf&amp;language=de&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-22&lt;br/&gt;1941-10-21&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_af8d7d6576d62501b927a37f7c775a88b9d344ce8095b37b9ecf683b34dc7fb6&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q319581|Operation Beowulf]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q834983|Q834983]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-28
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-05
| ''[[:d:Q834983|1941–42 La Liga]]''
| ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1759660|Q1759660]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-06
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-08
| ''[[:d:Q1759660|Battle of Changsha]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2236679|Q2236679]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-26
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-11
| ''[[:d:Q2236679|Battle of the Sea of Azov]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2636865|Q2636865]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-14
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-05-24
| ''[[:d:Q2636865|1941–42 Belgian First Division]]''
| ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2985550|Q2985550]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-24
| data-sort-value=&quot;1943&quot; | 1943-06
| ''[[:d:Q2985550|French National Committee]]''
| 
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2992880|Q2992880]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-29
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-01
| ''[[:d:Q2992880|Moscow Conference (1941)]]''
| ''[[:d:Q625994|conferentia]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3223814|Q3223814]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-05
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-15
| ''[[:d:Q3223814|Le Juif et la France]]''
| ''[[:d:Q464980|exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3636569|Q3636569]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-27
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-30
| ''[[:d:Q3636569|Battle of Petrikowka]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3653845|Q3653845]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-13
| data-sort-value=&quot;1943&quot; | 1943-09-04
| ''[[:d:Q3653845|1941–42 Palestine League]]''
| ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4028035|Q4028035]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-10
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-26
| ''[[:d:Q4028035|1st Sinyavino Offensive]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4157826|Q4157826]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-06
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-26
| ''[[:d:Q4157826|Demyansk Defensive]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4677216|Q4677216]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-27
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-28
| ''[[:d:Q4677216|Action in Tarafal Bay]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1261499|naval battle]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5166662|Q5166662]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-09
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-12
| ''[[:d:Q5166662|Convoy SC 42]]''
| ''[[:d:Q131656428|military convoy]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q6936089|Q6936089]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-08
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-14
| ''[[:d:Q6936089|Munich 1941 chess tournament]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2210277|chess tournament]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q11954978|Q11954978]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-06
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-14
| ''[[:d:Q11954978|1941 Volta a Catalunya]]''
| ''[[:d:Q755125|Volta a Catalunya]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q12748965|Q12748965]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-26
| ''[[:d:Q12748965|Attack on Šabac]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16201563|Q16201563]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-20
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-15
| ''[[:d:Q16201563|1941 Palestine Cup]]''
| ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16251999|Q16251999]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-27
| data-sort-value=&quot;1944&quot; | 1944
| ''[[:d:Q16251999|Hama Rashid revolt]]''
| ''[[:d:Q6107280|revolt]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16825730|Q16825730]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-08
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-13
| ''[[:d:Q16825730|1941 Cabo San Lucas hurricane]]''
| ''[[:d:Q79602|cyclone]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q29027046|Q29027046]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-24
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-26
| ''[[:d:Q29027046|Mogilev conference]]''
| 
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q30900479|Q30900479]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-04
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-06-28
| ''[[:d:Q30900479|Prima Lega 1941-1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478703|Q79478703]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-08&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf |accessdate=2019-12-24 |archivedate=2019-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206191658/https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-21&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478703|Paintings by Karl Kasten]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478707|Q79478707]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-09&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-28&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478707|Sculpture by Paul McReynolds]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478710|Q79478710]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-11&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-05&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478710|Sixty-First Annual Exhibition of the San Francisco Art Association - Oil, Tempera on Panel, Sculpture]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478716|Q79478716]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-22&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-05&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478716|Lithographs by Jennie Vennerstrom Cannon]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478719|Q79478719]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-27&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-19&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478719|Mobiles by Alexander Calder, Stabiles and Jewelry]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478724|Q79478724]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-30&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-19&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478724|Sculpture by Harry Dick Ross]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q104632762|Q104632762]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-06
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-15
| ''[[:d:Q104632762|Nederlandsche grafiek van 1800 tot 1870]]''
| ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q106880623|Q106880623]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-29
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-30
| ''[[:d:Q106880623|Babi Yar massacre]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3199915|massacre]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q135010|war crime]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890656|Q110890656]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-09
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-19
| ''[[:d:Q110890656|Photographs by David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890657|Q110890657]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-09
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-30
| ''[[:d:Q110890657|The Wooden House in America]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890658|Q110890658]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-16
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-14
| ''[[:d:Q110890658|Twenty Lithographs: Graphic Art Processes]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890659|Q110890659]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-24
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-09
| ''[[:d:Q110890659|Organic Design in Home Furnishings]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890660|Q110890660]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-30
| data-sort-value=&quot;1943&quot; | 1943-07-28
| ''[[:d:Q110890660|New Acquisition: Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q115019040|Q115019040]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-01
| ''[[:d:Q115019040|Photographs submitted in contest at The Cloisters]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q123256010|Q123256010]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-01
| data-sort-value=&quot;2473&quot; | 2473-08-31
| ''[[:d:Q123256010|15 великий индиктион]]''
| ''[[:d:Q123255889|période de 532 ans]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q126046670|Q126046670]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-21&lt;br/&gt;1941-09-22
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-21
| ''[[:d:Q126046670|Ramadan 1360 AH]]''
| ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q134598352|Q134598352]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-04
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-07-22
| ''[[:d:Q134598352|Überwachung des 'Judenhauses' in der Ellernstraße 16]]''
| ''[[:d:Q6983405|Nazi crime]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q134598547|Q134598547]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-09-04
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-06
| ''[[:d:Q134598547|Überwachung des ‚Judenhauses‘ in der Lützowstraße 3, Hannover]]''
| ''[[:d:Q6983405|Nazi crime]]''
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>1941-10</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>40565</id>
    <revision>
      <id>698131</id>
      <parentid>698101</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T16:08:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>40773</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="24206" sha1="0nkcyr3cge7tsy3dxtm147e12zbql2x" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox}}
{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE {
 ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart .
 ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend .
  FILTER (?dtstart &lt; &quot;1941-11-01T00:00:00Z&quot;^^xsd:dateTime)
  FILTER (?dtstart &gt; &quot;1941-10-01T00:00:00Z&quot;^^xsd:dateTime)
}
|wdq=
|columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description
|sort=P580
|thumb=48
|links=
|references=all
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! item
! data de initio
! data de fin
! label
! instantia de
! description
|-
| [[:d:Q154860|Q154860]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-30&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-07-04&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q154860|Siege of Sevastopol]]''
| ''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q172068|Q172068]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-11
| data-sort-value=&quot;1944&quot; | 1944-11-23
| ''[[:d:Q172068|World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia]]''
| [[guerra]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q207484|Q207484]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-03
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-13&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0f624b98a582f9c45c0f88b627caac71cf2d0ab6a1946f5f594ae6bf99d833b1&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q43269466|International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q207484|1941 Florida hurricane]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2547976|North Atlantic tropical cyclone]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q554976|Q554976]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-16
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-18
| ''[[:d:Q554976|Tikhvin defensive operation]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q685201|Q685201]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-20
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-21
| ''[[:d:Q685201|Kragujevac massacre]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3199915|massacre]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q6983405|Nazi crime]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q697658|Q697658]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-20
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-24
| ''[[:d:Q697658|First Battle of Kharkov]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q700937|Q700937]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-18
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-07-04
| ''[[:d:Q700937|Crimean Campaign]]''
| ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q742549|Q742549]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-05
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-06-28
| ''[[:d:Q742549|1941–42 Coppa Italia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q910671|Q910671]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-26
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-06-14
| ''[[:d:Q910671|1941–42 Serie A]]''
| ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1363326|Q1363326]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-26
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-07-12
| ''[[:d:Q1363326|1941–42 Serie B]]''
| ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2347743|Q2347743]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-05
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-30
| ''[[:d:Q2347743|1941 Croatian First League]]''
| ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4029854|Q4029854]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-20
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-28
| ''[[:d:Q4029854|2nd Sinyavino Offensive]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4316884|Q4316884]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-24
| data-sort-value=&quot;1943&quot; | 1943-08-23
| ''[[:d:Q4316884|German occupation of Kharkiv]]''
| ''[[:d:Q188686|military occupation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4329638|Q4329638]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-12
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-17
| ''[[:d:Q4329638|Defense of Kalinin]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4332535|Q4332535]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-17
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-12-16
| ''[[:d:Q4332535|Kalinine sous l'occupation allemande]]''
| ''[[:d:Q188686|military occupation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4443810|Q4443810]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-05
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-08
| ''[[:d:Q4443810|Streltynsky Troopers]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4443812|Q4443812]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-05
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-10
| ''[[:d:Q4443812|Strelna-Peterhof Offensive Operation]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4870136|Q4870136]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-13
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-18
| ''[[:d:Q4870136|Battle at Borodino Field]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4870577|Q4870577]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-02
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-21
| ''[[:d:Q4870577|Battle of Bryansk]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5166663|Q5166663]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-14
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-18
| ''[[:d:Q5166663|Convoy SC 48]]''
| ''[[:d:Q131656428|military convoy]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5723143|Q5723143]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-14
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-22
| ''[[:d:Q5723143|Battle of Vóljov]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q12170545|Q12170545]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-14
| data-sort-value=&quot;1943&quot; | 1943-08
| ''[[:d:Q12170545|Montenegrin tragedy]]''
| ''[[:d:Q750215|mass murder]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q24935992|Q24935992]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-23
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-12-05
| ''[[:d:Q24935992|Evacuación de Hanko]]''
| ''[[:d:Q606332|evacuation]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1190554|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q27998934|Q27998934]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-13
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-24
| ''[[:d:Q27998934|Siege of Rogatica]]''
| ''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q31083490|Q31083490]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-09
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-31
| ''[[:d:Q31083490|Siege of Kraljevo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q52153713|Q52153713]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-15&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_def278e6adbe61ab229d1a4da1bbc38a5c6dc99931c15c88fdeed9d4ee548214&quot;&gt;https://research.annefrank.org/nl/gebeurtenissen/29a57583-5617-4185-8ee0-9c51c193ef60/&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-06
| ''[[:d:Q52153713|klas 1L2 Joods Lyceum]]''
| ''[[:d:Q18204|class]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q63823954|Q63823954]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-09&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3387f0bf2a78bab1483530f9c73a9b5396880b0cddb42ea995f76dacc996d87e&quot;&gt;https://www.omroepgelderland.nl/nieuws/2144447/Eerste-Jodenrazzia-in-Gelderland-70-mannen-afgevoerd-naar-Mauthausen&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-11&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_3387f0bf2a78bab1483530f9c73a9b5396880b0cddb42ea995f76dacc996d87e&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q63823954|Transport van Arnhem naar Mauthausen op 9 oktober 1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76355107|Q76355107]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-15&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-16&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76355107|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 15.10.1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76355111|Q76355111]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-16&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9d26a36861cd78890261735edbc717bca2ca3658e0e6dcf89560722d60dae539&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-17&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76355111|Prag to Litzmannstadt Ghetto transport]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356271|Q76356271]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-18&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-19&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356271|Transport von Berlin nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 18.10.1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356275|Q76356275]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-19&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-20&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356275|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 19.10.1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356280|Q76356280]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-20&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-21&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356280|Transport von Frankfurt am Main nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 20.10.1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356283|Q76356283]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-21&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9d26a36861cd78890261735edbc717bca2ca3658e0e6dcf89560722d60dae539&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-22&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356283|Holocaust transport from Prague to Litzmannstadt Ghetto October 21 1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356287|Q76356287]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-22&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-23&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356287|Transport von Köln nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 22.10.1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356290|Q76356290]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-23&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-24&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356290|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 23.10.1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356293|Q76356293]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-24&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-25&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356293|Transport from Berlin to the  Litzmannstadt Ghetto on October 24, 1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356296|Q76356296]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-25&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-26&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356296|Transport von Hamburg nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 25.10.1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356300|Q76356300]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-26&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9d26a36861cd78890261735edbc717bca2ca3658e0e6dcf89560722d60dae539&quot;&gt;https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-transportu-z-protektoratu-cechy-a-morava-ktere-nesmerovaly-do-terezina/&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-27&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356300|Transport C]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356305|Q76356305]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-27&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-28&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356305|Transport von Düsseldorf nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 27.10.1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356309|Q76356309]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-28&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-29&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356309|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 28.10.1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356315|Q76356315]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-27&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;1941-10-29&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_55a2718ce40a51554a1d8a2041a68ffc6920f67a8e3002c6db852b0e4828966a&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q156591|Yad Vashem]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-30&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356315|Transport von Berlin nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 27.10.1941 oder 29.10.1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356320|Q76356320]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-30&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;&gt;https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-31&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356320|Transport von Köln nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 30.10.1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356324|Q76356324]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-31&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9d26a36861cd78890261735edbc717bca2ca3658e0e6dcf89560722d60dae539&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-01&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356324|Transport von Prag nach Ghetto Litzmannstadt am 31.10.1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478727|Q79478727]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-05&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf |accessdate=2019-12-24 |archivedate=2019-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206191658/https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-26&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478727|Paintings by Loren MacIver]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478732|Q79478732]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-06&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-19&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478732|Pastels by Geneve Rixford Sargeant]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478736|Q79478736]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-07&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-26&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478736|Paintings by Barbara Stevenson]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478742|Q79478742]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-09&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-26&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478742|The California School of Fine Arts Alumni Association Exhibition - Painting, Sculpture, Decorative Arts, Commercial Art and Illustration and Graphic Arts]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478744|Q79478744]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-10&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-14&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478744|Master Paintings from Bay Region Collections]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478750|Q79478750]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-15&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-05&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478750|Paintings of the Gold Rush]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478753|Q79478753]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-20&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-02&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478753|Gouaches by Mine Okubo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478760|Q79478760]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-21&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-16&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478760|American Sculpture Today]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478764|Q79478764]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-21&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-05&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478764|Sculpture by Mary Erckenbrack]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478767|Q79478767]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-23&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-02&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478767|Illustrations by Fred Ludekens for &quot;Ghost Town&quot;]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478771|Q79478771]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-28&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-15&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478771|Artists of the Upper Mississippi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478774|Q79478774]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-29&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-16&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478774|First Annual West of the Rockies Photographic Salon]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q85750587|Q85750587]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-31
| data-sort-value=&quot;1953&quot; | 1953-11
| ''[[:d:Q85750587|Captain Marvel Adventures]]''
| ''[[:d:Q7093850|ongoing series]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q90421942|Q90421942]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-06
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-07
| ''[[:d:Q90421942|Battle of Mtsensk]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q109467691|Q109467691]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-30&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;&gt;https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-30&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q109467691|Ellen och John Josephsons donation]]''
| ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890661|Q110890661]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-08
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-02
| ''[[:d:Q110890661|George Grosz]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890662|Q110890662]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-10
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-01
| ''[[:d:Q110890662|Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion Deployment Unit]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890663|Q110890663]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-14
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-27
| ''[[:d:Q110890663|What is Modern Architecture: Tricks in Movie Making]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890664|Q110890664]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;1944&quot; | 1944-04-30
| ''[[:d:Q110890664|Modern Primitives: Artists of the People]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890665|Q110890665]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-10
| ''[[:d:Q110890665|Isadora Duncan: Drawings, Photographs, Memorabilia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890666|Q110890666]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-29
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-02-01
| ''[[:d:Q110890666|Image of Freedom]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q115019041|Q115019041]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-02
| data-sort-value=&quot;1943&quot; | 1943-06-05
| ''[[:d:Q115019041|Art of Australia, 1788–1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q115019043|Q115019043]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-16
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-09
| ''[[:d:Q115019043|A Special Loan Exhibition of Contemporary American Water Colors]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q126046672|Q126046672]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-11-19&lt;br/&gt;1941-11-20
| ''[[:d:Q126046672|Shawwal 1360 AH]]''
| ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q133041089|Q133041089]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-04
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-19
| ''[[:d:Q133041089|Indische kunst]]''
| ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q137259250|Q137259250]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-02
| data-sort-value=&quot;1941&quot; | 1941-10-06
| ''[[:d:Q137259250|Battle of Pavlograd]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>0nkcyr3cge7tsy3dxtm147e12zbql2x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>1942-01</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>40568</id>
    <revision>
      <id>698132</id>
      <parentid>698056</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-01T16:08:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>40773</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>698132</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25506" sha1="gzt8oc7hpr384i9peqllwoa5f2quh47" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox}}
{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE {
 ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart .
 ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend .
  FILTER (?dtstart &lt; &quot;1942-02-01T00:00:00Z&quot;^^xsd:dateTime)
  FILTER (?dtstart &gt; &quot;1942-01-01T00:00:00Z&quot;^^xsd:dateTime)
}
|wdq=
|columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description
|sort=P580
|thumb=48
|links=
|references=all
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! item
! data de initio
! data de fin
! label
! instantia de
! description
|-
| [[:d:Q161033|Q161033]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-07
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-05-25
| ''[[:d:Q161033|Demyansk Pocket]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1569578|encirclement]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q261776|Q261776]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-05
| data-sort-value=&quot;1943&quot; | 1943-03-21
| ''[[:d:Q261776|Battles of Rzhev]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q305133|Q305133]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-23
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-05-05
| ''[[:d:Q305133|Kholm Pocket]]''
| [[Battalia]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q188055|siege]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q478315|Q478315]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-07
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-30
| ''[[:d:Q478315|Battle of Lyuban]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q558137|Q558137]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-15&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-23&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q558137|Operation Southeast Croatia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q582956|punitive expedition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q569454|Q569454]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-14
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-08-31
| ''[[:d:Q569454|Second Happy Time]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q610048|Q610048]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-23&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-24&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q610048|Battle of Balikpapan]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q651977|Q651977]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-18
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-06-14
| ''[[:d:Q651977|1941–42 Primeira Divisão]]''
| ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q703482|Q703482]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-07
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-09
| ''[[:d:Q703482|Battle of Bataan]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q907163|Q907163]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-10
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942
| ''[[:d:Q907163|1942 South American Championship]]''
| ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1572785|Q1572785]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-23&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-02&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q1572785|Battle of Rabaul]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1759161|Q1759161]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-21&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1945&quot; | 1945-08-21&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q1759161|Solomon Islands Campaign]]''
| ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2034438|Q2034438]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-08
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-20
| ''[[:d:Q2034438|Rzhev-Vyazma offensive]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2165376|Q2165376]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-11&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-12&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q2165376|Battle of Tarakan]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2276692|Q2276692]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-23
| data-sort-value=&quot;1945&quot; | 1945-08
| ''[[:d:Q2276692|New Guinea campaign]]''
| ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2369529|Q2369529]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-07
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-10-03
| ''[[:d:Q2369529|Jewish Labour Camp]]''
| 
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2392991|Q2392991]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-30&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-02-03&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q2392991|Battle of Ambon]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2398940|Q2398940]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-08&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1948&quot; | 1948-08-01&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q2398940|Technician Fifth Grade]]''
| ''[[:d:Q5379090|enlisted rank]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2587905|Q2587905]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-11&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-12&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7bd66a01e53712b3809adc376ee60abee77bc2385caa6eec737227f91d1d4016&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q2587905|Battle of Manado]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2889419|Q2889419]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-14
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-22
| ''[[:d:Q2889419|Battle of Muar]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4287557|Q4287557]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-03
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-10
| ''[[:d:Q4287557|Медвежьегорская наступательная операция]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4870916|Q4870916]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-09
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-11
| ''[[:d:Q4870916|Battle of Dražgoše]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4872395|Q4872395]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-06
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-08
| ''[[:d:Q4872395|Battle of Slim River]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4873065|Q4873065]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-26
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-27
| ''[[:d:Q4873065|Battle off Endau]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1261499|naval battle]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5656259|Q5656259]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-10
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-21
| ''[[:d:Q5656259|Lake Ilmen action]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q6018281|Q6018281]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-18&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_44cf491846e72826565dd5f5ed6c48f8ff6bc517888bb83043e62218b829ff6b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q124566507|Taqwīm al-qurūn (Dhāt al-Salāsil, 1405h)]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;1942-01-17
| data-sort-value=&quot;1943&quot; | 1943-01-07&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_44cf491846e72826565dd5f5ed6c48f8ff6bc517888bb83043e62218b829ff6b&quot;&gt;''[[:d:Q124566507|Taqwīm al-qurūn (Dhāt al-Salāsil, 1405h)]]''&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q6018281|1361 AH]]''
| ''[[:d:Q4146861|Hijri year]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7692371|Q7692371]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-08&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1948&quot; | 1948-08-01&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q7692371|Technician Fourth Grade]]''
| ''[[:d:Q5379090|enlisted rank]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7692374|Q7692374]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-08&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0&quot;&gt;https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId=9168&amp;grp=2&amp;menu=Uniformed%20Services&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1948&quot; | 1948-08-01&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_6d29f751f1d939000dc79a1c52ca1bdd5884823da8cd53a1a34a78dab61505d0&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q7692374|Technician Third Grade]]''
| ''[[:d:Q5379090|enlisted rank]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q9367361|Q9367361]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-24
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-06
| ''[[:d:Q9367361|Ust-Usa uprising]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2920604|prison riot]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q124734|rebellion]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q15805395|Q15805395]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-29
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-02-01
| ''[[:d:Q15805395|Deutsche Dreiband-Meisterschaft 1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15805414|German three-cushion championship]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q114609228|recurring sporting event edition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q17017712|Q17017712]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-30
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-02-15
| ''[[:d:Q17017712|Convoy SC 67]]''
| ''[[:d:Q131656428|military convoy]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q18332219|Q18332219]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-10
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-12-30
| ''[[:d:Q18332219|Riksdagen 1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q85680242|Riksdag]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q21636225|Q21636225]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-14
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-12
| ''[[:d:Q21636225|Боевые действия на Керченском полуострове]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q65241261|Q65241261]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-25&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2150759e0e0d4e073f27b23334b9a5b01a0960b419ffa0b927bba832e19902a3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://ibtracs.unca.edu/index.php?name=YearBasin-1942 |accessdate=2020-11-15 |archivedate=2021-10-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019094925/http://ibtracs.unca.edu/index.php?name=YearBasin-1942 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-12-17&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_2150759e0e0d4e073f27b23334b9a5b01a0960b419ffa0b927bba832e19902a3&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q65241261|1942 Pacific typhoon season]]''
| ''[[:d:Q27491613|Pacific typhoon season]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356407|Q76356407]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-09&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f6f9068b9ee774619c1ad6596ed2df4039beae49b819774990b1750dd875195c&quot;&gt;https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-transportu-z-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-12&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356407|Transport von Ghetto Theresienstadt nach Ghetto Riga am 09.01.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356410|Q76356410]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-11&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-15&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356410|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Riga am 11.01.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356414|Q76356414]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-13&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-16&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356414|Transport von Berlin nach Ghetto Riga am 13.01.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356419|Q76356419]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-15&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f6f9068b9ee774619c1ad6596ed2df4039beae49b819774990b1750dd875195c&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-19&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356419|Transport von Ghetto Theresienstadt nach Ghetto Riga am 15.01.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356422|Q76356422]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-19&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-23&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356422|Transport von Berlin nach Ghetto Riga am 19.01.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356429|Q76356429]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-25&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-30&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356429|Transport from Berlin to the Riga Ghetto on January 25, 1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356432|Q76356432]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-26&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-31&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356432|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Riga am 26.01.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478844|Q79478844]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-02&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf |accessdate=2019-12-24 |archivedate=2019-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206191658/https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-18&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478844|Chicago Council of Camera Clubs]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478845|Q79478845]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-05&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-18&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478845|History of the Modern Poster]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478849|Q79478849]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-06&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-18&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478849|The Artist Uses His Skill in War: Posters Designed by a Group of Bay Region Artists]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478851|Q79478851]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-08&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-18&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478851|The Artist Uses His Skill In War: Models: Art in Camouflage]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478854|Q79478854]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-09&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-25&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478854|William Gropper]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478858|Q79478858]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-12&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-25&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478858|Oils by William Gerstle]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478861|Q79478861]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-13&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-02-05&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478861|Exhibitions for Art Understanding]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478864|Q79478864]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-14&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-02-08&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478864|Art of Latin American Countries: Contemporary Art of the Argentine Republic]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478867|Q79478867]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-14&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-02-01&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478867|Art of Latin American Countries: Contemporary Prints of Latin America, Section I]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478872|Q79478872]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-19&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-02-01&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478872|Photographs of Mexico by Maude Martin]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478877|Q79478877]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-20&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-02-08&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478877|Emmy Lou Packard]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478882|Q79478882]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-21&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-02-01&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478882|The Artist Uses His Skill In War: Posters from U.S.S.R.]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478884|Q79478884]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-26&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-02-08&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478884|Oils by Werner Philipp]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q87406449|Q87406449]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-25
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-09-02
| ''[[:d:Q87406449|Jonge Sierkunstenaars]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q99885166|Q99885166]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-18
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-18&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q99885166|transport from Pilsen to Ghetto Theresienstadt on January 18th 1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q99889221|Q99889221]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-24
| ''[[:d:Q99889221|Transport von Leipzig in das Ghetto Riga am 21.01.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q99889236|Q99889236]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-22
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-22&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q99889236|Transport von Pilsen nach Ghetto Theresienstadt am 22.01.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q99889257|Q99889257]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-26
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-26&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q99889257|Transport von Pilsen in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 26.01.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q99889382|Q99889382]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-27
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-02-01
| ''[[:d:Q99889382|Transport von Gelsenkirchen in das Ghetto Riga am 27.01.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;&gt;https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1&lt;/ref&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q100526795|Q100526795]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-28
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-28&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q100526795|Transport von Brünn in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 28.01.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q100526955|Q100526955]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-30
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-30&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d&quot;&gt;https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q100526955|Transport von Prag in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 30.01.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q106104733|Q106104733]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-11
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-27
| ''[[:d:Q106104733|Japanische Invasion von Celebes]]''
| ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q106450243|Q106450243]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;1945&quot; | 1945-02-25
| ''[[:d:Q106450243|Deportations from Brunswick]]''
| ''[[:d:Q379693|deportation]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_a21cd404e6d137d131e449ddf463b6aca031da9062ba1f72fc70eb4f1ab790f3&quot;&gt;http://www.vernetztes-gedaechtnis.de/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q6983405|Nazi crime]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q106619215|Q106619215]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-24
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-29
| ''[[:d:Q106619215|Japanese invasion of West Borneo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890677|Q110890677]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-13
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-02-15
| ''[[:d:Q110890677|New Acquisitions: Latin-American Art]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890678|Q110890678]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-13
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-02-25
| ''[[:d:Q110890678|New Acquisitions: Photographs]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890679|Q110890679]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-13
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-09
| ''[[:d:Q110890679|Dancers in Movement: Photographs by Gjon Mili]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890681|Q110890681]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-08
| ''[[:d:Q110890681|Americans 1942: 18 Artists from 9 States]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890682|Q110890682]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-28
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-02
| ''[[:d:Q110890682|The Artists' New York]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q113573421|Q113573421]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-22
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-25
| ''[[:d:Q113573421|1942 German Balkline-45/2 Championship]]''
| ''[[:d:Q114609228|recurring sporting event edition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q126046678|Q126046678]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-18&lt;br/&gt;1942-01-17
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-02-17&lt;br/&gt;1942-02-16
| ''[[:d:Q126046678|Muharram 1361 AH]]''
| ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q129076438|Q129076438]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-20
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-05-10
| ''[[:d:Q129076438|Republic of Foča]]''
| ''[[:d:Q4345889|partisan region]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q11192275|Liberated territories of Yugoslavia in World War II]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q138747844|Q138747844]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-01-18
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-17
| ''[[:d:Q138747844|Campionat de Catalunya d'hoquei sobre patins 1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]''
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>1942-03</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-01T16:08:55Z</timestamp>
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{{Wikidata list
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 ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart .
 ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend .
  FILTER (?dtstart &lt; &quot;1942-04-01T00:00:00Z&quot;^^xsd:dateTime)
  FILTER (?dtstart &gt; &quot;1942-03-01T00:00:00Z&quot;^^xsd:dateTime)
}
|wdq=
|columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description
|sort=P580
|thumb=48
|links=
|references=all
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! item
! data de initio
! data de fin
! label
! instantia de
! description
|-
| [[:d:Q425954|Q425954]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-07
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-17
| ''[[:d:Q425954|South American Basketball Championship 1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2454570|South American Basketball Championship]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q27020041|sports season]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q757871|Q757871]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-31
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-10
| ''[[:d:Q757871|Indian Ocean raid]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1261499|naval battle]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q1361210|Q1361210]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-31
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-01
| ''[[:d:Q1361210|Battle of Christmas Island]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q2996456|Q2996456]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-27
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-28&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_0fc91d8e7afdd1d8c1cb34227f020d50d552bcbf8f914b7df1f2727538372bf2&quot;&gt;https://deportation.yadvashem.org/index.html?language=en&amp;itemId=5092580&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q2996456|Transport 1 from Drancy to Auschwitz Birkenau on 27/03/1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3354645|Q3354645]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-26
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-06
| ''[[:d:Q3354645|Operation Bamberg]]''
| ''[[:d:Q582956|punitive expedition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q3636629|Q3636629]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-26
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-02
| ''[[:d:Q3636629|Battle of Suursaari]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4871936|Q4871936]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-20
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-23
| ''[[:d:Q4871936|Battle of Oktwin]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q4872484|Q4872484]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-18
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-19
| ''[[:d:Q4872484|Battle of Tachiao]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5301756|Q5301756]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-11
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-21
| ''[[:d:Q5301756|Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines]]''
| ''[[:d:Q12373086|escape]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q61509|travel]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q5935403|Q5935403]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-29
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954&quot; | 1954-05-17
| ''[[:d:Q5935403|Hukbalahap Rebellion]]''
| ''[[:d:Q29502|proletarian revolution]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7210018|Q7210018]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-24
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-09
| ''[[:d:Q7210018|evacuation of Polish people from the USSR in World War II]]''
| ''[[:d:Q606332|evacuation]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q7688704|Q7688704]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-07
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-08
| ''[[:d:Q7688704|Taukkyan Roadblock]]''
| ''[[:d:Q180684|conflict]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q15852167|Q15852167]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-03
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-06
| ''[[:d:Q15852167|Unternehmen Anton I]]''
| ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q582956|punitive expedition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q16822683|Q16822683]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-30
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-02
| ''[[:d:Q16822683|Battle of Prome]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q56313247|Q56313247]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-31
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-06
| ''[[:d:Q56313247|Danish Chess Championship 1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3775620|Danish Chess Championship]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356442|Q76356442]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-11&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f6f9068b9ee774619c1ad6596ed2df4039beae49b819774990b1750dd875195c&quot;&gt;https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-transportu-z-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-13&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356442|Transport von Ghetto Theresienstadt nach Ghetto Izbica am 11.03.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356446|Q76356446]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-17&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_f6f9068b9ee774619c1ad6596ed2df4039beae49b819774990b1750dd875195c&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-19&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356446|Transport von Ghetto Theresienstadt nach Ghetto Izbica am 17.03.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356451|Q76356451]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-22&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-25&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356451|Transport von Koblenz nach Ghetto Izbica am 22.03.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356458|Q76356458]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-24&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-27&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356458|Transport von Nürnberg nach Ghetto Izbica am 24.03.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q76356465|Q76356465]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-28&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-30&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;&gt;https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q76356465|11th transport from Berlin to Trawniki on March 28, 1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478939|Q79478939]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-09&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf |accessdate=2019-12-24 |archivedate=2019-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206191658/https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-22&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478939|Emilie S. Weinberg]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478943|Q79478943]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-10&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-31&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478943|100 Print Traveling Salon of the Photographic Society of America]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478945|Q79478945]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-12&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-26&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478945|Group from the Carnegie Institute's Directions in American Painting]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478949|Q79478949]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-15&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-29&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478949|Fantastic War Machines and Guerragraphs]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478953|Q79478953]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-17&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-29&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478953|Red Cross Posters]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478956|Q79478956]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-23&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-05&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478956|Allela Cornell]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478960|Q79478960]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-31&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-12&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478960|Designs for Children]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478964|Q79478964]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-31&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-14&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478964|Richard Guy Walton]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q79478967|Q79478967]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-31&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-12&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q79478967|Three Artists from Cuba]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_1da1b651f7c6fa668c1f665c76d63b465fda7fea3bf32310cc260bbb1ae72267&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q80944833|Q80944833]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-23
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-26
| ''[[:d:Q80944833|Transport vom KZ Ravensbrück in das KZ Auschwitz am 23.03.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q83834887|Q83834887]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-05
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-07
| ''[[:d:Q83834887|Battle of Tjiater Pass]]''
| [[Battalia]]
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q85761082|Q85761082]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-25
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-26
| ''[[:d:Q85761082|First mass transport of Jews to Auschwitz concentration camp]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q100530480|Q100530480]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-19
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-19&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q100530480|Transport von Brünn in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 19.03.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q100530599|Q100530599]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-21&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q100530599|Transport von Prag in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 21.03.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q102148936|Q102148936]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-21
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-25
| ''[[:d:Q102148936|Transport von Darmstadt nach Piaski am 21.03.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q102149117|Q102149117]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-23
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-23&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q102149117|Transport von Brünn in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 23.03.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q102149631|Q102149631]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-26
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-26&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q102149631|Transport von Prag in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 26.03.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q102151135|Q102151135]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-28
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-28&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q102151135|Transport von Prag in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 28.03.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q102151404|Q102151404]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-29
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-29&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q102151404|Transport von Brünn in das Ghetto Theresienstadt am 29.03.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q102152451|Q102152451]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-31
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-31&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d&quot;&gt;https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q102152451|Transport Af of Jews from Brno to Terezin (March 31, 1942)]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q104055172|Q104055172]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-18
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-18&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_539c032e8c96e0e20e824614057698a501c100248f6a46d270a25897f322c51d&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q104055172|Transport Ez-St 05]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q104244970|Q104244970]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-31
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-02
| ''[[:d:Q104244970|Transport von Gelsenkirchen über Münster und Hannover nach Warschau am 31.03.1942]]''
| ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_7b1183257f39b3dee61f7783f5c7a145857d224a4d048622238e38ea6a306c16&quot;/&gt;
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q104632766|Q104632766]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-28
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-22
| ''[[:d:Q104632766|Etsen A. Schotel]]''
| ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q109467695|Q109467695]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-07&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-06&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q109467695|Ossian Elgströms målningssviter Eddan och Ragnarök]]''
| ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q109467696|Q109467696]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-10&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-08&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q109467696|Spetsar - gamla och nya, utländska och svenska]]''
| ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q109467697|Q109467697]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-21&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;&gt;https://www.nationalmuseum.se/assets/Dokument/Utst%C3%A4llningar-1866-2017.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-19&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q109467697|Arkitekturritningar, planer och teckningar ur Carl Johan Cronstedts Fullerösamling]]''
| ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q109467698|Q109467698]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-26&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-12&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;
| ''[[:d:Q109467698|Finlands konst till förmån för Norges konstnärer]]''
| ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;ref_9c6ee20ee40713c8a9dbc9569bd26a08e9f55191f15c9357073e62a8680134a5&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890685|Q110890685]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-03
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-05
| ''[[:d:Q110890685|Photographs of the Civil War and the American Frontier]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890686|Q110890686]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-11
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-05-10
| ''[[:d:Q110890686|Children's Festival of Modern Art]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890687|Q110890687]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-13
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-25
| ''[[:d:Q110890687|Art in War: OEM Purchases from a National Competition]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890688|Q110890688]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-18
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-05-03
| ''[[:d:Q110890688|Henri Rousseau]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q110890689|Q110890689]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-25
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-05-03
| ''[[:d:Q110890689|New Acquisitions and Extended Loans: Cubist and Abstract Art]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1656682|evento]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q111943202|Q111943202]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-08
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-12
| ''[[:d:Q111943202|1942 World Professional Basketball Tournament]]''
| 
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q126046681|Q126046681]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-18&lt;br/&gt;1942-03-17
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-17&lt;br/&gt;1942-04-16
| ''[[:d:Q126046681|Rabi' al-Awwal 1361 AH]]''
| ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q133041164|Q133041164]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-18
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-04-12
| ''[[:d:Q133041164|Jan Voerman 1857-1941]]''
| ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''
| 
|-
| [[:d:Q133827996|Q133827996]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-03
| data-sort-value=&quot;1942&quot; | 1942-03-28
| ''[[:d:Q133827996|Artists in Exile]]''
| ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Historia del scientia</title>
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      <text bytes="179088" sha1="mtizwscvrhvx77meh8xt2jkuf2nampg" xml:space="preserve">{{eminente}}
Le '''historia del scientia''' tracta le evolution del [[scientia]] ab le [[antiquitate]] usque al presente. Illo comprehende omne tres brancas principal del scientia: le [[Scientia natural|natural]], le [[Scientia social|social]] e le [[Scientias formal|formal]].&lt;ref name = &quot;cohen2021&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last = Cohen | first = Eliel | year = 2021 | chapter = The boundary lens: theorising academic activity | title = The University and its Boundaries |edition=1st | url = https://www.routledge.com/The-University-and-its-Boundaries-Thriving-or-Surviving-in-the-21st-Century/Cohen/p/book/9780367562984 | pages = 14–41 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0367562984 | access-date = 8 June 2021 | archive-date = 5 May 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210505045450/https://www.routledge.com/The-University-and-its-Boundaries-Thriving-or-Surviving-in-the-21st-Century/Cohen/p/book/9780367562984 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le radices le plus ancian del scientia pote esser traciate usque al [[Egypto antique]] e Mesopotamia circa 3.000 a 1.200 a.Chr.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot; &gt;{{cite book | last= Lindberg | first= David C. | year = 2007 | chapter = Science before the Greeks | title= The Beginnings of Western Science| pages = 1–20 | edition = 2nd | location = Chicago | publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn= 978-0-226-48205-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;Grant2007a&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last= Grant| first= Edward | year = 2007 | chapter = Ancient Egypt to Plato | title= A History of Natural Philosophy | url= https://archive.org/details/historynaturalph00gran| url-access= limited| pages = [https://archive.org/details/historynaturalph00gran/page/n16 1]–26| location = New York | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn= 978-052-1-68957-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le contributiones de iste civilisationes al [[mathematica]], [[astronomia]] e [[medicina]] influentiava posteriormente le philosophia natural grec del antiquitate classic, ubi se faceva tentativas formal de provider explicationes de eventos in le mundo physic basate sur causas natural.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;Grant2007a&quot;/&gt; Post le cadita del Imperio Roman Occidental, le cognoscimento del conceptiones grec del mundo decadite in le [[Europa Occidental]] que parlava latino durante le prime seculos (400 a 1.000 p.Chr.) del [[Medievo]],&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007i&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last = Lindberg | first= David C. | year = 2007 | chapter = The revival of learning in the West | title=The Beginnings of Western Science| pages = 193–224 | edition = 2nd | location = Chicago | publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn=978-0-226-48205-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma continuava a prosperar in le Imperio Roman Oriental (o [[Imperio Byzantin|Byzantino]]) que parlava greco. Adjutate per translationes de textos grec, le vision [[Hellenismo|hellenistic]] esseva preservate e absorbite in le mundo musulman arabophone durante le Periodo de Auro Islamic.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007h&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last= Lindberg | first= David C. | year = 2007 | chapter = Islamic science | title= The Beginnings of Western Science| pages = 163–92 | edition = Second | location = Chicago| publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn=978-0-226-48205-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le recuperation e assimilation de operas grec e investigationes islamic in Europa Occidental del seculo X a XIII reviveva le studio del philosophia natural in le Occidente.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007i&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007j&quot; &gt;{{cite book | last= Lindberg | first= David C. | year = 2007 | chapter = The recovery and assimilation of Greek and Islamic science | title= The Beginnings of Western Science| pages= 225–253| edition = 2nd | location = Chicago| publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn= 978-0-226-48205-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le philosophia natural esseva transformate durante le [[Revolution Scientific]] in le Europa del 16e e 17e seculos,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Küskü |first=Elif Aslan |date=2022-01-01 |title=Examination of Scientific Revolution Medicine on the Human Body / Bilimsel Devrim Tıbbını İnsan Bedeni Üzerinden İncelemek |url=https://www.academia.edu/87500649 |journal=The Legends: Journal of European History Studies |access-date=28 September 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112202215/https://www.academia.edu/87500649 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Hendrix |first=Scott E. |title=Natural Philosophy or Science in Premodern Epistemic Regimes? The Case of the Astrology of Albert the Great and Galileo Galilei |journal=Teorie Vědy / Theory of Science |year=2011 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=111–132 |doi=10.46938/tv.2011.72 |s2cid=258069710 |url=http://teorievedy.flu.cas.cz/index.php/tv/issue/view/10 |access-date=20 February 2012 |archive-date=18 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118024030/http://teorievedy.flu.cas.cz/index.php/tv/issue/view/10 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;Principe2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last= Principe | first= Lawrence M. | year = 2011 | chapter = Introduction | title = Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction | pages = 1–3 | location = New York| publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn= 978-0-199-56741-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; como nove ideas e revelationes se disassociava del conceptiones e traditiones grec precedente.&lt;ref name= &quot;Lindberg1990&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last= Lindberg | first= David C. | year = 1990 | chapter = Conceptions of the Scientific Revolution from Baker to Butterfield: A preliminary sketch | title=Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution | editor-first1 = David C. | editor-last1 = Lindberg | editor-first2 = Robert S. | editor-last2 = Westman | pages = 1–26 | edition = First | location = Chicago | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn= 978-0-521-34262-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007n&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last= Lindberg | first= David C. | year = 2007 | chapter = The legacy of ancient and medieval science | title= The Beginnings of Western Science| pages= 357–368| edition = 2nd | location = Chicago | publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn= 978-0-226-48205-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;Stanford Encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url= https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/natphil-ren/|title= The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|last= Del Soldato|first= Eva|date= 2016|publisher= Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|editor-last= Zalta|editor-first= Edward N.|edition= Fall 2016|access-date= June 1, 2018|archive-date= December 11, 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191211205744/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/natphil-ren/|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= Grant2007c&gt;{{cite book | last= Grant | first = Edward | year = 2007 | chapter = Transformation of medieval natural philosophy from the early period modern period to the end of the nineteenth century | title= A History of Natural Philosophy | url= https://archive.org/details/historynaturalph00gran | url-access= limited | pages = [https://archive.org/details/historynaturalph00gran/page/n289 274]–322 | location = New York | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn= 978-052-1-68957-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le Nove Scientia que emergeva esseva plus mechanistic in su vision del mundo, plus integrate con mathematica e plus fidibile e aperite, proque su cognoscimento esseva basate sur un [[methodo scientific]] recentemente definite.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007n&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;gal2021i&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last= Gal | first = Ofer | year = 2021 | chapter = The New Science | title = The Origins of Modern Science | pages = 308–349 | location = New York, New York | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn= 978-1316649701}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;bowlermorus2020b&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Bowler | first1 = Peter J. | last2 = Morus | first2 = Iwan Rhys | year = 2020 | chapter = The scientific revolution | title = Making Modern Science | pages = 25–57 | edition = 2nd | location = Chicago | publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn= 978-0226365763}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plus de &quot;revolutiones&quot; in le seculos subsequente sequeva tosto. Le revolution chimic del 18e seculo, pro exemplo, introduceva nove methodos e mensurationes quantitative pro le [[chimia]].&lt;ref name= &quot;bowlermorus2020c&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Bowler | first1 = Peter J. | last2 = Morus | first2 = Iwan Rhys | year = 2020 | chapter = The chemical revolution | title = Making Modern Science | pages = 58–82 | edition = 2nd | location = Chicago | publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn= 978-0226365763}}&lt;/ref&gt; In le 19e seculo, nove perspectivas concernente le [[conservation de energia]], le epocha del Terra e le [[evolution]] veniva in concentration.&lt;ref name= &quot;bowlermorus2020d&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Bowler | first1 = Peter J. | last2 = Morus | first2 = Iwan Rhys | year = 2020 | chapter = The conservation of energy | title = Making Modern Science | pages = 83–107 | edition = 2nd | location = Chicago | publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn= 978-0226365763}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;bowlermorus2020e&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Bowler | first1 = Peter J. | last2 = Morus | first2 = Iwan Rhys | year = 2020 | chapter = The age of the earth | title = Making Modern Science | pages = 108–133 | edition = 2nd | location = Chicago | publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn= 978-0226365763}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;bowlermorus2020f&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Bowler | first1 = Peter J. | last2 = Morus | first2 = Iwan Rhys | year = 2020 | chapter = The Darwinian revolution | title = Making Modern Science | pages = 134–171 | edition = 2nd | location = Chicago, Illinois | publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn= 978-0226365763}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;Cahan Natural Philosophy&quot;&gt;{{cite book | editor1-last= Cahan | editor1-first= David | title= From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science | date= 2003 | publisher= University of Chicago Press | location= Chicago |isbn= 978-0-226-08928-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' dates the origin of the word &quot;scientist&quot; to 1834.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;Lightman 19th&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1= Lightman|first1= Bernard|editor1-last= Shank|editor1-first= Michael|editor2-last= Numbers|editor2-first= Ronald|editor3-last= Harrison|editor3-first= Peter|title= Wrestling with Nature |date= 2011|publisher= University of Chicago Press|location= Chicago|isbn= 978-0-226-31783-0|page= 367|chapter=Science and the Public}}&lt;/ref&gt; E in le 20e seculo, nove revelationes in [[genetica]] e [[physica]] poneva le bases pro nove subdisciplinas como biologia molecular e physica de particulas.&lt;ref name= &quot;bowlermorus2020h&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Bowler | first1 = Peter J. | last2 = Morus | first2 = Iwan Rhys | year = 2020 | chapter = Genetics | title = Making Modern Science | pages = 197–221 | edition = 2nd | location = Chicago | publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn= 978-0226365763}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;bowlermorus2020k&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Bowler | first1 = Peter J. | last2 = Morus | first2 = Iwan Rhys | year = 2020 | chapter = Twentieth-century physics | title = Making Modern Science | pages = 262–285 | edition = 2nd | location = Chicago | publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn= 978-0226365763}}&lt;/ref&gt; De plus, le preoccupationes industrial e militar, assi como le crescente complexitate de nove interprisas de recerca, introduceva le epocha del &quot;scientia grande,&quot; particularmente post le Secunde Guerra Mundial.&lt;ref name= &quot;bowlermorus2020h&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;bowlermorus2020k&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;bowlermorus2020a&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Bowler | first1 = Peter J. | last2 = Morus | first2 = Iwan Rhys | year = 2020 | chapter = Introduction: Science, society, and history | title = Making Modern Science | pages = 1–24 | edition = 2nd | location = Chicago | publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn= 978-0226365763}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Accostamentos al historia del scientia ==
Le natura del historia del scientia es un thema de debatto (assi como, per implication, le definition del scientia mesme). Le historia del scientia es frequentemente considerate como un historia linear de progresso&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite book
 |last1                = von Wright
 |first1               = Georg Henrik
 |author-link1         = Georg Henrik von Wright
 |editor-last1         = Burgen
 |editor-first1        = Arnold
 |editor-last2         = McLaughlin
 |editor-first2        = Peter
 |editor-last3         = Mittelstraß
 |editor-first3        = Jürgen
 |editor-link3         = Jürgen Mittelstraß
 |date                 = 25 October 2012
 |orig-date            = 1997
 |chapter              = Progress: Fact and Fiction
 |title                = The Idea of Progress
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=kZ8gAAAAQBAJ
 |series               = Philosophie und Wissenschaft - Volume 13
 |edition              = reprint
 |publication-place    = Berlin
 |publisher            = Walter de Gruyter
 |page                 = 14
 |isbn                 = 9783110820423
 |access-date          = 13 October 2023
 |quote                = In historic reflections on art, cyclic schemas play a prominent role. This is a difference between art history and science history. The idea of linear progress simply does not apply in the esthetic domain.
}} 
&lt;/ref&gt;, ma historicos ha comenciate vider le historia como plus complexe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last= Kragh |first= Helge |title= An introduction to the historiography of science |date= 1987 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 0-521-33360-1 |location= Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] |oclc= 14692886}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title= A companion to the history of science |date= 2016 |author= Bernard V. Lightman |isbn= 978-1-118-62077-9 |location= Chichester (GB) |oclc= 950521936 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yQj9CgAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite book
 |last1                = Golinski
 |first1               = Jan
 |date                 = 22 July 2008
 |orig-date            = 1998
 |title                = Making Natural Knowledge: Constructivism and the History of Science
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=SZcCElvmF7sC
 |series               = Cambridge history of science
 |edition              = revised
 |publication-place    = Chicago
 |publisher            = University of Chicago Press
 |page                 = 188
 |isbn                 = 9780226302324
 |access-date          = 13 October 2023
 |quote                = [...] historical writing [...] has largely abandoned the aim of telling a story of science's universal progress.
}} 
&lt;/ref&gt; Alfred Edward Taylor ha characterisate periodos magre in le avantiamento del discoperta scientific como &quot;bancaruptas periodic del scientia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite book
 |last1                = Thomas
 |first1               = Norman
 |year                 = 1961
 |title                = Great Dissenters
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ_PyhHvACoC
 |publisher            = Norton
 |page                 = 25
 |access-date          = 13 October 2023
 |quote                = [...] the brilliant Periclean Age, according to Dr. A. E. Taylor, witnessed one of the periodical bankruptcies of science [...].
}} 
&lt;/ref&gt;

Le scientia es un activitate human, e contributiones scientific ha provenite de personas de un grande varietate de differente contextos e culturas. Historicos del scientia vider sempre plus lor campo como parte de un historia global de excambio, conflicto e collaboration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last= Poskett |first= James |title= Horizons : a global history of science |date= 2022 |isbn= 978-0-241-39409-0 |location= [London] |oclc= 1235416152}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le relation inter scientia e religion ha essite characterisate de manieras diverse in terminos de &quot;conflicto&quot;, &quot;harmonia&quot;, &quot;complexitate&quot; e &quot;independentia mutual&quot;, inter alteres. Eventos in Europa, como le affaire Galileo in le principio del 17e seculo - associate con le revolution scientific e le [[Illuminismo]] - ha conducite scholasticos como John William Draper a postular (circa 1874) un these de conflicto, suggerente que religion e scientia ha essite in conflicto methodologic, factual e politic a transverso le historia. Le these de &quot;conflicto&quot; ha depost perdite le favor inter le majoritate de scientistas contemporanee e historicos del scientia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Russel, C.A. 2002 7&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author= Russel, C.A. |editor= Ferngren, G.B.|year= 2002| title= Science &amp; Religion: A Historical Introduction |page= 7 |publisher= [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8018-7038-5 |quote= The conflict thesis, at least in its simple form, is now widely perceived as a wholly inadequate intellectual framework within which to construct a sensible and realistic historiography of Western science.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shapin1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author = Shapin, S. | year = 1996 | title = The Scientific Revolution | url = https://archive.org/details/scientificrevolu00shap_0 | url-access = registration | page = [https://archive.org/details/scientificrevolu00shap_0/page/195 195] | publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] | isbn = 978-0226750200 | quote = In le tardo periodo victorian, illo esseva commun scriber sur le 'belligerentia inter scientia e religion' e presumere que le duo corpores de cultura sempre debeva haber stato in conflicto. Tamen, il es un tempore multo longe desde que iste attitudines esseva retinite per historicos del scientia.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brooke1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author = Brooke, J. H.| year = 1991 | title = Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives | page= 42 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | quote = In its traditional forms, the conflict thesis has been largely discredited.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamen, alcun philosophos e scientistas contemporanee, como Richard Dawkins,&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite book
 |last1                = Taliaferro
 |first1               = Charles
 |author-link1         = Charles Taliaferro
 |editor-last1         = Oppy
 |editor-first1        = Graham
 |editor-link1         = Graham Oppy
 |editor-last2         = Trakakis
 |editor-first2        = N. N.
 |editor-link2         = Nick Trakakis
 |date                 = 11 September 2014
 |orig-date            = 2009
 |title                = Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Religion
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=N2h_BAAAQBAJ
 |series               = The History of Western Philosophy of Religion, Volume 5
 |edition              = reprint
 |publication-place    = Abingdon
 |publisher            = Routledge
 |isbn                 = 9781317546382
 |access-date          = 13 October 2023
 |chapter              = Twentieth-century Philosophy of Religiion: An Introduction
 |quote                = Al levar del 20e seculo, le defensores del these del conflicto es ben representate per Richard Dawkins, E. O. Wilson e Daniel Dennett.}} 
&lt;/ref&gt; ancora subscribe a iste these.

Historicos ha accentuate[citation requirite] que fides es necessari pro accordo sur esseres in le natura. In iste lumine, le establimento in 1660 del Societate Royal e su codice de experimentos - fidibile proque esseva testate per su membros - ha devenite un importante capitulo in le historiographia del scientia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last= Shapin |first= Steven |title= Leviathan and the air-pump : Hobbes, Boyle, and the experimental life |date= 2018 |isbn= 978-0-691-17816-5  |location=Princeton, N.J. |oclc=984327399}}&lt;/ref&gt; Multe personas in le historia moderne (typicamente feminas e personas de color) esseva excluse ab communitates scientific elitari e characterisate per le establimento scientific como inferior. Historicos in le annos 1980 e 1990 ha describite le barrieras structural al participation e ha comenciate a recuperar le contributiones de personas ignorate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schiebinger |first= Londa L. |title= Nature's body : gender in the making of modern science |date= 2013 |publisher= Rutgers University Press |isbn= 978-0-8135-3531-9 |edition= 5th pbk. print |location= New Brunswick, N.J. |oclc= 1048657291}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last= Haraway |first= Donna Jeanne |title= Primate visions : gender, race, and nature in the world of modern science |date=1989 |publisher= Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-60815-5 |location=New York |oclc=555643149}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historicos ha anque investigate le practicas quotidian del scientia, como le travalio de campo e le collection de specimens,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last= Kohler |first= Robert E. |date=December 2007 |title=Finders, Keepers: Collecting Sciences and Collecting Practice |journal= History of Science |volume= 45 |issue=4 |pages=428–454 |doi= 10.1177/007327530704500403 |s2cid= 147175644 |issn= 0073-2753}}&lt;/ref&gt; le correspondentia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Secord |first=Anne |date=December 1994 |title=Corresponding interests: artisans and gentlemen in nineteenth-century natural history |journal=The British Journal for the History of Science |volume= 27 |issue= 4 |pages= 383–408 |doi= 10.1017/S0007087400032416 |s2cid= 144777485 |issn= 0007-0874|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; le designo,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nasim |first=Omar W. |title= Observing by hand : sketching the nebulae in the nineteenth century |date= 2013 |isbn= 978-0-226-08440-4 |location=Chicago |oclc=868276095}}&lt;/ref&gt; le registro,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eddy |first= Matthew Daniel |date= 2016 |title= The Interactive Notebook: How Students Learned to Keep Notes during the Scottish Enlightenment |journal= Book History |volume= 19 |issue=1 |pages=86–131 |doi= 10.1353/bh.2016.0002 |s2cid=151427109 |issn=1529-1499 |url= http://dro.dur.ac.uk/19136/1/19136.pdf |access-date= 17 September 2022 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220615185141/https://dro.dur.ac.uk/19136/1/19136.pdf |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt; e le uso de equipamento de laboratorio e de campo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Schaffer |first= Simon |date= 1992-06-01 |editor-last= Bud |editor-first= Robert |editor2-last= Cozzens |editor2-first= Susan E. |title= Invisible Connections: Instruments, Institutions, and Science |chapter= Late Victorian metrology and its instrumentation: A manufactory of Ohms |journal=&lt;!----&gt;|series= SPIE Conference Series |volume=10309 |page=1030904  |doi= 10.1117/12.2283709|bibcode= 1992SPIE10309E..04S |s2cid=115323404 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tempores prehistoric ==
In tempores prehistoric, cognoscentia e technica se transmitteva de generation a generation per tradition oral. Per exemplo, le domestication de mais pro agricultura ha essite datate a circa 9.000 annos retro in Mexico meridional, ante le evolution de systemas de scriptura.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Matsuoka | first1=Yoshihiro | last2=Vigouroux | first2=Yves | last3=Goodman | first3=Major M. | last4=Sanchez G. | first4=Jesus | last5=Buckler | first5=Edward | last6=Doebley | first6=John | title=A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume=99 | issue=9 | pages=6080–6084 | date=30 April 2002 | pmid=11983901 | pmc=122905 | doi=10.1073/pnas.052125199 |bibcode=2002PNAS...99.6080M | doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/25/science/25creature.html?_r=1 Sean B. Carroll (24 May 2010),&quot;Tracking the Ancestry of Corn Back 9,000 Years&quot; ''New York Times''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830121104/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/25/science/25creature.html?_r=1 |date=30 August 2017 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Francesca Bray (1984), ''[[Science and Civilisation in China]]'' '''VI.2''' '''''Agriculture''''' pp 299, 453 scribe que le [[teosinte]], 'le patre del gran', adjuva le successo e vitalitate del gran quando plantate inter le raderas de su 'infantes', le [[maize]].&lt;/ref&gt; Similemente, evidentia archeologic indica le evolution de cognoscentia astronomic in societates prelitterate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | last=Hoskin | first=Michael | title=Tombs, Temples and their Orientations: a New Perspective on Mediterranean Prehistory | place=Bognor Regis, UK | publisher=Ocarina Books | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-9540867-1-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | last=Ruggles | first=Clive | author-link=Clive Ruggles | title=Astronomy in Prehistoric Britain and Ireland | place=New Haven | publisher=Yale University Press | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-300-07814-5 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le tradition oral de societates prelitterate habeva plure characteristicas, del quales le prime esseva su fluiditate.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt; Nove information esseva constantemente absorbite e adjustate a nove circumstantias o necessitates del communitate. Il non habeva archivos o reportos. Iste fluiditate esseva intimemente ligate al necessitate practic de explicar e justificar un stato presente de affaires.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt; Altere characteristicas esseva le tendentia a describer le universo como simplemente celo e terra, con un potential mundo subterranee. Illes anque era propense a identificar causas con initios, forniente assi un origine historic con un explication. Il habeva anque un dependentia de un 'homine de medicina' o 'femina sage' pro curar, cognoscentia del causas divin o demoniac de morbos, e in casos plus extreme, pro rituales como exorcismo, divination, cantos e incantationes.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt; Finalmente, il habeva un inclination a acceptar sin questionar explicationes que poterea esser considerate implausibile in tempores plus moderne, simultaneemente non essente consciente que tal comportamentos credule pote haber presentate problemas.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt;

Le evolution del scriptura permitteva al humanos conservar e communicar cognoscentia trans generationes con multo plus grande precision. Su invention esseva un prerequisito pro le evolution de philosophia e postea scientia in tempores antique.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt; In ultra, le grado in le qual philosophia e scientia florescerea in tempores antique dependeva del efficacia de un systema de scriptura (p.ex., le uso de alphabetos).&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt;

== Le plus antique radices ==
Le radices le plus ancian de scientia pote esser traciate al [[Egypto antique]] e Mesopotamia circa le 3.000 a 1.200 a.Chr.&lt;ref name=&quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt;

=== Egypto antique ===
==== Systema numerari e geometria ====
A partir de circa 3.000 a.Chr., le ancian egyptios developpava un systema numerari que esseva de character decimal e habeva orientate lor cognoscentia de geometria verso resolver problemas practic como illos de agrimensores e constructores.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt; Lor evolution de geometria esseva per se un evolution necessari de agrimensura pro preservar le disposition e proprietate del terreno agricole, que esseva inundate annualmente per le fluvio Nilo. Le triangulo rectangule de 3-4-5 e altere regulas de geometria esseva usate pro construer structuras rectilinear, e le architectura de postes e linteles de Egypto.

==== Maladia e sanation ====
[[File:PEbers c41-bc.jpg|thumb|upright|Le Papyrus Ebers (circa 1550 a.Chr.) ex le [[antique Egypto]].]]
Egyptia anque esseva un centro de recerca alchimic pro multo del Mediterraneo. Basate in le papyros medicinal scribite inter 2.500 e 1.200 a.Chr., le ancian egyptios credeva que le morbo esseva principalmente causate per le invasion de corpores per fortias malevole o spiritos.[2] Assi, ultra usar medicamentos, lor therapias de cura includeva preces, incantationes e ritual.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt; Le Papiro Ebers, scribite circa 1.600 a.Chr., contine prescriptiones medicinal pro tractar morbos associate con le oculos, bucca, cute, organos interne, e extremitates, alsi como abscessos, feritas, combustiones, ulceres, glandulas inflammate, tumores, cephaleas, e mesme halito mal.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt; Le Papiro Edwin Smith, scribite circa le mesme periodo, contine un manual chirurgic pro tractar feritas, fracturas, e dislocationes. Le egyptios credeva que le efficacia de lor medicamentos dependeva del preparation e administration sub rituales appropriate.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt; Historicos medicinal crede que le pharmacologia antique egyptian, pro exemplo, esseva largemente inefficace.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite book |last=Perkins |first=Michael D. |chapter=Pharmacological Practices of Ancient Egypt |title=Proceedings of the 10th Annual History of Medicine Days |hdl=1880/51835 |editor=W. A. Whitelaw |access-date=9 March 2010 |url=http://www.hom.ucalgary.ca/Dayspapers2001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407062556/http://www.hom.ucalgary.ca/Dayspapers2001.pdf |language=en |publisher=Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary |location=Calgary |date=2001 |pages=5–11 |archive-date=2008-04-07 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407062556/http://www.hom.ucalgary.ca/Dayspapers2001.pdf |date=2008-04-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E le Papiro Ebers e le Papiro Edwin Smith applicava le sequente componentes al tractamento del morbo: examination, diagnose, tractamento, e prognosis,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=Edwin Smith papyrus: Egyptian medical book |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Edwin-Smith-papyrus |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=21 December 2016 |archive-date=1 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101084403/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/179901/Edwin-Smith-papyrus |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; le quales monstra parallelos fortissime al methodo empiric basic del scientia e, secundo G.E.R. Lloyd,&lt;ref&gt;Lloyd, G.E.R.  &quot;The development of empirical research&quot;, in his ''Magic, Reason and Experience: Studies in the Origin and Development of Greek Science''.&lt;/ref&gt; jocava un rolo significante in le evolution de iste methodologia.

==== Calendario ====
Le antique egyptios etiam developpava un calendario official que contineva dece menses, trenta dies cata uno, e cinque dies al fin del anno.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt; Al contrario del calendario babylonian o de illos usate in le metropoles grec de ille epocha, le calendario official egyptian esseva multo plus simple, proque illo esseva fixe e non prendeva in consideration cyclos lunar e solar.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt;

=== Mesopotamia ===
[[File:Divinatory livers Louvre AO19837.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Modellas de argilla de figatos de animales que datan del 19e al 18e seculo a.Chr., trovate in le palatio regal a [[Mari, Syria|Mari]] in lo que nunc es Syria.]]
Le antique mesopotamianos habeva un cognoscentia extensive sur le proprietates chimic de argilla, arena, metallos, bitumine, petra, e altere materiales natural, e applicava iste cognoscentia a usos practic in le manufactura de ceramica, faience, vitro, sapon, metallos, stucco de calce, e impermeabilisation. Le metallurgia requireva cognoscentia sur le proprietates de metallos. Nonobstante, le mesopotamianos pare haber habite pauco interesse in colliger information sur le mundo natural pro le mer facto de colliger information e esseva multo plus interessate in studiar le maniera in le qual le deos habeva ordinate le universo. Le biologia de organismos non-human esseva generalmente scripte solmente in le contexto de disciplinas academic principal. Le physiologia animal esseva studiate extensivemente pro le scopo de divination; le anatomia del hepate, que esseva viste como un organo importante in la haruspice, esseva studiate con particular detalio intensive. Anque le comportamento animal esseva studiate pro scopos divinatori. Le majoritate del information sur le education e domestication de animales probabilemente esseva transmittite oralmente sin esser scripte, ma un texto sur le education de cavallos ha supervivite.&lt;ref name=&quot;McIntosh2005&quot;/&gt;

==== Medicina mesopotamic ====
Le antique mesopotamianos non faceva distinction inter 'scientia rational' e magia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farber1995&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Farber|first=Walter|date=1995 |chapter=Witchcraft, Magic, and Divination in Ancient Mesopotamia|title=Civilizations of the Ancient Near East|volume=3|location=New York City, New York|publisher=Charles Schribner's Sons, MacMillan Library Reference USA, Simon &amp; Schuster MacMillan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780684192796/page/1891 1891–1908]|isbn=978-0-684-19279-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780684192796/page/1891 |access-date=12 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Abusch&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Abusch|first=Tzvi|title=Mesopotamian Witchcraft: Towards a History and Understanding of Babylonian Witchcraft Beliefs and Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Slhv-0ewLHwC|location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=Brill|year=2002|isbn=978-90-04-12387-8|page=56|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803051833/https://books.google.com/books?id=Slhv-0ewLHwC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Michael|date=1995|title=Israel's Divine Healer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KCzmNKnLqMkC|location=Grand Rapids, Michigan|publisher=Zondervan|isbn=978-0-310-20029-1|page=42|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803054328/https://books.google.com/books?id=KCzmNKnLqMkC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Quando un persona deveniva malade, medicos prescribeva formulas magic a esser recitate assi como tractamentos medicinal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farber1995&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Abusch&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McIntosh2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=McIntosh|first1=Jane R.|title=Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California, Denver, Colorado, and Oxford, England|isbn=978-1-57607-966-9|pages=273–276|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9veK7E2JwkUC&amp;q=science+in+ancient+Mesopotamia|access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205162758/https://books.google.com/books?id=9veK7E2JwkUC&amp;q=science+in+ancient+Mesopotamia|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le prime prescriptiones medicinal appare in sumeriano durante le Tertie Dynastia de Ur (circa 2112 a.Chr. – circa 2004 a.Chr.).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health in Ancient Mesopotamia |first=R D. |last=Biggs |journal=Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies |volume=19 |number=1 |year=2005 |pages=7–18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamen, le texto medicinal babylonian le plus extensive es le Manual Diagnostic scribite per le ummânū, o chef scholastic, Esagil-kin-apli de Borsippa,&lt;ref name=&quot;Stol-99&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Heeßel|first=N. P.|date=2004|chapter=Diagnosis, Divination, and Disease: Towards an Understanding of the ''Rationale'' Behind the Babylonian ''Diagonostic Handbook''|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6rejN-iF0IC&amp;q=Diagnostic+Handbook|title=Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine|editor1-last=Horstmanshoff|editor1-first=H.F.J.|editor2-last=Stol|editor2-first=Marten|editor3-last=Tilburg|editor3-first=Cornelis|series=Studies in Ancient Medicine|volume=27|location=Leiden, The Netherlands|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-13666-3|pages=97–116|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803060925/https://books.google.com/books?id=p6rejN-iF0IC&amp;q=Diagnostic+Handbook|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; durante le regno del rege babylonian Adad-apla-iddina (1069–1046 a.Chr.).&lt;ref&gt;Marten Stol (1993), ''Epilepsy in Babylonia'', p. 55, [[Brill Publishers]], {{ISBN|978-90-72371-63-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In culturas semitic oriental, le principal autoritate medicinal esseva un typo de exorcista-curator cognoscite como un āšipu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farber1995&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Abusch&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown&quot;/&gt; Generalmente, le profession passava de patre a filio e esseva tenite in reguardo extrememente elevate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farber1995&quot;/&gt; Minus frequentemente usate esseva un altere typo de curator cognoscite como un ''asu'', qui corresponde plus proximemente a un medico moderne e tractava symptomas physic primarimente con remedios popular componite de herbas diverse, productos animal, e minerales, como anque potiones, clysteres, e unguentos o cataplasmas. Iste medicos, qui poteva esser tanto masculin como feminin, anque curava vulneres, stabiliva membros, e faceva chirurgias simplice. Le antique mesopotamianos anque practicava prophylaxia e prendeva mesuras pro prevenir le propagation de morbos.&lt;ref name=&quot;McIntosh2005&quot;/&gt;

==== Astronomia e divination celestial ====
[[File:-200 Sternenliste aus Uruk star list anagoria.JPG|thumb|Lista de stellas con information sur distantia, [[Uruk]] (Iraq), 320-150 a.Chr., le lista proporciona cata constellation, le numero de stellas e le information sur distantia al proxime constellation in ells.]]

In le astronomia babylonian, records del movimentos del stellas, planetas, e le luna es conservate in milles de tabulas de argilla create per scribas. Anque hodie, periodos astronomic identificate per proto-scientistas mesopotamic es ancora largemente usate in calendarios occidental como le anno solar e le mense lunar. Usante iste datos, illes developpava methodos mathematic pro calcular le longitude mutante del lumine diurne durante le anno, previder le apparentias e disparitiones del luna e planetas, e eclipses del sol e luna. Solmente alcun nomines de astronomos es cognoscite, tales como illo de Kidinnu, un astronomo e mathematico chaldean. Le valor de Kidinnu pro le anno solar es ancora in uso in le calendarios de hodie. Le astronomia babylonian esseva 'le prime e multo successose tentativa de dar un description mathematic raffinate de phenomenos astronomic', secundo le historiographo A. Aaboe, 'omne varietates subsequente de astronomia scientific, in le mundo hellenistic, in India, in le Islam, e in le Occidente – si non inde ille subsequente labor in le scientias exacte – depende del astronomia babylonian de manieras decisive e fundamental.'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Scientific Astronomy in Antiquity |author=Aaboe, A. |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |volume=276 |issue=1257|date=2 May 1974 |pages=21–42|doi=10.1098/rsta.1974.0007 |bibcode=1974RSPTA.276...21A |jstor=74272|s2cid=122508567 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pro le babylonianos e altere culturas proxime, messages del deos o omenes esseva occultate in tote phenomenos natural que poteva esser decifrate e interpretate per illes qui es competente.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt; Ergo, on credeva que le deos poteva parlar per tote objectos terrestre (p.ex., entranias de animales, sonios, nascimentos malformate, o mesmo le color de un can que urina super un persona) e phenomenos celestial.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt; De plus, le astrologia babylonian esseva inseparabile del astronomia babylonian.

==== Mathematica ====
Le tabula cuneiforme mesopotamic Plimpton 322, datante del 1.300s a.Chr., registra un numero de triplettos pythagoric (3,4,5) (5,12,13) ...,&lt;ref&gt;[[Paul Hoffman (science writer)|Paul Hoffman]], ''The man who loved only numbers: the story of Paul Erdös and the search for mathematical truth'', (New York: Hyperion), 1998, p. 187. {{ISBN|978-0-7868-6362-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; suggerente que le antique mesopotamianos pote haber cognoscite le [[Theorema de Pythagoras]] plus que un millennio ante Pythagoras.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Burkert|first=Walter|author-link=Walter Burkert|date=1 June 1972|title=Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qqp4Vk1zG0C&amp;q=Pythagoreanism |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-53918-1|pages=429, 462|access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129145253/https://books.google.com/books?id=0qqp4Vk1zG0C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Pythagoreanism&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiX4Y3W9bfXAhXBeSYKHfBxCG4Q6AEIMTAC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Kahn|first=Charles H.|author-link=Charles H. Kahn|date=2001|title=Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKUtAwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Pythagoreanism&amp;pg=PA72|location=Indianapolis, Indiana and Cambridge, England |publisher=Hackett Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-87220-575-8|page=32|access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331100347/https://books.google.com/books?id=GKUtAwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Pythagoreanism&amp;pg=PA72|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Riedweg|first=Christoph|date=2005|orig-year=2002 |title=Pythagoras: His Life, Teachings, and Influence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8ixyQJA7_MC&amp;q=Pythagoras|location=Ithaca, New York|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-7452-1|page=27|access-date=3 October 2020|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228161323/https://books.google.com/books?id=A8ixyQJA7_MC&amp;q=Pythagoras|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asia antique ==
Le realisationes mathematic de Mesopotamia habeva alcun influentia sur le developpamento del mathematica in India, e il habeva transmissiones confirmate de ideas mathematic inter India e China, le quales esseva bidirectional.&lt;ref name=joseph2011a&gt;{{cite book | last = Joseph | first = George G. | date = 2011 | chapter = The history of mathematics: Alternative perspectives | title = The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics | edition = 3rd | pages = 418–449 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = New Jersey | isbn = 978-0691135267}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamen, le realisationes mathematic e scientific in India e particularmente in China occurreva in grande parte independentemente&lt;ref name = &quot;sivin1985&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last = Sivin | first = Nathan | author-link = Nathan Sivin | title = Why the Scientific Revolution did not take place in China – or did it? | journal = The Environmentalist | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–50 | date = 1985 | doi = 10.1007/BF02239866 | s2cid = 45700796 | url = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02239866 | access-date = 8 June 2021 | archive-date = 8 June 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210608185003/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02239866 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; de illos de Europa e le influentias confirmate que iste duo civilisationes habeva sur le developpamento del scientia in Europa in le epocha premoderne era indirecte, con Mesopotamia e posteriormente le Mundo Islamic actuante como intermediarios.&lt;ref name=joseph2011a/&gt; Le advento del scientia moderne, que se developpava ex le Revolution Scientific, in India e China e le region asian in general, pote esser retraciate al activitates scientific de missionarios jesuita qui habeva interesse in studiar le flora e fauna del region durante le 16e e 17e seculos.&lt;ref name=bartholomew2003&gt;{{cite book | last = Bartholomew | first = James R. | date = 2003 | editor1-last = Heilbron | editor1-first = John L. | chapter = Asia | title = The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science | pages = 51–55 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York| isbn = 978-0195112290}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== India ===
[[File:Iron Pillar, Delhi, May 2008.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Le ancian India esseva un precox lider in le campo de [[metallurgia]], como es evidenciate per le [[wrought iron|hastaliero]] [[Iron pillar of Delhi|Columna de Delhi]].]]

==== Astronomia e mathematica indian ====
Le primordial tracias de cognoscentia mathematic in le subcontinente indian appare con le Civilisation del Valle del Indo (circa 4.000 a.Chr. ~ circa 3.000 a.Chr.). Le gente de iste civilisation fabricava lateres cuje dimensiones esseva in le proportion de 4:2:1, lo que es favorabile pro le stabilitate de un structura de lateres.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Projects/Pearce/chapter-3/|title=3: Early Indian culture – Indus civilisation|work=st-and.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Illes essayava etiam standardisar le mensura de longitude a un grado de precision alte. Illes developpava un regula — le regula de Mohenjo-daro — cuje unitate de longitude (approximatemente 1,32 pollices o 3,4 centimetros) esseva dividite in dece partes equal. Lateres fabricate in le ancian Mohenjo-daro frequentemente habeva dimensiones que esseva multiple integral de iste unitate de longitude.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Bisht |first=R.S.|year=1982|chapter=Excavations at Banawali: 1974–77|editor=Possehl, Gregory L. |title=Harappan Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective|pages=113–124 |publisher=Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le astronomo e mathematico indian Aryabhata (476–550), in su obra Aryabhatiya (499), introduceva le function sinus in trigonometria e le numero 0 [mathematica]. In 628 post Christo, Brahmagupta suggereva que le gravitate esseva un fortia de attraction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book| last=Pickover| first=Clifford| author-link=Clifford A. Pickover| title=Archimedes to Hawking: laws of science and the great minds behind them| publisher=[[Oxford University Press US]]| year=2008| page=105| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQXcpvjcJBUC&amp;pg=PA105| isbn=978-0-19-533611-5| access-date=7 May 2020| archive-date=18 January 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118060420/https://books.google.com/books?id=SQXcpvjcJBUC| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mainak Kumar Bose, ''Late Classical India'', A. Mukherjee &amp; Co., 1988, p. 277.&lt;/ref&gt; Ille explicava anque lucidemente le uso de zero tanto como un cifra separate e como un cifra decimal, juncte con le systema de numeration hindu-arabe ora usate universalmente in le mundo. Traductiones arabe del textos de iste duo astronomos deveniva tosto disponibile in le mundo islamic, introducente lo que devenirea le numeros arabic in le mundo islamic in le 9e seculo.&lt;ref name=ifrah&gt;Ifrah, Georges. 1999. ''The Universal History of Numbers : From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer'', Wiley. {{ISBN|978-0-471-37568-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=oconnor&gt;O'Connor, J.J. and E.F. Robertson. 2000. [http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Indian_numerals.html 'Indian Numerals'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131009/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/%7Ehistory/HistTopics/Indian_numerals.html |date=29 September 2007 }}, ''MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive'', School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St. Andrews, Scotland.&lt;/ref&gt; Entre le 14e e le 16e seculos, le schola de astronomia e mathematica de Kerala faceva avantiamentos significante in astronomia e specialmente mathematica, includente campos como trigonometria e analyses. In particular, Madhava de Sangamagrama es considerate le &quot;fundator de analyses mathematic&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;George G. Joseph (1991). ''The crest of the peacock''. London.&lt;/ref&gt;

In le tractato Tantrasangraha, Nilakantha Somayaji actualisava le modello Aryabhatan pro le planetas interior, Mercurio e Venus, e le equation que ille specificava pro le centro de iste planetas esseva plus accurate que illos in le astronomia europee o islamic usque le tempore de Johannes Kepler in le 17e seculo.&lt;ref name=joseph2011j&gt;{{cite book | last = Joseph | first = George G. | date = 2011 | chapter = A Passage to Infinity: The Kerala Episode | title = The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics | edition = 3rd | pages = 418–449 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = New Jersey | isbn = 978-0691135267}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le prime mention textual de conceptos astronomic veni del Vedas, le litteratura religiose de India.&lt;ref name=Sarma-Ast-Ind&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|last =Sarma|first = K.V.| title=Astronomy in India |date = 2008 |encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|editor-last = Selin|editor-first = Helaine|doi= 10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9554|publisher = Springer, Dordrecht|isbn = 978-1-4020-4425-0|pages = 317–321}}&lt;/ref&gt; Secundo Sarma (2008): &quot;On trova in le Rigveda speculationes intelligente sur le genesis del universo ab non-existentia, le configuration del universo, le terra spheric que se supporta per se mesme, e le anno de 360 dies dividite in 12 partes equal de 30 dies cata uno con un mense intercalar periodic.&quot;&lt;ref name=Sarma-Ast-Ind/&gt; Le prime 12 capitulos del Siddhanta Shiromani, scribite per Bhāskara in le 12e seculo, tracta themas como: longitudes medie de planetas; longitudes ver del planetas; le tres problemas de rotation diurne; syzygias; eclipses lunar; eclipses solar; latitudes de planetas; le levar e le poner del sol; le crescente de luna; conjunctiones de planetas inter se; conjunctiones de planetas con le stellas fixe; e le passages del sol e luna. Le 13 capitulos del secunde parte tracta le natura del sphera, assi como calculationes astronomic e trigonometric basate sur illo.

==== Grammatica ====
Alcun del plus prime activitates linguistic pote esser trovate in le India del Era de Ferro (1 millesime a.Chr.) con le analyse de sanskrito pro le proposito del recitation e interpretation correcte de textos vedic. Le grammatico le plus notabile de sanskrito esseva Pāṇini (circa 520–460 a.Chr.), cuje grammatica formula presso a 4.000 regulas pro sanskrito. Inherente in su approximation analytic es le conceptos del phonema, del morphema e del radice. Le texto Tolkāppiyam, componite in le prime seculos del era commun&lt;ref name= &quot;weiss2009d&quot; &gt;{{cite book | last = Weiss | first = Richard S. | year = 2009 | chapter = The invasion of utopia: The corruption of Siddha medicine by Ayurveda | title = Recipes for Immortality: Healing, Religion, and Community in South India | pages = 79–106 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0195335231}}&lt;/ref&gt;, es un texto comprehensive sur le grammatica tamil, que include sutras sur orthographia, phonologia, etymologia, morphologia, semanticas, prosodia, structura de phrases e le significato del contexto in linguage.

==== Medicina ====
Le resultatos de necropoles neolithic in lo que nunc es [[Pakistan]] monstra evidentia de proto-dentisteria inter un cultura de agricultura prime.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Coppa|first1=A.|title=Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry: Flint tips were surprisingly effective for drilling tooth enamel in a prehistoric population |journal=Nature |volume=440 |date=6 April 2006 |doi=10.1038/440755a |pages=755–756 |pmid=16598247 |issue=7085 |bibcode=2006Natur.440..755C |s2cid=6787162|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le ancian texto Suśrutasamhitā de Suśruta describe procedimentos sur varie formas de chirurgia, includente rhinoplastia, le reparation de lobulos auricular rupte, lithotomia perineal, chirurgia de cataracta, e altere excisiones e altere procedimentos chirurgic.

==== Politica e stato ====
Un ancian tractato indian sur politica, politica economic e strategia militar per Kautilya&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | first=I.W. | last=Mabbett | date=1 April 1964| title=The Date of the Arthaśāstra | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=84 | issue=2 | pages=162–169 | doi=10.2307/597102 | jstor=597102 }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book | last=Trautmann | first=Thomas R. | author-link=Thomas Trautmann | title={{IAST|Kauṭilya}} and the Arthaśāstra: A Statistical Investigation of the Authorship and Evolution of the Text | year=1971 | publisher=Brill | pages=10 | quote =while in his character as author of an ''arthaśāstra'' he is generally referred to by his ''[[gotra]]'' name, {{IAST|Kauṭilya}}.}}&lt;/ref&gt; e Viṣhṇugupta&lt;ref&gt;Mabbett 1964&lt;br /&gt;Trautmann 1971:5 &quot;the very last verse of the work...is the unique instance of the personal name {{IAST|Viṣṇugupta}} rather than the ''[[gotra]]'' name {{IAST|Kauṭilya}} in the ''Arthaśāstra''.&lt;/ref&gt; es traditionalmente identificate con Chāṇakya (circa 350–283 a.Chr.). In iste tractato, le comportamentos e relationes del populo, le rege, le stato, le supervisor del governamento, le cortesanos, le inimicos, le invasores, e le corporationes es analysate e documentate. Roger Boesche describe le Arthaśāstra como &quot;un libro de realismo politic, un libro que analysa como le mundo politic opera e non multo sovente indica como illo debera operar, un libro que frequentemente revela a un rege qual calculationes e a vices mesuras brutal ille deberea executar pro preservar le stato e le ben commun.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| author-link= Roger Boesche | last=Boesche | first=Roger | title=The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra | year=2002 | publisher=Lexington Books | isbn=978-0-7391-0401-9 | page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== China ===
[[File:Sea island survey.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Le &quot;Levamento del Insula Marin&quot; per Liu Hui.]]

==== Mathematica chinese ====
Ab le prime tempores, le chineses usava un systema decimal positional sur tabellas de calculation pro facer calculos. Pro exprimer le numero 10, un baston solitari se colloca in le secunde cassetta a partir del dextra. Le lingua parlate usa un systema simile al anglese: p.ex. quatro mille duo centos e septe. Nulle symbolo esseva usate pro zero. Al initio del prime seculo a.Chr., numeros negative e fractiones decimal esseva in uso, e &quot;Le Novem Capitulos sur le Arte Mathematic&quot; includite methodos pro extraher radices de ordine plus alte per le methodo de Horner e resolver equationes linear e per le theorema de Pythagoras. Equationes cubic esseva solvite durante le dynastia Tang e solutiones de equationes de ordine superior a 3 appareva in impression in 1245 p.Chr. per Ch'in Chiu-shao. Le triangulo de Pascal pro coefficientes binomial esseva describite circa 1100 per Jia Xian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |last1=Martzloff
 |first1=Jean-Claude
 |title=A History of Chinese Mathematics
 |year=2006
 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg
 |isbn=9783540337836
 |page=17
 |language=English, Japanese, Chinese
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACK1jreKgCoC&amp;q=jia+xian+pascal+triangle
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

Ben que le prime tentativas de axiomatisar le geometria appare in le canone mohista in 330 a.Chr., Liu Hui developpava methodos algebraic in geometria in le 3e seculo p.Chr. e anque calculava pi a 5 figuras significative. In 480, Zu Chongzhi meliorava isto per discoperir le ration &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{355}{113}&lt;/math&gt; que remaneva le valor le plus accurate pro 1.200 annos.

==== Observationes astronomic ====
[[File:Su Song Star Map 1.JPG|thumb|left|Un del [[mapa stellari]] de ''Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao'' de [[Su Song]], publicate in 1092, que presenta un projection cilindric simile al [[Mercator projection|projection Mercator]], e le position corrigite del [[stella polar]] gratias al observationes astronomic de [[Shen Kuo]].{{sfnp|Needham|1986a|p=208}}]]

Observationes astronomic ab China constitue le sequentia continue le plus longe ex qualcunque civilisation e include registros de maculas solar (112 registros ab 364 a.Chr.), supernovas (1054), e eclipses lunar e solar. In le 12e seculo, illes poteva facer predictiones bastante accurate de eclipses, ma iste cognoscentia esseva perdite durante le dynastia Ming, de modo que le jesuita Matteo Ricci ganiava multe favor in 1601 per su predictiones.&lt;ref&gt;Needham p422&lt;/ref&gt; In 635 astronomos chinese habeva observate que le caudas de cometas sempre se dirige a partir del sol.

Ab le antiquitate, le chineses usava un systema equatorial pro describer le celos e un carta stellar ab 940 esseva delineate con un projection cylindric (Mercator). Le uso de un sphera armillar es registrate ab le 4e seculo a.Chr. e un sphera montate permanentemente in axes equatorial ab 52 a.Chr. In 125 p.Chr., Zhang Heng usava potentia aquatic pro girar le sphera in tempore real. Isto includeva anellos pro le meridiano e le ecliptica. In 1270, illes habeva incorporate le principios del ''torquetum'' arabe.

In le Imperio Song (960–1279) del China imperial, studiose functionarios chinese exhumava, studiava e catalogava artefactos antique.

==== Inventiones ====
[[File:EastHanSeismograph.JPG|thumb|upright|Un replica moderne del [[seismometro]] del polymath scientista de le dinastia Han [[Zhang Heng]], que data de 132 EC.]]

Pro preparar se melio a calamitates, Zhang Heng inventava un seismometro in 132 post Christo que provideva alertas immediate al autoritates in le capital Luoyang que un tremor de terra habeva occurrite in un loco indicate per un direction cardinal o ordinal specific.&lt;ref&gt;[[Rafe de Crespigny|de Crespigny, Rafe]]. (2007). ''A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)''. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 1050. {{ISBN|90-04-15605-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Morton, W. Scott and Charlton M. Lewis. (2005). ''China: Its History and Culture''. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., p. 70. {{ISBN|0-07-141279-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ben que nulle tremores poteva esser sentite in le capital, quando Zhang diceva al corte que un tremor de terra habeva justemente occurrite in le nord-west, un message veniva tosto postea que un tremor de terra habeva de facto colpite a 400 a 500 km (250 a 310 millias) al nord-west de Luoyang (in lo que nunc es le provincia moderne de Gansu).&lt;ref&gt;Minford &amp; Lau (2002), 307; Balchin (2003), 26–27; Needham (1986a), 627; Needham (1986c), 484; Krebs (2003), 31.&lt;/ref&gt; Zhang nominava su apparato le 'instrumento pro mensurar le ventos saisonal e le movimentos del Terra' (Houfeng didong yi 候风地动仪), nominate assi proque ille e alteres pensava que tremores de terra esseva le plus probabilemente causate per le enorme compression de aer capturate.&lt;ref name=&quot;needham volume 3 626&quot;&gt;Needham (1986a), 626.&lt;/ref&gt;

Il ha multe contributores notabile al disciplinas, inventiones e practicas chinese antique. Un del excellente exemplos es le chinese medieval Shen Kuo (1031–1095), un genio universal e statista qui esseva le prime a describer le compasso de agulia magnetic pro navigation, discoperiva le concepto del ver nord, meliorava le designo del gnomone astronomic, sphera armillar, tubo de vista, e clepsydra, e describeva le uso de bassinos de calfatage pro reparar barcas. Post observar le processo natural del inundation de limo e le trovata de fossiles marin in le montes Taihang (centenas de millias del Oceano Pacific), Shen Kuo concipeva un theoria de formation del terra, o geomorphologia. Ille adoptava anque un theoria de cambio climatic gradual in regiones super tempore, post observar bambu petrificate trovate sub terra in Yan'an, in le provincia de Shaanxi. Si non pro le scriptura de Shen Kuo,&lt;ref&gt;[[Shen Kuo]] 沈括 (1086, last supplement dated 1091), ''Meng Ch'i Pi Than (夢溪筆談, [[Dream Pool Essays]])'' as cited in {{harvnb|Needham|Robinson|Huang|2004|p=244}}&lt;/ref&gt; le obras architectural de Yu Hao esserea pauco cognoscite, assi como le inventator del impression del typo mobile, Bi Sheng (990–1051). Le contemporaneo de Shen, Su Song (1020–1101), era anque un genio universal brillante, un astronomo qui creava un atlas celestial de cartas stellar, scribeva un tractato relationate al botanica, zoologia, mineralogia, e metallurgia, e erigeva un grande turre de horologio astronomic in le citate de Kaifeng in 1088. Pro operar le sphera armillar, su turre de horologio habeva un mechanismo de escappamento e le plus vetule uso cognoscite de un systema de transmission de potentia sin fin.

Le missiones jesuitic in China durante le 16e e 17e seculos &quot;apprendeva a appreciar le realisationes scientific de iste ancian cultura e faceva los cognite in Europa. Per lor correspondentia, le scientistas europee apprendeva primarimente super le scientia e cultura chinese.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Agustín Udías, ''Searching the Heavens and the Earth: The History of Jesuit Observatories''. (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003). p. 53&lt;/ref&gt; Le pensamento academic occidental sur le historia del technologia e scientia chinese esseva mobilisate per le travalio de Joseph Needham e le Needham Research Institute. Inter le realisationes technologic de China esseva, secundo le studiose britannico Needham, le globo celestial movite per potentia aquatic (Zhang Heng),&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/726943|title=Joseph Needham's Research on Chinese Machines in the Cross-Cultural History of Science and Technology|first1=Zhang|last1=Baichun|first2=Tian|last2=Miao|date=6 January 2019|journal=Technology and Culture|volume=60|issue=2|pages=616–624|doi=10.1353/tech.2019.0041 |via=Project MUSE}}&lt;/ref&gt; bassinos de calfatage, calibres glissante, le bomba de piston con action duple,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; le furno pro production de metallo,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/454409a|title=The man who unveiled China|first=Simon|last=Winchester|date=6 July 2008|journal=Nature|volume=454|issue=7203|pages=409–411|via=www.nature.com|doi=10.1038/454409a|pmid=18650901 }}&lt;/ref&gt; le seminatorio multicanal, le carretta de mano,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt; le ponte suspendite,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt; le machina de ventilator,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; le pulvere de cannon,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt; le mappa de relievo, le papiro pro le toilette,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt; le hamo efficace,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; juncte con contributiones in logica, astronomia, medicina, e altere campos.

Tamen, factores cultural preveniva que iste realisationes chinese se developpava in &quot;scientia moderne&quot;. Secundo Needham, il pote haber essite le structura religiose e philosophic de intellectual chinese que les rendeva incapace de acceptar le ideas del leges de natura:

{{Citation|Non es que il non habeva un ordine in le natura pro le chineses, ma plus tosto que illo non esseva un ordine prescribite per un rationabile entitate personal, e assi il non habeva un conviction que entitates personal rationabile poterea elaborar in lor linguas terren le minus perfecte le codice divin de leges que ille habeva decretate previemente. De facto, le taoistas haberea repellite un tal idea como troppo naive pro le subtilitate e complexitate del universo como illes lo intueva.}}

== Antiquitate classic ==
Le contributiones del ancian egyptios e mesopotamianos in le dominios de astronomia, mathematica, e medicina habeva entrate e formate le philosophia natural grec de antiquitate classic, ubi tentativas formal esseva facite pro provider explicationes de eventos in le mundo physic basate sur causas natural.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Grant2007a&quot;/&gt; Anque investigationes esseva dirigite verso objectivos practic, tales como establir un calendario fidibile o determinar como curar differente maladias. Le populos ancian que esseva considerate le prime scientistas pote haber vidite se como philosophos natural, como practicantes de un profession experte (per exemplo, medicos), o como sequitores de un tradition religiose (per exemplo, sanatores de templo).

=== Presocraticos ===
Le prime philosophos grec, cognoscite como le pre-socraticos,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sambursky|1974|pp=3, 37}} called the pre-Socratics the transition from ''[[Mythology|mythos]]'' to ''[[logos]]''&lt;/ref&gt; offereva responsas rival al question presente in le mythos de lor proximos: &quot;Como le cosmos ordinate in le qual nos vive veniva a esser?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[F.M. Cornford]], ''Principium Sapientiae: The Origins of Greek Philosophical Thought'', (Gloucester, Massachusetts, Peter Smith, 1971), p. 159.&lt;/ref&gt; Le philosopho pre-socratic Thales (640–546 a.C) de Miletus, identificate per autores ulterior como Aristotele como le prime del philosophos ionic,&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007a&quot;/&gt; postulava explanationes non-supernatural pro phenomenos natural. Per exemplo, que le terra flotta super aqua e que le tremores de terra es causate per le agitation del aqua sur le qual le terra flotta, e non per le deo Poseidon.&lt;ref&gt;Arieti, James A. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=L0w6kvdKJ8QC&amp;dq=thales+earthquakes&amp;pg=PA44 Philosophy in the ancient world: an introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404032051/https://books.google.com/books?id=L0w6kvdKJ8QC&amp;dq=thales+earthquakes&amp;pg=PA44 |date=4 April 2023 }}'', p. 45. Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2005. 386 pp. {{ISBN|978-0-7425-3329-5}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Le discipulo de Thales, Pythagoras de Samos, fundava le schola pythagoric, que investigava mathematica pro su proprie interesse, e esseva le prime a postular que le Terra es spheric in forma.&lt;ref name=&quot;dicks&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Dicks |first=D.R. |title=Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle |pages=[https://archive.org/details/earlygreekastron0000dick/page/72 72–198] |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-8014-0561-7 |publisher=Cornell University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/earlygreekastron0000dick/page/72 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Leucippus (5e seculo a.Chr.) introduceva le atomismo, le theoria que tote materia es facite de unitates indivisibile e imperibile, cognoscite como atomos. Isto esseva amplificate multo per su discipulo Democritus e postea per Epicuro.

=== Philosophia natural ===
[[File:Plato's Academy mosaic from Pompeii.jpg|thumb|[[Academia de Plato]]. Mosaico del 1e seculo de [[Pompeii]].]]

Platon e Aristotele produceva le prime discussiones systematic de philosophia natural, le quales contribueva multo a formar investigationes ulterior de natura. Lor developpamento de rationamento deductive esseva de particular importantia e utilitate pro le inquesta scientific futur. Platon fundava le Academia Platonic in 387 a.Chr., cuje motto esseva &quot;Nullo ignorante de geometria a entrar&quot; e produceva multe philosophos notabile. Le discipulo de Platon, Aristotele, introduceva le empirismo e le idea que veritates universal pote esser attingite per observation e induction, ponente assi le bases del methodo scientific.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=De Lacy |last=O'Leary |author-link=De Lacy O'Leary |year=1949 |title=How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs |url=https://archive.org/details/howgreeksciencep0000olea |url-access=registration |publisher=Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul  |isbn=978-0-7100-1903-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aristotele anque produceva multe scripturas biologic que esseva empiric in natura, concentrante se sur causation biologic e le diversitate de vita. Ille faceva innumerabile observationes del natura, specialmente le habitos e attributos de plantas e animales in Lesbos, classificava plus que 540 species animal, e dissecava al minus 50.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author-link=Armand Marie Leroi |last=Leroi |first=Armand Marie |title=The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science |title-link=Aristotle's Lagoon |publisher=Bloomsbury |date=2015 |isbn=978-1-4088-3622-4 |page=7–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le scripturas de Aristotele influentiava profundemente le subsequente erudition islamic e europee, ben que illos eventualmente esseva superate per le Revolution Scientific..&lt;ref&gt;{{cite SEP|url-id=aristotle-influence|title=Aristotle's Influence|date=2018|edition=Spring 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Barnes |title=Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction |date=1982 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=86 |isbn=978-0-19-285408-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aristotele contribueva anque a theorias sur le elementos e le cosmo. Ille credeva que le corpores celeste (como le planetas e le Sol) habeva alique cognoscite como &quot;motores immobile&quot; que impelleva le corpores celeste in motion. Aristotele essayava explicar toto per mathematica e physica, ma a vices explicava cosas como le motion de corpores celeste per un potentia superior tal como Deo. Aristotele non habeva le progressos technologic que haberea explicate le motion de corpores celeste.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aristotle |title=&quot;De Caelo&quot; [On the Heavens] |publisher=The Internet Classics Archive |date=7 January 2009 |location=Translated by J. L. Stocks |pages=279 a17-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; In plus, Aristotele habeva multe opiniones sur le elementos. Ille credeva que toto era derivate del elementos terra, aqua, aere, foco, e finalmente le Ethere. Le Ethere esseva un elemento celestial e assi formava le substantia del corpores celeste.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frede |first=Dorothea |date=1976 |title=On the Elements: Aristotle's Early Cosmology |url=https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.2008.0115 |journal=Journal of the History of Philosophy |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=227–229 |doi=10.1353/hph.2008.0115 |s2cid=144547689 |via=Project MUSE}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le elementos terra, aqua, aere, e foco esseva derivatos de un combination de duo del characteristicas de calide, humide, frigide, e sec, e toto habeva su loco e motion inevitabile. Le motion de iste elementos comencia con terra essente le proxime a &quot;le Terra,&quot; postea aqua, aere, foco, e finalmente Ethere. In addition al composition de omne cosas, Aristotele elaborava theorias sur proque cosas non retornava a lor motion natural. Ille comprendeva que aqua se trova supra terra, aere supra aqua, e foco supra aere in lor stato natural. Ille explicava que ben que omne elementos debe retornar a lor stato natural, le corpore human e altere formas de vita ha un restriction sur le elementos – non permittente al elementos retornar a lor stato natural.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Monte |date=2004 |title=Review of The Order of Nature in Aristotle's Physics: Place and the Elements, Helen S. Lang |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/432288 |journal=Isis |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=687–688 |doi=10.1086/432288 |jstor=10.1086/432288 |issn=0021-1753 |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204052419/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/432288 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le importante hereditage de iste periodo includeva progressos substantial in cognoscentia factual, specialmente in anatomia, zoologia, botanica, mineralogia, geographia, mathematica, e astronomia; un conscientia del importantia de certe problemas scientific, particularmente illos relationate con le problema del mutation e su causas; e un recognition del importantia methodologic de applicar mathematica a phenomenos natural e de facer recercas empiric.&lt;ref&gt;[[G.E.R. Lloyd]], ''Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle'', (New York: W.W. Norton, 1970), pp. 144–146.&lt;/ref&gt; In le epocha hellenistic, studiosos frequentemente applicava le principios developpate in le precedente pensamento grec: le application de mathematica e le recerca empiric deliberate, in lor investigationes scientific.&lt;ref&gt;[[G. E. R. Lloyd|Lloyd, G. E. R.]]  ''Greek Science after Aristotle''. New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Co, 1973.  {{ISBN|0-393-00780-4}}, p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt; Assi, lineas de influentia clar e ininterrupte conduce del philosophos grec e hellenistic, al philosophos e scientistas musulman medieval, al Renascentia e al Illuminismo europee, e al scientias secular del die moderne. Ni le ration, ni le inquisition comenciava con le antique grecos, ma le methodo socratic e le idea de Formas forniva grande progressos in geometria, logica, e le scientias natural. Secundo Benjamin Farrington, professor emerite de Studios Classic al Universitate de Swansea:

{{Citation|Homines pesava durante millennios ante que Archimedes elaborava le leges de equilibrio; illes debe haber possedite cognoscentia practic e intuitive del principios involvite. Lo que Archimedes faceva, era distillar le implicationes theoretic de iste cognoscentia practic e presentar le corpore de cognoscentia resultante como un systema logicamente coherente.}}

e de nove:

{{Citation|Con stupefaction, nos nos trova mesme sur le limine del scientia moderne. Non debe esser supponite que, per alcun stratagema de traduction, le excerptos ha essite dotate de un aere de modernitate. Ben, al contrario. Le vocabulario de iste scripturas e lor stilo es le fonte ex le qual nostre proprie vocabulario e stilo ha essite derivate.&lt;ref&gt;''Greek Science'', many editions, such as the paperback by Penguin Books. Copyrights in 1944, 1949, 1953, 1961, 1963. The first quote above comes from Part 1, Chapter 1; the second, from Part 2, Chapter 4.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

=== Astronomia grec ===
[[File:Antikythera mechanism.svg|thumb|upright|right|Schema del [[mecanismo de Antikythera]] (150-100 a.Chr.).]]
Le astronomo [[Aristarcho |Aristarcho de Samos]] esseva le prime persona cognoscite qui proponeva un modello heliocentric del Systema Solar, durante que le geographo Eratosthenes calculava accuratemente le circumferentia del Terra. Hipparchus (circa 190 – circa 120 a.Chr.) produceva le prime catalogo systematic de stellas. Le nivello de attingimento in astronomia e ingenieria hellenistic es impressionantemente monstrate per le mechanismo de Antikythera (150–100 a.Chr.), un computator analogic pro calcular le position de planetas. Artefactos technologic de similar complexitate non reappareva usque le 14e seculo, quando horologios astronomic mechanic appareva in Europa.&lt;ref name=insearchoflosttime&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Marchant | first1=Jo | year=2006 | title=In search of lost time | journal=Nature | volume=444 | issue=7119| pages=534–538 | doi=10.1038/444534a | pmid=17136067 | bibcode=2006Natur.444..534M | doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medicina hellenistic ===
Durante le epocha de Hippocrate, non existeva un definite structura de societate pro le medicina.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;Kleisiaris CF, Sfakianakis C, Papathanasiou IV. Health care practices in ancient Greece: The Hippocratic ideal. J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2014 Mar 15;7:6. {{PMID|25512827}}; PMCID: PMC4263393.&lt;/ref&gt; A ille tempore, le societate non esseva organisate e instructe, e le gente confideva ancora sur rationamento religiose pur pro explicar maladias.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt; Hippocrate introduceva le prime systema de medicina basate sur scientia e protocollos clinic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kleisiaris 6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Kleisiaris |first1=Christos F. |last2=Sfakianakis |first2=Chrisanthos |last3=Papathanasiou |first3=Ioanna V. |date=2014-03-15 |title=Health care practices in ancient Greece: The Hippocratic ideal |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine |volume=7 |pages=6 |issn=2008-0387 |pmc=4263393 |pmid=25512827}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le theorias de Hippocrate sur physic e medicina contribueva a establir un structura medic organisate pro le societate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kleisiaris 6&quot;/&gt; In medicina, Hippocrate (circa 460 a.Chr. – circa 370 a.Chr.) e su sequitores esseva le prime a describer multe maladias e conditiones medic e a elaborar le Juramento Hippocratic pro medicos, que ancora es pertinente e in uso hodie. Le ideas de Hippocrate es exprimite in Le Corpore Hippocratic. Le collection nota descriptiones de philosophias medic e como maladias e decisiones de vita se reflecte sur le corpore physic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kleisiaris 6&quot;/&gt; Hippocrate influentiava un relation professional occidental inter medico e patiente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=DeHart |first=Scott M. |title=Hippocratic Medicine and the Greek Body Image |journal=Perspectives on Science |year=1999 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=349–382 |doi=10.1162/posc.1999.7.3.349 |s2cid=57571190 |issn=1063-6145|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hippocrate es cognoscite etiam como &quot;le Patre del Medicina&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kleisiaris 6&quot;/&gt; Herophilos (335–280 a.Chr.) esseva le prime a basar su conclusiones sur dissection del corpore human e a describer le systema nervose. Galeno (129 – circa 200 p.Chr.) realisava multe operationes audace — incluse chirurgias de cerebro e oculo — que non esseva tentate de novo pro quasi duo millennios.

=== Mathematica grec ===
[[File:Oxyrhynchus papyrus with Euclid's Elements.jpg|thumb|Un del fragmentos plus vetule conservate del ''Elementos'' de Euclides, trovate a [[Oxyrhynchus]] e datate circa 100 EC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/Euclid/papyrus/papyrus.html |title=One of the Oldest Extant Diagrams from Euclid |author=Casselman, Bill |author-link=Bill Casselman (mathematician) |publisher=University of British Columbia |access-date=26 September 2008 |url-status=live |archive-date=4 June 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604095737/http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/Euclid/papyrus/papyrus.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Archimedes pi.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5&lt;!--fmt low-aspect image--&gt;|Archimedes usava le [[methodo de exhaustion]] pro approximar le valor de [[pi|π]].]]
In le Egypto hellenistic, le mathematico Euclides establiva le bases del rigor mathematic e introduceva le conceptos de definition, axioma, theorema, e demonstration que ancora es in uso hodie in su Elementos, considerate le libro de texto le plus influential que jam ha essite scripte.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyer Influence of the Elements&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Boyer |author-link=Carl Benjamin Boyer |title=A History of Mathematics |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye |chapter-url-access=registration |year=1991|chapter=Euclid of Alexandria|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye/page/119 119]|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |isbn=978-0471543978 |quote=Le ''Elementos'' de Euclides non solmente esseva le prime major obra mathematic grec que perveniva a nos, ma anque le manual le plus influential de omne tempores. [...] Le prime versiones impresse del ''Elementos'' appariva in Venetia in 1482, un del prime libros mathematic que esseva componite in typo; on ha estimate que desde alora al minus mil editiones ha essite publicate. Forsan nulle libro, excepte le Biblia, pote vantiar se de tantos editiones, e certemente nulle obra mathematic ha exercite un influentia comparabile con ille del ''Elementos'' de Euclides.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Archimedes, considerate un del mathematicos le plus grande de omne tempore,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Calinger |first=Ronald |title=A Contextual History of Mathematics |year=1999 |publisher=Prentice-Hall |isbn=978-0-02-318285-3 |page=150 |quote=Brevemente post Euclides, le compilator del manual definitive, veniva Archimedes de Syracusa (circa 287–212 a.Chr.), le mathematiciano le plus original e profunde del antiquitate.}}&lt;/ref&gt; es credite con le uso del methodo de exhaustion pro calcular le area sub le arco de un parabola con le summation de un serie infinite, e dava un approximation remarcabilemente accurate de pi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A history of calculus |author1=O'Connor, J.J. |author2=Robertson, E.F. |publisher=[[University of St Andrews]] |url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_rise_of_calculus.html |date=February 1996 |access-date=7 August 2007 |archive-date=15 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715191704/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_rise_of_calculus.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ille es etiam cognoscite in physica pro establir le bases del hydrostatica, statica, e le explication del principio del levator.

=== Altere developpamentos ===
Theophrastus scribeva alcun del prime descriptiones de plantas e animales, establiente le prime taxonomia e examinante minerales in terminos de lor proprietates, tal como duressa. Plinio le Senior produceva un del plus grandes encyclopedias del mundo natural in 77 p.Chr. e esseva un successor de Theophrastus. Per exemplo, ille describe accuratemente le forma octahedric del diamante e notava que le pulvere de diamante es usate per incisores pro taliar e polir altere gemmas a causa de su grande duressa. Su recognoscimento del importantia del forma crystalloide es un antecessor del crystallographia moderne, durante que notas sur altere minerales presagia mineralogia. Ille recognosce que altere minerales ha formas crystalloides characteristic, ma in un exemplo, confunde le habito crystalloide con le travalio de lapidarios. Plinio esseva le prime a monstrar que le ambra esseva un resina de pinos, a causa de insectos capturate in illos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=37#note92|title=Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK XXXVII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PRECIOUS STONES.|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |last1=King
 |first1=Rachel
 |title=Amber: From Antiquity to Eternity
 |year=2022
 |publisher=Reaktion Books
 |isbn=9781789145922
 |page=107
 |date=29 August 2022
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEt7EAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=pliny+the+elder+amber+gnats&amp;pg=PA107}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le developpamento de archeologia ha su radices in le historia e con illes qui esseva interessate in le passato, tal como reges e reginas qui voleva monstrar le glorias passate de lor nationes respective. Le historiographo grec del 5e seculo a.Chr., [[Herodoto]], esseva le prime scholastico a studiar systematicamente le passato e forsan le prime a examinar artefactos.

=== Erudition grec sub le dominio roman ===
Durante le dominio de Roma, historiographos famose como [[Polybio]], Livio e Plutarcho documentava le ascension del Republica Roman, e le organisation e historias de altere nationes, durante que homines de stato como Julio Cesare, Ciceron, e alteres offereva exemplos del politica del republica e le imperio e guerras roman. Le studio del politica durante iste epocha se dirigeva verso comprender le historia, comprender le methodos de governar, e describer le functionamento de governamentos.

Le conquesta roman de Grecia non diminueva le apprendimento e cultura in le provincias grec.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last= Lindberg | first= David C. | year = 2007 | chapter = Roman and early medieval science | title = The Beginnings of Western Science| pages = 132–162 | edition = 2nd | location = Chicago | publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn= 978-0-226-48205-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Al contrario, le appreciation del successos grec in litteratura, philosophia, politica, e le artes per le classe superior roman coincideva con le prosperitate crescente del Imperio Roman. Colonias grec existeva in Italia durante seculos, e le capacitate de leger e parlar greco non era rarissime in citates italian como Roma.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt; De plus, le installation de scholasticos grec in Roma, voluntarimente o como sclavos, dava al romanos accesso a professores de litteratura e philosophia grec. Vice versa, juvene scholasticos roman studiava in Grecia e, al retornar a Roma, poteva communicar le successos grec a lor direction latin.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt; E nonobstante le traduction de alcun textos grec in latino, scholasticos roman qui aspirava al nivello plus elevate lo faceva con le lingua grec. Le homine de stato e philosopho roman Ciceron (106–43 a.Chr.) esseva un excellente exemplo. Ille habeva studiate sub professores grec in Roma e postea in Athenas e Rhodos. Ille dominava grande partes de philosophia grec, scribeva tractatos latin sur plure themas, e mesmo scribeva commentarios grec de Timaeus de Platon, ben como un translation latin, que non ha supervivite.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt;

Al initio, le appoio al stipendios in cognoscentia grec esseva quasi completemente financiate per le classe superior roman.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt; Il habeva omne sortes de arrangiamentos, que variava de un scholastico talentose attachate a un familia opulente a sclavos grec educate.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt; In cambio, scholasticos qui succedeva al nivello plus elevate habeva un obligation de consiliar o dar compania intellectual a lor benefactores roman, o mesmo prender cura de lor bibliothecas. Le minus fortun o competente instrueva su filios o faceva tascas servil.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt; Le nivello de detalio e sophistication del cognoscentia grec esseva adjustate al interesses de lor patronos roman. Illo significava popularisar le cognoscentia grec presentante informationes que esseva de valor practic como medicina o logica (pro cortes e politica), ma excludente detalios subtil de metaphysica e epistemologia grec. Ultra le basic, le romanos non appreciava le philosophia natural e lo considerava un divertimento pro le tempore de otio.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt;

Commentarios e encyclopedias esseva le medios per le quales le cognoscentia grec esseva popularisate pro le audientia roman.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt; Le scholastico grec Posidonius (circa 135–circa 51 a.Chr.), un nativo de Syria, scribeva prolificamente super historia, geographia, philosophia moral, e philosophia natural. Ille influentiava scriptores latin como Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 a.Chr.), qui scribeva le encyclopedia Novem Libros de Disciplinas, que tractava novem artes: grammatica, rhetorica, logica, arithmetica, geometria, astronomia, theoria musical, medicina, e architectura.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt; Le Disciplinas deveniva un modello pro subsequente encyclopedias roman, e le nove artes liberal de Varro esseva considerate un education idonee pro un homine roman. Le prime septe del novem artes de Varro definirea postea le septe artes liberal del scholas medieval.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt; Le culmine del movimento de popularisation esseva le scholastico roman Plinio le Senior (23/24–79 p.Chr.), un nativo del nord de Italia, qui scribeva plure libros super le historia de Roma e grammatica. Su obra le plus famose esseva su voluminose Historia Natural.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt;

Post le morte del imperator roman Marco Aurelio in 180 p.Chr., le conditiones favorabile pro stipendios e apprendimento in le Imperio Roman esseva disturbate per disturbantias politic, guerras civil, decadentia urban, e le imminente crise economic.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt; Circa 250 p.Chr., barbaros comenciava a attaccar e invader le frontiera roman. Iste eventos combinate resultava in un decremento general del conditiones politic e economic. Le standard de vita del classe superior roman esseva severmente affectate e lor perdita de otio diminueva le scopos scholar.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt; De plus, durante le 3e e 4 seculos p.Chr., le Imperio Roman esseva administrativemente dividite in duo medietates: Grec Oriental e Latin Occidental. Iste divisiones administrative debilitava le contacto intellectual inter le duo regiones.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt; Finalmente, ambe medietates prendeva lor proprie camminos, con le Grec Oriental deveniente le Imperio Byzantin.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt; Le christianismo se expandeva anque durante iste tempore e presto deveniva un mecenas major de education in le Latin Occidental. Initialmente, le ecclesia christian adoptava alcun del instrumentos de rationamento de philosophia grec in le 2 e 3 seculos  p.Chr. pro defender su fide contra adversarios sophisticate.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt; Nonobstante, le philosophia grec recipeva un reception mixte ab le leaders e adherentes del fide christian.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt; Alcunos como Tertullian (circa 155–circa 230 p.Chr.) esseva vehementemente opponite al philosophia, condemnante lo como heretic. Alteres como Augustino de Hippo (354–430 p.Chr.) esseva ambivalente e defendeva le philosophia e scientia grec como le melior manieras de comprender le mundo natural e, pro tanto, le tractava como un domestica (o servitor) del religion.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt; Le education in le Occidente comenciava su declino gradual, con le resto del Imperio Roman Occidental, a causa de invasiones per tribos germanic, disturbantias civil, e collapso economic. Le contacto con le tradition classic esseva perdite in regiones specific como Britannia Roman e Gallia del nord, ma continuava a exister in Roma, le nord de Italia, Gallia del sud, Hispania, e Africa del Nord.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt;

== Medievo ==

=== Imperio Byzantin ===
[[File:ViennaDioscoridesFolio3v7Physicians.jpg|thumb|upright|right|The frontispiece of the [[Vienna Dioscurides]], which shows a set of seven famous physicians.]]

==== Preservation del hereditage grec ====
Le [[Cadita del Imperio Roman de Occidente|cadita del Imperio Roman de Occidente]] conduceva a un deterioration del tradition classic in le parte occidental (o Occidente Latin) de [[Europa]] in le annos 400. Al contrario, le Imperio Roman Oriental o [[Imperio Byzantin|Byzantin]] resisteva le attaccos barbaric e preservava e meliorava le cognoscentia.&lt;ref&gt;Lindberg, David. (1992) ''The Beginnings of Western Science''. University of Chicago Press. p. 363.&lt;/ref&gt;

Durante que le Imperio Byzantin reteneva ancora centros de apprendimento como [[Constantinopole]], [[Alexandria ad Egypto|Alexandria]] e Antiochia, le cognoscentia de Europa Occidental esseva concentrate in monasterios usque le developpamento de universitates medieval in le annos 1100. Le programma de scholas monastic includeva le studio de pauc textos antique disponibile e de nove obras sur subjectos practic como medicina&lt;ref&gt;Linda E. Voigts, &quot;Anglo-Saxon Plant Remedies and the Anglo-Saxons&quot;, ''Isis'', 70 (1979): 250–268; reprinted in Michael H. Shank, ''The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages'', Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 2000, pp. 163–181. {{ISBN|978-0-226-74951-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt; e chronometration.&lt;ref&gt;Faith Wallis, ''Bede: The Reckoning of Time'', Liverpool: Liverpool Univ. Pr., 2004, pp. xviii–xxxiv. {{ISBN|978-0-85323-693-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

In le 7e seculo in le Imperio Byzantin, Isidore de Miletus compilava le obras mathematic de Archimedes in le Palimpsesto de Archimedes, ubi omne contributiones mathematic de Archimedes esseva colligite e studiate.

John Philoponus, un altere scholastico byzantin, esseva le prime a interrogar le doctrina de physica de Aristotele, introducente le theoria de impeto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Philoponus, John|editor=Craig, Edward|year=1998|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Volume 7, Nihilism-Quantum mechanics|pages=371–377, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0zPyhAxhDz8C&amp;pg=PA373 373]|isbn=978-0-415-18712-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lindberg, David C. |year=2007|title=The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, Prehistory to A.D. 1450|edition=2nd|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|pages=307–308|isbn=978-0-226-48205-7}} Link to [https://books.google.com/books?id=dPUBAkIm2lUC&amp;pg=PA307 p. 307] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803040759/https://books.google.com/books?id=dPUBAkIm2lUC&amp;pg=PA307 |date=3 August 2020 }} from Google's copy of 2008 reprint.&lt;/ref&gt; Le theoria de impeto esseva un theoria auxiliar o secundari de dynamicas aristotelian, proponite initialmente pro explicar le motion projectate contra le gravitate. Illo es le antecessor intellectual de conceptos como inertia, impulso e acceleration in le mechanic classic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Duhem | first = Pierre | contribution = Physics, History of | year = 1913 | title = The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, and History of the Catholic Church | editor-first = Charles G. | editor-last = Herbermann | editor-first2 = Edward A. | editor-last2 = Pace | editor-first3 = Condé B. | editor-last3 = Pallen | editor-first4 = John J. | editor-last4 = Wynne | editor-first5 = Thomas J. | editor-last5 = Shahan | volume = 12 | page = 51 | place = New York | publisher = Encyclopedia Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XSQUAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA51 | access-date = 19 April 2018 | archive-date = 3 January 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140103080018/http://books.google.com/books?id=XSQUAAAAYAAJ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Le obras de John Philoponus inspirava Galileo Galilei dece seculos plus tarde.&lt;ref name=Lindberg1992p162&gt;Lindberg, David. (1992) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dPUBAkIm2lUC&amp;pg=PA162 The Beginnings of Western Science]''. University of Chicago Press. p. 162.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book| chapter-url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus/| title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy| chapter=John Philoponus| publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University| year=2018| access-date=11 April 2018| archive-date=22 April 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422010906/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus/| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Collapso ====
Durante le Cadita de Constantinopole in 1453, un numero de scholasticos grec fugiva al Italia del Nord, ubi illes alimentava le periodo posteriormente communmente cognoscite como le &quot;Renascentia&quot; durante que illes apportava con se multe cognoscentia classic includente un comprension de botanica, medicina e zoologia. Byzantio anque offereva al Occidente importante contributiones: le criticismo de John Philoponus del physica aristotelian e le obras de Dioscorides.&lt;ref&gt;Lindberg, David. (1992). ''The Beginnings of Western Science''. University of Chicago Press. p. 162.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mundo islamic ===
[[File:Islamic MedText c1500.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Manuscripto del 15e seculo de ''[[Canon de Medicina]]'' de [[Avicenna]].]]

Isto esseva le periodo (seculos 8-14 p.Chr.) del Epocha de Auro Islamic ubi le commercio prosperava, e nove ideas e technologias emergeva como le importation del arte de facer papiro ab China, que rendeva le reproduction de manuscriptos economic.

==== Traductiones e hellenisation ====
Le transmission oriental del hereditage grec a Asia Occidental esseva un processo lente e gradual que durava plus de mille annos, comenciante con le conquestas asian de Alexandro le Grande in 335 a.Chr. usque al fundation del Islam in le 7e seculo p.Chr.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007h&quot;/&gt; Le nascentia e expansion del islam durante le 7e seculo esseva sequite rapidemente per su hellenisation. Le cognoscentia del conceptiones grec del mundo esseva preservate e absorbite in le theologia, le derecto, le cultura e le commercio islamic, le quales esseva adjuvate per le translationes de textos grec traditional e alicun fontes intermediari syriac in arabic durante le 8e e 9e seculos.

==== Education e scopos scholar ====
[[File:Cour mosquee Suleymaniye Istanbul.jpg|thumb|[[Moschea Süleymaniye]].]]
Madrasas esseva centros de multe differente studios religiose e scientific e esseva le culmination de differente institutiones tal como moscheas basate sur studios religiose, allogios pro visitatores foras de le citate, e finalmente institutiones educative concentrate sur le scientias natural.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Moosa|first=Ebrahim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ei9ZBwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Madrasa+history&amp;pg=PP1|title=What Is a Madrasa?|date=2015-04-06|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-1-4696-2014-5|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730040037/https://books.google.com/books?id=ei9ZBwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Madrasa+history&amp;pg=PP1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A differentia de universitates occidental, studentes in un madrasa apprenderea de un professor specific, qui concederea un certificato al completion de lor studios nominato un Ijazah. Un Ijazah differe de un diploma universitari occidental in multe manieras, inclusive que illo es emittite per un sol persona in loco de un institution, e alique que illo non es un diploma individual que attesta un cognoscimento adequate sur subjectos extensive, ma plus tosto un licentia pro instruer e transmitter un conjuncto de textos specific.&lt;ref name=&quot;barker2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Barker|first=Peter|date=2017-12-15|title=The Social Structure of Islamicate Science|url=https://scholarworks.iu.edu/iupjournals/index.php/jwp/article/view/1259|journal=Journal of World Philosophies|volume=2|issue=2|issn=2474-1795|access-date=24 November 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124005530/https://scholarworks.iu.edu/iupjournals/index.php/jwp/article/view/1259|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Feminas anque esseva permittite a participar in madrasas, tanto como studentes como professores, un cosa non vidite in le education superior occidental usque le 19e seculo.&lt;ref name=&quot;barker2017&quot; /&gt; Madrasas esseva plus que simplemente centros academic. Le Moschea Suleymaniye, pro exemplo, esseva un del madrasas le plus ancian e ben cognoscite, que esseva construite per Soliman le Magnificente in le 16e seculo.&lt;ref name=&quot;architecturecourses2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Süleymaniye Mosque, Turkey|url=https://www.architecturecourses.org/s%C3%BCleymaniye-mosque-turkey|access-date=2021-11-24|website=www.architecturecourses.org|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124005536/https://www.architecturecourses.org/s%C3%BCleymaniye-mosque-turkey|url-status=live|accessdate=2024-01-17|archivedate=2021-11-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124005536/https://www.architecturecourses.org/s%C3%BCleymaniye-mosque-turkey}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le Moschea Suleymaniye habeva un hospital e collegio medical, un cocina, e un schola pro infantes, e anque functionava como un casa temporanee pro viagiatores.&lt;ref name=&quot;architecturecourses2021&quot; /&gt;

Le education superior in un madrasa (o collegio) esseva concentrate sur le derecto islamic e le scientia religiose, e le studentes debeva dedicar se a auto-studio pro omne altere materias.&lt;ref name=&quot;lindberg2007h&quot; /&gt; E nonobstante le occasional reaction theologic, multe scholares islamic de scientia poteva realisar lor travalio in centros urban relativemente tolerante (p.ex. Bagdad e Cairo) e esseva protegite per patronos potente.&lt;ref name=&quot;lindberg2007h&quot; /&gt; Illes poteva anque viagiar liberemente e excambiar ideas, proque il habeva nulle barrieras politic intra le stato islamic unificate.&lt;ref name=&quot;lindberg2007h&quot; /&gt; Le scientia islamic durante iste epocha esseva principalmente concentrate sur le correction, extension, articulation, e application de ideas grec a nove problemas.&lt;ref name=&quot;lindberg2007h&quot; /&gt;

==== Avantiamentos in mathematica ====
Le major parte del complimentos per scholares islamic durante iste periodo esseva in mathematica.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007h&quot;/&gt; Le mathematica arabe esseva un descendente directe del mathematica grec e indian.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007h&quot;/&gt; Per exemplo, lo que nunc es cognoscite como numeros arabic proveniva originalmente de India, ma mathematicos musulman faceva multe raffinamentos clave al systema de numeros, como le introduction del notation de puncto decimal. Mathematicos como Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (c. 780–850) dava su nomine al concepto de algorithmo, durante que le termino algebra se deriva de al-jabr, le initio del titulo de un de su publicationes.&lt;ref&gt;[[Gerald J. Toomer|Toomer, Gerald]] (1990). &quot;Al-Khwārizmī, Abu Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Mūsā&quot;. In Gillispie, Charles Coulston. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 7. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. {{ISBN|978-0-684-16962-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Le trigonometria islamic continuava ab le opera de le Almagest de Ptolemeo e le Siddhanta indian, del quales illes adderea functiones trigonometric, compilava tabulas, e applicava le trigonometria a spheras e planos. Multe de lor ingenieros, fabricantes de instrumentos, e agrimensores contribueva con libros de mathematica applicate. Es in astronomia ubi le mathematicos islamic faceva lor plus grande contributiones. Al-Battani (c. 858–929) meliorava le mensuras de Hipparchus, preservate in le translation del Almagest de Ptolemeo. Al-Battani anque meliorava le precision del mensura del precession del axe del Terra. Correctiones esseva facite al modello geocentric de Ptolemeo per al-Battani, Ibn al-Haytham,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rosen |first=Edward |year=1985 |title=The Dissolution of the Solid Celestial Spheres|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=19–21 |doi=10.2307/2709773|jstor=2709773 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Averroes e le astronomos de Maragha tal como Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi e Ibn al-Shatir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rabin|first=Sheila|url=http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanford/entries/copernicus/index.html|title=Nicolaus Copernicus|journal=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|year=2004|access-date=24 June 2012|archive-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715113006/http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/stanford/entries/copernicus/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |year=1994 |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8147-8023-7 |pages=254, 256–257 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scholares con habilitates geometric faceva importante meliorationes al textos classic anterior sur luce e vision de Euclide, Aristotele e Ptolemeo.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007h&quot;/&gt; Le prime tractatos arabe que ha supervivite esseva scribite in le 9e seculo per Abū Ishāq al-Kindī, Qustā ibn Lūqā e (in forma fragmentari) Ahmad ibn Isā. Plus tarde, in le 9e seculo, Ibn al-Haytham (cognoscite como Alhazen in le Occidente), un mathematico e astronomo, synthetisava un nove theoria del vision basate super le operationes de su predecessores.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007h&quot;/&gt; Su nove theoria includeva un systema complete de optica geometric, que esseva detaliatemente presentate in su Libro del Optica.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007h&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=hZvL5eYAAAAJ&amp;hl Sameen Ahmed Khan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305131051/http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=hZvL5eYAAAAJ&amp;hl |date=5 March 2016 }}, Arab Origins of the Discovery of the Refraction of Light; Roshdi Hifni Rashed (Picture) Awarded the 2007 King Faisal International Prize, Optics &amp; Photonics News (OPN, Logo), Vol. 18, No. 10, pp. 22–23 (October 2007).&lt;/ref&gt; Su libro esseva traducite in latino e esseva usate como un fonte principal sur le scientia de optica in Europa usque le 17e seculo.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007h&quot;/&gt;

==== Institutionalisation del medicina ====
Le scientias medical esseva prominentemente cultivate in le mundo islamic.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007h&quot;/&gt; Le opera del theorias medic grec, specialmente illos de Galeno, esseva traducite in arabe, e il habeva un affluente de textos medical per medicos islamic, que habeva como scopo organisar, elaborar e disseminar le cognoscentia medic classic.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007h&quot;/&gt; Specialitates medic comenciava a emerger, como illos involvite in le tractamento de maladias ocular como cataractas. Ibn Sina (cognoscite como Avicenna in le Occidente, c. 980–1037) esseva un prolific encyclopedista medic perse&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|last=Nasr|first=Seyyed Hossein|year=2007|title=Avicenna|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011433/Avicenna|access-date=3 June 2010|archive-date=31 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031092920/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011433/Avicenna|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; qui scribeva extensivemente super medicina,&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacquart, Danielle 2008&quot;&gt;Jacquart, Danielle (2008). &quot;Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances&quot;. European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). &quot;Arab Roots of European Medicine&quot;, Heart Views 4 (2).&lt;/ref&gt; con su duo obras le plus notabile in medicina essente le Kitāb al-shifāʾ (&quot;Libro del Sanation&quot;) e le Canone del Medicina, ambes usate como textos medicinal standard tanto in le mundo musulman como in Europa usque le 17e seculo. Inter su multe contributiones on pote mentionar le discoperta del natura contagiose de maladias infectiose,&lt;ref name=&quot;Jacquart, Danielle 2008&quot;/&gt; e le introduction de pharmacologia clinic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Brater | first1=D. Craig | last2=Daly | first2=Walter J. | year=2000 | title=Clinical pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Principles that presage the 21st century | journal=Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics | volume=67 | issue=5| pages=447–450 [448] | doi=10.1067/mcp.2000.106465 | pmid=10824622| s2cid=45980791 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Le institutionalisation del medicina esseva un altere importante realisation in le mundo islamic. Ben que hospitales como institution pro le malade emergeva in le imperio Byzantin, le modello de medicina institutional pro tote classes social esseva extensive in le imperio islamic e esseva disseminate a traverso tote le partes. Al addition de tractar patientes, medicos poteva instruer apprentisses medic, como etiam scriber e facer recerca. Le discoperta del transito pulmonar de sanguine in le corpore human per Ibn al-Nafis occurreva in un ambiente hospitalar.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007h&quot;/&gt;

==== Declino ====
Le scientia islamic comenciava su declino in le 12e e 13e seculos, ante le Renascentia in Europa, de parte al christian reconquesta de Espania e le conquestas mongol in le Oriente in le 11e e 13e seculos. Le mongoles saccheava Bagdad, le capital del califato abbasida, in 1258, lo que terminava le imperio abbaside.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007h&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Erica Fraser 1600&quot;&gt;Erica Fraser. The Islamic World to 1600, University of Calgary.&lt;/ref&gt; Nonobstante, multe del conquirentes deveniva patronos del scientias. Hulagu Khan, per exemplo, qui dirigeva le assedio de Bagdad, deveniva un patrono del observatorio de Maragheh.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007h&quot;/&gt; Le astronomia islamic continuava a florescer usque al 16e seculo.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007h&quot;/&gt;

=== Europa Occidental ===
[[File:Roger-bacon-statue.jpg|thumb|Statua de [[Roger Bacon]] al [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History]].]]

Al 11e seculo, le majoritate de Europa esseva christian; monarchias plus forte emergeva; limites era restaurate; developpamentos technologic e innovationes agricole occurreva, augmentante le provision de alimentos e le population. Textos classic grec esseva traducite de arabe e greco in latino, stimulante le discussion scientific in Europa Occidental.&lt;ref&gt;Lindberg, David. (1992) ''The Beginnings of Western Science''  University of Chicago Press. p. 204.&lt;/ref&gt;

In le antiquitate classic, tabus grec e roman sovente significava que le dissection era generalmente prohibite, ma in le Medievo professores e studentes medic in Bologna comenciava a aperir corpores human, e Mondino de Luzzi (circa 1275–1326) produceva le prime libro de anatomia cognoscite basate sur dissection human.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=978-0674057418 |last=Numbers |first=Ronald |title=Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion |page=45 |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-674-03327-6 |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120190509/https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674057418 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120190509/https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674057418 |date=20 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/04/debunking-a-myth/ |title=Debunking a myth |date=7 April 2011 |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728101124/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/04/debunking-a-myth/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Como resultato del ''Pax Mongolica'', europeos, tales como Marco Polo, comenciava a aventurar se plus e plus verso le oriente. Le relationes scribite per Polo e su companiones de viage inspirava altere exploratores maritime europee occidental a cercar un route directe per mar a Asia, concludente al Epocha del Discopertas.&lt;ref name= &quot;love2006a&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last = Love | first= Ronald S. | year = 2006 | chapter = Historical overview | title = Maritime Exploration in the Age of Discovery, 1415–1800 | pages = 1–8  | location = Westport, Connecticut | publisher = Greenwood | isbn= 978-0313320439}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Progressos technologic anque occurreva, como le prime volo de Eilmer de Malmesbury (qui habeva studiate mathematica in le 11e seculo in Anglaterra),&lt;ref name=&quot;Eilmer&quot;&gt;[[William of Malmesbury]], ''[[Gesta Regum Anglorum]] / The history of the English kings'', ed. and trans. R.A.B. Mynors, R.M. Thomson, and M. Winterbottom, 2 vols., Oxford Medieval Texts (1998–99)&lt;/ref&gt; e le avantiamentos metallurgic del alte furno cisterciense in Laskill.&lt;ref name=&quot;Laskill&quot;&gt;R.W. Vernon, G. McDonnell and A. Schmidt, 'An integrated geophysical and analytical appraisal of early iron-working: three case studies' ''Historical Metallurgy'' 31(2) (1998), 72–75 79.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Derbeyshire&quot;&gt;David Derbyshire, ''Henry &quot;Stamped Out Industrial Revolution&quot;'', [[The Daily Telegraph]] (21 June 2002)&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Universitates medieval ====
Un revitalisation intellectual de Europa Occidental comenciava con le initio del universitates medieval in le 12e seculo. Iste institutiones urban cresceva a partir del activitates scholastic informe de monachos docte qui visitava monasterios, consultava bibliothecas, e conversava con altere eruditos.&lt;ref name= &quot;gal2021d&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last= Gal | first = Ofer | year = 2021 | chapter = Medieval learning | title = The Origins of Modern Science | pages = 101–138 | location = New York, New York | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn= 978-1316649701}}&lt;/ref&gt; Un monacho qui deveniva ben cognoscite poteva attraher un sequitor de discipulos, dante loco a un fraternitate de studiosos (o ''collegium'' in latino). Un ''collegium'' poteva viagiar a un citate o demandar a un monasterio de hospitar les. Tamen, si le numero de studiosos in un ''collegium'' cresceva troppo, illes poteva optar pro establir se in un citate.&lt;ref name= &quot;gal2021d&quot;/&gt; Como le numero de collegios in un citate cresceva, illes poteva demandar que lor rege les concedeva un carta que les converterea in un ''universitas''.&lt;ref name= &quot;gal2021d&quot;/&gt; Multe universitates esseva chartate durante iste periodo, con le prime in Bologna in 1088, sequite per Paris in 1150, Oxford in 1167, e Cambridge in 1231.&lt;ref name= &quot;gal2021d&quot;/&gt; Le concession de un charta significava que le universitates medieval esseva partialmente soveranee e independent del autoritates local.&lt;ref name= &quot;gal2021d&quot;/&gt; Lor independentia los permitteva a ager secundo lor proprie regulas e judicar lor proprie membros basate sur lor proprie leges. De plus, como institutiones initialmente religiose, lor facultates e studentes esseva protegite ab pena capital (p.ex. le furca).&lt;ref name= &quot;gal2021d&quot;/&gt; Tal independentia esseva un question de costume, que, in theoria, poteva esser revocate per lor respective governantes si illes se sentiva menaciate. Disputationes sur varie themas o assertiones in iste institutiones medieval, quamquam controverse, se faceva de un maniera formalisate de tal modo que on declarava que iste disputationes occurreva intra le limites de un universitate e, ergo, esseva protegite per le privilegios de ille institution.&lt;ref name= &quot;gal2021d&quot;/&gt; Un assertion poteva esser describite como ''ex cathedra'' (litteralmente &quot;ex le cathedra&quot;, usate in le contexto del docentia) o ''ex hypothesi'' (per hypothese). Isto significa que le disputationes esseva presentate como solmente un exercitio intellectual que non requireva que on se ingagia al veritate de un assertion o que se faceva proselyto. Conceptos e practicas academic moderne como libertate academic o libertate de investigation es vestigios de iste privilegios medieval que esseva tolerate in le passato.&lt;ref name= &quot;gal2021d&quot;/&gt;

Le curriculo de iste institutiones medieval se centrava sur le septe artes libere, que habeva como scopo fornir a studentes novicios le habilitates pro rationamento e le lingua erudite.&lt;ref name= &quot;gal2021d&quot;/&gt; Studentes comenciarea lor studios con le prime tres artes libere o ''Trivium'' (grammatica, rhetorica, e logica) sequite per le sequente quatro artes libere o ''Quadrivium'' (arithmetica, geometria, astronomia, e musica).&lt;ref name= &quot;gal2021d&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007g&quot;/&gt; Illes qui completava iste requisitos e recipeva lor baccalaureato (o Baccalaureo in Arte) habeva le option de adherer al facultate superior (jure, medicina, o theologia), que les confererea un doctorato de leges pro un advocato, un doctorato de medicina pro un medice, o doctorato de theologia pro un theologo.&lt;ref name= &quot;gal2021d&quot;/&gt; Studentes qui eligeva remaner in le facultate inferior (artes) poteva laborar verso un ''Magister'' (o Magistro) e studiar tres philosophias: metaphysica, etica, e philosophia natural.&lt;ref name= &quot;gal2021d&quot;/&gt; Traductiones in latino del obras de Aristotele, como ''De Anima'' (Sur le Anima) e le commentarios sur illos, esseva lecturas obligatori. Con le passar del tempore, le facultate inferior habeva le derecto de conferer lor proprie grado doctoral nominato le doctorato de philosophia.&lt;ref name= &quot;gal2021d&quot;/&gt; Multe magistros se dirigeva verso encyclopedias e les usava como libros de texto. Ma iste studiosos desirava le textos original complete de philosophos, mathematicos, e medicos del antiquitate grec tal como Aristotele, Euclide, e Galeno, que non esseva disponibile a illes in ille epocha. Ille textos antique grec esseva trovate in le Imperio Byzantin e le Mundo Islamic.&lt;ref name= &quot;gal2021d&quot;/&gt;

==== Traductiones de fontes arabe e grec ====
Le contacto con le Imperio Byzantin,&lt;ref name=Lindberg1992p162/&gt; e con le mundo Islamic durante le Reconquesta e le cruciadas, dava al Europa latin accesso a textos scientific grec e arabic, includente le obras de Aristotele, Ptolemeo, Isidoro de Miletus, John Philoponus, Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Khwarizmi, Alhazen, Avicenna, e Averroes. Studiosos europee habeva accesso al programmas de traduction de Raymond de Toledo, qui patrocinava le Schola Toledo de Traductores del 12e seculo de arabe a latino. Traductores postea como Michael Scotus apprenderea arabe pro studiar iste textos directemente. Le universitates europee prestava materialmente lor adjuta in le traduction e propagation de iste textos e initiava un nove infrastructura que esseva necessari pro communitates scientific. De facto, le universitate europee poneva multe obras sur le mundo natural e le studio de natura al centro de lor curriculo,&lt;ref&gt;Huff, Toby. ''Rise of early modern science'' 2nd ed. pp. 180–181&lt;/ref&gt; con le resultato que le &quot;universitate medieval accentuava multo plus le scientia que su homologo moderne e descendente.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Grant, Edward. &quot;Science in the Medieval University&quot;, in James M. Kittleson and Pamela J. Transue, ed., ''Rebirth, Reform and Resilience: Universities in Transition, 1300–1700'', Ohio State University Press, 1984, p. 68&lt;/ref&gt;

Al initio del 13e seculo, on habeva traductiones latin bastante accurate del obras principal de quasi tote le autores antique intellectualmente crucial, permittente un transferentia solide de ideas scientific via tanto le universitates como le monasterios. In ille epocha, le philosophia natural in iste textos comenciava a esser extendite per scholasticos como Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus, e Duns Scotus. Precursores del methodo scientific moderne, influentiate per contributiones previe del mundo islamic, pote esser observate jam in le emphase de Grosseteste sur le mathematica como un via pro comprender le natura, e in le approche empiric admirate per Bacon, particularmente in su ''Opus Majus''. Le these de Pierre Duhem es que le Condemnation de 1277 per Stephen Tempier – le episcopo de Paris – conduceva al studio del scientia medieval como un disciplina serie, &quot;ma nemo plus in le campo nunc susteneva su vista que le scientia moderne comenciava in 1277&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanford&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/condemnation/ |title=Condemnation of 1277 |first=Hans |last=Thijssen |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |date=30 January 2003 |access-date=14 September 2009 |publisher=[[University of Stanford]] |archive-date=11 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311030803/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/condemnation/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tamen, multe studiosos concorda con le opinion de Duhem que le medio-tardive Medievo videva importantes developpamentos scientific.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rediscovering the Science of the Middle Ages |url=http://biologos.org/blog/rediscovering-the-science-of-the-middle-ages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301161246/https://biologos.org/articles/rediscovering-the-science-of-the-middle-ages |archive-date=1 March 2023 |access-date=26 October 2014 |publisher=BioLogos |accessdate=17 January 2024 |archivedate=1 March 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301161246/https://biologos.org/articles/rediscovering-the-science-of-the-middle-ages }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://icucourses.com/pages/023-a03-the-middle-ages-and-the-birth-of-science|title=023-A03: The Middle Ages and the Birth of Science – International Catholic University|work=International Catholic University|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026061525/http://icucourses.com/pages/023-a03-the-middle-ages-and-the-birth-of-science|url-status=live|accessdate=17 January 2024|archivedate=26 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026061525/http://icucourses.com/pages/023-a03-the-middle-ages-and-the-birth-of-science}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=History: A medieval multiverse|volume=507|issue=7491|pages=161–163|journal=Nature News &amp; Comment|doi=10.1038/507161a|pmid=24627918|year=2014|last1=McLeish|first1=Tom C. B.|author-link1=Tom McLeish|last2=Bower|first2=Richard G.|last3=Tanner |first3=Brian K.|last4=Smithson|first4=Hannah E.|last5=Panti|first5=Cecilia|last6=Lewis|first6=Neil|last7=Gasper|first7=Giles E.M.|url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/16743/1/16743.pdf|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723044419/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/16743/1/16743.pdf|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Scientia medieval ====
Le prime medietate del 14e seculo viderea multe travalio scientific importante, principalmente intra le contexto de commentarios scholastic sur le scripturas scientific de Aristotele.&lt;ref&gt;Edward Grant, ''The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts'', (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996), pp. 127–131.&lt;/ref&gt; William de Ockham poneva emphase al principio de parsimonia: philosophos natural non debe postular entitates non necessari, de modo que le motion non es un cosa distincte ma solmente le objecto movente,&lt;ref&gt;Edward Grant, ''A Source Book in Medieval Science'', (Harvard Univ. Press, 1974), p. 232&lt;/ref&gt; e un intermediari &quot;species sensibile&quot; non es necesse pro transmitter un imagine de un objecto al oculo.&lt;ref&gt;David C. Lindberg, ''Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler'', (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 1976), pp. 140–142.&lt;/ref&gt; Studiosos como Jean Buridan e Nicole Oresme comenciava a reinterpretar elementos del mechanica aristotelic. In particular, Buridan developpava le theoria que le impeto esseva le causa del motion de projectiles, que esseva un prime passo verso le concepto moderne de inertia.&lt;ref&gt;Edward Grant, ''The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts'', (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996), pp. 95–97.&lt;/ref&gt; Le Calculatores de Oxford comenciava a analysar mathematicamente le cinematica del motion, faciente iste analyse sin considerar le causas del motion.&lt;ref&gt;Edward Grant, ''The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts'', (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996), pp. 100–103.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1348, le Peste Nigre e altere catastrophes sigillava un brusc fin al developpamento philosophic e scientific. Tamen, le rediscoperta de textos ancian esseva stimulate per le Cadentia de Constantinopole in 1453, quando multe studiosos byzantin cercava refugio in le Occidente. Interim, le introduction del impression habeva un grande effecto sur le societate europee. Le dissemination facilitate del parola impresse democratisava le apprendimento e permitteva que ideas como algebra se propagava plus rapidemente. Iste developpamentos paviva le cammino pro le Revolution Scientific, ubi le inquisition scientific, que se arrestava al initio del Peste Nigre, resumeva.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Renaissance: The 'Rebirth' of Science &amp; Culture|url=https://www.livescience.com/55230-renaissance.html|first=Jessie|department=Historical development|last=Szalay|date=2016-06-29|website=LiveScience.com|access-date=2019-07-19|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027214636/https://www.livescience.com/55230-renaissance.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oK4HTBcdSJsC&amp;pg=PR14|first=Robert S.|last=Gottfried|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-0-02-912370-6|title=The Black Death: Natural &amp; Human Disaster in Medieval Europe|year=1985|access-date=2019-07-19|page=xiv|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803141629/https://books.google.com/books?id=oK4HTBcdSJsC&amp;pg=PR14|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Renascentia ==
=== Revivification del cognoscentia ===
Le renascentia del cognoscentia in Europa comenciava con le [[scholastica]] del 12e seculo. Le Renascentia del Nord monstra un cambio decisive in concentration ab le philosophia natural aristotelic verso le chimia e le scientias biologic (botanica, anatomia, e medicina).&lt;ref&gt;[[Allen Debus]], ''Man and Nature in the Renaissance'', (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1978).&lt;/ref&gt; Assi, le scientia moderne in Europa esseva recomenciate in un periodo de grande revolution: le [[Reforma protestante]] e le Contrareforma Catholic; le [[Discoperta europee de America|discoperta de America]] per [[Christophoro Columbo]]; le Cadentia de Constantinopole; ma etiam le re-discoperta de Aristotele durante le periodo scholastic presagiva grande cambios social e politic. Assi, on creava un ambiente apte in le qual il deveniva possibile interrogar doctrinas scientific, in le maniera que [[Martin Luther]] e [[Johannes Calvin]] interrogava doctrinas religiose. Le obras de Ptolemeo (astronomia) e Galeno (medicina) non sempre correspondeva con le observationes quotidian. Le labor de Vesalius sur cadaveres human revelava problemas con le perspectiva galenic del anatomia.&lt;ref&gt;Precise titles of these landmark books can be found in the collections of the [[Library of Congress]]. A list of these titles can be found in {{harvnb|Bruno|1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le discoperta del crystallo contribueva al avantiamento del scientia in ille periodo con su apparition ex Venetia circa 1450. Le nove vitro permitteva melior spectaculos e, eventualmente, le inventiones del telescopio e microscopio.

Le obra de Theophrastus sur petras, &quot;Peri lithōn&quot;, remaneva autoritative pro millennios: su interpretation de fossiles non esseva subvertite usque post le Revolution Scientific.

Durante le Renascentia Italian, Niccolò Machiavelli establiva le emphase del moderne scientia politic sur le observation empiric directe de institutiones e actores politic. Postea, le expansion del paradigma scientific durante le Illumination impulsava plus avante le studio del politica ultra determinationes normative.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://world101.cfr.org/contemporary-history/prelude-global-era/what-enlightenment-and-how-did-it-transform-politics|title=What Is the Enlightenment and How Did It Transform Politics?|website=World101 from the Council on Foreign Relations|accessdate=2024-01-17|archivedate=2024-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121054252/https://world101.cfr.org/contemporary-history/prelude-global-era/what-enlightenment-and-how-did-it-transform-politics}}&lt;/ref&gt; In particular, le studio del statisticas, pro analysar le subjectos del stato, ha essite applicate a sondages e electiones.

In archeologia, le 15e e 16e seculos videva le ascension de antiquarios in le Renascentia Europee qui esseva interessate in le collection de artefactos.

=== Revolution scientific e nascentia de Nove Scientia ===
[[File:Justus Sustermans - Portrait of Galileo Galilei, 1636.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Galileo Galilei]], patre del scientia moderne.]]

Le periodo del initio moderne es vidite como un floration del Renascentia europee. Il habeva un disposition a questionar veritates previemente acceptate e cercar nove responsas. Isto resultava in un periodo de avantiamentos scientific major, nunc cognoscite como le Revolution Scientific, que conducerea al emergentia de un Scientia Nove que esseva plus mechanistic in su vision del mundo, plus integrate con mathematica, e plus fidibile e aperte, proque su cognoscentia se basava sur un methodo scientific novemente definite.&lt;ref name= &quot;lindberg2007n&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gal2021i&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bowlermorus2020b&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;See, for example, {{harvnb|Heilbron|2003|pp=741–744}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le Revolution Scientific es un limite conveniente inter le pensamento antique e le physica classic, e es generalmente reputate haber comenciate in 1543, quando le libros &quot;De humani corporis fabrica&quot; (Sur le Operationes del Corpore Human) per Andreas Vesalius, e anque &quot;De Revolutionibus&quot; per le astronomo Nicolao Copernico, esseva primo imprimite. Le periodo culminava con le publication del &quot;Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica&quot; in 1687 per Isaac Newton, representante del crescentia sin precedentes de publicationes scientific a traverso Europa.

Altere avantiamentos scientific significative esseva facite durante iste epocha per Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Edmond Halley, William Harvey, Pierre Fermat, Robert Hooke, Christiaan Huygens, Tycho Brahe, Marin Mersenne, Gottfried Leibniz, Isaac Newton, e Blaise Pascal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster 1996&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author-last=Schuster |author-first=John A. |year=1996 |origyear=1990 |editor1-last=Cantor |editor1-first=Geoffrey |editor2-last=Olby |editor2-first=Robert |editor3-last=Christie |editor3-first=John |editor4-last=Hodge |editor4-first=Jonathon |title=Companion to the History of Modern Science |chapter=Scientific Revolution |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GIPEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA217 |location=[[Abingdon, Oxfordshire]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=217–242 |isbn=978-0415145787 |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927191043/https://books.google.com/books?id=6GIPEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA217 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In philosophia, contributiones major esseva facite per Francis Bacon, Sir Thomas Browne, René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Pierre Gassendi, Robert Boyle, e Thomas Hobbes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster 1996&quot;/&gt; Christiaan Huygens derivava le fortias centripete e centrifugal e esseva le prime a transferer investigation mathematic a describer phenomenos physic non observabile. William Gilbert faceva alcun del prime experimentos con electricitate e magnetismo, e establiva que le Terra mesme es magnetic.

==== Heliocentrismo ====
Le modello astronomic heliocentric del universo esseva perfectionate per [[Nicolaus Copernico]]. Copernico proponeva le idea que le Terra e tote le spheras celestial, que contine le planetas e altere objectos in le cosmo, rotava circum le Sol.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Principe |first=Lawrence M. |title=The Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-956741-6 |location=New York, NY |pages=47}}&lt;/ref&gt; Su modello heliocentric anque proponeva que tote le stellas esseva fixe e non rotava sur un axe, ni in ulle movimento.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Knox |first=Dilwyn |title=Ficino, Copernicus and Bruno on the Motion of the Earth |date=1999 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24331708 |journal=Bruniana &amp; Campanelliana |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=333–366 |jstor=24331708 |issn=1125-3819 |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204025441/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24331708 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Su theoria proponeva le rotation annual del Terra e le altere spheras celestial circum le Sol e poteva calcular le distantias de planetas usante deferentes e epicyclos. Ben que iste calculationes non esseva completemente precise, Copernico poteva comprender le ordine de distantia de cata sphera celestial. Le systema heliocentric copernican esseva un revivification del hypotheses de Aristarchus de Samos e Seleucus de Seleucia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gingerich |first=Owen |date=1973 |title=From Copernicus to Kepler: Heliocentrism as Model and as Reality |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/986462 |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=117 |issue=6 |pages=513–522 |jstor=986462 |issn=0003-049X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aristarchus de Samos proponeva que le Terra rotava circum le Sol ma non mentionava ulle cosa sur le ordine, motion o rotation del altere spheras celestial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Neugebauer |first=O. |date=1945 |title=The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/542323 |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=20–23 |doi=10.1086/370729 |jstor=542323 |s2cid=39274542 |issn=0022-2968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Seleucus de Seleucia anque proponeva le rotation del Terra circum le Sol ma non mentionava ulle cosa sur le altere spheras celestial. In plus, Seleucus de Seleucia comprendeva que le Luna rotava circum le Terra e poteva esser usate pro explicar le mareas del oceano, assi corroborante su comprehension del idea heliocentric.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carman |first=Christián C. |date=2018 |title=The first Copernican was Copernicus: the difference between Pre-Copernican and Copernican heliocentrism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45211937 |journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1007/s00407-017-0198-3 |jstor=45211937 |s2cid=253894214 |issn=0003-9519 |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204025440/https://www.jstor.org/stable/45211937 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Methodo scientific definite de novo ====
Anque le methodo scientific esseva melio developpate como le maniera moderne de pensar poneva emphase al experimento e al ration super considerationes traditional. Galileo (&quot;Patre del Physica Moderne&quot;) utilisava experimentos pro confirmar theorias physic, un elemento clave del methodo scientific.

== Seculo del Lumines ==
=== Continuation del Revolution Scientific ===
Le [[Revolution Scientific]] continuava al [[Illuminismo|Seculo del Lumines]], que accelerava le developpamento del scientia moderne.

==== Planetas e orbitas ====
Le modello heliocentric revivite per Nicolao Copernico esseva sequite per le modello del motion planetari presentate per Johannes Kepler al initio del 17e seculo, le qual proponeva que le planetas sequerea orbitas elliptic, con le Sol al foco del ellipse.

==== Calculo e mechanica newtonian ====
[[File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg| thumb|upright|right|[[Isaac Newton]] initiava le [[mecanica classic]] in le campo de [[physica]].]]

In 1687, Isaac Newton publicava le ''Principia Mathematica'', detaliante duo theorias physic comprehensive e succedite: le leges de motion de Newton, que conduceva al mechanic classic; e le lege de gravitation universal de Newton, que describe le fortia fundamental del gravitate.

==== Apparition del chimia ====
Un momento decisive occurreva quando &quot;chimia&quot; esseva distinguite de alchimia per Robert Boyle in su obra ''The Sceptical Chymist'' in 1661; ben que le tradition alchimic continuava pro un certe periodo post su obra. Altere passos importante includeva le practicas experimental gravimetric de chimicos medical como William Cullen, Joseph Black, Torbern Bergman e Pierre Macquer e le labor de Antoine Lavoisier (&quot;patre del chimia moderne&quot;) sur oxygeno e le lege de conservation de massa, que refutava le theoria del phlogiston. Le chimia moderne emergeva del 16e al 18e seculos per le practicas material e theorias promovite per alchimia, medicina, manufactura e exploitation minerari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |editor=Eddy, Matthew Daniel |editor2=Mauskopf, Seymour |editor3=Newman, William R. |title=Chemical Knowledge in the Early Modern World |journal=Osiris |volume=29 |date=2014 |pages=1–15 |url=https://www.academia.edu/6629576 |last1=Newman |first1=William R. |last2=Mauskopf |first2=Seymour H. |last3=Eddy |first3=Matthew Daniel |pmid=26103744 |doi=10.1086/678110 |s2cid=29035688 |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730040038/https://www.academia.edu/6629576 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730040038/https://www.academia.edu/6629576 |date=30 July 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Florin George Calian |url=http://archive.org/details/AlkimiaOperativaAndAlkimiaSpeculativa.SomeModernControversiesOnThe |title=Alkimia Operativa and Alkimia Speculativa. Some Modern Controversies on the Historiography of Alchemy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hroncek |first=Susan |date=2017 |title=From Egyptian Science to Victorian Magic: On the Origins of Chemistry in Victorian Histories of Science |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/711530 |journal=Victorian Review |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=213–228 |doi=10.1353/vcr.2017.0032 |s2cid=166044943 |issn=1923-3280 |access-date=28 April 2022 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512071829/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/711530 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Systema circulatori ====
William Harvey publicava ''De Motu Cordis'' in 1628, que revelava su conclusiones basate in su extensive studios del systemas circulatori de vertebratos.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster 1996&quot;/&gt; Ille identificava le rolo central del corde, arterias e venas in producer le movimento de sanguine in un circulo, e non trovava alcun confirmation del conceptiones pre-existente de Galeno sur le functiones de calefaction e refrigeration.&lt;ref&gt;Power, d'Arcey. Life of Harvey. Longmans, Green, &amp; co.&lt;/ref&gt; Le historia del biologia e medicina del epocha moderne initial es frequentemente narrate a transverso del cerca del sede del anima.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ancient-soul/|title=Ancient Theories of Soul|last=Stanford|date=2003|website=Plato.Stanford|access-date=2018-07-09|archive-date=7 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807014659/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ancient-soul/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Galeno in su descriptiones de su labor fundamental in medicina presenta le distinctiones inter arterias, venas e nervos usante le vocabulario del anima.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Galen on Respiration and the arteries|last=Galen|first=David|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1984|location=UCSC library|page=201}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Societates e jornales scientific ====
Un innovation critic esseva le creation de societates scientific permanente e lor jornales scholar, que accelerava drasticamente le diffusion de nove ideas. Typic esseva le fundation del Societate Regal in London in 1660 e su jornal in 1665, le ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'', le prime jornal scientific in anglese.&lt;ref&gt;Meyrick H. Carré, &quot;The Formation of the Royal Society&quot; ''History Today'' (Aug 1960) 10#8 pp 564–571.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1665 anque appareva le prime jornal in francese, le ''Journal des sçavans''. Con le inspiration ex le obras de Newton, Descartes, Pascal e Leibniz, le scientia se dirigeva verso le mathematica, physica e technologia moderne al tempore del generation de Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) e Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717–1783). Le Encyclopédie de Denis Diderot, publicate inter 1751 e 1772, portava iste nove comprension a un publico plus extense. Le impacto de iste processo non esseva limitate a scientia e technologia, ma afficeva etiam philosophia (Immanuel Kant, David Hume), religion (le crescente impacto del scientia sur religion) e le societate

==== Developpamentos in geologia ====
[[File:Anoplotherium 1812 Skeleton Sketch.jpg|thumb|Reconstruction skeletal e muscular de ''[[Anoplotherium commune]]'' de 1812 per Georges Cuvier basate super restos fossil del Bacino de Paris.]]

Le geologia non subiva un restructuration systematic durante le Revolution Scientific, sed existeva como un massa de ideas isolate e discoordinate sur petras, minerales, e formas terren multo ante que illo deveniva un scientia coherente. Robert Hooke formulava un theoria de tremores de terra, e Nicholas Steno developpava le theoria de superposition e argumentava que fossiles esseva le restos de creaturas antea vivente. Comenciante con le ''Sacred Theory of the Earth'' de Thomas Burnet in 1681, philosophos natural comenciava a explorar le idea que le Terra habeva cambiate con le tempore. Burnet e su contemporaneos interpretava le passato del Terra in terminos de eventos describite in le Biblia, ma lor labor preparava le fundamento intellectual pro interpretationes secular del historia del Terra.

=== Postea le Revolution Scientific ===
==== Bioelectricitate ====
Durante le fin del 18e seculo, recercatores como Hugh Williamson&lt;ref name=&quot;VanderVeer 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=VanderVeer |first=Joseph B. |title=Hugh Williamson: Physician, Patriot, and Founding Father |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=306 |issue=1 |date=6 July 2011 |doi=10.1001/jama.2011.933 }}&lt;/ref&gt; e John Walsh experimentava con le effectos de electricitate sur le corpore human. Studios ulterior per Luigi Galvani e Alessandro Volta stabiliva le natura electric de lo que Volta nominava galvanismo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Edwards 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Edwards |first=Paul |title=A Correction to the Record of Early Electrophysiology Research on the 250th Anniversary of a Historic Expedition to Île de Ré |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03423498/document |publisher=HAL open-access archive |access-date=6 May 2022 |date=10 November 2021 |id=hal-03423498 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506153323/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03423498/document |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bresadola 367–380&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Bresadola |first=Marco |title=Medicine and science in the life of Luigi Galvani |journal=Brain Research Bulletin |date=15 July 1998 |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=367–380 |doi=10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00023-9 |pmid=9739000|s2cid=13035403}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Developpamentos in geologia ====
Le geologia moderne, como le chimia moderne, evolveva gradualmente durante le 18e seculos e principio del 19e. Benoît de Maillet e le Comte de Buffon videva le Terra como multo plus vetule que le 6.000 annos imaginate per scholares biblic. Jean-Étienne Guettard e Nicolas Desmarest faceva excursiones in le Francia central e registrava lor observationes in alcun del prime mappas geologic. Adjutate per experimentos chimic, naturalistas como John Walker de Scotia,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Matthew Daniel Eddy|title=The Language of Mineralogy: John Walker, Chemistry and the Edinburgh Medical School 1750–1800|date=2008|publisher=Ashgate|url=https://www.academia.edu/1112014|access-date=19 September 2014|archive-date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903230852/http://www.academia.edu/1112014/The_Language_of_Mineralogy_John_Walker_Chemistry_and_the_Edinburgh_Medical_School_1750-1800_2008_|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903230852/http://www.academia.edu/1112014/The_Language_of_Mineralogy_John_Walker_Chemistry_and_the_Edinburgh_Medical_School_1750-1800_2008_ |date=3 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Torbern Bergman de Svedia, e Abraham Werner de Germania creava systemas de classification comprehensive pro petras e minerales – un realisation collective que transformava le geologia in un campo avantiate verso le fin del 18e seculo. Iste prime geologos proponeva anque interpretationes general de historia terrestre que portava James Hutton, Georges Cuvier e Alexandre Brongniart, sequente le passos de Steno, a argumentar que stratos de rocca pote esser datate per le fossiles que illos contineva: un principio primarimente applicate al geologia del Bassino de Paris. Le uso de fossiles indice deveniva un utensile potente pro crear mappas geologic, proque illo permitteva a geologos correlar le roccas in un loco con illos de etate simile in altere locos distante.

==== Nascentia del economia moderne ====
[[File:AdamSmith.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Adam Smith]] scribeva ''[[La Ricchessa del Nationes]]'', le prime obra moderne de economia.]]

Le fundamento pro le economia classic forma le obra de Adam Smith &quot;Un Inquisition sur le Natura e le Causas del Ricchessa del Nationes&quot;, publicate in 1776. Smith criticava le mercantilismo, advocante un systema de commercio libere con division del labor. Ille postulava un &quot;mano invisibile&quot; que regulava systemas economic consistente de agentes guidate solmente per interesse personal. Le &quot;mano invisibile&quot; mentionate in un pagina perdite in le medie de un capitulo in le medio del &quot;Ricchessa del Nationes&quot;, 1776, emerge como le message central de Smith.

==== Scientia social ====
Anthropologia pote esser melio comprehendite como un producto del Seculo del Lumines. Il esseva durante iste periodo que europeos essayava systematicamente studiar le comportamento human. Traditiones de jurisprudentia, historia, philologia e sociologia se developpava durante iste periodo e informava le evolution del scientias social, del qual le anthropologa faceva parte.

== 19e seculo ==
Le 19e seculo vide le nascentia del scientia como profession. William Whewell habeva cuniate le termino &quot;scientista&quot; in 1833,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | access-date=3 March 2008 | url=http://www.science.uva.nl/~seop/entries/whewell/ | title=William Whewell | encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | publisher=The Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University | date=2000-12-23 | last1=Snyder | first1=Laura J. | archive-date=4 January 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104025611/http://www.science.uva.nl/~seop/entries/whewell/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; le qual presto substitueva le vetule termino ''philosopho natural''.

=== Developpamentos in physica ===
[[File:Painting of Volta by Bertini (photo).jpeg|thumb| right |[[Alessandro Volta]] demonstra le prime [[cellula electrochemical|cellula electrical]] a [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] in 1801.]]

In physic, le comportamento de electricitate e magnetismo esseva studiate per Giovanni Aldini, Alessandro Volta, Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm, e alteres. Le experimentos, theorias e discopertas de Michael Faraday, André-Marie Ampère, James Clerk Maxwell, e lor contemporaneos conduceva al unification del duo phenomenos in un theoria solmente de electromagnetismo como describite per le equationes de Maxwell. Le thermodynamica conduceva al comprehension de calor e al notion de energia esser definite.

=== Discoperta de Neptuno ===
Avantages in astronomia e in systemas optic in le 19e seculo resultava in le prime observation de un asteroide ([[Ceres (planeta nano)|1 Ceres]]) in 1801, e le discoperta de [[Neptuno]] in 1846.

=== Developpamentos in mathematica ===
In mathematica, le notion de numeros complexe maturava finalmente e conduceva a un theoria analytic subsequente; illos anque comenciava le uso de numeros hypercomplexe. Karl Weierstrass e alteres realisava le arithmetisation de analyse pro functiones de numeros real e complexe. Le periodo viderea etiam le ascension de nove progresso in geometria ultra ille theorias classic de Euclide, post un periodo de quasi duo milles annos. Le scientia mathematic de logica anque habeva revolutionari manifestationes decisive post un periodo similarmente longe de stagnation. Ma le passo le plus importante in le scientia in iste tempore esseva le ideas formulate per le creator del scientia electric. Lor travalio cambiava le physionomia del physica e faceva possibile pro un nove technologia a emerger tal como le potentia electric, le telegrapho electric, le telephono, e le radio.

=== Developpamentos in chimia ===
[[File:DIMendeleevCab.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Dmitri Mendeleev]].]]
In chimia, Dmitri Mendeleev, sequente le theoria atomic de John Dalton, creava le prime tabula periodic del elementos. Altere punctos culminante include le discopertas que revelava le natura del structura atomic e de materia, simultaneemente con le chimia – e de nove sortas de radiation. Le theoria que tote le materia es facite de atomos, le quales es le minime constituentes de materia que non pote esser divulse sin perder le proprietates chimic e physic basic de ille materia, esseva presentate per John Dalton in 1803, ben que le question prendeva cento annos pro stabilir se como probate. Dalton anque formulava le lege de proportionalitate de massas. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev componeva su tabula periodic del elementos super le bases del discopertas de Dalton. Le synthesis de urea per Friedrich Wöhler aperiva un nove campo de recerca, le chimia organic, e al fin del 19e seculo, scientistas poteva synthetisar centos de compositos organic. Le parte posterior del 19e seculo vide le exploitation del petroproductos del Terra, post le depletion del provisiones de petroleo ex le piscar de balenas. In le 20e seculo, le production systematic de material raffinate forniva un provision immediate de productos que provideva non solmente energia, ma anque materiales synthetic pro vestimento, medicina, e ressources quotidian a uso unic. Le application del technicas de chimia organic a organismos vivente resultava in chimia physiologic, le precursor al biochimia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17152615/|title=History of biochemistry|first1=Parduman|last1=Singh|first2=H. S.|last2=Batra|first3=Manisha|last3=Naithani|date=6 January 2004|journal=Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine (Hyderabad)|volume=34|issue=1|pages=75–86|via=PubMed|pmid=17152615}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Etate del Terra ===
Durante le prime medietate del 19e seculo, geologos como Charles Lyell, Adam Sedgwick, e Roderick Murchison applicava le nove technica a roccas in tote Europa e le partes oriental de America del Nord, preparante le scenario pro projectos de cartographia plus detaliate, supportate per le governamento, in decennios subsequente. Al medio del 19e seculo, le concentration de geologia cambiava de description e classification a tentativas de comprender como le superficie de Terra habeva cambiate. Le prime theorias comprehensive del construction de montanias esseva proponite durante iste periodo, como anque le prime theorias moderne de tremores de terra e vulcanos. Louis Agassiz e alteres stabiliva le realitate de glaciation continental, e &quot;fluvialistas&quot; como Andrew Crombie Ramsay argumentava que valles fluvial esseva formate, durante milliones de annos, per le rivos que flueva a transverso de illos. Post le discoperta del radioactivitate, le methodos de datar radiation comenciava a esser developpate, comenciate in le 20e seculo. Le theoria de &quot;derivation continental&quot; de Alfred Wegener esseva largemente rejectate quando ille lo proponeva in le annos 1910,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pressbooks.howardcc.edu/worldgeography/chapter/chapter-3/|title=Chapter 3 Planet earth and Plate tectonics|first=R. Adam|last=Dastrup|via=pressbooks.howardcc.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma nove datos colligite in le annos 1950 e 1960 conduceva al theoria de tectonica de placas, que provideva un mechanismo plausibile pro illo. Tectonica de placas anque provideva un explanation unificate pro un varietate de phenomenos geologic apparentemente non connectite. Desde le annos 1960, illo ha servite como le principio unificante in geologia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/plate-tectonics|title=Plate Tectonics|website=education.nationalgeographic.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Evolution e hereditate ===
[[File:Darwin tree.png|upright|thumb|right|A mediatos de julio de 1837, [[Charles Darwin]] initiava su quaderno &quot;B&quot; sur le ''Transmutation de Species'', e in le pagina 36 scribeva &quot;Io crede&quot; super su prime [[Arbor de Vita (scientia)|arbor evolutionari]].]]

Forsan le theoria le plus prominente, controverse e extense in tote le scientia ha essite le theoria de evolution per selection natural, que esseva formulate independentemente per Charles Darwin e Alfred Wallace. Illo esseva describite in detalio in le libro de Darwin &quot;Le Origine del Species,&quot; que esseva publicate in 1859. In illo, Darwin proponeva que le characteristicas de omne formas de vita, includente humanos, esseva formate per processos natural super longe periodos de tempore. Le theoria de evolution in su forma currente affice quasi omne ramos de biologia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Dobzhansky |first1=Theodosius |year=1964 |title=Biology, Molecular and Organismic |url=http://people.ibest.uidaho.edu/~bree/courses/1_Dobzhansky_1964.pdf |journal=American Zoologist |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=443–452 |doi=10.1093/icb/4.4.443 |pmid=14223586 |access-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220935/http://people.ibest.uidaho.edu/~bree/courses/1_Dobzhansky_1964.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead |doi-access=free }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220935/http://people.ibest.uidaho.edu/~bree/courses/1_Dobzhansky_1964.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Le implicationes del evolution sur campos foras de scientia pur ha provocate tanto opposition como appoio de differente partes del societate, e ha profundemente influentiate le comprehension popular de &quot;le position del homine in le universo&quot;. Separatemente, Gregor Mendel formulava in 1866 le principios de hereditate, que deveniva le base del genetica moderne.

=== Theoria del germines ===
Un altere puncto importante in medicina e biologia esseva le effortios successose pro probas le theoria del germines de maladia. Subsequentemente a isto, [[Louis Pasteur]] creava le prime vaccino contra le rabie, e faceva multe discopertas in le campo del chimia, includente le asymmetria de crystallos. In 1847, le medico hungare Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis reduceva drasticamente le occurrentia de febre puerperal per simplemente exiger que medicos lavava lor manos ante attender feminas in parto. Iste discoperta precedeva le theoria del germines de [[maladia]]. Tamen, le conclusiones de Semmelweis non esseva appreciate per su contemporaneos, e le lavage de manos esseva prendite in uso solmente con le discopertas del chirurgo britannic Joseph Lister, qui in 1865 probava le principios de antisepsia. Le labor de Lister se basava sur le importante discopertas del biologo francese Louis Pasteur. Pasteur poteva ligar microorganismos con maladias, revolutionante medicina. Ille anque inventava le processo de pasteurisation, pro prevenir le propagation de maladias per le lacte e altere alimentos.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1=Campbell | first1=Neil A. | first2=Brad | last2=Williamson | first3=Robin J. | last3=Heyden | title=Biology: Exploring Life | publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall | year=2006 | url=http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html | isbn=978-0-13-250882-7 | oclc=75299209 | access-date=9 September 2008 | archive-date=2 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102041816/http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html | url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102041816/http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html |date=2 November 2014 }}{{page needed|date=April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Scholas de economia ===
Karl Marx developpava un theoria economic alternative, nominate economia marxista. Le economia marxista se basa sur le theoria de labor e assume que le valor de un bono se basa sur le quantitate de labor necessari pro producer lo. Sub iste axioma, le capitalismo se basa sur que le patronos non paga le valor complete del labor de laboratores pro producer plus de valor. Le Schola Austriac respondeva al economia marxista considerante le interprenditores como le fortia propulsive del developpamento economic. Isto substitueva le theoria de labor pro un systema de offerta e demanda.

=== Fundation de psychologia ===
Psychologia como un interprisa scientific que esseva independente del philosophia comenciava in 1879 quando Wilhelm Wundt fundava le prime laboratorio dedicate exclusivemente al recerca psychologic (in Leipzig). Altere importantes contributores al campo includeva Hermann Ebbinghaus (un pionero in le studio del memoria), Ivan Pavlov (qui discoperiva le conditionamento classic), William James, e Sigmund Freud. Le influentia de Freud ha essite enorme, ben que plus como un icone cultural que como un fortia in le psychologia scientific.

=== Sociologia moderne ===
Sociologia moderne emergeva al initio del 19e seculo como le responsa academic al modernisation del mundo. Inter multes del prime sociologos (como Émile Durkheim), le scopo de sociologia esseva in structuralismo, comprender le cohesion de gruppos social, e developpar un &quot;antidoto&quot; contra le disintegration social. Max Weber se occupava del modernisation de societate per le concepto de rationalisation, que ille credeva capturarea individuos in un &quot;cavia de ferro&quot; de pensamento rational. Alicun sociologos, includente Georg Simmel e W. E. B. Du Bois, usava analyses microsociologic, qualitative. Iste approche al nivello micro jocava un rolo importante in le sociologia american, con le theorias de George Herbert Mead e su studente Herbert Blumer resultante in le creation del approche de interactionismo symbolic al sociologia. In particular, justo Auguste Comte illustrava con su travalio le transition de un periodo theologic a un metaphysic e, ex isto, a un positive. Comte se occupava del classification del scientias e del transitos de humanitate verso un stato de progresso attribuibile a un re-examination de natura secundo le affirmation de 'socialitate' como le base del societate interpretate scientificamente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Natura, cultura e induzione nell'età delle scienze : fatti e idee del movimento scientifico in Francia e Inghilterra|last=Guglielmo|first=Rinzivillo|isbn=978-88-6812-497-7|location=Roma|pages=79–|oclc=913218837|date = 18 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Romanticismo ===
Le Movimento Romantic del initio del 19e seculo reformulava le scientia aperiente nove percursos impreviste in le approches classic del Illumination. Le declino del Romanticismo occurreva quando un nove movimento, le Positivismo, comenciava a captivar le ideal del intellectuales post 1840 e durava usque circa 1880. Al mesme tempore, le reaction romantic al Illumination produceva pensatores tal como Johann Gottfried Herder e plus tarde Wilhelm Dilthey, cuje obras formava le base pro le concepto de cultura que es central al disciplina. Traditionalmente, grande parte del historia del subjecto basava se in le incontros colonial inter le Europa Occidental e le resto del mundo, e multo del anthropologia del 18e e 19e seculos ora es classificate como racismo scientific. Durante le tarde 19e seculo, battalias sur le &quot;studio del homine&quot; eveniva inter illes de un persuasion &quot;anthropologic&quot; (basate sur technicas anthropometric) e illos de un persuasion &quot;ethnologic&quot; (studiante culturas e traditiones), e iste distinctiones deveniva parte del ulterior separation inter anthropologia physic e anthropologia cultural, le ultime introducite per le discipulos de Franz Boas.

== 20e seculo ==
Scientia progrediva de maniera dramatic durante le 20e seculo. Il habeva nove e radical disveloppamentos in le [[scientia physica|scientia physica]] e le [[scientias vital|scientias vital]], construente super le progressos del 19e seculo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | last = Agar | first = Jon | year = 2012 | title = Science in the Twentieth Century and Beyond | publisher = Polity Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 978-0-7456-3469-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Theoria de Relativitate e mechanica quantic ===
[[File:Albert Einstein (Nobel).png|thumb|upright|right|Retrato official de Einstein post haber recipite le Premio Nobel de Physica in 1921.]]

In le initio del 20e seculo, on initiava un revolution in le [[physica]]. Le theorias de longe durata de [[Isaac Newton|Newton]] se monstrava non esser correcte in omne circumstantias. A partir de 1900, [[Max Planck]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Niels Bohr]], e alteres developpava theorias quantic pro explicar resultatos experimental anomale, introducente nivellos discrete de energia. Le [[mechanica quantic]] monstrava non solmente que le leges de motion non se applicava in scala parve, sed etiam que le theoria de relativitate general, proponite per Einstein in 1915, monstrava que le fundamento fixe del spatio-tempore, super le qual dependeva tanto le mechanica newtonian quanto le relativitate special, non poteva exister. In 1925, Werner Heisenberg e Erwin Schrödinger formulava le mechanica quantic, que explicava le theorias quantic precedente. Actualmente, le relativitate general e le mechanica quantic es inconsistente inter se, e effortios es in curso pro unificar los.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/string-theory-about-unravel-180953637/|title=Why String Theory Still Offers Hope We Can Unify Physics|first1=Smithsonian|last1=Magazine|first2=Brian|last2=Greene|website=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Big Bang ===
Le observation per Edwin Hubble in 1929 que le velocitate con que le galaxias se recede correla positivemente con lor distantia, conduceva al comprension que le universo se expande e le formulation del theoria del Big Bang per Georges Lemaître. George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, e Robert Herman habeva calculate que il debe haber evidentia pro un Big Bang in le temperatura de fundo del universo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Alpher | first1=Ralph A. | last2=Herman | first2= Robert| year =1948 | title=Evolution of the Universe | journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume=162 | issue=4124| pages=774–775 | doi=10.1038/162774b0 | bibcode=1948Natur.162..774A | s2cid=4113488 }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Gamow | first1=G. | doi=10.1038/162680a0 | title=The Evolution of the Universe | pmid=18893719 | journal=Nature | year=1948 | volume=162 | issue=4122 | pages=680–682 | bibcode=1948Natur.162..680G | s2cid=4793163 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1964, Arno Penzias e Robert Wilson&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1978/wilson-lecture.pdf|title=Wilson's 1978 Nobel lecture|website=nobelprize.org|access-date=23 March 2005|archive-date=13 April 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050413230649/http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1978/wilson-lecture.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; discoperiva un sibilamento de fundo a 3 Kelvin con lor radio-telescopio de Bell Labs (le antenna Holmdel Horn), que esseva evidentia pro iste hypothesis e formava le base pro un numero de resultatos que adjutava a determinar le etate del universo.

=== Big Science ===
[[File:Trinity Test Fireball 25ms.jpg|thumb|left|Le [[bomba atomic]] introducteva le &quot;[[Big Science]]&quot; in le campo de [[physica]].]]

In 1938, Otto Hahn e Fritz Strassmann discoperiva le fission nuclear per methodos radiochimic, e in 1939 Lise Meitner e Otto Robert Frisch scribeva le prime interpretation theoretic del processo de fission, que postea esseva meliorate per Niels Bohr e John A. Wheeler. Ulterior progressos occurreva durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, conducente al application practic de radar e al developpamento e uso del bomba atomic. In iste periodo, Chien-Shiung Wu esseva recrutate per le Projecto Manhattan pro adjutar a developpar un processo pro separar metallo de uranium in isotopos U-235 e U-238 per diffusion gasose..&lt;ref&gt;Ronald K. Smeltzer. &quot;Chien-Shiung Wu.&quot; Atomic Heritage Foundation, https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/chien-shiung-wu {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915015223/https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/chien-shiung-wu |date=15 September 2019 }}. Accessed 26 Oct. 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Wu, experto experimental in decadentia beta e physica de interaction debile,&lt;ref name=&quot;biography.com&quot;&gt;Biography.com Editors. &quot;Chien-Shiung Wu.&quot; Biography.com, 2 June 2016, https://www.biography.com/people/chien-shiung-wu-053116 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026054240/https://www.biography.com/people/chien-shiung-wu-053116 |date=26 October 2017 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | doi=10.1063/1.2806727 | title=Chien-Shiung Wu | year=1997 | last1=Garwin | first1=Richard L. | last2=Lee | first2=Tsung-Dao | journal=Physics Today | volume=50 | issue=10 | pages=120–122 | doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; developpava un experimento (vide Experimento Wu) que permitteva al physicos theoretic Tsung-Dao Lee e Chen-Ning Yang refutar experimentalmente le lege de paritate, conquirente un Premio Nobel in 1957.&lt;ref name=&quot;biography.com&quot;/&gt;

Ben que le processo habeva comenciate con le invention del cyclotron per Ernest O. Lawrence in le annos 1930, le physica post-le-guerra entrava in un epocha de &quot;Big Science,&quot; que exigeva machinas, budgets, e laboratorios massive pro probar lor theorias e avantiar in nove frontes.

=== Avantiamentos in genetica ===
[[File:Template from Crick and Watson’s DNA molecular model, 1953. (9660573227).jpg|thumb|right|Watson e Crick usava multe moldes de aluminium como iste, que representa le base singule [[Adenina]] (A), pro construer un modelo fisic de DNA in 1953.]]

Al initio del 20e seculo, le studio del hereditate deveniva un major foco post le rediscoperta in 1900 del lege de hereditate developpate per Mendel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henig |first=Robin Marantz |title=The Monk in the Garden : The Lost and Found Genius of Gregor Mendel, the Father of Genetics |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-395-97765-1 |oclc=43648512 |url=https://archive.org/details/monkingardenlost00heni }}&lt;/ref&gt; Le integration de physica e chimia durante le 20esime seculo explicava le proprietates chimic como resultato del structura electronic del atomo. Le travalio de Linus Pauling sur le Natura del Ligamine Chimic applicava le principios del mechanica quantic pro deducer angulos de ligamine in moleculas sempre plus complicate. Le travalio de Pauling culminava con le modellation physic del ADN, le secreto de vita (secundo le parolas de Francis Crick, 1953). In le mesme anno, le experimento Miller-Urey demonstrava, in un simulation de processos primordial, que componentes basic de proteinas, como aminoacidos simplice, pote esser construite ex moleculas plus simplice, initiante decennios de investigation sur le origines chimic de vita. In 1953, James D. Watson e Francis Crick clarificava le structura basic del ADN, le material genetic pro exprimer vita in omne su formas,&lt;ref name=WastonCrick/&gt; construente sur le labor de Maurice Wilkins e Rosalind Franklin, e suggereva que le structura de ADN esseva un helice duplice. In le final del 20e seculo, le possibilitates del ingenieria genetic deveniva practic pro le prime vice, e un massive effortio international comenciava in 1990 pro cartographiar tote le genoma human (le Projecto del Genoma Human). Le disciplina de ecologia generalmente tracia su origine al synthesis del evolution darwinian e le biogeographia humboldtian, in le tardo del 19e seculo e le initio del 20e seculo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Cittadino |first=Eugene |title=Nature as the laboratory: Darwinian plant ecology in the German Empire, 1880-1900 |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52486-5 |edition= |location=Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt; Equalmente importante in le ascension de ecologia tamen esseva le microbiologia e le scientia del solo — particularmente le concepto del cyclo de vita, prominente in le obras de Louis Pasteur e Ferdinand Cohn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ackert |first=Lloyd T. |date=2007-03-01 |title=The &quot;Cycle of Life&quot; in Ecology: Sergei Vinogradskii's Soil Microbiology, 1885–1940 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-006-9104-6 |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=109–145 |doi=10.1007/s10739-006-9104-6 |s2cid=128410978 |issn=1573-0387}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le termino &quot;ecologia&quot; esseva coniate per Ernst Haeckel, cuje vision particularmente holistic de natura in general (e le theoria de Darwin in particular) esseva importante in le diffusion del pensamento ecological.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Egerton |first=Frank N. |title=Roots of ecology: antiquity to Haeckel |date=2012 |publisher=University of California press |isbn=978-0-520-27174-6 |location=Berkeley}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le campo de ecologia del systema emergeva in le Etate Atomic con le uso de radioisotopos pro visualisar retes alimentari, e per le annos 1970, le ecologia del systema influenceva profundemente le gestion ambiental global.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Laura J. |title=[[Wild by Design]]: The Rise of Ecological Restoration |date=2022 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-97942-0 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Exploration spatial ===
In 1925, Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin determinava que le stellas esseva principalmente componite de hydrogeno e helium.&lt;ref&gt;Erik Gregersen. &quot;Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin | American Astronomer.&quot; Encyclopædia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cecilia-Payne-Gaposchkin {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008214403/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cecilia-Payne-Gaposchkin |date=8 October 2018 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Le astronomo Henry Norris Russell la dissuadeva de publicar iste discoperta in su these de doctorato a causa del credentia largemente acceptate que le stellas habeva le mesme composition que le Terra.&lt;ref name=&quot;newn.cam.ac.uk&quot;&gt;Rachael Padman. &quot;Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900–1979).&quot; Newnham College Biographies, 2004, http://www.newn.cam.ac.uk/about/history/biographies/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325225822/http://www.newn.cam.ac.uk/about/history/biographies/ |date=25 March 2017 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Tamen, quatro annos postea, in 1929, Henry Norris Russell arrivava al mesme conclusion per differente rationamento, e le discoperta finalmente esseva acceptate.&lt;ref name=&quot;newn.cam.ac.uk&quot;/&gt;

In 1987, le supernova SN 1987A esseva observate per astronomos sur le Terra, tanto visualmente como, in un triumpho pro le astronomia de neutrinos, per le detectores solar de neutrinos in Kamiokande. Ma le fluxo solar de neutrinos esseva un faction de su valor theoreticamente expectate. Iste discrepantia exigeva un modification in certe valores del modello standard pro le physica de particulas.

=== Neuroscientia como un disciplina differente ===
Le comprehension del neurones e del systema nervose deveniva crescentemente precise e molecular durante le 20e seculo. Per exemplo, in 1952, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin e Andrew Huxley presentava un modello mathematic pro le transmission de signales electric in neurones del gigantesc axon de un calamar, que illes appellava &quot;potential de action&quot;, e como illos es initiate e propagate, cognoscite como le modello Hodgkin–Huxley. In 1961–1962, Richard FitzHugh e J. Nagumo simplicificava le modello Hodgkin–Huxley, in lo que es cognoscite como le modello FitzHugh–Nagumo. In 1962, Bernard Katz modellava le neurotransmission a transverso del spatio inter neurones cognoscite como synapses. Comenciante in 1966, Eric Kandel e collaboratores examinava cambios biochimic in neurones associate con le apprentissage e le immagazinamento de memoria in Aplysia. In 1981, Catherine Morris e Harold Lecar combinava iste modellos in le modello Morris–Lecar. Tal labor crescentemente quantitative dava initio a numerose modellos biologic de neurones e modellos de computation neural. Le neuroscientia comenciava a esser recognoscite como un disciplina academic distincte in su proprie derecto. Eric Kandel e su collaboratores ha mentionate que David Rioch, Francis O. Schmitt, e Stephen Kuffler ha jocate rolos critic in establir le campo.&lt;ref name=Rioch&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cowan|first1=W.M. |last2=Harter|first2=D.H.|last3=Kandel|first3=E.R.|date=2000|title=The emergence of modern neuroscience: Some implications for neurology and psychiatry|journal=Annual Review of Neuroscience|volume=23|pages=345–346 |doi=10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.343|pmid=10845068}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tectonica de placa ===
[[File:Wegener Expedition-1912 008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Alfred Wegener]] in Greenland durante le hiberno de 1912–13. Ille es principalmente memorate como le initiator del hypothesis de [[deriva continental]] per suggérer in 1912 que le [[continentes|continentes]] se move lentemente circum le Terra.]]

Le imbraciamento del geologos del theoria del tectonica de placas faceva parte de un ampliation del campo de studio ab le roccas a un studio del Terra como un planeta. Altere elementos de iste transformation include: studio geophysic del interior del Terra, le combination del geologia con meteorologia e oceanographia como un del &quot;scientias de Terra&quot;, e comparationes inter le Terra e altere planetas roccose del systema solar.

=== Applicationes ===
In terminos de applicationes, un numero massive de nove technologias esseva developpate in le 20e seculo. Technologias como electricitate, le bomba incandescente, le automobile e le phonographo, primo developpate al fin del 19e seculo, esseva perfectionate e introducite universalmente. Le prime automobile esseva presentate per Karl Benz in 1885.&lt;ref&gt;American Society of Mechanical Engineers. [https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/karl-benz Karl Benz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128084747/https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/karl-benz |date=28 November 2021 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; Le prime volo de un avion occurreva in 1903, e al fin del seculo aviones volava millias post milias in question de horas. Le developpamento del radio, television e computatores causava cambios massive in le diffusion de information. Avantages in biologia anque conduceva a grande augmentos in le production alimentari, como le elimination de maladias como le polio per dr. Jonas Salk. Le cartographia e sequentiation de genes, inventate per le dres. Mark Skolnik e Walter Gilbert, respectivemente, es le duo technologias que rendeva possible le Projecto del Genoma Human. Le informatica, construite super un base de linguistica theoretic, mathematica discrete e ingenieria electric, studia le natura e limites del computation. Sub-campos include computabilitate, complexitate computational, designo de bases de datos, interconnection de computatores, intelligentia artificial, e le designo de hardware de computatores. Un area in le qual progressos in informatica ha contribuite al developpamento scientific general es per facilitar le archivamento a grande scala de datos scientific. Le informatica contemporanee typicamente se distingue per emphasar 'theoria' mathematic in contrasto con le emphase practic del ingenieria de software.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.springboard.com/blog/software-engineering/computer-science-vs-software-engineering/#:~:text=Yes%2C%20there%20is%20a%20difference,emphasizing%20engineering%20principles%20and%20practices|title=Computer Science vs. Software Engineering [Comparison Guide]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le articulo &quot;Super le Theoria Quantic del Radiation&quot; de Einstein delineava le principios del emission stimulate de photonos. Isto conducerea al invention del laser (amplification de lumine per le emission stimulate de radiation) e del amplificator optic que inaugurava le Epocha del Information..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Hecht|first=Jeff|date=August 10, 2016|title=The Bandwidth Bottleneck That is Throttling the Internet .|work=Scientific American}}&lt;/ref&gt; Es le amplification optic que permitte a retes de fibra optic transmitter le capacitate massive de Internet.

Basate sur transmission sin filo de radiation electromagnetic e retes global de operation cellular, le telephono mobile deveniva un medio principal pro acceder le internet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Handley |first1=Lucy |title=Nearly three quarters of the world will use just their smartphones to access the internet by 2025 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/24/smartphones-72percent-of-people-will-use-only-mobile-for-internet-by-2025.html |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=CNBC |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928214700/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/24/smartphones-72percent-of-people-will-use-only-mobile-for-internet-by-2025.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Developpamentos in politica e economia ===
In le scientia politic durante le 20e seculo, le studio de ideologia, comportamentalismo e relationes international conducente a un multitude de subdisciplinas in le campo de &quot;pol-sci&quot;, includente theoria del election rational, theoria del votation, theoria ludic (usate etiam in economia), psephologia, geographia politic/geopolitica, anthropologia politic/psychologia politic/sociologia politic, economia politic, analyse de politicas, administration public, analyse politic comparative e studio de pace/conflictos. In economia, John Maynard Keynes promoveva un division inter microeconomia e macroeconomia in le annos 1920. In le economia keynesian tendentias macroeconomic pote supprimer decisiones economic facite per individuos. Governamentos debe promover le demanda aggregate de benes como medio pro fomentar le expansion economic. Post le Secunde Guerra Mundial Milton Friedman creava le concepto de monetarismo. Le monetarismo se concentra in le uso del offerta e demanda de moneta como un methodo pro controlar le activitate economic. In le annos 1970, le monetarismo se adaptava al economia de offerta, que advoca pro le reduction de taxas como un medio pro augmentar le quantitate de moneta disponibile pro le expansion economic. Altere scholas moderne de pensamento economic include le economia nove-classic e le economia neo-keynesian nove. Le economia nove-classic se developpava in le annos 1970, accentuante le microeconomia solide como le base pro le crescimento macroeconomic. Le economia neo-keynesian nove se creava partialmente in responsa al economia nove-classic, e monstra como le competition imperfecte e rigiditates del mercato significa que le politica monetari ha effectos real, e permitte le analyse de politicas differente.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/jep.32.3.87|title=The State of New Keynesian Economics: A Partial Assessment|first=Jordi|last=Galí|date=1 August 2018|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=32|issue=3|pages=87–112|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1257/jep.32.3.87|hdl=10230/35942|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Developpamentos in psychologia, sociologia e anthropologia ===
Le psychologia in le 20e seculo videva un rejection del theorias de Freud como troppo non-scientific, e un reaction contra le approche atomic del mente de Edward Titchener. Isto conduceva al formulation del comportamentalismo per John B. Watson, que esseva popularisate per B.F. Skinner. Le comportamentalismo proponeva de limitar epistemologicamente le studio psychologic a comportamento evidente, date que illo pote esser mensurate de modo fidibile. Le cognoscimento scientific del &quot;mente&quot; esseva considerate troppo metaphysic, ergo impossibile de attinger. Le ultime decennios del 20e seculo ha vidite le ascension de scientia cognitive, que considera le mente de nove como un subjecto de investigation, usante le instrumentos de psychologia, linguistica, informatica, philosophia e neurobiologia. Nove methodos pro visualisar le activitate del cerebro, como PET scans e CAT scans, ha comenciate a exercer lor influentia, conducente a que alcun cercatores investiga le mente per investigar le cerebro, plus que le cognition. Iste nove formas de investigation presume que un comprehension extensive del mente human es possibile, e que tal comprehension pote esser applicate a altere dominios de recerca, como intelligentia artificial. Le theorias evolutionari esseva applicate al comportamento e introducite in anthropologia e psychologia, per le opera del anthropologo cultural Napoleon Chagnon. Anthropologia physical deveniva anthropologia biologic, incorporante elementos del biologia evolutionari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.21438|title=The new biological anthropology: Bringing Washburn's new physical anthropology into 2010 and beyond-The 2008 AAPA luncheon lecture|first=Agustin|last=Fuentes|date=6 January 2010|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=143|issue=S51|pages=2–12|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1002/ajpa.21438}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le sociologia american in le annos 1940 e 1950 esseva dominante principalmente per Talcott Parsons, qui argumentava que aspectos del societate que promoveva integration structural esseva ergo &quot;functional&quot;. Iste approche de functionalismo structural esseva questionate in le annos 1960, quando sociologos arrivava a vider iste approche como simplificate justification del inequalitates presente in le stato quo. In reaction, le theorias de conflicto esseva developpate, basate in parte super le philosophias de Karl Marx. Le theoricos de conflicto videva le societate como un arena in le qual differente gruppos compete pro le controlo de ressources. Le interactionismo symbolic anque deveniva central al pensamento sociologic. Erving Goffman videva le interactiones social como un apparition scenic, con individuos preparante se &quot;in coulisses&quot; e essayante controlar lor publico per gerer lor impression.&lt;ref&gt;https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology2ndedition/chapter/chapter-22-social-interaction/&lt;/ref&gt; Ben que iste theorias sia actualmente prominente in le pensamento sociologic, altere approches existe, includente le theorias feminista, post-structuralista, de election rational, e postmodernista.

In le medie del 20e seculo, multe del methodologias del studios anthropologic e ethnographic precedente esseva reevalutate con un attention al ethica de recerca, durante que al mesme tempore le ambito de investigation se ha ampliate multo ultra le studio traditional de &quot;culturas primitive&quot;.

[[File:CMS Higgs-event.jpg|thumb|Un possibile signatura de un boson de Higgs ex un collision simulate de proton-proton. Ille decadita quasi immediatemente in duo jets de [[hadron]]s e duo [[electron]]s, visibile como lineas.]]

== 21e seculo ==
=== Boson de Higgs ===
Le 4 de julio, 2012, physicos qui laborava al Large Hadron Collider del CERN annunciava que illes habeva discoperite un nove particula subatomic multo simile al boson de Higgs, un clave potential pro comprender proque particulas elementar ha massa e, in effecto, pro le existentia de diversitate e vita in le universo.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/05/science/cern-physicists-may-have-discovered-higgs-boson-particle.html?pagewanted=3&amp;_r=1&amp;ref=science |work=The New York Times |first=Dennis |last=Overbye |title=Physicists Find Particle That Could Be the Higgs Boson |date=4 July 2012 |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607031642/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/05/science/cern-physicists-may-have-discovered-higgs-boson-particle.html?pagewanted=3&amp;_r=1&amp;ref=science |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pro le momento, alcun physicos lo nomina &quot;le particula como Higgs&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes.com&quot;/&gt; Peter Higgs esseva un del sex physicos, laborante in tres gruppos independente, qui, in 1964, inventava le notion del campo de Higgs (&quot;melassa cosmic&quot;), junctemente con Tom Kibble, Carl Hagen, Gerald Guralnik, François Englert e Robert Brout.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes.com&quot; /&gt;

== Vide etiam ==
* [[Scientia in le mundo antique]]
* [[Scientia in le Antiquitate classic]]
* [[Scientia europee in le Medievo]]
* [[Historia del scientia in le Renascentia]]
* [[Revolution Scientific]]
* [[Scientia in le Seculo del Lumines]]
* [[Romanticismo in scientia]]

{{Ref}}

{{Historia del scientia}}

[[Categoria:Historia del scientia]]</text>
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    <title>Immigration african al Statos Unite de America</title>
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      <text bytes="1027" sha1="6qi5ztf6iriecl1iv4jvkqd7gn9gxp8" xml:space="preserve">Le '''immigration african al Statos Unite de America''' es le movimento de personas ab Africa al pais. Multe medicos african immigra al Statos Unite de America. Desde le Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 usque al anno 2017, le population statounitese nascite in Africa subsaharian cresceva a 2.1 milliones de personas.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.voanews.com/a/african-immigrant-population-on-the-rise-in-us/3728715.html/&lt;/ref&gt; Quasi 38% del recipientes del [[Diversity Immigrant Visa]] esseva africanos in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/immigrate/diversity-visa-program-entry/diversity-visa-program-statistics.html |accessdate=2025-03-31 |archivedate=2025-04-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403111927/https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/immigrate/diversity-visa-program-entry/diversity-visa-program-statistics.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nigerianos es le pluralitie del immigrantes african in le Statos Unite de America.

==Referentias==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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| image = Viola reichenbachiana LC0128.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Viola reichenbachiana]]''
| domain = [[Eukaryota]]
| regnum = [[Planta]]e
&lt;!--| superdivisio = [[Embryophyta]]--&gt;
| divisio = [[Tracheophyta]]
&lt;!--| subdivisio = [[Spermophyta]]--&gt;
| superclassis = [[Angiospermae]]
| classis = [[Eudicotyledoneae]]
| legio = [[Rosidae]]
| sublegio = [[Fabidae]]
| ordo = [[Malpighiale]]
| familia = [[Violaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Violoideae]]
| tribus = [[Violeae]]

| taxon_rank = [[Genere (rango taxonomic)|Genere]]
| taxon = ''Viola''
| authority =  [[Carl von Linné|L.]]

| type_species = ''[[Viola odorata]]''
| type_species_authority = L.

| synonyms_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Viola L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000540-2 |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = Lista}} 
* ''Chrysion'' &lt;small&gt;Spach&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cittaronium'' &lt;small&gt;Rchb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Crocion'' &lt;small&gt;Nieuwl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Dischidium'' &lt;small&gt;Rchb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Erpetion'' &lt;small&gt;DC. ex Sweet&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Grammeionium'' &lt;small&gt;Rchb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ion'' &lt;small&gt;Medik.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Jacea'' &lt;small&gt;Opiz&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Lophion'' &lt;small&gt;Spach&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mnemion'' &lt;small&gt;Spach&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Oionychion'' &lt;small&gt;Nieuwl.&lt;/small&gt;
{{hidden end}}
}}
'''''Viola''''', le '''violettas''', es un [[Genere (rango taxonomic)|genere]] de [[planta]]s [[Angiospermae|floral]] del [[Familia (rango taxonomic)|familia]] [[Violaceae]]. Es le plus grande genere del familia, con plus de 680 [[specie]]s. Si multe species vive in [[temperate]] [[Nord Hemispherio]], le genere origina de [[Sud America]] e se trova in divergente areas como [[Andes]], [[Australasia]] o [[Oceania]].

Alcun ''Viola'' species son [[Planta perenne|perenne]], alteres [[Planta annual|annual]], o plus rarment parve [[arbusto]]s. In [[horticultura]], [[pensata]]s son [[cultivar]]es con grande floras multicolor, generalmente annual o biennal.

==Systematica==
Le revision del classification de 2022 identifica 2 [[Subgenere (rango taxonomic)|subgeneres]], 31 [[Section (rango taxonomic)|sectionnes]] (cuje 8 de un sol specie) e 20 subsectiones:&lt;ref&gt;{{doi|10.3390/plants11172224}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* subgen. ''[[Neoandinium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Marcussen&lt;/small&gt;
** sect. ''[[Viola nassauvioides|Confertae]]''
** sect. ''[[Viola fluehmannii|Ericoidium]]''
** sect. ''[[Grandiflos]]''
** sect. ''[[Inconspicuiflos]]''
** sect. ''[[Relictium]]''
** sect. ''[[Rhizomandinium]]''
** sect. ''[[Rosulatae]]''
** sect. ''[[Sempervivum]]''
** sect. ''[[Subandinium]]''
** sect. ''[[Triflabellium]]''
** sect. ''[[Viola beati|Xylobasis]]''
* subgen. ''Viola'' &lt;small&gt;Marcussen&lt;/small&gt;
** sect. ''[[Abyssinium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Marcussen&lt;/small&gt; Africa: equatorial high mountains 
** sect. ''[[Chamaemelanium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ging.&lt;/small&gt; ''[[s.lat.]]'' N America, northeast Asia (include ''Dischidium'', ''Orbiculares'')
** sect. ''[[Chilenium]]'' &lt;small&gt;W.Becker&lt;/small&gt; southern S America{{sfn|BioLib|2019}}
** sect. ''[[Viola hybanthoides|Danxiaviola]]'' &lt;small&gt;W. B. Liao et Q. Fan&lt;/small&gt; (1) China{{sfn|Fan et al|2015}}
** sect. ''[[Delphiniopsis]]'' &lt;small&gt;W.Becker&lt;/small&gt; west Eurasia: sud de Espania; [[Balkanes]]{{sfn|CSIC|2020}}
** sect. ''[[Erpetion]]'' &lt;small&gt;(Banks) W.Becker&lt;/small&gt; eastern Australia; Tasmania 
** sect. ''[[Viola kunawurensis|Himalayum]]'' &lt;small&gt;Marcussen&lt;/small&gt;
** sect. ''[[Leptidium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ging.&lt;/small&gt; Sud America{{sfn|Freitas|Sosa|2002}}
** sect. ''[[Melanium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Ging.&lt;/small&gt; West Eurasia (pensatas){{sfn|Yockteng et al|2003}}{{sfn|Magrini|Scoppola|2015}}
***subsect. ''Bracteolatae ''
***subsect. ''Cleistogamae ''
***subsect. ''Dispares ''
***subsect. ''Ebracteatae ''
***subsect. ''Pseudorupestres''
** sect. ''[[Viola decumbens|Melvio]]'' &lt;small&gt;Marcussen&lt;/small&gt; [[Sudafrica]]
** sect. ''[[Viola filicaulis|Nematocaulon]]'' &lt;small&gt;Marcussen&lt;/small&gt; [[Nove Zelanda]]
** sect. ''[[Nosphinium]]'' &lt;small&gt;W.Becker&lt;/small&gt; N, C e nord de Sud America; [[Beringia]]; [[Hawaii]]{{sfn|Marcussen|2012}} 
***subsect. ''Borealiamericanae''
***subsect. ''Clausenianae''
***subsect. ''Langsdorffianae''
***subsect. ''Mexicanae''
***subsect. ''Nosphinium''
***subsect. ''Pedatae''
** sect. ''[[Plagiostigma]]'' &lt;small&gt;Godr.&lt;/small&gt; nord hemispherio (include ''Diffusae''){{sfn|Ning|2012}}{{sfn|Zhou|2008}}{{sfn|Tikhomirov |2015}}
***subsect. ''Australasiaticae ''
***subsect. ''Bilobatae''
***subsect. ''Bulbosae''
***subsect. ''Diffusae''
***subsect. ''Formosanae''
***subsect. ''Patellares''
***subsect. ''Stolonosae''
** sect. ''[[Rubellium]]'' &lt;small&gt;W.Becker&lt;/small&gt; Sud America: [[Chile]]{{sfn|Ballard et al|1998}}
** sect. ''Sclerosium'' &lt;small&gt;W.Becker&lt;/small&gt; Nord Africa ad Sudwest Asia{{sfn|Shahrestani et al|2014}}
** sect. ''[[Spathulidium]]'''' &lt;small&gt;Marcussen&lt;/small&gt; west e central Asia: del nord de Iraq ad Mongolia{{sfn|Fan et al|2015}} 
** sect. ''[[Viola tridentata|Tridens]]'' &lt;small&gt;W.Becker&lt;/small&gt; sud de S America 
** sect. ''[[Viola (section)|Viola]]''  nord hemispherio (violettas) (include ''Repentes''){{sfn|Malobecki et al|2016}}
***subsect. ''Rostratae'' &lt;small&gt;Kupffer (W.Becker)&lt;/small&gt;{{sfn|Danihelka|2010}} (dog violets)
***subsect. ''Viola''
** sect. ''[[Xanthidium]]'' &lt;small&gt;Marcussen&lt;/small&gt; [[Andes]]
** sect. ''[[Xylinosium]]'' &lt;small&gt;W.Becker&lt;/small&gt; region mediterranee 

==Phylogenia==
Le cladogramma (non exhaustive) del differente [[Section (rango taxonomic)|sectiones]] es le sequente:
{{clade |style=font-size:85%; line-height:100%;
|label1='''''Viola'''''&amp;nbsp;
|1={{clade
   |label1=subgen.''Viola''
   |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |label1=&quot;Melvio&quot; gruppo
         |1={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                     |label1=''[[Viola (section)|Viola]]''&amp;nbsp;
                     |1={{clade
                        |1=''Rostratae''
                        |2=''Viola''
                        }}
                     |2=''Nosphinium''
                     }}
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''Himalayum''
                     |2=''Xylinosium''
                  }} }}
               |2=''Melanium''
               }}
            |2={{clade
               |1={{clade
                  |1=''Spathulidium''
                  |2=''Abyssinium''
                  }}
               |2=''Delphiniopsis''
            }} }}
         |label2=&quot;Cham&quot; gruppo
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=''Plagiostigma''
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''Chamaemelanium 2''
                  |2=''Danxiaviola''
                  }}
               }}
            |2=''Chamaemelanium 1''
         }} }}
      &lt;!-- basal gruppo--&gt;
      |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1=''Lepidium''
            |2=''Rubellium''
            }}
         |2=''Chilenium''
      }} }}
   |label2=subgen.''[[Neoandinium]]''&amp;nbsp;
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |1=''Subandinium''
         |2=''Rosulatae''
         }}
      |2=''Sempervivum''
}} }} }}

{{Refer}}

==Bibliographia==
===Articulos===
* {{cite journal |last1=Baskin |first1=Jerry M. |last2=Baskin |first2=Carol C. |title=Physiological Ecology of Germination of Viola rafinesquii |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |date=November 1972 |volume=59 |issue=10 |pages=981–988|doi=10.2307/2441480|jstor=2441480}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Batista |first1=Francisco |last2=Sosa| first2=Pedro A.|title=Allozyme Diversity in Natural Populations of Viola palmensis Webb &amp; Berth. (Violaceae) from La Palma (Canary Islands): Implications for Conservation Genetics |journal=[[Annals of Botany]] |date=31 October 2002 |volume=90 |issue=6 |pages=725–733 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcf256|pmid=12451028|pmc=4240367}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Beattie|first=A. J.|title=Pollination Mechanisms in Viola|date=March 1971|journal=[[New Phytologist]]|volume=70|issue=2|pages=343–360|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1971.tb02533.x|doi-access=}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Beattie|first1=A. J.|last2=Lyons|first2=N.|title=Seed Dispersal in Viola (Violaceae): Adaptations and Strategies|date=August 1975|journal=[[American Journal of Botany]]|volume=62|issue=7|pages=714–722|doi=10.2307/2442060|jstor=2442060}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Clausen |first1=Jens |title=Cytotaxonomy and distributional ecology of western North American violets |url=https://archive.org/details/madronowest1719631964cali/page/n205/mode/2up |journal=[[Madroño (journal)|Madroño]] |date=1964 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=173–197 |jstor=41423141 |issn=0024-9637 }}, ''also at'' [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/170319#/summary BHL]
* {{cite journal |last1=Culley |first1=Theresa M. |last2=Grubb |first2=Thomas C. |title=Genetic effects of habitat fragmentation in Viola pubescens (Violaceae), a perennial herb with chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers |journal=Molecular Ecology |date=1 October 2003 |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=2919–2930 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01971.x|pmid=14629373 |bibcode=2003MolEc..12.2919C |s2cid=22916831 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Culley |first1=Theresa M. |last2=Klooster |first2=Matthew R. |title=The Cleistogamous Breeding System: A Review of Its Frequency, Evolution, and Ecology in Angiosperms |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225503104 |journal=[[The Botanical Review]] |date=January 2007 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1663/0006-8101(2007)73[1:TCBSAR]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=12223087 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Culley |first1=T. M. |last2=Sbita |first2=S. J. |last3=Wick |first3=A. |title=Population Genetic Effects of Urban Habitat Fragmentation in the Perennial Herb Viola pubescens (Violaceae) using ISSR Markers |journal=[[Annals of Botany]] |date=13 March 2007 |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=91–100 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcm077|pmid=17556381|pmc=2735295|ref={{harvid|Culley et al|2007}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Culver |first1=David C. |last2=Beattie |first2=Andrew J. |title=Myrmecochory in Viola: Dynamics of Seed-Ant Interactions in Some West Virginia Species |journal=[[The Journal of Ecology]] |date=March 1978 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=53–72 |doi=10.2307/2259181|jstor=2259181|bibcode=1978JEcol..66...53C }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Elisafenko |first1=T. V. |title=Features of seed germination in different ecological groups of the species of the section Violidum, subgenus Nomimium, genus Viola L. (Violaceae) |journal=Contemporary Problems of Ecology |date=19 August 2015 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=523–533 |doi=10.1134/S199542551504006X|s2cid=16291866 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Freitas |first1=L. |last2=Sosa|first2=M.|title=Floral Biology and Pollination Mechanisms in Two Viola Species-From Nectar to Pollen Flowers? |journal=[[Annals of Botany]] |date=19 December 2002 |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=311–317 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcg025|pmid=12547683|pmc=4244963}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hildebrandt |first1=U. |last2=Kaldorf |first2=M. |last3=Bothe |first3=H. |title=The Zinc Violet and its Colonization by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi |journal=[[Journal of Plant Physiology]] |date=May 1999 |volume=154 |issue=5–6 |pages=709–717 |doi=10.1016/S0176-1617(99)80249-1|ref={{harvid|Hildebrandt et al|1999}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kopper |first1=Brian J. |last2=Charlton |first2=Ralph E. |last3=Margolies |first3=David C. |title=Oviposition Site Selection by the Regal Fritillary, Speyeria idalia, as Affected by Proximity of Violet Host Plants|journal=Journal of Insect Behavior |date=2000 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=651–665 |doi=10.1023/A:1007887809621|s2cid=19315345 |ref={{harvid|Kopper et al|2000}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Łańcucka-Środoniowa |first1=Maria |title=Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) |journal=Acta Palaeobotanica |date=1979 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=3–117 |url=http://bomax.botany.pl/cgi-bin/pubs/data/article_pdf?id=2798 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lord |first1=E. M. |title=Cleistogamy: A tool for the study of floral morphogenesis, function and evolution |journal=[[The Botanical Review]] |date=October 1981 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=421–449 |doi=10.1007/BF02860538|jstor=4353990|s2cid=19754210 }}
*{{cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Sungkyu|display-authors=etal|title=Cyclotide evolution: Insights from the analyses of their precursor sequences, structures and distribution in Violets (Viola)|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|year=2017|volume=8|pages=92–110|doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.02058|pmid=29326730|pmc=5741643|doi-access=free}} 
* {{cite journal|last=Saint-Hilaire|first=Augustin|author-link=Augustin Saint-Hilaire|title=Tableau monographique des plantes de la flore du Brésil méridional appartenant au groupe (classe Br.) qui comprend qui comprend les Droséracées, les Violacées, les Cistinées et les Frankenicées: Violacées|journal=Annales du museum national d'histoire naturelle|volume=72|pages=445–498|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ouJaAAAAcAAJ|year=1824|language=fr}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Shuey |first1=John |last2=Jacquart |first2=Ellen |last3=Orr |first3=Stuart |last4=Becker |first4=Fiona |last5=Nyberg |first5=Alyssa |last6=Littiken |first6=Robert |last7=Anchor |first7=Ted |last8=Luchik |first8=Derek |title=Landscape-scale response to local habitat restoration in the regal fritillary butterfly (Speyeria idalia) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) |journal=Journal of Insect Conservation |date=9 September 2016 |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=773–780 |doi=10.1007/s10841-016-9908-4|s2cid=25321534 |ref={{harvid|Shuey et al|2016}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Thiele |first1=Kevin R |last2=Prober |first2=Suzanne M |title=New species and a new hybrid in the Viola hederacea species complex, with notes on Viola hederacea Labill. |journal=[[Muelleria (journal)|Muelleria]] |date=2003 |volume=18 |pages=7–25 |doi=10.5962/p.254920 |s2cid=251005673 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268277479 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tikhomirov |first1=V. N |title=A revision of the genus Viola section Plagiostigma (Violaceae) in Republic of Belarus. |journal=Botanicheskiĭ Zhurnal |date=2015 |volume=100 |issue=5 |pages=490–500 |url=https://www.cabi.org/ISC/abstract/20153338855 |language=ru |access-date=2020-03-17 |archive-date=2020-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317203452/https://www.cabi.org/ISC/abstract/20153338855 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317203452/https://www.cabi.org/ISC/abstract/20153338855 |date=2020-03-17 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Yockteng |first1=R. |last2=Jr Ballard |first2=H. E. |last3=Mansion |first3=G. |last4=Dajoz |first4=I. |last5=Nadot |first5=S. |title=Relationships among pansies ( Viola section Melanium ) investigated using ITS and ISSR markers |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225488190 |jstor=23645153 |journal=[[Plant Systematics and Evolution]] |date=1 November 2003 |volume=241 |issue=3–4 |pages=153–170 |doi=10.1007/s00606-003-0045-7 |ref={{harvid|Yockteng et al|2003}} |citeseerx=10.1.1.721.5590 |s2cid=25104565 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wahlert |first1=Gregory A. |last2=Marcussen |first2=Thomas |last3=de Paula-Souza |first3=Juliana |last4=Feng |first4=Min |last5=Ballard |first5=Harvey E. |title=A Phylogeny of the Violaceae (Malpighiales) Inferred from Plastid DNA Sequences: Implications for Generic Diversity and Intrafamilial Classification |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256545045 |journal=[[Systematic Botany]] |date=1 March 2014 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=239–252 |doi=10.1600/036364414X678008 |s2cid=86452033 |ref={{harvid|Wahlert et al|2014}} }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=John M. |last2=Flores |first2=R. |title=A new name in section Andinium W.becker of the genus Viola L. (Violaceae) |journal=[[Gayana. Botánica]] |date=2003 |volume=60 |issue=2 |doi=10.4067/S0717-66432003000200009|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=John M. |last2=Flores |first2=Ana R. |last3=Arroyo-Leuenberger |first3=Silvia C. |title=A new Viola (Violaceae) from the Argentinian Andes |journal=[[Willdenowia (journal)|Willdenowia]] |date=25 March 2019 |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=35 |doi=10.3372/wi.49.49105|doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Watson et al|2019}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=John |last2=Watson |first2=Anita |title=Fire and Ice: Rosulate Viola Evolution Part One – The Stage is Set |journal=North American Rock Garden Society Quarterly |date=Fall 2012 |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=360–366 |url=https://nargs.org/sites/default/files/free-rgq-downloads/roga_70-4.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Yoo |first1=Ki-Oug |last2=Jang |first2=Su-Kil |title=Infrageneric relationships of Korean Viola based on eight chloroplast markers |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |date=November 2010 |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=474–481 |doi=10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00102.x|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Zhou | first1=J. S. | display-authors=etal | year=2008 | title=''Viola nanlingensis'' (Violaceae), a new species from Guangdong, southern China | url=http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anb45-free/anb45-233.pdf | journal=Annales Botanici Fennici | volume=45 | issue=3 | pages=233–36 | doi=10.5735/085.045.0312 | s2cid=84616726 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220113006/http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anb45-free/anb45-233.pdf |date=2014-02-20 }}

===Websitos===
* {{cite web |title=Viola |url=https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id38844/ |website=BioLib: Biological library |access-date=28 February 2020 |date=2019 |ref={{harvid|BioLib|2019}} |accessdate=7 May 2025 |archivedate=10 August 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810083321/https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id38844/ }} (''taxonomy'')
** {{cite web |title=Viola capillaris Pers. |url=https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id418060/ |access-date=19 March 2020 |ref={{harvid|V capillaris|2020}} |accessdate=7 May 2025 |archivedate=22 December 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222163757/https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id418060/ }}
* {{cite web |title=American Violet Society |url=http://www.americanvioletsociety.org/index.htm |access-date=1 March 2020 |date=2007 |ref={{harvid|AVS|2007}} |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219080019/http://www.americanvioletsociety.org/index.htm |url-status=dead |accessdate=7 May 2025 |archivedate=19 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219080019/http://www.americanvioletsociety.org/index.htm }}
* {{cite web |title=Viola 'Little David' (Vtta) |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/83544/Viola-Little-David-(Vtta)/Details |website=Plants |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=2020 |ref={{harvid|RHS Little David|2020}} }}
* {{cite web |title=Viola 'Königin Charlotte' (Vt) |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/215144/Viola-Konigin-Charlotte-(Vt)/Details |website=Plants |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=2020 |ref={{harvid|RHS Konigin Charlotte|2020}} }}
* {{cite web |title=Violet, Common Blue (Viola papilionacea) |url=http://www.voyageurcountry.com/htmls/floweringplants/plants/violetblue.html |website=Voyageur Country: Flowering plants |access-date=6 March 2020 |date=2020 |ref={{harvid|VC|2020}} }}
* {{cite web |title=Natural history and research on Viola cazorlensis |url=http://ebd06.ebd.csic.es/organisms/vcazorlensis/Vcazorlensis.html |website=Alonso-Herrera Lab |publisher=[[Spanish National Research Council]] (CSIC) |access-date=10 March 2020 |ref={{harvid|CSIC|2020}} |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205175843/http://ebd06.ebd.csic.es/organisms/vcazorlensis/Vcazorlensis.html |url-status=dead |accessdate=7 May 2025 |archivedate=5 February 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205175843/http://ebd06.ebd.csic.es/organisms/vcazorlensis/Vcazorlensis.html }}
* {{cite web |last1=Kelly |first1=R.O. |last2=Deng |first2=Z. |last3=Harbaugh |first3=B.K. |title=Evaluation of Viola Cultivars as Bedding Plants for Florida |url=http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/IR/00/00/17/73/00001/EP32700.pdf |website=Electronic Data Information Source (EDIS) |publisher=Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]], [[University of Florida]] |access-date=25 March 2020 |date=October 2007 |ref={{harvid|Kelly et al|2007}} |accessdate=7 May 2025 |archivedate=7 March 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307202432/http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/IR/00/00/17/73/00001/EP32700.pdf }}
* {{cite web |title=AGM Plants (Ornamental) |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |access-date=26 March 2020 |pages=109–110 |date=November 2018 |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |ref={{harvid|RHS|2018}} }}

[[Categoria:Malpighiales]]</text>
      <sha1>ssimoba6tbe2qekcpo3ora2kuvt9umw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Félix Sardá y Salvany</title>
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'''Félix Sardá y Salvany''' ([[Sabadell]], 21 de maio 1841-Sabadell, 2 de januario 1916) esseva un [[prestre]], [[apologetica|apologista]] e [[scriptor]] espaniol, representante del [[integrismo catholic]] del [[Restauration bourbonic in Espania|Restauration]].

== Trajectoria ==
[[File:Casa Sardà i Salvany - 1.JPG|thumb|right|Aspecto actual del residentia de seniores in le ancian casa familiar de Félix Sardá y Salvany.]]

=== Familia e prime annos ===
Ille nasceva in le localitate barcelonese de [[Sabadell]], filio de Lorenzo Sardá e María Salvany.{{sfn|Elías de Molins|1895|pp=594-595}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|[[Antonio Elías de Molins]] registra como data de nascentia le 23 de maio 1844.{{sfn|Elías de Molins|1895|pp=594-595}}}} Membro de un familia opulente, su patre, herede de un negotio [[Texito (textil)|textil]] familiar, esseva oriunde de [[San Lorenzo Savall]] e su matre habeva ligamines con le familia Oller de Manresa, del [[nobilitate]] catalan.

=== Formation e vita docente ===
Post cursar le [[inseniamento primari]] con le [[scolapios]] de su citate, ille entrava in le [[Seminario Conciliar de Barcelona]] in 1855 pro cursar su studios ecclesiastic de [[latino]], [[humanitates]], philosophia, theologia e [[derecto canonic]], recipiente le influentia del [[Compania de Jesus|jesuitas]] qui tunc habeva a cargo le institution. In 1864 ille obteneva le [[licentiatura]] in Sacre Theologia in le Seminario Conciliar Central de [[Valentia]]. Un anno postea, in 1865, ille esseva ordinate sacerdote. Inter 1865 e 1868 ille esseva professor de [[Latino]] e de [[Humanitates]] in le Seminario barcelonese. Simultaneemente ille cursava studios de Philosophia e Litteras e de [[Derecto]] in le [[Universitate de Barcelona]], ubi ille obteneva le [[licentiatura]] in Philosophia e Litteras, e le [[licentiatura in Derecto]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web|url=https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/41051-felix-sarda-y-salvany|titulo=Félix Sardá y Salvany|sitioweb=Real Academia del Historia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web|url=https://www.religionenlibertad.com/opinion/181015/ael-liberalismo-es-pecado_84447.html#:~:text=Roma%20apoy%C3%B3%20a%20mos%C3%A9n%20F%C3%A9lix%20y%20desautoriz%C3%B3,de%20art%C3%ADculos%20y%20colabor%C3%B3%20y%20dirigi%C3%B3%20diversas|titulo=Esque le liberalismo es peccato?|sitioweb=Religion in Libertate}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cita web|url=https://carlismo.es/el-liberalismo-es-pecado-de-felix-sarda-y-salvany/#:~:text=F%C3%A9lix%20Sard%C3%A1%20y%20Salvany%20(Sabadell,procuraremos%20enmendar%20lo%20antes%20posible.|titulo=Le Liberalismo es Peccato, de Félix Sardá y Salvany|sitioweb=Le Sperantia}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1868 ille retornava a [[Sabadell]] pro occupar un [[beneficio ecclesiastic|beneficio]] in le parochia de San Felice al esser claudite le seminario a causa del [[Revolution de 1868]].

=== Vita como sacerdote e scriptor ===
Ille voleva entrar in le [[Societate de Jesus]], lo que esseva impedite per su delicate stato de sanitate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Massot 2003_1&quot;&gt;Massot 2003: 129.&lt;/ref&gt; In tres occasiones ille esseva includite in le terna pro esser eligite [[episcopo]], sin que Sardá acceptava le nomination.&lt;ref&gt;Moliner 2000: 18.&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:TGHH.18.91.JPG|thumb|Photographia de Sardá y Salvany in ''[[La Hormiga de Oro]]'' (1911)]]Ille militava in le [[carlismo]], del qual ille se separava in 1888, deveniente un del principal ideologos del [[Partito Integrista]] dirigite per [[Ramón Nocedal]]. De facto, Sardá y Salvany esseva qui proponeva acceptar voluntariemente como nomine del partito le qualificativo despective de ''integrista'' que le dava su inimicos politic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cita libro|apellido=Sardá y Salvany|nombre=Félix|título=¿Integristas?|ubicación=Sabadell|fecha=1889|url=http://soltorres.udl.cat/bitstream/handle/10459/1993/PSI-2-0007.pdf?sequence=1|fechaacceso=2 de enero de 2018|fechaarchivo=3 de enero de 2018|urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072807/http://soltorres.udl.cat/bitstream/handle/10459/1993/PSI-2-0007.pdf?sequence=1|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ille promoveva campanias contra le &quot;mestizos&quot; (catholicos partisanos del poter constituite). 

In 1893 ille assumeva le direction del ''[[Diario Catalán (1891-1903)|Diario Catalán]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cita web|apellidos1=Coll Moscardó|nombre1=Miquel|título=Epistolario de Félix Sardá i Salvany: un estudio crítico (1858-1915)|url=http://www.ub.edu/dphc/epistolariofelix.htm|obra=Secció d'història contemporània i món actual|editorial=Universitat de Barcelona}}&lt;/ref&gt; organo del partito integrista in [[Barcelona]], in le qual ille signava su articulos como «Le Sr. X». Ille finiva per separar se del integrismo in 1896 per differentias de strategia politic con Nocedal e ''[[El Siglo Futuro]]'', proque Sardá y Salvany proponeva ab le ''Diario Catalán'' appoiar alianzas electoral local con le conservatores alfonsin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cita publicación|título=Otra defección|publicación=El Siglo Futuro|fecha=16 de junio de 1897|página=1|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000190859&amp;page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cita libro|apellidos1=Campión|nombre1=Arturo|título=Discursos políticos y literarios|fecha=1907|ubicación=Pamplona|página=303}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ille se opponeva a ''[[La Veu de Catalunya]]'', al catalanismo politic e al [[Liga Regionalista]] proque, secundo Sardá, in su regionalismo illes faceva abstraction del religion. In 1906 ille esseva contrari al movimento autonomista del [[Solidaridad Catalana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cita libro|apellido=Massot i Muntaner|nombre=Josep|título=Antoni M. Alcover i la llengua catalana: II Congrés Internacional de la Lengua Catalana|url=https://archive.org/details/antonimalcoveril0000mass|fecha=1985|editorial=Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat|isbn=84-7202-745-7|páginas=[https://archive.org/details/antonimalcoveril0000mass/page/n163 162]-164|ref=https://books.google.es/books?id=GTjjuRy0lvQC&amp;pg=PA162#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|idioma=catalán}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ille creava le prime mutualitate operari de Sabadell, finantiante lo in grande parte con su patrimonio, e fundava un cassa de succurso in 1882 pro facilitar le acquisition de medicamentos al operarios malade, assi como altere institutiones de character assistential.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moliner Prada_1&quot;&gt;Moliner Prada 2000: 18.&lt;/ref&gt; Ille converteva su domo familiar in un asylo de seniores,&lt;ref&gt;Enciclopedia universal ilustrada 1989: 565).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Moliner Prada_1&quot;&gt;Moliner Prada 2000: 18.&lt;/ref&gt; attendite per le [[Hermanitas de los Ancianos Desamparados]] depost su creation in 1905,&lt;ref&gt;{{cita web|título=Asilo de las Hermanitas de los Ancianos Desamparados|url=http://hispaniamartyr.org/Martires/14_8_Clausellas.pdf|fechaacceso=9 de octubre de 2012|fechaarchivo=25 de febrero de 2015|urlarchivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225010249/http://hispaniamartyr.org/Martires/14_8_Clausellas.pdf|deadurl=yes|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2026-03-09|archivedate=2015-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225010249/http://hispaniamartyr.org/Martires/14_8_Clausellas.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; ubi ille passava su ultime annos de vita e moriva&lt;ref name=&quot;Moliner Prada_1&quot;&gt;Moliner Prada 2000: 18.&lt;/ref&gt; de [[apoplexia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cita publicación |título=Fallecimiento del Sr. Sardá y Salvany |publicación=[[El Siglo Futuro]]|número=2715 |fecha=3 de enero de 1916|página=1|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/datos1/numeros/internet/Madrid/Siglo%20futuro,%20El%20%28Madrid.%201875%29/1916/191601/19160103/19160103_02715.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; le 2 de januario 1916. A su funeral assisteva le populo de Sabadell in massa.

== Obras notabile ==
[[File:Liberalismo es pecado.JPG|thumb|Frontispicio de un exemplar de ''[[Le liberalismo es peccato]]'' (1887)]]
Sub le pseudonymo ''Un [[obscurantismo|obscurantista]] de bon fide'' ille scribeva, depost 1869, numerose articulos e approximativemente duo centos opusculos super problemas social e religiose, publicate, a partir de 1871, in le ''[[Revista Popular]]'', del qual ille esseva director durante quaranta-tres annos.

Con talento rapide, facilitate de replica, abundantia de argumentos, claritate de stilo e firmitate de character e convictiones, ille polemisava e propagava su ideas super le catholicismo. Ille defendeva le ''[[Syllabus]]'' e interprendeva campanias contra le [[maçoneria]], le [[spiritismo]], le [[protestantismo]], le [[anarchismo]], le [[naturalismo (philosophia)|naturalismo]], le [[liberalismo]] e altere currentes ideologic affin.

Su obra ''[[Le liberalismo es peccato]]'', de grande diffusion national e international, serviva como base doctrinal del [[traditionalismo politic (Espania)|traditionalismo]], suscitava passionate controversias e on publicava numerose libros e folletos in su contra, arrivante a intervenir le [[Sacrate Congregation del Indice]], que elogiava Sardá y Salvany e condemnava le obra ''“Le processo del integrismo: refutation del errores que contine le opusculo del Sr. Sardá y Salvany ‘Le liberalismo es peccato’”'' (1885), del [[canonico]] e decano del cathedral de [[Vic]] [[Celestino de Pazos Teijeira]] (natural de [[Corcubión]], [[A Coruña]]), destinate a refutar le supposite errores de aquelle.

== Distinctiones ==
In 1922, con motivo del cinquantenario del creation del Academia Catholic de [[Sabadell]], on placiava un placa in lo que esseva le domo solariege familiar, rememorante su nascentia, morte e obra.&lt;ref&gt;Moliner Prada 2000: 18 e 19.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1926 on dedicava a su memoria un libro continente textos anecdotic, biographic e bibliographic.

Le Municipalitate de Sabadell ha nominate un placia del localitate «Sardá i Salvany» in su honor e memoria. 

== Obras ==
=== Libros&lt;ref&gt;Cf. Enciclopedia (1989: 565) y Moliner (2000: 25).&lt;/ref&gt; ===
* ''Propaganda Católica'', Barcelona, Lib. y Tip. Católica, 1883‑1900, 9 vols.
* ''El clero y el pueblo'' (1876). 
* ''Lecciones de teología popular'' (1876, 1ª ed.). 
* ''Las diversiones y la moral'' (1876). 
* ''El Liberalismo es pecado: cuestiones candentes'' (Barcelona, 1884, 1ª ed.).
* ''La piedad al uso'' (1897).
* ''Liberalismo casero'' (1897).

=== Opusculos ===
* ''Los frailes de vuelta: breve y familiar apología de los institutos regulares'' (1880).
* ''Ricos muy pobres'' (1886).
* ''La santa Inquisición'' (1887). 
* ''La casa-iglesia y la casa-club'' (1887). 
* ''El Sagrado Corazón'' (1894). 
* ''Infierno y Gloria'' (1896). 
* ''El secreto de la enseñanza laica'' (1899). 
* ''El Santo Rosario'' (1899). 
* ''Piezas para un proceso'' (1899). 
* ''Escuelas laicas, es decir, impías'' (1899). 
* ''María, Madre de Dios'' (1899). 
* ''Higiene espiritual'' (1899). 
* ''La casa de la eternidad'' (1899).
* ''Corazones partidos'' (1899). 
* ''La más justificada justicia'' (1899). 
* ''Jesucristo y el Evangelio'' (1899). 
* ''Los amigos del pueblo'' (1899). 
* ''Dios quiere el corazón'' (1899). 
* ''Dios no se mete en eso'' (1899). 
* ''La Santa Cuaresma'' (1899). 
* ''Belén y la cuestión social'' (1899). 
* ''Principio y fundamento'' (1899). 
* ''Terquedades católicas'' (1899). 
* ''La librería de mi amigo'' (1899). 
* ''Historia contemporánea'' (1899). 
* ''Ni fe sin obras, ni obras sin fe'' (1899). 
* ''Padre nuestro, Ave María y Gloria'' (1899). 
* ''Más sobre el jesuitismo'' (1899). 
* ''Más trabajo y menos fiestas'' (1899). 
* ''Lo de Lourdes'' (1899).

{{Ref}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Cite book
 |title=Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana
 |volume=LIV. StaCUBICIA–SELH
 |year=1989
 |publisher=Espasa-Calpe
 |location=Madrid
 |orig-year=1930
 |page=565
 |isbn=84-239-4554-5
 |note=Reprint of the original Espasa-Calpe edition (Madrid, 1930)
}}
* {{Cite web
 |title=Fèlix Sardà i Salvany
 |url=http://www.enciclopedia.cat/fitxa_v2.jsp?NDCHEC=0060957
 |website=Enciclopèdia.cat
 |publisher=Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana
 |language=ca
}}
* {{Cite book
 |last=Elías de Molins
 |first=Antonio
 |author-link=Antonio Elías de Molins
 |chapter=Sardá y Salvany (D. Félix)
 |title=Diccionario biográfico y bibliográfico de escritores y artistas catalanes del siglo XIX
 |volume=II
 |year=1895
 |location=Barcelona
 |publisher=Imp. de Fidel Giró
 |url=https://bvpb.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=11000931&amp;presentacion=pagina&amp;posicion=1316
 |wikidata=Q21686127
 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817145850/https://bvpb.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=11000931&amp;presentacion=pagina&amp;posicion=1316 |date=2024-08-17 }}
* {{Cite book
 |last=Massot i Muntaner
 |first=Josep
 |title=Església i societat a la Catalunya contemporània
 |url=http://books.google.es/books?id=2qVD957MjtIC&amp;pg=PA129#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false
 |publisher=Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat
 |location=Barcelona
 |year=2003
 |pages=129–216
 |language=ca
 |isbn=84-8415-542-0
}}
* {{Cite book
 |last=Moliner Prada
 |first=Antonio
 |title=Fèlix Sardà i Salvany y el integrismo en la Restauración
 |url=http://books.google.es/books?id=X6S9-VN6e-gC&amp;pg=PA1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false
 |publisher=Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Servei de Publicacions
 |location=Bellaterra
 |year=2000
 |isbn=84-490-1854-4
}}

[[Categoria:Scriptores]]
[[Categoria:Sacerdotes catholic]]
[[Categoria:Carlistas de Catalonia]]
[[Categoria:Antimasones de Espania]]
[[Categoria:Integristas de Espania]]</text>
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    <title>Johns Hopkins</title>
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      <comment>orthograhia: Johns; locos e datas de nascentia e decesso; ligar nationalitate; grammatica:l million[es] de; facto: possedeva sclavos (disputate); formato de referentias;  categorias; commonscat.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1637" sha1="2yc6ecp2echcgwibnhwyrc58scr0gy5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Hopkinsp.jpg|thumb|Johns Hopkins]]
'''Johns Hopkins''' (Contato Anne Arundel, [[Maryland]], [[Statos Unite de America|SUA]] le [[19 de maio]] [[1795]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Baltimore]], Maryland, SUA le [[14 de decembre]] [[1873]]) esseva philantropo ric [[statos Unite de America|statounitese]] qui establiva un universitate e un hospital in Baltimore.

Hopkins nasceva in un familia [[Quaker]]. Su profession prime esseva le vender de alimento. Postea ille vendeva whiskey. Con le profitos, ille deveniva un banchero. Ille expendeva circa un million de dollars e comprava 15,000 actiones de compania de ferrovia Boston e Ohio. Ille investiva anque in altere companias de transporto. Postea ille profitava multo de iste actos.

Quando ille moriva, Hopkins lassava 7 milliones de dollars pro le construction de un universitate e un hospital. Ille lassava instructiones, que le ambes debe travaliar le un con le altere. &quot;Le malades povre del citate e proxime a illo, indifferente a sexo, etate, o color... debe esser recipite in le hospital, sin precio.&quot; Ille establiva anque un casa de infantes pro [[Statouniteses african|statouniteses-african]] povre.

Hopkins opponeva le [[sclavitude]], mais il ha indicationes (disputate) que ille possedeva sclavos.

== Referentias ==
{{commonscat|Johns Hopkins}}
* https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/photos/philanthropy/html/hopkins.htm
* https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johns-Hopkins-American-philanthropist
* https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/johns-hopkins

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hopkins, Johns}}
[[Categoria:Gente statounitese]]
[[Categoria:Homines de affaires]]
[[Categoria:Activistas]]</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Tortoise0308 ha renominate le pagina [[John Hopkins]] a [[Johns Hopkins]] sin lassar un redirection: Titulo mal orthographiate</comment>
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      <text bytes="1637" sha1="2yc6ecp2echcgwibnhwyrc58scr0gy5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Hopkinsp.jpg|thumb|Johns Hopkins]]
'''Johns Hopkins''' (Contato Anne Arundel, [[Maryland]], [[Statos Unite de America|SUA]] le [[19 de maio]] [[1795]]&amp;nbsp;– [[Baltimore]], Maryland, SUA le [[14 de decembre]] [[1873]]) esseva philantropo ric [[statos Unite de America|statounitese]] qui establiva un universitate e un hospital in Baltimore.

Hopkins nasceva in un familia [[Quaker]]. Su profession prime esseva le vender de alimento. Postea ille vendeva whiskey. Con le profitos, ille deveniva un banchero. Ille expendeva circa un million de dollars e comprava 15,000 actiones de compania de ferrovia Boston e Ohio. Ille investiva anque in altere companias de transporto. Postea ille profitava multo de iste actos.

Quando ille moriva, Hopkins lassava 7 milliones de dollars pro le construction de un universitate e un hospital. Ille lassava instructiones, que le ambes debe travaliar le un con le altere. &quot;Le malades povre del citate e proxime a illo, indifferente a sexo, etate, o color... debe esser recipite in le hospital, sin precio.&quot; Ille establiva anque un casa de infantes pro [[Statouniteses african|statouniteses-african]] povre.

Hopkins opponeva le [[sclavitude]], mais il ha indicationes (disputate) que ille possedeva sclavos.

== Referentias ==
{{commonscat|Johns Hopkins}}
* https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/photos/philanthropy/html/hopkins.htm
* https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johns-Hopkins-American-philanthropist
* https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/johns-hopkins

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hopkins, Johns}}
[[Categoria:Gente statounitese]]
[[Categoria:Homines de affaires]]
[[Categoria:Activistas]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Federalismo in le Statos Unite</title>
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      <text bytes="12127" sha1="5j6klbvkkjrka9njqwqgm5t4dbygsbf" xml:space="preserve">In le Statos Unite, le federalismo es le division constitutional del poter inter le governamentos del [[Statos del Statos Unite|statos]] e le [[Governamento federal del Statos Unite|governo federal del Statos Unite]]. Post le fundation del pais, e specialmente post le fin del [[Guerra Civil American|Guerra Civil American]], le poter se displaciava ab le statos verso le governamento national. Le evolution del federalismo include [[Federalismo dual|federalismo dual]], [[Federalismo cooperative|federalismo cooperative]] e [[Nove Federalismo|Nove Federalismo]].

== Federalismo initial ==
[[Federalismo]] es un forma de organisation politic que visa a divider le poter inter le statos local e le governamento, distribuente differente poteres a differente nivellos pro permitter un certe grado de independentia politic in un structura global.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Follesdal|first=Andreas|title=Federalism|date=2018|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/federalism/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Summer 2018|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2021-02-06|archive-date=June 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626034759/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/federalism/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In le Statos Unite, le [[republicanismo federal]] deveniva un solution politic al problemas del [[Articulos de Confederation]], que dava pauc autoritate practic al [[Confederation|governamento confederal]]. Per exemplo, le Articulos accordava al [[Congresso del Confederation]] le poter de signar tractatos e declarar le guerra, sed illo non poteva levar impostos pro pagar un armea, e tote le decisiones major requireva un voto unanime.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Gerston|2007|pp=24–25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le movimento pro le federalismo esseva grandemente reinfortiate per le reaction al [[Rebellion de Shays]] de 1786–1787, ubi un sublevation armate de fermeros ''yeoman'' in le west de [[Massachusetts]] se sublevava in responsa a un economia debile que esseva create, in parte, per le incapacitate del governamento confederal de gerer efficacemente le debita del [[Guerra de Independentia del Statos Unite]]. Le governamento confederal habeva difficultates a mobilisar un fortia efficace pro reprimer le rebellion, e Massachusetts esseva obligate a mobilisar le sue proprie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shays' Rebellion|url=https://www.history.com/topics/early-us/shays-rebellion|access-date=2021-02-06|website=HISTORY|date=November 12, 2009|language=en|archive-date=December 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220184142/https://www.history.com/topics/early-us/shays-rebellion|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Franklin|first1=Benjamin|last2=Jefferson|first2=Thomas|last3=Jay|first3=John|last4=Adams|first4=Abigail|last5=Madison|first5=James|last6=Smith|first6=John Rubens|last7=Washington|first7=George|last8=Birch|first8=William|last9=Monroe|first9=James|date=2008-04-12|title=Road to the Constitution - Creating the United States {{!}} Exhibitions - Library of Congress|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/road-to-the-constitution.html|access-date=2021-02-06|website=www.loc.gov|archive-date=June 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626005207/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/road-to-the-constitution.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le [[Convention de Annapolis (1786)|Convention de Annapolis]] se reuniva in 1786, in le qual dece-duo delegatos de cinque [[Statos del Statos Unite]] ([[New Jersey]], [[New York (stato)|New York]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Delaware]], e [[Virginia]]) se congregava pro discuter e disveloppar un consenso super le reversion del barrieras commercial [[protectionista]] que cata stato habeva erigite. [[New Hampshire]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Rhode Island]], e [[Carolina del Nord]] habeva nominate commissarios, ma non arrivava a Annapolis a tempore pro assister al reunion. [[Connecticut]], [[Maryland]], [[Carolina del Sud]], e [[Georgia (stato)|Georgia]] non habeva prendite alcun action.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Annapolis Convention Resolution, 1786|url=https://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/annapolis-convention-resolution/|publisher=Ashbrook Center at Ashland University|website=TeachingAmericanHistory.org|access-date=March 30, 2016|location=Ashland, Ohio}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le reporto final del convention esseva adoptate unanimemente e enviate al Congresso e al statos. Illo cercava appoio pro un [[convention constitutional (reunion politic)|convention constitutional]] plus ample a esser celebrate le maio sequente in [[Philadelphia]]. Illo sperava que plus statos serea representate e que lor delegatos o deputatos serea autorisate a examinar areas plus ample que le simple commercio.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Morris|first=Richard Brandon|title=The forging of the Union, 1781–1789|year=1987|publisher=Harper &amp; Row|isbn=978-0-06-015733-3|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJF2AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Annapolis|access-date=March 29, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le 15 de maio 1787, cinquanta-cinque delegatos se reuniva in lo que serea cognoscite como le [[Convention Constitutional (Statos Unite)|Convention Constitutional]] in le Philadelphia State House. Ibi, le delegatos debatteva le structura, dispositiones, e limitationes del federalismo in lo que serea le [[Constitution del Statos Unite]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Exemplos precedente, tal como in le [[Declaration de Derectos de Virginia]], influentiava le delegatos dum illes formulava le ideas de un legislatura federal [[bicameralismo|bicameral]], un representation equilibrate de statos parve e grande ([[Grande Compromisso]]), e un structura de [[frenos e contrapesos]].&lt;ref name= &quot;Liberty Fund&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://oll.libertyfund.org/pages/1791-us-bill-of-rights-1st-10-amendments-with-commentary#targetText=The%20first%20ten%20amendments%20were,as%20the%20Bill%20of%20Rights |title=1791: US Bill of Rights (1st 10 Amendments) - with commentary |publisher=Online Library of Liberty |access-date=March 25, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[James Madison]] declarava in un [[memorandum]] pre-conventional al delegatos que, proque «on a pena poteva expectar que le [[legislatura]]s del statos adoptase visiones illuminate super le affaires national», un governamento central plus forte esseva necessari.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Gerston|2007|p=26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madison scribeva plus tarde in [[Federalist No. 10]] super su appoio a un governamento federal:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Quanto plus parve es le numero de individuos que compone un majoritate, e quanto plus stricte es le ambito in le qual illes es placiate, tanto plus facilemente illes concertara e executara lor planos de oppression. Extende le sphera, e tu includera un plus grande varietate de partitos e interesses; tu rendera minus probabile que un majoritate del toto habera un motivo commun pro invader le derectos de altere citatanos&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/resources/display/content/The+Federalist+Papers#TheFederalistPapers-10 |title=Full Text of The Federalist Papers |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=March 25, 2022 |archive-date=April 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422044103/https://www.congress.gov/resources/display/content/The+Federalist+Papers#TheFederalistPapers-10 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Le convention habeva comenciate a alterar su plano original, sed postea decideva abandonar le effortios continuate de [[Critica textual#Stemmatica|emendation]], e officialmente comenciava a rediger un nove [[Constitution del Statos Unite]]. Iste nove Constitution serea finalmente ratificate in tote le statos. Un vice que le convention habeva terminate e publicate le Constitution pro le consumo public, le movimentos federalista e [[Antifederalistas|antifederalista]] tosto comenciava a divulgar lor convinctiones divergente in jornales e segmentos local.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Roche |first1=John P. |title=The Founding Fathers: A Reform Caucus in Action |journal=The American Political Science Review |date=1961 |volume=55 |issue=4 |page=814 |doi=10.2307/1952528 |jstor=1952528 |s2cid=145725823 |issn=0003-0554}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Le defensa le plus vigorose del nove Constitution esseva ''[[The Federalist Papers]]'', un compilation de 85 essayos anonyme publicate in le Citate de New York pro convincer le populo del stato a votar pro le ratification. Iste articulos, scripte per [[Alexander Hamilton]] e [[James Madison]], con alcunes contribute per [[John Jay]], examinava le beneficios del nove Constitution proponite, e analysava le [[Philosophia politic|theoria politic]] e le function detra le varie articulos del Constitution. ''The Federalist Papers'' remane importante in le historia american e le scientia politic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Citycyclopedia&quot;&gt;Jackson, Kenneth T. ''The Encyclopedia of New York City'': The New York Historical Society; Yale University Press; 1995. p. 194.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amar, Akhil Reed, ''Anti-Federalists, the Federalist Papers, and the Big Argument for Union'', 16. Harv. J.L. &amp; Pub. Pol'y 111 (1993).&lt;/ref&gt;

Le anti-federalistas, qui se opponeva al nove Constitution, habeva generalmente un perspectiva local plus tosto que cosmopolite, orientate verso plantationes e fermas plus tosto que verso le commercio o le finanzas, e voleva governamentos statal fortes e un governamento national debile. Secundo le politologo James Wilson, le anti-federalistas &quot;esseva multo plus compromittite con statos fortes e un governamento national debile.... Un governamento national forte, illes sentiva, serea distante del populo e usarea su poteres pro annihilar o absorber le functiones que pertineva propriemente al statos.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=James Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fZfk-KosYcC&amp;pg=PA21 |title=American Government: Brief Edition |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-547-21276-0 |pages=21–22}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Le critica antifederalista tosto se centrava sur le absentia de un [[declaration de derectos]], lo que le federalistas in le conventiones de ratification promitteva provider. Washington e Madison se habeva personalmente compromittite a considerar emendationes, reconoscente que illos serea necessari pro reducer le pression pro un secunde convention constitutional que poterea alterar drasticamente e debilitar le nove governamento federal. Madison proponeva emendationes que dava plus derectos a individuos que a statos, lo que duceva a criticas de diversion per le antifederalistas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Le Congresso del Confederation sortente programmava electiones pro le nove governamento, e fixava le 4 de martio 1789 como le data in que le nove governamento assumerea le poter. In 1789, le nove [[Congresso del Statos Unite]] submitteva dece-duo articulos de emendamento al statos. Dece de iste articulos, redigite per comitatos congressional, obteneva le approbation le 15 de decembre 1791, e deveniva le [[Declaration de Derectos del Statos Unite]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|last4=|first4=|date=|title=Demand for a Bill of Rights - Creating the United States {{!}} Exhibitions - Library of Congress|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/demand-for-a-bill-of-rights.html|access-date=2021-01-11|website=www.loc.gov|publisher=Library of Congress|archive-date=June 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626011949/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/demand-for-a-bill-of-rights.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le [[Decime Emendamento]] stabiliva le directivas pro le federalismo in le Statos Unite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tenth Amendment|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/tenth_amendment|access-date=2021-01-11|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en|archive-date=August 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807150314/https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/tenth_amendment|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Referentias}}

[[Categoria:Federalismo in le Statos Unite| ]]
[[Categoria:Federalismo per pais|Statos Unite]]</text>
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